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In short, we want to melt the surface of Mars. | [
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The best way to do that would be to put lasers in orbit, aiming their beams down on Mars. | [
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The most powerful laser today is the Eli NP, able to produce beams of 10 petawatts of power for a trillionth of a second. | [
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To melt Mars, we need a laser twice as powerful that runs continuously. | [
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The easiest way is to use a solar-pumped laser that can be powered directly with sunlight. | [
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At its core are metal-infused glass rods that absorb energy and release it as a laser beam. | [
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If we build an array of mirrors in space about 11 times the size of the United States, we can focus enough sunlight onto them to melt Mars. | [
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Let's do it! | [
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As the lasers hit the surface, about 750 kilograms of oxygen and some carbon dioxide emerge from every cubic meter of rock melted. | [
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If we are efficient, our lasers only need to melt through the top 8 meters of the surface to get enough oxygen. | [
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It would look terrifying. | [
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The skies would be shrouded in storms, while the ground would glow red-hot, criss-crossed by currents of lava. | [
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Tireless laser beams sweep over the landscape, leaving trails too bright to look at. | [
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After they pass, the ground cools quickly. | [
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A strange snow falls, the ashes from all the elements that solidify as they cool down, like silicon and iron. | [
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Mars is still a cold planet at this point. | [
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A happy side effect of this inferno is that all the water in the polar ice caps and even deep underground rises into the sky as hot steam, | [
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They would wash out the nastier gases from the atmosphere, like chlorine, and carry away harmful elements that accumulated on the surface. | [
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In the end, they would form shallow oceans, saltier than on Earth. | [
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We might need to do an extra cleanup afterwards. | [
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It would take about 50 years of continuous lasering to create our oxygen atmosphere. | [
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With enough resources, it should be possible to complete the task within two generations. | [
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Of course, it would be much more convenient to have nitrogen left over from terraforming Venus on the side. | [
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We explained this in detail in another video. | [
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So, about a century after the start of the terraforming process, we have a breathable atmosphere that has the right gases. | [
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If the liberated CO2 isn't enough to warm it up to temperatures we can stand, we just add some super greenhouse gases. | [
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Mars at this point resembles a black marble from all the cooling lava, spotted with growing oceans and red patches where the old surface remains untouched. | [
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It's still a wasteland, no better than a desert on Earth. | [
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We would probably begin by seeding our young oceans with phytoplankton. | [
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Without competition, it would bloom rapidly, filling up the oceans to become the bottom of an aquatic food chain. | [
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They're able to absorb nitrogen and convert it into nitrate compounds to feed plants. | [
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The first plants we want to bring are native to volcanic islands on Earth, since they're perfectly suited to the laser-blasted Martian landscape. | [
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In Mars' lower gravity, trees can become very tall very fast. | [
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Their roots gather the nutrients they need and then dig deeper to turn more rocks into soil, forming a self-sustaining ecosystem. | [
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A big superconducting ring powered by nuclear facilities is all it takes. | [
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