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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "Going by the context you describe in the question, the meaning of that\nresponse does constitute a negative answer to the effect of something like\n\n> Well, I admire/like her. That's it. The feeling is not reciprocated.\n\nSo my rendering is a bit wordy because I am trying to render it in natural\nEnglish. Although it is a negative response to the question asked, I don't\nthink the いや here is a hard, clipped \"No\". Rather, it is closer to a filler\nand better translated as \"well\" or maybe \"well, not really.\" For more on いや,\nsee this answer:\n\n[The usage of いや in response to\nquestions](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24967/30454)\n\n一方的に, as you say, means \"one-sided\", \"unreciprocated\".\n\n憧れる means something closer to \"like\". The aspect in the original Japanese line\nis continuous (憧れてる, contracted from 憧れている), telling us the action is ongoing,\nbut I'm reluctant to use the present continuous or the present perfect\ncontinuous. In such situations usually the simple present does the job just\nfine, and the other two tense-aspect combinations would sound weird.\n\nだけ is a noun meaning \"only\", \"just\", \"merely\", or \"simply\"\n\nで is the conjunctive form of copula だ", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-18T22:13:38.693", "id": "93003", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-18T22:13:38.693", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "93002", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The red stuffs that come out of a hot or burning object are almost always\ncalled 火花. スパーク is relatively uncommon and usually refers to 放電 or electrical\nsparks/discharge (typically blue). デジタル大辞泉\n[defines](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF/)\nスパーク as 放電などによって火花が出ること.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bN8Ll.jpg) \nLeft: 火花; Right: スパーク\n\n[火花を散らす](https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E7%81%AB%E8%8A%B1%E3%82%92%E6%95%A3%E3%82%89%E3%81%99)\nis a common set phrase, and people sometimes say (議論が)スパークする, but I cannot\nthink of other common metaphors. Of course you can directly say 火花のような○○ or\nsuch.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-19T12:32:35.127", "id": "93007", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T00:50:10.493", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-20T00:50:10.493", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93004", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "From a grammatical aspect, you need の before 代わりに. When you use 代わりに at the\nbeginning of a sentence, の is not needed.\n\nHowever `「かわいい」の代わりに「こわい」と言ってしまった` is still a bit strange as 代わりに implies\nintentional meaning. じゃなくて (or ではなくて) can be used for both intentional and\nunintentional cases so this time じゃなくて sounds natural.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-21T02:50:45.697", "id": "93045", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-21T02:50:45.697", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48934", "parent_id": "93005", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Because it's after the て-form, つらい doesn't apply to the verb.\n\n〇〇感じてつらい doesn't mean \"it's hard to feel\". It means \"it's tough because I feel\n〇〇\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-19T16:05:06.377", "id": "93010", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-19T16:05:06.377", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1065", "parent_id": "93006", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Here, the following sentences are interchangeable:\n\n 1. 俺は悪魔 **を** できるだけ苦しむように殺してやりたいぜ。\n 2. 俺は悪魔 **が** できるだけ苦しむように殺してやりたいぜ。\n\nThey both mean \"I want to kill demons so that they suffer as much as\npossible\".\n\nIn the former, 悪魔 is the direct object of 殺す, and the sentence is the same as\n俺はできるだけ苦しむように悪魔 **を** 殺してやりたい (still, the implied subject of 苦しむ is 悪魔). In\nthe latter, 悪魔 is part of the ように (\"so that\") clause, and the direct object of\n殺す is implicit.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-19T14:38:51.200", "id": "93009", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-19T14:38:51.200", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93008", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You are right, 間中 is more emphatic, and indicates something happens from the\nstart to the end of the period. Most of the time, you can translate ～の間 simply\nas \"during ～\", and ～の間中 as \"throughout ～\", \"all through ～\" or \"during the\nentire ～\". ずっと has the same function.\n\n * 夜の間 \nduring the night\n\n * 夜の間中 / 夜の間ずっと / 夜の間中ずっと \nall through the night / throughout the night / during the entire night\n\n * 寝ている間 \nwhile sleeping\n\n * 寝ている間中 / 寝ている間ずっと / 寝ている間中ずっと \nthe entire time one is sleeping / the whole time sleeping", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T04:21:43.353", "id": "93020", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T04:36:02.110", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-20T04:36:02.110", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93012", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The effect of さん added to a noun that represents a shop is not that different\nfrom when it's added to a person name. さん makes the noun sound friendlier and\nmore casual. It's mainly used in informal conversations (usually in the home)\nto refer to nearby small shops. It's typically attached to a wago ending with\n屋 (e.g., 魚屋さん, 八百屋さん, 床屋さん), so you can remember this usage is basically a\npart of 屋さん. お寺さん is also used by many. It's very rare after a kango such as\n美容院, 映画館 or 駐車場.\n\nHowever, さん has another usage; it can be added to an organization name, and\nthis type of さん is used in not-so-formal business conversations where 御社 (or\n貴校, etc.) is an overkill. For example, you can hear ソニーさん, IBMさん, みずほ銀行さん,\n京都大学さん, and so on. By extension, 美容院さん, 映画館さん, ライブハウスさん and so on may be heard\n_in business-related contexts_ (e.g., この新商品は全国の美容院さんでお試しいただけます).\n\nEither way, I personally haven't heard 講堂さん; it's a kango, and it's not a\nplace closely related to business.\n\nAs for the etymology, I think there had been no rule that you have to use さん\nonly after a person name. さん is etymologically from 様 (さま), whose original\nmeaning is \"state/appearance\". See\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/12981/5010), too.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T03:35:03.183", "id": "93019", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T03:57:18.067", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-20T03:57:18.067", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93013", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> 食べてる時間って暇じゃない？\n\nLet's take this utterance apart. This って functions _like_ a topic marker. See\nthis discussion\n\n[Difference between って and は as topic\nmarker](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15004/30454)\n\nIt's put in the form of a question, so 「じゃない？」 means \"isn't it?\" And the\nstatement that the じゃない？ seeks confirmation of is 「食べてる時間って暇」 ≈ 「食べてる時間は暇」:\n\"the time when you eat is free\" or \"[someone is] free during the time of\neating\"\n\nSo put together, this utterance means \"You are free when you eat, isn't it?\"\nThe implication is: when you eat, it's your free time, and you can watch TV,\ntalk to your friend on the phone, relax, daydream, listen to the music, etc. I\nam using a generic \"you\" here. The speaker may intend this as a question to\nall the listeners, or more likely, saying this as a general observation.\n\nNote: 暇 in Japanese can also imply being bored and personally I think the line\nbetween \"bored\" and \"free\" is blurry. That's why when you want to talk to your\nboss during work, you should never ask if they are 暇. That would imply you\nthink they are bored and have nothing important to do.\n\n暇だ！ = I'm bored!\n\n休みだから暇だよ = I'm bored because it's a day off.\n\nWith that in mind, also per @aguijonazo's comment, this could also be a\ncomment about how the time spent eating seems boring or wasteful.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-19T20:21:15.523", "id": "93015", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-19T23:36:39.320", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-19T23:36:39.320", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "93014", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "でだ is an emphasized \"And then\", \"So\" or \"Well then\".\n\n * **で** is a conjunction meaning \"and then\". It's the same as それで. It can be used to change topics or go to a main topic, just as \"So\" or \"Well\" in English can.\n * **だ** in this context is a kind of intensifier. See: [what does としてもだ mean in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/58949/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T00:40:32.097", "id": "93017", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T00:56:53.927", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-20T00:56:53.927", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93016", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes it's short for ～という話になる(だろう), which is a colloquial set phrase that means\n\"amounts to ～\", \"would effectively mean ～\", \"leads to the conclusion that ～\",\nor something like these. In other words, it's almost the same as\n[～ということになる](https://www.easyjapanesee.com/%EF%BD%9E%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E3%80%82).\n\n> これじゃあ僕のこれまでの半月は一体何だったんだという話に(なる)。\n>\n> It makes me wonder what the hell I've been up to this past half month. \n> It effectively means my efforts for the last half month have been\n> meaningless.\n\n～という話だ is used in the same way. Do not take this 話 too literally. See also:\n[Meaning of\nどんだけお人好しなんですかって話ですよね](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21064/5010) /\n[みすぎって in the phrase\n韓国たのしみすぎって話](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57726/5010)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T11:08:23.770", "id": "93027", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T11:15:48.790", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-20T11:15:48.790", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93024", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "The basic form of this onomatopoeia is ガコン. Many people would say exactly that\nit's the metallic noise a giant robot makes when it walks or moves its joints.\nOthers may say it's the noise of a half-broken washing machine, or the trunk\nof an old car being closed violently.\n\nYou can hear many audio clips tagged with ガコン here:\n<https://pixta.jp/audio/tags/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3>\n\n[ガタン](https://pixta.jp/audio/tags/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3) refers to\nalmost the same type of sound, but for some reason I feel ガコン is more commonly\nassociated with giant robots.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T11:29:08.527", "id": "93028", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T11:54:32.117", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-20T11:54:32.117", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93026", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Depending on the context, the ～ている form can be similar in function to the\npresent progressive in English, like _\" is `[VERB]`ing\"_, or it can be\nconsidered as broadly analogous to the nuance in English construction _\" have\n`[VERB]`ed\"_.\n\nLooking at this _\" have `[VERB]`ed\"_ sense, compare the following translations\nof your example phrases:\n\n * って言っていない → _haven't said / told_ (at the \"present\" relative to the time of the statement)\n * って言ってなかった → _hadn't said / told_ (at some point in the past; could imply that the speaker may have said or told the other person after that point)\n * って言わなかった → _didn't say / tell_ (at some point in the past; no implication about later action)\n\nThe translations above are not guaranteed to apply to all contexts, and are\nintended to give you a sense for the differences in nuance as related to\ntense, and the time of the statement relative to the time of the action.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T20:08:47.810", "id": "93040", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T20:08:47.810", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "93029", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "\"なんかもう\" is typically used at the start or in the middle of an utterance when\nthe speaker is baffled or overwhelmed and trying to figure out a way to put\ntheir thoughts into words.\n\n色々と: \"on many levels\" or \"in many ways/aspects.\n\nIn a somewhat new and informal usage, \"グダグダ\" describes a situation where there\nare a lot of disorganization and things are not getting done or simply\nbotched. I think\n[実用日本語表現辞典](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%80%E3%82%B0%E3%83%80)\nhits the right note by including the glosses \"収拾のつかない状態\" and \"だめだこりゃ、という状態\".\n(While other dictionaries I checked gives only long-established definitions\nalong the lines of \"lazy\" and \"lethargic\".)\n\nThe sentence has no subject, but it is clear that the speaker is talking about\nthe unexpected and chaotic turn of events unfolding right before them.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T15:51:09.850", "id": "93033", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T17:48:49.893", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-20T17:48:49.893", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "11575", "parent_id": "93030", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "すぎる takes the stem of an I-adjective, Na-adjective.\n\nThe **stem of I-adjectives** are obtained by getting rid of い: 多い turns into\nsimply 多\n\nThe **stem of Na-adjectives** are obtained by getting rid of な: 静かな turns into\n静か.\n\nYou can read more about this on [How to use すぎる by MAGGIE\nSENSEI](https://maggiesensei.com/2018/03/02/how-to-\nuse-%E3%81%99%E3%81%8E%E3%82%8B-sugiru/)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T16:58:56.710", "id": "93034", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T17:04:02.970", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-20T17:04:02.970", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "93031", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This ～上【じょう】 is a suffix that forms an adverb/no-adjective meaning \"～-wise\",\n\"in terms of ～\" or \"from the viewpoint of ～\".\n\n * [I need help analyzing the phrase 発音上の](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/61291/5010)\n * [What does it mean to be \"over a law\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4329/5010)\n * [Why isn't a large amount of money a good enough reason to kill someone?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3174/5010)\n\nFor example:\n\n * 金銭上: in terms of money; financially\n * 文法上: grammar-wise; grammatically\n * 教育上: from an educational point of view; educationally\n * 法律上: according to the law; legally speaking\n * 計算上: mathematically speaking; if my calculation is correct\n\n立場 is \"standpoint\", and 身分 is \"social status/position\". 立場 is something that\ncan change depending on the situation, while 身分 is something that is fixed for\na long time (sometimes for the entire life).\n\nIn your sentence, I think 上 can be translated like:\n\n> 立場 **上** 、身分 **上** 当然しなければならないこと \n> a thing one must naturally do **{based on | in accord with}** his/her\n> position", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T17:12:02.673", "id": "93035", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T17:12:02.673", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93032", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "中途半端な時間 usually refers the time between meals, i.e. non-mealtime. The\nfollowing line goes:\n\n> いいからいいから！あと一回だけオレに付き合ってくれ！ \n> C'mon! C'mon! Come with me just one more time!\n\nThe context doesn't make it clear if this is an invitation to lunch/dinner,\nbut it most likely is. That is why the other person, B, says この中途半端な時間から...\n\nSo A invites B to lunch/dinner. But it's not usual lunchtime or dinnertime, so\nB's objection is \"wait, at this hour?\" And that is responded to with A's\npersuasive いいから！ and あと一回だけオレに付き合ってくれ！\n\n* * *\n\nEdit: Per @naruto's comment, the phrase 中途半端な時間 itself has broader meanings.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T19:10:22.270", "id": "93037", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T23:24:48.950", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-20T23:24:48.950", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "93036", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Say no more...\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/HCrIi.jpg)\n\nPractice Makes Perfect Complete Japanese Grammar by Eriko Sato, page 92.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-20T20:21:15.890", "id": "93041", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-20T20:21:15.890", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "93039", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "* **1回の額** : 1回の減給額 = per-event amount (of pay cut)\n * **総額** : 減給の総額 = total (or accumulated/cumulative) amount (of pay cut)\n\nThis is a sentence that says the following two things at the same time\n([right-node raising](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/17744/5010)):\n\n * 1回の額が平均賃金の1日分の半額以内で減給する。\n * 総額が一賃金支払期における賃金総額の10分の1以内で減給する。\n\nIf you do something wrong just once, a wage of up to 0.5 days will be\ndeducted. Even if you do something wrong many times, the cumulative amount of\npenalty will not exceed (0.1 × 一賃金支払期における賃金総額) yen.\n\n一賃金支払期における賃金総額 basically refers to your monthly salary (if you are paid\nmonthly).", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-21T00:25:03.327", "id": "93044", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-21T00:25:03.327", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93043", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "None of your examples is a widely-recognized idiomatic yoji-jukugo, and I\nhaven't regarded 一途 as a suffix. Of course, that is not to say I cannot grasp\nthe meaning of those phrases.\n\nSomething like 純真一途 is simply two similar two-kanji words put together to form\na (nonidiomatic) yoji-jukugo. Similar widely-known examples include 純真無垢, 美辞麗句\nand 厚顔無恥. 学問一途 is a contracted version of 学問に一途; に has been dropped to form a\nyoji-jukugo, and something like this is very common in titles and headlines.\nAll the examples under 1 and 2 can be explained within the general nature of\nyoji-jukugo. I don't believe there is anything unique about 一途.\n\n憧憬一途 was a bit puzzling at first sight, but this is a unique ateji skill name\nspecific to [this\ncharacter](https://w.atwiki.jp/aniwotawiki/pages/32586.html). This can be\nunderstood as two words related to his personality put together. It could have\nbeen 一途憧憬.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-22T01:36:48.103", "id": "93057", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T01:41:50.700", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-22T01:41:50.700", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93046", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Generally speaking, the answer is yes.\n\nAs for the sentences in the question, I don't really see the difference\nwhether you parse it as e.g., (私は・・ないのに、)((昨日・・・聞いてきた)ということは変ですね。) or\n(私は・・ないのに、昨日・・・聞いてきた)ということは変ですね. I understand that, if you have a cleft\nsentence in mind, then the translation should be _it is strange that, thought\nI've never taken the exam, she asked me how to solve problems_. But either way\nwhat is strange is her asking, so it means _I've never taken the exam, but she\nasked me for some reason_ , which (in terms of structure) is closer to the\nformer parsing with little difference in meaning.\n\nSome more examples:\n\n * 東京に住んでいた時彼がその喫茶店に通っていたということはみな知っていた\n * Everybody knew that he often went to the coffee shop when he lived in Tokyo.\n * 東京で地震があったとき、彼はまだ東京に来てなかったということは彼女は知らなかった\n * She didn't know that he was not yet in Tokyo when there was an earthquake in Tokyo.\n\nTechnically there are still ambiguities (knowing happened at the time _when_\nclause happened), but such readings are unlikely.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T04:43:49.753", "id": "93090", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T04:43:49.753", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93047", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Theoretically yes in the sense that all the expressions will be understood as\nthe same thing (a girl who is beautiful and pretty). But the last two are not\nnatural.\n\nAs mentioned in the comment, the first one is 2 adjectives + noun while the\nothers are きれい + continuative form of である + adjective + noun so that the last\ntwo are sort of unbalanced (They may correspond to something like _a pretty\ngirl who is beautiful_ , which should be grammatically correct but unnatural).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-22T03:59:06.527", "id": "93058", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T03:59:06.527", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93048", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I guess it depends on the nature of actions or just contexts, but structures\nlike _ActionのX%/X割はSubjがVerb_ or _ActionはX%/X割SubjがVerb_ can be broadly used.\n\nAnother thing is that it sounds more natural when actions are more concrete\ntasks/objects, instead of just cooking or carrying.\n\nSome examples (with possibly non-idiomatic translations)\n\n * 家事の7割は私がやっている _I do 70% of the household chores_\n * 食事の準備は７割がた私がやっている _As for preparation of meals, about 70% of the time I do it._\n * (引っ越しの時)荷物の８割は彼が運んだ _(When moving a house) he carried 80% of cardboard boxes_", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T04:53:46.170", "id": "93091", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T04:58:45.873", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-23T04:58:45.873", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93049", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The short answer is \"No\".\n\nThe te-form has various functions, and in this example, it expresses Verb 2\nhappens after Verb 1 happens. Swapping them will change the essential meaning\nof the sentence.\n\n 1. 風は夜になっておさまった。 \nThe wind, after night fell, ceased.\n\n 2. 夜になって風はおさまった。 \nNight fell and (then) the wind ceased.\n\n 3. 風はおさまって夜になった。 \nThe wind ceased and (then) night fell.\n\n 4. ❌ 風は夜に治まってなった。 \n❌ The wind, night, ceased and (then) fell.\n\nHere, Sentences 1 and 2 share the same meaning because the verb order is\npreserved. However, Sentences 2 and 3 have different meanings. Besides, in\nyour example, 風 corresponds to おさまる, and 夜 corresponds to なる. You cannot\nconstruct a sentence like Sentence 4, in which a modifier and the modified\nword do not have a clean _nested_ relationship.\n\nSometimes the te-form can simply join two verbs in a way the order is not\nimportant. For example, 食べて飲む \"to eat and drink\" and 飲んで食べる \"to drink and eat\"\nare usually interchangeable because which to do first is normally unimportant.\nSuch cases are not very common, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-22T00:09:10.797", "id": "93053", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T00:09:10.797", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93050", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "貪欲 is not necessarily a negative quality, unlike English greed (I may be wrong\non the English connotation). It can mean something like _aggressive,\nvoracious_ or generally strong willpower.\n\nHere the girl says that disliking food without eating (=lack of novelty-\nseeking quality) implies a lack of aggressiveness, which leads to defeat in\ncompetitions.\n\nMore literally で in 貪欲さで should mean 基準 or 理由, so the sentence mean _those who\ndislike foods without eating them will be defeated because of (lack of)\naggressiveness in competitions._ (Even more literally: _in terms of\naggressiveness/willpower/will to victory_.)\n\nA relevant expression is Xは勝ちに貪欲だ which means X is always seeking a victory,\nnever gives up, etc.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-21T23:18:01.563", "id": "93052", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-21T23:18:01.563", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93051", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "# What to listen to\n\nYou should be listening for changes in the [fundamental\nfrequency](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_frequency):\n\n> The fundamental frequency, often referred to simply as the fundamental, is\n> defined as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform.\n\nWhile [formants](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant) (aka harmonics),\nalso reflect pitch accent, they may be harder to follow due to fluctuations\nfrom vowel shape, and certainly sometimes harder to identify in a spectrogram.\n\n# How to best use the site\n\nAs for use of the linked site, I recommend first limiting it to heiban and\natamadaka only, until you can determine the difference between those two.\nMaybe try some basic musical exercises in identifying lower vs higher pitched\nnotes if you’re having issues.\n\n# How the types map to actual pitch\n\nAlso, since it seems like you are maybe having some issues with understanding\nthe types:\n\n> 定か サ＼ダカ ＨＬＬ atamadaka \n> 斜め ナナ＼メ ＬＨＬ nakadaka \n> 車 クルマ￣ ＬＨＨ heiban \n> 頭 アタマ＼ ＬＨＨ odaka (note this is exactly the same as heiban, the difference\n> only becomes apparent when something follows the word like a particle)\n\nAs you can see, the first mora starts low, then following ones are high, until\nthe downstep, and then stuff after that is low.\n\nHowever, if the second mora is ン or ー, then the word will start high:\n\n> 英語 エーゴ￣ ＨＨＨ heiban \n> 今後 コンゴ￣ ＨＨＨ heiban\n\nAlso, especially in the audio used on that site, heiban words said in\nisolation will have a gradual drop throughout them, which is hard to represent\nwith just L and H, but you must learn to differentiate them from accents via\nsufficient exposure. You could for example notate the audio for 英語 and 今後 on\nthat site as ＨＨＭ if you wanted.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T01:36:32.167", "id": "93085", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T01:57:18.603", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-23T01:57:18.603", "last_editor_user_id": "3097", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "93054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, the literal translation is, \"Even if I am told 'how (was the\nceremony)'...\". Something like どう答えればいいか分からない or 返答に困る is omitted after this.\nSo \"that's a hard question\" correctly reflects the implied part.\n\nIn general, ～と言われても is kind of a set phrase used when the speaker is baffled\nby some question/request.\n\n * 好きに生きろと言われても。 \nI was told to live as I wish, but... (I'm helpless and at a loss)\n\n * そう言われましても…。 \nEven if you say so... (I don't know what to do)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-22T01:02:45.567", "id": "93056", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T01:02:45.567", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93055", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "「AをBとする」 can mean not only \"to regard A as B\", \"to use A as B\", but also \"to\nhave A as B\", or even \"(Speaking of the subject,) A is B.\"\n\n> マリア **を** 母 **とし** 、... (≈マリアが母で...) \n> 日本語 **を** 母語 **と** し、... (≈日本語が母語で...) \n> 先天性心疾患治療 **を** 得意 **と** します。 (≈先天性心疾患治療が得意です。)\n\nI think this usage sounds pretty literary. (These examples above sound more\nliterary than the rephrased counterparts in the brackets.)\n\n* * *\n\nAnd 「AをBとするXX」 can mean \"XX having A as B\", \"XX with A being B\", or \"XX, where\nA is B\" (≈「AがBであるXX」「AがBのXX」), as in...\n\n> * 「遺伝子組換えでない食品を原材料とする場合」 (≈遺伝子組換えでない食品が原材料である場合), \"a case where\n> 遺伝子組み換えでない食品 is (a product's) ingredient\"\n> * 「日向灘を震源とする地震」 (≈日向灘が震源である地震), \"an earthquake with 日向灘 being its 震源\"\n> * 「中学生を対象とするコンクール」 (≈中学生が対象のコンクール), \"a competition where 中学生 are its 対象\"\n> * 「日本語を母語とする者」 (≈日本語が母語である者) \"someone having Japanese as their native\n> language\" ⇒ \"someone whose native language is Japanese\"\n>\n\nSimilar examples:\n\n> * 「治療を目的とする手術」 (≈治療が目的である手術)\n> * 「ストーブを原因とする火災」 (≈ストーブが原因の火災)\n> * 「外科を専門とする医師」 (≈外科が専門の医師)\n> * 「英語を不得意とする学生」 (≈英語が不得意な学生)\n>\n\nSimilarly...\n\n> 「人付き合い **を** 苦手 **とする** 症状」≈「人付き合いが苦手である症状」\n\nI think it can be understood as ( _literally_ ) \"a symptom where socialising\nis one's weakness\", ⇒ \"A symptom where one is bad at socialising\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-22T08:28:27.973", "id": "93062", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T08:28:27.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "93059", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "As pointed out in the comment section, this ては should be part of the [AてはB\nconstruction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/41658/5010). The first line\nsays every time something \"withered\" or \"ran out\", this person have grown\nhis/her mental discomfort/confusion.\n\nSo what is the subject of 枯れる? The lyrics have nothing to do with growing\nplants, so I guess the subject of 枯れる is his/her memory or passion. 枯れる can be\nused with words like 涙, 思い and 情熱 as the subject. The lyrics of this song are\nfairly vague, but I can say this person is gradually losing past memories with\n君.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T13:57:16.550", "id": "93096", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T14:16:56.437", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-23T14:16:56.437", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93060", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Here 魔法使い (\"wizard\") is modified by a no-adjective 最強の (\"greatest\"), forming a\n_noun phrase_ 最強の魔法使い (\"greatest wizard\"). 千の魔法を使いこなす is a relative clause\nthat modifies the following noun, and this \"noun\" can be a noun phrase having\nmore than one word. Here, the relative clause modifies not 最強 alone but\n最強の魔法使い as a whole.\n\n * (千の魔法を使いこなす)→(魔法使い) \n(a wizard) ← (who has mastered a thousand spells)\n\n * (千の魔法を使いこなす)→( **最強の** 魔法使い) \n(a **greatest** wizard) ← (who has mastered a thousand spells)\n\nYou don't have to change the conjugation of 使いこなす because it is modifying a\nnoun after all.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T14:26:10.123", "id": "93097", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T14:26:10.123", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93061", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "[https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000091.000027084.html#:~:text=%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E7%94%A3%E5%9C%B0%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C,%E7%94%98%E3%81%84%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8A%E8%82%89%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%80%82](https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000091.000027084.html#:%7E:text=%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E7%94%A3%E5%9C%B0%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C,%E7%94%98%E3%81%84%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8A%E8%82%89%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%80%82)\n\n葡萄牛 \"Grape cows\" are grown on designated farms that meet strict\ninternationally recognized standards in Australia's vast lands and abundant\nwilderness. Australia is world-famous for producing wine, but as the name\nsuggests, \"grape beef\" is a branded beef that has been carefully raised for a\nlong time by eating grape lees squeezed at a winery. Beef raised on a special\nfeed is a juicy meat that is soft and tasty, and slightly sweet.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-30T02:36:13.300", "id": "93210", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T02:36:13.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4045", "parent_id": "93063", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "`完全に見切り` and `最小の動作で` are separated. The sentence can be\n`それを完全に見切り、最小の動作でかわすと、...`.\n\n`見切り` means \"seeing through\", so the translation will be something like \"After\nshe had completely seen through the attack and dodged it effortlessly with\nminimum movement\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-22T12:24:15.627", "id": "93065", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T12:24:15.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48934", "parent_id": "93064", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "There is also another explanation from a Japanese guy. I will post it here so\nanyone in the future who has the same problem as me can read it as a reference\n\n> 英語だと正確に伝える自信がないので日本語で。\n>\n>\n> ロボットの腕に当たらなければダメージを負いませんよね。当たらないという点では、1mかわしても1cmかわしても同じく当たらないわけです。腕の軌道を正確に把握できさえすれば、1mmでかわしたっていいわけです。この「正確に把握する」ことを「見切る」といいます。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-22T17:59:17.283", "id": "93071", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T18:21:33.787", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-22T18:21:33.787", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "42363", "parent_id": "93064", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you are right. This should be simply because Japanese had no sound\nthat was similar enough to \"tu\" and \"du\". As you know, phonetically speaking,\nthe タ-line is highly irregular:\n\n> タ /ta/ ダ /da/ \n> **チ** /t͡ɕi/ **ヂ** /d͡ʑi/ \n> **ツ** /t͡su/ **ヅ** /zu/ (/d͡zu/) \n> テ /te/ デ /de/ \n> ト /to/ ド /do/\n\nAlthough Japanese people started to recognize トゥ (/tu/) and ドゥ (/du/)\nrelatively recently as \"extended kana\", these were not things available in the\npast. If old Japanese people had added \"u\" unconditionally, trap would have\nended up with ツラップ, but /t/ and /t͡su/ must have sounded too different even to\ntheir ears. So they had to use ト instead.\n\nAt the end of words, there are some irregularities like シャツ, バケツ, スーツ and ビーズ.\nPerhaps people did not pay much attention to this because sentence-end vowels\nwere sometimes simplified even in ordinary Japanese.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T02:18:59.567", "id": "93086", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T02:33:57.823", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-23T02:33:57.823", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93067", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "According to the following article, _-u_ was the most common vowel and there\nhas been change to _-o_. It further rationalizes the change using some theory.\n\n * 大滝靖司 [借用語における母音挿入の音韻論的解釈 ―共時的および通時的観点から―／](https://researchmap.jp/Ltd-Exp/published_papers/1028786/attachment_file.pdf), [音韻研究 第１５号](http://www.kaitakusha.co.jp/book/book.php?c=2015&l=ja), 2012.\n\nCopying some relevant(-looking) passages and citations for later reference.\n\n> 挿入母音U [ɯ] は最も出現頻度の高いことから「デフォルト」の挿入母音と呼ばれることがある。 U が最もよ く挿入されるのは、日本語の 5\n> 母音の中で①内在時間長が最も短く、②聞こえ度が最も低く、③無声化が起こり やすいことから、最も母音が無いように聞こえるためである\n> (窪薗1999:229-233) とされる。\n\n> ここで上述の環境で母音挿入の変化が起きた要因を考察する。 まず、 ʦU から tO への変化 (10a) については、 初めはデフォルト挿入母音 U\n> が支配的だったが、後に原語の子音/t/の閉鎖音としての素性の保持を優先するよう になり、 O が挿入されるようになったと説明できる。\n\n * 窪薗晴夫 1999『日本語の音声』東京：岩波書店\n * Kubozono, Haruo. 2002. Prosodic structure of loanwords in Japanese: syllable structure, accent and morphology. Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan 6(1). 79-97.\n * Lovins, Julie B. 1975. Loanwords and the phonological structure of Japanese. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistic Club\n * 澤田田津子 1985「外来語における母音添加について」『国語学』 143. 88-75.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-24T07:30:24.283", "id": "93110", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-24T07:30:24.283", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93067", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "泳いでいるように見えた is the only correct choice in your context. 泳いでいて見えた is\ngrammatical but it would mean something like \"I could see it (e.g., a shark)\nwhile I was swimming\".\n\n-て見える takes an ~~instant-state change~~ verb whose ~~teiru-form~~ ta-form has an adjective-like meaning. 違う is a typical example of this. However, it **does not need -ている** to express the continuation of state. You can directly use the te-form:\n\n * 違った = 違っている \"different\" \n違って見える \"appears to be different\"\n\n * 老けた = 老けている \"aged\" \n老けて見える \"appears to be aged\"\n\n * ぼやけた = ぼやけている \"blurry\" \nぼやけて見える \"appears to be blurry\"\n\n * 混乱した = 混乱している \"confused\" \n混乱して見える \"appears to be confused\"\n\n * 曲がった = 曲がっている \"bent\" \n曲がって見える \"appears to be bent\"\n\nYou cannot use this construction for ordinary action verbs whose teiru-form\nexpresses the progressive action (\"is ～-ing\"). 泳いで見える, 歩いて見える and so on are\nungrammatical.\n\nAnd not all instant-state-change verbs can be used with -て見える:\n\n * 死んでいる \"is dead\" \n死んで見える \"appears to be dead\" (uncommon, 死んでいるように見える is much more common)\n\n * 知っている \"knows\" \n知って見える (wrong)\n\n * 覚えている \"remembers\" \n覚えて見える (wrong)\n\n * 結婚している \"is married\" \n結婚して見える (wrong)\n\nI don't know the exact criteria, but I think it's probably best to use -て見える\nonly for clearly apparent qualities of something.\n\nAs far as I can see, -ているように見える has no such restriction. You can safely say\n泳いでいるように見える (\"appears to be swimming\"), 知っているように見える (\"it appears that they\nknow it\") and so on.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T01:22:54.127", "id": "93083", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T14:30:35.720", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-23T14:30:35.720", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "> Therefore, are the following sentences equal in meaning?\n\nYes, it works equally **under certain context** , in practice.\n\nOne of the many use cases would be, when looking at an optical illusion.\nSuppose there's a picture, and if you look at it from one angle, you see a man\nswimming, but when you look closely, it's not. Don't ask me what it looks like\nup close. Looking at this picture, a boy might say \"it looked like it was\nswimming!\" in the following way:\n\n 1. 泳いでいるように見えました\n\n 2. 泳いでるように見えました\n\n 3. 泳いでいて見えました (this is your example)\n\n 4. 泳いでて見えました\n\n 5. 泳いで見えました\n\n_We can shorten \"見えました\" to \"見えた\" too._\n\nIt may be worth noting your example \"3. 泳いでいて見えました\" may cause a debate by\nthose who haven't been exposed to this version. The more I look at the\nsentence, the \"wrong\"er it seems, but when I mutter them it makes sense. It\nmay be wrong after all, but somehow it makes sense to me, and I'm guilty of\nusing it.\n\nI hope another answer or comment would explain the logic behind this.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T01:32:42.617", "id": "93084", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T03:52:38.990", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-23T03:52:38.990", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "93068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "There isn't much context, but maybe it means something like \"don't be \"this\nmuch\" of an idiot. Or maybe it's just referring to the pizza.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-22T19:45:57.203", "id": "93072", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T19:45:57.203", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "93069", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "This これ (\"this\") refers to the action in question, namely the **pizza-\ncutting**. くらい is used to indicate the marked noun (これ) is not\ndifficult/important/etc.\n\nAnd ばかにする is not \"to be stupid\" but \"to mock someone\" or \"to make a fool of\nsomeone\".\n\n> これくらい...! バカにしないでよね！\n>\n> This is just a...! Don't make a fool of me! \n> (\"This\" = \"Pizza-cutting\")\n>\n> Something like this is...(easy even to me)! Don't make fun of me!", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T00:46:11.303", "id": "93081", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T12:16:45.047", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-23T12:16:45.047", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93069", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe it is related to the construction\n\nStem+続ける which can be attached even to intransitive verbs.\n\nI guess maybe it's just an inverted version of 降り続ける.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-22T20:06:57.253", "id": "93074", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T20:06:57.253", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "93073", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "This 続けて is \"continuously\" that modifies 降る.\n\nThis is a te-form used _like an adverb_ to modify how the action described by\nthe second verb is done. 続けて can be remembered almost as a distinct adverb,\nbut you can read the following questions for grammatical explanations:\n\n * [How can verb て become an adverb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/34647/5010)\n * [立ってそばを食べる vs 立ちながらそばを食べる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/62592/5010)\n * [て form and adverbial meaning](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/38769/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T00:33:18.690", "id": "93080", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T00:38:31.263", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-23T00:38:31.263", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93073", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "分かれる and 出来る are both plain **intransitive** verbs, and the original sentence\nhas no passive voice at all. (分かれる happens to end with れる, but it's not a\npassive marker but a part of the dictionary form of this verb.) However, you\nare trying to use the English passive voice (\"～ed by ～\") to translate it.\nSomething like this is sometimes unavoidable, but in this case, it can make it\nunnecessarily harder for you to make sense of the original sentence.\n\nYou can translate this sentence using English intransitive verbs like so:\n\n> 元から、分かれて出来た物 \n> something that separated from its origin and (then) came into existence\n\nThis can be paraphrased like \"something that came into existence after\nseparating from its origin\". This 元 is a noun that roughly means _origin_ ,\n_source_ , _root_ , _base_ , etc.\n\nSo this definition is basically saying the kanji 子 can refer to anything that\nis _derivative_ , _subordinate_ or _subsidiary_. 利子 (\"interest\") refers to\nmoney that derives from something. 子音 (\"consonant\") refers to a sound that can\nattach to a 母音 (\"vowel\") but cannot stand alone (this is not true in English,\nbut it's true in the Japanese sound system).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-24T03:56:31.853", "id": "93107", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-24T03:56:31.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93082", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "1. No, they understand them as words in their own language, because they are.\n 2. It still has some meaning, but again, it's just a word.\n 3. I believe this is called okurigana, and it changes what characters are part of the kanji. Some okurigana usages are more common than others. It's not a language all about practicality.\n\nFor this specific example, しい tends to form a class of i-adjectives that\nindicate a human emotion.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T03:50:28.253", "id": "93089", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T03:50:28.253", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93088", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> How do the Japanese speakers pronounce the Chinese charactors ? Do they need\n> to remember all the pronounciations of a single Chinese Charactor ? And then\n> what ? Try to match to sigure out the actual meaning ?\n\nThey may be written the same way (for the ones that are used in Japanese, at\nleast), and have the same Unicode assignments; but in the context of Japanese\ntext, they are Japanese characters - i.e., 漢字{かんじ}, not 漢字{Hànzì}. Just like\nhow `chat` can either be English for a casual conversation or French for a\ncat, and in a French text, they are French characters.\n\nNative speakers learn Japanese pronunciation just like those of any other\nnative language: by immersion since childbirth (and reading of kanji by being\nschoolchildren and being immersed in real-world text the rest of their lives).\nLike in Chinese, in Japanese the characters fundamentally encode _meaning_.\n(They may _also_ encode an on-reading. These are readings that are influenced\nby the Chinese reading. For example, かん is supposed to sound like Hàn, and じ\nlike zì. But the word was imported into the Japanese language many centuries\nago, and there has been some drift since then. Anyway, a common example is 語,\nwhich shares its on-reading of ご with the 五 in the top right.)\n\nTypically, kanji in a Japanese text will either cluster in groups of four\n(四字熟語{よじじゅくご} - literally four-character compounds) which can be either nouns\nor stand-alone idioms; pair up (these are normally nouns, and normally use the\nmost common on-reading for each); or else are followed by okurigana\n(indicating a verb or an i-adjective, possibly with further inflection).\n\nSo, for 自分 we recognize a common word じぶん, and 分 is simply read ぶん (the on-\nreading is ふん, which becomes voiced by what is called 連濁 {れんだく}). For 分かる, we\nagain recognize the common verb, where 分 is read わ. Because it's a verb, the\nkun-reading (native Japanese reading) is more likely. We recognize it as a\nverb because of the okurigana.\n\n> In a japanese verb/adj, what does the Chinese character mean in a Japanese\n> speaker's eyes ? For Chinese speaker it means and relates to something.\n\nTo my understanding, as a rule it has a similar meaning. The root meaning of 分\nhas to do with splitting something up. Nouns containing it typically have a\nmeaning of some kind of portion of a whole. (For example, it's used to mark a\nminute of time, because it's a small division of an hour - _just like_ the\nEnglish word minute, which shares a root with the adjective, minute (different\npronunciation!), meaning small.) The verb meaning, typically glossed with\nwords like \"understand\" or \"become clear\", is related: a complex thing becomes\nunderstandable when it is broken down into pieces.\n\nThis meaning-awareness can inform reading. For example, 食欲{しょくよく} \"appetite\"\nuses the very commonly seen 食 of 食｛た｝べる and the 欲 of 欲{ほ}しい (\"usually kana\"\nper Jisho, but you'll at least see it all the time if you input text with an\nIME). So to pronounce it, we need to think of words _that have the related\nmeanings_ (eating/food and desire), and then we come up with one that can\nplausibly match known readings of the characters (しょく is very common for 食,\nused in a lot of compound words). If you've already heard the word spoken and\nknow what it means, you can recall it when you see the kanji and the concepts\nare called to mind.\n\nHowever, I doubt that native Japanese speakers commonly _think_ about things\non this level. Being a native speaker of a language is a rather Zen practice.\n\n> For 慌ただしい and 慌しい， they are the same. But with different appearences. And\n> the 慌 pronouse differently. Why not 慌い , which could save some writing.\n\nFundamentally, the pronunciation of 慌 is あわ. Over time, it became acceptable\nto leave out the ただ in writing, although you still pronounce it. My\nunderstanding is that, typically, those skipped characters get folded into the\nreading for the kanji, and they disappear completely as okurigana. However,\nthis is an organic process that takes a long time (like spelling or\npronunciation changes, or notions of acceptable grammar, in other languages).\nIn this particular case, it would be difficult, because the reading as あわ is\nreinforced by the existence of the verb form 慌てる.\n\nThat said, most seemingly \"extra\" okurigana are there because historically,\nthey were not \"extra\". i-adjectives ending in しい are the common example, as\nalready noted; most of these indicate human emotions (think 美味｛おい}しい, 悲{かな}しい,\n懐{なつ}かしい, 欲{ほ}しい...). This is considered a pretty important distinction.\nAnother common case is 食{た}べる: it used to be that the べ could change with\ninflection.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T17:08:58.183", "id": "93098", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T17:08:58.183", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "93088", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> 1. How do Japanese speakers pronounce Chinese characters? Do they need to\n> remember all the pronunciations of a single Chinese character? And then\n> what? Try to match to figure out the actual meaning?\n>\n\nNo, they first learn **words** along with their pronunciations. Kanji is the\nlast thing they learn. That's why a 3 year old kid can speak fluent Japanese\nwithout knowing any kanji (or even hiragana). Average Japanese speakers don't\nknow how many ways 生 can be pronounced, but they can easily pronounce 生【いき】霊,\n生【なま】卵, 生【せい】活, 一[生]【しょう】, 生【き】娘 and so on without thinking because they\nrecognize text based on words. See also: [日曜日，the different meanings and\npronunciations of 日](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68850/5010)\n\n> 2. In a Japanese verb/adj, what do Chinese characters mean in a Japanese\n> speaker's eyes? For a Chinese speaker it means and relates to something.\n>\n\nIf you ask this to a Japanese speaker, they will say each kanji of course have\na meaning, but that doesn't mean they are always consciously aware of it in\ndaily readings/writings. Only when they encounter a totally new word, they\nstart to think about the meaning of each kanji (or even radicals of kanji).\n\nOn the other hand, hiragana and katakana represent only sounds, so they don't\nhave any specific meaning.\n\n> 3. 慌ただしい and 慌しい are the same, but with different appearances. And the 慌\n> is pronounced differently. Why not 慌い, which could save some writing?\n>\n\nThe \"technically correct\" form is 慌ただしい【あわただしい】 because this word is\netyomologically from an old verb\n[慌つ【あわつ】](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%82%E3%82%8F%E3%81%A4)\n(慌てる【あわてる】 in modern Japanese). However, the story of okurigana is very\ncomplicated, and some words have customary variations and abbreviated forms.\n慌しい is one of such variations. Although such variations arise naturally over a\nlong history, you cannot abbreviate okurigana as you like.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T05:44:54.600", "id": "93136", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T07:44:10.067", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-25T07:44:10.067", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93088", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "These are interesting questions but ones that are difficult to answer. Let me\ntry, anyway.\n\nIf we take 慌 as an example, every native speaker who has learned it recognizes\nit as, before anything else, the character for 慌てる. Suppose some of them\nalready know the word あわただしい but have never seen it written as either 慌ただしい or\n慌しい. Chances are many would still manage to recognize it as あわただしい when they\nfirst see it. The former is easier to guess because 慌 corresponds to the same\nsound as in 慌てる, of course, but the latter is not that hard, either, because\nあわてる and あわただしい are so close in both meaning and sound that the gap in\nknowledge can be easily filled with the help of the Chinese character 慌.\n\nWhether to write it as 慌ただしい or 慌しい is a matter of convention. The former\nlooks more familiar, and logical, to me precisely because the Chinese\ncharacter is associated with the same sound as in 慌てる, but the latter causes\nme no trouble at all. Even if it were written as 慌い, my first guess would\nstill be あわただしい because I cannot think of another word that ends with い and\nwhose meaning seems to be better represented by the character 慌. The word is\nsimply not written that way.\n\nWhether one knows how to read 恐慌 is a totally different story. This needs to\nbe learned separately. However, it obviously looks like an _on’yomi_ word,\nguessing its pronunciation is not hard if one already knows 荒 is also\npronounced こう. This corresponds to a Chinese speaker guessing the\npronunciation of 慌 as _huāng_ from 荒. As for the meaning, many would correctly\nguess from its Chinese characters that it has something to do with fear and\npanicking even if they have never seen the word before.\n\nAlthough 慌しい and 恐慌 are too easy for educated adults, we do sometimes have to\nrely on similar guesswork when we are reading about unfamiliar topics. When we\nrun into an unknown word in Chinese characters, we are often able to guess its\nmeaning. In my case, I rarely bother to look it up in a dictionary and move on\nreading if I can guess the meaning even if I am not completely sure how to\nread it.\n\nSome basic characters have many different readings. To cite a few extreme\nexamples, you need to learn how to read such words as 今日, 明日 and 明後日\nindividually. In these words, the character 日 is associated only with the\nmeaning of “day” and not with any particular sound. Though there happens to be\na common sound in [二日]{ふつか}, [三日]{みっか}, [四日]{よっか} and so on, the character 日\nis still more strongly associated with the meaning of “day” than with the\nsound か in these words for Japanese speakers.\n\nThe pronunciations of some proper nouns are simply impossible to guess. As an\nexample, you wouldn’t know how to read 日下部 unless you already know it.\n\nCompared to Chinese, in which most characters represent one sound each,\nChinese characters in Japanese seem less strongly associated with sounds. I\nhave read about a type of dyslexia that affects a Japanese speaker’s ability\nto read Chinese characters only, leaving their ability to read hiragana and\nkatakana intact. If my memory is accurate, the affected area of the brain is\ndifferent from the area a Chinese speaker uses to recognize Chinese\ncharacters. It is close to, if not exactly matching, the area where people,\nincluding Japanese speakers, recognize human faces. I have not been able to\nfind a good reference, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T06:29:13.627", "id": "93138", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T06:29:13.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "93088", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "* **迷う** : \"To waver between multiple options\". This can be a long process; one may 迷う for a month or longer if there is a big problem.\n * **渋る** : In modern usage, this usually means \"to show reluctance to do something at once\", \"to begrudge\". This can be an intentional process. プレゼントを買い渋っているお父さん may be willing to buy a present in his heart and just enjoying his kid's reaction.\n * **ためらう** : \"To hesitate\" or \"to temporarily waver\". This roughly means you pause for a moment before doing something when you are 90% certain but not 100% certain. ためらう refers to a short process (typically a few seconds, occasionally one day or longer). If you don't know which option is better at all, that's not ためらう but 迷う. For example, you can say ステーキを食べるかピザを食べるか迷う, but not ステーキを食べるかピザを食べるかためらう.\n * **逡巡する** : A Sino-Japanese (kango) version of ためらう (see [wago-and-kango](/questions/tagged/wago-and-kango \"show questions tagged 'wago-and-kango'\")). It's a stilted word and is almost never used in informal conversations.\n\nSome have other usages I haven't mentioned (e.g., 迷う means \"to lose one's way\non the street\"), so please check your dictionary.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-24T02:16:22.580", "id": "93106", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-24T02:16:22.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This たり is a kind of softener explained in the following questions. In this\ncontext, it's working as something like \"maybe\", \"kinda\" or \"happens to ...\".\n\n * [Meaning of ーたりしない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/55396/5010)\n * [What does 良いところだったりする mean in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/52637/5010)\n * [How do I translate 「コロッと転がってたりする」 to english?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30808/5010)\n * [What is the meaning of 〜たりして?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5705/5010)\n * [Meaning of noun + だったりする](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13714/5010)\n\n～と思ったりしてて and ～と思ってたり are already reserved sentences, but she wanted to make\nit sound as mild as possible, so she used たり twice. This も is [another\nsoftener](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/51841/5010).\n\n> って、思ったりもしてたり…… \n> I happen to be thinking, like, maybe, ...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T13:25:10.100", "id": "93095", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T13:25:10.100", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93094", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "They're probably bitransitive verbs. You can say, for example:\n\n学校を休みました。(transitive) \n家に休みました。(intransitive)\n\nIt happens in english too.\n\nShe is eating (intransitive) \nShe is eating the cake (transitive)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T20:39:41.347", "id": "93103", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-24T02:48:29.613", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-24T02:48:29.613", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "93101", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "を can indicate the cause of some human emotion, as in:\n\n> メリーは父の死を悲しんだ\n>\n> \"Mary was saddened by her father's death\"\n\nOr:\n\n> 私は浩の大学入学を喜んだ\n>\n> \"I was happy about Hiroshi's entering college\"\n\nNote that yes, these verbs are still intransitive.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-23T20:43:59.973", "id": "93104", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-23T20:43:59.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93101", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "As pointed out in the comment section, the first sentence is a plain\ntransitive usage of 悩む.\n\nFor the second sentence, I do feel an accusatory overtone similar to that in 何\n**を** にやついているんだ explained in the [linked\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/44176/5010):\n\n * 何 **に** そんなに興奮しているんだ → The speaker doesn't feel good or bad about that fact that the listener is excited, but he is simply curious why the listener is excited.\n * 何 **を** そんなに興奮しているんだ → The speaker is dubious and/or annoyed, and he thinks there is nothing the listener should be excited about.\n\nBoth of these would be translated into English as \"What are you so excited\nabout?\", but they are slightly different in Japanese, and the 何を version is\ncloser to a rhetorical question. (The difference is not huge. The former can\nsound accusatory depending on the context.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-24T04:25:20.283", "id": "93108", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-24T04:32:31.843", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-24T04:32:31.843", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93101", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1. As Chocolate says in the comments, it’s better for the より clause to come first, otherwise the sentence feels scrambled/focused and is harder to make judgments about.\n\n 2. In general, it’s best to use the た-form before ほう. The plain form is also technically possible but it gives a sort of categorical reading instead of making a concrete suggestion. See [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/24445/3097) for more on that.\n\n 3. The plain form should be used before より here. The た-form doesn’t feel grammatical here to me because it feels like it’s be referring to the _contents_ of something which happened as opposed to the action (though you see it in unrelated constructions like 思ったより or 予想したより, where the part before より is acting like a nominal referring to what the person thought or expected, and in fact even permits が-の conversion like 彼の想定したより遥かに早かった or whatever)\n\n 4. As for the matrix tense of いい vs よかった, it should simply be whichever tense you want for “would be better” vs “would have been better” (or “should” vs “should have”).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T16:05:00.970", "id": "93139", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T16:10:05.457", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-25T16:10:05.457", "last_editor_user_id": "3097", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "93109", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "見てくれて is ungrammatical at least as a request. 見て is usually enough. 見てくれ is\ngrammatical but this sounds rather blunt and masculine. 見てちょうだい (an informal\nversion of 見てください) is another option, but it's not very common in real-life\ncasual conversations.\n\nIn my opinion, \"見てね\" and \"見てくれない?\" are both informal **requests** used between\nfriends and family members. The former is closer to \"(Be sure to) watch!\" and\nthe latter is closer to \"Can you watch?\", so the latter is more reserved.\nStill, a child can safely use 見てね to their parents, and the parents will not\nfeel offended that they were ordered around.\n\nBy the way, the following sentence are grammatical as informal requests\nbetween friends:\n\n * 見てもらって。 \nHave someone watch it (for the sake of you/us)\n\n * 見てあげて。 \nWatch it (for the sake of someone).", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T02:41:27.233", "id": "93127", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T02:41:27.233", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93111", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "意のまま has [an independent\nentry](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%84%8F%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BE%E3%81%BE/#jn-9077)\nin a dictionary. It means 思うとおり _as one wishes_. So the whole phrase literally\nmeans _suppress and put sth at one's own mercy_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-24T11:38:23.763", "id": "93113", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-24T11:38:23.763", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93112", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Combining two nouns directly without a particle will introduce a new fixed\nconcept. That's why 赤ずきん is one fixed idea (it refers to the fictional\ncharacter) whereas 赤いずきん refers to a hood that is red. Similar things happen\nalso in English:\n\n * blackboard — black board\n * greenhouse — green house\n * smartphone — smart phone\n\n紅頭巾 (wihout い) is not common (why 紅 instead of 赤?), and we need context to\nmake sense of it. It may be an odd way of writing 赤ずきん, but it may be an\nuncommon way of writing 赤いずきん.\n\nSee also:\n\n * [Why isn't 日本料理 written as 日本の料理?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27485/5010)\n * [-的 adjectives modifying nouns without な](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21150/5010)\n * [the omission of an implied \"の\" creates the appearance of a 四字熟語{よじじゅくご}?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19365/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T02:17:34.950", "id": "93125", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T03:11:33.583", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-25T03:11:33.583", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93115", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "As the comment said, a verb is omitted (or rather, a lot of the sentence). The\nfull sentence is probably something like あんたらはいつもいつもそんなことをしている.\n\nLiterally, that sentence is just \"you guys always always\", and so in English,\nthe part left out is \"do this\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-24T18:27:04.513", "id": "93117", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-24T18:27:04.513", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93116", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "These are not well-organized sentences since they are from an interview, and\nthe second sentence is a bit \"abstract\", but they have nothing to do with\npoetry, haiku, famous saying or anything specific to the Japanese culture.\n\nThese sentence are saying that his great ideas come directly from a \"condensed\nmishmash\" of what he wants to do, what he likes and what he has experienced.\nThat is, his ideas are not the product of logical deep thinking, but they come\nrather intuitively from him.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T04:01:21.363", "id": "93134", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T04:01:21.363", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93118", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The te-form by itself is just \"and\" or \"by\". Xを挟む basically means \"to put X\nbetween two things\" or \"to sandwich X\", and here \"two things\" refers to the\ntwo teams of a volleyball game. The 5th definition of 挟む in jisho is\nspecifically about this usage:\n\n> ### [挟む](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%8C%9F%E3%82%80)\n>\n> 5. to be on either side of (a road, table, etc.); to have between each\n> other; to be across (a street, river, etc.)​\n>\n\n>\n\n>> 彼らはテーブルをはさんで向かい合った。They confronted each other across the table.\n\nTherefore:\n\n> コート中央のネットを挟んで...\n>\n> (facing each other) across the net in the center of a court (and) ...\n\nThis 2チームで is an adverbial expression meaning something like \"on a two-team\nbasis\". See [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/77721/5010), too.\nEnglish has a word that corresponds to 1人で (\"alone\"), but somehow lacks\nexpressions that correspond to 2人で, 5人で, 2チームで and so on. So a very literal\ntranslation would be \"(People) sandwich the net in the center of a court, and\n(then) mutually hit a ball on a two-team basis\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T04:52:13.910", "id": "93135", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T04:57:21.707", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-25T04:57:21.707", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93119", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You're right, `中二日` means there're two days between today and three days from\nnow.\n\nThat `おいて` means \"leave an interval\" and different from `於いて`. `中二日おいて` means\nleaving two days interval, `二日おいて` will mean the same as well.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T00:49:20.257", "id": "93121", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T00:49:20.257", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48934", "parent_id": "93120", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> 作文を書いている時(に)よく間違いをする\n>\n\n>> When I'm writing an essay, I often make mistakes.\n\n * 時 refers to a **point** in time, the point in time where you're writing.\n * に is optional\n\nUsing 時 means that the action took place right after, right before, or exactly\nat that time. In this case, it means 'right after' because you cannot make a\nmistake before you start writing: context will tell you.\n\n> 作文を書いている間によく間違いをする\n>\n\n>> While I'm writing an essay, I often make mistakes.\n\n * 間 refers to a **span of time** , the duration of writing.\n * に is **not** optional.\n\nIf に is used, it can have two meanings depending on the verb of the main\nclause. If it's a punctual verb, as in this case 間違いをする, the action took place\n_instantly_ at some point in the span of time marked by 間.\n\n* * *\n\nIn summary, in this case, both sentences mean the same thing, but 時 focuses on\na point in time, whereas 間 a span of time, hence the translation:\n\n * When this happens, something often comes true.\n\nHere, 'happens' refers to the point of time where you're writing.\n\n * While this is happening, something often comes true.\n\n'this is happening' refers to a span of time.\n\n* * *\n\n> 作文を書いている内によく間違いをする\n>\n\n>> While I'm writing an essay, I often make mistakes.\n\n * に is a must\n\nThis sounds as if making a mistake, while you're writing, is beneficial\nbecause of 内に.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T05:49:23.457", "id": "93137", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T06:08:14.683", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-25T06:08:14.683", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "93122", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Based on _A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar_ , page 521, 思う can\ntake を inside the quoted と clause:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9937s.png)\n\nAs the image explains, the を version here translates to:\n\n> What's the reason for you saying that the time you discovered the body to be\n> 2 pm?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T02:55:08.197", "id": "93129", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T03:02:55.433", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-25T03:02:55.433", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93126", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "There is a hidden AをBと思う construction in the last part of the sentence. 思う can\nbe other verbs [listed here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/55169/5010)\ninstead.\n\n> どうして、死体を見つけた時間 **を** ２時 **だと** [ **思う** のですか]？ \n> Why do you think it was 2:00 that (you/they) found the body?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T02:58:13.210", "id": "93130", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T02:58:13.210", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93126", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Besides brute force memorizing (you will have to do this anyway), you should\nlearn kanji early. For instance, consider:\n\n> 悲しむ\n>\n> \"to be sad\"\n\n> 悲しい\n>\n> \"sad\"\n\nAnd other compounds will have this too:\n\n> 妥協\n>\n> kanji for \"gentle\" + kanji for \"cooperate\", the word means \"compromise\"\n\nNote that pronunciations won't always work. Kanji characters can be read a few\ndifferent ways usually. For more on the topic, search something like \"on'yomi\nvs kun'yomi\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T03:20:57.067", "id": "93133", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T03:20:57.067", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93128", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "病気 is a noun, which describes a state. Because of this, it can be paired with\nthe copula だ to describe the state of something or someone, just like in\nEnglish.\n\n> Aは病気 **です**\n>\n\n>> A **is** sick.\n\n>\n> です is just the polite form of だ. We could've used either.\n\n* * *\n\nSometimes, it can be used as a \"no-adjective\", as in the following:\n\n> 毎日私は **病気の友人** を訪ねた\n>\n\n>> I called on my **sick friend** everyday.\n\nHowever, what's really happening is that this の is not a particle but one of\nthe alternant forms of だ, being な the other one. 病気の友人 means \"a friend who is\nsick,\" which becomes \"a sick friend.\" This doesn't translate as \"friend of\nsickness.\"\n\nLet's look at another example.\n\n> 薬が **彼の病気** を治した。\n>\n\n>> The medicine cured him **of his illness**.\n\nNow this is the particle の.\n\nNotice the word order: 病気の and の病気", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T20:19:43.993", "id": "93141", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-26T01:38:40.697", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-26T01:38:40.697", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "93140", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Let's look at jisho.org's entry carefully. It says:\n\n> ### [病気](https://jisho.org/word/%E7%97%85%E6%B0%97)\n>\n> Noun, **Noun which may take the genitive case particle 'no'**\n\nIn other words, 病気 is a **no-adjective** as well as a noun; it can work like\nthe English adjective \"ill\".\n\n> ### [So-called の-adjectives - how does の *really*\n> work?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2770/5010)\n>\n> As I understand it, the term “no-adjective” simply means “nouns which are\n> typically translated to adjectives in English and other languages.” If we\n> treat Japanese as a language in its own right, distinguishing them from\n> nouns as different parts-of-speech is completely artificial.\n\n> ### [の Adjectives | Japanese with\n> Anime](https://www.japanesewithanime.com/2018/11/no-adjectives.html)\n>\n> The term \"genitive case\" refers to having a noun as modifying another word,\n> usually a noun. That is, having a noun as adjective.\n\nAs these articles say, 病気 is still technically a (stative/descriptive) noun.\nBut note that that English has similar noun usages, too, for example \"person\nof credit\" (= credible person), \"man of courage\" (= courageous man). So you\nmay think the normal Japanese way of saying \"ill person\" happens to be closer\nto something like \"person of illness\". Aは病気だ is \"A is of illness\" rather than\n\"A is illness\", just like Aはフランスだ means \"A is in France\" rather than \"A is\nFrance\".", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-26T00:45:02.883", "id": "93149", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-26T01:23:16.813", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-26T01:23:16.813", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93140", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "～たら as a verb suffix has two basic functions:\n\n * Expressing temporal antecedence, as basically a synonym for (possibly contraction from?) ～てから -- 「A`[VERB]`たらB」 means \"A `[VERB]`, _then_ B\".\n * Expressing conditionality, similar to English \"if\" -- 「A`[VERB]`たらB」 means \" _if_ A `[VERB]`, _then_ B\".\n\nYou'll notice that these translate to almost the same thing in English.\nWhether to include the conditionality of \"if...then\", or only the temporality\nof \"...then\", is a matter of context.\n\nIn the specific context of your sample text, it seems that the \"if\" sense must\nbe the one intended. Here's one possible translation:\n\n> 花を摘んで持っていってあげ **たら** ？ \n> **What if** you picked some flowers, brought them along and gave them [to\n> her]...?", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T20:35:09.360", "id": "93143", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T20:35:09.360", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "93142", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Using たら in a question at the end of a sentence is a way of giving advice or\nsuggesting something. It can come off rude if you use it with someone you\naren't familiar with though.\n\nIn the text you provided, the wolf is suggesting bringing flowers by saying\n持っていってあげたら？ It's similar to saying \"Why don't you...\" in English.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-26T06:49:34.723", "id": "93151", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-26T06:49:34.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50360", "parent_id": "93142", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "For ～たる adjectives, the ～と ending is the **adverbial** -- same as the ～に\nending for ～な adjectives.\n\nThe adverbial is _often_ used right before a verb or another adjective, but it\ndoesn't have to be. Sometimes an adverbial phrase is used to provide context\nor a shade of meaning for what comes after, even if that isn't a verb or\nanother adjective.\n\nConsider a similar adverbial construction in English:\n\n> **Sheepishly** , she lowered her hand and sat down.\n\nThe adverb _\" sheepishly\"_ here doesn't really apply to any of the verbs in\nthe following clause, and instead it serves as emotional coloration for the\nentire sentence.\n\nIn your sample Japanese text, the adverb 「淡々と」 can be parsed along similar\nlines, describing the mood or manner of the rest of the sentence, not just one\nof the specific verbs in that sentence.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T22:10:22.727", "id": "93146", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T22:10:22.727", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "93144", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> What is the meaning and implication of 'ローンボーイ'?\n\nWe can all agree it's a **pun-ification** against the \"lonely guy\".\n\nThere, I just made up a word \"pun-ification\" which won't appear in search\nresults, but it's reasonable enough to convey the meaning. That's exactly what\nMion did. She stitched together two words to make fun of either:\n\n * Lone (as in lonely) + boy\n * Loan (as in borrowing) + boy\n\nThis is because lone and loan (or even lawn) can all be written as ローン just\nbecause that's how katakana works.\n\nIn the end, Rena is clearly treating it as \"loan\". In that case, and in this\ncontext, \"loan boy\" would mean \"a boy who is broke and needs to take a loan\".\nRemember, it's a made up word after all.\n\nIf you've played the series, you might've noticed how smart Rena is. Their IQ\nhas been published officially and sure enough she is clever, while Mion is\naverage. Considering such character settings and how Higurashi is written, it\n**may be** likely that this scene describes the following:\n\nMion simply changed \"guy\" to \"boy\", in order to say something like:\n\n\"Lonely guy? More like lonely **boy** \"!\n\nAnd then Rena added an extra twist:\n\n\" **Loan** -ly? Are you short on cash?\"", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-25T23:24:55.427", "id": "93148", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-25T23:24:55.427", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "93145", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "As the comment points out, this is the compound particle として, meaning\nsomething like \"assume\". Here is the entry given by A Dictionary of\nIntermediate Japanese Grammar, page 518:\n\n\n\nPage 519:\n\n\n\nSo here it means something like \"to take the speech and conduct or other\nthings **as the truth** and accept it\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-26T19:24:45.323", "id": "93153", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-26T19:24:45.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93152", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> Specifically, what happens if we change this to something like\n> 見ると分かる、見たら分かる、見るなら分かる. Intuition tells me the first is fine, the second is\n> weird, and the third is very weird.\n\nTranslated, everything (〜と、〜たら、〜ば) is \"if\", but actually all japanese\nconditionals have an inherent nuance. Some nuances overlap, so in some cases\nthey are effectively the same, but in some cases they don't.\n\n〜と usually expresses a logical/natural result because it's constant,\nrepeatable.\n\neg: ボタンを押すと機械がオンになる。 -> if you press the button, the machine turns on.\n\n〜と is also used to describe habits. More akin to \"when\" than \"if\".\n\neg: 毎日起きると、窓を開く。 -> I open the window everyday when I wake up.\n\nAnother use of 〜と is to describe things that simply happened after the first\npart. Also akin to \"when\" rather than \"if\"\n\neg: 昨日学校に行くと、誰もいなかった。祝日だと忘れた！ -> When I went to school yesterday, there was\nnobody. I forgot it was holiday!\n\n〜たら can be used in this same fashion (to describe things that simply happened\nafter)\n\n昨日学校に行ったら、誰もいなかった。祝日だと忘れた！ (same meaning)\n\n〜ば is to describe things that are the common outcome, and using it sounds\nkinda proverb-ish.\n\neg: 練習すれば、うまくなる -> If you practice, you become good. (But proverb-ish: He who\npractices, good becomes. or whatever haha)\n\nIt's pretty common that people that practice get better, but by no means it's\nwritten in stone. Which brings us to the next nuance, related to your\nsentence.\n\n〜ば is used for **hypotheticals**. What is considered hypothetical is very\n**subjective** , it often depends on how the speaker perceives the condition\nto be.\n\nAn easy example is: 明日雨が降れば、試合が中止になる。(If it rains tomorrow, the match will be\ncancelled) You can't know whether it will rain or not for sure. In english, an\nannouncement would likely be worded \"in the event of rain, the match will be\ncancelled\" for the same reason, it's an hypothetical situation.\n\nSo the japanese speaker decides whether to use 〜ば or not, in subjective\nfashion.\n\nA common phrasing for proposing marriage is \"私で良ければ、結婚してください\". \"If I am good\n(enough for you), marry me please\"\n\nWhy 〜ば？ Because the person proposing can't know for sure if their partner\nconsider them \"good enough\" or not. So -from the speaker point of view- it's\nan hypothetical situation.\n\nThis is exactly what happens in your sentence: \"見ればわかる\"\n\nIf you look (In the hypothetical case that you look) you would know. The\nspeaker can't know if the listener had looked or not nor if they will look or\nnot.\n\nHence the usage of 〜ば。\n\nBUT! This usage is kind of sarcastic. Which is pretty much the most common\nusage of 見ればわかる. It sounds hypothetical and proverb-ish... but it's just\nimplying \"why don't you just look?\".\n\nA somewhat decent summary of conditional nuances and common usage can be found\nin the following link:\n<http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/mt/ja/gmod/contents/explanation/083.html>\n\nSadly it's only in japanese.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-29T19:44:03.837", "id": "93206", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-29T20:41:16.017", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-29T20:41:16.017", "last_editor_user_id": "1130", "owner_user_id": "1130", "parent_id": "93154", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "> Literally, this sentence is something like \"Even if you don't really think\n> about it, if you look you can tell right\",\n\nI think you're right. \nIt could also be read as two separate sentences:\n「別に考えなくても（いいだろう）。。」+「見ればわかるじゃないか。」, \"You don't really need to think.. If you\nsee you can tell, right?\" When saying 「(別にetc.) Vなくてもいいだろう・いいでしょう。」, the\n「いい～。」 part is often left unsaid in daily speech.\n\n> Specifically, what happens if we change this to something like\n> 見ると分かる、見たら分かる、見るなら分かる. Intuition tells me the first is fine, the second is\n> weird, and the third is very weird.\n\n「見ればわかる」 is often contracted to 「見りゃわかる」 in informal/rough speech (れば→りゃ) eg.\n「見りゃわかんだろ！」. 「見ればわかる」 in your example could be rephrased 「見たらわかる」, but 見たら～\nmay sound more casual/informal than 見れば～, and I think we use 見たら～ more in\nKansai (or west Japan) eg. 「見たらわかるやん。」.「見るとわかる」 is grammatically correct, but\nacceptable in a different context. 「見るならわかる」 sounds unnatural.\n\n> What I'm specifically wondering is if this ~ばわかる or maybe 見れば分かる is a\n> particular idiomatic expression to express something that should be obvious\n> if one were to look.\n>\n> Also, I still struggle to understand when exactly ば is used over the other\n> conditionals but one of the usages seems to be in more set phrases, like\n> ～ばよかった or ～ば～ほど, so I'm wondering if this is one of these set phrases or\n> common phrases.\n\nThe phrase is commonly used to say something is obvious, or to say \"Can't you\nsee?\", but I'm not sure it's an idiomatic expression (慣用句?).\n\nこれらの「～ば + (potential) verb」と同じ用法かな、と思います：\n\n「来ればわかるよ。」「読めばわかる。」「勉強すれば受かる。」「申し込めばもらえます。」「煮れば食える。」... \n「来たらわかるよ。」「読んだらわかる。」「勉強したら受かる。」「申し込んだらもらえます。」「煮たら食える。」とだいたい同じ意味です。（但し、過去形にすると意味が変わると思います。）", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-30T05:51:04.887", "id": "93213", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T05:51:04.887", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "93154", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "にしたがい expresses that one thing changes at the same time as another thing, with\na causal relationship. XにしたがいY = \"as X happens, Y happens\"\n\n> 傷口が，治るにしたがいできる皮膜 \n> A membrane which is made **as** the wound heals.\n\nI'm sure が is the normal subject particle but I'm afraid I have no idea what\nthe comma is for.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-26T21:04:07.863", "id": "93156", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-26T21:04:07.863", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "93155", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "As the other answer says, に従い expresses that one thing takes place\nsimultaneously with something else. Here's what A Dictionary of Intermediate\nJapanese Grammar has to say (page 269):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7RUWZ.png)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/wiIBZ.png)\n\nSo this becomes \"A membrane that forms as a pimple or wound heals\". Note that\nできる means something more like \"to be made\" here.\n\nが is definitely just the subject particle, there isn't an omission.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-26T21:16:20.500", "id": "93157", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-26T21:16:20.500", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93155", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "maybe Kyuukyuu no hada? Not sure if your nuance is just for literally\nsomething clean or a \"squeaky clean image\" kind of thing. I'd be curious to\nknow about the clean image nuance, but nothing came up. My husband (Japanese)\nsaid there's a dish-soap brand that's kyuukyuu or squeaky clean because it\ncuts oils and makes that sound. Hope that helps!", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-27T12:09:40.953", "id": "93174", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-27T12:09:40.953", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50376", "parent_id": "93161", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "According to\n[スキンケア商品のオノマトペと感嘆詞の評価](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjsse/5/2/5_112/_pdf/-char/ja)\nby a cosmetic company.\n\nIt would be つるつる,すべすべ,ぴちぴち,さらさら,すーすー,etc. and I will add the table later.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/NIZZF.png)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-27T12:31:45.850", "id": "93176", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-27T13:35:51.043", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-27T13:35:51.043", "last_editor_user_id": "34735", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "93161", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "There are good linked questions, but I think I'll try my hand at an answer.\n\nThere exist constructs and words in Japanese that either take on a different\nmeaning, or can only be used with a negative sentence. しか is one such\nconstruct. It can _only_ be used with a negative sentence. It is grammatically\nincorrect with a positive sentence.\n\nFor instance, ほとんど can be used in a positive sentence to mean \"almost,\nnearly\", but in a negative sentence, it means \"barely\".\n\n誰も and 何も are other examples of expressions that can only be used in negative\nsentences.\n\nIn this case, you could think of it as \"I don't eat anything except\nvegetables\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-27T04:41:18.023", "id": "93164", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-27T04:41:18.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93163", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I would say the difference is big.\n\nFirst, 少年 is a rather stilted word used mainly in novels, formal speech, news\narticles, legal contexts, etc. Children themselves almost never use 少年 in\ninformal daily conversations unless it appears in a fixed set phrase like\n少年ジャンプ. In manga, there are a few adults who use 少年 even in informal\nsituations, but they are usually fairly pompous speakers.\n\nSecond, 少年 refers only to boys roughly between 6 and 16 (although there is no\nstrict borderline). 男の子 can refer also to a male baby and sometimes a male\nadult.\n\nSee also:\n\n * [What are the differences between 女子{じょし}, 娘子{じょうし} and 女{おんな}の子{こ}?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57674/5010)\n * [Am I the only one who never says \"少女{しょうじょ}\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21126/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-27T06:49:10.067", "id": "93171", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-27T06:54:22.417", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-27T06:54:22.417", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93165", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "From my experience, it's always ワロタ【HLL】 (頭高) regardless of the dialect.\n\n * [ワロタは英語で？ネット用語英訳してみた(榊原アリー)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wf63rJkwK2Q&t=33s)\n * [ワロタ の 日本語 の発音 - Forvo](https://ja.forvo.com/word/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BF/)\n\nBut it's not a word used in oral conversations, so not everyone is familiar\nwith its typical pronunciation.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-27T06:30:40.157", "id": "93170", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-27T07:08:31.693", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-27T07:08:31.693", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93166", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "After Chocolate explained it to me, I'll try and give a better answer.\n\nThe bolded part is still an embedded question. The quoted sentence means:\n\n> It just came out. It will be about 10 minutes.\n\nHere, using かもしれません changes the meaning quite drastically: it now means \"It\nmight be ten minutes\".\n\nEdit: in response to Nanigashi's comment, the quoted sentence would mean:\n\n> He just left, about 10 minutes ago.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-27T06:14:11.540", "id": "93169", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-27T18:01:24.307", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-27T18:01:24.307", "last_editor_user_id": "48969", "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93167", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The meaning of 十分になるかもしれません _Possibly ten mins have passed_ may be not that\ndifferent from the bold phrase, but it is more interchangeable with 十分くらいです\n_It is about ten mins_.\n\nGenerally Xになるかならないか where X contains some quantity means _(the amount)\nreaches X or possibly less_. In the example, the amount is the time that has\npassed since someone (husband?) left home, and she is saying it is 10±α mins.\n\nSome other examples:\n\n * 私が10歳になるかならないかのとき _When I was around 10 years old_\n * このパソコンは5万するかしないかだった _This PC costed 50000 yen or maybe less_\n * 今年のボーナスは100万いくかいかないかくらいだ _This year's bonus will be around 1000000 yen_\n\nThe pattern has a nuance of _at most (around) X_ , which should be the\ndifference from the other expressions mentioned above.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-27T12:49:40.000", "id": "93177", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-27T21:45:18.343", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-27T21:45:18.343", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93167", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Up to それは, your understanding is fine.\n\nThe overall structure is それは...じっと耳をすましているからでした _It was because (stones)\ncarefully listened to ..._.\n\nThe phrases in between are what stones listened to:\n\n * 体中をいたみがゴソゴソ歩き回っている足音や _the footsteps of the pain roaming around their bodies and_\n * 悲しみが、ぬらぬらとはいまわる気配 _the sensation of the grief crawling around_\n\nNote the verb はいまわる（這い回る）.\n\nObviously both are weird per se, but I suppose those would make sense if you\nread on the story.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-27T12:29:33.640", "id": "93175", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-27T12:29:33.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93172", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "Slightly too long for a comment.\n\nYou're interpreting のよう too literally. Xのように is a common grammar construct. It\nis an adverbial phrase that means \"like X\". So のどは針のように細く means \"the throat is\nthin like a needle\".\n\nOn the other hand 細く is not adverbial. Please see the link I added to your\nquestion for an explanation of that.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-27T20:37:20.350", "id": "93182", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-27T20:37:20.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "93181", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe it means that we can only choose what is within our frame of mind.\nThere may be other, better ideas out there to be had but left to your own\ndevices, you choose what you think is best. I found literally the same passage\n[here](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q14131420194?__ysp=55%2Bl5oG16KOB6YeP)\nof someone also asking what that means. The answer given in Japanese was\n\n`知恵と裁量を同時に表した言葉なのでしょう。\n人間の能力は限界があって見える範囲が限られている。本人は自分で決めたと言ってもその判断は所詮小さな枠内でのこと。本当は自分では感づいていないもっと違った選択肢があったはずで、それをやっていたら物事は大きく違っていたはずだ。という意味。`\n\nKind of steep even for the JLPT, no? lol\n\nSo `お互い自分の知恵裁量` would mean that both people or parties experience this same\nlimit of choices based on their respective knowledge.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-28T07:40:53.557", "id": "93186", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-28T07:40:53.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50360", "parent_id": "93185", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I believe the author should have written something like this:\n\n> しかし、しょせんいくら迷ったところで、自分の知恵や裁量というものは、ほんとうは小さいものです。\n>\n> However, no matter how deeply you try to think, your own wisdom and\n> discretion is actually small.\n\n * お互い makes no sense in this context. There is only one person in the first place.\n * There is no such compound or set phrase as 知恵裁量. I think this is just a list of two words which have been somehow joined without any particle.\n\nIn reality, you need to deal with half-broken sentences like this, but this\none is unsuitable for a test. If you were confused, it only means your\nJapanese is good enough, so you don't have to worry too much about this.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-28T15:21:50.537", "id": "93192", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-28T16:56:07.720", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-28T16:56:07.720", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93185", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "Let me put down my own shot at a translation up front. Some expository notes\nfollow.\n\n> \"There are times, sure, when we think long and hard. **But the things is, as\n> long and hard as we may think, the control our minds -- yours as well as\n> mine -- have, it actually amounts to only a small fraction.** \" (Then he\n> goes on to talk about how he thinks embracing a fatalist mindset instead and\n> throwing little human worries out the window can actually lead to desirable\n> results.)\n\nFor \"お互い\", check 精選版日本語大辞典's entry on\n[weblio辞書](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8A%E4%BA%92%E3%81%84#:%7E:text=%E3%81%8A%E2%80%90%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8C%E3%81%84%20%E2%80%A5%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8C,%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AB%E3%82%82%E7%94%A8%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E3%80%82)\n(relevant part bolded):\n\n> 〔名〕 （「お」は接頭語。「たがい（互）」を丁寧にいう語） **同じ関係、状態にある自分と相手両方** 。また、両方が同じような事をし合うさま。\n> **「に」を伴って副詞的にも用いる** 。\n\nAs this definition states, \"お互い\" can be used in reference to two people (the\nspeaker and another person engaged in some way by them) who find themselves in\nthe same situation (do the same thing, have the same quality, etc.) as each\nother, plus it can be used adverbially by taking on a \"に\".\n\n(What it doesn't tell you, however, is that the word can be used adverbially\nwithout \"に\" and that the \"two people\" it refers to don't have to be the\nspeaker themselves (自分) and the their 相手.)\n\nA couple of examples by way of illustration:\n\n> お互い大変な一日だったね。 'We both(/each) had a rough day, huh?'\n\n> 仕事の後はお互いそのまま家に帰りました。'After work, both(/each) of us went straight back home\n> (i.e. went back to respective places of residence).'\n\nIn the case at hand, the two people in question are the writer/speaker and the\naddressee.\n\nAs for \"知恵裁量\" it's not a common idiom, but rather an ad-hoc combination made\nup of two words, 知恵('wisdom', 'intellect') and 裁量('latitude (= freedom as to,\nor control over, decision and action)'. The internal relation between the two\ncomponents is a bit ambiguous, but I wonder if interpreting it as\n\"知恵(が持つ/の)裁量\" (as I did in the translation) isn't too far off the mark.\n\nBy the way, as I found out through a quick web search, these are words of the\nlate\n[松下幸之助](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E4%B8%8B%E5%B9%B8%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%A9)\nhimself, the founder of Panasonic, juku for the elite and publishing house as\nwell as being a business guru and author with many best-selling books to his\nname.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-28T17:17:22.850", "id": "93194", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-28T18:02:02.690", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-28T18:02:02.690", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "11575", "parent_id": "93185", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "literally, roughly \"Is this kind of voice, that I (have)\"\n\nStill thinking literally, if I had to translate it I'd say something along the\nlines of \"this is how my voice sounds?\". ie: \"So this is how I sound like?\" -\nlike after hearing a recording of your own voice.\n\nBUT, 声 can also mean opinion/point of view. With more context, opinion or\npoint of view might make more sense. ie: He spoke candidly, and is now\nsurprised to find out what he **actually** thinks.\n\nOr maybe the author is just playing with exactly that, the polysemy of the\nword.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-28T12:32:39.277", "id": "93188", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-28T12:32:39.277", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1130", "parent_id": "93187", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "There's the それほど construct for implicit comparisons.\n\n> 冷めているので **それほど** 美味しくない", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-28T16:46:54.167", "id": "93193", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-29T14:07:50.463", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-29T14:07:50.463", "last_editor_user_id": "1130", "owner_user_id": "1130", "parent_id": "93189", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "If you want to make an implicit comparison, you can use それほど, literally \"to\nthat extent\":\n\n> [冷]{つめ}たいから・[冷]{さ}めているから、それほど[美味]{おい}しくない\n>\n> \"Since they are cold, they aren't delicious to that extent\"\n\nIf you want to reference something specific, maybe yesterday's cookies, you\ncan say:\n\n> [昨日]{きのう}ほど[美味]{おい}しくない\n>\n> \"They aren't as delicious as yesterday\"\n\nOr even:\n\n> 昨日[思]{おも}ったほど、美味しくない\n>\n> \"They aren't as delicious as I remember\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-28T17:49:25.350", "id": "93195", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T06:15:05.297", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-30T06:15:05.297", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93189", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "エネルギー消費の大きい is modifying 生き方 as a [relative\nclause](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14550/5010). This の is a subject\nmarker used in relative clauses, and it's interchangeable with が. See: [How\ndoes the の work in\n「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)\n\nImagine this \"double-subject\" sentence:\n\n> この生き方はエネルギー消費が大きい。 \n> As for this way of living, energy consumption is high.\n\nFrom this, you can construct the following noun phrase with a relative clause:\n\n> エネルギー消費 **が** 大きい生き方 \n> a way of living where energy consumption is high\n\nWhich is the same as:\n\n> エネルギー消費 **の** 大きい生き方 \n> a way of living where energy consumption is high\n\nNote that this person is saluting to the 生き方 itself, not \"you\" or anyone. The\ngiven translation is not wrong as a free translation, though.\n\nHere are some simpler examples. が and の are interchangeable.\n\n * 背が高い人 \n背の高い人 \na tall person (lit. a person whose height is high) \n(cf. 彼は背が高い。 He is tall.)\n\n * 鼻が長いゾウ \n鼻の長いゾウ \nan elephant with a long nose\n\n * 心が美しい人 \n心の美しい人 \na beautiful-minded person", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-28T14:50:18.583", "id": "93191", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-29T02:00:13.703", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-29T02:00:13.703", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93190", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "I asked a Japanese person and it is just a contraction of というものはない which is\nrelated to this post:\n\n[というものはない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/33897/whats-the-\nmeaning-\nof-%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%AF%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-30T01:25:47.243", "id": "93209", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T01:25:47.243", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "93197", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "This `これ！っての` is a variant of これというもの, and\n[これという](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A8%E8%A8%80%E3%81%86)\nis a set phrase that means \"noteworthy\", \"in particular\".\n\n> これ！ってのない (笑) \n> = これというものがない (笑)\n>\n> Nothing in particular lol\n\nVery literally, \"A thing with which I say 'THIS ONE!' is nonexistent\".\n\n天の弱 (formally 天ノ弱 and read あまのじゃく) is the name of a song:\n<https://youtu.be/2-zPY0vrpjQ>\n\nSimilar examples:\n\n * これという問題はなかった。 \nこれといった問題はなかった。 \nThere was no particular problem.\n\n * これというものがあったら教えてください。(formal) \nこれってのあったら教えて。(casual) \nTell me if there is anything that interests you.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T02:36:11.500", "id": "93231", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T02:41:32.493", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-31T02:41:32.493", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93197", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the sentence is simply bad, if not nonsense.\n\nI suppose it parses as\n\n * 従来のマルチチャンバーを備えたAMGライドコントロール+のエアサスペンション **に** (= **onto** AMGライドコントロール+のエアサスペンション equipped with マルチチャンバー, which was installed also in the previous model) - I assume 従来の modifies エアサスペンション.\n * 新たにダンパーの外側に2つの圧力制御バルブを上級モデルの「GT 53」に標準装備 (what is new in this model, (they) equip the upper model with 2つの圧力制御バルブ on the outside of ダンバー\n * （圧力制御バルブは）「GT 43」にはオプションで用意された (The new valves are selectable as an option for the (lower model) GT43.)\n\nI'm not familiar with fancy cars, so hopefully someone corrects me if I'm\nwrong.\n\nThe に here is _to_ in meaning(possible expansion is に対して). Basically, it means\n_to the air-sus originally installed, they added new valves by default in\nGT53, and the valves are an option in GT43_.\n\n* * *\n\nThe problem is that ...圧力制御バルブ _を_ does not continue in the clause\n「GT43」にはオプションで用意された. It should be オプションで **用意した** so that 圧力制御バルブ becomes the\nsubject for both phrases (上級モデルの「GT 53」に標準装備 and 「GT 43」にはオプションで用意された) A\npossible rewrite is 新たにダンパーの外側に2つの圧力制御バルブ **が** 上級モデルの「GT 53」 **では** 標準装備\n**された** 。（圧力制御バルブは）「GT 43」にはオプションで用意された。", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-29T13:39:51.260", "id": "93204", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T01:13:00.227", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-31T01:13:00.227", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93199", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> What is the difference between \"xxといかせてもらう\" and \"xxといく\"?\n\nThis title may attract duplicate flags, because there are posts out there that\nanswer the question literally. Your actual question is quite specific and a\n\"good\" one tho.\n\n> So can we use 持久戦といく in this context?\n\nYes, we can.\n\n> If we can, what would the difference between 持久戦といかせてもらう and 持久戦といく in terms\n> of meaning and nuance? Or more generally, the difference between\n> \"xxといかせてもらう\" and \"xxといく\"?\n\nI'll use your example. Despite the use of 戦, we know it's not about a battle,\nbut instead it's about a strategy to consider the long term. But for the sake\nof explanation, let's treat is as a battle.\n\nIn a battle, a commander may be straightforward and say \"I shall initiate a\nlong term strategy\". But I bet you've also heard phrases like \"well well well,\nwhy don't we shower them with a gift of endurance and pain\" or \"allow me to\nintroduce them the taste of long lasting suffering\".\n\nThey mean the same thing in the end, but the nuance are different, don't you\nthink? When one declares a tactic by saying いかせてもらう, it may be expressing\nsarcasm, crookedness, dramatic effect, etc. It might as well carry the effect\nof sounding smarter, clever, or cunning.\n\nIt depends on the situation. Take Freeza, a ruthless feared villain from\nDragon Ball Z as an example. He (basically) adds layers upon layers of words\nto sound kind, calm, and polite - させて + いただき + ましょう + か - which ironically\namplifies fear to the readers.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-29T11:08:21.293", "id": "93202", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-29T11:08:21.293", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "93200", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "[According to Imabi](https://www.imabi.net/domodano.htm), なんだの is simply used\nwhen the speaker can only think of one item to include in the list that だの\ncreates, in essence, making it 'Xs and whatever else'. The context thus lends\nitself to the following interpretation:\n\n> Whether it remains there or not, that's little comfort!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-29T21:07:09.433", "id": "93207", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-29T21:07:09.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50401", "parent_id": "93201", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "This (-て)あげる is a donatory subsidiary verb, the antonym of (-て)もらう. られる is\npotential. Here, this -てあげられない roughly means \" _unfortunately_ cannot ～\". With\nあげる, the author is signaling that treating あり as an irregular verb is\ninconvenient to someone or something.\n\nMaybe the author temporarily personified classical Japanese verbs, and said\nexcluding あり from its friends was harsh to the verb. But maybe the author just\nthought this irregularity was inconvenient to the readers.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T03:02:03.903", "id": "93232", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T03:02:03.903", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93211", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "`～より～ない` is just comparing two things and showing their relationship. We can't\ntell to what extent they are. `自転車に乗るのは思ったより易しくない`: The speaker tried to ride\na bike, and it was simply more difficult than they expected. Not sure if they\ncould or not.\n\n`～ほど～ない` is also comparing two but also implying its extent.\n`自転車に乗るのは思ったほど易しくない`: The speaker could have ridden a bike, though that was a\nbit more tricky than they thought.\n\nUsually, `～より～` is used with a positive form of a word, so this time\n`思ったより難しい` is more natural. `～ほど～` can only be used with a negative form.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-01T02:35:44.537", "id": "93245", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-01T03:02:15.290", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-01T03:02:15.290", "last_editor_user_id": "48934", "owner_user_id": "48934", "parent_id": "93214", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> usually てもらいたい means \"I want someone else to do something for me\"\n\n> not \"someone else wants me to do something for them\"\n\nYour understanding is correct :)\n\n> So why can てもらいたい be used like that in the quotation?\n\nYou just have be a bit flexible and implement the above understanding to a \"he\nsaid I said\" situation.\n\nQuoting your translation \"I want someone else to do something for me\", it goes\nlike this:\n\nFrom the parent's point of view, I (the parents) , wanted someone else (their\nkid) , to do something (stop doing creator stuff) , for me (the parent).\n\n* * *\n\n> **BLAH** はね、 **BLOOP** たかったの\n\nThis pattern is not uncommon when a feminine person is trying to explain\nanother entity's intention of the past. It's used in drama, anime, manga etc.\ndue to the dramatic effect it carries.\n\nAdding a question mark to the end would make it a direct question (and a\ntotally different meaning). Without the question mark, the sentence sounds\nincomplete, which is intentional. So, we typically add a trailing **...** to\nmake up for the incompleteness, and then the female will follow up with\nanother sentence to elaborate.\n\nIf I were to translate, it would be like:\n\n> **BLAH** you see, wanted to **BLOOP**\n\nBut this translation alone won't convey the dramatic effect of its Japanese\ncounterpart. It's one of those patterns you'll get used to by watching girls\nconfess/justify her friend's past actions. Or even her own, by using her own\nname.\n\nEg.\n\nSmart person _\" Why is this answer so long? It deserves a down vote\"_\n\nMy mother _\" dungarian just wanted chino alpha to understand... (more to\nfollow)\"_\n\n> **dungarianはね、 chino alphaに理解してほしかった (more to follow)**", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-30T09:21:43.720", "id": "93216", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T22:58:11.050", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-30T22:58:11.050", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "93215", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "てもらいたい means `The subject` wants to receive.\n\nSo the `subject` or `topic` of that phrase is `両親` and thus 両親 were the ones\nwho \"`wanted to receive` the favor of us quitting the creator lifestyle,\nbecause even if it's only a tiny increase they want us to live a long life.\"\n\nもらう = subject of the sentence receives.\n\nSo in this case, keep a flexible mind about who the main focus / focal point\nof the sentence is. The sentence can \"orbit\" around any one or any group or\nany thing so keep a flexible slot for the subject in mind.\n\n`Subject は blank がもらいたい。`\n\n`As for subject,` `wants to receive blank`.\n\nIn this specific instance,\n\n`As for our parents, `\n\n` they wanted to receive the favor of us...`\n\n= `they wanted us to...`", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T00:35:15.317", "id": "93227", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T00:35:15.317", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9542", "parent_id": "93215", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "両親は(私に)クリエイター活動を止めてもらいたかった can naturally be used in this situation because her\nparents' desire is a _past known fact_ that doesn't require any assumption of\nthe speaker. The speaker clearly and directly knew her parents wanted her to\nquit at this time point in the past.\n\nIn [Can たい and たがる be used for a 1st/2nd/3rd person's\ndesire?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23860/5010)\n\n> たい expresses a desire. た-がる literally expresses giving off the impression of\n> having a desire. たい can be used if one does not need to assume that they\n> know about a specific desire of a specific person, and たがる can be used if\n> one is making assumptions on another person's wishes.\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> たい, situations that do not involve making assumptions about a person's\n> desires:\n>\n> * **it turned to be a fact** that another person did desire it\n>\n\n両親は(私に)クリエイター活動を止めてもらいたがっていた is also perfectly natural, though.\n\n**EDIT** : Of course 両親は(私に)クリエイター活動を止めて欲しかった and 両親は(私に)クリエイター活動を止めて欲しがっていた\nare also perfectly correct in this context. She used もらう because she knew her\nquitting was a beneficial action to her parents even if it was undesirable to\nthe speaker herself.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T02:20:39.933", "id": "93230", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T05:01:22.003", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-31T05:01:22.003", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93215", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "That's not それと. It's それ + と. The clue is in the verb 違う. When you compare\nthings, you compare them **with** something, and that something is marked by\nと.\n\nSo this それ is simply 'that'. And 'that' is the 'truth' that you are hiding.\nそれと違うことを言う = \"say something different from that\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-30T11:43:16.143", "id": "93218", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T11:43:16.143", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "93217", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "よく here means \"well.\" It functions as an adverb. It's not required, but it\ngives more insight about how \"well\" she knows about it.\n\n> さあ、妻のほうがよく知っています。\n>\n\n>> Uh, my wife knows it well.\n\nMore context is needed for a better translation because using ほう implies a\ntwo-sided comparison. Plus, we don't know whose wife she is, so I just\narbitrarily chose \"my\" for the translation.\n\nNote that よく could also mean \"often\" depending on the context, see this\n[thread](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29267/45630) for more details.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-30T17:55:25.250", "id": "93221", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T00:25:38.260", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-31T00:25:38.260", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "93219", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "> さあ、妻のほうがよく知っています。\n\nwould mean\n\n> Well (I don't know), my wife knows it better (than I do).\n\n「さあ」 can mean \"now (let's...)\", but it can also mean/imply \"I don't know\", eg\n「これ何？」「さあね。」(\"What's this?\" \"Who knows.\") So here it implies that the speaker\ndoesn't really know.\n\nRegarding the 妻, one usually refers to one's wife as 妻, 家内, 嫁さん, うちのやつ etc. \nTo refer to another's wife, one'd usually say (～の)奥さん.\n\nよく means \"(do something) _well_ \", so 妻がよく知っています would mean \"My wife knows it\n_well_ \".\n\n～のほうが adds a meaning \"do ... _compared to someone/something else_ \". \nSo 妻のほうが知っています would mean \"My wife knows, _compared to_ me.\" ⇒ \"My wife knows\n_better than_ I do.\"\n\n> Is the よく required?\n\nNo, not really. 妻のほうが知っています would mean almost the same thing. よく might add a\nnuance of \"in detail\", perhaps?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T01:15:31.997", "id": "93229", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T01:47:32.557", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-31T01:47:32.557", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "93219", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "You are pretty close.\n\nThis いかにも is defined in\n[Wiktionary](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%84%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AB%E3%82%82)\nas:\n\n> **見えたり感じられたり** するさまを **強調** する。 **推量や様態、比喩の明確化** 。まさしく、みるからに（そのようだ）。\n\nIt should be easier to tease out a better sense of its usage with my\nhighlighted keywords. Namely, this usage stresses that how something\nlooks/sounds/smells to you or how you perceive something is true/just like\nthat. If you look it up in a Japanese-English dictionary, you'll probably only\nget \"truly\", \"really\", but I think with just that the actual usage eludes you.\n\nThe important thing here is this usage of いかにも latches onto a word that\ndescribes perception, making the perception more concrete, and affirmatively\nreinforcing that perception.\n\n> あいつっていかにも優しそうだな！ \n> That guy _does_ **seem** nice!\n\n> いかにもロスらしい雰囲気 \n> _very_ L.A.- **ish** ambience\n\nIt's very perceptive of you to use the word \"reinforce\". Good job. Your second\nguess is a good one. いかにも adverbially modifies ついでに掘ったような細い道: \"what appear to\nbe incidentally dug narrow paths\" or \"seemingly incidentally dug narrow\npaths\".\n\n> いかにもついでに掘ったような細い道 \n> narrow paths that truly look like they were incidentally dug", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-30T19:43:17.707", "id": "93222", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T19:43:17.707", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "93220", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "You should parse it this way.\n\n> ［いかにも［ついでに掘った］ような］［細い道］\n\nついでに indeed modifies 掘った. Digging those narrow paths was (apparently) not the\nmain purpose of whoever dug them. I have never known how to accurately\ntranslate ついでに. I am not sure if \"incidentally\" conveys its nuances\ncompletely.\n\nついでに掘った細い道 would mean that the speaker knows for a fact that the paths were\ndug in such a manner.\n\nような indicates that it is the speaker's perception that the paths are such.\n\nいかにも further adds the sense that that perception is obvious from the\nappearance of the paths.\n\nSo the character ignored narrow paths that obviously looked like they had been\ndug only as secondary purposes of whoever dug all those tunnels.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-30T23:13:55.387", "id": "93224", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T23:13:55.387", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "93220", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The た-form is used simply because the person _was_ able to move on some\nconcrete occasion such as a sports match.\n\nIf the sentence were describing the person's permanent quality as you supposed\nit did, it would say 動ける方.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-30T23:23:46.980", "id": "93225", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-30T23:23:46.980", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "93223", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Well, they are quite different and the difference is not nuanced but pretty\nclearly shown.\n\n> 学校に行くの(は)いつ？ \n> When are you going to school? (When is it that you will go to school?)\n\n> 学校に行くの(は)いつぶり？ \n> When was the last time you went to school? (How much time has passed since\n> the last time you went to school?)\n\nActually [@Eiríkr Útlendi gave a very good explanation in the answer you\ncited](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16153/30454) that's hard to\nimprove on:\n\n> When appended to a time-related noun or phrase, -buri again carries stronger\n> connotations of \"whole, entire\", in terms of \"the whole XX amount of time\n> has passed\". 三週間ぶり would mean \"it's been three whole weeks [since ...]\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T00:47:45.987", "id": "93228", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T01:04:41.463", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-31T01:04:41.463", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "93226", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "[の](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AE/#jn-171157) has the function\nof indicating subject (see #2 in the link), so both can be considered as _Time\npassing is quick_.\n\nTo me, 月日の経つのは... and 月日が... are both fine. In relative clauses modifying a\nnoun, it is largely interchangeable even if one or the other can sound less\nidiomatic.\n\nExamples：\n\n * 彼の書いた本を読んだ = 彼が書いた本を読んだ\n * 君の言うことはもっともだ = 君が言うことはもっともだ\n\n'Counter-example' from [here](https://jn1et.com/meisishuushoku-no-ga/)\n\n * Aさんが私に書いた地図 but ✕ Aさんの私に書いた地図\n\nI think the Aさんの... version is still grammatical and acceptable, but\ndefinitely less common.\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit]\n\nI think an (reverse) argument which won't be helpful for learners is that the\nsecond parsing is correct (or at least more natural) exactly because 月日が and\n月日の are both possible.\n\nEither way, the subject of 経つ is 月日 and the first parse won't change that and\ndoes not affect the meaning. (Kind of relevant: An English _He insisted on my\nreading his new book_ , where _my_ is semantically the subject of _reading_ )\n\nThe case for 高田さんが使っていたのを覚えていますか is a bit different mainly because 使う is\ntransitive. It is actually ambiguous between\n\n * Do you remember that Takada-san was using **it**?\n * Do you remember the one Takada-san was using?\n\nIn English, the bold _it_ can't be omitted but in Japanese それを is omitted in\nthe first reading. For this example 高田さんの... is possible but strongly suggests\nthe second reading.\n\n* * *\n\nRegarding 早い/速い for time, both may be used, but my feeling is 早い being more\ncommon. Cf [時間が経つのは「早い」「速い」どっち？](https://oishi-i.net/archives/15142). After\nall, a day passes per day...\n\nA general distinction is to use 早い for _early_ and 速い for _fast_.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T08:43:29.167", "id": "93235", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-01T01:16:08.630", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-01T01:16:08.630", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93234", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "1. 月日 **の** 経つのは早いものだ。\n 2. 月日 **が** 経つのは早いものだ。\n\nThese sentences are syntactically exactly the same. Changing の to が doesn't\nchange the meaning of the sentence a bit. The particles after 月日 are\n**subject** markers, and 月日{が/の}経つ is fundamentally a relative clause that\nmodifies の (which is a noun).\n\nHave you wondered why there is something called \"ga-no conversion\" in modern\nJapanese? You may believe が is the subject marker and の is the genitive case\nparticle, but this distinction is rather new. In the past, these were almost\nthe same particle. Both could mark a subject, and both could work as a\npossessive particle.\n\n * [Why can の and が both mark subjects in relative clauses?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/28200/5010)\n\n> Old Japanese, as far as we can tell, didn't have a dedicated subject marker\n> - if you wanted a subject that wasn't the topic also, you just left it\n> unmarked. It had two genitive particles, though, *nə and *ŋga (modern の and\n> が); which varied according to a kind of animacy hierarchy - *ŋga with\n> personal pronouns and names IIRC (I've forgotten some of the details), *nə\n> with the rest.\n\n * [「が」vs「の」 with possessives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/39264/5010)\n * [Why is there a が in 深淵に臨むが如し?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/70684/5010)\n * [【古典】古文の格助詞「が」「の」(主格・連体修飾格・同格)](https://kb-study.com/kaku-gano/)\n\nAlthough が and の have become very different in modern Japanese, this is why\nthey are still interchangeable inside \"relative clauses\".\n\nAnd the concept of \"relative clauses\" is a bit broader than the English\nequivalent. What you know as nominalizers and cleft sentences are actually a\nspecial type of relative clause! Ga-no conversion works also inside these\nconstructions, as shown below (S = subject marker, A = attributive form of a\nverb/adjective/copula, N = modified noun):\n\n * 太陽 **が** S昇るAのNを見ていた。 \n太陽 **の** S昇るAのNを見ていた。 \nI was watching the sun rising.\n\n * 彼 **が** S来るAのNは知らなかった。 \n彼 **の** S来るAのNは知らなかった。 \n彼 **が** S来るAことNは知らなかった。 \n彼 **の** S来るAことNは知らなかった。 \nI didn't know that he would come.\n\n * 彼 **が** S知っているAことNを教えてください。 \n彼 **の** S知っているAことNを教えてください。 \nPlease tell me what he knows.\n\n * 彼女 **が** S1読んだA1のN1は表紙 **が** S2赤いA2本N2です。 \n彼女 **の** S1読んだA1のN1は表紙 **の** S2赤いA2本N2です。 \nIt is a red-covered book that she read. (cleft sentence)\n\n * 月日 **が** S1経つA1のN1 **が** S2早いA2ことN2 **が** S3嫌いなA3理由N3 **が** S4分からないA4人N4 **が** S5したA5質問N5 \n月日 **の** S1経つA1のN1 **の** S2早いA2ことN2 **の** S3嫌いなA3理由N3 **の** S4分からないA4人N4 **の**\nS5したA5質問N5 \na question made by someone who doesn't understand the reason why some people\ndislike the fact that time passes quickly\n\nNotice the S-A-N pattern seen consistently in these examples. Don't mix the の\nas a subject marker (marked with S) and の as a formal noun (marked with N).\n\nSo, after looking at these examples, haven't you started to think it's not\nvery meaningful to treat one as a subject marker and the other as a genitive\ncase particle? I'm not suggesting you should stop using the term nominalizer,\nbut it's worth knowing all of these are ruled by the same principle.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-01T03:00:21.877", "id": "93246", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-01T03:28:33.333", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-01T03:28:33.333", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93234", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "Whether the article is が or の, native speakers see it this way.\n\n> ［月日が／の経つ］の\n\nHaving said that, though, I think I know where your doubt is coming from.\n\nLet’s consider the following example.\n\n> 君が飲むのは分かる。\n\nThis sentence can be understood as meaning either of the following two.\n\n> I know {what/which/the one} you (are going to) drink.\n>\n> I understand {that/why} you drink (something).\n\nNow, look at the following sentence, where が is replaced with の.\n\n> 君の飲むのは分かる。\n\nThis sentence sounds natural, at least in everyday conversation, only in the\nfirst sense. The second の is interpreted as an indefinite pronoun referring to\na concrete thing, in this case a particular drink.\n\nIn the second interpretation of 君が飲むの, on the other hand, the final の means\neither “the fact” (こと) or “the reason” (理由) depending on the context. I\nsuppose the reason 君 **の** 飲むの sounds unnatural in this sense is that the\nassociation between 君 and that の (for こと or 理由) is not direct enough to be\nnaturally connected with の.\n\nIn your example, the final の in 月日が／の経つの is understood as meaning something\nlike “the way” (様子) or “the pace” (早さ). It is the way or pace _of_ time,\nmaking the linking with の sound natural enough. In fact, you could say 月日の様子\nor 月日の早さ, although what the first phrase means is not clear without the verb\n経つ.\n\nLet’s look at one more example.\n\n> 君が怒るのは分かる。\n\nLike the example with 飲む above, this sentence could also be understood in two\nways, although most people would understand it in the second meaning unless\ncontext suggests otherwise.\n\n> I know {what/which/the one that} angers you.\n>\n> I understand why you get angry.\n\nCuriously, 君 **の** 怒るの doesn’t sound quite natural even in the first sense. In\nthe example with 飲む, the pronoun の represented a drink, and it was _your_\ndrink (君の飲み物). In this example, however, it represents something external that\ncauses a certain emotion in _you_. If we had to paraphrase it, it would become\nsomething like 怒らせるもの／やつ. I suppose this is too distant from 君 for the two to\nbe naturally connected with の.\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit]\n\nAs I suggested at the beginning of this post, you should still read 月日の経つの in\nthe following structure .\n\n> ［月日の経つ］の（＝様子／早さ）\n\nHere, 月日 does work as the subject with respect to the verb 経つ much as in\n月日が経つの. (There is no other function it can play within the brackets, after\nall.)\n\nHowever, I think it would be fair to say that we do kind of _feel_ the\nimplicit association of 月日の様子／早さ transcending the boundary of the brackets.\nWhat I am claiming is that if this association cannot be felt, の may not sound\nas natural as が. This is also the case when the clause is long and の is far\naway from the modified noun (or nominalizer).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-01T03:00:30.093", "id": "93247", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-01T06:40:44.170", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-01T06:40:44.170", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "93234", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "何曲 is always read なんきょく. 曲 here is a counter - _how many songs_. _What song_\nwould be [何]{なん}の曲 or どの曲.\n\nA case where both are possible: 何色 is read なにいろ/なんしょく.\n\n * 空は[何色]{なにいろ}？ _What color is the sky?_\n * 虹は[何色]{なんしょく}？ _How many colors are there in a rainbow?_\n\nFurther explanations [here](https://jn1et.com/nani-and-nan/).", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T13:09:01.713", "id": "93237", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T13:54:35.963", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-31T13:54:35.963", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "93236", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I want to expand a bit on [this question's\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/61401/difference-\nbetween-%e3%81%9f-%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%82%8b-plain-form-%e3%81%a8%e3%81%8d),\nwhich is very similar.\n\nExample 3 is good. It means that when you are watching TV, your friend annoys\nyou.\n\nExample 4 means \"right before I watch TV, my friend annoys me\" (which is\npretty nonsensical...)\n\nExample 5 and 6 have a similar problem. Example 6 means \"right before I do my\nhomework, my brother plays games\".\n\nIn general, if you are in a state when something else happens, use ている to\nspecify that it is indeed a state. Otherwise, if the verb is an action, the\nmeaning changes.\n\nEdit: in response to the comment by a20, I've cited a source for my\ntranslations, A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, page 493:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lEeWV.png)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T20:15:15.277", "id": "93243", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-02T17:47:49.863", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-02T17:47:49.863", "last_editor_user_id": "48969", "owner_user_id": "48969", "parent_id": "93238", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Examples #3 and #5 sound natural for what you mean.\n\nExample #4 is also fine if you are talking about what habitually happens, as\nopposed to a specific instance in which you are already watching TV and your\nfriend disturbs you. I think you can say “When/Whenever I **watch** TV” in\nEnglish for this sense, too.\n\nWhile example #6 could also be understood as referring to a habit, it sounds a\nbit odd because of the progressive やっている. It sounds as if your brother is\nalready in the middle of playing a game by the time you sit down to do your\nhomework, and that happens every time you do so.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-01T03:34:19.597", "id": "93248", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-01T03:34:19.597", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "93238", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "No, the (implied) subject of this sentence is not 桜和亭, but 私. The particle に\nis used because 桜和亭 is the target of the verb スカウトする -- that is, the place\n**to which** 逢桜 wants to recruit ちなみ.\n\n> 「ちなみさんの料理、美味しいです。正直、桜和亭にスカウトしたいぐらいですから」\n\nmeans\n\n> \"Your food is delicious, Chinami-san. Honestly, it's so good I'd like to\n> recruit you to [work at] 桜和亭.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-31T17:48:59.800", "id": "93240", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-31T17:48:59.800", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "33934", "parent_id": "93239", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The difference between\n\n> 迷惑なことはありませんか？\n\nand\n\n> 迷惑なことはありますか？\n\nis the same as, in English, the difference between\n\n> Isn't there something troubling you?\n\nand\n\n> Is there anything troubling you?\n\nIn the former sentence, the speaker is assuming that there _is_ something\ntroubling the listener. The speaker would be surprised if there isn't\nsomething troubling the listener.\n\nFor another English example, consider the following conversation:\n\n> A: \"You know that guy John? He can be really annoying, sometimes.\"\n>\n> B: \"Wait, isn't John your good friend?\" _(Here, the speaker's assumption is\n> that John is Speaker A's good friend. This is why the negative \"isn't\" is\n> used instead of \"is\".)_\n>\n> A: \"Yeah, but he's still really annoying.\"\n\nIt's the same principle, here as in Japanese: when we're assuming that\nsomething is the case, we use the negative form in the question.\n\nIn sum, you should probably go with\n\n> 迷惑なことはありますか？\n\nOtherwise, it would sound a bit presumptuous, almost as if it were common\nknowledge. If I were the listener, and you went with the other option, I would\nthink: \"Why are you assuming that there's something bothering me?\"\n\n* * *\n\nAs an aside, after questions marked with \"か\", proper form is to use a period\n\"。\" rather than a question mark \"？\". This is because you can already tell that\nyou're dealing with a question from the particle \"か\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-02T05:45:06.370", "id": "93940", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-02T05:45:06.370", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50968", "parent_id": "93241", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "## Your main question\n\n> How does 形容詞+かる work in Classical Japanese?\n\nIn basic terms, the conjugation charts in the Japanese Wikipedia article at\n[https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/形容詞#古典日本語の形容詞の活用](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E#%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8)\nare quite useful. Reproduced here:\n\n### Conjugations\n\nThe so-called ク活用 or \" _-ku_ conjugation\" is for adjectives that (in modern\nJapanese) end in just ～い, such as よい or さむい. Meanwhile, the シク活用 or \" _-shiku_\nconjugation\" is for adjectives that (in modern Japanese) end in ～しい, such as\nあたらしい or さびしい.\n\nConjugation | ク活用 \nBasic | ク活用 \nFused with _aru_ | シク活用 \nBasic | シク活用 \nFused with _aru_ \n---|---|---|---|--- \n**未然形【みぜんけい】 \nIrrealis (hasn't happened yet)** | ～く | ～から | ～しく | ～しから \n**連用形【れんようけい】 \nContinuative ( _-masu_ stem)** | ～く | ～かり | ～しく | ～しかり \n**終止形【しゅうしけい】 \nTerminal (standalone)** | ～し | - | ～し | - \n**連体形【れんたいけい】 \nAttributive (adjectival)** | ～き | ～かる | ～しき | ～しかる \n**已然形【いぜんけい】 \nRealis (as if it's happened)** | ～けれ | - | ～しけれ | - \n**命令形【めいれいけい】 \nImperative (command)** | - | ～かれ | - | ～しかれ \n \n## Your comment\n\n> I remember reading previously that かる could not be used attributively...\n\nI'm not sure where that might have come from. As you can see in the table\nabove, the ～かる or ～しかる form is indeed the 連体形【れんたいけい】 or \"attributive form\",\nand this is used attributively in historical texts. Granted, the \"basic\"\nattributive form ending in ～き or ～しき appears to be more common for regular\nusage of an adjective to modify a noun, but we can find instances of ～かる\ndirectly modifying a noun, as in [this\ntext](https://books.google.com/books?id=W-IVPv_pRB0C&pg=PT102&dq=%22%E9%AB%98%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE9prfkN31AhU1GTQIHVD9CVo4FBDoAXoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=%22%E9%AB%98%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%22&f=false)\nfrom 1949:\n\n> 御堂より **高かる** 空に五山浮き松風の鳴る広業寺かな\n\n## Follow-on questions\n\n> For what else could a 連体形 have been used in the first place?\n\n[Jimmy Yang's](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/41067/) comment on\nyour question links through to [a\npage](https://people.ucalgary.ca/%7Exyang/kobun/3-3-4.htm) that does a good\njob of providing a nutshell explanation of what the 連体形【れんたいけい】 was used for.\nThere is also more [here at\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%80%A3%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%A2-662204) and\n[here at the Japanese\nWikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%A2). (Sadly,\nthe English Wikipedia article section\n[here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation#%E9%80%A3%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%A2)\nis a bit of a mess, so please only read that with a grain of salt.)\n\nBriefly, in English, the 連体形【れんたいけい】 or \"attributive form\" of either a verb or\nadjective could be used to:\n\n * modify a noun or noun phrase, basically just being an adjective.\n * act as a noun itself -- this may have evolved by an elision (omission) of an abstract noun like こと (\"fact, thing\"), which the attributive may have originally modified.\n * serve as an attributive, but coming after the thing it modifies, in a special kind of Old Japanese grammatical construction called 係【かか】り結【むす】び.\n\n> Was [the _-karu_ form of the _rentaikei_ ] simply an alternate form of ～き in\n> its zero-nominalisation?\n\nI'm not familiar with the term \"zero-nominalisation\", so I cannot answer you\nhere.\n\n> Was [the _-karu_ form of the _rentaikei_ ] placed where neither an\n> adjectival 連体形 nor the 終止形 would fit, like in ～と and ～可し?\n\nI'm not aware of any cases where と requires the ～かる form of an adjective.\n\nNote that the _-karu_ ending is a fusion of regular adverbial ending ～く + the\nattributive form of Old and Classical Japanese copula (\"to be\" verb) あり. I\nwonder if the requirement of this form for certain 助動詞【じょどうし】, such as べし or\nらむ, might be because the 助動詞 itself requires a verb -- which is provided with\nthe ある in ～かる, but not in the \"basic\" attributive ～き ending.\n\n> Was [the _-karu_ form of the _rentaikei_ ] utilised as an emphasised 終止形,\n> similarly to forms of the 連体形 in other constructions?\n\nI have no idea what other _\" forms of the 連体形 in other constructions\"_ you are\nreferring to, so again I cannot answer you here.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-01T00:19:58.643", "id": "93244", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-01T00:19:58.643", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "93242", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "**大通り** is closer to \"main street\" (of a tourist spot, downtown, etc.). It has\na lot of shops, and it is typically not longer than a few kilometers. You can\nfind many pedestrians on an 大通り. Typical examples include Champs-Élysées and\nBroadway.\n\n**幹線道路** refers to roads that connect major locations and are important in\nterms of transporting people and goods. The roadside of a 幹線道路 does not have\nto be commercially developed. Although there is no particular strict legal\ncriterion, it at least includes highways, and it also includes smaller roads\nas long as they are recognized and used by most people living in a city. One\ntypical example in Japan is 環状七号線 ([video](https://youtu.be/hMYHyPJIXuY)), a\n52 km road running through peripheral areas of Tokyo.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-01T08:01:43.193", "id": "93251", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-02T01:38:05.533", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-02T01:38:05.533", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93249", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "This usage is uncommon and I'm not familiar with this. It sounds dialectal,\nbut I can associate this with no particular dialect.\n\nどこまで行くんかいな or どこまで行くんかいの is at least more common than this (sounds like 昔話).\nどこまで行くんですかい is commonly used in fiction (typically by hoodlum-type\ncharacters). 何かい is also common (sounds like 江戸弁 in rakugo) but this is\nprobably a fixed phrase.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-02T01:03:59.367", "id": "93257", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-02T01:15:14.817", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-02T01:15:14.817", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93250", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Here に is an article used with time. In spoken Japanese, it can be considered\nobvious and dropped completely. In spoken Japanese, it would be replaced with\na pause, or, if writing out spoken Japanese, with a comma to indicate the\npause.テスト中、私の携帯が鳴ってしまった。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-01T20:28:55.277", "id": "93255", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-01T20:28:55.277", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "19665", "parent_id": "93253", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "テスト中 **に** sounds more natural than テスト中 (without に) in this sentence.\n\nThis is because the phone ringing is something that happened at a specific\npoint during the exam. に has the effect of putting focus on that specific\npoint of time. テスト中 (without に) sounds a bit incomplete and vague.\n\nThough the difference may not be so obvious as with 間, these are related.\n\n * [In this particular sentence is 間 and 間に interchangeable?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/55254/43676)\n * [Difference between 間 and 間に](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12539/43676)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-02T04:17:34.027", "id": "93260", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-02T04:17:34.027", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "93253", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "か and っていうの are different topics.\n\nThe sentence in question is roughly the same as the following:\n\n> ⸨日本人はなぜマスクをしているの **か** ⸩を聞いている。 \n> I'm asking ⸨why Japanese people wear masks⸩.\n\nThis か is a question marker, and 日本人はなぜマスクをしているのか is a type of noun clause\ncalled an [embedded question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/13038/5010)\n(marked with `⸨⸩`). Here, this embedded question is serving as the object of\n聞く.\n\nYour question has っていうの, which is a colloquial variant of というの. って/と is a\nquotative particle, いう is basically \"to say/call\", and の is a noun menaing\n\"(some)thing\". So the literal translation of Xっていうの/Xというの is \"something\n(people) say/call X\". You may know this, but this construction is typically\nused like this:\n\n * 彼が来る **というの** はいいニュースだ。 \n彼が来る **っていうの** はいいニュースだ。 \nThat he will come is good news.\n\n * 火鉢 **というの** は暖房器具の一種です。 \n火鉢 **っていうの** は暖房器具の一種です。 \n(The thing we call) _hibachi_ is a kind of heating device.\n\nThe primary role of というの is to turn a sentence into a noun, as seen in the\nfirst example above. But it can be used after something that is already a\nnoun, as seen in the second example. In such cases, it emphasizes that noun.\nIn your sentence, っていうの is used right after the embedded question (a noun) to\nemphasize it. It doesn't change the meaning of the sentence drastically, but\nyour sentence would look more natural with っていうの. (By the way, this っていうの is\ninterchangeable with っていうこと and ということ.)\n\nLikewise:\n\n * ⸨どこの国の人か⸩で結構変わってくる。 \n⸨どこの国の人か⸩ **っていうの** で結構変わってくる。 \nIt will vary depending on ⸨what country they are from⸩.\n\nThis っていうの is optional because どこの国の人か is already a noun (embedded question),\nbut it's a nice-to-have.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-02T05:22:31.600", "id": "93263", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-02T05:28:56.627", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-02T05:28:56.627", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93258", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "You can parse that sentence like this:\n\n> その建物から \n> From that building\n>\n> 町全体が見下ろせる \n> the entire town is overlook-able. \n> the entire town can be overlooked.\n\nSo yes, 町全体 is indeed the subject of the sentence.\n\nIn general, potential form in Japanese work slightly different from English\npotential expressions. Try reading `～が[verb](ら)れる` as \"X is [verb]-able\" or \"X\ncan be [verb]ed\" rather than \"I can [verb] X\".\n\nStill, it's also fine to say その建物から町全体 **を** 見下ろせる. For details, please read\nthe following questions.\n\n * [The difference between が and を with the potential form of a verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/609/5010)\n * [Why is it 日本語がわかります instead of 日本語をわかります?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2505/5010)\n * [The に particle and potential form](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13323/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-03T03:09:40.250", "id": "93269", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-03T03:09:40.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "93262", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]