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Problem 3, rockets go brrrr.
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Rocket engineering has taken huge steps since the Apollo era.
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We've made them relatively safe.
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We've mostly replaced the toxic explosive cancer fuels of the past decade with much saner mixes of liquid oxygen and hydrogen or kerosene.
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The newest designs even land themselves so that they can be reused.
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And yet, out of the 146 launches in 2021, there were 11 failures,
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Each failure would be at least equivalent to a miniature nobble, but instead of being contained under a slab of concrete, spread throughout the atmosphere.
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Radioactive particles could make their way to faraway places by riding on the winds.
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Most would fall into the ocean, but some would land on the inhabited parts of the world.
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They could cover farmlands and get concentrated into our food or enter our water supply, which is, well, bad.
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Imagine regular large-scale nuclear disasters happening.
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People wouldn't be happy.
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Nuclear waste is scary, but the fear of it and horrible ideas like shooting it into space reveals how bad we are at understanding risk,
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because the largest amounts of radioactive elements like uranium and radon are actually released by coal.
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Burning millions of tons of coal each year leaves ash as a waste product that includes about 36,000 tons of radioactive materials.
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Some of this ash is caught by filters, but most is simply pushed back into leaky mines, shoved into piles exposed to the wind,
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Living within 1.6 kilometers of an ash pile increases your cancer risk up to 2,000 times over the acceptable limit.
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And this is on top of other toxic chemicals like heavy metals and, of course, their massive CO2 emissions.
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And yet, while nuclear energy is flawed and its current form may only be a transitory technology, nuclear power plants are a harder sell than coal.
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Nuclear waste and the lack of willingness to deal with it are a real issue.
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It's not insurmountable, though.
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There are good methods to handle it, like burying it deep underground or reprocessing some of it into new fuel.
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But however we ultimately deal with this issue, we hope one thing is clear.
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Shooting nuclear waste into space is one of the worst ideas ever.
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Researching this crazy thing, conducting all of these important tests, and of course, creating this video, took us around 2,000 hours, which is insane for a YouTube video.
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And we couldn't do it without you.
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If you like what you just saw, you can continue your science journey with one of our products.
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They're true pieces of Kurzgesagt you can take home and touch.
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And they're the best way to support this channel, like our limited edition human earache calendar that will bring you a whole year of joy.
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Learn more about the world with our carefully researched infographic posters,
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get our habit and gratitude journals to improve your life with science, or update your wardrobe with our new hoodie additions.
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If your room is in need of a literal glow-up, get one of these posters.
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We've also got notebooks, plushies, mugs, and more.
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And if you sign up to our newsletter, we'll keep you up to date on everything happening in the Kurzgesagt universe.
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Thank you so, so much for your support.
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We are prisoners on Earth.
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The universe taunts us by showing us all the places we can't ever visit.
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However, if our species wants to have a long-term future, we have to escape our prison.
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But what's keeping us here in the first place?
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Everything with mass in the universe attracts every other thing with mass.
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We call this phenomenon gravity.
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The closer you are to a big chunk of mass, the stronger the attraction or the more you're pulled in.
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This effect traps us on Earth.
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We can imagine this as being prisoners in a gravity prison or a gravity well.
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It's not a literal well, but a handy concept to understand how this works.
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Being in a gravity prison means that you owe gravity energy.
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But how can you owe energy?
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Because in our universe, things don't want to change their speed or direction.
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To convince them to move, you have to expend energy.
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Billions of years ago, the gravitational attraction of trillions of trillions of dust particles orbiting our sun pulled them together until they formed a planet.
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This process used energy and created the gravity well we're now a part of.
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The deeper you are inside a gravity well, the more energy you owe gravity.
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If you don't find a way to get enough energy, you're not able to leave, no matter what you do.
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Because your atoms were once part of the dust that the universe expended energy on to get to this place.
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Okay, hmm, let's summarize all of that again.
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Objects in the universe don't like to move.
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You have to convince them to do so with energy.
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Gravity used energy to convince the parts that make up our planet to move together.
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This created a gravity prison in the process, trapping us.
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To escape it, we need to repay it with energy.
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Okay, how do we do that?
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To get into space, we need to go through a complicated process of exchanging energy.
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For this purpose, we build negative potential energy repaying machines, known by their more boring name, rockets.
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Rockets work by using some of the most energetic chemical reactions humans know about to basically explode fuel in a controlled way.
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This converts chemical energy into kinetic energy.
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The exhaust of the reaction is directed outwards and pushes the rocket away from Earth.
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By expending a lot of energy, we are increasing our gravitational potential energy, which is a complicated way to say that we're paying back our energy debt to gravity.
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But it's actually a lot trickier than that.
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When you burn fuel to get into orbit, you lose lots of energy to heat, the exhaust, and atmospheric drag, so you actually need much more.
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And you can't just pile a huge amount of really explosive, dangerous fuel close to your payload and detonate it.
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You need a controlled burn, which is complicated and makes your rocket very heavy, which means it has more mass.
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The more mass something has, the more energy you need to convince it to move.
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So you need more fuel to lift up your rocket.
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But if you need more fuel, that means you need more rocket to carry that fuel.
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But this makes your rocket heavier, thus requiring more fuel, which requires more rocket to carry that new fuel, and so on.
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At the end of this madness, you need closer to a hundred times the weight of your payload to launch.
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Ariane 6, for example, the European rocket, will weigh 800 tons and should be able to transport 10 tons into geostationary transfer orbit or 20 tons into medium Earth orbit.
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But a rocket can only produce so much thrust, so there's a maximum weight after which it just won't take off.
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If you add too much weight, it won't lift off, so you can't just build bigger and bigger fuel tanks.
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This is the tyranny of the rocket equation, and it means spaceflight will never become easy.
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But wait, it gets worse.
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Getting to space is still not good enough.
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You're still inside the gravity prison at the edge of space and will crash back to Earth.
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Staying in space is much harder than getting there.
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To get to a stable position where it can stay for a while, a rocket has to reach low Earth orbit.
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To do this, you need a lot of kinetic energy, which means going extremely fast.
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At an altitude of about 100 kilometers, this is 8 kilometers per second, 28,000 kilometers per hour.
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Here, we can use a trick.
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Instead of flying straight up, we can go sideways.
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Earth is a sphere, so if you're going sideways fast enough, even though you're falling towards Earth, the ground will curve away beneath you.
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So as long as you're above the atmosphere, about 100 kilometers up, you'll be able to stay up there in orbit.
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This is what the ISS does, falling around Earth, expending energy from time to time to stay fast enough.
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If we look at orbits in scale, we see that near-Earth orbit is laughably close to Earth.
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To deploy, for example, satellites or leave for other planets requires another round of energy debt repayment.
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Getting to orbit is the most difficult part of spaceflight for us right now.
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For example, if we want to send a rocket to Mars, half the energy is necessary just to get into orbit, and the other half for the 55 million kilometers to Mars.
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Therefore, to be as effective as possible, rockets aren't built in one giant piece.
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Instead, we use multistage rockets.
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You don't need to carry an empty fuel tank, so rockets drop it.
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Rockets today shed their boosters and main stage as they ascend, with each successive stage being its own fully contained rocket, complete with its own engine and fuel.
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