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One could argue that this doesn't say much.
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But other research has shown that we have a sort of lowest common denominator when it comes to beauty.
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In different experiments, people were asked to distinguish real from fake abstract paintings.
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Some were originals by Mondrian and Pollock that were painted based on strict rules like fractal patterns, while the imitations were not.
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The majority picked out the original artworks.
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This worked with paintings from both artists, even though their styles are very different.
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Another experiment also used abstract artworks, but asked people to pick them out among similar paintings made either by children or animals.
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Again, the test subject pointed out the legit paintings whose patterns were carefully planned and not random.
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So while we have a hard time pinning down what beauty is or what it's based on, we somehow recognize it when we see it.
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Humans don't navigate nature trying to survive day by day anymore.
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We left the natural world behind and created our own.
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We made the objects that surround us, the things we wear and use and look at.
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As we spread over the planet and our numbers grew, we shaped a completely man-made environment.
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In the process of doing so, we often neglected beauty in favor of functionality, cost and efficiency.
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We built rows and rows of concrete housing blocks that nobody wants to live in.
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We have ugly underground subway stations, shabby public service buildings and sprawling malls.
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Humans don't like monotony.
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Eye-tracking software has shown that people keep focusing on details and ornaments of architecture while brushing quickly over buildings.
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Experiments with skin sensors showed that looking at vast dull facades makes us feel bored and uncomfortable.
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This kind of boredom has been linked to raised heart rates and stress levels.
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And the opposite seems to be true too.
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Over the last decades, more and more studies have found that surroundings that are actually aesthetically pleasing to us can improve our well-being, our behavior, cognitive function and mood.
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Our bodies and brains react measurably and visibly to everything that surrounds us.
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Beauty in particular has such a strong impact on our well-being that making useful things beautiful can actually make them better.
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In 2017, a hospital examined recovery factors through observation and interviews with patients.
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Another study looked at how well patients recovered in a hospital that had two wards.
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To the researchers' surprise, the patients that stayed in the new renovated environment needed less pain medication
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More beautiful surroundings made them feel better physically.
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Beauty also has an effect on us on a daily basis.
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It can improve our general happiness.
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A study that looked at the main factors influencing the happiness of adults revealed an unexpected result.
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Besides things like good health and a harmonious family life, individual happiness is affected by how beautiful you find the city you live in.
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Beauty scored even higher than cleanliness or safety.
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So, what can we learn from all of this?
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We know that we humans have been fine-tuned for millions of years to process visual input and assess our surroundings.
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It's just what we're programmed to do.
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And we're starting to learn more about how much beauty as a property is really influencing us.
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Beauty meets an inherent need for meaningful information.
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Maybe it would be worth giving it more space in this man-made world we have created.
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This video was a collaboration with the creative agencies Sagmeister and Walsh as a contribution to their upcoming beauty exhibition.
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The exhibition will be shown at the MAK Vienna from October 23rd, 2018 until March 31st, 2019 and the MAK Frankfurt from May 1st until September 30th, 2019.
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Black holes are the most powerful things in the universe, strong enough to rip whole stars into atom-sized pieces.
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While this is scary enough, they have an even more powerful and dark property.
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They might delete the universe itself.
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A black hole appears when an extraordinary amount of matter is concentrated in a tiny space.
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At their center, gravity is almost infinitely strong, and whatever gets too close is ripped into its elementary particles.
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Not even light can escape black holes, and so we perceive them as spheres of blackness.
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If you were to fall into a black hole, nothing bad would happen until well after you crossed its outer border, the event horizon.
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You can imagine this as swimming in a river that ends in an enormous waterfall.
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As you float along, imperceptibly, the stream gets faster and faster, even if you can't see the waterfall yet.
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You could swim to safety, until without even noticing it, you cross the point of no return.
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No matter how fast you try to swim now, the stream will pull you towards sudden death.
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Nothing can escape a black hole waterfall once it gets too close.
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This border completely separates black holes from the rest of the universe.
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We can't access them unless we're willing to never return.
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So there's no way of telling what's really going on inside black holes, but we have a few ideas about what's going on right at their very edges.
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Black holes radiate their mass away, like a hot pot on a stove losing its water as steam.
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This is called Hawking radiation.
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Black holes constantly lose an extremely tiny amount of their mass, a process that's unbelievably slow.
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It will take a black hole with the mass of our sun 10,000 billion billion billion billion billion billion years to lose 0.00000001% of its mass.
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This is happening constantly and unstoppably, and as it goes on, it speeds up more and more.
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In the far far future, when the last star in the universe has been dead for trillions of years,
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black holes will become tinier and tinier until they evaporate and disappear, leaving behind just a bit of radiation.
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But this is a problem, because in the process of disappearing, black holes might delete something fundamental, information.
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2. What is information?
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Information is nothing tangible.
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It's typically understood as a property of the arrangement of particles.
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What does this mean?
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Imagine a bunch of carbon atoms.
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Arrange them in a certain way and you get coal.
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Arrange them in a different way and you get a diamond.
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The atoms are the same.
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What changes is the information.
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If we make this more complex and add in a few more atoms, we get a banana.
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Change the arrangement of the atoms and we get a squirrel.
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The basic building blocks of everything in the universe are the same and don't care if they're part of a bird or a rock or a cup of coffee.
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Without information, everything in the universe would be the same.
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According to the theory of quantum mechanics, information is indestructible.
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It might change shape, but it can never be lost.
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For example, if you burn a piece of paper, you get ash.
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That ash will never become paper again.
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and measured the exact properties of the smoke and heat radiating from the fire, you could, in theory, reconstruct the paper.
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The information of the paper is still in the universe.
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It's not lost.
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It's just hard to read.
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If you could somehow measure every single atom and particle and wave of radiation in the universe, you could see and track every bit of information there is.
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Hypothetically, you could see the entire history of the universe right back to the Big Bang.
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And here, black holes trip us up.
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Information tells us how things are different from each other and what used to be what.
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Black holes do the opposite.
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They take different things and make them the same.
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They destroy information.
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This creates the information paradox and this is a serious problem.
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It's fundamental for all our laws of physics that information can never be lost.
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Existing, not existing, without information, everything is relative.
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When it comes to our understanding of reality, we need absolutes.
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How could we solve this paradox?
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There are a few possibilities.
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One, information is lost.
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This means we have to nix all our laws of physics, throwing out a lot of stuff that's worked very well so far and start from scratch.
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