Datasets:

---

p1atdev

/

japanese-stackexchange

like 2

[ { "body": "I think you are on the right track.\n\nA) This must be に because 止まっ **ている** here indicates a state where something\nexists, just like ある, not an action. If に were replaced with で, 止まっている would\nhave to be understood as indicating a progressive action. Although that\ninterpretation is not impossible, it is hard to imagine a scene where as many\nas twenty cars are in the process of coming to a halt more or less at the same\ntime in front of a building.\n\n> ビルの前 **に** 車が二十台くらい止まっている。\n\nB) You could use に here, but you would sound a bit like pinpointing exactly\nwhere the car should be stopped (and “exist” thereafter) as if the driver\nalready knew the car should be stopped to begin with. The original sentence\nwith で places greater emphasis on the action of stopping the car, and\ntherefore, may sound more natural as an instruction for the driver of a moving\ncar.\n\n> あの角を右へ曲がって、銀行の前 **で** 止めてください。\n>\n> あの角を右へ曲がって、銀行の前 **に** 止めてください。\n\nC) You can use に here. Although the same nuance exists as in B, it seems\nsubtler possibly because the car is already stopped.\n\n> 新しい自動車が銀行の前 **で** 止まった。\n>\n> 新しい自動車が銀行の前 **に** 止まった。\n\nD) This に goes with 出る, not 止めた. It indicates a directional movement. The\nsentence with で would mean she stopped performing some action of “going out”\nin front of other people, which makes little sense.\n\n> 事故の後、彼女は人前 **に** 出るのを止めた。\n\nE) The original sentence with に places emphasis on where the car ended up\nparked (or “existing”). Replacing に with で is supposed to shift the emphasis\nto the action of stopping the car. However, the resulting sentence still seems\nto emphasize where he took that action. This is because 建物の前で is inserted\nbetween the verb (止めた) and its object (車を), breaking the natural word order\nand making the inserted portion somewhat stand out.\n\n> 彼は車をその建物の前 **に** 止めた。\n>\n> 彼は車をその建物の前 **で** 止めた。\n\nThe following sentence would sound more natural, or neutral, if the emphasis\nis intended to be on the action itself.\n\n> 彼はその建物の前で車を止めた。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-12-31T10:35:38.337", "id": "92783", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T10:35:38.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "92781", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "**売り場** is a general place where something is being sold. It can be anything.\n\n**デパート** literally is a department store.\n\nAnd **モール** is a shopping mall.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-01T00:16:06.687", "id": "92785", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-01T00:16:06.687", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50114", "parent_id": "92784", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "I think your interpretation is basically correct.\n\nThe structure is '...肌は、...きめ細やかで...滑らかだ。'. So it repeats descriptions of\nsmoothness of the skin.\n\n * 絹のようにきめ細やかで _smooth like silk and_\n * 仄かに汗で濡れているのにこの上なく滑やかだ _slightly wet with sweat yet extremely smooth_\n\nこの上なく literally _in the way that it is impossible to be more so_ ( _so_ refers\nto smoothness here). It is like a superlative without particular comparison\n(as [this](https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/a-very-a-most-the-most-\ninteresting-idea-absolute-superlative.2796976/)).\n\nNow the difference between きめ細やか and 滑やか is harder to explain. きめ細やか means\nthat the 'mesh' of the surface is fine while 滑やか means that the surface has\nlittle 'unevenness'.\n\nNote [滑]{すべ}やか is rather literary and usually it is [滑]{なめ} **ら** か. As the\ncharacter suggests, it implies an object moves without much resistance on the\nsurface, slippery. This might sound contradictory to the preceding 汗で濡れている\n**のに** because to be _wet with sweat_ usually enhances the slipperiness. I\nguess the intention here is that the skin does not 'stick' even with sweat.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-02T00:40:42.347", "id": "92799", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-02T00:40:42.347", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92787", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think this 防御に特化して is adverbially modifying プレイする. That is, it says \"to play\nit specializing in defense\" or \"to play with a dedicated defensive style\", not\n\"to specialize in defense _and then_ play\". Therefore これからも applies to both as\na set. The sentence means \"Let's keep playing [it] with a dedicated defensive\nstyle!\"\n\nRemember that te-form can explain how the second action is done:\n\n * 歩いて学校に行く \nto go to school on foot \n(Not: to walk and then go to school)\n\n * ナイフを使って紙を切る \nto cut paper with a knife \n(Not: to use a knife and then cut paper)\n\nSee: [て form and adverbial\nmeaning](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/38769/5010)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-01T10:47:22.843", "id": "92789", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-01T10:47:22.843", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92788", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I was browsing\n[BCCWJ](https://bonten.ninjal.ac.jp/bccwj/string_search?commit=%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2&string_search%5Bgenres%5D=PN_core%2CPN%2CPM_core%2CPM%2CPB_core%2CPB%2CLB_core%2CLB%2COW%2COB%2COC_core%2COC%2COY_core%2COY%2COL%2COM%2COP%2COT%2COV&string_search%5Bwords%5D=%E3%81%AE%E8%83%8C%E3%81%AB&string_search%5Byears%5D=1971%2C1972%2C1973%2C1974%2C1975%2C1976%2C1977%2C1978%2C1979%2C1980%2C1981%2C1982%2C1983%2C1984%2C1985%2C1986%2C1987%2C1988%2C1989%2C1990%2C1991%2C1992%2C1993%2C1994%2C1995%2C1996%2C1997%2C1998%2C1999%2C2000%2C2001%2C2002%2C2003%2C2004%2C2005%2C2006%2C2007%2C2008&utf8=%E2%9C%93)\nwith the keyword='の背に'. 背 in the meaning of the question is used for 椅子, ソファ,\nフォーク. As you mention in the question, it can be used for books as well.\nPractically these are pretty much all for which 背 in that sense can be used.\n(Cf. As regards with books, it is one of [many\njargons](https://www.library.pref.osaka.jp/site/osaka/book-parts.html).)\n\nI cannot come up with other objects for which the usage extends naturally.\n\nI guess 窓 is too symmetrical to call one side 背. Using 背面 may be possible, but\nusually 内/外側 will be used.\n\nAs for 扇風機, the part connecting the fan part and the bottom part won't be\ncalled 背. 首 is possibly a term to call it although I never really thought\nabout where exactly 扇風機の首 refers. The related expression commonly used is 首振り\nwhich means the head of 扇風機 swinging.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-03T03:20:42.920", "id": "92807", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-03T03:20:42.920", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92790", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First note that, when the text is written horizontally, kanji numerals won't\nbe used normally.\n\nRegardless of text directions, it seems the norm is to use\n[・(なかぐろ)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%BB%92) .\n\n[This page](http://www5d.biglobe.ne.jp/Jusl/Bunsyo/Suujihyouki.html) quotes\n「記者ハンドブック」（第8版：1997年共同通信社刊）\n\n> ２．数字は、特別の場合を除いて、洋数字を使う。\n>\n> (1)数字のケタは、千、百万、十億で区切り、その符号として「，」を使う（小数点の「・」を使うのは間違い。）\n\nSo 3.78 will be written 三・七八.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-01T22:41:24.900", "id": "92797", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-01T22:41:24.900", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92791", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Your questions seem related to the 4th point in the video (rhythm) whereas the\nscreenshot displays the 3rd (melody). I'll ignore the screenshot for now.\n\n> Are there any guiding principles for when to use pauses in longer form\n> sentences?\n\nAFAIK, no. Hard-coded [guidelines related to\nteaching](https://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/003/002/007.htm)\nis provided by the ministry, which may not be the answer you seek.\n\n> From the video, this seems to apply to the particle, は, and て form verbs,\n> but is there more to it that I should know?\n\nYes. You should know (and understand well) the concept of 文節, because 文節 are\nthe potential areas you may take a breath between.\n\n**私は / 毎朝 / 8時に / 起きて / 花に / 水を / やって / それから / 学校へ / 行きます**\n\nOnly then you may decide where to take a breath. You already received two\ngreat advice:\n\n 1. Yosh commented:\n\n> the location of the pauses are determined mostly by meaning\n\n 2. The 4th point of the video says:\n\n> take a breath between the important words\n\nHere are extreme examples for the sake of explanation:\n\n * I want to emphasize this is **my** routine\n\n\"私は / 毎朝8時に起きて花に水をやってそれから学校へ行きます。\"\n\n * I want to emphasize the **daily consistency**\n\n\"私は / 毎朝 / 8時に起きて花に水をやってそれから学校へ行きます。\"\n\n * I want to emphasize the time: **8 o'clock**\n\n\"私は毎朝 / 8時に / 起きて花に水をやってそれから学校へ行きます。\"\n\n * I go to school **only after** my flower is watered\n\n\"私は毎朝8時に起きて花に水をやって / それから / 学校へ行きます。\"\n\nAnd so on. Of course there are more points to consider, but this should be a\ngood starting point.\n\n* * *\n\n> something I've NEVER seen even mentioned in any class, book, or anything\n> else teaching the language\n\nAFAIK, most kids learn such concept of emphasis during elementary school, at\nleast in Japan, the USA, and the UK in their respective languages.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-13T00:34:15.097", "id": "92949", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-12T17:16:06.217", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-12T17:16:06.217", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "92792", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Adding to this list, there are also 沃る and 率る. That would seem to be all of\nthem.\n\nHere are some Japanese pages listing two-mora verbs, shared by jogloran and\nsundowner:\n<https://www.akenotsuki.com/kyookotoba/shiryoo/bunrui/dooshi21.html>\n\n<http://quattro.phys.sci.kobe-u.ac.jp/nishi/verb.html>\n\n<https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1449541019>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-02T19:30:07.010", "id": "92802", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-02T19:30:07.010", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48723", "parent_id": "92793", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "偏愛 refers to a (usually eccentric and/or obsessive) attitude of loving only\none thing/person, as described in [this\nentry](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%81%8F%E6%84%9B/#jn-200124). In\nthe context of that article, 偏愛 refers to maniac enthusiasm or obsessive love\ntoward something, not eccentric people nor the concept of eccentricity itself.\nEven though DeepL's translation seems to make sense somehow, I'd say it's not\na good translation.\n\nWhen you want many real example sentences, check a corpus like\n[BCCWJ](https://ccd.ninjal.ac.jp/bccwj/) or\n[NLT](https://tsukubawebcorpus.jp/).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T00:36:53.070", "id": "92821", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T03:13:43.583", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-04T03:13:43.583", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92795", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the most common is れい てん れいいち (At least I would read so). れい would be\npronounced more like れー.\n\nOther possibilities may be (1)ゼロ てん ゼロいち or (2)れい てん ゼロいち. To me, 1 sounds a\nlittle odd, but 2 sounds less so.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-01T22:50:24.040", "id": "92798", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-01T22:50:24.040", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92796", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Turning my comment into an answer. I didn't feel like my comment was detailed\nenough to stand as an answer, but since no new answers have surfaced and the\nOP found my content helpful, I am putting it in the answer box.\n\n買ってくる means you go buy something and then come back, just like every morning\nwhen you go to school/work, you say 行ってきます. You are going there and coming\nback later in the day.\n\nPlease also see this answer:\n\n[ワインを買っていくよ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/43842/30454)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-06T01:15:41.123", "id": "92857", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-06T01:15:41.123", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "92801", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "体格 is more of a human body shape to describe like skinny, normal, fat,\nmasculine, etc. It is used in a neutral way.\n\nスタイル tends to describe one's outlook in an affirmative way. (e.g. tall and\nskinny has been considered to be suitable for a fashion model)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-03T03:17:02.167", "id": "92806", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-03T03:17:02.167", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "92804", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Generally speaking, 保存したファイル (\"file that someone saved\") and 保存されたファイル (\"file\nthat was saved\") are usually interchangeable, and so are ゆでた卵 and ゆでれられた卵. See\n[Passive vs Active form of verbs when used as\nadjectives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21772/5010) and [Why 無茶ぶりした\nand not 無茶ぶりされた](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/82164/5010)\n\nHowever, ロックしたSIM (\"SIM that someone locked\") sounds puzzling to me because it\nimplies there is some actor who did the locking. If I understand correctly,\nlocked SIM cards are made in a locked state from the beginning during the\nmanufacturing process, and there is no such a process of someone locking it.\nIn such cases, ロックされたSIM is the only natural option. On the other hand,\nunlocking a SIM is a common process performed by a human. Therefore,\nアンロックしたSIM, アンロックされたSIM, ロック解除したSIM and ロック解除されたSIM all sound correct to me,\nand they are usually interchangeable.\n\nFor this と, see [my previous\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/52564/5010).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T02:09:20.050", "id": "92824", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T02:09:20.050", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92805", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "比較する is not an action with a lasting effect on its target. Therefore, its ている-\nform, 比較している, doesn’t describe a resultant state but an ongoing process (if\nnot an experience). When you say 比較したＸ with X being an object of comparison,\nyou are not talking about a current state of X or a property newly assumed by\nX as a result of an action or change, as would be the case with ゆでた卵, 結んだ糸,\netc. It simply means X has undergone the act of comparison, and this\nnecessarily means a different thing than 比較しているＸ, which means the process is\nongoing. In that sense, it is similar to 走ったＸ where X is a route traversed.\n\nThe passive form, 比較される, is normally used to convey a sense of suffering on\nthe part of the subject (i.e. the object of the active 比較する).\n\n> 私は子供の頃よく兄と比較された。\n\n比較されたバッテリー容量 sounds as odd as 走られた道.\n\nIt all depends on the verb.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T09:52:08.190", "id": "92844", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T09:52:08.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "92805", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "To answer the question directly: as far as I can tell, it effectively is\nflowery language that doesn't add meaning - Xについても is barely distinguishable\nfrom just Xも. The ついて here is an expression for \"regarding\", but a topic-\nmarking particle (も or は) already more or less has that function.\n\n* * *\n\nLet's consider the clause by itself.\n\n被害を免れた千人ほどの住民についても\n\nFirst, we tokenize by looking for complete words (individual kanji with or\nwithout okurigana, or kanji compounds, or recognizable sequences of katakana\nor hiragana) and particles:\n\n被害 を 免れた 千人 ほど の 住民 に ついて も\n\nJisho can help with this process; for example, if you try [looking for the\npart you\nbolded](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82),\nit will be broken down into について and も, and also give you a dictionary\ndefinition for an expression. That helps understand which つく we're talking\nabout, but it isn't perfect grammatically. We know from context that に is a\nparticle. But the search helps us understand that も is a particle here as\nwell, and that ついて is atomic - we can't consider the meaning of ても because\nthat isn't how the sentence breaks down. (Similarly, there isn't really a verb\n\"に付く\" as you proposed; there is 付く preceded by a に-marked \"indirect object\".\n\nNext, accumulate parts left to right:\n\n被害 - damage, を-marked 免れた - simple past of 免れる, to escape; thus 被害を免れた is\n\"damage was avoided\", or rather (since it's active) \" avoided damage\".\n\n千人ほど - about a thousand people (ほど is listed as a particle, but it might be\neasier to think of here as a noun suffix)\n\nNow we have a stand-alone clause immediately preceding a noun; thus it's\nattributive, describing the noun. 被害を免れた千人ほど is \"about a thousand people _who_\navoided damage\".\n\nの - we already have a noun, so this can't be a nominalizer; we just gave a\nfairly in-depth description of that noun, so naturally we're using it to\ncategorize. That is: we're about to have something which _can be described as_\n\"about a thousand people who avoided damage\".\n\n住民 - citizens. Thus: \"the citizens, about a thousand in number, who avoided\ndamage.\" (It might seem redundant to describe the citizens as people; the idea\nhere is that 人 is a _counter for_ people.)\n\nNow to the meat of it: that group is the indirect object of つく; then the verb\nis put into the connective te-form; then all of that is a も topic for the\nremainder of the sentence. The つく used in expressions like this is\n[就く](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%B0%B1%E3%81%8F); but this usage is\nidiomatic, and normally written in kana. The sense - as I understand it - is\nthat the reader metaphorically \"departs\" towards the (に-marked) concept\ndescribed. (It's not really any weirder than the natural English translation\nof \"regarding\"; after all, you aren't physically _looking at_ anything!) We\nuse the te-form as a nominalizer here (something like a gerund in English;\nwhereas when we use the te-form to connect to another verb, it's more like a\ngerundive).\n\nThus: \"regarding, as well, the thousand or so citizens who avoided damage\".\n\nFor the complete sentence, I get something like: \"Although there had been\nlittle damage to the south side of the town, as for the thousand or so\ncitizens who emerged unscathed, their departure from the south followed soon\nthereafter as well.\". (More literally for the first part: \"Although, as\nregards the south side of the town, the damage was slight,\".) The \"as well\"\nshould refer to the citizens rather than the departure, but the sentence wants\nto talk about the departure rather than saying that the citizens departed;\nit's difficult to capture that in English.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T00:39:46.703", "id": "92822", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T00:39:46.703", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "92809", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It's short for 張り倒してやるわ.\n\n * -てやる contracts to -たる. For the meaning of this やる, see [What does てやる mean when it is not used for giving?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14413/5010) and [What does the word 「やったる」mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36744/5010)\n * This やらぁ is perhaps originally やるわ (where [わ is a _masculine_ sentence-end particle](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/35800/5010)), but it's now fundamentally a distinct sentence-ender used by rough speakers. It's similar to やるよ, やるぜ, etc., but much rougher. They also say ならぁ (~なるわ), but they don't say 取らぁ, 知らぁ, etc. I don't know why.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T01:07:47.003", "id": "92823", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T01:20:59.503", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-04T01:20:59.503", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92810", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It's parsed like `いろいろの(こまごまとした用事)`.\n\n[こまごま(と)](https://jisho.org/word/%E7%B4%B0%E3%80%85) is an _adverb_ , and thus\nit cannot be directly modified by いろいろの (\"various\"). いろいろのこまごま makes no sense\nwhen isolated like this. Here, こまごまとした modifies 用事 first, forming a noun\nphrase:\n\n * 用事 things to do\n * こまごまとした用事 miscellaneous things to do\n\nCheck this question to see what this とした is doing: [Meaning of (と)した in\nやんわりとした暖房](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/74965/5010)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T00:22:56.767", "id": "92820", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T00:22:56.767", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92811", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the difference between both is that, by using して遊ぶ, it's explicit that\nthe ones playing video games are having fun, enjoying themselves.\n\n> テニスをする\n>\n\n>> He plays tennis\n\n> テニスをして遊ぶ\n>\n\n>> He has fun playing tennis.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-03T16:46:05.777", "id": "92815", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-03T16:46:05.777", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "92812", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "とろん(と) is an adverb that is roughly the same as\n[とろとろ](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%A8%E3%82%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%82%8D)(と) or\nとろりと. It describes how something melts into a semi-solid form. Imagine melting\nchocolate.\n\nRelated: [How are the giongo/gitaigo double form and tto form related (きらきら\nvs. きらっと)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1479/5010)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T00:14:03.550", "id": "92819", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T00:14:03.550", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92813", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Have you learned about the subsidiary verb しまう? -じゃえ is the imperative form of\n-じゃう, which is a contracted form of -てしまう. So 死んじゃえ is the same as 死んでしまえ\nexcept that the former is more colloquial.\n\nAs a subsidiary verb, (-て)しまう has several functions. For one, it can add a\nnuance of carefreeness, or the sense of \"anyway\", \"stop worrying\", \"I don't\ncare\", \"although it may come with a bad consequence\", \"I dare say\", \"no matter\nwhat will happen\" and so on. See: [What are these forms: かけちゃお,\nつないじゃお?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4781/5010)\n\nFor example:\n\n * ボタン押しますよ? \nI'll push this button, okay?\n\n * ボタン押しちゃいますよ? \nI'll push this button _(anyway, although it may be dangerous)_ , okay?\n\nLikewise, 死んじゃえ sounds like the speaker is aware that it's a bad thing to say\nand that it may come with a bad consequence. For example, 死んじゃえ is what an\nangry small girl may say to her mother; she knows that her mom is important,\nbut when she can't help feeling like saying \"Die!\", she says 死んじゃえ in\nJapanese. On the other hand, 死ね is a simple and blunt order.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T02:34:04.517", "id": "92826", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T06:33:28.750", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-04T06:33:28.750", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92825", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The difficulties may be (1) the language of article headline and (2) the\nmeaning of 世界, but not much about the comma.\n\nAs for (2) 世界 can mean _the international arena of activity_ as opposed to the\ndomestic. Since it is about a fighter here, it means the international\ncompetition. As another example, 世界のX where X is some product means _X as a\ninternationally well-known product_ (or something along these lines).\n\nThe phrase X, Yへ in a headline means some movement (possibly figurative) of X\nto Y. [This paper (pages\n55+)](https://www.kansaigaidai.ac.jp/common/pdf/info.disclosure.theses.ko61_dissertation.pdf)\nhas a variety of examples. For example, 海自 災害訓練南シナ海へ means _Maritime SDF going\nto the South China Sea for Emergency Drill_.\n\nAnother small thing is that Xの天才 means _a genius of X_. It might depend on\ncontexts, but at least the phrase in question should be about a singular\ngenius of fighting.\n\nSo the whole phrase means _A very promising fighter (who has been fighting\nonly domestically until now) is going to fight in international competitions\n(or world championship or something)_.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T09:48:50.820", "id": "92830", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T09:48:50.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92829", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This is parsed like:\n\n> 菅総理大臣は「(1)～～」と指摘し「(2)～～」と述べた \n> Prime Minister Suga pointed out \"(1)＿＿\" and told \"(2)＿＿\".\n\nAnd the two quotes are:\n\n> 1. 緊急宣言の下で異例の開催となる \n> This is going to be an unusual event held under the emergency declaration\n> 2. これまでも緊急宣言となれば無観客も辞さないと申し上げてきた \n> I have always said (to you, the media) that we are willing to go without an\n> audience if we declare an emergency\n>\n\nI could not find the original NHK article, but if it really says これまで **の** ,\nit should be a mere typo for これまで **も**.\n\n申しあげる is a humble verb which never appears in the main body of a news article.\nThus we can assume 申しあげてきた is inside a quote even without explicit quotation\nmarks. Besides, as a humble verb, 申しあげる is used to raise the status of the\nlistener. Here the \"listener\" is the media that has interviewed the prime\nminister, not his subordinates.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T01:49:41.447", "id": "92839", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T02:39:07.587", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-05T02:39:07.587", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92831", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In future please only ask one question per post.\n\n> 面白い事件が起こりました \n> An interesting incident occurred.\n\nThe verb here is 起こる, which is an intransitive verb meaning \"something\nhappened\". If you want to say that you caused the incident you need the\ntransitive version of the verb which is 起こす. Your sentence would then be\n面白い事件を起こしました (I caused an interesting incident). Note the change from が to を.\n\n> 窓側の席のほうがいいですが \n> I would prefer a window seat\n\nThe が at the end literally means 'but'. The rest of the sentence is left\nunsaid. You can fill in the missing part in your head with \" but I don't want\nto be a bother\" or anything like that. This is a very common way to make a\nrequest in Japanese. It makes the request less direct and therefore more\npolite. I feel sure this has been discussed a lot on this site but\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/39015/what-is-the-meaning-\nof-%E3%81%8C-as-a-sentence-ending-particle-here/39016#39016) is the only link\nI could find.\n\n> 石鹼はそこに置いてあります \n> The soap is there.\n\nThere is no imperative form in this sentence. This is the て form of the verb\nwith the auxiliary ある. The てある grammar point is discussed in [this\nlink](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3122/when-\nis-v%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B-the-continuation-of-action-and-when-is-it-the-\ncontinuation-of-state?noredirect=1&lq=1).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T18:05:01.190", "id": "92833", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T18:05:01.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "92832", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "### 1. 製品 vs. 商品\n\nThe distinction there is fairly easily discernable.\n\nThe key word here is 製造: manufacture; production.\n[デジタル大辞泉（小学館）](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0/) has:\n\n> ［名］(スル)原料に手を加えて **製品にすること** 。「菓子を―する」「―販売」\n\nAlso related is the noun/noun suffix 製{せい}: make, made from.\n\n> プラスチック **製** 容器包装 \n> containers and packaging made of plastic\n\n> フランス **製** の香水 \n> perfume made in France\n\nBetween 製品 and 商品, when the actual process of production is involved, the word\nof choice is always going to be 製品.\n\nMore generally, 製 and 制-related words conjure up the idea of\n**making/production/manufacture**.\n[製麺](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%BD%E9%BA%BA) is the process of\nmaking noodles; some うどん屋 call themselves\n[○○製麺](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%B8%E4%BA%80%E8%A3%BD%E9%BA%BA) or\n○○製麺所; and a lot of them advertise 自家製面 (they make their own noodles).\n\nAn inexhaustive\n[list](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E8%A3%BD/#jn-120903) of\n製-related 漢語:\n\n> 製作・製紙・製図・製造・製鉄・製品・製粉／官製・燻製 ・作製・精製・粗製・創製・特製・剝製 ・複製・縫製・木製\n\n* * *\n\nA tangent: Probably also pertinent to this is the fact that it's common for\nanime production companies to call themselves ○○プロダクション; common examples\ninclude:\n[旭プロダクション](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%AD%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%80%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3),\n[デイヴィッドプロダクション](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%80%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3),\n[手塚プロダクション](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%A1%9A%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%80%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3),\n[プロダクション・アイジー](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%80%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC),\nand the use of プロダクション is just another way of telling you they are アニメ **制作**\n会社. The difference between 制 and 製 words is another can of worms, but in short\n制作 leans toward artistic creation while 製作 is all about production and\nmanufacture.\n\n* * *\n\n商品, on the other hand, means commodity, and is the stuff you sell, with the\ncore kanji being 商: commerce, business, merchant. The word has a strong\nemphasis on **commercial and economic aspects of business: selling and\nbuying.** Per\n[デジタル大辞泉（小学館）](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%95%86%E5%93%81/), 商品 is\n\n> **売るため** の品物。 **販売を目的** とする財およびサービス。\n\n商品 is the stuff you see behind the display windows of a store, or inside a\nretail store, or on Amazon. Generally speaking, you don't buy 製品 on Amazon.\nThere may be some overlap here, and on some retail websites you will probably\nsee their 製品 lists, instead of 商品 lists, but when that happens, usually the\nretailer is also the maker/manufacturer of those products and it's probably\nthe brand selling directly online, as opposed to through the middleman. A\ngeneral rule of thumb, I think, is that third-party retailers in general, for\nexample 楽天市場 sellers, tend to stick to 商品, while manufacturers might use 製品.\n\nWords related to 製品:\n\n> 化学製品: chemical products \n> 家電製品: home appliances \n> 革製品: leather products \n> 紙製品: paper products \n> 牛製品: beef products \n> 外国製品: foreign products (products produced in a foreign country) \n> 工業製品: industrial goods \n> 新製品: new products (of a company) \n> 自社製品: a company's own products\n\nAgain, all about production and manufacture\n\nWords related to 商品:\n\n> 金融商品: financial instruments \n> 新商品: new products being sold \n> 商品化: commodification, the process of turning a thing into something else\n> you can sell and make money off of \n> 商品券: gift certificate", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-04T21:55:24.707", "id": "92835", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-04T22:09:46.763", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-04T22:09:46.763", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "92834", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "事業 refers to any business activity, regardless of its size, but it is most\ncommonly associated with modern commercial activities involving a large number\nof people. It's also a legal term. It also includes public projects such as\nthe construction of highways and the development of space technology (cf.\n公共事業). The sense of making money is not necessarily strong, and the focus is\non the activity/project (or \"mission\") itself.\n\n商売 is a word that does not usually appear in law. It is primarily associated\nwith a relatively small business where an individual or a small group makes\nmoney by directly buying and selling goods. The first thing I imagine when I\nhear 商売 is a merchant selling groceries in a store or on the street. It's not\nimpossible to use 商売 to describe businesses such as programming, but the\nunderlying image is directly selling something on a small scale, satisfying\ncustomers, and making a living with it.\n\nFor example, the website of a company typically has a 事業内容 (\"our\nbusiness/mission\") section. This is not 商売内容 because 商売 is associated with\nmoneymaking and it's not a suitable word in a modern formal business setting,\nanyway.\n\n企業 (typically translated as \"company\") is a type of organization, not a type\nof activity.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T01:23:47.313", "id": "92838", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T01:30:44.080", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-05T01:30:44.080", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92836", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Partly based on [a thesaurus\nentry](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/8094/meaning/m1u/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC/).\n\nBoth can mean _money with which a person conducts economic activities_ and are\ninterchangeable to some extent.\n\n資本 is usually money you do or start business with and used more in business or\neconomics contexts. Some examples:\n\n * capitalism : 資本主義 (not 資金主義)\n * make an investment : 資本を投下する. It should be less idiomatic to say 資金を投下する.\n\nAnother expression worth mentioning would be 体が資本= _The body is the capital_ ,\nwhich means _being physically fit is important in doing something (or\nanything)_. In this sense, it is close to 元手 which also means _money you\nstart/do business with_. The difference is the implied size of business is\nsmaller for 元手. Related to the other question you posted, it should roughly\nhold that 事業：資本 = 商売：元手.\n\n資金 is more like a way of expressing _money_. As such it can be used in\neveryday conversations.\n\n * I don't have money to buy a house. : 家を買う資金がない\n * raise funds : 資金を調達する\n * money laundering : 資金洗浄\n\nThe second one might look contradictory to the above comment, but I guess it\nis because what startups get is actual money (more or less).\n\n* * *\n\nIf you look at any decent company webpage, it has a profile page where 資本金 is\nmentioned. I don't know the details, but it is the money with which the owner\nstarted the company.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T04:16:06.607", "id": "92841", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T04:21:33.823", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-05T04:21:33.823", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92837", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "**資本** refers to initial properties/resources you prepare or invest to start a\nbusiness. Typically, it refers to money, but technically speaking, you can\nstart a business with anything as 資本. For example, in\n[わらしべ長者](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_Millionaire), one may say the\nprotagonist's 資本 was a piece of straw. People often figuratively say 体が資本だ\nreferring to blue collar workers and athletes whose income is directly based\non their healthy body.\n\n**資本金** , as the kanji 金 suggests, refers to money invested to start a\ncompany. Laypeople use this word loosely, but it's a complicated concept when\nused as a strict legal term. The Japanese law requires to you declare the 資本金\nwhen you create and register a company, but it can be as little as one yen.\nThe actual money to run the company can be borrowed from a bank, but such\nmoney is not called 資本金. 資本金 is a semi-fixed value (e.g., the 資本金 of Nintendo\nis 10,065,400,000 yen), and is mostly unrelated to how healthily the company\nis run each year.\n\n**資金** is money used to actually run a company every day. Running out of 資金\nbasically means going bankrupt.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T04:27:08.903", "id": "92842", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T04:33:19.573", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-05T04:33:19.573", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92837", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "There is some overlap between the two concepts and I have to use the word\n\"typically\" to describe them.\n\nTypically, a 祟り is believed to come from angry ghosts, Japanese _kami_ , or\nsimilar deities of the world. It indiscriminately affects many people in the\nform of natural disaster such as droughts, plagues and storms. 祟り tends to be\nmore vague and uncontrollable than 呪い, and the cause of 祟り often lies only in\npeople's imagination. In many cases, it's treated like an (unreasonable)\npunishment/grudge from silent deities or evil spirits, and all you can do is\npray or offer sacrifices to them. One typical example is [the curse of\n平将門](https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jun/10/the-curse-of-masakado-why-\na-malevolent-ghost-haunts-tokyo).\n\nA 呪い is typically brought by a wizard, shaman, devil, vampire, mad person,\netc., and it usually targets one person, family, item, etc., although a very\nstrong 呪い may cover an entire kingdom. Everything intentionally practiced by a\nliving person to lay curses to something/someone is basically 呪い (or 呪術, 黒魔術,\n...) but not 祟り. A typical Japanese example is\n[丑の時参り](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushi_no_toki_mairi). In fantasy works,\n呪い is close to a type of magic spell, and a single spell can often be enough\nto break one.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T05:06:33.600", "id": "92843", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T07:12:01.660", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-05T07:12:01.660", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92840", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "**素敵ですね？** – Beautiful, isn't it?\n\n**素敵ですね** – Oh, it's beautiful! (Something close to)\n\n**素敵です** – It is beautiful. (Rather more formal and dry)\n\nNote that 〜ね adds a gentle nuance to an expression or a sentence and somewhat\nappeals to the person listening.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T11:22:33.043", "id": "92847", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T11:22:33.043", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50114", "parent_id": "92846", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It's とされる (\"to be widely considered/believed\") + も (\"also\"). も is used to add\nthe sense of contrast to the latter half of the sentence (\"on one hand, ...\").\n\nBut I would say this usage of とされる is not very natural. It's better to say\nギャラが上がる機会ともされる, ギャラが上がるとも言える or それはギャラが上がるという意味でもある.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T12:16:01.437", "id": "92849", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T12:16:01.437", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92848", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, that な is the irrealis form (未然形) of ぬ from classical Japanese. ぬ is\nusually the auxiliary for the perfective aspect (as in 風立ちぬ), but when it's\ncombined with an auxiliary of inference such as [ん (=む)](https://www.hello-\nschool.net/haroajapa009010.htm), it emphatically adds the degree of certainty.\n\n> #### [ぬ](https://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa009005.htm)\n>\n> (2) **強意** …［きっと～・～してしまう］\n>\n> 船にのり **なん** とす。（土佐日記・一二月二七日） \n> （船に乗ってしまおうとする。）\n>\n> ※「つ」・「ぬ」＋推量の助動詞 \n> つべし・ぬべし・てむ・にむ・つらむ・ぬらむ・てまし・なまし・にけむ・てけむ \n> などの **推量の助動詞とともに用いられる場合は強意** となる。\n\n> #### [ぬ](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%AC)\n>\n> ②〔確述〕きっと…だろう。間違いなく…はずだ。▽多く、 **「む」** 「らむ」「べし」など **推量の意を表す語とともに用いられて**\n> 、その事態が確実に起こることを予想し強調する。\n\n> #### [完了の助動詞「つ」「ぬ」を解説！【古典文法】](https://blaao.net/2020/06/19/kanryou-tsu-nu/)\n>\n> ##### 推量（系）の助動詞と連携\n>\n>\n> この「つ」「ぬ」は推量（系）の助動詞（いずれ出てきます）とも連携します。そして、なんと推量と連携する時、「つ」「ぬ」は新たな文法的意味を獲得します。それが\n> **「強意」** 。\n>\n> この時の「つ」や「ぬ」の意味は「完了」ではなくて「強意」です。 **訳す際には、「きっと〜だろう」と訳し**\n> 、「きっと」のところに「強意」の意味が反映されています。\n\nSo:\n\n * 絶えん (絶えむ) = 絶えるだろう\n * 絶え **な** ん (絶えなむ) = **間違いなく** 絶えるだろう/絶えて **しまう** だろう\n\nSee [this entry](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%80), too.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T16:41:19.140", "id": "92854", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T23:24:49.113", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-05T23:24:49.113", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92851", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "> 日本の学生の多くは、18歳になるとこれまでの環境と大きく変わります。 \n> For most Japanese students, when they turn eighteen, the environment (they\n> have lived in) up until now changes a lot\n\nこれまでの環境 means \"the environment up until now\". In XのY, X describes Y. The\nsentence should still make sense if you remove Xの. For example, removing これまでの\ngives: ...18歳になると環境と大きく変わります \"... when they turn eighteen the environment\nchanges a lot\", but removing の環境 gives a meaningless sentence: \".. when they\nturn eighteen the up until now changes a lot\".\n\nI'm surprised you asked about これまでの環境. For me the more confusing part is\n日本の学生の多く. I'm a little unsure here so some confirmation from a more\nexperienced speaker would be useful. I think 日本の学生の多く and 多くの日本の学生 are both\nvalid. 多くの日本の学生 Would mean \"many Japanese students\" and we can certainly\nremove 多くの and leave a valid sentence: \"Japanese students, when they turn 18\n...\". With 日本の学生の多く I think it better translates as \"most Japanese students\"\nand again I could remove 日本の学生の to get \"Most, when they turn 18 ...\", though\nthere would have to be previous context for you to know who 'most' was\nreferring to.\n\nFinally, the と in これまでの環境と大きく変わります. The stripped down sentence would be\n環境と変わります. This と is a particle marking a comparison. It is comparing これまでの環境\n(the environment up until now) with an inferred new environment and saying\nthat there is a change. Perhaps [this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/78819/7944) explains it better than\nI can.\n\n**Edit**\n\nNote that the translations offered above are rather loose. As discussed in the\ncomments the subject of 変わります should be the environment of the student before\nthey turn 18, but this is omitted from the sentence. To be clear, the phrase\nmarked with と is the thing that is being compared against and not the thing\nthat changes. The full structure should be XがYと変わります -- X changes compared to\nY. But Xが (the previous environment) has been omitted. This makes the original\nsentence rather clunky.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T15:00:19.593", "id": "92853", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T17:55:32.130", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-05T17:55:32.130", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "92852", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Isn't there a big difference between _some_ and _many_?\n\n * **何 + COUNTER + か** : some; several; a few; a couple of\n * **何 + COUNTER + も** : many; a lot of; a number of \n(But \"countless\" is usually too strong)\n\nYour second link contains an incorrect translation. 本を何冊も読む means \"to read\nmany books\" rather than \"to read several books\". 何杯もコーヒーを飲む is \"to drink many\ncups of coffee\", and [DeepL says so](https://i.stack.imgur.com/J25Xw.png),\ntoo.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T23:29:56.433", "id": "92856", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-06T00:59:48.840", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-06T00:59:48.840", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92855", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "That last であって is just\n[である](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/74286/language-rules-\nof-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B-beyond-simply-\nreplacing-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99-%E3%81%A0) in the continuative て form and it acts\nmore or less like です. With this in mind, we can safely assume that the\nsentence is parsed like this:\n\n> (純粋に先天的な、突然変異で備わる **能力** )である\n>\n> It's purely an innate ability obtained by mutation.\n\nIn that previous sentence, the が is implicit and goes with 能力. The mutation\n突然変異 is the means/method by which that ability is acquired, so it needs で. If\nyou change it to 突然変異の備わる能力, this would mean that the ability itself \"possess\"\na mutation (I'm unsure if 備わる can even be used like that in the first place).\nAssuming we're talking about humans, an example with が for the same context\nwould be:\n\n> その能力の備わる人間 [...]", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-06T09:28:28.780", "id": "92859", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-06T10:12:06.940", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-06T10:12:06.940", "last_editor_user_id": "45176", "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "92858", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First off, どなた means _who_ and どちら _where, which, who_. (どなた can mean _where_\nin classical Japanese, but not in modern usage.)\n\nRe Q1, a simple answer is that they are not interchangeable due to the\ndifference in meaning. どなたさま is also possible, but sounds too polite to me.\n\nRe Q2,\n[どちら](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%BD%95%E6%96%B9_%28%E3%81%A9%E3%81%A1%E3%82%89%29/#jn-159210)\nis usually suffixed by さま to mean _who_ , as stated in the definition #2-ア.\nどちらさま sounds more polite than どなた.\n\nNow back to interchangeability, when they are used to mean _who_ , sometimes\nthey can be swapped. From the linked entry:\n\n * 失礼ですが、{どなた,どなたさま,どちらさま}ですか\n * {どちらさま,どなた, どなたさま}もお忘れ物のないように願います」\n\nAll in the braces are possible in the above, but as already mentioned, どなたさま\nmay be too polite.\n\nLastly regarding the rudeness, どちらさま can be used to mean _who are you?_ when\npronounced brusquely. どなた can be used in the same way, but my impression is\nthat どちらさま is used in that way more often (mostly in fiction). In real speech,\nthey are usually appended by ですか: どちらさまですか/どなたですか to ask e.g. who is calling.\n\nRe examples,\n\n * #1 is natural for _whose pen is this?_.\n * #2 sounds odd probably because (1) これ does not match politeness of どちらさま and (2) pen may sound too trivial to use such a polite form. こちらはどちらさまのお宅ですか? may be used.\n * #3 sounds unambiguously _which pen is this?_ (which needs contexts to make sense).\n\n* * *\n\nSo overall, どなた and どちらさま mean _who_ and interchangeable to some extent. The\nlatter is more polite and probably because of this, less versatile. I don't\ncome up with a natural sentence where どちら alone means _who_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-06T14:06:18.340", "id": "92863", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-06T14:06:18.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92860", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I guess it is an irregular use of 引きつる, but 引きつった声 is a common expression.\n\nFirst, the following from [a dictionary\nentry](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E6%94%A3%E3%82%8B/)\n(emphasis added)\n\n> ひき‐つ・る【引き×攣る】 ［動ラ五（四）］\n>\n> １ 痙攣 (けいれん) する。「足が―・る」\n>\n> ２ かたくこわばる。「緊張で顔が―・っている」 **「怒りに声が―・る」**\n>\n> ３ やけどなどで皮膚がつっぱる。\n\nPractically 引きつった声で話す means (to me) that someone is in anger but trying to\nsound normal yet not completely successfully, that is, the tone indicates the\nthe speaker's anger.\n\nNow it is hard to imagine 引きつった呻き声 (even with more context). Most probably\n引きつった here means _suppressed_ , just like the 引きつった声 is a voice where anger is\nsuppressed (not completely).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-06T13:07:57.977", "id": "92862", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-06T13:07:57.977", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92861", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "も is \"also\", \"too\", or sometimes \"even\", but not \"and\". I wonder how you can\nuse \"and\" to rephrase the following:\n\n> 向こうの数字に **も** ゼロはある。 \n> There is a zero **also** in their numeral system.\n\nし and や are indeed roughly \"and\". English speakers use \"and\" everywhere to\njoin almost anything (noun-noun, verb-verb, adjective-adjective, sentence-\nsentence), but Japanese is not like that. In Japanese, you have to use\ndifferent constructions depending on what you are joining. や is used to join\ntwo nouns (e.g., apples and oranges), whereas し is used to join two similar\nsentences (e.g., I like coffee and I like tea).\n\n> もちろん向こうの数字に **も** ゼロはある **し** 、三角法 **や** 金属精錬技術 **も** ある。\n>\n> There is a zero **also** in their numeral system, **and** there is\n> **even/also** trigonometry **and** metallurgy (in their civilization).\n\nNone of them are interchangeable with the others.\n\nや is not the only particle that can join two nouns. See: [Differences between\nlisting particles と, や and に](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6020/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-07T03:02:32.097", "id": "92868", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-07T10:13:25.250", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-07T10:13:25.250", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92864", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Plain form honorifics can be used to show respect towards someone when you\ndon't necessarily need to be polite. This sounds counterintuitive, but I\nactually encountered a great example of this in a game stream (for the Outer\nWilds) last night that illustrates it really well.\n\nContext: In the game you play as an explorer who discovers a dead alien race.\n\nThe streamer used 死んでいらしゃった when talking about the aliens.\n\nHe used honorific language to show respect towards the dead race who was more\nadvanced than us. But since he was talking to himself / the streaming audience\nhe used plain form.\n\nIn short: Honorific form usage is determined by who you're talking about.\nPolite form usage is determined by who you're talking to.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-06T23:06:18.347", "id": "92866", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-06T23:15:12.147", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-06T23:15:12.147", "last_editor_user_id": "25783", "owner_user_id": "25783", "parent_id": "92865", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "That is a signature speech style of samurai and ninja depicted in modern\nfiction. They also typically speak like ～でござる, which is a plain form of\n～でございます. I think there are several reasons they speak like this.\n\n * Stereotypical samurai are loyal, but reticent, proud and dignified at the same time. They don't have to be very polite like a servant or a butler.\n * ます as a politeness marker derived several hundreds years ago as a contraction of まゐらす (see [this](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99#Etymology_1)). です derived from でございます. Therefore, ます/です was not the most polite style in the age of samurai. In samurai dramas, we hear peasants and merchants say ます/です often, but people with high social status seldom use them, especially when they speak formally.\n * Last but not least, if that 参る was said before a battle, who wants to speak politely in a battlefield?\n\nThis type of 参る is used also by a proud Western knight before a duel. ござる is\nalmost specific to samurai/ninja.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-07T00:47:25.837", "id": "92867", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-07T02:24:08.653", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-07T02:24:08.653", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92865", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It is far from a multi-purpose replacement for the phrase \"flex one's arm\",\nbut if you mean a specific kind of pose below, we usually say 力{ちから}こぶを作る.\n\n力{ちから}こぶ (\"force bulge\") is the word for the bumped muscle when you put your\nstrength on that body part, and typically refers to that of biceps.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/I3eYN.png)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/qWpEo.png)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-07T05:34:02.070", "id": "92871", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-07T06:18:33.893", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-07T06:18:33.893", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "92869", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "This is called である体 or だ・である調 (with だ), and is often used in writing.\nEssentially, である = だ's 連用形 + ある and functions a copula. I assume you'd be fine\nwith the sentence coming in either of these two forms?\n\n> こうして、国境の両側で二つの町ができたの **だ** 。\n\n> こうして、国境の両側で二つの町ができたの **です** 。\n\nPer [精選版\n日本国語大辞典](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E4%BD%93-573277)\n\n> **口語文体** の一つ。文末の指定表現に「である」を用いる文体。敬体の「です・ます体」などに対し、常体と呼ばれ、主として **論説・小説**\n> など書きことばに用いられる。である調。\n\nだ・である調 is often used as an alternative to です・ます調 and is often invoked in\nacademic papers, opinion articles, and novels.\n\nFor the choice between だ and である when writing in だ・である調, see this answer:\n\n[If writing in である form, when is it necessary to use\nだ？](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18666/30454)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-07T07:21:28.453", "id": "92872", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-07T07:21:28.453", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "92870", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You may know this because this is something you may learn on the very first\nday of learning Japanese, but there are two hiragana that are read in two ways\ndepending on the context:\n\n * は: usually _ha_ , but when used as a particle, _wa_\n * へ: usually _he_ , but when used as a particle, _e_\n\nSee this question for the historical reason behind this rule: [Why are the\nparticles \"は\" (ha⇒wa), \"へ\" (he⇒e), and \"を\" (wo⇒o) not spelled\nphonetically?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/379/5010)\n\nSo as a general rule, は that appears within an ordinary word (noun, adjective,\nverb, interjection, ...) is pronounced _ha_. However, there are a few tricky\nwords that have been \"fossilized after swallowing up a particle\", and こんにちは is\none of such tricky words. This は in こんにちは is etymologically the topic\nparticle, so it's written as は and read as _wa_.\n\nThat doesn't mean you have to remember the etymology of all words.\nFortunately, the number of such tricky words and expressions is not large. You\ncan find the list here: [Can any other characters besides は and わ be used\ninterchangeably at the end of\nwords?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/44128/5010)\n\n(English also has a few funny words that has been fossilized after swallowing\na basic function word, e.g., \"nonetheless\".)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-08T03:51:19.173", "id": "92887", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-08T03:51:19.173", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92873", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "[AをBくする](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%84-adjective-%E3%81%8F%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B-ku-suru-meaning/)\nmeans \"to make A B\". 狂おしい in this context is a positive expression meaning\n\"(extremely) fascinating\" or \"maddening\", not \"mad\". Basically the sentence is\nsaying \"the secretion made the slimy feeling all the more\nfascinating/maddening/irresistible\" or something.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-12T15:23:36.437", "id": "92939", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T15:23:36.437", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92874", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "切り整える just means _to cut and put in order_. What is put in order is ragged\nedge of the hairs (I'm not sure the term is appropriate).\n\nIn hair cutting context, 整える does not add so much substantial meaning, but the\nmeaning of 切り整える (or\n[切り揃える](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%88%87%E3%82%8A%E6%8F%83%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B/#jn-58332)\nwhich is synonymous) is cutting a bunch of hair to the same length. (I do not\nmean it implies one length hair style, but cutting the hairs so that no hair\nsticks out too much.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-07T13:03:50.467", "id": "92878", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-07T13:03:50.467", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92876", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I guess ...が(よく言うよ/何言ってんだ) work at least if the speakers are friends.\n\nFor the sentences in the question:\n\n * ゲームばっかりやってるやつがよく言うよ/何言ってんだ\n * ずっと独身のやつがよく言うよ/何言ってんだ\n\nSome other possibilities:\n\n * ゲームばかりしてる人がなんか言ってる\n * 自分はゲームばかりしてるくせに\n * と一度も結婚したことない人が申しております\n\nThe last one is the closest to the English - the use of keigo here is for\nmocking. As such it goes better when the subject contains some mocking element\nas well. E.g. とアラフォーの独身が申しております sounds natural enough to me. (アラフォーの独身 =\nunmarried person of age around 40). But of course, these can be offensive and\nmust be used with care.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-07T13:28:20.450", "id": "92879", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-07T14:16:31.870", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-07T14:16:31.870", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92877", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "憑依する is a correct word, but it is an **intransitive** verb that takes に. You\nhave to say:\n\n> 幽霊は花子さん **に** 憑依しました。 \n> The ghost possessed Hanako. \n> (or 幽霊 **が** if \" _A_ ghost ...\")\n\nWhen you want to rephrase this with 花子 as the subject, yes, it's okay to say:\n\n> 花子さんは幽霊 **に** 憑依されました。 \n> Hanako was possessed by a ghost.\n\nIf you thought \"Wait, passive voice of an intransitive verb!?\", remember there\nis something called \"sufferer passive\" or \"indirect passive\" in Japanese\n(e.g., 妻に死なれた, 雨に降られた). Even an intransitive verb works like this (as long as\nHanako is negatively affected by the possession).\n\n取り付く is a wago version of this, and it's intransitive, too.\n\n> 幽霊は花子さん **に** 取り付きました。 \n> The ghost possessed/haunted Hanako.\n>\n> 花子さんは幽霊 **に** 取り付かれました。 \n> Hanako was possessed/haunted by a ghost.\n\n取り付く does not necessarily mean the ghost \"gets in\" and takes full control. As\nis the case with most kango-wago pairs, 憑依 sounds technical and specifically\nrefers to the spirit possession, whereas 取り付く has [other\nusages](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%8F%96%E3%82%8A%E4%BB%98%E3%81%8F).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-08T04:16:58.010", "id": "92888", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-08T05:21:42.277", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-08T05:21:42.277", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92880", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "大臣 may be best translated as \"chancellor\". My impression is this term has been\ndeprecated in modern government and is not used anymore.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-08T03:28:15.757", "id": "92886", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-08T03:28:15.757", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "92881", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 }, { "body": "Both mean the same thing. The difference is how they combine with other words.\n\nAccording to\n[this](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/7435/meaning/m1u/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3/),\n大臣 is more about individuals while 閣僚 is more about the ministers as a group\nof people.\n\nMy impression is that they are not so interchangeable.\n\n * 外務大臣 _Minister of Foreign Affairs_. Not 外務閣僚\n * 末は博士か大臣か _will become a PhD or a minister in future_ - an oldish set phrase to describe a promising child (although I don't see much future for Japanese PhD's and ministers now). 閣僚 is not possible.\n * 首相は関係閣僚に対応を指示した _Prime minister told ministers in charge to take necessary actions_. 大臣 is not possible.\n * 閣僚経験者 _A person who was a minister in the past_. To me 大臣経験者 sounds OK, but it is much less common.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-08T04:49:37.860", "id": "92889", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-08T04:49:37.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92881", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "(C) is a compound sentence unlike the others: 明日は休みだ+から+どこかへ遊びに行こう. So it is\nから after all.\n\nRegarding で and から, the following is from\n[here](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/17136/meaning/m0u/)\n\n> **で／から／に の使い分け**\n>\n> １ある事態が生じたときの原因・理由は、一般に「で」で表わす。\n>\n> ２その原因を事態の発生源としてとらえ、因果関係を問題にするような場合には、原因を「から」で表わす。\n>\n> ３原因というよりは、心理・生理作用の対象としてとらえる場合には、それを「に」で表わす。\n\n| 不注意…事故を起こす | 会社を風邪…休む | 疲れ…病気になる | 税金対策…苦しむ | バス…酔う \n---|---|---|---|---|--- \nで | ○ | ○ | △ | ○ | △ \nから | ○ | － | ○ | － | － \nに | － | － | － | ○ | ○ \n \nAs suggested by the above, it is safer to use で. Your understanding about use\nof から should be correct, but 因果関係を問題にする is not so clear-cut.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-08T14:10:47.003", "id": "92893", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-08T14:10:47.003", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92882", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "The basic rule is that だい attaches to kango (words with on-reading) and\ngairaigo (written in katakana), while おお attaches to wago (words with kun-\nreading). Easy examples are:\n\n * 大画面: だいがめん\n * 大都市: だいとし\n * 大アルカナ: だいあるかな\n * 大ブリテン王国: だいぶりてんおうこく\n * 大騒ぎ: おおさわぎ\n * 大笑い: おおわらい\n\n大集団 follows this basic rule as well, so it's だいしゅうだん. When a word is not in a\ndictionary with a 大, I think you can follow the basic rule.\n\nHowever, there are counterexamples where おお attaches to on-readings:\n\n * 大喧嘩: おおげんか\n * 大火事: おおかじ\n * 大騒動: おおそうどう or だいそうどう\n * 大地震: おおじしん or だいじしん\n * 大人数: おおにんずう or だいにんずう\n * 大風呂敷: おおぶろしき (風呂敷 is a mixed on-kun compound)\n\nIt's hard to explain why. Some say these are well nativized words which no\nlonger has a good wago equivalent, but all you can do practically is remember\nthem individually.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T00:32:17.980", "id": "92914", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T00:32:17.980", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92884", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I can only guess what the producer was trying to say.\n\nWhen you break or pierce through something, you are not being stopped by that\nthing as you move forward. I guess such a sense of “through-ness” is\nconsidered important for a video game, and the producer is suggesting that\nthey could not achieve that if they worried too much about the integrity of\nthe storyline, or something like that.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-09T06:39:01.547", "id": "92900", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-09T06:39:01.547", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "92885", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "In this context it refers to a play feeling much better than one can usually\nexpect, so 中途半端ではない is not far. The underlying image is that something has\ngone through an imaginary barrier and may have gone far, not restricted by\nanything. Possible translation in this context would be _outstanding_ ,\n_incomparable_ , _mind-blowing_ , _overwhelming_ , etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T01:02:18.230", "id": "92915", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T01:02:18.230", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92885", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "ていう means \"kinda thing\" or \"looks like\" so my guess is that your sentence\nfragment means \"a cover for something like a camera\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-08T06:25:58.470", "id": "92891", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-08T06:25:58.470", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "92890", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "As for the sentence in question, キャラデザのラフを見た is about the state of _their_\nwork, the latter half of the sentence implies that the advance of the\nproduction is quicker than the speaker expected.\n\nGenerally, X(だ)と思ったらY means the time between X and Y is shorter than expected.\nAs such, the time is not under the control of the speaker. That should explain\nwhy 私はうちに帰ったと思うとまた出かけた is odd. The speaker decided to go out her/himself, so\nthere should be no surprise as regards the time span.\n\nProbably the rule for the non-applicability of the construction should be\nsomething along the lines of _Y not being the speaker's voluntary action_.\n\nAs an example, the following is possible:\n\n * 私はこないだ日本へ帰ってきたと思ったらまた来月アメリカに行くことになった\n * I just came back to Japan a short while ago, and I have to go to the USA next month.\n\nHere Y is not the speaker's action but the situation where s/he has to go to\nthe US, and staying in Japan for a few months is shorter than the speaker\nexpected.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-09T03:11:19.737", "id": "92898", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-09T05:28:31.080", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-09T05:28:31.080", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92894", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "がる and がっている can indeed be used to talk about yourself, because this construct\nessentially talks about outward signs indicative of someone's internal\nthoughts, emotions, or feelings. So it's all about the appearance upon which\ncertain conjectural conclusions can be drawn, either by the speaker or by\nsomeone else in the speaker's mind.\n\nSo 富山はケーキを食べたがっている literally means: Toyama is showing signs that tell us\nToyama wants to eat cake.\n\nI am sure at your level you have read or been taught that the reason you don't\nsay 富山はケーキを食べたい is that you don't know that; you can only observe and make\nspeculative statements based on the signs you observe.\n\nHow does that figure in a statement about oneself? It's the same idea. You are\ntalking about the signs you give off because of a mental state, thought, or\nfeeling and how those signs might affect other people. See [these\nexamples](https://maggiesensei.com/2013/01/15/%E3%80%9C%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%EF%BC%86%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8B-tai-\ngaru-and-%E3%80%9C%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8Agari/):\n\n> Note : Basically you use がる ( = garu) for the third person but there are\n> some cases you can use がる ( = garu) for yourself when you see the actions or\n> emotion objectively in certain conditions.\n>\n> Ex. 彼は私が欲しがっていたバッグを買ってくれた。 \n> = He bought me the bag I really wanted.\n>\n> Ex. 私が日本語を勉強したがっていたのを知っていたの？ \n> = Did you know that I really wanted to study Japanese?\n>\n> Ex. 悲しがってばかりいても仕方ないから前に進まなくては。 \n> = I shouldn’t be keep feeling sad. I should move forward.\n\nAlso [this explanation](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/i-adjective-\ngaru/):\n\n> **がる TO TALK ABOUT YOURSELF**\n>\n> While the most common usage of 〜がる is to talk about others, it can also be\n> used to talk about yourself. In these cases though, you are not describing\n> your internal state, you are describing your behavior and how it affects\n> others. Here's an example of how this looks:\n>\n> 私がお菓子をほしがると、姉はいつもわけてくれる。 \n> When I show that I want snacks, my sister always shares her snacks with me.\n>\n> In this sentence, the main focus is on your sister, and the fact that she\n> shares her snacks with you. I wish my sister would do that for me! We used\n> 〜がる here to indicate that you are behaving in a way that alerts your sister\n> of your need for snacks.\n\n**Important note:** this usage only occurs in subordinate clauses. Please see\n@aguijonazo's comment.\n\n* * *\n\nEdit: Overlooked 俗物的\n\n俗物的, 形容動詞 (na-adjective), just means worldly-minded or materialistic. Here it\nis used to contrast ストイック meaning someone who's not swayed by fame and money.\n俗物的, in this instance, is its near antonym.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-08T20:29:08.130", "id": "92896", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-09T05:26:31.527", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-09T05:26:31.527", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "92895", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "I suppose it very much depends on the nature of the topic or just the course\nof the conversation. Practically I myself would fall into awkward silence or\nask a few other questions so that I sort of get away from the specific case\nconcerning the interlocutor.\n\nThat said, most probably 余計な事聞いてしまってごめんなさい actually works fine for saying\nsorry when you bring up a topic which leads to revealing unpleasant things to\nthe person you are talking with (even if it is not a question).\n\nA subtle thing is, putting ごめんなさい at the beginning sounds more natural:\nごめんなさい、余計な事聞いてしまって。 (It could be just me, but ごめんなさい at the end sounds like a\nreal apology for a thing you have done intentionally, which should not be the\ncase in question.)\n\nUsing 変な事 is possible for some cases, but if you just asked e.g. how the child\nis doing, then it may not fit. It does not imply the child is 変, but describes\nthe question itself. Other possibilities would be 立ち入ったこと/個人的な事. Using 余計な事\nlooks most neutral.\n\nRegarding the register, it should be handled by endings: 聞いてしまって vs 聞いちゃって and\nすいません vs ごめん(なさい). The most casual is ごめん、余計な事聞いちゃって (or 終止形 is possible:\n余計なこと聞いた).\n\n* * *\n\nAs for the 辛い思いを... type, it is possible but the unpleasant thing must be\nsomething serious. For example, the child turns out to be dead in a car\naccident, it is possible to say 辛いこと(嫌な事)を思い出させてしまってごめんなさい. Otherwise if it is\nabout some sort of handicap, then using つらいこと could offend her/him because it\nimplies the handicap is a negative thing (in the similar way you worried about\nthe use of 変).\n\n#A minor thing: 事につきまして does not sound natural even if the register is\ncorrected: 辛い思いをさせてしまったことにつきまして本当にすみません。 sounds over polite. 辛い思いをさせてしまってすいません\nshould be enough.\n\nLastly 不快な思いをさせて is less likely. It fits more naturally when what you have\ndone actually affects the person negatively. It is closer to 迷惑をかけて.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-10T02:16:09.227", "id": "92903", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-10T02:16:09.227", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92897", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "### Summary\n\nThis particular しく is not the 連用形【れんようけい】 of adjective ending し (modern しい).\nInstead, this is past recollective auxiliary き in the 連体形【れんたいけい】 + the\nク語法【ごほう】, a.k.a. \" _-ku_ nominalization\" pattern similar to uses of modern こと,\nseen in Old Japanese and persisting in certain set expressions even into\nmodern usage, such as 曰【いわ】く (\"history; reasons, background\", literally\nsomething like \"that which is said [about something]\") or 恐【おそ】らく (originally\n\"that which is frightening\", used in modern Japanese to mean \"probably\";\ncompare English \"I'm afraid it's the case that...\").\n\n⇒ So 申【もう】ししく is ultimately equivalent to modern 申【もう】したこと.\n\n### Grammar\n\nLet's look more closely at your problem word, 申【もう】ししく. This breaks down as\nfollows:\n\n * 申し \nThis is the 連用形【れんようけい】 (\"continuative or stem form\") of verb 申【もう】す, the\nhumble form of 言【い】う (\"to say\").\n\n * し \nThis is the 連体形【れんたいけい】 (\"attributive form\") of past-recollective auxiliary き.\nThis attaches to the 連用形【れんようけい】 of the preceding verb or auxiliary.\n\n * く \nThis is the so-called ク語法【ごほう】 suffix. Historical linguistic research\nindicates that this derived from an earlier formal noun あく referring to 「所、事」,\nand possibly related to the locative suffix ～こ in words like ここ, or ～か in\nwords like 住処【すみか】. This attaches to the 連体形【れんたいけい】 of the preceding verb or\nauxiliary, but the resulting `[VOWEL]+[VOWEL]` diphthong was not allowed in\nOld Japanese phonology, so either one vowel eclipses the other, or the two\nfuse. \nFor instance, the 連体形【れんたいけい】 of Old and Classical Japanese 言【い】ふ is 言【い】ふ.\nThis plus あく results in いふあく, and the vowel fusion of //u// + //a// resulted\nin the //a// winning out, producing いはく, sound shifting to modern いわく. \nPhonologically, we would expect し + あく to fuse into せく, but one theory is that\nthe //i// here may have been //i2//, which resisted fusion and resulted in しく\ninstead. Alternatively, this may be a case where the locative suffix ～く\nattached directly, rather than あく.\n\n**References**\n\n * [しく suffix at Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%97%E3%81%8F-518163)\n * [き suffix at Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%8D-471819#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8)\n * [ク語法 at Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95-482976)\n * [く suffix at Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%8F-482023#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8), see especially the [補注] notes at the bottom of the 日本国語大辞典 entry (the topmost entry)\n * [ク語法#起源 at the Japanese Wikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95#%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90)\n * [Old Japanese#Vowels at the English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Japanese#Vowels)\n * [Old Japanese#Phonotactics at the English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Japanese#Phonotactics)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T22:40:15.523", "id": "92930", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T01:08:49.350", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-12T01:08:49.350", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "92899", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't see any difference between Xちょっと and Xとちょっと where X is some quantity.\nIt means _a little more than X_. E.g. 一年(と)ちょっと = a year + a month or so.\n一万円(と)ちょっと = 10000 yen + around 1000 yen.\n\nIn dictionaries ちょっと is an adverb, but works as a noun in とちょっと. The\n[following](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B0%91%E3%81%97-541523) should be\nrelevant:\n\n> 「少し」には、「少しの暇」「少しは理解できる」などのように名詞的な使い方もある。「ちょっと」は、ややくだけた言い方。", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-10T02:27:02.460", "id": "92904", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-10T02:27:02.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92901", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "You can use a relative clause modifying 場所. This is a _huge_ grammar topic in\nboth English and Japanese. If you're totally new to this, please take time and\nread your textbook first. The following links should be helpful as a starter:\n\n * [Relative clauses distinguishing whom/with which/that](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14541/5010)\n * [Tae Kim's Guide to Learning Japanese: Relative Clauses and Sentence Order](http://guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/clause)\n * [Wasabi: Japanese Relative Clauses](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/japanese-relative-clauses/)\n\n* * *\n\nThis part of your translation attempt is already perfectly fine:\n\n> 場所にいると想像してください。 \n> Imagine that you are at a place.\n\nFor now, this makes little sense because 場所/place is too vague. You need to\nmodify it somehow using a relative clause. In English, you add \"where\" and a\nmini-sentence (clause) _after_ 'place'. In Japanese, you directly add a mini-\nsentence _before_ 場所.\n\n> **隕石が落ちた** 場所にいると想像してください。 \n> Imagine you're at a place **where a meteor fell**.\n>\n> **誰もが安全に暮らせる** 国にいると想像してください。 \n> Imagine you're in a country **where everyone can live safely**.\n\nThese are trivial examples of relative clauses. Once you master them, you will\nbe able to say very complex things.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T02:12:00.580", "id": "92916", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T02:12:00.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92905", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Here's the super-literal breakdown:\n\n * **もらいます** : I (will) receive (something).\n * **貸してもらいます** : I will receive a favor of [your] lending.\n * **傘を貸してもらいます** : I will receive a favor of lending [me] an umbrella.\n\nSo he's saying \"I'll have you lend me an umbrella (and I'm thankful about\nit)\". He could have said 傘を借ります (\"I'll borrow an umbrella\"), which is much\nsimpler but less polite.\n\nThis is not a question in any way, and it is not really a request for\npermission, either. It's just a notice, based on the assumption that the\nlistener won't refuse.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T02:26:29.763", "id": "92917", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T02:26:29.763", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92908", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This is how I would parse it: focus on the tense of the modifying clause.\n\n> 森林の近くに住みた **い** 。 (present state)\n>\n\n>> Mr. Suzuki **wants** to live near the forest.\n\n> 森林の近くに住みた **かった** 。(past state)\n>\n\n>> Mr. Suzuki **wanted** to live near the forest.\n\nHence, we have the following:\n\n> A) 鈴木さんは森林の近くに住みたい作家でした。\n>\n\n>> a) Mr. Suzuki was a writer who **wanted** to live near the forest.\n\n> B) 鈴木さんは森林の近くに住みたかった作家でした。\n>\n\n>> b) Mr. Suzuki was a writer who **had wanted** to live near the forest.\n\nHowever, if the order of events is clear from the context, we can reduce _had\nwanted_ to _wanted_ in the translation. That is, **a** may be equal to **b**\nin meaning, but not in this case. In other words, we could translate **B**\nusing **a** although it offers less information if no context is provided.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-10T22:01:50.613", "id": "92913", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T00:51:37.250", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-11T00:51:37.250", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "92910", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "畑 in this sense is a metaphorical expression used in relation to someone's\ncareer. This is an interesting expression in the context of introducing a\nperson (formally or informally, e.g., 彼には教育畑を30年歩んできた自負がある,\n営業畑を渡り歩いて多彩な経験を積んできました). It should be avoided when neutrality and\nobjectiveness are important (e.g., in Wikipedia).\n\nBesides, when it is intentionally used in contexts that have nothing to do\nwith personal career, it may sound slightly disrespectful. For example,\n言語学畑の人間 basically refers to linguists, but often with a nuance of \"someone who\nhas lived in the field of linguistics long enough to forget other things\".\n言語学畑の用語 may sound like \"(odd) jargon used by linguists\" rather than\n\"linguistic terms\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T03:03:45.610", "id": "92918", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T03:26:13.243", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-11T03:26:13.243", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92911", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "In the construction なくて（も）いい, the も is optional. It's inclusion doesn't change\nthe meaning. Instead, I'd probably say something like this:\n\n> 今日は返事しなくてもいいです。明日でも返事しなくてもいいです。\n\n\"You don't have to answer today. Even if you don't answer tomorrow, that's\nfine\"\n\nても means \"even if\", so for instance:\n\n速く歩いても間に合わない\n\n\"Even if we walk quickly, we won't make it on time\"\n\nThe only exception to this is でも. でも can mean either \"even if\", as in:\n\n二年生でも入れます\n\n\"Even if you are a second year, you can enter\"\n\nIt can mean \"But/However\", as a leading adverb:\n\n友達は魚が好きです。でも、私は魚が好きじゃないです。\n\n\"My friend likes fish. However, I do not.\"\n\nIt can also mean で + も, as in:\n\n試験を鉛筆で書けます。ペンでも書けます。\n\n\"You can write the exam with a pencil. You can also write it with a pen.\"\n\nor\n\n日本語で話しました。英語でも話しました\n\n\"We spoke in Japanese. We spoke in English, too\"\n\nThat said, ても represents \"even if\", not \"also\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T03:12:06.557", "id": "92919", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T03:12:06.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "92912", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Yes, this ても can work like a regular \"also\". The key element to understand is\nthat the も in ても is there to create an **inclusive contrast** , so in a broad\nsense, it's always \"also\". In your context, the contrast can be made between\ntoday and tomorrow, so the difference between \"even if\" and \"also\" is blurred\nand the English \"also\" is easier to see:\n\n> [...]. 明日でなくてもいいです\n>\n> [...]. [Even] if you don't reply tomorrow, it's [also] fine.\n\nIf we take a situation where you can't make an explicit contrast, which is the\nmajority of cases, the contrast is now between that situation happening or\nnot:\n\n> [羊を数えても寝られない](https://maggiesensei.com/2015/06/22/how-to-\n> use-%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82-temo/)\n>\n> [Even] if I count sheep, I [also] can't sleep.\n\nHere we're making a contrast for the situation of counting sheep. It doesn't\nmatter if you count sheep or not, you can't sleep. In other words, if you\ncount sheep, you _also_ can't sleep (relative to when you don't count them).\nYou can see how that contrasting \"also\" turns into an \"even if\", \"no matter\",\n\"whatever\", etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T17:04:50.567", "id": "92929", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T17:04:50.567", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "92912", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You can definitely drop it.\n\nI think there are two implied meanings with ‘きて’くれる. As you know, きて means\n‘come’, go out of the way. It means his or her parents took time to buy\nsouvenirs for their children and implies the parents’ effort and speaker’s\nappreciation to the parents.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T13:26:21.447", "id": "92925", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T13:26:21.447", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50204", "parent_id": "92920", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I think the 'きて' here is only saying they came back with the gifts.\n\nThe nuance in English would be the same as: \"お土産を買ってきてくれる\" \"...bring back\nsouvenirs for me(that they buy)\"\n\n\"お土産を買ってくれる\" \"...buy souvenirs for me\"\n\nThe difference is subtle. Both phrases can be used in the same context but\noffer varying degrees of detail. Not much different from how we use English.\n\nFor me, as a writer, the difference is more noticeable. With the ”きて” I can\npicture them giving the gift, I see expressions, I feel the joy, excitement.\nWithout it, it's not that I get a negative impression but I might only picture\nthem buying the gift. Different experience.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-08T17:06:21.907", "id": "96542", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-08T17:06:21.907", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54657", "parent_id": "92920", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Technically, 高い and 高かった are the short subordinate clauses that modify はず.\nJapanese relative clauses [can be very\nshort](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/48859/5010). As you said, the word\nmarked with は is working as a topic of the entire sentence.\n\nあの人が若いはず lacks a topic, and this doesn't even look like a valid sentence to\nme. It's just a fragment roughly meaning \"probable-ness of that person being\nyoung\". Still, you can make the subordinate clause have a different subject\nusing が:\n\n> 彼はあの人が若いはずがないと思っている。 \n> He thinks that person should not be young.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T10:29:30.147", "id": "92923", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-11T10:29:30.147", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92922", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "If we were to say the different between using the “as if to” structure and\nsimply resembling two things is in the implication of some guesswork in the\nfirst one, Then I’d say using the “ように” without adding anything else might not\nbe sufficient to convey the same nuance as “as if to”. \nThe method that comes to my mind when wanting to say something more similar to\n“as if to” is adding “かの” before “ように” like in the sentence below.\n\n> 父親を亡くしたばかりなのに、彼女は何もなかったかのように笑ってる。Even though she has just lost his father,\n> she is laughing as if nothing has happened.\n\nAs for the sentence you brought up, although it depends a lot on the context\nand also one’s personal interpretation, to me it reads like an attempt made by\nsomeone in order to interrupt one’s (probably their own) speech.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-12T01:23:57.117", "id": "92932", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T05:23:19.200", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-12T05:23:19.200", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "39807", "parent_id": "92924", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "When `[V1 plain form (present)]-ようにV2` expresses a purpose, the part before\nように describes a desired state or situation the actor of V2 intends to achieve\nthrough that act. V1 cannot be an intentional act by the same actor as V2, as\nin the case of `[V1 dictionary form]-ためにV2`. In that sense, translating `[V1\nplain form (present)]-ようにV2` as “V2 (in order) to V1” is not quite accurate.\nIt might be translated as “V2 (in order) for S1 to V1” if the actor of V1 is\ndifferent, or as “V2 (in order) to be able to V1” if V1 is a potential verb,\nthough.\n\nFor your sentence to be understood as expressing a purpose like that, it would\nhave to be read in the following way.\n\n> ［（俺が／音が）自分の腰を折るように（誰かが）ドアをノックする］音が聴こえてきた。\n\nFirst of all, V2 cannot be 聴こえてきた because it is not something you do with a\npurpose. (It is not something you do. Period.) Then, V2 must be ノックする, and the\nsubject of 折る, as V1, must be someone or something other than the person\nknocking the door. It could be either the speaker himself, with 自分 working as\na reflexive pronoun, or the sound of the knock, in which case 自分 sounds a bit\nodd unless that’s how the speaker refers to himself. (This character seems to\nuse 俺 in the novel.)\n\nTo me, this interpretation seems unlikely because the speaker wouldn’t have\nknown what end state the person behind the door intended to achieve when she\nknocked the door, or she wouldn’t have known that the speaker was going to\nbegin something inside the room for her to purposefully interrupt. It seems\nmore natural to understand this ように as simply expressing the speaker’s\nimpression that either the sound itself or the way she knocked the door seemed\nlike it had the effect of breaking the flow of his thought.\n\nIn any case, it is either one of the two. It is just that when the speaker’s\nimpression is about someone’s intention, the two seem to overlap.\n\nI don’t understand why the author chose to use 自分 instead of 俺 here. The\nchoice of 聴こえる, instead of 聞こえる, is also odd. Besides, 腰を折る in this figurative\nsense is not usually used outside of the fixed phrase 話の腰を折る.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-17T15:56:46.377", "id": "92990", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-17T15:56:46.377", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "92924", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The glyph 令 has, generally, three distinct regional forms:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SxF9i.png)\n\nThe type with マ and a dotted bar is used in mainland China, the type with マ\nand a horizontal bar is used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Vietnam, while the\ntraditional prescriptive dictionary form is currently considered correct in\nJapan and Korea. I am showing all three by applying the different regional\nversions of Source Han Serif font.\n\nHowever, it would be incorrect to assume that such alternate forms are never\navailable within one region itself. In fact, the \"Mainland\" form (what you\nrefer to as \"calligraphic\") is available in the Moji-Joho character collection\nin Japan (because it is registered somewhere for a personal name or a place\nname, as exemplified by the\n[Koseki](https://houmukyoku.moj.go.jp/KOSEKIMOJIDB/M03.html?1641914601547)\ndatabase), and thus should be, at least in theory, accessible by a sequence of\ncodepoints U+4EE4 U+E0102, where 4EE4 is general 令 and E0102 is an\n[Ideographic Variation\nSelector](http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr37/tr37-12.html).\n\nWell, in theory. Because the only font I know that would actually provide that\nis the font of the Moji-Joho database itself,\n[IPAmjMincho](https://moji.or.jp/mojikiban/font/). (And the [Hanazono-\nAFDKO](https://github.com/cjkvi/HanaMinAFDKO) fonts, which support so many\nthings it's not even surprising). So, here they are:\n\n(令 令 - these look different with a proper font)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/khaQa.png)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-11T15:29:01.443", "id": "92927", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T11:40:22.510", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-12T11:40:22.510", "last_editor_user_id": "27977", "owner_user_id": "27977", "parent_id": "92926", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "I guess the dictionary definition of the usage is the\n[following](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%96%B9-442815):\n\n> どちらかというとその傾向であることをいう語。たぐい。 （＃4 精選版 日本国語大辞典）\n\nSo the sentences in the question literally mean:\n\n * Mr Sato, do you tend to be good at English?\n * This tends to be used often.\n\nThe usage may have derived from the original meaning of _direction_ or _side_\nso that Xするほうだ can be understood as _on the side of X_.\n\nThe basic added nuance is _if forced to choose X or not X, then one can say X\nis true (of the subject)_. So if making the comparison explicit, the sentences\nare something like\n\n * 佐藤くん、英語は得意か苦手かといえば得意なほうかな？\n * これは使ってるか使ってないかといえば使ってるほうです。\n\n* * *\n\nAnother (though similar) way to look at ほうだ should be a weakening of the\nstatement.\n\nFor example, as often said, the Japanese have a strict idea of command in a\nlanguage, so\n\n * 私は英語が得意です sounds like _I can use English almost as a native speaker_.\n * 私は英語が得意なほうです sounds more modest like _I think I can say I'm good at English_.\n\nAnother example:\n\n * 酒は強いほうだ _Generally I can drink a lot_\n * 私は酒にはつよい would mean capability of drinking like Russians.\n\n* * *\n\nNote ほうだ can more simply mean a comparative.\n\n * 彼はクラスでは背の高いほうだ He is taller than average in the class.\n\nThe above can be considered a version of this usage where the comparison is\nimplicit or vague.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-12T06:21:58.540", "id": "92934", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T06:21:58.540", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92933", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "[咳止め【せきどめ】](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%92%B3%E6%AD%A2%E3%82%81) is a very\ncommon word virtually every native speaker knows. You can find this word in\nany drug store in Japan. On the other hand, even though the meaning of 咳薬 is\nself-evident, it's an unfamiliar word to me. I googled 咳薬, and most results\nwere part of\n[鎮咳薬【ちんがいやく】](https://jisho.org/word/%E9%8E%AE%E5%92%B3%E8%96%AC), which is a\nhighly stiff medical term for 咳止め. There are some web pages where 咳薬 is used\nby native speakers, so I wouldn't go so far as to say it doesn't exist, but it\nis certainly an uncommon word.\n\nNote that both Google Translate and DeepL can make a guess that sometimes\nlooks very reasonable. Just because those engines gave a sound English\ntranslation for a Japanese \"word\" doesn't necessarily mean it really exists in\nJapanese.\n\nRelated: [Can kanji compounds be formed\narbitrarily?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17996/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-12T16:01:03.867", "id": "92940", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T16:19:25.087", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-12T16:19:25.087", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92935", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think this 物 is just \"thing(s)\", and 物の使用 is \"use/consumption of things\". 報酬\nnormally refers to the compensation for services/labor, but maybe someone who\nwrote this thought 報酬 also refers to the compensation for items used (e.g.,\n医療材料費 of 診療報酬).\n\nものの as a rentaishi is usually written in hiragana, and is preceded by a number\nor such. For example, ものの10分 means \"no more than 10 minutes\" or \"just 10\nminutes\", and ものの数人 means \"only a few people\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-12T15:15:49.387", "id": "92937", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T15:15:49.387", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92936", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It means the same as usual, something like \"as expected\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-12T16:14:53.863", "id": "92941", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T16:14:53.863", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "92938", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Broadly speaking most of だけ's usages fall under two general categories: a\nnegative sense and a positive one. I think because the negative sense is\ntaught earlier to us Japanese learners, most people are more familiar with\nthat sense. But the other meaning is also very common and unfortunately easily\nconfusable with the negative sense.\n\nThe negative sense functions to limit a degree, scope, or reference, and is\nexplained as:\n\n> 1. 範囲を限定することを表す。「～ばかり」、「～のみ」。([Wiktionary\n> Japanese](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91)) \n> in a negative, limiting sense: only, just, limit ([Wiktionary\n> English](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91))\n>\n\nBut here the other sense is invoked in your text:\n\n> 2. 分量・限度・程度を表す。「～ほど」、「～くらい」、「～かぎり」。 \n> in a positive, non-limiting sense: amount, as much as\n>\n\nAs explained in that Wiktionary entry:\n\n> ある程度は肯定的に評価できることを表す。\n>\n> * おんぼろの中古車だが、走るだけましかな。\n> * タイムはともかく、この悪天候下で完走しただけ立派だ。\n>\n\n異国で執筆が出来るだけ: Doing/achieving as much as 異国で執筆が出来る (being able to write in a\nforeign country)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-12T22:24:04.807", "id": "92947", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T22:24:04.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "92942", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The dashes indicate a pause before the character speaks.\n\nFrom [this guide](https://lifelikewriter.com/dash-and-leader/#st-toc-h-13)\n\n> 「間（空白）」を演出する\n\nAs for the translation, your understanding is fine. というのは quotes the preceding\n羽目を外さないように= _Don't have too much fun_ , in the way similar to _which is..._ in\nEnglish. So the more literal translation may be: _...which I guess is what you\nare told every year, so I don't say more about it (=how you shouldn't have too\nmuch fun)_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-12T23:28:11.607", "id": "92948", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-13T00:08:38.543", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-13T00:08:38.543", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92944", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Context would help, but I would suggest considering the possibility of it\nbeing a request, leaving a following ください or more informally くれ unsaid. The\nsentence therefore means something like \"(Please) Think about all the people\nthe corona virus has infected.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-12T22:04:57.383", "id": "92946", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-12T23:08:46.503", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-12T23:08:46.503", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "42110", "parent_id": "92945", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "It's a short form of 「～てください(te-kudasai)」 and kudasai is omitted. So the whole\nsentence should be 「コロナウイルスがうつった人のことも考えてください。」, which means \"Please think\nabout the people who got infected with the coronavirus.\"\n\nI think this usage of Te-form is more common in conversation than writing,\nsuch as 「助けて！(tasukete=\"Help (me)!\")」 or 「明日来て。(asita kite=\"Come tomorrow.\")」,\nprobably because it's short and easy to say. On the other hand, Te-kudasai is\nmore formal, polite, and common in writing.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-13T12:29:56.627", "id": "92951", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-13T12:29:56.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50227", "parent_id": "92945", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "This セーフ is an antonym for アウト, and I believe they are from _safe_ and _out_\nas baseball terms. セーフ means \"close/questionable but barely\nacceptable/legal/successful\", whereas アウト means \"close/questionable but\nwrong/unacceptable/illegal\". They are typically used in the context of the\napplication of rules/laws.\n\n惜しい is not \"regrettable\" but \"close (but wrong)\" here. This is typically used\nin the context of quiz.\n\nSo 今回は惜しいのでセーフということにしておく means \"It's wrong but close enough, so this time, I\nwill {ignore this / overlook it / consider it not a mistake}\".", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-13T23:21:23.900", "id": "92957", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-14T11:23:01.757", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-14T11:23:01.757", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "This question resembles recursion, because your interpretation is 惜しい.\n\n> I would translate the bold part sentence literally as \"Since this time it is\n> regrettable that your answer is wrong, I would take it as a safe\".\n\nYes, your word-to-word literal translation per se, is not wrong. I'll\nelaborate on the \"regrettable\" and \"safe\" later.\n\n> I can’t tell it from its literal meaning. I guess it’s because I don’t\n> understand the word セーフ.\n\nI disagree. I think the primary reason is, because you don't understand the\nnuance of 惜しい.\n\n> And if the sentence implies \"but\", why is ので used? Shouldn’t it be のに?\n\nNot necessarily:\n\n寿季's mindset: You're wrong, but it was almost correct. **ので (Therefore)** I\nwill give you a free pass this time.\n\nYour mindset: You were almost correct, but you're wrong. **のに (But)** I will\ngive you a free pass this time.\n\n_のに_ is not the best choice here, but I tried to stick to your choice of\nwords.\n\n> I guess it’s because I don’t understand the word セーフ.\n\nLet's use baseball as an example here. If the batter makes it to the base\nbefore getting tagged, the batter is **safe**. If too late, **out**.\n\nIf you're from a cricket region, replace safe with **in** and out remains out.\nAgain the batsman must make it across the line before the ball hits the\nwickets.\n\nThe umpire (寿季) is saying, \"well, you were technically out, but it was close\nenough, **therefore** I will consider this safe/in\".\n\nNow let's dig into 惜しい. Practically, we use the word to express \"that was\nclose\". If someone answers almost correctly, you can just say \"惜しい\" and\nthey'll understand that the answer was not too far off.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-13T23:24:10.487", "id": "92958", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-13T23:24:10.487", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "92953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "「今回は惜しい」 means \"This time you are so close (to the right answer)\". 「惜しい」 has\nseveral different meanings, and in the sentence it means \"so close\", not\n\"regrettable\". For example:「負けたけど、惜しかった。(=We lost, but we were so close (to\nwinning)).」\n\n「セーフ」 is a Japanese-English word from \"Safe\" in baseball. It has a broad\nmeaning depending on the context, such as \"Safe/good/OK/right/appropriate\".\n「アウト」 is the opposite word of 「セーフ」. It means \"Out/bad/NG/wrong/inappropriate\"\nor other similar words.\n\nIf I say「今回は惜しいのでセーフということにしておきます。」 in English, I will say \"Since this time\nyour answer is so close, I would treat it as the right one.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-13T23:39:16.973", "id": "92959", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-13T23:39:16.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50227", "parent_id": "92953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "で is not particularly unnatural while 先輩に is possible and equally natural\n(less naturally 先輩が).\n\nOne way to understand is to consider there is an omission (e.g.): 先輩(の番)で _in\nSenpai's turn_. It is a little hard to guess, but suppose the characters are\ntrying to achieve something and 逢桜 failed. Then Senpai will give a try soon,\nthen the sentence in question means something like _I would feel the revenge\nis done (to the thing I failed) if you succeed, and I wish for it_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T05:38:59.257", "id": "93023", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T05:38:59.257", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92954", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "There are many possible situations and emergencies that will render a student\nunable to attend the exams, should they find themself in one, and getting sick\nis just one of them. Getting hit by a car, train/bus/plane/boat delays,\n~~oversleeping~~ (oversleeping is unacceptable, so exam-takers should remember\nto carefully set alarms), and getting beamed up by a UFO and abducted by\naliens are other possibilities. That's why this is an inexhaustive list of the\nreasons why a student is not able to attend the exams on the 15th and 16th,\nand to provide for such unforeseeable accidents, another set of exams are\nscheduled on the 29th and 30th.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-13T23:13:48.877", "id": "92956", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-14T01:16:53.783", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-14T01:16:53.783", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "92955", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Short answer: you already have great examples. The lyric is probably\nexpressing the emotional emptiness which is the result of partying and having\nfun. However such expression tends to include irony, so you may want to\nconsider that.\n\nLong answer:\n\n> Can anyone give me some more examples/resources about 分 used in a\n> conditional(?) sense\n\nI'll give you one that may help digest the fundamental concept of 分:\n**食べた分だけ太る**\n\n分 can mean \"share\", as in \"that's my share\". Imagine a pizza or pie, and split\nit into two.\n\nThe left side is your share. Your 分.\n\nThe right side is mine. My 分.\n\nNo, I'm not saying Japanese people slice pizza into two halves. This is just a\nsimplified example.\n\nWhile calorie intake may not be the sole factor to our weight, let's say **the\nmore (share of) pizza I eat, the more weight I gain.** This exactly is what I\nmeant by **食べた分だけ太る**\n\nBack to your example. **先生にほめられた分だけ勉強する** can be interpreted as **the more\n(share of) ほめる I receive from teacher, the more I 勉強する** , or \"the more my\nteacher praised me, I studied\".\n\nWith the above logic, you may begin to understand that the lyric was indeed\narticulating the cause-and-effect relationship between **はしゃいだ分** and\n**虚しくなる**.\n\nNext, note that the lyric dropped **だけ**. だけ would basically mean \"only\" in\nother use cases. While tempting to translate as \"the amount of pizza I eat is\nthe **only** weight I gain\" or \"I **only** study when my teacher praises me\",\nthat wouldn't be correct when used in these expressions. Instead, the **だけ**\nmakes the cause and effect to sound **relatively** linked. Although unsure\nweather the relationship is proportional, exponential, etc, nevertheless **the\nmore I X, the more I Y**. Think of a mathematical function.\n\nDropping the **だけ** tends to change this. Your example **毎日見ている分、なじみがある** ,\nomits **だけ** like the lyrics. Here the relationship between the cause (毎日見ている)\nand effect (なじみがある) is absolute. It's simply stating that \"because of the\n**cause** there is the **effect** \" whereas the pizza and teacher example with\nだけ would be \"the **more** cause the **more** effect\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-14T13:06:18.190", "id": "92964", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-14T13:06:18.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "92961", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "To my ears, most idiomatic are 速いPC/コンピュータ(fast PC) or 強力なマシン(powerful\nmachine). 強力なコンピュータ will be understood, but less idiomatic (or sounds like\ndescribing supercomputers).\n\nAnother possibility is ハイスペックな/高スペックな which implies machines with fast CPUs\nand larger RAM.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-14T11:17:11.870", "id": "92963", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-14T11:17:11.870", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92962", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "It's said right after かつ, so he is probably saying \"as a continuation (of the\nfirst reason not included in the video)\" or \"by extension\". その連続性で is not a\ncommon wording, and I usually expect それと関連して, それ繋がりで, その関連で, etc. Outside math\ncontexts, 連続性がある may simply mean _closely related_.\n\n> …かつ、その連続性で、手になじむものじゃないと遊んでくれないから...\n>\n> ...and, by extension, people don't play it unless it doesn't feel good in\n> the hands, so...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-15T02:18:40.247", "id": "92969", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-15T02:18:40.247", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92967", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't know about using みたいに in a sentence that expresses what you are trying\nto say, but my suggestion would be:\n\n> あの車は見た目と同じくらい速い", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-15T07:45:45.657", "id": "92971", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-15T07:45:45.657", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "92970", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "までに basically means \"by\" and it's used to mark a deadline. 12時までに～します means\nyou may do it at 11:30 or even at 7:00. On the other hand, 12時前に～します means you\ndo it (shortly) before 12:00, for example at 11:45, but usually not at 7:00.\n\n寝る前に本を読みます is a natural sentence that simply describes what the speaker does\n_at night_ , before sleeping. 寝るまでに本を読みます implies there is a deadline, so this\nsounds like the speaker must read the book before sleeping, at the latest, but\nhe can read it _during the day_ if he wants.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-16T02:18:29.017", "id": "92982", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-16T02:18:29.017", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92973", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "To summarize the comments and provide an answer, these are not the same.\n\nまでに is a particle meaning \"by\". Thus:\n\n暗いまでに帰らないと\n\n\"I have to be back by dark\"\n\n前に is a combination of 前 (before) and the time indicator に, thus \"before\":\n\n食べる前にいつも手を洗っている\n\n\"I always wash my hands before eating\"\n\nThey might sometimes be similar, for instance, you could write the first\nsentence as:\n\n暗い前に帰らないと \"I have to get home before it's dark\"\n\nWhich has a slightly different meaning. However, in general, they are not\ninterchangeable. The following sentence is strange:\n\n食べるまでにいつも手を洗っている", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-16T02:18:36.253", "id": "92983", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-16T02:18:36.253", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "92973", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "## までに\n\nまでに is the combination of particles まで and に. The first particle specifies the\nending point in time (deadline), while the latter specifies the point in time\nwhere the event will take place, which may or may not coincide with the\ndeadline. If it doesn't coincide, it happens before the deadline.\n\nLet's look at an example:\n\n> 5時 **までに** メールします。\n>\n\n>> I will email it **by** 5 o'clock\n\n_By_ means **not later than** , so the email can be sent **at or before 5\no'clock**. The same applies for までに, hence the translation.\n\nLet's say that the email was sent at 4 o'clock, as in the following\nillustration:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/09xVi.png)\n\n[source](https://ar.pinterest.com/pin/638314947163762689/)\n\nThe red dot represents the time at which the event took place and _5:00_ the\ndeadline. This means that the red dot is given by に and _5:00_ by まで. Overall,\nthe action took place at 5時までに.\n\n> 4時 **に** メールしました。\n>\n\n>> I emailed it **at** 4 o'clock.\n\n> 5時 **まで** は、4時 **に** メールしました。(unnatural)\n>\n\n>> **Until** 5 o'clock, I emailed it **at** 4.\n\n> 5時 **までに** メールしました。(natural)\n>\n\n>> I emailed it **by** 5 o'clock.\n\n**Collocations**\n\nまでに follows nouns and verbs in the dictionary form.\n\n> 今週の終わりまでに•••\n>\n\n>> By the end of this week...\n\n> 彼女が来るまでに•••\n>\n\n>> By the time she comes...\n\n終わり is noun being modified by 今週 and the resulting noun phrase, 今週の終わり\nprecedes までに. 来る, a verb in the dictionary form, precedes it too.\n\n12時 is a noun phrase, like in your example.\n\n## 前に\n\n前に is the combination of the noun 前 and the particle に. 前, when talking about\ntime, means **before**. に simply marks the time especified by 前.\n\n> 晩ご飯を食べ **る** 前に山田さんに電話をしました。\n>\n\n>> Before eating dinner, I called Ms. Yamada.\n\nNote that the modifying verb is always in the dictionary form.\n\n## までに VS 前に\n\nAまでにB can either mean that B takes places **at or before** A. It's usually\nused to mark deadlines, so it has that nuance.\n\nA前にB can only mean that B takes place **before** A.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-16T02:59:28.023", "id": "92984", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-16T03:06:34.177", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-16T03:06:34.177", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "92973", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Practically, Eddie Kal's comment is right: you can use both (no change for\nnuance) and [よろん is more common (see 5.\n言葉の発音)](https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/tokeichosa/kokugo_yoronchosa/h15/).\n\nHistorically, 世論 was せろん and 輿論 was よろん. Since 輿 was not included in 当用漢字\n(1946), 世論 came to be used for both readings (cf. [Wikipedia article for\n輿論](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%BF%E8%AB%96#%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%80%8C%E8%BC%BF%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%A5)).\nThe linked article says 世論/輿論 meant different things up to Taisho era, but the\ndifference is lost now.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-15T21:57:16.573", "id": "92978", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-15T21:57:16.573", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "92975", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "It's \"what I didn't know\". 自分 is marked with the subject marker が, which means\n自分 is the subject of 知る (\"to know\"). Nothing in your sentence corresponds to\n\"about myself\".\n\n自分 is a pronoun that can be rendered as \"I\", \"you\", \"he/she\", \"myself\",\n\"yourself\", or \"himself/herself\" depending on the context, but here it's just\n\"I\" except that it's slightly emphatic. You may use \"I myself\" instead of \"I\"\nif you think it's suitable in the context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-16T01:57:46.333", "id": "92980", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-16T02:23:21.480", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-16T02:23:21.480", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92976", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, you can safely use 年代 like that. 昭和40年代 refers to 1965–1974.\n\nNote that 年代 does not always refer to _decades_. For example, 1600年代 typically\nrefers to 1600–1699.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-16T02:04:44.727", "id": "92981", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-18T00:23:40.037", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-18T00:23:40.037", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92979", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> How to parse \"ものとも\", when used at the end of a sentence in a Japanese\n> dictionary entry?\n\nもの = noun \nと = quotative particle \nも = particle \"also\"\n\nI'd understand it as the shortened form of ...ものとも言われる, literally \"is also\nsaid to be something...\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-16T16:01:11.857", "id": "92986", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-16T16:01:11.857", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "92985", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "> personally I consider that it would have sounded better if B had also\n> negated the verb\n\nIf Person A had said 許されないことだろ, this is true. But って is a quoting particle,\nand what he actually said is 許される(ことじゃない), not 許されない.\n\nLiterally:\n\n> A: 許されることじゃねーだろ。 \n> It's not something that's to be forgiven.\n>\n> B: 許されるって誰に？ \n> \"Forgiven\", by who? \n> (implies \"Regarding this matter, no one allows or disallows anything.\")\n\nI think English speakers won't say \"Unforgiven by who?\" in this context,\neither.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-17T00:50:57.790", "id": "92988", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-17T00:50:57.790", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92987", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "> ちょっと乱れてる感じとか頑張って無造作に見えるような努力が伝わってくるし。 \n> Seeing that slightly messy look(, for example), I can feel the effort you\n> put to make it appear (intentionally) unkempt, you know.\n\n * ちょっと乱れてる感じ: a bit messy feeling/appearance\n * とか: and such; for example; for one (working also as a topic marker)\n * 頑張って無造作に見えるような努力: a hard effort to make it look unkempt/wild/rough\n * ～が伝わってくる: I can feel ～\n * し: (nonexhaustive reason marker)\n\nMaybe とか is what threw you off? とか can work as a listing particle (\"and\"), but\nhere it has replaced the topic marker (see: [How is とかいた being used in this\nsentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/64965/5010)).\n\nI still don't know if this is said as a sarcastic remark or a genuine\ncompliment. See the previous countext which you did not provide.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-18T02:06:42.510", "id": "92995", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-18T03:31:55.527", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-18T03:31:55.527", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "92994", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is how you should parse the sentence\n\n> でも、(あの様子だと) (ワザと) (って) (わけじゃなさそうだ) し\n>\n> But, if that's case, it seems unlikely that it is done on purpose.\n\nだと - Yes you are right, it is a と conditional. It works for nouns. You can\nlearn more about this\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/52928/).\n\nワザと - An adverb meaning \"on purpose.\" と fossilized in this word. Katakana is\nprobably used for emphasis. It is almost like using bold or italics in\nEnglish.\n\nってわけじゃなさそうだ - って is short for という and it is used to modify わけ. You understand\nwhat わけじゃない means, right?\n\nし - reason marker", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-18T02:56:49.173", "id": "92997", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-18T02:56:49.173", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "92996", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "化 is a more general version of \"change, \" with an emphasis on transformation,\nwhile 転 can only mean \"change\" in the sense of transferring or relocating.\n\nFor common kanji that roughly mean change though, there is also 変, 代, 替, and\n換. 変 feels most generic, like \"alter\". 代 is closest to substitution. 替 is\nclosest to \"replace.\" 換 is closest to \"exchange.\"\n\nThat being said, I wouldn't suggest worrying about the nuances between kanji\nmeanings, since the meanings can never be exact, and they often overlap, and\ncan even be identical in meaning, but differing only in the words it is used\nin or the reading.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-18T15:27:01.950", "id": "93000", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-19T16:12:04.323", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-19T16:12:04.323", "last_editor_user_id": "38831", "owner_user_id": "38831", "parent_id": "92999", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "転 means \"revolve\" or \"rotate\". Life is a series of schools/jobs, so you rotate\nthrough those.\n\n化 means \"change\" in the sense of \"transform\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-19T16:48:26.967", "id": "93011", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-19T16:48:26.967", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "92999", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Essentially the linked answer answers the question, it is an instance of\n'AということはBということか？'='(I suppose) The fact A should mean another fact B', where\nという is contracted to って.\n\nThe twist may be that the predicate is implicit after 点滴.\n\nThe sentence can be\n\n * （彼が）点滴（をしている）ってことは…栄養が足りてなかったってことか?\n\nWhat can be dropped depends on contexts. Some other examples:\n\n * Macってことは, Safariか If he is using a Mac, then it is likely that he is using Safari. (Context: The speaker tries to guess which browser is being used, upon knowing which OS the user is using.)\n\n * 太郎が店番ってことは、花子は留守か I see Taro at the register, so Hanko is not at home. (Context: The speaker knows Hanako is usually sitting at the register and that Taro takes over when she is not available; here the first part and the second part have different subjects, so 太郎が can't be omitted).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T05:13:27.763", "id": "93021", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T05:13:27.763", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93001", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]