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What those new laws of physics would look like or what that means for us, nobody knows. | [
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This is a little frightening, but also kind of exciting. | [
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Two, information is hidden. | [
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The information would be transferred into this new, weird place where we could never observe or interact with it, but technically it would not be lost. | [
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It's like having a broken hard drive with all your family photos that you could never access. | [
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Sure, it's nice that they've not been deleted, but also not very helpful. | [
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Or maybe black holes don't disappear completely after the end of their life cycles, but a little piece is left. | [
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But there's a third option. | [
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Information is safe after all, not lost or hidden. | [
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Perhaps we've just been looking at this whole thing the wrong way. | [
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We know that black holes trap information and might delete it later, but we never thought about what they do with it in the meantime. | [
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Where do black holes store their information? | [
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Let's create a black hole with dirty laundry. | [
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First, we fill up a room with laundry baskets. | [
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The more laundry you want to store, the more baskets you put in the room. | [
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But at some point, every single basket is full and the room is completely stacked. | [
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Not a single extra sock fits in. | [
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The room is at maximum capacity. | [
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But the capacity of the room itself has not changed. | [
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Fitting in more stuff for information is still impossible. | [
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So what happens if we throw more laundry into it? | [
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It turns out a black hole grows its surface by a tiny pixel for each bit of information we throw into it. | [
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Even the smallest black hole can store more information on its surface than all the data ever produced in human history. | [
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Black holes are the ultimate hard drive. | [
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Black holes swallowing stars and planets is a bit like transferring a whole library onto an e-reader. | [
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This solution is called the holographic principle. | [
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But if it's correct, then everything we thought we knew about the universe is wrong. | [
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The universe is a hologram. | [
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So, information is not lost when black holes fade away and we do not need to redo physics. | [
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The information paradox is resolved. | [
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But we still have to change our understanding of reality in a fundamental way. | [
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A hologram is like a 3D photo, a flat piece of plastic that encodes a three-dimensional image. | [
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A black hole is like a hologram because everything inside it is encoded on its event horizon. | [
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The consequence of this is counterintuitive, but stay with us for a moment. | [
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We'll talk about this more in another video. | [
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Regardless of what the true nature of the universe really is, we just know that it's strange and complicated, and we have to do a lot more physics to understand it. | [
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This video was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and realized with the scientific advice of Alessandro Sfondrini. | [
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Cancer is a creepy and mysterious thing. | [
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In the process of trying to understand it, to get better at killing it, we discovered a biological paradox that remains unsolved to this day. | [
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Large animals seem to be immune to cancer, which doesn't make any sense. | [
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The bigger a being, the more cancer it should have. | [
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To understand why, we first need to take a look at the nature of cancer itself. | [
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Our cells are protein robots made out of hundreds of millions of parts. | [
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Most of them are slain by the immune system very quickly. | [
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Even weirder, blue whales with about 3,000 times more cells than humans don't seem to get cancer at all, really. | [
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This is Pitot's paradox. | [
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Scientists think there are two main ways of explaining the paradox. | [
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As multicellular beings developed 600 million years ago, animals became bigger and bigger, | [
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So the collective had to invest in better and better cancer defenses. | [
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But cancer doesn't just happen, it's a process that involves many individual mistakes and mutations in several specific genes within the same cell. | [
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These genes are called proto-oncogenes, and when they mutate, it's bad news. | [
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Another mutation, and it will develop the ability to hide. | [
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Another, and it will send out calls for resources. | [
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Another one, and it will multiply quickly. | [
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These oncogenes have an antagonist though. | [
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They prevent these critical mutations from happening, or order the cell to kill itself if they decide it's beyond repair. | [
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It turns out that large animals have an increased number of them. | [
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Because of this, elephant cells require more mutations than mice cells to develop a tumor. | [
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They are not immune, but more resilient. | [
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