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rosetta-code

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train · 79k rows

task_url stringlengths 30 116	task_name stringlengths 2 86	task_description stringlengths 0 14.4k	language_url stringlengths 2 53	language_name stringlengths 1 52	code stringlengths 0 61.9k
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Racket	Racket	#lang racket (define str "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz") (define n 10) (define m 2) (define start-char #\x) (define start-str "xy") ;; starting from n characters in and of m length; (substring str n (+ n m)) ; -> "kl" ;; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; (substring str m) ; -> "klmnopqrstuvwxyz" ;; whole string minus last character; (substring str 0 (sub1 (string-length str))) ; -> "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy" ;; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; (substring str (caar (regexp-match-positions (regexp-quote (string start-char)) str))) ; -> "xyz" ;; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. (substring str (caar (regexp-match-positions (regexp-quote start-str) str))) ; -> "xyz"
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Raku	Raku	my $str = 'abcdefgh'; my $n = 2; my $m = 3; say $str.substr($n, $m); say $str.substr($n); say $str.substr(0, *-1); say $str.substr($str.index('d'), $m); say $str.substr($str.index('de'), $m);
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_and_product_of_an_array	Sum and product of an array	Task Compute the sum and product of an array of integers.	#WDTE	WDTE	let a => import 'arrays'; let s => import 'stream'; let sum array => a.stream array -> s.reduce 0 +; let prod array => a.stream prod -> s.reduce 1 *;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_and_product_of_an_array	Sum and product of an array	Task Compute the sum and product of an array of integers.	#Wortel	Wortel	@sum [1 2 3 4] ; returns 10 @prod [1 2 3 4] ; returns 24
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Ring	Ring	sum = 0 for i =1 to 1000 sum = sum + 1 /(pow(i,2)) next decimals(8) see sum
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#REXX	REXX	abc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" /define all lowercase Latin letters./ abcU = translate(abc) /* " " uppercase " " / x = 'alphaBETA' /define a string to a REXX variable. / y = translate(x) /uppercase X and store it ───► Y / z = translate(x, abc, abcU) /translate uppercase──►lowercase chars*/
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Ring	Ring	aString = "WELCOME TO THE ring programming language" see lower(aString) + nl see upper(aString) + nl
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Raku	Raku	$haystack.starts-with($needle) # True if $haystack starts with $needle $haystack.contains($needle) # True if $haystack contains $needle $haystack.ends-with($needle) # True if $haystack ends with $needle
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Retro	Retro	: startsWith? ( $1 $2 - f ) withLength &swap dip 0 swap ^strings'getSubset compare ; "abcdefghijkl" "abcde" startsWith? "abcdefghijkl" "bcd" startsWith? "abcdefghijkl" "bcd" ^strings'search "abcdefghijkl" "zmq" ^strings'search : endsWith? ( $1 $2 - f ) swap withLength + over getLength - compare ; "abcdefghijkl" "ijkl" endsWith? "abcdefghijkl" "abc" endsWith?
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#PHP	PHP	<?php foreach (array('møøse', '𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢', 'J̲o̲s̲é̲') as $s1) { printf('String "%s" measured with strlen: %d mb_strlen: %s grapheme_strlen %s%s', $s1, strlen($s1),mb_strlen($s1), grapheme_strlen($s1), PHP_EOL); }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#PicoLisp	PicoLisp	(let Str "møøse" (prinl "Character Length of \"" Str "\" is " (length Str)) (prinl "Byte Length of \"" Str "\" is " (size Str)) )
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_concatenation	String concatenation	String concatenation You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know. Task Create a string variable equal to any text value. Create another string variable whose value is the original variable concatenated with another string literal. To illustrate the operation, show the content of the variables. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Yorick	Yorick	var1 = "Hello"; var2 = var1 + ", world!"; write, var1; write, var2;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_concatenation	String concatenation	String concatenation You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know. Task Create a string variable equal to any text value. Create another string variable whose value is the original variable concatenated with another string literal. To illustrate the operation, show the content of the variables. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Zig	Zig	const std = @import("std"); const debug = std.debug; const heap = std.heap; const mem = std.mem; test "string concatenation" { const hello = "Hello,"; debug.warn("\n{}{}\n", .{ hello, " world!" }); // Method 1: Array concatenation // // This only works if the values are known at compile-time. const hello_world_at_comptime = hello ++ " world!"; debug.warn("{}\n", .{hello_world_at_comptime}); // Method 2: std.mem.concat var buf: [128]u8 = undefined; const allocator = &heap.FixedBufferAllocator.init(&buf).allocator; const hello_world_concatenated = try mem.concat(allocator, u8, &[_][]const u8{ hello, " world!" }); debug.warn("{}\n", .{hello_world_concatenated}); // Method 3: std.mem.join const hello_world_joined = try mem.join(allocator, " ", &[_][]const u8{ hello, "world!" }); debug.warn("{}\n", .{hello_world_joined}); }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_concatenation	String concatenation	String concatenation You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know. Task Create a string variable equal to any text value. Create another string variable whose value is the original variable concatenated with another string literal. To illustrate the operation, show the content of the variables. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#zkl	zkl	var s="Hello"; s2:=s+", world!"; s2.println(); //-->Hello, world! s3:=String(s," ",s2); s3.println(); //-->Hello Hello, world!
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Raven	Raven	define println use $s $s print "\n" print "0123456789" as $str $str 3 2 extract println # at 4th pos get 2 chars $str 8 4 extract println # at 9th pos get 4 chars (when only 1 char available) $str 3 $str length extract println # at 4th pos get all chars to end of str $str 3 0x7FFFFFFF extract println # at 4th pos get all chars to end of str $str 3 -1 extract println # at 4th pos get rest of chars but last one $str 0 -1 extract println # all chars but last one "3" as $matchChr # starting chr for extraction 4 as $subLen # Nr chars after found starting char $str $matchChr split as $l "" $l 0 set $l $matchChr join 0 $subLen extract println "345" as $matchChrs # starting chrs for extraction 6 as $subLen # Nr chars after found starting chars $str $matchChrs split as $l "" $l 0 set $l $matchChrs join 0 $subLen extract println
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#REBOL	REBOL	rebol [ Title: "Retrieve Substring" URL: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring#REBOL ] s: "abcdefgh" n: 2 m: 3 char: #"d" chars: "cd" ; Note that REBOL uses base-1 indexing. Strings are series values, ; just like blocks or lists so I can use the same words to manipulate ; them. All these examples use the 'copy' function against the 's' ; string with a particular offset as needed. ; For the fragment "copy/part skip s n - 1 m", read from right to ; left. First you have 'm', which we ignore for now. Then evaluate ; 'n - 1' (makes 1), to adjust the offset. Then 'skip' jumps from the ; start of the string by that offset. 'copy' starts copying from the ; new start position and the '/part' refinement limits the copy by 'm' ; characters. print ["Starting from n, length m:" copy/part skip s n - 1 m] ; It may be helpful to see the expression with optional parenthesis: print ["Starting from n, length m (parens):" (copy/part (skip s (n - 1)) m)] ; This example is much simpler, so hopefully it's easier to see how ; the string start is position for the copy: print ["Starting from n to end of string:" copy skip s n - 1] print ["Whole string minus last character:" copy/part s (length? s) - 1] print ["Starting from known character, length m:" copy/part find s char m] print ["Starting from substring, length m:" copy/part find s chars m]
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_and_product_of_an_array	Sum and product of an array	Task Compute the sum and product of an array of integers.	#Wren	Wren	import "/math" for Nums var a = [7, 10, 2, 4, 6, 1, 8, 3, 9, 5] System.print("Array : %(a)") System.print("Sum : %(Nums.sum(a))") System.print("Product : %(Nums.prod(a))")
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_and_product_of_an_array	Sum and product of an array	Task Compute the sum and product of an array of integers.	#XPL0	XPL0	code CrLf=9, IntOut=11; func SumProd(A, L); int A, L; int S, P, I; [S:= 0; P:= 1; for I:= 0 to L-1 do [S:= S+A(I); P:= P*A(I)]; IntOut(0, S); CrLf(0); IntOut(0, P); CrLf(0); ]; \SumSq SumProd([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10], 10)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#RLaB	RLaB	>> sum( (1 ./ [1:1000]) .^ 2 ) - const.pi^2/6 -0.000999500167
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Ruby	Ruby	puts (1..1000).inject{ \|sum, x\| sum + 1.0 / x ** 2 }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Ruby	Ruby	"alphaBETA".downcase # => "alphabeta" "alphaBETA".upcase # => "ALPHABETA" "alphaBETA".swapcase # => "ALPHAbeta" "alphaBETA".capitalize # => "Alphabeta"
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Rust	Rust	fn main() { println!("{}", "jalapeño".to_uppercase()); // JALAPEÑO println!("{}", "JALAPEÑO".to_lowercase()); // jalapeño }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#REXX	REXX	/REXX program demonstrates some basic character string testing (for matching). / parse arg A B /obtain A and B from the command line./ say 'string A = ' A /display string A to the terminal./ say 'string B = ' B /* " " B " " " / say copies('░', 70) /display a line separator (fence). / LB= length(B) /get the length of string B in bytes/ if left(A, LB)==B then say 'string A starts with string B' else say "string A doesn't start with string B" say / [↓] another method using COMPARE BIF/ p= pos(B, A) if p==0 then say "string A doesn't contain string B" else say 'string A contains string B (starting in position' p")" say if right(A, LB)==B then say 'string A ends with string B' else say "string A doesn't end with string B" say $=; p= 0; do until p==0; p= pos(B, A, p+1) if p\==0 then $= $',' p end /until/ $= space( strip($, 'L', ",") ) /elide extra blanks and leading comma./ #= words($) /obtain number of words in $ string./ if #==0 then say "string A doesn't contain string B" else say 'string A contains string B ' # " time"left('s', #>1), "(at position"left('s', #>1) $")" /stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#PL.2FI	PL/I	declare WS widechar (13) initial ('Hello world.'); put ('Character length=', length (WS)); put skip list ('Byte length=', size(WS)); declare SM graphic (13) initial ('Hello world'); put ('Character length=', length(SM)); put skip list ('Byte length=', size(trim(SM)));
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_concatenation	String concatenation	String concatenation You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know. Task Create a string variable equal to any text value. Create another string variable whose value is the original variable concatenated with another string literal. To illustrate the operation, show the content of the variables. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Zoea	Zoea	program: string_concat input: ['hello', 'literal'] output: 'hello literal'
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#ReScript	ReScript	let s = "ABCDEFGH" let from = 2 let length = 3 Js.log2("Original string: ", s) Js.log(Js.String.substrAtMost(~from, ~length, s)) Js.log(Js.String.substr(~from, s)) Js.log(Js.String.substrAtMost(~from=0, ~length=(Js.String2.length(s) - 1), s)) Js.log(Js.String.substrAtMost(~from=(Js.String.indexOf("B", s)), ~length, s)) Js.log(Js.String.substrAtMost(~from=(Js.String.indexOf("BC", s)), ~length, s))
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_and_product_of_an_array	Sum and product of an array	Task Compute the sum and product of an array of integers.	#XSLT	XSLT	<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> <xsl:output method="text" /> <xsl:template name="sum-prod"> <xsl:param name="values" /> <xsl:param name="sum" select="0" /> <xsl:param name="prod" select="1" /> <xsl:choose> <xsl:when test="not($values)"> <xsl:text> Sum: </xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="$sum" /> <xsl:text> Product: </xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="$prod" /> </xsl:when> <xsl:otherwise> <xsl:call-template name="sum-prod"> <xsl:with-param name="values" select="$values[position() > 1]" /> <xsl:with-param name="sum" select="$sum + $values[1]" /> <xsl:with-param name="prod" select="$prod * $values[1]" /> </xsl:call-template> </xsl:otherwise> </xsl:choose> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="/"> <xsl:text> Sum (built-in): </xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="sum(//price)" /> <xsl:call-template name="sum-prod"> <xsl:with-param name="values" select="//price" /> </xsl:call-template> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet>
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Run_BASIC	Run BASIC	for i =1 to 1000 sum = sum + 1 /( i^2) next i print sum
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Scala	Scala	val s="alphaBETA" println(s.toUpperCase) //-> ALPHABETA println(s.toLowerCase) //-> alphabeta println(s.capitalize) //-> AlphaBETA println(s.reverse) //-> ATEBahpla
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Scheme	Scheme	(define s "alphaBETA") (list->string (map char-upcase (string->list s))) (list->string (map char-downcase (string->list s)))
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Ring	Ring	aString = "Welcome to the Ring Programming Language" bString = "Ring" bStringIndex = substr(aString,bString) if bStringIndex > 0 see "" + bStringIndex + " : " + bString ok
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Ruby	Ruby	p 'abcd'.start_with?('ab') #returns true p 'abcd'.end_with?('ab') #returns false p 'abab'.include?('bb') #returns false p 'abab'.include?('ab') #returns true p 'abab'['bb'] #returns nil p 'abab'['ab'] #returns "ab" p 'abab'.index('bb') #returns nil p 'abab'.index('ab') #returns 0 p 'abab'.index('ab', 1) #returns 2 p 'abab'.rindex('ab') #returns 2
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#PL.2FSQL	PL/SQL	DECLARE string VARCHAR2(50) := 'Hello, world!'; stringlength NUMBER; BEGIN stringlength := LENGTHB(string); END;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#REXX	REXX	/REXX program demonstrates various ways to extract substrings from a string of characters./ $='abcdefghijk'; n=4; m=3 /define some constants: string, index, length of string. / say 'original string='$ /* [↑] M can be zero (which indicates a null string)./ L=length($) /the length of the $ string (in bytes or characters)./ say center(1,30,'═') /show a centered title for the 1st task requirement. / u=substr($, n, m) /start from N characters in and of M length. / say u parse var $ =(n) a +(m) /an alternate method by using the PARSE instruction. / say a say center(2,30,'═') /show a centered title for the 2nd task requirement. / u=substr($,n) /start from N characters in, up to the end-of-string. / say u parse var $ =(n) a /an alternate method by using the PARSE instruction. / say a say center(3,30,'═') /show a centered title for the 3rd task requirement. / u=substr($, 1, L-1) /OK: the entire string except the last character. / say u v=substr($, 1, max(0, L-1) ) /better: this version handles the case of a null string. / say v lm=L-1 parse var $ a +(lm) /an alternate method by using the PARSE instruction. / say a say center(4,30,'═') /show a centered title for the 4th task requirement. / u=substr($,pos('g',$), m) /start from a known char within the string of length M. / say u parse var $ 'g' a +(m) /an alternate method by using the PARSE instruction. / say a say center(5,30,'═') /show a centered title for the 5th task requirement. / u=substr($,pos('def',$),m) /start from a known substr within the string of length M./ say u parse var $ 'def' a +(m) /an alternate method by using the PARSE instruction. / say a /stick a fork in it, we're all done and Bob's your uncle.*/
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_and_product_of_an_array	Sum and product of an array	Task Compute the sum and product of an array of integers.	#Yabasic	Yabasic	dim array(5) data 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 for index = 1 to arraysize(array(), 1) read array(index) next index sum = 0 prod = 1 for index = 1 to arraysize(array(), 1) sum = sum + array(index) prod = prod * array(index) next index print "The sum is ", sum //15 print "and the product is ", prod //120 end
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_and_product_of_an_array	Sum and product of an array	Task Compute the sum and product of an array of integers.	#zkl	zkl	fcn sum(vals){vals.reduce('+,0)} fcn product(vals){vals.reduce('*,1)}
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Rust	Rust	const LOWER: i32 = 1; const UPPER: i32 = 1000; // Because the rule for our series is simply adding one, the number of terms are the number of // digits between LOWER and UPPER const NUMBER_OF_TERMS: i32 = (UPPER + 1) - LOWER; fn main() { // Formulaic method println!("{}", (NUMBER_OF_TERMS * (LOWER + UPPER)) / 2); // Naive method println!("{}", (LOWER..UPPER + 1).fold(0, \|sum, x\| sum + x)); }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Sed	Sed	echo "alphaBETA" \| sed 'y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/' echo "alphaBETA" \| sed 'y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/'
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Seed7	Seed7	writeln(upper("alphaBETA")); writeln(lower("alphaBETA"));
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Run_BASIC	Run BASIC	s1$ = "abc def ghi klmnop" s2$ = "abc" ' begins with s3$ = "ef" ' is in the string s4$ = "nop" ' ends with sn2$ = "abcx" ' not begins with sn3$ = "efx" ' not in the string sn4$ = "nopx" ' not ends with if left$(s1$,len(s2$)) <> s2$ then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"begin with:";s2$ if instr(s1$,s3$) = 0 then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"contain:";s3$ if mid$(s1$,len(s1$) + 1 - len(s4$),len(s4$)) <> s4$ then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"end with:";s4$ ' ----------- not ----------------------------- print if left$(s1$,len(sn2$)) <> sn2$ then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"begin with:";sn2$ if instr(s1$,sn3$) = 0 then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"contain:";sn3$ if mid$(s1$,len(s1$) + 1 - len(sn4$),len(sn4$)) <> sn4$ then a$ = "Not " print "String:";s1$;" does ";a$;"end with:";sn4$
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Rust	Rust	fn print_match(possible_match: Option<usize>) { match possible_match { Some(match_pos) => println!("Found match at pos {}", match_pos), None => println!("Did not find any matches") } } fn main() { let s1 = "abcd"; let s2 = "abab"; let s3 = "ab"; // Determining if the first string starts with second string assert!(s1.starts_with(s3)); // Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location assert!(s1.contains(s3)); // Print the location of the match print_match(s1.find(s3)); // Found match at pos 0 print_match(s1.find(s2)); // Did not find any matches // Determining if the first string ends with the second string assert!(s2.ends_with(s3)); }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Pop11	Pop11	lvars str = 'Hello, world!'; lvars len = length(str);
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#PostScript	PostScript	(Hello World) length = 11
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Ring	Ring	cStr = "a":"h" # 'abcdefgh' n = 3 m = 3 # starting from n characters in and of m length See substr(cStr,n, m) + nl #=> cde # starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string See substr(cStr,n) + nl #=> cdefgh # whole string minus last character See substr(cstr,1,len(cStr)-1) + nl #=> abcdefg # starting from a known character within the string and of m length See substr(cStr,substr(cStr,"e"),m) +nl #=> efg # starting from a known substring within the string and of m length See substr(cStr,substr(cStr,"de"),m) +nl #=> def
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_and_product_of_an_array	Sum and product of an array	Task Compute the sum and product of an array of integers.	#Zoea	Zoea	program: sum_and_product case: 1 input: [3,5] output: [8,15] case: 2 input: [2,3,4] output: [9,24]
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#SAS	SAS	data _null_; s=0; do n=1 to 1000; s+1/n*2; / s+x is synonym of s=s+x / end; e=s-constant('pi')*2/6; put s e; run;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Scala	Scala	scala> 1 to 1000 map (x => 1.0 / (x * x)) sum res30: Double = 1.6439345666815615
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#SenseTalk	SenseTalk	set letters to "alphaBETA" put lowercase of letters // alphabeta put uppercase of letters // ALPHABETA put capitalized of letters // Alphabeta repeat with each character of letters by reference if it is an uppercase set it to lowercase of it else set it to uppercase of it end if end repeat put letters //ALPHAbeta
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Sidef	Sidef	say "alphaBETA".lc; #=> alphabeta say "alphaBETA".uc; #=> ALPHABETA say "alphaBETA".tc; #=> AlphaBETA say "alpha BETA".wc; #=> Alpha Beta say "alpha BETA".tc; #=> Alpha BETA say "alpha BETA".tclc; #=> Alpha beta
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Scala	Scala	"abcd".startsWith("ab") //returns true "abcd".endsWith("zn") //returns false "abab".contains("bb") //returns false "abab".contains("ab") //returns true var loc="abab".indexOf("bb") //returns -1 loc = "abab".indexOf("ab") //returns 0 loc = "abab".indexOf("ab", loc+1) //returns 2
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Seed7	Seed7	$ include "seed7_05.s7i"; const proc: main is func local var integer: position is 0; begin writeln(startsWith("abcd", "ab")); # write TRUE writeln(endsWith("abcd", "zn")); # write FALSE writeln(pos("abab", "bb") <> 0); # write FALSE writeln(pos("abab", "ab") <> 0); # write TRUE writeln(pos("abab", "bb")); # write 0 position := pos("abab", "ab"); writeln(position); # position is 1 position := pos("abab", "ab", succ(position)); writeln(position); # position is 3 end func;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Potion	Potion	"møøse" length print "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" length print "J̲o̲s̲é̲" length print
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#PowerShell	PowerShell	$s = "Hëlló Wørłð" $s.Length
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#RPG	RPG	* 1...5....1....5....2....5.. D myString S 30 inz('Liebe bewegt das Universum!') D output S 30 inz('') D n S 2 0 inz(1) D m S 2 0 inz(5) D length S 2 0 inz(0) D find S 2 0 inz(0) /free inlr = on; dsply %subst(myString:n:m); dsply %subst(myString:7:20); length = %len(%trim(myString)); dsply %subst(myString:1:length-1); find = %scan('U':myString); dsply %subst(myString:find:9); find = %scan('bewegt':myString); dsply %subst(myString:find:%len('bewegt')); output = ' * end * '; dsply ' ' ' ' output; /end-free
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Ruby	Ruby	str = 'abcdefgh' n = 2 m = 3 puts str[n, m] #=> cde puts str[n..m] #=> cd puts str[n..-1] #=> cdefgh puts str[0..-2] #=> abcdefg puts str[str.index('d'), m] #=> def puts str[str.index('de'), m] #=> def puts str[/a.*d/] #=> abcd
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Scheme	Scheme	(define (sum a b fn) (do ((i a (+ i 1)) (result 0 (+ result (fn i)))) ((> i b) result))) (sum 1 1000 (lambda (x) (/ 1 (* x x)))) ; fraction (exact->inexact (sum 1 1000 (lambda (x) (/ 1 (* x x))))) ; decimal
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Simula	Simula	TEXT soup, lower; soup :- "alphaBETA"; lower :- LOWCASE(COPY(soup)); ! COPY, else soup is changed; OutText("upper: "); OutText(UPCASE("alphaBETA")); OutText(", lower: "); OutText(lower); OutText(", soup: "); OutText(soup); Outimage;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Slate	Slate	'alphaBETA' toLowercase. 'alphaBETA' toUppercase.
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Sidef	Sidef	var first = "abc-abcdef-abcd"; var second = "abc"; say first.begins_with(second); #=> true say first.contains(second); #=> true say first.ends_with(second); #=> false # Get and print the location of the match say first.index(second); #=> 0 # Find multiple occurrences of a string var pos = -1; while (pos = first.index(second, pos+1) != -1) { say "Match at pos: #{pos}"; }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Smalltalk	Smalltalk	a startsWith: b a includesSubCollection: b. "inherited from superclass" a includesString: b. "the same, but more readable" a endsWith: b a indexOfSubCollection: b "inherited" a indexOfSubCollection: b startingAt: pos "inherited" a indexOfString: b a indexOfStringStartingAt: b
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#PureBasic	PureBasic	a = Len("Hello World") ;a will be 11
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Python	Python	print len('ascii') # 5
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Run_BASIC	Run BASIC	n = 2 m = 3 s$ = "abcd" a$ = mid$(a$,n,m) ' starting from n characters in and of m length a$ = mid$(a$,n) ' starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string a$ = Print mid$(a$,1,(len(a$)-1)) ' whole string minus last character a$ = mid$(a$,instr(a$,s$,1),m) ' starting from a known character within the string and of m length a$ = mid$(a$,instr(a$,s$,1), m) ' starting from a known substring within the string and of m length.
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Rust	Rust	let s = "abc文字化けdef"; let n = 2; let m = 3; // Print 3 characters starting at index 2 (c文字) println!("{}", s.chars().skip(n).take(m).collect::<String>()); // Print all characters starting at index 2 (c文字化けdef) println!("{}", s.chars().skip(n).collect::<String>()); // Print all characters except the last (abc文字化けde) println!("{}", s.chars().rev().skip(1).collect::<String>()); // Print 3 characters starting with 'b' (bc文) let cpos = s.find('b').unwrap(); println!("{}", s[cpos..].chars().take(m).collect::<String>()); // Print 3 characters starting with "けd" (けde) let spos = s.find("けd").unwrap(); println!("{}", s[spos..].chars().take(m).collect::<String>());
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Seed7	Seed7	$ include "seed7_05.s7i"; include "float.s7i"; const func float: invsqr (in float: n) is return 1.0 / n**2; const proc: main is func local var integer: i is 0; var float: sum is 0.0; begin for i range 1 to 1000 do sum +:= invsqr(flt(i)); end for; writeln(sum digits 6 lpad 8); end func;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Sidef	Sidef	say sum(1..1000, {\|n\| 1 / n**2 })
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Smalltalk	Smalltalk	'ALPHAbeta' asUppercase "->'ALPHABETA' " 'ALPHAbeta' asLowercase "-> 'alphabeta' "
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#SNOBOL4	SNOBOL4	define('uc(str)') :(uc_end) uc uc = replace(str,&lcase,&ucase) :(return) uc_end define('lc(str)') :(lc_end) lc lc = replace(str,&ucase,&lcase) :(return) lc_end define('ucfirst(str)ch') :(ucfirst_end) ucfirst str len(1) . ch = uc(ch) ucfirst = str :(return) ucfirst_end define('swapc(str)') :(swapc_end) swapc str = replace(str,&ucase &lcase, &lcase &ucase) swapc = str :(return) swapc_end * # Test and display str = 'alphaBETA' output = str output = lc(str) output = uc(str) output = ucfirst(str) output = swapc(str) end
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#SNOBOL4	SNOBOL4	s1 = 'abcdabefgab' s2 = 'ab' s3 = 'xy' OUTPUT = ?(s1 ? POS(0) s2) "1. " s2 " begins " s1 OUTPUT = ?(s1 ? POS(0) s3) "1. " s3 " begins " s1 ;# fails n = 0 again s1 POS(n) ARB s2 @a :F(p3) OUTPUT = "2. " s2 " found at position " + a - SIZE(s2) " in " s1 n = a :(again) p3 OUTPUT = ?(s1 ? s2 RPOS(0)) "3. " s2 " ends " s1 END
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Standard_ML	Standard ML	String.isPrefix "ab" "abcd"; (* returns true ) String.isSuffix "zn" "abcd"; ( returns false ) String.isSubstring "bb" "abab"; ( returns false ) String.isSubstring "ab" "abab"; ( returns true ) #2 (Substring.base (#2 (Substring.position "bb" (Substring.full "abab")))); ( returns 4 ) val loc = #2 (Substring.base (#2 (Substring.position "ab" (Substring.full "abab")))); ( returns 0 ) val loc' = #2 (Substring.base (#2 (Substring.position "ab" (Substring.extract ("abab", loc+1, NONE))))); ( returns 2 *)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#R	R	a <- "m\u00f8\u00f8se" print(nchar(a, type="bytes")) # print 7
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#SAS	SAS	data _null_; a="abracadabra"; b=substr(a,2,3); /* first number is position, starting at 1, second number is length */ put _all_; run;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Slate	Slate	((1 to: 1000) reduce: [\|:x :y \| x + (y squared reciprocal as: Float)]).
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#SQL	SQL	DECLARE @s VARCHAR(10) SET @s = 'alphaBETA' print UPPER(@s) print LOWER(@s)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#SQL_PL	SQL PL	VALUES UPPER('alphaBETA'); VALUES LOWER('alphaBETA'); VALUES initcap('alphaBETA'); -- Within a SQL query. SELECT UPPER('alphaBETA') FROM sysibm.sysdummy1;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Swift	Swift	var str = "Hello, playground" str.hasPrefix("Hell") //True str.hasPrefix("hell") //False str.containsString("llo") //True str.containsString("xxoo") //False str.hasSuffix("playground") //True str.hasSuffix("world") //False
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Tailspin	Tailspin	templates find&{s:} when <'$s;.'> do '$; starts with $s;' ! when <'.$s;'> do '$; ends with $s;' ! when <'.$s;.'> do '$; contains $s;' ! otherwise '$s; cannot be found in $;' ! end find 'abcd' -> find&{s:'ab'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'abcd' -> find&{s:'cd'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'abcd' -> find&{s:'bc'} -> !OUT::write ' ' -> !OUT::write 'abcd' -> find&{s:'e'} -> !OUT::write
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Racket	Racket	(define str "J\u0332o\u0332s\u0332e\u0301\u0332")
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Sather	Sather	class MAIN is main is s ::= "hello world shortest program"; #OUT + s.substring(12, 5) + "\n"; #OUT + s.substring(6) + "\n"; #OUT + s.head( s.size - 1) + "\n"; #OUT + s.substring(s.search('w'), 5) + "\n"; #OUT + s.substring(s.search("ro"), 3) + "\n"; end; end;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Scala	Scala	object Substring { // Ruler 1 2 3 4 5 6 // 012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012 val str = "The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge." val (n, m) = (21, 16) // An one-liner to set n = 21, m = 16 // Starting from n characters in and of m length assert("inspired by love" == str.slice(n, n + m)) // Starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string assert("inspired by love and guided by knowledge." == str.drop(n)) // Whole string minus last character assert("The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge" == str.init) // Starting from a known character within the string and of m length assert("life is one insp" == str.dropWhile(_ != 'l').take(m) ) // Starting from a known substring within the string and of m length assert("good life is one" == { val i = str.indexOf("good"); str.slice(i, i + m) }) // Alternatively assert("good life is one" == str.drop(str.indexOf("good")).take(m)) }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Smalltalk	Smalltalk	( (1 to: 1000) fold: [:sum :aNumber \| sum + (aNumber squared reciprocal) ] ) asFloat displayNl.
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Standard_ML	Standard ML	val strupr = String.map Char.toUpper; val strlwr = String.map Char.toLower;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Stata	Stata	. scalar s="alphaBETA" . di strupper(s) ALPHABETA . di strlower(s) alphabeta
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Tcl	Tcl	set isPrefix [string equal -length [string length $needle] $haystack $needle] set isContained [expr {[string first $needle $haystack] >= 0}] set isSuffix [string equal $needle [string range $haystack end-[expr {[string length $needle]-1}] end]]
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Raku	Raku	say 'møøse'.encode('UTF-8').bytes;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#REBOL	REBOL	;; r2 length? "møøse" ;; r3 length? to-binary "møøse"
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Scheme	Scheme	(define s "Hello, world!") (define n 5) (define m (+ n 6)) (display (substring s n m)) (newline) (display (substring s n)) (newline) (display (substring s 0 (- (string-length s) 1))) (newline) (display (substring s (string-index s #\o) m)) (newline) (display (substring s (string-contains s "lo") m)) (newline)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#SQL	SQL	CREATE TABLE t1 (n REAL); -- this is postgresql specific, fill the table INSERT INTO t1 (SELECT generate_series(1,1000)::REAL); WITH tt AS ( SELECT 1/(n*n) AS recip FROM t1 ) SELECT SUM(recip) FROM tt;
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Swift	Swift	import Foundation println("alphaBETA".uppercaseString) println("alphaBETA".lowercaseString) println("foO BAr".capitalizedString)
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Tcl	Tcl	set string alphaBETA # three built-in case conversion commands string toupper $string ;# ==> ALPHABETA string tolower $string ;# ==> alphabeta string totitle $string ;# ==> Alphabeta # not built-in proc swapcase {s} { foreach char [split $s ""] { if {$char eq [set CHAR [string toupper $char]]} { append new [string tolower $char] } else { append new $CHAR } } return $new } swapcase $string ;# ==> ALPHAbeta # better performance, but English alphabet only proc swapcase_en {s} { string map { a A b B c C d D e E f F g G h H i I j J k K l L m M n N o O p P q Q r R s S t T u U v V w W x X y Y z Z A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z } $s } swapcase Père ;# ==> pÈRE swapcase_en Père ;# ==> pèRE
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#TUSCRIPT	TUSCRIPT	$$ MODE TUSCRIPT ASK "string1", string1="" ASK "string2", string2="" IF (string1.sw.string2) THEN PRINT string1," starts with ",string2 ELSE PRINT string1," not starts with ",string2 ENDIF SET beg=STRING (string1,string2,0,0,0,end) IF (beg!=0) THEN PRINT string1," contains ",string2 PRINT " starting in position ",beg PRINT " ending in position ",end ELSE PRINT string1," not contains ",string2 ENDIF IF (string1.ew.string2) THEN PRINT string1," ends with ",string2 ELSE PRINT string1," not ends with ",string2 ENDIF
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#ReScript	ReScript	Js.String2.length("abcd") == 4
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Substring	Substring	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Display a substring: starting from n characters in and of m length; starting from n characters in, up to the end of the string; whole string minus the last character; starting from a known character within the string and of m length; starting from a known substring within the string and of m length. If the program uses UTF-8 or UTF-16, it must work on any valid Unicode code point, whether in the Basic Multilingual Plane or above it. The program must reference logical characters (code points), not 8-bit code units for UTF-8 or 16-bit code units for UTF-16. Programs for other encodings (such as 8-bit ASCII, or EUC-JP) are not required to handle all Unicode characters. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Sed	Sed	# 2 chars starting from 3rd $ echo string \| sed -r 's/.{3}(.{2})./\1/' in # remove first 3 chars echo string \| sed -r 's/^.{3}//' # delete last char $ echo string \| sed -r 's/.$//' strin # `r' with two following chars $ echo string \| sed -r 's/.(r.{2}).*/\1/' rin
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sum_of_a_series	Sum of a series	Compute the nth term of a series, i.e. the sum of the n first terms of the corresponding sequence. Informally this value, or its limit when n tends to infinity, is also called the sum of the series, thus the title of this task. For this task, use: S n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k 2 {\displaystyle S_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}} and compute S 1000 {\displaystyle S_{1000}} This approximates the zeta function for S=2, whose exact value ζ ( 2 ) = π 2 6 {\displaystyle \zeta (2)={\pi ^{2} \over 6}} is the solution of the Basel problem.	#Stata	Stata	function series(n) { return(sum((n..1):^-2)) } series(1000)-pi()^2/6 -.0009995002
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Toka	Toka	needs ctype [ i 1 - ] is i [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + c@ toupper over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toUpper [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + c@ tolower over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toLower " alphaBETA" string.toUpper type cr " alphaBETA" string.toLower type cr
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_case	String case	Task Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to: upper-case and lower-case Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language. Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable. Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#TorqueScript	TorqueScript	$string = "alphaBETA"; $upperCase = strUpr($string); $lowerCase = strLwr($string);
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#TXR	TXR	(tree-case args ((big small) (cond ((< (length big) (length small)) (put-line `@big is shorter than @small`)) ((str= big small) (put-line `@big and @small are equal`)) ((starts-with small big) (put-line `@small is a prefix of @big`)) ((ends-with small big) (put-line `@small is a suffix of @big`)) (t (iflet ((pos (search-str big small))) (put-line `@small occurs in @big at position @pos`) (put-line `@small does not occur in @big`))))) (otherwise (put-line `usage: @(ldiff full-args args) <bigstring> <smallstring>`)))
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_matching	String matching	Basic Data Operation This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type. You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or: Integer Operations Arithmetic \| Comparison Boolean Operations Bitwise \| Logical String Operations Concatenation \| Interpolation \| Comparison \| Matching Memory Operations Pointers & references \| Addresses Task Given two strings, demonstrate the following three types of string matching: Determining if the first string starts with second string Determining if the first string contains the second string at any location Determining if the first string ends with the second string Optional requirements: Print the location of the match for part 2 Handle multiple occurrences of a string for part 2. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Vala	Vala	void main() { var text = "一二三四五六七八九十"; var starts = "一二"; var ends = "九十"; var contains = "五六"; var not_contain = "百"; stdout.printf(@"text: $text\n\n", ); stdout.printf(@"starts with $starts: $(text.has_prefix(starts))\n"); stdout.printf(@"ends with $ends: $(text.has_suffix(ends))\n"); stdout.printf(@"starts with $starts: $(text.has_suffix(starts))\n"); stdout.printf(@"contains $contains: $(contains in text)\n"); stdout.printf(@"contains $not_contain: $(contains in text)\n"); }
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#Retro	Retro	'møøse s:length n:put
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/String_length	String length	Task Find the character and byte length of a string. This means encodings like UTF-8 need to be handled properly, as there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between bytes and characters. By character, we mean an individual Unicode code point, not a user-visible grapheme containing combining characters. For example, the character length of "møøse" is 5 but the byte length is 7 in UTF-8 and 10 in UTF-16. Non-BMP code points (those between 0x10000 and 0x10FFFF) must also be handled correctly: answers should produce actual character counts in code points, not in code unit counts. Therefore a string like "𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢" (consisting of the 7 Unicode characters U+1D518 U+1D52B U+1D526 U+1D520 U+1D52C U+1D521 U+1D522) is 7 characters long, not 14 UTF-16 code units; and it is 28 bytes long whether encoded in UTF-8 or in UTF-16. Please mark your examples with ===Character Length=== or ===Byte Length===. If your language is capable of providing the string length in graphemes, mark those examples with ===Grapheme Length===. For example, the string "J̲o̲s̲é̲" ("J\x{332}o\x{332}s\x{332}e\x{301}\x{332}") has 4 user-visible graphemes, 9 characters (code points), and 14 bytes when encoded in UTF-8. Other tasks related to string operations: Metrics Array length String length Copy a string Empty string (assignment) Counting Word frequency Letter frequency Jewels and stones I before E except after C Bioinformatics/base count Count occurrences of a substring Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string Remove/replace XXXX redacted Conjugate a Latin verb Remove vowels from a string String interpolation (included) Strip block comments Strip comments from a string Strip a set of characters from a string Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail Strip control codes and extended characters from a string Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling Word wheel ABC problem Sattolo cycle Knuth shuffle Ordered words Superpermutation minimisation Textonyms (using a phone text pad) Anagrams Anagrams/Deranged anagrams Permutations/Derangements Find/Search/Determine ABC words Odd words Word ladder Semordnilap Word search Wordiff (game) String matching Tea cup rim text Alternade words Changeable words State name puzzle String comparison Unique characters Unique characters in each string Extract file extension Levenshtein distance Palindrome detection Common list elements Longest common suffix Longest common prefix Compare a list of strings Longest common substring Find common directory path Words from neighbour ones Change e letters to i in words Non-continuous subsequences Longest common subsequence Longest palindromic substrings Longest increasing subsequence Words containing "the" substring Sum of the digits of n is substring of n Determine if a string is numeric Determine if a string is collapsible Determine if a string is squeezable Determine if a string has all unique characters Determine if a string has all the same characters Longest substrings without repeating characters Find words which contains all the vowels Find words which contains most consonants Find words which contains more than 3 vowels Find words which first and last three letters are equals Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa Formatting Substring Rep-string Word wrap String case Align columns Literals/String Repeat a string Brace expansion Brace expansion using ranges Reverse a string Phrase reversals Comma quibbling Special characters String concatenation Substring/Top and tail Commatizing numbers Reverse words in a string Suffixation of decimal numbers Long literals, with continuations Numerical and alphabetical suffixes Abbreviations, easy Abbreviations, simple Abbreviations, automatic Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases Mad Libs Magic 8-ball 99 Bottles of Beer The Name Game (a song) The Old lady swallowed a fly The Twelve Days of Christmas Tokenize Text between Tokenize a string Word break problem Tokenize a string with escaping Split a character string based on change of character Sequences Show ASCII table De Bruijn sequences Self-referential sequences Generate lower case ASCII alphabet	#REXX	REXX	/REXX program displays the lengths (in bytes/characters) for various strings. / /* 1 / /a handy-dandy over/under scale./ / 123456789012345 / hello = 'Hello, world!' ; say 'the length of HELLO is ' length(hello) happy = 'Hello, world! ☺' ; say 'the length of HAPPY is ' length(happy) jose = 'José' ; say 'the length of JOSE is ' length(jose) nill = '' ; say 'the length of NILL is ' length(nill) null = ; say 'the length of NULL is ' length(null) sum = 5+1 ; say 'the length of SUM is ' length(sum) / [↑] is, of course, 6. / /stick a fork in it, we're done.*/

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