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we can expect way more fossils and artifacts to be detectable, maybe for a few million years before they vanish. | [
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So we can say with confidence that no such indigenous alien civilization existed in the last few million years, | [
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because otherwise we would have found something that they left. | [
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This still leaves a window of hundreds of millions of years, back to the emergence of complex life where we wouldn't be able to tell. | [
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If there were alien pre-industrial societies and empires on the level of the ancient Romans or Chinese, they would have likely disappeared without a trace. | [
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Their tools, even advanced metals, would have rotted away. | [
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A single event like an asteroid, an epidemic, or an ice age could just have deleted their civilization, ground up their temples, as their soft bodies rotted away. | [
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After a few million years at best, their achievements would have dissolved into nothing. | [
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Our impact on the planet is orders of magnitude greater than that of our ancestors. | [
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Like the structures of our ancestors, skyscrapers and streets and hard drives will basically crumble into nothingness in a few millennia. | [
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it still might be easy to miss it in the geological record. | [
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In any case, all of this is speculation. | [
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The continuation of our civilization is not guaranteed, and if we're not careful, we may disappear forever. | [
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It's frustrating to know there are so many things in our past we can't access. | [
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At least you can avoid that annoying feeling when it comes to other stuff you're interested in, like your favorite TV shows or movies. | [
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You can make this possible by going to nordvpn.com/kurzgesagt. | [
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NordVPN's service lets you change your virtual location by choosing from over 5,200 fast servers in 60 countries all over the world, | [
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and access regionally blocked content or games that may not be available in your country. | [
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Secure your internet traffic with top-tier NordVPN encryption, no matter if you're using a computer, tablet or smartphone. | [
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If you want to make the rest of your digital life airtight as well, NordVPN also offers the secure password manager NordPass and encrypted cloud storage NordLocker. | [
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To explore all the games and shows you can get your hands on, go to nordvpn.com/kurzgesagt for an exclusive deal for our viewers. | [
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It's risk-free with NordVPN's 30-day money-back guarantee. | [
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Vaccines are celebrated for their part in fighting disease. | [
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But a growing group of people seem to believe that they endanger our health instead of protecting it. | [
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And it's true, vaccines can have side effects. | [
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You know the weapon, antibodies. | [
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Contrary to popular wisdom, what doesn't kill you doesn't make you stronger. | [
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Our bodies really don't want to fight serious wars over and over, so our immune system came up with an ingenious way to get stronger and stronger over time. | [
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If we fight an enemy that is dangerous enough to trigger our heavy weapons, our immune system automatically creates memory cells. | [
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And this beautiful natural mechanism is what we build on when we use vaccines. | [
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As great as memory cells are, obtaining them through an infection is unpleasant and sometimes dangerous. | [
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Live vaccines are the real deal. | [
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An enemy that can punch back is a bigger challenge than a dead one. | [
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To avoid that, we breed a sort of weak cousin of the real germ in the lab. | [
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Okay, so these are the basic principles of vaccine use. | [
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They provoke a natural reaction in our bodies that makes us become immune against very dangerous diseases. | [
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Some, like the flu virus, mutate so often that we need a new vaccine every year. | [
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But there's a catch. | [
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Like everything in life, vaccines have another side. | [
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It's complicated to directly compare the side effects of vaccines with the effects of diseases. | [
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So with numbers that different, even mild side effects can seem scary compared to the bad effects of a disease that we don't see as much anymore. | [
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Before the measles vaccine became available in 1963, virtually every single child on Earth contracted measles at some point. | [
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