polygraf-ai/ACL-abstracts · Datasets at Hugging Face

inproceedings

fleming-cohen-2000-mixed

Mixed-initiative translation of Web pages

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.3/

Fleming, Michael and Cohen, Robin

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

25--29

A mixed-initiative system is one which allows more interactivity between the system and user, as the system is reasoning. We present some observations on the task of translating Web pages for users and suggest that a more interactive approach to this problem may be desirable. The aim is to interact with the user who is requesting the translation and the challenge is to determine the circumstances under which the user should be able to take the initiative to direct the processing or the system should be able to take the initiative to solicit further input from the user. In fact, we envision a need to support interactive translation of Web pages as the World Wide Web becomes more accessible to people with varying needs and abilities throughout the world.

null

96,223

inproceedings

ribeiro-etal-2000-self

A self-learning method of parallel texts alignment

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.4/

Ribeiro, Ant{\'o}nio and Lopes, Gabriel and Mexia, Jo{\~a}o

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

30--39

This paper describes a language independent method for alignment of parallel texts that re-uses acquired knowledge. The system extracts word translation equivalents and re-uses them as correspondence points in order to enhance the alignment of parallel texts. Points that may cause misalignment are filtered using confidence bands of linear regression analysis instead of heuristics, which are not theoretically reliable. Homographs bootstrap the alignment process so as to build the primary word translation lexicon. At each step, the previously acquired lexicon is re-used so as to repeatedly make finer-grained alignments and produce more reliable translation lexicons.

null

96,224

inproceedings

han-etal-2000-handling

Handling structural divergences and recovering dropped arguments in a {K}orean/{E}nglish machine translation system

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.5/

Han, Chung-hye and Lavoie, Benoit and Palmer, Martha and Rambow, Owen and Kittredge, Richard and Korelsky, Tanya and Kim, Nari and Kim, Myunghee

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

40--53

This paper describes an approach for handling structural divergences and recovering dropped arguments in an implemented Korean to English machine translation system. The approach relies on canonical predicate-argument structures (or dependency structures), which provide a suitable pivot representation for the handling of structural divergences and the recovery of dropped arguments. It can also be converted to and from the interface representations of many off-the-shelf parsers and generators.

null

96,225

inproceedings

zhao-etal-2000-machine

A machine translation system from {E}nglish to {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.6/

Zhao, Liwei and Kipper, Karin and Schuler, William and Vogler, Christian and Badler, Norman and Palmer, Martha

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

54--67

Research in computational linguistics, computer graphics and autonomous agents has led to the development of increasingly sophisticated communicative agents over the past few years, bringing new perspective to machine translation research. The engineering of language- based smooth, expressive, natural-looking human gestures can give us useful insights into the design principles that have evolved in natural communication between people. In this paper we prototype a machine translation system from English to American Sign Language (ASL), taking into account not only linguistic but also visual and spatial information associated with ASL signs.

null

96,226

inproceedings

habash-2000-oxygen

Oxygen: a language independent linearization engine

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.7/

Habash, Nizar

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

68--79

This paper describes a language independent linearization engine, oxyGen. This system compiles target language grammars into programs that take feature graphs as inputs and generate word lattices that can be passed along to the statistical extraction module of the generation system Nitrogen. The grammars are written using a flexible and powerful language, oxyL, that has the power of a programming language but focuses on natural language realization. This engine has been used successfully in creating an English linearization program that is currently employed as part of a Chinese-English machine translation system.

null

96,227

inproceedings

budzikowa-2000-information

Information structure transfer: bridging the information gap in structurally different languages

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.8/

Budzikowa, Margo

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

80--88

This paper presents the implementation part of my doctoral research at the University of Cambridge. It provides a description of the Information Structure Transfer (IST), a machine translation prototype designed within the framework of the Spoken Language Translator (SLT by SRI, Cambridge/Palo Alto) and based on the Core Language Engine ([1]). The IST includes two discourse-processing modules: the pre-transfer Information Structure Activator (ISA) and the post-transfer Information Structure Generator (ISG). The IST prototype calculates and processes vital features of information structure explored in context of structural differences between positional and nonpositional languages. It offers algorithmic solutions and an implementation framework for local discourse processing in machine translation. Under scrutiny is a web of interrelated factors such as pronominalization, anaphora resolution, zero anaphors, definiteness and constituent order.

null

96,228

inproceedings

bernth-mccord-2000-effect

The effect of source analysis on translation confidence

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.9/

Bernth, Arendse and McCord, Michael C.

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

89--99

Translations produced by an MT system can automatically be assigned a number that reflects the MT system`s confidence in their quality. We describe the design of such a confidence index, with focus on the contribution of source analysis, which plays a crucial role in many MT systems, including ours. Various problematic areas of source analysis are identified, and their impact on the overall confidence index is given. We will describe two methods of training the confidence index, one by hand-tuning of the heuristics, the other by linear regression analysis.

null

96,229

inproceedings

white-2000-contemplating

Contemplating automatic {MT} evaluation

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.10/

White, John S.

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

100--108

Researchers, developers, translators and information consumers all share the problem that there is no accepted standard for machine translation. The problem is much further confounded by the fact that MT evaluations properly done require a considerable commitment of time and resources, an anachronism in this day of cross-lingual information processing when new MT systems may developed in weeks instead of years. This paper surveys the needs addressed by several of the classic {\textquotedblleft}types{\textquotedblright} of MT, and speculates on ways that each of these types might be automated to create relevant, near-instantaneous evaluation of approaches and systems.

null

96,230

inproceedings

vanni-reeder-2000-look

How are you doing? A look at {MT} evaluation

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.11/

Vanni, Michelle and Reeder, Florence

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

109--116

Machine Translation evaluation has been more magic and opinion than science. The history of MT evaluation is long and checkered - the search for objective, measurable, resource-reduced methods of evaluation continues. A recent trend towards task-based evaluation inspires the question - can we use methods of evaluation of language competence in language learners and apply them reasonably to MT evaluation? This paper is the first in a series of steps to look at this question. In this paper, we will present the theoretical framework for our ideas, the notions we ultimately aim towards and some very preliminary results of a small experiment along these lines.

null

96,231

inproceedings

casillas-etal-2000-recycling

Recycling annotated parallel corpora for bilingual document composition

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.12/

Casillas, Arantza and Abaitua, Joseba and Mart{\'i}nez, Raquel

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

117--126

Parallel corpora enriched with descriptive annotations facilitate multilingual authoring development. Departing from an annotated bitext we show how SGML markup can be recycled to produce complementary language resources. On the one hand, several translation memory databases together with glossaries of proper nouns have been produced. On the other, DTDs for source and target documents have been derived and put into correspondence. This paper discusses how these resources have been automatically generated and applied to an interactive bilingual authoring system. This tool is capable of handling a substantial proportion of text both in the composition and translation of structured documents.

null

96,232

inproceedings

carl-2000-combining

Combining invertible example-based machine translation with translation memory technology

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.13/

Carl, Michael

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

127--136

This paper presents an approach to extract invertible trans- lation examples from pre-aligned reference translations. The set of in- vertible translation examples is used in the Example-Based Machine Translation (EBMT) system EDGAR for translation. Invertible bilin- gual grammars eliminate translation ambiguities such that each source language parse tree maps into only one target language string. The trans- lation results of EDGAR are compared and combined with those of a translation memory (TM). It is shown that i) best translation results are achieved for the EBMT system when using a bilingual lexicon to sup- port the alignment process ii) TMs and EBMT-systems can be linked in a dynamical sequential manner and iii) the combined translation of TMs and EBMT is in any case better than each of the single system.

null

96,233

inproceedings

macklovitch-russell-2000-whats

What`s been forgotten in translation memory

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.14/

Macklovitch, Elliott and Russell, Graham

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

137--146

Although undeniably useful for the translation of certain types of repetitive document, current translation memory technology is limited by the rudimentary techniques employed for approximate matching. Such systems, moreover, incorporate no real notion of a document, since the databases that underlie them are essentially composed of isolated sentence strings. As a result, current TM products can only exploit a small portion of the knowledge residing in translators' past production. This paper examines some of the changes that will have to be implemented if the technology is to be made more widely applicable.

null

96,234

inproceedings

gawronska-duczak-2000-understanding

Understanding politics by studying weather: a cognitive approach to representation of {P}olish verbs of motion, appearance, and existence

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.15/

Gawronska, Barbara and Duczak, Hannah

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

147--157

The paper deals with the question whether representations of verb semantics formulated on the basis of a lexically and syntactically restricted domain (weather forecasts) can apply to other, less restricted textual domains. An analysis of a group of Polish polysemous verbs of motion, existence and appearance inspired by cognitive semantics, especially the metaphor theory, is presented, and the usefulness of the conceptual representations of the Polish motion/appearance/existence verbs for automatic translation of texts belonging to less restricted domains is evaluated and discussed.

null

96,235

inproceedings

danielsson-muhlenbock-2000-small

Small but efficient: the misconception of high-frequency words in {S}candinavian translation

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.16/

Danielsson, Pernilla and M{\"uhlenbock, Katarina

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

158--168

Machine translation has proved itself to be easier between languages that are closely related, such as German and English, while far apart languages, such as Chinese and English, encounter much more problems. The present study focuses upon Swedish and Norwegian; two languages so closely related that they would be referred to as dialects if it were not for the fact that they had a Royal house and an army connected to each of them. Despite their similarity though, some differences make the translation phase much less straight-forward than what could be expected. Taking the outset in sentence aligned parallel texts, this study aims at highlighting some of the differences, and to formalise the results. In order to do so, the texts have been aligned on smaller units, by a simple cognate alignment method. Not at all surprising, the longer words were easier to align, while shorter and often high-frequent words became a problem. Also when trying to align to a specific word sense in a dictionary, content words rendered better results. Therefore, we abandoned the use of single-word units, and searched for multi-word units whenever possible. This study reinforces the view that Machine Translation should rest upon methods based on multiword unit searches.

null

96,236

inproceedings

cavalli-sforza-etal-2000-challenges

Challenges in adapting an interlingua for bidirectional {E}nglish-{I}talian translation

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.17/

Cavalli-Sforza, Violetta and Czuba, Krzysztof and Mitamura, Teruko and Nyberg, Eric

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

169--178

We describe our experience in adapting an existing high- quality, interlingual, unidirectional machine translation system to a new domain and bidirectional translation for a new language pair (English and Italian). We focus on the interlingua design changes which were necessary to achieve high quality output in view of the language mismatches between English and Italian. The representation we propose contains features that are interpreted differently, depending on the translation direction. This decision simplified the process of creating the interlingua for individual sentences, and allows the system to defer mapping of language-specific features (such as tense and aspect), which are realized when the target syntactic feature structure is created. We also describe a set of problems we encountered in translating modal verbs, and discuss the representation of modality in our interlingua.

null

96,237

inproceedings

helmreich-farwell-2000-text

Text meaning representation as a basis for representation of text interpretation

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-papers.18/

Helmreich, Stephen and Farwell, David

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers

179--188

In this paper we propose a representation for what we have called an interpretation of a text. We base this representation on TMR (Text Meaning Representation), an interlingual representation developed for Machine Translation purposes. A TMR consists of a complex feature-value structure, with the feature names and filler values drawn from an ontology, in this case, ONTOS, developed concurrently with TMR. We suggest on the basis of previous work, that a representation of an interpretation of a text must build on a TMR structure for the text in several ways: (1) by the inclusion of additional required features and feature values (which may themselves be complex feature structures); (2) by pragmatically filling in empty slots in the TMR structure itself; and (3) by supporting the connections between feature values by including, as part of the TMR itself, the chains of inferencing that link various parts of the structure.

null

96,238

inproceedings

chalabi-2000-mt

{MT}-based transparent Arabization of the {I}nternet {TARJIM}.{COM}

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-systems.1/

Chalabi, Achraf

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions

189--191

As is known, the majority of the actual textual content on the Internet is in English language. This represents an obstacle to those non-English speaking users willing to access the Internet. The idea behind this MT-based application is to allow any Arabic user to search and navigate through the Internet using Arabic language without the need to have prior knowledge of English language. The infrastructure of TARJIM.COM relies on 3 basic core components : 1- The Bi-directional English-Arabic Machine translation Engine, 2- The intelligent Web page layout preserving component and 3-The Search Engine query interceptor.

null

96,239

inproceedings

nyberg-mitamura-2000-kantoo

The {KANTOO} machine translation environment

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-systems.2/

Nyberg, Eric and Mitamura, Teruko

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions

192--195

In this paper we describe the KANTOO machine translation environment, a set of software services and tools for multilingual document production. KANTOO includes modules for source language analysis, target language generation, source terminology management, target terminology management, and knowledge source development. The KANTOOsystem represents a complete re-design and re-implementation of the KANT machine translation system.

null

96,240

inproceedings

weisgerber-etal-2000-pacific

Pacific Rim portable translator

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-systems.3/

Weisgerber, John and Yang, Jin and Fisher, Pete

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions

196--201

ARL`s FALCon system has proven its integrated OCR and MT technology to be a valuable asset to soldiers in the field in both Bosnia and Haiti. Now it is being extended to include six more SYSTRAN language pairs in response to the military`s need for automatic translation capabilities as they pursue US national objectives in East Asia. The Pacific Rim Portable Translator will provide robust automatic translation bidirectionally for English, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, which will allow not only rapid assimilation of foreign information, but two-way communication as well for both the public and private sectors.

null

96,241

inproceedings

lu-etal-2000-labeltool

{L}abel{T}ool: a localization application for devices with restricted display areas

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-systems.4/

Lu, Jimmy C.M. and {\r{A}}kerman, Lars and Spalink, Karin

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions

202--208

The LabelTool/TrTool system is designed to administer text strings that are shown in devices with a very limited display area and translated into a very large number of foreign languages. Automation of character set handling and file naming and storage together with real{--}time simulation of text string input are the main features of this application.

null

96,242

inproceedings

decker-2000-logovista

The {L}ogo{V}ista {ES} translation system

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-systems.5/

Decker, Nan

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions

209--212

The LogoVista ES translation system translates English text to Spanish. It is a member of LEC`s family of translation tools and uses the same engine as LogoVista EJ. This engine, which has been under development for ten years, is heavily linguistic and rule-based. It includes a very large, highly annotated English dictionary that contains detailed syntactic, semantic and domain information; a binary parser that produces multiple parses for each sentence; a 12,000+-rule, context-free English grammar; and a synthesis file of rules that convert each parsed English structure into a Spanish structure. The main tasks involved in developing a new language pair include the addition of target-language translations to the dictionary and the addition of rules to the synthesis file. The system`s modular design allows the work to be carried out by linguists, independent of engineers.

null

96,243

inproceedings

meekhof-clements-2000-l

{L}{\&}{H} lexicography toolkit for machine translation

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-systems.6/

Meekhof, Timothy and Clements, David

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions

213--218

One of the most important components of any machine translation system is the translation lexicon. The size and quality of the lexicon, as well as the coverage of the lexicon for a particular use, greatly influence the applicability of machine translation for a user. The high cost of lexicon development limits the extent to which even mature machine translation vendors can expand and specialize their lexicons, and frequently prevents users from building extensive lexicons at all. To address the high cost of lexicography for machine translation, L{\&}H is building a Lexicography Toolkit that includes tools that can significantly improve the process of creating custom lexicons. The toolkit is based on the concept of using automatic methods of data acquisition, using text corpora, to generate lexicon entries. Of course, lexicon entries must be accurate, so the work of the toolkit must be checked by human experts at several stages. However, this checking mostly consists of removing erroneous results, rather than adding data and entire entries. This article will explore how the Lexicography Toolkit would be used to create a lexicon that is specific to the user`s domain.

null

96,244

inproceedings

leon-2000-new

A new look for the {PAHO} {MT} system

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-systems.7/

Le{\'o}n, Marjorie

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions

219--222

This paper describes some of the features of the new 32-bit Windows version of PAHO`s English-Spanish (ENGSPAN{\textregistered}) and Spanish-English (SPANAM{\textregistered}) machine translation software. The new dictionary update interface is designed to help users add their own terminology to the lexicon and encourage them to write context-sensitive rules to improve the quality of the output. Expanded search capabilities provide instant access to related source and target entries, expressions, and rules. A live system demonstration will accompany this presentation.

null

96,245

inproceedings

mowatt-somers-2000-mt

Is {MT} software documentation appropriate for {MT} users?

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-studies.1/

Mowatt, David and Somers, Harold

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: User Studies

223--238

This paper discusses an informal methodology for evaluating Machine Translation software documentation with reference to a case study, in which a number of currently available MT packages are evaluated. Different types of documentation style are discussed, as well as different user profiles. It is found that documentation is often inadequate in identifying the level of linguistic background and knowledge necessary to use translation software, and in explaining technical (linguistic) terms needed to use the software effectively. In particular, the level of knowledge and training needed to use the software is often incompatible with the user profile implied by the documentation. Also, guidance on how to perform more complex tasks, which may be especially idiosyncratic, is often inadequate or missing altogether.

null

96,246

inproceedings

holland-etal-2000-evaluating

Evaluating embedded machine translation in military field exercises

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-studies.2/

Holland, M. and Schlesinger, C. and Tate, C.

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: User Studies

239--247

{\textquotedblleft}Embedded{\textquotedblright} machine translation (MT) refers to an end-to-end computational process of which MT is one of the components. Integrating these components and evaluating the whole has proved to be problematic. As an example of embedded MT, we describe a prototype system called Falcon, which permits paper documents to be scanned and translated into English. MT is thus embedded in the preprocessing of hardcopy pages and subject to its noise. Because Falcon is intended for use by people in the military who are trying to screen foreign documents, and not to understand them in detail, its application makes low demands on translation quality. We report on a series of user trials that speak to the utility of embedded MT in army tasks.

null

96,247

inproceedings

kim-etal-2000-machine

Machine translation systems: {E}-K, K-{E}, {J}-K, K-{J}

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-studies.3/

Kim, Yu Seop and Kim, Sung Dong and Park, Seong Bae and Lee, Jong Woo and Chang, Jeong Ho and Hwang, Kyu Baek and Jang, Min O and Kim, Yung Taek

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: User Studies

248--251

We present four kinds of machine translation system in this description: E-K (English to Korean), K-E (Korean to English), J-K (Japanese to Korean), K-J (Korean to Japanese). Among these, E-K and K-J translation systems are published commercially, and the other systems have finished their development. This paper describes the structure and function of each system with figures and translation results.

null

96,248

inproceedings

egan-2000-foreign

The foreign language challenge in the {USG} and machine translation.

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-workshop.1/

Egan, Kathleen

Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine translation in practice: from old guard to new guard

null

The internet is no longer English only. The data is voluminous and the number of proficient linguists cannot match the day to day needs of several government agencies. Handling foreign languages is not limited to translating documents but goes beyond the journalistic written formats. Military, diplomatic and official interactions in the US and abroad require more than one or two foreign language skills. The CHALLENGE is both managing the user`s expectations and stimulating new areas for MT research and development.

null

96,249

inproceedings

hartmann-2000-machine

Machine translation, the road ahead

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-workshop.2/

Hartmann, Walter

Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine translation in practice: from old guard to new guard

null

The application of MT on the Internet has certainly attracted much attention in recent years, and many observers see its future mostly in this arena of real-time raw translation. However, the need for high-volume, fast turn-around translation of publication quality has not abated. This paper will take stock of that particular use of MT and venture predictions as to its future.

null

96,250

inproceedings

gurina-2000-educational

Educational implications of a machine translation system

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-workshop.3/

Gurina, Tatyana

Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine translation in practice: from old guard to new guard

null

his paper is concerned with the technology of using the PARS English-Russian bi- directional machine translation systems in teaching English as a foreign language. This technology has no connection with the old form of computer-assisted language learning which uses {\guillemotleft}drill-and-practice{\guillemotright} computer exercises and provides a sort of surrogate {\guillemotleft}electronic teacher{\guillemotright}. The main objective of the educational implication of PARS is to help the learner become familiar with the words in their normal contexts. The introduction of a machine translation system into teaching foreign languages is intended to get the most fruitful pedagogical results from the use of personal computers and expose the learners to the up-to-date information technologies.

null

96,251

inproceedings

silva-2000-use

The Use of {ENGSPAN} at the Pan {A}merican Health Organization: A Reviser`s Perspective

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-workshop.4/

Silva, Gustavo

Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine translation in practice: from old guard to new guard

null

ENGSPAN, a machine translation program (English-Spanish), has been used by the Translation Services unit of the Pan American Health Organization since 1985. In 1999, a total of 2,106,178 words were translated in that language combination, 86{\%} of which were done with the help of ENGSPAN; the cost per word was 8.75 cents, that is, 31{\%} below the normal rate. These positive results are explained by a combination of factors: the use of an MT program especially designed to meet the needs of the institution; the close collaboration of translators and computational linguists in the improvement of the program; the application of a pragmatic, flexible, and selective approach with regard to the quality of the end product; and in particular the support of competent translators who do the postediting work.

null

96,252

inproceedings

oboronko-2000-wired

Wired for peace and multi-language communication

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-workshop.5/

Oboronko, Vladimir

Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine translation in practice: from old guard to new guard

null

Our project Wired for Peace: Virtual Diplomacy in Northeast Asia (Http://www- neacd.ucsd.edu/) has as its main aim to provide policymakers and researchers of the U.S., China, Russia, Japan, and Korea with Internet based tools to allow for continuous communication on issues of the regional security and cooperation. Since the very beginning of the project, we have understood that Web-based translation between English and Asian languages would be one of the most necessary tools for successful development of the project. With this understanding, we have partnered with Systran (www.systransoft.com), one of the leaders in MT field, in order to develop Internet-based tools for both synchronous and asynchronous translation of texts and discussions. This submission is a report on a work in progress.

null

96,253

inproceedings

sheng-2000-automated

Automated translation for the deployment of dynamic and mission critical content

White, John S.

oct # " 10-14"

2000

Cuernavaca, Mexico

Springer

https://aclanthology.org/2000.amta-workshop.6/

Sheng, Bob

Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine translation in practice: from old guard to new guard

null

The Internet is a wonderful medium that frees its users from the confines of geographic boundaries. While the acceptance of the Internet is pervasive, the language barrier is somewhat tougher to overcome. Several options exists on the market to deliver multilingual content, few solutions can stand up to the dynamic demand of a modern website. Language context, translation turnaround times, and various business models are all barriers to creating a total solution for globalization and localization of websites. We will examine the difficulties in localizing a dynamic website and discuss the challenges we have overcome to create a dynamic translation platform.

null

96,254

inproceedings

kay-1999-chart

Chart translation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.2/

Kay, Martin

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

9--14

For efficiency reasons, Machine Translation systems are generally designed to eliminate ambiguities as early as possible even if delaying the decision would make a more informed choice possible. This paper takes the contrary view, arguing that essentially all choices should be deferred so that large numbers of competing translations will be produced in typical cases. Representing all the data structures in a suitable packed form, much as alternative structures are represented in a chart parser, makes this practicable.

null

96,710

inproceedings

nishigaki-1999-mt

What can {MT} do for multilingualism on the Net?

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.3/

Nishigaki, Toru

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

15--20

The recent rapid spread of the Internet suggests that soon everybody on earth will be able to communicate freely with each other across national borders. The 21st century will be the age of multilingualism and multiculturalism, when various languages and cultures are dynamically exchanged on a global scale. One may call it the New Great Age of Translation. In such an age, Machine Translation (MT) is obviously expected to play an essential role. What kind of technological efforts, then, are required in the 21st century? A new type of MT product will be sought, which is different from the application products for traditional translation or real-time interpretation. This paper first clarifies the coming need, and introduces an interactive and evolutionary MT technology. Secondly, it addresses Han characters (Kanji) which have distinct origin and functions from alphabets. As highly developed visual symbols, Han characters are expected to promote Internet communication.

null

96,711

inproceedings

hutchins-1999-retrospect

Retrospect and prospect in computer-based translation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.5/

Hutchins, John

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

30--36

At the last MT Summit conference this century, this paper looks back briefly at what has happened in the 50 years since MT began, reviews the present situation, and speculates on what the future may bring. Progress in the basic processes of computerized translation has not been as dramatic as developments in computer technology and software. There is still much scope for the improvement of the linguistic quality of MT output, which hopefully developments in both rule-based and corpus-based methods can bring. Greater impact on the future MT scenario will probably come from the expected huge increase in demand for on-line real-time communication in many languages, where quality may be less important than accessibility and usability.

null

96,713

inproceedings

puntikov-1999-mt

{MT} and {TM} technologies in localization industry: the challenge of integration

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.10/

Puntikov, Nikolai

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

63--72

The objective of this paper is to clarify certain technological aspects of the localization business process. An introduction to the Translation Memory (TM) technology is provided, followed by an analysis of how TM and Machine Translation (MT), when used together, can increase productivity in software localization workflow applications. A special section is devoted to the issue of standard exchange mechanisms to represent translation memory data so that they can be shared among users of different TM and MT tools.

null

96,718

inproceedings

macklovitch-1999-regional

Regional survey: {M}(A){T} in {N}orth {A}merica

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.11/

Macklovitch, Elliott

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

73--79

We examine two North American case studies, each of which illustrates a different strategy for coming to terms with high-volume, high-quality translation. The first eschews MT in favour of translation memory technology; the second employs a controlled language to simplify the input to an MT system. Both strategies betray a certain dissatisfaction with the current state of machine translation, although neither alternative, it turns out, fully lives up to its expectations.

null

96,719

inproceedings

darbari-1999-computer

Computer assisted translation system {--} an {I}ndian perspective

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.12/

Darbari, Hemant

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

80--85

Work in the area of Machine Translation has been going on for several decades and it was only during the early 90s that a promising translation technology began to emerge with advanced researches in the field of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics. This held the promise of successfully developing usable Machine Translation Systems in certain well-defined domains. C-DAC took up this challenge, as we felt that India, being a multi-lingual and multi-cultural country with a population of approximately 950 million people and 18 constitutionally recognized languages, needs a translation system for instant transfer of information and knowledge. The other groups who are working in this area of English to Hindi Translation are National Center for Software Technology (NCST), who are working on translation of News Stories and Electronics Research {\&} Development Center of India (ER {\&} DCI). who have developed the Machine Assisted Translation System for the Health Domain. A major project on Indian Languages to Indian Languages Translation (Anusaaraka) is also under development at University of Hyderabad.

null

96,720

inproceedings

fu-1999-research

The research and development of machine translation in {C}hina

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.13/

Fu, Aiping

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

86--91

This survey of the situation regarding the R{\&}D of machine translation in China concentrates on how the design and application of MT systems could be on the shadow of the characteristics of Chinese Language. After a brief historical overview and the investigation on R{\&}D environment, some technical features are described, including commercialization, Chinese-English language pair and a multi-level transfer in English-Chinese MT systems.

null

96,721

inproceedings

sakamoto-moriguchi-1999-report

Report on machine translation market in {J}apan

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.14/

Sakamoto, Yoshiyuki and Moriguchi, Minoru

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

92--99

This paper reports the current situation of the machine translation (MT) market in Japan, based on a survey conducted through questionnaires and interviews. The research targets three groups: MT manufacturers (including sales agents), professional translators and translation agencies, and general users. We completed the questionnaire on the first group and are now querying the second group through interviews and questionnaires. According to the survey of manufacturers and vendors, shipments and sales of MT systems plunged during 1996 to 1998. but respondents are expecting a slight recovery in 1999 and 2000. The primary requirement to raise shipments and sales is improvement of translation quality, most respondents believe. The survey of translation professionals started with the first interview on June 25. We plan to interview at least 20 people in the translation industry in four meetings. The results will be orally reported at the conference site. We are also designing the questionnaire for general users, which we plan to finish by the end of this year.

null

96,722

inproceedings

park-oh-1999-machine

Machine translation in {K}orea

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.15/

Park, Se-Young and Oh, Gil-Rok

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

100--106

This report introduces the current situation of machine translation in Korea. Recently, the need for further developing machine translation has been generally recognized. Although a few machine translation softwares for Korean have been released on the market, they do not sufficiently meet the need of users. As a result, the Korean machine translation field is only a niche market. However, several projects are underway in Korea which include world-wide technical cooperation. This report surveys the history of machine translation in Korea and describes the current market, R{\&}D status, and current technical difficulties.

null

96,723

inproceedings

iida-1999-prospects

Prospects for advanced speech translation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.16/

Iida, Hitoshi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

107--113

Speech communication includes many important issues on natural language processing and they are related with desirable advanced speech translation systems. Advanced systems need to be able to handle the interaction for speech communication, pragmatics in speech, and arbitrariness of speech usage. General characteristics of speech communication are discussed. Also the various viewpoints regarding interaction, pragmatics, and arbitrary usage are discussed. Some of the present speech translation approaches are explained and new basic technologies are introduced. In this paper, a synthetic NLP technology such as a composite art form is proposed for speech communication and speech translation.

null

96,724

inproceedings

lazzari-1999-robust

Robust spoken translation at {ITC}-{IRST}

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.17/

Lazzari, Gianni

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

114--120

In this paper the ITC-irst research issues and approach to the spoken translation problem will be presented together with a description of the demonstration system developed in the framework of C-STAR II Consortium. The challenge of future applications in the e-commerce and e-service sectors will also be presented and discussed.

null

96,725

inproceedings

waibel-1999-translation

Translation systems under the {C}-{STAR} framework

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.18/

Waibel, Alex

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

121--124

This talk will review our work on Speech Translation under the recent worldwide C-STAR demonstration. C-STAR is the Consortium for Speech Translation Advanced Research and now includes 6 partners and 20 partner/affiliate laboratories around the world. The work demonstrated concludes the second phase of the consortium, which has focused on translating conversational spontaneous speech as opposed to well formed, well structured text. As such, much of the work has focused on exploiting semantic and pragmatic constraints derived from the task domain and dialog situation to produce an understandable translation. Six partners have connected their respective systems with each other and allowed travel related spoken dialogs to provide communication between each of them. A common Interlingua representation was developed and used between the partners to make this multilingual deployment possible. The systems were also complemented by the introduction of Web based shared workspaces that allow one user in one country to communicate pictures, documents, sounds, tables, etc. to the other over the Web while referring to these documents in the dialog. Some of the partners' systems were also deployed in wearable situations, such as a traveler exploring a foreign city. In this case speech and language technology was installed on a wearable computer with a small hand-held display. It was used to provide language translation as well as human-machine information access for the purpose of navigation (using GPS localization) and tour guidance. This combination of human-machine and human-machine-human dialogs could allow a user explore a foreign environment more effectively by resorting to human-machine and human-human dialogs wherever most appropriate.

null

96,726

inproceedings

boitet-1999-research

A research perspective on how to democratize machine translation and translation aids aiming at high quality final output

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.19/

Boitet, Christian

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

125--133

Machine Translation (MT) systems and Translation Aids (TA) aiming at cost-effective high quality final translation are not yet usable by small firms, departments and individuals, and handle only a few languages and language pairs. This is due to a variety of reasons, some of them not frequently mentioned. But commercial, technical and cultural reasons make it mandatory to find ways to democratize MT and TA. This goal could be attained by: (1) giving users, free of charge, TA client tools and server resources in exchange for the permission to store and refine on the server linguistic resources produced while using TA; (2) establishing a synergy between MT and TA, in particular by using them jointly in translation projects where translators codevelop the lexical resources specific to MT; (3) renouncing the illusion of fully automatic general purpose high quality MT (FAHQMT) and go for semi-automaticity (SAHQMT), where user participation, made possible by recent technical network-oriented advances, is used to solve ambiguities otherwise computationnally unsolvable due to the impossibility, intractability or cost of accessing the necessary knowledge; (4) adopting a hybrid (symbolic {\&} numerical) and ``pivot'' approach for MT, where pivot lexemes arc UNL or UNL inspired English-oriented denotations of (sets of) interlingual acceptions or word/term senses, and the rest of the representation of utterances is either fully abstract and interlingual as in UNL, or, less ambitiously but more realistically, obtained by adding to an abstract English multilevel structure features underspecified in English but essential for other languages, including minority languages.

null

96,727

inproceedings

frank-1999-parallel

From parallel grammar development towards machine translation {--} a project overview

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.20/

Frank, Anette

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

134--142

We give an overview of a MT research project jointly undertaken by Xerox PARC and XRCE Grenoble. The project builds on insights and resources in large-scale development of parallel LFG grammars. The research approach towards translation focuses on innovative computational technologies which lead to a flexible translation architecture. Efficient processing of ``packed'' ambiguities not only enables ambiguity preserving transfer. It is at the heart of a flexible architectural design, open for various extensions which take the right decisions at the right time.

null

96,728

inproceedings

zaharin-1999-mt

{MT} from the research perspective

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.21/

Zaharin, Yussoff

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

143--148

There has been a wide range of research and development work on machine translation in terms of goals and objectives as well as emphasis. Some are fundamental, some are engineering based and some are product-driven. Different researchers may be motivated by different reasons, some by funding, some by potential commercial returns, some by challenges on the application of various technologies and some by sheer search of knowledge. Trends also tend to emerge in terms of the `best' approach at a given point in time. This short discussion advocates the possibility of synergising among all types of research while working towards different goals as opposed to looking for the best direction(s) to follow.

null

96,729

inproceedings

leon-1999-famt

{FAMT} is alive and well

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.22/

Le{\'o}n, Marjorie

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

149--154

This invited talk describes the use of fully automatic machine translation (FAMT) at the Pan American Health Organization. Statistics covering 1998 are presented and analyzed in terms of productivity and cost savings. Feedback from several outside users of PAHO`s translation software is also reported. Problems encountered in implementing machine translation in an international organization are discussed from the points of view of managers, translators, and end users. The talk concludes with a quick glimpse at what PAHO`s MT development staff has been working on this year.

null

96,730

inproceedings

wuwongse-1999-applications

Applications using multilinguality: {IR}, summarization and generalization

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.23/

Wuwongse, Vilas

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

155--156

Among the three main applications using multilinguality, i.e., information retrieval, summarization and text generation, the first one could be considered to be the core and the other two its supporting technologies. Information retrieval using multilinguality often appears in the form of allowing a query specified in a language to be answered by documents or information in one or more different languages. Summarization supports information retrieval by producing a database of intermediate representation of original documents, which contains only central and essential information. Text generation with multilingual capability helps create retrieved information in a desirable natural language. This brief paper identifies some issues regarding these three applications with emphasis on information retrieval.

null

96,731

inproceedings

hayashi-etal-1999-scalable

A scalable cross-language metasearch architecture for multilingual information access on the Web

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.24/

Hayashi, Yoshihiko and Kikui, Genichiro and Iwadera, Toshiaki

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

157--164

This position paper for the special session on ``Multilingual Information Access'' comprises of three parts. The first part reviews possible demands for Multilingual Information Access (hereafter, MLIA) on the Web, and examines required technical elements. Among those, we, in the second part, focus on Cross-Language Information Retrieval (hereafter, CLIR), particularly a scalable architecture which enables CLIR in a number of language combinations. Such a distributed architecture developed around XIRCH project (an international joint experimental project currently involves NTT, KRDL, and KAIST) is then described in a certain detail. The final part discusses some NLP/MT related issues associated with such a CLIR architecture.

null

96,732

inproceedings

myaeng-jang-1999-complementing

Complementing dictionary-based query translations with corpus statistics for cross-language {IR}

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.25/

Myaeng, Sung Hyon and Jang, Mung-Gil

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

165--174

For cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), often queries or documents are translated into the other language to create a mono-lingual information retrieval situation. Having surveyed recent research results on translation-based CLIR, we have convinced ourselves that an effective query translation method is an essential element for a practical CLIR system with a reasonable quality. After summarizing the arguments and methods for query translation and survey results for dictionary-based translation methods, this paper describes a relatively simple yet effective method of using mutual information to handle the ambiguity problem known to be the major factor for low performance compared to mono-lingual situation. Our experimental results based on the TREC-6 collection shows that this method can achieve up to 85{\%} of the monolingual retrieval case and 96{\%} of the manual disambiguation case.

null

96,733

inproceedings

tsujii-1999-machine

Machine translation for the next century

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.26/

Tsujii, Jun-ichi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

175--176

The panel intends to pick up some of the issues discussed in the Summit and discuss them further in the final session from broader perspectives. Since the Summit has not even started yet, I will just enumerate in this paper a list of possible perspectives on MT that I hope are relevant to our discussion.

null

96,734

inproceedings

barrett-1999-otelo

Otelo and the Domino translation object

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.27/

Barrett, Alan

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

177--179

Lotus is working with SAP and a number of MT vendors to make usage of MT easier. Most of this work has been done in the framework of the Otelo project. It is also part of Lotus' efforts to make development of multilingual web applications much simpler. Terminology interchange and text interchange formats as well as a Linguistic Services API are discussed. Also covered is the Domino Translation Object which enables use of these technologies on the Domino infrastructure.

null

96,735

inproceedings

kamei-1999-sharing

Sharing dictionaries among {MT} users by common formats and social filtering framework

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.28/

Kamei, Shin-ichiro

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

180--181

MT users have to build ``user dictionaries'' in order to obtain high-quality translation results. However, building dictionaries needs time and labor. In order to meet the speed of the information flow in the global network society, we need to have common formats for sharing dictionaries among different MT systems, and a new way of dictionary authorization, that is ``social filtering''.

null

96,736

inproceedings

su-chang-1999-customizable

A customizable, self-learning parameterized {MT} system: the next generation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.29/

Su, Keh-Yih and Chang, Jing-Shin

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

182--190

In this paper, the major problems of the current machine translation systems are first outlined. A new direction, highlighting the system capability to be customizable and self-learnable, is then proposed for attacking the described problems, which are mainly resulted from the very complicated characteristics of natural languages. The proposed solution adopts an unsupervised two-way training mechanism and a parameterized architecture to acquire the required statistical knowledge, such that the system can be easily adapted to different domains and various preferences of individual users.

null

96,737

inproceedings

king-etal-1999-mt

{MT} evaluation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.31/

King, Margaret and Hovy, Eduard and Tsou, Benjamin K. and White, John and Zaharin, Yusoff

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

197--207

This panel deals with the general topic of evaluation of machine translation systems. The first contribution sets out some recent work on creating standards for the design of evaluations. The second, by Eduard Hovy. takes up the particular issue of how metrics can be differentiated and systematized. Benjamin K. T`sou suggests that whilst men may evaluate machines, machines may also evaluate men. John S. White focuses on the question of the role of the user in evaluation design, and Yusoff Zaharin points out that circumstances and settings may have a major influence on evaluation design.

null

96,739

inproceedings

kashioka-etal-1999-applying

Applying {TDMT} to abstracts on science and technology

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.32/

Kashioka, Hideki and Ohta, Hiroko and Shirokizawa, Yoshiko and Takao, Kazutaka

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

213--219

In this paper, we discuss applying a translation model, ``Transfer Driven Machine Translation'' (TDMT), to document abstracts on science and technology. TDMT, a machine translation model, was developed by ATR-ITL to deal with dialogues in the travel domain. ATR-ITL has reported that the TDMT system efficiently translates multi-lingual spoken-dialogs. However, little is known about the ability of TDMT to translate written text translations; therefore, we examined TDMT with written text from English to Japanese, especially abstracts on science and technology produced by the Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST). The experimental results show that TDMT can derive written text translation.

null

96,740

inproceedings

serasset-boitet-1999-unl

{UNL}-{F}rench deconversion as transfer {\&} generation from an interlingua with possible quality enhancement through offline human interaction

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.33/

S{\'e}rasset, Gilles and Boitet, Christian

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

220--228

We present the architecture of the UNL-French deconverter, which ``generates'' from the UNL interlingua by first ``localizing'' the UNL form for French, within UNL, and then applying slightly adapted but classical transfer and generation techniques, implemented in GETA`s Ariane-G5 environment, supplemented by some UNL-specific tools. Online interaction can be used during deconversion to enhance output quality and is now used for development purposes. We show how interaction could be delayed and embedded in the postedition phase, which would then interact not directly with the output text, but indirectly with several components of the deconverter. Interacting online or offline can improve the quality not only of the utterance at hand, but also of the utterances processed later, as various preferences may be automatically changed to let the deconverter ``learn''.

null

96,741

inproceedings

sumita-etal-1999-solutions

Solutions to problems inherent in spoken-language translation: the {ATR}-{MATRIX} approach

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.34/

Sumita, Eiichiro and Yamada, Setsuo and Yamamoto, Kazuhide and Paul, Michael and Kashioka, Hideki and Ishikawa, Kai and Shirai, Satoshi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

229--235

ATR has built a multi-language speech translation system called ATR-MATRIX. It consists of a spoken-language translation subsystem, which is the focus of this paper, together with a highly accurate speech recognition subsystem and a high-definition speech synthesis subsystem. This paper gives a road map of solutions to the problems inherent in spoken-language translation. Spoken-language translation systems need to tackle difficult problems such as ungrammaticality. contextual phenomena, speech recognition errors, and the high-speeds required for real-time use. We have made great strides towards solving these problems in recent years. Our approach mainly uses an example-based translation model called TDMT. We have added the use of extra-linguistic information, a decision tree learning mechanism, and methods dealing with recognition errors.

null

96,742

inproceedings

li-etal-1999-portuguese

{P}ortuguese-{C}hinese machine translation in {M}acao

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.35/

Li, Yi-Pmg and Pun, Chi-Man and Wu, Fei

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

236--243

There have been substantial changes in computing practices in the cyberspace, mainly as a result of the proliferation of low priced under-utilized powerfully heterogeneous computers are connected by high-speed links. In this paper we reminisce the vicissitude of computing platform and introduce our Portuguese-Chinese corpus-based machine translation (CBMT) system which employs a statistical approach with automatic bilingual alignment support. Our improved algorithm for aligning bilingual parallel texts can achieve 97{\%} of accuracy. At the same time, we broach the ``distributed translation computing'' concept to construct a uniform distributed shared-object technical term retrieving workstation and achieve high computing performance balance of network where heterogeneous computers inherently root and are intermittently under-utilized. Whereby it, we can expedite to retrieve technical terms from noisy bilingual web text and build up the Portuguese-Chinese corpus-base.

null

96,743

inproceedings

al-adhaileh-kong-1999-example

Example-based machine translation based on the synchronous {SSTC} annotation schema

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.36/

Al-Adhaileh, Mosleh H. and Kong, Tang Enya

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

244--249

In this paper, we describe an Example-Based Machine Translation (EBMT) system for English-Malay translation. Our approach is an example-based approach which relies sorely on example translations kept in a Bilingual Knowledge Bank (BKB). In our approach, a flexible annotation schema called Structured String-Tree Correspondence (SSTC) is used to annotate both the source and target sentences of a translation pair. Each SSTC describes a sentence, a representation tree as well as the correspondences between substrings in the sentence and subtrees in the representation tree. With both the source and target SSTCs established, a translation example in the BKB can then be represented effectively in terms of a pair of synchronous SSTCs. In the process of translation, we first try to build the representation tree for the source sentence (English) based on the example-based parsing algorithm as presented in [1]. By referring to the resultant source parse tree, we then proceed to synthesis the target sentence (Malay) based on the target SSTCs as pointed to by the synchronous SSTCs which encode the relationship between source and target SSTCs.

null

96,744

inproceedings

carl-1999-inducing

Inducing translation templates for example-based machine translation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.37/

Carl, Michael

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

250--258

This paper describes an example-based machine translation (EBMT) system which relays on various knowledge resources. Morphologic analyses abstract the surface forms of the languages to be translated. A shallow syntactic rule formalism is used to percolate features in derivation trees. Translation examples serve the decomposition of the text to be translated and determine the transfer of lexical values into the target language. Translation templates determine the word order of the target language and the type of phrases (e.g. noun phrase, prepositional phase, ...) to be generated in the target language. An induction mechanism generalizes translation templates from translation examples. The paper outlines the basic idea underlying the EBMT system and investigates the possibilities and limits of the translation template induction process.

null

96,745

inproceedings

hatanaka-1999-development

Development of an intranet {MT} system adapting to usage domain

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.38/

Hatanaka, Nobutoshi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

259--265

The machine translation (MT) system came out brilliantly. Today, however, the development of the MT system is losing the vigor it once had. The cause of the system`s infrequent use became clear as the survey of usage patterns in our company progressed. The problem was caused by the fact that the results of the MT system was not as expected. This study analyzed the usage patterns and characteristics of the translated documents, including technical documents of the copier business division`s service department and specifications or drawings prepared in overseas factories. The conclusion drawn from the analysis was that any MT system should include an adequate dictionary and the ability to select an appropriate adverb and verb by applying the co-occurrence rule. Furthermore, an MT system should be able to translate fixed form sentences that are used repeatedly. After the usability of the MT system was improved, the translation staff started using it more frequently at various sections in our company. Moreover, we developed an MT system with the above functions incorporated. Accordingly, the machine-translated documents turned out as expected. In this paper, I will report on the circumstances of our MT development and discuss the requirements for an MT system.

null

96,746

inproceedings

hartmann-1999-next

The next step: moving to an integrated {MT} system for high-volume environments

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.39/

Hartmann, Walter K.

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

266--271

Within the realm of small to medium-sized translation companies, the demands placed on MT in a high-volume production environment plagued with extremely demanding turn-around times and cost pressures are quite different from most other uses of MT. With the help of an analysis of a typical project the author shows the need for MT to become an integrated part of a translation application which will reduce the amount of extraneous processes to a minimum. In conclusion, a system is proposed which will streamline all the ancillary processes in order conform to customers' turn-around demands without jeopardizing post-editing quality.

null

96,747

inproceedings

king-1999-transrouter

{T}rans{R}outer : a decision support tool for translation managers

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.40/

King, Margaret

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

272--277

Translation managers often have to decide on the most appropriate way to deal with a translation project. Possible options may include human translation, translation using a specific terminology resource, translation in interaction with a translation memory system, and machine translation. The decision making involved is complex, and it is not always easy to decide by inspection whether a specific text lends itself to certain kinds of treatment. TransRouter supports the decision making by offering a suite of computer based tools which can be used to analyse the text to be translated. Some tools, such as the word counter, the repetition detector, the sentence length estimator and the sentence simplicity checker look at characteristics of the text itself. A version comparison tool compares the new text to previously translated texts. Other tools, such as the unknown terms detector and the translation memory coverage estimator, estimate overlap between the text and a set of known resources. The information gained, combined with further information provided by the user, is input to a decision kernel which calculates possible routes towards achieving the translation together with their cost and consequences on translation quality. The user may influence the kernel by, for example, specifying particular resources or refining routes under investigation. The final decision on how to treat the project rests with the translation manager.

null

96,748

inproceedings

schutz-1999-deploying

Deploying the {SAE} J2450 translation quality metric in {MT} projects

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.41/

Sch{\"utz, J{\"org

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

278--284

This paper provides a nutshell description of how the recently published proposal of a translation quality metric for automotive service information is applicable in an evaluation scenario that deploys multilingual human language technology (mHLT). This proposal is the result of the J2450 task force group of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). The main focus of the developed metric is on the syntactic level of a translation product. Since it is our belief that any evaluation of a translation (human and machine) should also take into account the semantic level of a human language product, we have slightly reshaped the SAE J2450 metric. In addition, we have embedded the whole evaluation process into an object-oriented quality model approach to account for the established business processes in the acquisition, production, translation and dissemination of automotive service information in SGML/XML environments. This scenario then provides the solid grounding for the setup of a quality assurance process for all dimensions related to the processing (human and machine) of automotive service information. The work reported here is one part of the ongoing European Multidoc project that has brought together several European automotive companies to taming the complexity of service information products in an integrated way. Within Multidoc integration means first and foremost the coupling of advanced information technology and mHLT. These aspects will be further motivated and detailed in the context of the specification of an evaluation scenario.

null

96,749

inproceedings

fuji-1999-evaluation

Evaluation experiment for reading comprehension of machine translation outputs

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.42/

Fuji, Masaru

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

285--289

This paper proposes evaluation methods for reading comprehension of English to Japanese translation outputs. The methods were designed not only to evaluate the performance of current systems, but to evaluate the performance of future systems had the current problems been solved. The experiments have shown that the proposed methods are capable of producing results that are statistically significant, and that improvement in certain linguistic aspects will result in significant improvement in the comprehension level.

null

96,750

inproceedings

miyazawa-etal-1999-study

Study on evaluation of {WWW} {MT} systems

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.43/

Miyazawa, Shinichiro and Yokoyama, Shoichi and Matsudaira, Masaki and Kumano, Akira and Kodama, Shuji and Kashioka, Hideki and Shirokizawa, Yoshiko and Nakajima, Yasuo

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

290--298

Compared with off-line machine translation (MT). MT for the WWW has more evaluation factors such as translation accuracy of text, interpretation of HTML tags, consistency with various protocols and browsers, and translation speed for net surfing. Moreover, the speed of technical innovation and its practical application is fast, including the appearance of new protocols. Improvement of MT software for the WWW will enable the sharing of information from around the world and make a great deal of contribution to mankind. Despite the importance of general evaluation studies on MT software for the WWW. it appears that such studies have not yet been conducted. Since MT for the WWW will be a critical factor for future international communication, its study and evaluation is an important theme. This study aims at standardized evaluation of MT for the WWW. and suggests an evaluation method focusing on unique aspects of the WWW independent of text. This evaluation method has a wide range of aptitude without depending on specific languages. Twenty-four items specific to the WWW were actually evaluated with regard to six MT software for the WWW. This study clarified various issues which should be improved in the future regarding MT software for the WWW and issues on evaluation technology of MT on the Internet.

null

96,751

inproceedings

takezawa-etal-1999-new

A new evaluation method for speech translation systems and a case study on {ATR}-{MATRIX} from {J}apanese to {E}nglish

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.44/

Takezawa, Toshiyuki and Sugaya, Fumiaki and Yokoo, Akio and Yamamoto, Seiichi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

299--307

ATR-MATRIX is a multi-lingual speech-to-speech translation system designed to facilitate communications between two parties of different languages engaged in a spontaneous conversation in a travel arrangement domain. In this paper, we propose a new evaluation method for speech translation systems. Our current focus is on measuring the robustness of a language translation sub-system, with quick calculation and low cost. Therefore, we calculate the difference between the translation output from transcription texts and the translation output from input speech by a dynamic programming method. We present the first trial experiment of this method applied to our Japanese-to-English speech translation system. We also provide related discussions on such points as error analysis and the relationship between the proposed method and translation quality evaluation manually done by humans.

null

96,752

inproceedings

lin-1999-machine

Machine translation for information access across the language barrier: the {M}u{ST} system

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.45/

Lin, Chin-Yew

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

308--316

In this paper we describe the design and implementation of MuST, a multilingual information retrieval, summarization, and translation system. MuST integrates machine translation and other text processing services to enable users to perform cross-language information retrieval using available search services such as commercial Internet search engines. To handle non-standard languages, a new Internet indexing agent can be deployed, specialized local search services can be built, and shallow MT can be added to provide useful functionality. A case study of augmenting MuST with Indonesian is included. MuST adopts ubiquitous web browsers as its primary user interface, and provides tightly integrated automated shallow translation and user biased summarization to help users quickly judge the relevance of documents.

null

96,753

inproceedings

sheremetyeva-nirenburg-1999-interactive

Interactive {MT} as support for non-native language authoring

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.47/

Sheremetyeva, Svetlana and Nirenburg, Sergei

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

324--330

The paper describes an approach to developing an interactive MT system for translating technical texts on the example of translating patent claims between Russian and English. The approach conforms to the human-aided machine translation paradigm. The system is meant for a source language (SL) speaker who does not know the target language (TL). It consists of i) an analysis module which includes a submodule of interactive syntactic analysis of SL text and a submodule of fully automated morphological analysis, ii) an automatic module for transferring the lexical and partially syntactic content of SL text into a similar content of the TL text and iii) a fully automated TL text generation module which relies on knowledge about the legal format of TL patent claims. An interactive analysis module guides the user through a sequence of SL analysis procedures, as a result of which the system produces a set of internal knowledge structures which serve as input to the TL text generation. Both analysis and generation rely heavily on the analysis of the sublanguage of patent claims. The model has been developed for English and Russian as both SLs and TLs but is readily extensible to other languages.

null

96,755

inproceedings

planas-furuse-1999-formalizing

Formalizing translation memories

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.48/

Planas, Emmanuel and Furuse, Osamu

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

331--339

The TELA structure, a set of layered and linked lattices, and the notion of Similarity between TELA structures, based on the Edit Distance, are introduced in order to formalize Translation Memories (TM). We show how this approach leads to a real gain in recall and precision, and allows extending TM towards rudimentary, yet useful Example-Based Machine Translation that we call Shallow Translation.

null

96,756

inproceedings

blekhman-etal-1999-pars

The {PARS} family of {MT} systems : a 15-year love story

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.49/

Blekhman, Michael S. and Bezhanova, Olga and Kursin, Andrei and Rakova, Alia

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

340--345

The paper shows the history of developing the PARS family of commercial machine translation systems for Russian, Ukrainian, English, and German, developed by Lingvistica `98 Inc. It discusses three aspects: retrospective, technological, and linguistic The main focus is on dictionary updating as one of the most important components of a commercial MT product. Each of the PARS systems features a unique tagging option, which makes it possible for the user to have grammatical data assigned automatically to Russian and Ukrainian words entered into the dictionaries. Besides, PARS dictionary officers make use of the batch-mode tagging technology, due to which PARS features very large bidirectional Russian-English general and specialist dictionaries of more than 1,000,000 translations for each translation direction, as well as large bidirectional Ukrainian-English professional dictionaries. The PARS family was designed in the mid 1980s, and it has been and is now in commercial use since 1989 all over the world.

null

96,757

inproceedings

ma-1999-parallel

Parallel text collections at {L}inguistic {D}ata {C}onsortium

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.50/

Ma, Xiaoyi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

346--348

The Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) is an open consortium of universities, companies and government research laboratories. It creates, collects and distributes speech and text databases, lexicons, and other resources for research and development purposes. This paper describes past and current work on creation of parallel text corpora, and reviews existing and upcoming collections at LDC.

null

96,758

inproceedings

erjavec-1999-elan

The {ELAN} {S}lovene-{E}nglish aligned corpus

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.51/

Erjavec, Tomaz

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

349--357

Multilingual parallel corpora are a basic resource for research and development of MT. Such corpora are still scarce, especially for lower-diffusion languages. The paper presents a sentence-aligned tokenised Slovene-English corpus, developed in the scope of the EU ELAN project. The corpus contains 1 million words from fifteen recent terminology-rich texts and is encoded according to the Guidelines for Text Encoding and Interchange (TEI). Our document type definition is a parametrisation of the TEI which directly encodes translation units of the bi-texts. in a manner similar to that of translation memories. The corpus is aimed as a widely-distributable dataset for language engineering and for translation and terminology studies. The paper describes the compilation of the corpus, its composition, encoding and availability. We highlight the corpus acquisition and distribution bottlenecks and present our solutions. These have to do with the workflow in the project, and. not unrelatedly, with the encoding scheme for the corpus.

null

96,759

inproceedings

calzolari-zampolli-1999-harmonised

Harmonised large-scale syntactic/semantic lexicons: a {E}uropean multilingual infrastructure

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.52/

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Zampolli, Antonio

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

358--365

The paper aims at providing an overview of the situation of Language Resources (LR) in Europe, in particular as emerging from a few European projects regarding the construction of large-scale harmonised resources to be used for many applicative purpose, also of multilingual nature. An important research aspect of the projects is given by the very fact that the large enterprise described is, at our knowledge, the first attempt at developing wide-coverage lexicons for so many languages (12 European languages), with a harmonised common model, and with encoding of structured ``semantic types'' and semantic (subcategorisation) frames on a large scale. Reaching a common agreed model grounded on sound theoretical approaches within a very large consortium is in itself a challenging task. The actual lexicons will then provide a framework for testing and evaluating the maturity of the current state-of-the-art in lexical semantics grounded on, and connected to. a syntactic foundation. Another research aspect is provided by the recognition of the necessity of accompanying these ``static'' lexicons with dynamic means of acquiring lexical information from large corpora. This is one of the challenging research aspects of a global strategy for building a large and useful multilingual LR infrastructure.

null

96,760

inproceedings

viegas-1999-developing

Developing knowledge bases for {MT} with linguistically motivated quality-based learning

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.53/

Viegas, Evelyne

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

366--374

In this paper we present a proposal to help bypass the bottleneck of knowledge-based systems working under the assumption that the knowledge sources are complete. We show how to create, on the fly, new lexicon entries using lexico-semantic rules and how to create new concepts for unknown words, investigating a new linguistically-motivated model to trigger concepts in context.

null

96,761

inproceedings

shimohata-etal-1999-machine

Machine translation system {PENS{\'E}E}: system design and implementation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.55/

Shimohata, Sayori and Murata, Toshiki and Ikeno, Atsushi and Fukui, Tsuyoshi and Yamamoto, Hideki

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

380--384

This paper describes a new version of our machine translation system PENS{\'E}E. In the light of its past systems, new PENS{\'E}E is designed to improve portability from developers' point of view and translation quality from users' point of view. The features of new PENS{\'E}E are: 1) Java implementation and 2) pattern-based transfer approach. In addition, new PENS{\'E}E places a great importance on user interface especially in building user dictionaries. We will discuss why and how we resolve the existing MT problems and present dictionary building tools to support user customization.

null

96,763

inproceedings

amtrup-etal-1999-rapid

Rapid development of translation tools

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.56/

Amtrup, Jan and Megerdoomian, Karine and Zajac, Remi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

385--389

The Computing Research Laboratory is currently developing technologies that allow rapid deployment of automatic translation capabilities. These technologies are designed to handle low-density languages for which resources, be that human informants or data in electronically readable form, are scarce. All tools are built in an incremental fashion, such that some simple tools (a bilingual dictionary or a glosser) can be delivered early in the development to support initial analysis tasks. More complex applications can be fielded in successive functional versions. The technology we demonstrate has first been applied to Persian-English machine translation within the Shiraz project and is currently extended to cover languages such as Arabic, Japanese, Korean and others.

null

96,764

inproceedings

li-etal-1999-use

The use of abstracted knowledge from an automatically sense-tagged corpus for lexical transfer ambiguity resolution

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.57/

Li, Hui-Feng and Moon, Namwon Heo. Kyounghi and Lee, Jong-Hyeok

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

390--396

This paper proposes a method for lexical transfer ambiguity resolution using corpus and conceptual information. Previous researches have restricted the use of linguistic knowledge to the lexical level. Since the extracted knowledge is stored in words themselves, these methods require a large amount of space with a low recall rate. On the contrary, we resolve word sense ambiguity by using concept co-occurrence information extracted from an automatically sense-tagged corpus. In one experiment, it achieved, on average, a precision of 82.4{\%} for nominal words, and 83{\%} for verbal words. Considering that the test corpus is completely irrelevant to the learning corpus, this is a promising result.

null

96,765

inproceedings

yang-1999-towards

Towards the automatic acquisition of lexical selection rules

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.58/

Yang, Jin

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

397--403-

This paper is a study of a certain type of collocations and implication and application to acquisition of lexical selection rules in transfer-approach MT systems. Collocations reveal the co-occurrence possibilities of linguistic units in one language, which often require lexical selection rules to enhance the natural flow and clarity of MT output. The study presents an automatic acquisition and human verification process to acquire collocations and suggest possible candidates for lexical selection rules. The mechanism has been used in the development and enhancement of the Chinese-English and Japanese-English MT systems, and can be easily adapted to other language pairs. Future work includes expanding its usage to more language pairs and furthering its application to MT customers.

null

96,766

inproceedings

turcato-etal-1999-bootstrap

A bootstrap approach to automatically generating lexical transfer rules

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.59/

Turcato, Davide and McFetridge, Paul and Popowich, Fred and Toole, Janine

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

404--411

We describe a method for automatically generating Lexical Transfer Rules (LTRs) from word equivalences using transfer rule templates. Templates are skeletal LTRs, unspecified for words. New LTRs are created by instantiating a template with words, provided that the words belong to the appropriate lexical categories required by the template. We define two methods for creating an inventory of templates and using them to generate new LTRs. A simpler method consists of extracting a finite set of templates from a sample of hand coded LTRs and directly using them in the generation process. A further method consists of abstracting over the initial finite set of templates to define higher level templates, where bilingual equivalences are defined in terms of correspondences involving phrasal categories. Phrasal templates are then mapped onto sets of lexical templates with the aid of grammars. In this way an infinite set of lexical templates is recursively defined. New LTRs are created by parsing input words, matching a template at the phrasal level and using the corresponding lexical categories to instantiate the lexical template. The definition of an infinite set of templates enables the automatic creation of LTRs for multi-word, non-compositional word equivalences of any cardinality.

null

96,767

inproceedings

cowie-etal-1999-using

Using a target language model for domain independent lexical disambiguation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.61/

Cowie, Jim and Ludovik, Yevgeny and Nirenburg, Sergei

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

417--420

In this paper we describe a lexical disambiguation algorithm based on a statistical language model we call maximum likelihood disambiguation. The maximum likelihood method depends solely on the target language. The model was trained on a corpus of American English newspaper texts. Its performance was tested using output from a transfer based translation system between Turkish and English. The method is source language independent, and can be used for systems translating from any language into English.

null

96,769

inproceedings

lee-1999-article

Article selection using probabilistic sense disambiguation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.62/

Lee, Hian-Beng

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

421--426

A probabilistic method is used for word sense disambiguation where the features taken are the surrounding six words. As their surface forms are used, no syntactic or semantic analysis is required. Despite its simplicity, this method is able to disambiguate the noun interest accurately. Using the common data set of (Bruce {\&} Wiebe 94), we have obtained an average accuracy of 86.6{\%} compared with their reported figure of 78{\%}. This portable technique can be applied to the task of English article selection. This problem arises from machine translation of any source language without article to English. Using texts from the Wall Street Journal, we achieved an overall accuracy of 83.1{\%} for the 1,500 most commonly used head nouns.

null

96,770

inproceedings

lee-etal-1999-compound

Compound noun decomposition using a {M}arkov model

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.63/

Lee, Jongwoo and Zhang, Byoung-Tak and Kim, Yung Taek

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

427--431

A statistical method for compound noun decomposition is presented. Previous studies on this problem showed some statistical information are helpful. But applying statistical information was not so systemic that performance depends heavily on the algorithm and some algorithms usually have many separated steps. In our work statistical information is collected from manually decomposed compound noun corpus to build a Markov model for composition. Two Markov chains representing statistical information are assumed independent: one for the sequence of participants' lengths and another for the sequence of participants ' features. Besides Markov assumptions, least participants preference assumption also is used. These two assumptions enable the decomposition algorithm to be a kind of conditional dynamic programming so that efficient and systemic computation can be performed. When applied to test data of size 5027, we obtained a precision of 98.4{\%}.

null

96,771

inproceedings

choi-etal-1999-english

{E}nglish-to-{K}orean Web translator : {\textquotedblleft}{F}rom{T}o/Web-{EK}{\textquotedblright}

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.64/

Choi, Sung-Kwon and Kim, Taewan and Yuh, Sanghwa and Jung, Han-Min and Sim, Chul-Min and Park, Sang-Kyu

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

432--437

The previous English-Korean MT system that have been developed in Korea have dealt with only written text as translation object. Most of them enumerated a following list of the problems that had not seemed to be easy to solve in the near future : 1) processing of non-continuous idiomatic expressions 2) reduction of too many POS or structural ambiguities 3) robust processing for long sentence and parsing failure 4) selecting correct word correspondence between several alternatives. The problems can be considered as important factors that have influence on the translation quality of machine translation system. This paper describes not only the solutions of problems of the previous English-to-Korean machine translation systems but also the HTML tags management between two structurally different languages, English and Korean. Through the solutions we translate successfully English web documents into Korean one in the English-to-Korean web translator ``FromTo/Web-EK'' which has been developed from 1997.

null

96,772

inproceedings

uchino-etal-1999-altflash

{ALTFLASH}: a {J}apanese-to-{E}nglish machine translation system for market flash reports

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.65/

Uchino, Hajime and Ooyama, Yoshifumi and Furuse, Osamu

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

438--443

We have developed a Japanese-to-English machine translation system for market flash reports called ALTFLASH. ALTFLASH is a hybrid translation system based on a combination of rule-based translation and template-based translation systems. The experimental results were that the system could achieve good translation for 90{\%} of source sentences (70{\%} of articles) in reports on the foreign section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. In addition, we focused on account settlement flashes, which formed fixed patterns, and developed a new system to translate them. This system has been installed, by Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei) in March 1998 in their English translation service for news flashes on settlements of accounts. It is a fully automatic translation system that enables news flashes to be broadcast to the world without requiring human intervention.

null

96,773

inproceedings

ryu-etal-1999-k

From To K/{E}: a {K}orean-{E}nglish machine translation system based on idiom recognition and fail softening

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.69/

Ryu, Byong-Rae and Kim, Youngkil and Yuh, Sanghwa and Park, Sangkyu

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

469--475

In this paper we describe and experimentally evaluate FromTo K/E, a rule-based Korean-English machine translation system adapting transfer methodology. In accordance with the view that a successful Korean-English machine translation system presumes a highly efficient robust Korean parser, we develop a parser reinforced with ``Fail Softening'', i.e. the long sentence segmentation and the recovery of failed parse trees. To overcome the language-typological differences between Korean and English, we adopt a powerful module for processing Korean multi-word lexemes and Korean idiomatic expressions. Prior to parsing Korean sentences, furthermore, we try to resolve the ambiguity of words with unknown grammatical functions on the basis of the collocation and subcategorization information. The results of the experimental evaluation show that the degree of understandability for sample 2000 sentences amounts to 2.67, indicating that the meaning of the translated English sentences is almost clear to users, but the sentences still include minor grammatical or stylistic errors up to max. 30{\%} of the whole words.

null

96,777

inproceedings

yoshimi-sata-1999-improvement

Improvement of translation quality of {E}nglish newspaper headlines by automatic preediting

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.73/

Yoshimi, Takehiko and Sata, Ichiko

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

496--500

Since the headlines of English news articles have a characteristic style, different from the styles which prevail in ordinary sentences, it is difficult for MT systems to generate high quality translations for headlines. We try to solve this problem by adding to an existing system a preediting module which rewrites the headlines to ordinary expressions. Rewriting of headlines makes it possible to generate better translations which would not otherwise be generated, with little or no changes to the existing parts of the system. Focusing on the absence of a form of the verb of `be', we have described rewriting rules for putting properly the verb `be' into the headlines.

null

96,781

inproceedings

zhao-tsujii-1999-transfer

Transfer in experience-guided machine translation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.74/

Zhao, Gang and Tsujii, Junichi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

501--508

Experience-Guided Machine Translation (EGMT) seeks to represent the translators' knowledge of translation as experiences and translates by analogy. The transfer in EGMT finds the experiences most similar to a new text and its parts, segments it into units of translation and translates them by analogy to the experiences and then assembles them into a whole. A research prototype of analogical transfer from Chinese to English is built to prove the viability of the approach in the exploration of new architecture of machine translation. The paper discusses how the experiences are represented and selected with respect to a new text. It describes how units of translation are defined, partial translation is derived and composed into a whole.

null

96,782

inproceedings

andriamanankasina-etal-1999-example

Example-based machine translation of part-of-speech tagged sentences by recursive division

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.75/

Andriamanankasina, Tantely and Araki, Kenji and Tochinai, Koji

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

509--517

Example-Based Machine Translation can be applied to languages whose resources like dictionaries, reliable syntactic analyzers are hardly available because it can learn from new translation examples. However, difficulties still remain in translation of sentences which are not fully covered by the matching sentence. To solve that problem, we present in this paper a translation method which recursively divides a sentence and translates each part separately. In addition, we evaluate an analogy-based word-level alignment method which predicts word correspondences between source and translation sentences of new translation examples. The translation method was implemented in a French-Japanese machine translation system and spoken language text were used as examples. Promising translation results were earned and the effectiveness of the alignment method in the translation was confirmed.

null

96,783

inproceedings

somers-1999-sources

Sources of linguistic knowledge for minority languages

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.78/

Somers, Harold L.

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

531--537

Language Engineering (LE) products and resources for the world`s {\textquotedblleft}major{\textquotedblright} languages are steadily increasing, but there remains a major gap as regards less widely-used languages. This paper considers the current situation regarding LE resources for some of the languages in question, and some proposals for rectifying this situation are made, including techniques based on adapting existing resources and {\textquotedblleft}knowledge extraction{\textquotedblright} techniques from machine-readable corpora.

null

96,786

inproceedings

ma-liberman-1999-bits

{BITS}: a method for bilingual text search over the Web

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.79/

Ma, Xiaoyi and Liberman, Mark Y.

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

538--542

Parallel corpus are valuable resource for machine translation, multi-lingual text retrieval, language education and other applications, but for various reasons, its availability is very limited at present. Noticed that the World Word Web is a potential source to mine parallel text, researchers are making their efforts to explore the Web in order to get a big collection of bitext. This paper presents BITS (Bilingual Internet Text Search), a system which harvests multilingual texts over the World Wide Web with virtually no human intervention. The technique is simple, easy to port to any language pairs, and with high accuracy. The results of the experiments on German-English pair proved that the method is very successful.

null

96,787

inproceedings

ueki-etal-1999-sharing

Sharing syntactic structures

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.80/

Ueki, Masahiro and Tokunaga, Takenobu and Tanaka, Hozumi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

543--546

Bracketed corpora are a very useful resource for natural language processing, but hard to build efficiently, leading to quantitative insufficiency for practical use. Disparities in morphological information, such as word segmentation and part-of-speech tag sets, are also troublesome. An application specific to a particular corpus often cannot be applied to another corpus. In this paper, we sketch out a method to build a corpus that has a fixed syntactic structure but varying morphological annotation based on the different tag set schemes utilized. Our system uses a two layered grammar, one layer of which is made up of replaceable tag-set-dependent rules while the other has no such tag set dependency. The input sentences of our system are bracketed corresponding to structural information of corpus. The parser can work using any tag set and grammar, and using the same input bracketing, we obtain corpus that shares partial syntactic structure.

null

96,788

inproceedings

germann-1999-deterministic

A deterministic dependency parser for {J}apanese

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.81/

Germann, Ulrich

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

547--555

We present a rule-based, deterministic dependency parser for Japanese. It was implemented in C++, using object classes that reflect linguistic concepts and thus facilitate the transfer of linguistic intuitions into code. The parser first chunks morphemes into one-word phrases and then parses from the right to the left. The average parsing accuracy is 83.6{\%}.

null

96,789

inproceedings

frederking-etal-1999-new

A new approach to the translating telephone

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.82/

Frederking, Robert and Hogan, Christopher and Rudnicky, Alexander

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

556--563

The Translating Telephone has been a major goal of speech translation for many years. Previous approaches have attempted to work from limited-domain, fully-automatic translation towards broad-coverage, fully-automatic translation. We are approaching the problem from a different direction: starting with a broad-coverage but not fully-automatic system, and working towards full automation. We believe that working in this direction will provide us with better feedback, by observing users and collecting language data under realistic conditions, and thus may allow more rapid progress towards the same ultimate goal. Our initial approach relies on the wide-spread availability of Internet connections and web browsers to provide a user interface. We describe our initial work, which is an extension of the Diplomat wearable speech translator.

null

96,790

inproceedings

yamauchi-1999-method

A method of evaluation of the quality of translated text

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.83/

Yamauchi, Satoshi

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

564--567

In this paper, I present a method for the evaluation of the quality of translated text, namely, a translation ability index, which shows the relative position of the translation ability of a Machine Translation (MT) system on a measurement scale. The measurements are made by an analysis ratio which is able to make absolute measurements and a conversion and magnitude scale (CGMS) which indicates the mutual relation of the machine translated text to the text translated by the professional human translator. The translation ability index in this work has been confirmed by the evaluation of two MT systems. This is effective as a clear explanation of this work.

null

96,791

inproceedings

yokoyama-etal-1999-quantitative

Quantitative evaluation of machine translation using two-way {MT}

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.84/

Yokoyama, Shoichi and Kumano, Akira and Matsudaira, Masaki and Shirokizawa, Yoshiko and Kawagoe, Mutsumi and Kodama, Shuji and Kashioka, Hideki and Ehara, Terumasa and Miyazawa, Shinichiro and Nakajima, Yasuo

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

568--573

One of the most important issues in the field of machine translation is evaluation of the translated sentences. This paper proposes a quantitative method of evaluation for machine translation systems. The method is as follows. First, an example sentence in Japanese is machine translated into English using several Japanese-English machine translation systems. Second, the output English sentences are machine translated into Japanese using several English-Japanese machine translation systems (different from the Japanese-English machine translation systems). Then, each output Japanese sentence is compared with the original Japanese sentence in terms of word identification, correctness of the modification, syntactic dependency, and parataxes. An average score is calculated, and this becomes the total evaluation of the machine translation of the sentence. From this two-way machine translation and the calculation of the score, we can quantitatively evaluate the English machine translation. For the present study, we selected 100 Japanese sentences from the abstracts of scientific articles. Each of these sentences has an English translation which was performed by a human. Approximately half of these sentences are evaluated and the results are given. In addition, a comparison of human and machine translations is also performed and the trade-off between the two methods of translation is discussed.

null

96,792

inproceedings

doyon-etal-1999-task

Task-based evaluation for machine translation

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.85/

Doyon, Jennifer B. and Taylor, Kathryn B. and White, John S.

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

574--578

In an effort to reduce the subjectivity, cost, and complexity of evaluation methods for machine translation (MT) and other language technologies, task-based assessment is examined as an alternative to metrics-based in human judgments about MT, i.e., the previously applied adequacy, fluency, and informativeness measures. For task-based evaluation strategies to be employed effectively to evaluate languageprocessing technologies in general, certain key elements must be known. Most importantly, the objectives the technology`s use is expected to accomplish must be known, the objectives must be expressed as tasks that accomplish the objectives, and then successful outcomes defined for the tasks. For MT, task-based evaluation is correlated to a scale of tasks, and has as its premise that certain tasks are more forgiving of errors than others. In other words, a poor translation may suffice to determine the general topic of a text, but may not permit accurate identification of participants or the specific event. The ordering of tasks according to their tolerance for errors, as determined by actual task outcomes provided in this paper, is the basis of a scale and repeatable process by which to measure MT systems that has advantages over previous methods.

null

96,793

inproceedings

fukutomi-1999-experiment

Experiment report of a commercial machine translation in a manufacturing industry domain

null

sep # " 13-17"

1999

Singapore, Singapore

null

https://aclanthology.org/1999.mtsummit-1.86/

Fukutomi, Orie

Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VII

579--585

The aim of this paper is to provide a report of an experiment using a Commercial Machine Translation (CMT) software in a manufacturing company in the UK, with particular reference to Japanese / English Machine translation. It presents the main difficulties involved in the translation of industrial documents from Japanese to English, and discusses how the productivity and quality of translation can be improved through the use of commercial Machine Translation (MT) software. This is an empirical data and is proposed translators' point of view in a manufacturing factory. The survey focuses on a manufacturing organisation which does not have the resources needed to develop their own MT system. The globalization of the Japanese manufacturing industry makes it necessary for the translation of manuals and other documents to be as rapid as possible. In this paper, linguistic features of both English and Japanese are discussed from the evaluation experiment in order to make up writing rules for members of staff at Makita Manufacturing Europe. It also discusses viewpoint of British engineers when translated manuals are read.

null

96,794