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Let's take a look at three climate arguments against meat that are used a lot and see what happens. | [
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One. Does our diet really play that bigger role in climate change? | [
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Feeding billions of people is impossible without causing emissions. | [
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Even if someday we have zero-carbon tractors, refrigerators and cookers running on renewable energy, and electric trucks to move our food, there are still unavoidable emissions. | [
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Rice emits methane. | [
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We cut down forests to make room for pastures and crops. | [
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And we emit nitrous oxide when we use fertilizers and manure. | [
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Worldwide food production is responsible for about 26% of all human-made greenhouse gas emissions, which is unfortunate since food is not optional. | [
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While 26% doesn't sound that bad, it means that even if we extinguish all other sources of emissions today, the emissions from food alone would still use up our entire carbon budget by 2100. | [
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So no matter how we twist and turn it, food is a real driver of climate change. | [
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Still, emissions from different food items vary a lot. | [
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How do things look when we compare their footprints separately? | [
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Food's climate impact is most often based on life-cycle assessments, an analysis that looks at all the emissions of a product throughout its existence, | [
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In the most detailed meta-analysis of life-cycle assessments to date, beef emissions stand out at the top. | [
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On average, a kilogram of beef emits 71 kilograms of CO2 equivalents. | [
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Lamb is also high at 40 kilograms. | [
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Pork emits 12, and poultry 10 kilograms. | [
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At the bottom, we have lots of plant-based foods. | [
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Potatoes, for example, emit around 150 times less than beef. | [
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The most important aspect of food isn't weight, though, it's nutrient density. | [
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A kilogram of beef would keep you alive much longer than a kilogram of potatoes. | [
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So how does the ranking change if we compare emissions per calorie or protein? | [
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Animal protein is still the most costly for the environment, | [
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and beef and lamb are also outliers in emissions per calorie. | [
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But is this fair? | [
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After all, not all beef is the same. | [
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There are all sorts of ways to rear cattle, from pure grass-fed to factory farming. | [
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The worst beef comes in at 105 kilograms of emissions per 100 grams of protein, the best at only 9. | [
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In contrast, most other foods, especially plant-based, have a much narrower spectrum. | [
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Still, the best beef is worse than the worst plant. | [
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Okay, but this seems promising. | [
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Can we buy the right beef and lower our emissions? | [
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2. Does buying local food actually matter? | [
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Let's stick with beef, since it's such an outlier. | [
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By buying locally, you are trying to avoid emissions from transportation and packaging. | [
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But it turns out these only account for 0.5 to 2% of beef's total emissions. | [
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Actually, transport and packaging combined are only about 11% of all food emissions. | [
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Nearly all food transport emissions are produced over the last few miles, the regional travel on the road supplying the markets and shops in your area. | [
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International food transport happens mostly on freight ships, which are insanely efficient. | [
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For example, shipping 1 kilogram of avocados from South America to Europe generates about 0.3 kilograms of CO2 equivalents in transport emissions and around 2.5 kilograms overall, | [
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while 1 kilogram of beef from your local butcher will come in at 18 kilograms in CO2 equivalents at least. | [
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So even when shipped great distances, emissions from almost all plant-based foods cause lower emissions than locally produced animal products. | [
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Okay, so if transport doesn't play a big role, what causes the vast amounts of emissions from beef then? | [
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By far the largest share of beef emissions consists of methane released directly by the animals. | [
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While CO2 hangs around for centuries, methane only stays in the atmosphere for decades. | [
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But in these short periods it is very powerful. | [
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Still, all cows burp and fart to similar degrees. | [
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It makes a difference if the beef comes from a dairy herd or one dedicated to beef production. | [
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44% of the world's beef comes from dairy cows, sharing its footprint with dairy products. | [
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Dairy cows tend to get higher quality feed, which makes them grow faster and emit less methane. | [
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The worst factor by far is the destruction of forests for farmland. | [
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Not only does this release the CO2 that was bound in the flora, it sets free carbon that was stored in the soil and destroys its ability to store it in the future. | [
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The worst emitters are farms burning down rainforest for farmland, especially in Brazil. | [
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There is a sinister truth hidden here. | [
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The more animals suffer, the better they are in terms of climate change because they are way more efficient. | [
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They use less land and their food is brought right to them, and so they grow faster and don't expend energy on things like walking. | [
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Cattle in a factory farm that never get to roam pastures can sometimes be less destructive for the climate than cattle grazing peacefully on a formerly lush piece of rainforest. | [
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By grazing on pastures, they can turn things we can't digest into food. | [
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About half of the world's ice and desert-free land is used for agriculture, an area the size of the entire Americas plus China. | [
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While the idea of cows turning useless grass into steak is nice, it is part of a marketing lie. | [
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The only way to sustain our high demand for meat is by growing crops and feeding them to our cattle. | [
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41% is fed to animals. | [
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A beef-free diet would free up around 2 billion hectares. | [
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A vegan diet would free up around 3 billion hectares of land. | [
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We could use this land to grow forests or restore wild grasslands. | [
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If we spared 3 billion hectares of land, it could remove about 8 billion tons of CO2 from the air per year. | [
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That means we could save 16% of emissions by eating a vegan diet. | [
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Okay, to summarize, food is a huge driver of emissions. | [
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Meat, but especially beef, is the worst food in terms of emissions. | [
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Buying locally does not have a big impact on food emissions compared to the type of food you're consuming. | [
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When it comes to beef, cattle that are grass-fed can sometimes even be counterproductive because they just need much more land. | [
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Even if you find the most environmentally friendly beef in the world, your burger still comes with a significantly higher carbon footprint than a veggie patty. | [
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You can decide for yourself what you want to do with this information. | [
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