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Trash (Suede song)
"Trash" is the first single from the album Coming Up by Suede, released on 29 July 1996, on Nude Records. It is the first single on which all the songs were written without guitarist Bernard Butler, since Richard Oakes had taken his place. The single is tied with "Stay Together" as the band's highest charting at number three; however, it outsold the earlier single, thus making it their biggest-selling single. The song also topped the Finnish chart in late August, keeping the Spice Girls' smash hit "Wannabe" at the number-two spot for two weeks before it took over the number-one position.
Song meaning
Various meanings have been given to the song, but the main themes seem to be about 'outsiders', being different but living well with it. In a 2013 interview, Anderson expanded this theme, saying: "It’s a song that’s kind of about being in the band and, by extension, it’s a song about the fans and the whole kind of ethos of being a Suede… person." He also described it as the soundtrack to his life, saying "It's about believing in the romance of the everyday." In an interview in late 2009, for the SkyArts' Songbook series, Anderson said about the song:
"I actually wrote it about the band Suede. It's a celebration of the band, but by extension, it's a celebration of the fans as well. And it was a kind of a song written about us, as a gang, it was written about the values we stood for. And even though it sounds like a love song, it was actually about the idea of the identity of the band, and what they stood for."
Music video
The video for the title song was filmed at Elstree Studios and directed by David Mould. It features the whole band performing in a crowded, up-market bar decorated in garish primary colours among people in glamorous, high-end fashions of the day. The video also marks the first appearance of a new band member, keyboard player Neil Codling.
Reception
The song proved to be a successful comeback single for Suede, receiving praise from critics. Melody Maker had proclaimed the song "single of the week" a fortnight prior to release. Tania Branigan called it "bitterly sweet, a love song for strangers; fast, in every sense of the word." In reference to the single's B-sides, she said: "In the finest 'Drowners' tradition, the two B-sides are almost finer." Ted Kessler of NME said: "So the scaremongers were wrong. Brett Anderson is the creative force behind Suede. Here's the proof: this week sees the release of their first post-Bernard Butler single and nobody can really admit that they thought it would sound half as good as it does." Kevin Courtney of The Irish Times said it is "probably their most direct and immediate pop statement to date." Music & Media wrote: "They haven't lost their camp, dramatic touch (piped strings!), distorted guitars and strong melodies. Great summer record." The Telegraph called it an "instant, flawless, three-minute essence-of-pop, as irresistible as 'Satisfaction' or 'Ride a White Swan'."
Accolades
A 2014 poll by US music magazine Paste marking the 20th anniversary of Britpop listed "Trash" at number 14 in its list, "The 50 Best Britpop Songs." Michael Danaher wrote: "The song is a festering, anthemic pop gem that featuring a glorious chorus and guitar and synth-driven rhythm. A vastly underrated song this side of the Atlantic." In a public poll by NME, "Trash" was placed at no. 9 in its list "50 Greatest Britpop Songs Ever," and said: "with 'Trash', Suede made being a glam weirdo seem like the most appealing thing in the world."
Versions
A different version of the song appears on the group's 2003 compilation album Singles, where the vocals were re-recorded along with an alternative ending. All four of the singles' B-sides were included on Suede's compilation Sci-Fi Lullabies, which was released the following year, although the version of "Europe is our Playground" was a new version and not the original B-side version found here. "Europe is Our Playground" also marks the songwriting debut of bass guitarist Mat Osman.
A cover of "Trash" is featured on the 2009 album Rocket Science by Norwegian electro-rock band Apoptygma Berzerk.
Track listings
All songs by Brett Anderson and Richard Oakes except where noted.
7" Vinyl (via mail order), Cassette
"Trash"
"Europe Is Our Playground" (Anderson, Mat Osman)
CD1
"Trash"
"Europe Is Our Playground" (Anderson, Mat Osman)
"Every Monday Morning Comes"
CD2
"Trash"
"Have You Ever Been This Low?"
"Another No One" (Anderson)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Category:1996 singles
Category:Suede (band) songs
Category:Songs written by Brett Anderson
Category:Songs written by Richard Oakes (guitarist)
Category:Song recordings produced by Ed Buller
Category:1996 songs
Category:Number-one singles in Finland
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Wikipedia (en)
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Even though the Supreme Court has outlawed the practice of instant triple talaq and the Lok Sabha has even passed a bill criminalising the draconian practice, its usage still seems to be continuing en masse.
It was reported by us how things were possibly brazened out when a husband gave his wife triple talaq just a day after the Lok Sabha criminalised the act.
Now ahead of the Parliament session, which might see the introduction of the Triple Talaq bill in the Rajya Sabha, it seems that some husbands have decided to squeeze in their Triple Talaq, before the practice is officially criminalised by law.
It was recently reported how a Husband decided to give triple talaq to his wife, after she asked him to admit their four year old daughter to a school. Apart from this, a woman had alleged that following a dowry dispute her husband gave her triple talaq, and threw her off their house’s roof.
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Further, it has been reported that a woman from the Bhiwandi region of Thane, Maharashtra has alleged that her estranged husband sent her triple talaq written on a stamp paper via registered post. She also alleged that her in-laws used to mentally and physically harass her for dowry. In another case, a woman from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh was allegedly given triple talaq simply because she failed to bear a child, five years after their marriage.
Now in a latest incident, a woman hailing from Uttar Pradesh’s Hapur was allegedly forced to marry her rapist by the village panchayat, after which he gave her triple talaq. The uncle of the victim claimed that she was also mentally tortured after the marriage.
The report claims that the husband took the victim and her father to a deserted place, after which she was forcefully made to put her fingerprints on the divorce papers and later triple talaq was pronounced.
A case has been filed regarding the matter and as per SSP Harpur, Ram Mohan Singh, the matter is being investigated and appropriate action will be taken.
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Dirtyb ex chat sites
With so many different sites out there, it’s hard to know which one you should be choosing. A typical sex chat room looks something like this: After using hundreds of sites over the years, I can honestly say with confidence that the best adult chat sites are the following: This is the oldest sex chat site online and it’s been the top ranking one for a while. Simple, because it has awesome customer support and the features are second to none.
Unlike traditional chat lines in which the moderator’s job is to keep the line clean, everything goes these hot and naughty lines. Beware, other callers can still report you if you are too aggressive or abusive, however, the standards here are way more relaxed. Hook up on the phone—or for real—with the hottest singles in your area. Then listen to other Red Hot callers live on the line. Send a message, hook up for hot phone chat—or more!
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Visit Site Even though Livelinks is not technically a phone sex line, it still made it into this list as the conversations that go on on this chatline get pretty steamy pretty fast.
Sex chat rooms work by allowing you to select a model, viewing a group chat and then paying for a private show which includes a cam-to-cam session and the ability to chat to the girl either with voice or typing in a chat box.
A new breed of sex chat sites has come into fruition over the years and involves you using a roulette method of finding girls to chat to.
Chat line pricing ranges from free and up to a few dollars per minute.
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Q&A With Cosmic Joe
Joe Risi is the Cosmic Series Race Director among other titles like Scarpa Events Coordinator and Production Manager at Wildsnow.com. Risi dedicates his entire winter to the uphill skiing community and has for a long time. We had a chance to catch up with "Cosmic Joe," to learn a little bit more about the Skimo community, the Cosmic Race Series and even how to make an Upslope Beerita!
Skiing Mag: What is the Cosmic Series?
Joe Risi: The Cosmic Series was started 10 years ago by Pete Swenson. Pete was a nationally ranked mountain biker who was also very into the european skimo scene and decided to bring it back to the states. He did what I do now, set courses, plan races and build the participation in the skimo community and that is how the Cosmic Series came to be.
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It’s been growing like crazy, we now have eighteen sponsors and brands are producing very specific gear for the sport. Last year we had 1,400 participants and we expect to have 2,500 this year.
SM: Who is Cosmic Joe?
JR: Eric Henderson (Skiing’s Sales Development Director), made me a one-piece Walls suit that says “Cosmic Joe.” It really is just my winter persona. I run the Cosmic Series super lean and give my winter, from November to mid-April up to be the director of the race series. I love it, and I really just want to see this sport get bigger.
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SM: Why is the uphill sport growing?
JR: People are realizing that there are other potentials for recreation and growth in the mountain environment–individuals are no longer just limiting themselves to trails.
It is also much more of a community sport. Think about resort skiing, you only talk on the chairlift. With uphill skiing you are walking with your ski partner for an extended period of time, some people are even calling it the new golf–walking [uphill] and talking.
And then there are things like this Bloomberg article and resorts starting to recognize uphill skiing.
SM: Edlora recently announced they were going to do a trial year of uphill skiing passes. Do you think other mom-and-pop resorts will follows?
JR: Now is the chance for resorts to legitimize themselves. Eldora had uphill traffic in the past but hopefully you didn’t get caught. Resorts are now realizing what the population wants to do and they need to control it to make sure it’s safe.
The real issue with resorts legitimizing uphill skiing is that they need to realize people want to ski at all times of the day, not just during business hours. They want to ski uphill on a full moon or at 4 A.M. so they can still go home and make breakfast for their kids before school, but that is scary for resort operators.
Eldora is legitimizing themselves as a resort that is realizing they need to have some control over it. I’m sure other resorts will do the same as the sport grows.
SM: What effects do you think the Olympic committee recognizing skimo as a Olympic Sport will have on the sport?
JR: I think that it will finally not be viewed as people just running around a mountain in spandex. It is almost similar to what mountain biking was in the 80’s.
Now more than ever I have heard a lot of questions about youth development and, "Is there gear small enough to fit my child?" Now that the community is fostering younger generations, the sport will grow exponentially and it being an Olympic sport will only add to that.
SM: Are all of the participants focused racers or is their a community of people doing the races just for fun?
JR: The majority of our participants are people who solely backcountry ski and very few of them have resort passes. It’s a bit of a rolling circus, there are always familiar races at every single race and great camaraderie and vibe. We have new people just testing out the sport every year, come try it out!
SM: What’s your favorite Upslope beer?
JR: I use their Craft Lager and make beer-ritas. It’s tequila, triple sec and lime juice in your beer. Try it.
SM: Do skimo’s drink beer?
JR: They damn sure better drink beer.
SM: Do racers have to wear tight pants and race suits?
JR: Certainly not. The impression is that everyone wears spandex but it’s definitely not the case. Last year is a great example, we had a ton of mountain guides come out in their baggy pants and kick the entire field's ass.
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Black Muscat
Wine DetailsPrice: $10.00 per bottleDescription: A semi-sweet wine with the true Muscat flavors coming through. These grapes come from vines that are more than 50 years old, from the Upland Vineyards in Sunnyside. With the residual sugars (RS) of 3.8% and great acidity this wine is very approachable and perfect for those do anything, anywhere occasions. Enjoy it on a picnic or in the hot tub!
Varietal Definition
Black Muscat:
Derived from a Schiava Grossa x Muscat of Alexandria cross, this variety has more than 30 synonym names, including Muscat Hamburg, Black Hamburg and Golden Hamburg. In most of the world, Black Muscat is destined for table grape production. However, in certain markets it is also used to produce wine. In California, in the hot southern reaches of the Central Valley, the vine's black-berried grapes are used in the production of dessert wine. The most notable is a richly colored and aromatic wine known as 'Elysium' made by Quady Winery in Madera. In Eastern Europe, it delivers a fair amount of light, grapey red wine with some Muscat aroma.
Muscat:
Muscat, thought to be one of the oldest grape varieties, is grown worldwide. It is vinified in a multitude of styles, from still to sparkling, and dry to sweet to fortified. Also called Moscato, Moscatel and Muskateller, it is a sweetly aromatic, fruity grape that has many genetic variations and colors. It probably originated in Greece but maybe the independent sultanate of Muscat in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula had something to do with it. Over 200 different varieties and derivatives to the Muscat family exist today. Muscat Canelli, Orange Muscat and Black Muscat are varieties most planted in California, which makes primarily still wine. More unusual is Muscat fermented to total dryness, which leaves greater alcohol levels and no residual sugar. Some Muscats are aged in oak to provide additional complexity.Today’s recommended Muscats represent many of these styles, so use the tasting notes and percent of residual sugar - listed if provided by the winery - to find a wine you’ll enjoy. The more sugar and the lower the alcohol, the sweeter the wine, though wines above 10 percent alcohol can also be somewhat sweet.
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Pakistan's Council of Islamic Ideology Condones Rape
The chairman of the Council told journalists that the Council rejected the Protection of Women Act because its provisions are not in line with Islamic injunctions. He said Islam determines procedures to evaluate criminality in cases of rape.
Some hideous rape cases coming to light in Pakistan are prompting questions about the nation's civil liberties. According to the Asian Human Rights Commission report, Motaan, a poor minority woman, age 26 and two months pregnant, was brutally beaten and gang raped in broad daylight by five assailants in the district of Tharparker in Sindh Province on September 4. She, along with her husband, three children and some relatives, were going to work as laborers at a brick kiln. Motaan was grabbed by her hair and was taken inside a community center along with her husband and their three children; the other relatives were able to escape. They were beaten brutally, their their hands and feet tied, then were forced to watch the rape of Motaan.
The Asian Human Rights Commission claimed that the family went to the police station to report the rape and assaults, but a member of Provincial Assembly, Mahesh Kumar Malani, apparently pressured the police and threatened the family, warning them not to press charges.
The next day, a 12-year-old girl in the city Faisalabad and a first-year college student in the town of Toba Tek Singh were also gang raped.
In the conservative society of Pakistan, most rape cases are, when possible, kept secret by the victims' families for the sake of family honor. Nonetheless, in last year, 7,516 cases of violence against women were reported in Pakistan, including 822 rape cases.
The victims, however, are discouraged from to seeking justice by the Pakistani ordinance known as the Hudood Ordinance. The ordinance says that, in the light of Shariah law, four adult Muslim witnesses are required before an alleged rapist can be convicted. Under the Hudood Ordinance, many victims, including young girls such as Zihan Mina, Safia Bibi, and Zafran Bibi, have been sentenced to lashes or death by stoning.
In Sindh, the dominant province of Pakistan, home to 52% of the country's population, a few members of the Provincial Assembly, including Sharmila Farooki, are trying to pass a bill requiring DNA testing in rape cases. Mandatory DNA testing would take place within 12 hours of an individual making a complaint of rape to the authorities. The bill outlines how the DNA evidence can and cannot be used in the courts. It also calls on the provincial government to create forensic laboratories where testing will take place.
It will be tough fight to pass the DNA testing bill. In September, the two-day 192nd Islamic Ideological Conference held in Islamabad was led by Council of Islamic Ideology [CII] in a bid to provide all-encompassing guidance to people in light of the Islamic teachings. Members of the CII emphasized that in rape cases, DNA as primary evidence is not acceptable. Although the CII does not have an official say in the law-making process, it has huge influence over the Pakistani provincial and federal government. It advises the government on religious affairs, and has strong public support.
The chairman of the Council, Maulana Muhammad Khan Sherani, told journalists that the Council rejected the Protection of Women Act of 2006, as its provisions were not in line with Islamic injunctions. He said that Hudood ordinance deals with these offenses, and that Islamic law determines the procedures to determine guilt in cases of rape.
Comment on this item
3 Reader Comments
Peter Heath • Nov 4, 2013 at 18:39
Why does Britain have such a close (too close) relationship with a dysfunctional theocracy that is the antithesis of most of the things Britain stands for? We have almost a 'land border' with this 'country', by which means our already overly large and virtually unassimilable population from Pakistan is continually able to bring in spouses and others to live and vote here as full citizens. This article adequately illustrates the foolhardiness of such a continuing situation, as so many of these coming here clearly subscribe to a belief in Sharia and associated horrors such as honour killings/rapes/FGM/forced marriages. If this were not the case, Pakistan would by now be ridding itself of these abominable practices. When will our political classes respond with some sanity, and curtail migration from Pakistan and similar places, based purely on a consideration of the long-term consequences of not doing so? Islamist extremists (many of them from Pakistan) living here now are vowing to introduce Sharia under their caliphate (see Anjem Choudry); do we really have all of this to look forward to?
Reply->
Steven Buckley • Oct 20, 2013 at 19:00
In the non-Muslim world, "human rights" refers to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which affirms that all people -- men and women -- are guaranteed individual rights. By contrast, in the Muslim world, "human rights" are defined according to the Cairo Declaration, which holds that men and women are not equal and that it is the duty of men and women to follow the will of Allah. Dignity is granted only to those who submit to Allah's will. The Cairo Declaration divides all human beings into two separate legal persons within its defined categories, namely men and women, believers and nonbelievers. Any rights or freedoms are binding commandments from Allah as delivered through Mohammed, the Muslim prophet.
So the chairman of the CII says that Islamic law has the say on rape cases does he? Well he would, as the blame for a rape is put firmly onto the victim, not the perpetrator.. hmmmmmm, how convenient. No matter how I try to read some good in the backward ideology that is Islam, it never fails to let me down. Good is bad and bad is good; can there ever be a more evil religion? And I use that word very loosely indeed. Why is DNA testing not acceptable? Is it because the rapist can be absolutely identified? That would never be accepted, as in Islam the woman is always inferior to the man and therefore her suffering is of no consequence at all. Is this the kind of law we want in our countries and are we happy for certain people to practice it in direct conflict to our own laws? Mosques are not just for prayers but are a place where Sharia law is practiced already in many countries.
The articles printed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editors or of Gatestone Institute.
Both reserve the right not to publish replies to articles should they so choose.
Gatestone Institute is a 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization, Federal Tax ID #454724565.
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CLASS IS BACK IN SESSION AS RICK REMENDER & WES CRAIG'S HIT SERIES ROLLS INTO ITS SECOND ARC! Narrowly escaping death in Las Vegas, Marcus and his remaining gang return to Kings Dominion High School for the Deadly Arts. But they're about to learn a hard lesson: blood begets blood, and no bad deed goes unpunished.
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---
author:
- 'A. Nicuesa Guelbenzu, S. Klose, J. Greiner, D. A. Kann, T. Krühler, A. Rossi, S. Schulze, P. M. J. Afonso, J. Elliott, R. Filgas, D. H. Hartmann, A. Küpcü Yoldaş, S. McBreen, M. Nardini, F. Olivares E., A. Rau, S. Schmidl, P. Schady, V. Sudilovsky, A. C. Updike, & A. Yoldaş'
bibliography:
- 'mypaper.bib'
date: 'Received 2012 May 4; accepted XXXX'
title: |
Multi-color observations of short GRB afterglows:\
20 events observed between 2007 and 2010
---
Introduction {#Intro}
============
Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) show a bimodality in their duration distribution, separated in the CGRO/BATSE data at $T_{90}=2$ s, with the peak of the short-burst population at $T_{90}\sim$0.5 s and the long-burst population at $\sim$30 s (@Kouveliotou1993 [@Sakamoto2011ApJS]). Historically, bursts are still devided into long and short based on the BATSE scheme, even though the shape of the bimodal distribution is energy-dependent, in particular peaking for [*Swift*]{}/BAT at $T_{90}\sim0.5$ s and $\sim70$ s, respectively (@Sakamoto2011ApJS).
According to the current picture, long bursts originate from the collapse of massive stars into black holes (@MacFadyen1999) or into rapidly spinning, strongly magnetized neutron stars (e.g., @Usov1992 [@Mazzali2006]). Short bursts are instead commonly attributed to the merger of compact stellar objects (e.g., @Paczynski1986 [@Nakar2007]). The physical association of long bursts with the collapse of massive stars has been well established (e.g., @ZehKH2004 [@Hjorth2003Natur; @Pian2006Natur; @Ferrero2006; @WB2006; @Fruchter2006]). However, the observational situation with short bursts is less clear.
Until 2005 no afterglow of a short burst had ever been detected, while for the long burst sample at that time many important discoveries had already been made (redshifts, supernova light, collimated explosions, circumburst wind profiles). The first well-localized short burst (GRB 050509B; @Gehrels2005Natur) was seen close in projection to a massive early-type galaxy (@Hjorth2005 [@Bloom2006ApJ638]), supporting the model that compact stellar mergers are the progenitors of short-duration gamma-ray bursts. However, since then the observational progress has been rather modest when compared to the long-burst population (for a review @Gehrels2009 [@Berger2011NewAR]).
There are mainly two reasons for this situation. Firstly, compared to long bursts there is a substantially smaller detection rate of short bursts. Secondly, short-burst afterglows are rarely brighter than $R=20$ even minutes after a trigger (e.g., @Kann2010 [@Kann2011]). This general faintness makes their discovery and detailed follow-up very challenging. However, only the precise detection of the afterglow, with sub-arcsec accuracy, enables a secure determination of a putative GRB host galaxy and its redshift, while the X-ray plus optical light curves provide information about the processes that take place after the explosion, clues about the physics of the central engine, and the properties of the environment of the progenitor. Rapid follow-up observations of these events are therefore very important to gain as much observational data as possible.
Since there is a substantial overlap between the long and the short-burst duration distribution, the simple devision between long and short is only a first guess about the true origin of a burst under consideration. Several other phenomenological properties of the bursts and their afterglows have to be considered in order to reveal the nature of their progenitors (@Zhang2007 [@Zhang2009; @Kann2011]). Thereby, of special interest are the circumburst density profiles, the afterglow luminosities, and the outflow characteristics that might be shaped by or related to the physical properties of the GRB progenitors.
Theoretical studies suggest that long GRBs are followed by more luminous afterglows than short bursts, mainly due to the expected difference in the circumburst density around the GRB progenitors (@Panaitescu2001). Also the circumburst density profile is an indicator on the nature of the explosion (e.g., @Schulze2011). In addition, the distribution function of the jet-opening angles of long and short bursts should be different from each other since an extended massive envelope collimates the escaping relativistic outflow [@Zhang2004ApJ608], while the lack of such a medium in the case of merger events might allow for wider jet-opening angles [@Aloy2005; @Rezzolla2011]. Any short-burst afterglow that adds information here is naturally of great interest.
Here we report on the results of the first 3.5 years of follow-up observations of short-duration GRBs using the optical/NIR seven-channel imager GROND (@Greiner2007Msngr [@Greiner2008]) mounted at the 2.2-m ESO/MPG telescope on La Silla (Chile). GROND is in continuous operation since mid-2007. Since then it observes every burst with a declination $\lesssim
+35^\circ$, providing a complete sample of events observed with the same instrument at the same telescope. The capability of GROND to observe in seven bands simultaneously, from $g'$ to $K_s$, does not only provide the opportunity to follow the color evolution of an afterglow but also allows for a stacking of all bands; in particular a white-light image in $g'r'i'z'$ reaches a fainter detection threshold. In addition, GROND’s routine operation in Rapid Response Mode in principle allows us to start observations within minutes after a trigger, catching also afterglows even if they are fading rapidly.
In this work, we summarize the detections and upper limits for 20 short burst afterglows in $g'r'i'z'JHK_s$. First results have already been published in @NicuesaGuelbenzu2011a [ in the following paper I] and @NicuesaGuelbenzu2012a [ in the following paper II]. Here we add detailed information on all individual bursts. In particular, we compare the afterglow luminosities with those of their long-burst relatives. We also include X-ray data in order to extend this discussion to the high-energy band. If possible, based on our optical data, we derive the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the afterglows and give an estimate of the corresponding jet half-opening angles.
Throughout the paper, we adopt a concordance $\Lambda$CDM cosmology ($\Omega_M=0.27$, $\Omega_{\Lambda}=0.73$, $H_0=71$ km/s/Mpc; @Spergel2003), and the convention that the flux density is described as $F_\nu (t)\propto t^{-\alpha}\,\nu^{-\beta}$. In cases where no redshift is known for a burst, we adopt a redshift of $z$=0.5, as it is justified based on the redshift distribution of short bursts detected by [*Swift*]{} by the end of 2010 (@Leibler2010, their table 1).
Target selection, observations, and data reduction
==================================================
Between July 2007 and December 2010 altogether 394 GRBs were localized at the arcmin or (mostly) arcsec scale.[^1] Among them 220 events were followed up with GROND. For the present study, from this data base we have selected all those bursts with a duration of $T_{90} \leq 2$ s (within 1 $\sigma$) and an error circle smaller than 3 arcmin in radius (Table \[tab:coords\]), giving us 20 targets.
All optical/NIR data were analysed through standard PSF photometry using DAOPHOT and ALLSTAR tasks of IRAF (@Tody1993), in a similar way to the procedure described in @Thomas2008 and @Aybueke2008AIPC.1000. PSF fitting was used to measure the magnitudes of an optical transient. For completeness, publicly available archives were also checked (VLT/FORS and Gemini/GMOS).
The optical data were calibrated against the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS DR7; [@Abazajian2009]), if available. Otherwise a standard star field was observed under photometric conditions. For the NIR bands, photometric calibration was always performed against the 2MASS catalogue [@Skrutskie2006AJ]. This procedure results in a typical absolute accuracy of 0.04 mag in $g^\prime r^\prime i^\prime z^\prime$, 0.06 mag in $JH$ and 0.08 mag in $K_s$. All reported magnitudes are in the AB photometric system. Observed magnitudes were corrected for Galactic reddening based on [@Schlegel1998] and assuming a Milky Way extinction curve with a ratio of total-to-selective extinction of $R_V=3.1$. For GROND the Vega-to-AB conversion is $J_{\rm AB} = J_{\rm Vega} + 0.93$ mag, $H_{\rm AB} = H_{\rm
Vega} + 1.39$ mag, $K_{\rm AB} = K_{s,\rm Vega} + 1.80$ mag, except for observations after an intervention on the instrument on March 2008, for which $K_{\rm AB} = K_{s,\rm Vega} + 1.86$ mag. Extinction corrections for the GROND filters we have used here are: $A(g^\prime)= 1.253 \,A_V,\; A(r^\prime)= 0.799
\,A_V,\; A(i^\prime)= 0.615 \,A_V,\; A(z^\prime)= 0.454 \,A_V,\; A(J) = 0.292
\,A_V,\; A(H) = 0.184 \,A_V,\; A(K_s) = 0.136 \,A_V$.
Results
=======
In what follows, in several cases we combined GROND’s $g^\prime r^\prime
i^\prime z^\prime$ into a *white* band. This turned out to be particularly useful when searching for a faint afterglow, for studying the light-curve shape, and for measuring the offset of a detected afterglow from its suspected host galaxy. Image subtraction between the first and the last epoch, if applied, was performed using the *hotpants* package.[^2] Errors in the astrometric accuracy of GROND are less than 03 in right ascension and declination.
GRBs with an afterglow detected by GROND \[Sect1:OTs\]
------------------------------------------------------
Among the 20 events followed up by GROND, in six cases an optical afterglow was detected by GROND. Two of these events, GRB 090426 and GRB 090510, have been discussed in detail in paper I and II. Here we report on the four additional cases.
### GRB 081226A: Discovery of the optical afterglow \[081226.txt\]
[*Observations:*]{} GROND started observations 10 min after the GRB trigger and was on target for 2.5 hrs. Second-epoch observations were performed the following night and a final epoch was obtained 1 month after the burst. Inside the 90% c.l. XRT error circle ($r=3\farcs8$; @Evans12250 [@Evans12273]), the white-band image shows three objects (A-C; Fig. \[fig:081226A\]).
![*White*-band image of the field of GRB 081226A. Inside the 90% c.l. XRT error circle ($r=3\farcs8$) lie three objects (A,B,C). The position of the afterglow is indicated (C). In order to go deep, all GROND images of the first and the second epoch have been combined here.[]{data-label="fig:081226A"}](081226A.FC.ps){width="9.0cm"}
[*Afterglow light curve:*]{} After performing image subtraction on the *white*-band images, the afterglow appears in the southern part of its very faint host galaxy (object C in Fig. \[fig:081226A\]). It is detected in all optical bands (Table \[tab:logGROND.081226A\]) and is best-sampled in the $r^\prime$ band. Fitting the light curve with a single power-law plus host galaxy component (Fig. \[fig:081226A\_lc\]) gives $\alpha=1.3\pm0.2$, i.e., the afterglow was in the pre-jet break evolutionary phase. The decay slope is in agreement with the two X-ray detections of the afterglow centered at 0.6 ks and 11.5 ks (@Evans2010). We re-reduced archival Gemini $r^\prime$-band images (@Berger2008GCN8732) and find that they fit well into this light curve, confirming the GROND discovery.
Due to the faintness of the afterglow, a well-defined SED, corrected for host-galaxy light, cannot be constructed.
![ GROND $r^\prime$-band light curve of the afterglow of GRB 081226A fitted with a single powerlaw plus host galaxy component. Overplotted in green color are the Gemini-S/GMOS $r^\prime$-band data (Table \[tab:logGROND.081226A\]). No corrections for the slightly different filters have been performed.[]{data-label="fig:081226A_lc"}](081226A.GROND.only.eps){width="9.0cm"}
[*Energy budget:*]{} No redshift is known for GRB 081226A. Assuming a redshift of $z=0.5$ and using the data and the numerical approach from [@Butler2007][^3], we obtain an isotropic equivalent energy for this burst of $E_{\rm iso} =
2.0^{+1.7}_{-0.5}\,\times\,10^{50}$ erg. If there is a jet break in the optical light curve then it must have occurred after about 10 ks. Adopting an ISM profile, for the jet half-opening angle we have (e.g., @Frail2001ApJ562 [@Lu2011arXiv1110.4943L]) $$\begin{aligned}
\Theta_{\rm jet}&=&0.057 \, {\rm rad}\,\left(\frac{t_b}{1\ \rm
day}\right)^{3/8}\left(\frac{1+z}{2}\right)^{-3/8}\left(\frac{E_{\rm iso}}{10^{53}\ \rm
erg}\right)^{-1/8} \nonumber \\
&\times& \left(\frac{\eta_\gamma}{0.2}\right)^{1/8}\left(\frac{n}{0.1\ \rm
cm^{-3}}\right)^{1/8}\,.
\label{theta}\end{aligned}$$ Adopting a radiative efficiency of 0.2, and scaling the results to a rather low gas density of 0.01 cm$^{-3}$ as it might be implied for a neutron star merger, we obtain $\Theta_{\rm jet} \gtrsim 2.6^{+0.1}_{-0.2} \,\times\,
(n/0.01)^{1/8}$ deg and a beaming-corrected energy of $E_{\rm cor} \gtrsim
2.1^{+1.3}_{-0.4}\ 10^{47} \,\times\,(n/0.01)^{2/8}$ erg. There are no X-ray data for $t>10$ ks that could yield further evidence for a possible break in the afterglow light curve (@Evans2010).
[*Host galaxy:*]{} The underlying host galaxy (C) is very faint and only visible in the $g^\prime, r^\prime$ second-epoch images ($g' = 25.88\pm0.24,
r' = 25.79 \pm 0.34$). The offset of the afterglow from its center is $\lesssim$05. For an assumed redshift of $z=0.5$ this corresponds to $\lesssim$3 kpc. No statement can be made about the morphological type of this galaxy.
### GRB 090305: Discovery of a jet break
[*Afterglow light curve:*]{} GROND started observing the field 30 min after the [*Swift*]{}/BAT trigger and was on target for 1.5 hrs. The fading optical afterglow [@Cenko2009GCN8933; @Berger2009GCN8934] is detected in all optical bands but it is not seen in the NIR (Table \[tab:ULs\]).
Gemini-S/GMOS observed from 1.5 ks to 7.5 ks after the burst in $g',r',i'$ and discovered the afterglow (@Cenko2009GCN8933); no detailed light curve data have been published so far, with $i'$-band data affected by strong fringing. Figure \[fig:GROND090305lc\] shows the result of the simultaneous fit of all data (GROND/Gemini) using a broken power-law with the Gemini data overplotted. The fit finds a break in the light curve at $t_b=6.6\pm0.4$ ks, a pre-break decay slope of $\alpha_1=0.56\pm0.04$, and a post-break decay slope of $\alpha_2 = 2.29\pm0.60$. The pre-break decay slope is rather shallow but not unusual (e.g., @Zeh2006). There is no X-ray light curve available for this afterglow (@Beardmore8937).
![ The field of GRB 090305: the optical afterglow (A) and the object closest to it (B). Shown here is the $g'r'i'z'$-combined (*white*-band) image taken between 4 ks to 7 ks after the burst. The circle is just drawn to guide the eye; there is no independent [*Swift*]{}/XRT position (@Beardmore2009GCN8937).[]{data-label="fig:090305host"}](090305.FC.ps){width="9.0cm"}
![ Gemini and GROND light curve of the optical afterglow of GRB 090305. All data are fit simultaneously. Open circles are GROND while filled circles are Gemini. Color coding: green $g'$ band (shifted by $+0.5$ mag), red $r'$ band, brown $i'$ band (shifted by $-0.5$ mag), black $z'$ band (shifted by $-1$ mag).[]{data-label="fig:GROND090305lc"}](090305_JointFit2.eps){width="9.0cm"}
[*SED:*]{} By fitting the Gemini $g'$ and $r'$-band data together with the GROND $g'r'i'z'$-band data we find a spectral slope of $\beta_{\rm opt}=0.52
\pm 0.15$ ($\chi^2$/d.o.f.=0.66). No evidence for color evolution was found. Applying the $\alpha-\beta$ relations, there is no solution with $p>2$ for the pre-jet break phase; the light curve decay is too shallow at that time (Table \[tab:alphabeta090305\]). On the other hand, the observed spectral slope suggests that between about 2 ks and 8 ks it was $\nu_{\rm opt} <
\nu_c$, since then $p= 2\beta+1 = 2.04 \pm 0.32$, a standard value. Possibly, the deduced shallow $\alpha_1$ indicates that at early times the evolution of the light curve was affected by re-brightening episodes or energy injections. No decision can be made between a wind and an ISM model.
![GROND SED of the afterglow of GRB 090305 at 6 ks after the burst, after correction for Galactic extinction. Index G stands for GROND.[]{data-label="fig:090305SED"}](090305_SED3.eps){width="9.0cm"}
---------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- --------------- --
\[-2mm\] afterglow model $\beta(\alpha)$ predicted $\beta$ $p$
\[2mm\]
\[-2mm\] ISM, iso, case 1 $(2\alpha_1+1)/3$ 0.71$\pm$0.06 $1.42\pm$0.12
ISM, iso, case 2 $ 2\alpha_1/3 $ 0.38$\pm$0.06 $1.76\pm$0.12
\[1mm\] ISM, jet, case 1 $\alpha_2/2$ 1.15$\pm$0.32 $2.30\pm$0.50
ISM, jet, case 2 $(\alpha_2-1)/2$ 0.65$\pm$0.32 $2.30\pm$0.50
\[1mm\]
\[-3mm\] wind, iso, case 1 $(2\alpha_1+1)/3$ 0.71$\pm$0.06 $1.42\pm$0.12
wind, iso, case 2 (2$\alpha_1-1$)/3 0.05$\pm$0.06 $1.10\pm$0.12
\[1mm\] wind, jet, case 1 $\alpha_2/2$ 1.15$\pm$0.32 $2.30\pm$0.50
wind, jet, case 2 $(\alpha_2-1)/2$ 0.65$\pm$0.32 $2.30\pm$0.50
\[1mm\]
---------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- --------------- --
: GRB 090305: Predicted $\beta$ based on the $\alpha-\beta$ relations using $\alpha_1=0.56\pm0.04$ and $\alpha_2=2.29\pm0.60$.
\[tab:alphabeta090305\] Case 1 stands for $\nu > \nu_c$, case 2 for $\nu < \nu_c.$ In the former case the power-law index of the electron distribution function is given by $p=2\beta$, whereas in the latter case $p=2\beta+1$ (@Sari1999).
[*Energy budget:*]{} Assuming a redshift of $z=0.5$, and following the same procedure as in Sect. \[081226.txt\], we find $E_{\rm iso} =
2.1^{+1.7}_{-0.7}\,\times\,10^{50}$ erg. The observed break time, if interpreted as a jet break in an ISM medium (Eq. \[theta\]), leads to a jet half-opening angle of $\Theta_{\rm jet} = 2.2^{+0.2}_{-0.1} \,\times\,
(n/0.01)^{1/8}$ deg and a beaming-corrected energy release of $E_{\rm cor} =
1.6^{+0.9}_{-0.4}\ 10^{47}\,\times\,(n/0.01)^{2/8}$ erg.
[*Host galaxy:*]{} At the position of the optical transient there is no evidence for an underlying host galaxy in any band, only upper limits can be given ($g'r'i'z'JHK_s >$ 25.7, 26.0, 24.5, 24.2, 22.4, 22.0, 20.6). The object closest to the optical afterglow is a faint source at a distance of 14 (object B; see Fig. \[fig:090305host\]). This object is only detected in the GROND $i^\prime$ band with a magnitude of $24.1\pm0.2$. Object B is also detected in Gemini $r^\prime$ band data taken 10 days after the burst at a magnitude of $26.0\pm0.1$. It was also imaged with VLT/FORS in $R_c$ (program ID 082.D-0451; PI: A. Levan).
Following the procedure described in [@Bloom2002a] and [@Perley2009], the probability to find a galaxy as bright as object B within 14 distance from the afterglow is about 7%. Formally, this small probability makes B a host galaxy candidate. If its observed color ($r^\prime -i^\prime$= $2.3\pm0.2$ mag) is due to the redshifted stellar 4000 Å bump, then its redshift is around $z=0.5$.[^4] For $z=0.5$ the projected distance of the afterglow from object B would then be 8.5 kpc.
### GRB 090927: A wind medium?
[*Observations:*]{} GROND started observations about 17 hrs after the burst and continued for 1.5 hrs. A second-epoch observation was performed the following night for about 1 hr. Both observing runs were affected by bad seeing (23). The afterglow is clearly fading in all GROND optical bands, while it was not detected in the NIR.
[*Afterglow light curve:*]{} The GROND $r^\prime$-band light curve can be fitted with a single power-law that has a slope of $\alpha=1.32\pm0.14\ (\chi^2$/d.o.f. = 0.39; Fig. \[fig:090927lc\]), which is also in agreement with the results from the Faulkes Telescope South (@Cano2009GCN9960) and the VLT (@Levan2009GCN9958). The first two $R$-band data points from the Zadko telescope, however (@Klotz2009GCN9956; see appendix), lie about 1 mag below the extrapolated fit (but also have large errors). Those data suggest that between 2 and 4 hours after the burst the optical flux was nearly constant. At the same time the X-ray light curve shows strong fluctuations but also seems to be in a plateau phase.
Assuming for the X-ray light curve a single power-law decay, for $t>20$ ks we obtain $\alpha_{\rm X} =1.30\pm0.07$. On the other hand, the outlier at 70 ks could also be interpreted as evidence for a break in the X-ray light curve. However, the light curve decay after the break is then too shallow for a post-jet break decay slope. We thus conclude that also the X-ray afterglow is best described by pre-jet break evolution up to the end of the XRT observations. A decay slope of 1.3 is in agreement with the ensemble statistics of pre jet-break decay slopes for long-burst afterglows [@Zeh2006].
![ The $r',i'$-band light curve of the optical afterglow of GRB 090927 (the $i'$-band is shifted by $-$0.6 mag; Table \[tab:logGROND.090927\]). Overplotted are also $R$-band data reported in GCN Circulars (@Klotz2009GCN9956 [@Cano2009GCN9960; @Levan2009GCN9958]; in violet) as well as the X-ray data [@Evans2010].[]{data-label="fig:090927lc"}](090927.Xgriz.eps){width="9.0cm"}
[*SED:*]{} The SED of the afterglow was constructed by combining all GROND data taken from 64 ks to 66 ks after the trigger, when the seeing was best (about $2''$). It is best fit by a power law with no extinction in the host galaxy ($A_V^{\rm host}=0$; Fig. \[fig:090927SED\]). The spectral slope is $\beta_{\rm opt}=0.41\pm0.16$. The $\alpha-\beta$-relations then imply that at the time of the GROND observations it was $\nu_{\rm opt} < \nu_c$ (Table \[tab:alphabeta090927\]). The spectral slope $\beta_{\rm X}$ in the X-ray band during this time period was $1.2\pm0.2$ (@Evans2010), which in combination with the spectral slope in the optical points to $\nu_{\rm opt} < \nu_c < \nu_{\rm X}$ and prefers a wind over an ISM model. For the pre-jet break phase this order in frequencies implies $\alpha_X-\alpha_{\rm opt} =\pm 0.25$ ($-$ for a wind, + for an ISM), while we measure a difference of $-0.02\pm0.17$, not favoring any of both models.
Figure \[fig:090927XOSED\] shows the optical-to-X-ray SED of the afterglow at $t$=65 ks. Using a Galactic $N_{\rm H} = 2.9\,\times\,10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$, for the given redshift ($z=1.37$; @Levan2009GCN9958) the fit finds no evidence for host extinction (SMC dust; $A_V^{\rm host}=0.02\pm0.02$ mag), a spectral slope $\beta_{\rm opt}=
0.57_{-0.10}^{+0.17}$, and a break energy of 42 eV ($\chi^2$/d.o.f.=196/229 = 0.85). A fit with a single power-law is worse, confirming that $\nu_{\rm
opt} < \nu_c < \nu_{\rm X}$.
![ SED of the afterglow of GRB 090927 at $t=$65 ks (from $g^\prime$ to $K_s$). It is best fit by a power law with no evidence for extinction in the host galaxy. Note that the NIR bands are only upper limits.[]{data-label="fig:090927SED"}](090927_SED2.eps){width="9.0cm"}
![Optical-to-X-ray SED of the afterglow of GRB 090927 at $t=$65 ks.[]{data-label="fig:090927XOSED"}](090927_XSED.eps){width="6.7cm"}
[*Energy budget:*]{} Assuming a wind model, it is (@Bloom2003ApJ594) $$\begin{aligned}
\Theta_{\rm jet}&=&0.169 \, {\rm rad}\,\left(\frac{t_b}{1\ \rm
day}\right)^{1/4}\left(\frac{1+z}{2}\right)^{-1/4}\left(\frac{E_{\rm iso}}{10^{52}\ \rm
erg}\right)^{-1/4} \nonumber \\
&\times& A_\star^{1/4}\ \left(\frac{\eta_\gamma}{0.2}\right)^{1/4}\,,
\label{thetaWind}\end{aligned}$$ where $A_\star$ is the wind density parameter (@Chevalier2000ApJ536) and, similar to Eq. (\[theta\]), we have introduced a radiative efficiency $\eta_\gamma$. For a jet-break time of $t_b>6\,\times\,10^5$ s (as implied by the X-ray data), then for $z=1.37$ and $\eta_\gamma =0.2$, with $E_{\rm iso} =
4.5^{+3.0}_{-2.0}\,\times\,10^{51}$ erg, we find $\Theta_{\rm jet} \gtrsim
12\pm2$ deg and $E_{\rm cor} \gtrsim 1.0^{+0.3}_{-0.2} \,\times\,10^{50}$ erg. An ISM model (Eq. \[theta\]) gives $\Theta_{\rm jet} =
7.0^{+0.5}_{-0.4} \,\times\, (n/0.01)^{1/8}$ deg and $E_{\rm cor} =
3.4^{+1.5}_{-1.2}\ 10^{49}\,\times\,(n/0.01)^{2/8}$ erg.
---------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- --------------- ----------------- --
\[-2mm\] afterglow model $\beta(\alpha)$ $\beta_{\rm opt}$ $p$ $\beta_{\rm X}$
\[2mm\]
\[-2mm\] ISM, iso, case 1 $(2\alpha_1+1)/3$ 1.21$\pm$0.09 $2.42\pm$0.18 1.20$\pm$0.05
ISM, iso, case 2 $ 2\alpha_1/3 $ 0.88$\pm$0.09 $2.76\pm$0.18 0.87$\pm$0.05
\[1mm\]
\[-3mm\] wind, iso, case 1 $(2\alpha_1+1)/3$ 1.21$\pm$0.09 $2.42\pm$0.18 1.20$\pm$0.05
wind, iso, case 2 (2$\alpha_1-1$)/3 0.55$\pm$0.09 $2.10\pm$0.18 0.53$\pm$0.05
\[1mm\]
---------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- --------------- ----------------- --
: GRB 090927: Predicted $\beta$ based on the $\alpha-\beta$ relations using $\alpha=1.32\pm0.14$ (for details see Table \[tab:alphabeta090305\]).
\[tab:alphabeta090927\]
Note: $p$ is given based on $\beta_{\rm opt}$.
[*Host galaxy:*]{} Observations performed two years after the trigger show no evidence of a host galaxy at the position of the optical transient down to deep upper limits $(g'r'i'z'JHK_s >$ 25.2, 25.2, 24.5, 24.2, 22.3, 21.6, 20.4). The late-epoch data reveal that there are two objects (A and B) within a radius of 10 arcsec centered at the position of the optical afterglow (Fig. \[fig:090927host\]). Both objects are clearly extended. If one of them is the host then the projected offset of the burst was 65 and 75, respectively. For a redshift of $z=1.37$ (@Levan2009GCN9958) this corresponds to a projected distance of 55 kpc and 63 kpc, respectively. If the progenitor of GRB 090927 was a collapsar, this large distance rules out that A or B is the putative host.
![ Finding chart of the field of GRB 090927 (GROND $g^\prime r^\prime i^\prime
z^\prime$-band combined). *Left:* First-epoch detection of the afterglow with GROND. *Right:* Deep, late-epoch observation of the field in June 2011. The circle (25 in radius), drawn to guide the eye, is centered at the position of the optical afterglow. A and B label the two galaxies nearest to the afterglow.[]{data-label="fig:090927host"}](090927.FC.ps){width="9.0cm"}
### GRB 100117A: Determination of the afterglow decay slope
[*Observations:*]{} GROND started observing the field of GRB 100117A 3.5 hrs after the GRB trigger and was on target for one hour (Fig. \[fig:100117Ahost\]). The host galaxy flux was measured half a year later.
![ Combined GROND $g^\prime r^\prime i^\prime z^\prime$-band (white) image of the field of GRB 100117A taken half a year after the burst. The circle is just drawn to guide the eye, it is centered at the position of the optical transient discovered by [@Fong2010] and circumscribes the GRB host galaxy.[]{data-label="fig:100117Ahost"}](100117A.FC.ps){width="9.0cm"}
[*Afterglow:*]{} The optical afterglow on top of its host galaxy was discovered by [@Fong2010]. During the first night for the host plus afterglow we measure a $g^\prime,r^\prime$-band magnitude of $24.37\pm 0.25,
23.72\pm 0.18$, while in the late-epoch data $g^\prime,r^\prime=25.44\pm 0.37,
24.60\pm 0.35$, resulting in a decay between both epochs of $1.07\pm0.45$ mag and $0.88\pm0.39$ mag, respectively.
The second-epoch data can be used to remove the host galaxy flux from the first epoch data. Based on this result, we obtain an afterglow magnitude of $r^\prime\sim 24.3$ during our first-epoch observations at a mean time of $t=4.3$ hr. We can estimate the decay slope of the afterglow light curve by comparing this result with the $r$-band detection of the afterglow by [@Fong2010] 8.3 hrs after the burst. This gives $\alpha\sim 1.3$, assuming no color transformation between both filters. This result is confirmed by combining the GROND $g'r'i'$ images into a *white* band. Figure \[fig:100117ALC\] shows the corresponding light curve of the afterglow during the first night, providing a slope of $\alpha=1.2$, indicating that during this time period the afterglow was still in its pre jet-break phase.
![ Combined GROND $g^\prime r^\prime i^\prime$ white-band light curve of the decaying afterglow of GRB 100117A, centered on galaxy (Fig. \[fig:100117Ahost\]). Also shown is the host galaxy magnitude as a straight line, including the $1\sigma$ error (measured by GROND eight months after the burst). Note that the $y-$axis shows arbitrarily magnitudes.[]{data-label="fig:100117ALC"}](100117A.white.host.eps){width="9.0cm"}
[*Energy budget:*]{} [*Swift*]{}/XRT data do not cover the time period when GROND and [@Fong2010] were observing. The last X-ray detection is at $477^{+101}_{-57}$ s after the trigger [@Evans2010]. In particular, since the very last XRT data point at around 0.5 d is only an upper limit, optical and XRT data cannot be compared. If the afterglow was in the pre-jet break decay phase until at least 8.3 hr after the burst, in combination with the observed isotropic equivalent energy of $E_{\rm iso} =
51.0^{+0.1}_{-0.1}\,\times\,10^{50}$ erg [@Kann2011] and a redshift of $z=0.92$ [@Fong2010], the lower limit on the jet half-opening angle is (Eq. \[theta\]) $\Theta_{\rm jet} = 2.4\,\times\, (n/0.01)^{1/8}$ deg and $E_{\rm cor} \gtrsim 4.6\ 10^{48}\,\times\,(n/0.01)^{2/8}$ erg.
[*Host galaxy:*]{} Our data do not allow us to measure the offset of the afterglow from its host galaxy center; [@Fong2010], using their Gemini-N/GMOS observations, obtained 60$\pm$40 mas, corresponding to $0.5\pm0.3$ kpc.
GRBs with no afterglow detected by GROND \[Sect2:NOTs\]
-------------------------------------------------------
The results for those 14 out of 20 GRBs where GROND could not detect the afterglow are summarized in Table \[tab:ULs\]. In most cases we were on target within some hours after the burst. In all cases deep upper limits can be provided, in particular in the NIR, where we reach up to $J$=22.7, $H$=22.0, and $K_s$=21.2. The individual observations by GROND are described in detail in the appendix. However, of particular interest are two events (GRB 080919, 100702A), where observations started within less than 10 min after the trigger.
### GRB 080919 \[080919.txt\]
GROND started observing the field 8 min after the burst. Due to a delay in secure XRT coordinates (@Preger2008GCN8270), during the first 30 min only the NIR images cover the afterglow position. Deep second-epoch observations were performed with GROND three years after the burst. Image subtraction was performed between second and first-epoch data in all bands but no afterglow was found. Probably the main reason for this non-detection is the presence of a bright star inside the error circle which makes it difficult to detect any faint transient in spite of the small XRT error circle (90% c.l. radius $r=1\farcs6$; @Evans12273). Therefore, we note that the upper limits we provide in Table \[tab:ULs\] refer to isolated objects in the field while the more reliable upper limits for the afterglow can be substantially less deep than reported there.
![ The field of GRB 080919. The XRT error circle (radius $r=1\farcs6$) lies close to a relatively bright foreground star.[]{data-label="fig:080919psfsub"}](080919.FC.ps){width="8.4cm"}
### GRB 100702A
GROND started to observe the field 2.5 min after the burst. Inside the 90% c.l. XRT error circle ($r$=24; @Siegel2010GCN10916) the GROND data reveal two bright objects (A, B) within the XRT error circle and two others (C, D) close by (Fig. \[fig:100702chart\]; see also @Malesani2010GCN10918). Objects A and B look have a point-like PSF and might be stars, while C and D might be galaxies.
![Finding chart of the field of GRB 100702A in the GROND $J$ band. Shown also is the 90% c.l. XRT error circle ($r=2\farcs4$; @Siegel2010GCN10916).[]{data-label="fig:100702chart"}](100702A.FC.ps){width="9.0cm"}
Image subtraction and PSF photometry in each band was performed for all objects but no evidence for variability was found, neither in the optical nor in the NIR bands; only upper limits can be provided for any afterglow (Table \[tab:ULs\]). Similarly to GRB 080919, the upper limits refer to isolated objects in the field.
Discussion
==========
Including our discovery of the afterglow and host galaxy of GRB 081226A, nine out of 20 short-bursts in our sample have a discovered optical transient, while six have only a [*Swift*]{}/XRT and four have only a BAT/IBIS localization with no optical afterglow. Among the 9 bursts with detected optical transient six events have a redshift reported in the literature. An additional redshift information comes from the identification of the host galaxies in the case of GRBs 100206A [@Cenko10389; @Perley2011], 100628A [@Cenko10946], and 101219A [@Chornock11518]. These redshifts range from $z=0.10$ (GRB 100628A) to $z=2.61$ (GRB 090426). Four of the 9 bursts have a redshift of smaller than 0.5, a high percentage compared to the long-burst population; for more redshifts of short-bursts see the compilations by [@Berger2009ApJ690] and [@Kann2011].
The best-sampled light curves are those of GRB 090426 (paper I) and GRB 090510 (paper II) followed by (ordered by sampling quality) GRBs 090305, 081226A, 090927, and 100117A. Only the afterglow of GRB 090426 has NIR detections. In three cases we find a clear break in the light curve, partly in combination with data obtained at other facilities. Two of these events (GRBs 090426, 090510) were imaged by GROND in the post-break decay phase only and for GRB 090305 the data included also the pre-break phase. In principle, the three breaks might be interpreted as jet breaks but for GRB 090510 the [*Swift*]{}/UVOT data suggest a different explanation, namely the passage of the injection frequency across the GROND bands (for details see @Kumar2010, @DePasquale2010 and paper II). For the other three cases the light curves can be fitted with a single power law and, based on the deduced decay slope, observations were performed during the pre-jet break evolutionary phase. The light curve decay slopes as well as the spectral slopes are not different from what is known for the long-burst sample (Table \[tab:summary\]).
Optical luminosities
--------------------
In the last years, evidence has been mounting that the classical $T_{90}$ division between short and long GRBs is not transferable to a more physically inspired division between progenitor models. It seems that merging compact objects may result in high-energy emission on timescales far exceeding $T_{90}=2$ s, whereas conversely collapsar-triggered GRBs can be luminous short spikes with $T_{90,rest}<2$ s. This led [@Zhang2007] to propose, analogous to the designations of supernovae, that GRBs come in two types: Type I GRBs stem from the coalescence of massive compact objects, whereas Type II GRBs are associated with the core-collapse of massive stars. [@Zhang2009] studied the observational signatures of the two classes and devised a scheme to classify GRBs. [@Kann2011] studied a large sample of Type I candidate GRBs, adding the optical afterglow luminosity at late times as an additional criterion to discern the two classes, with Type I GRB afterglows being much less luminous than those of Type II GRBs.
![ Light curves of long and short GRB afterglows. These light curves have been corrected individually for Galactic foreground extinction following [@Schlegel1998], and, if possible, host galaxy contribution. The thin gray lines are the long GRB sample of [@Kann2010]. The red squares connected by splines represent the afterglow detections reported by [@Kann2011]. The short GRB afterglows detected by GROND and presented in paper I and II as well as this work are given as labeled thick black lines (they may include additional data beyond the GROND detections). Upper limits presented in this work (Table \[tab:ULs\]) are given as blue triangles. GRB 100702A is highlighted also because of its very early upper limits. The last data point for GRB 100117A is from [@Fong2010], the others as well as the data for GRBs 090305 and 081226A are presented in this paper. Early data for GRB 090927 are taken from [@Klotz2009GCN9956], [@Levan2009GCN9958], [@Cano2009GCN9960] as well as [@Kuin2009GCN9954].[]{data-label="fig:AlexLCobs"}](Graph11AnaS.eps){width="8.9cm"}
{width="18.5cm"}
So far, in this work, we have discussed the sample based on the classic $T_{90}$ division. What can the optical luminosity of the afterglows (or upper limits thereon) tell us about the likely progenitor systems? Figure \[fig:AlexLCobs\] is a continuation of the plots shown in [@Kann2006; @Kann2010; @Kann2011]. Against the background of Type II GRB afterglow light curves (thin gray lines), we show the Type I GRB afterglow detections as presented in (@Kann2011; red squares connected by splines, upper limits have been omitted for clarity) as well as the detected afterglows (thick black splines) and upper limits (downward-pointing blue triangles) derived by GROND in this work as well as in paper I and II.
Already in this plot it is visible that the short GRB afterglows are less bright than the mean brightness of the long GRB afterglows, with half of them (GRBs 090305, 10017A and 081226A) being as faint or fainter than the faintest so-far detected long GRB afterglows. A true comparison needs to account for the redshift and intrinsic extinction, though.
Figure \[fig:AlexLC\] shows the light curves of the six short GRBs detected with GROND in the $z=1$ reference frame, having been corrected for both distance and intrinsic reddening in the GRB host galaxy, if possible [@Kann2006; @Nardini2006]. A redshift of $z=0.5$ and zero host extinction was assumed for all cases where these values are not known. Of the six afterglows, that of GRB 090426 is now seen to be the most luminous, followed by the ones of GRBs 090927 and 090510. Several arguments have already been put forward that the origin of 090426 was a collapsar event (see paper I and references therein). Between about 0.01 and 0.1 d after the burst (measured in the GRB host frame), its magnitude (for the fixed distance a measure of the luminosity) was about 2 mag brighter than the magnitude of the optical afterglow of the other two events. The optical afterglow of GRB 090510, if due to a merger event, must be characterized as very luminous between $\sim0.005$ and 0.1 d after the burst. Because of its emission in the 10-100 GeV band and its outstandingly small jet half-opening angle of $\Theta_{\rm jet}\lesssim
1^\circ$ (@DePasquale2010 [@He2011; @Kumar2010], paper II; if correctly interpreted in this way), it was special in several other respects, too. The optical afterglow of GRB 090927 reached the luminosity of the afterglow of GRB 090426 at about 1 d after the burst, but its further evolution is unfortunately unknown. This moderately high optical luminosity along with significant lag and other spectral characteristics [@Stamatikos2009GCN9955] and a redshift beyond what is seen for Type I GRBs [@Levan2009GCN9958] argue that GRB 090927 is also likely to be a Type II GRB. All other afterglows with GROND detections or GROND upper limits fall well within the Type I GRB sample.
Between about 0.01 and 0.1 d (host frame time) the three optical afterglows mentioned above (which have a measured redshift) were about $7 \pm 1$ mag brighter than the afterglows of GRBs 081226A, 090305, and 100117A (among which only the latter has a secure redshift).[^5] For GRB 090510, the situation changes after about 0.1 d, when the early break and following steep decay (paper II) lead it to become much fainter than the Type II GRB afterglows [see also @Kann2011]. From the perspective of optical luminosities, we therefore find additional evidence for a collapsar origin of GRB 090927, despite its short duration, whereas there is no evidence indicating that GRBs 090305 and 081226A are not members of the classical short/Type I GRB population. We note in passing, though, that [@Panaitescu2011] also discussed a collapsar origin for GRB 090510.
Jet half-opening angles
-----------------------
Observations of jet breaks in short-burst afterglow light curves are rather sparse, in the optical as well as in the X-ray band. In the optical band, the best-sampled cases are GRBs 090426 and 090510, but the former burst is suspected to be due to a collapsar explosion rather than due to a merger event (e.g., @Thoene2011MNRAS), while the latter stands apart even from the long-burst sample due to its very small jet half-opening angle (@He2011). The third member of this group is GRB 050709 with an estimated $\Theta_{\rm jet}\sim 14$ deg [@Fox2005Natur437], which is based on a very sparsely sampled light curve, however.
In the X-ray band the observational situation is not much better. The best case might again be GRB 090510 [@DePasquale2010], followed by GRBs 050724, 051221A, 061201, and 111020A. Unfortunately, the first burst (GRB 050724) allows only for an estimate of a lower limit on $\Theta_{\rm jet}$ ($\gtrsim 25$ deg; @Grupe2006ApJ653 [@Malesani2007]), while GRB 051221A relies on a rather well-sampled light curve (leading to $\Theta_{\rm jet}
\sim$4–8 deg; @Burrows2006ApJ653 [@Soderberg2006]). The X-ray light curve of GRB 061201 is well-sampled, too [@Stratta2007]; again the observed break time is quite early ($\sim$40 min; $\Theta_{\rm jet}$=1–2 deg). Recently, [@Fong2012arXiv1204.5475F] reported on the X-ray light curve of the short burst 111020A, which showed a break at 2 d, leading to an estimated $\Theta_{\rm jet} = 3-8$ deg for an assumed $z$=0.5-1.5 and $n\sim$0.01 cm$^{-3}$.
Figure \[fig:Thetas\] shows the observed distribution of jet half-opening angles of long-bursts based on the compilation of [@Lu2011arXiv1110.4943L] compared to the short-burst sample (a similar plot is recently shown by [@Fong2012arXiv1204.5475F]. The latter contains the results summarized in Table \[tab:summary\], supplemented by GRBs 061006 ($\Theta_{\rm
jet}\sim 5$ deg), 070714B ($\Theta_{\rm jet}\gtrsim 4$ deg), and 071227 ($\Theta_{\rm jet}\gtrsim 4$ deg) taken from the compilation of [@Fan2011] but using $\eta_\gamma=0.2$ instead of 1.0 (i.e., multiplying their numbers by 0.8; Eq. \[theta\]). At a first view, this figure shows tentative evidence that short bursts have wider jet-opening angles than long bursts. Some caution is necessary, however. First at all, when calculating the jet half-opening angles, [@Lu2011arXiv1110.4943L] assumed $n=0.1$ cm$^{-3}$ and $\eta_\gamma=0.2$ throughout. Even though $\Theta_{\rm
jet}$ is only modestly sensitive to changes in both parameters (see Eq. \[theta\]), gas densities derived for bursts based on multi-wavelength data show a spread from burst to burst by several orders of magnitude (e.g., @Panaitescu2001ApJ554). Second, error bars in $\Theta_{\rm jet}$ are not taken into account in the histogram. Similarly, our standard assumption of $n=0.01$ cm$^{-3}$ for short bursts is a simplification, too. Possibly for individual bursts it can be wrong by a factor of up to 100 in both directions. Finally, our plot contains only long bursts with measured jet break times. A more detailed study should also contain those long bursts for which only a lower limit on $\Theta_{\rm jet}$ can be given (e.g., @Grupe2007ApJ662).
![ The observed distribution of jet half-opening angles of 74 long bursts (based on the compilation in @Lu2011arXiv1110.4943L) compared to the short-burst sample. Since the latter has much less data, we do not plot a histogram but only points. An arrow indicates a lower limit on $\Theta_{\rm
jet}$. The Type I events GRB 051221A, 060614, and 070714B listed in [@Lu2011arXiv1110.4943L] have not been used for the plot of the long-burst data.[]{data-label="fig:Thetas"}](Theta.eps){width="9.0cm"}
X-ray afterglows
----------------
We selected from the [*Swift*]{} Burst Analyser [@Evans2010] all bursts with detected X-ray afterglow and measured redshift that were detected between January 2005 and August 2011. We then shifted all light curves to their rest frames following @Greiner2009ApJ693. If no redshift information is available for a short-burst in our sample (Table \[tab:coords\]), we assumed a redshift of $z=0.5$.
Figure \[fig:XLCs\] displays the resulting luminosity evolution of those 14 bursts in our sample for which an X-ray afterglow light curve can be constructed, i.e., the X-ray afterglow is detected during at least two epochs. This excludes GRBs 071112B, 081226B, 090305, 091117A, and 101129A from the plot, which have no afterglow detection at all, and it also excludes GRB 100206A that is only detected once. The figure also shows the luminosity evolution of 191 long GRBs with measured redshift. In addition, we overplot the short-burst sample compiled by @Kann2011, consisting of an additional group of 19 events that are not included in our short-burst sample.
Figure \[fig:XLCs\] demonstrates that the X-ray afterglows of short-bursts represent the low end of the luminosity distribution of X-ray afterglows. They are on average a factor of $\sim100$ less luminous than those of long-bursts, similar to what is seen for optical afterglows [Fig. \[fig:AlexLC\]; see also @Gehrels2008; @Nysewander2009; @Kann2011]. However, with the single exception of GRB 050509B, short-bursts do not represent the least-luminous X-ray afterglows known. There is a continuous overlap between both populations; for certain time intervals several long-burst afterglows are even less luminous than the population of short-burst afterglows.
There is a remarkable concentration of short-burst afterglows in a relatively narrow luminosity band around $L_{X,\,(0.3-10)\, \rm keV]}\simeq
10^{48}\,\rm{erg/s}$ at $t\sim100\,\rm s$ in the rest frame. Even after removing bursts with assumed redshifts, the concentration is still present, indicating that this is a genuine feature and is not an artifact caused by bursts with assumed redshifts. After that time the luminosities of most short-burst afterglows drop notably and their luminosity distribution broadens by an additional factor of $\sim10$ to a final range of $\sim100$, which holds up to at least t=1 d. At even later times most short-bursts are not detected anymore. Outstanding here is the X-ray afterglow of GRB 060614, which was detected until $t=2\,\times\,10^6$ s (rest-frame), while in our sample only three events (GRBs 090426, 090927, and 100628A) have been detected beyond $t=10^5$ s. We caution that the former two are possibly Type II GRBs, i.e. originating from the gravitational collapse of a massive star.
In our sample, the X-ray afterglows of the short-bursts GRBs 071227 ($z=0.383$; @DAvanzo7152) and 080905A ($z=0.122$; @Rowlinson2010a) have the lowest luminosities, while GRB 090927 ($z=1.37$; @Levan2009GCN9958) and 090426 ($z=2.609$; @Levesque9264) are the most luminous short-bursts in our sample, again we stress that the latter two are likely Type II GRBs. Adding the data set discussed in @Kann2011, then the X-ray afterglow of GRB 050509B represents the low end of the luminosity distribution between $\sim0.3$ ks and $\sim30$ ks, followed by GRBs 061201, 060505, and 060614[^6] at later times. On the other hand, the most luminous short-burst afterglows are that of GRBs 080503 and 051210 which reach $\log
\left(L_{X,\,(0.3-10)\,\rm keV]} [\rm{erg/s}] \right)) \simeq 49.25$ during the peak of their emission at $\sim100$ s. Only the X-ray afterglow of GRB 060121 is more luminous at later times, assuming $z=4.6$ (@deUgartePostigo2006ApJ648; but this GRB is possibly also Type II GRB, @Kann2011).
Summary
=======
We have reported on the results of 3.5 yrs follow-up observations of short-duration GRBs (defined by $T_{90}<2$ s) using the multi-channel imager GROND mounted at the 2.2-m telescope on La Silla. GROND is especially designed to perform rapid follow-up observations of afterglows, which is particularly useful for short-duration GRBs because of their on average very faint optical afterglows (@Nysewander2009 [@Kann2010; @Kann2011]). To our knowledge, what we have presented here is one of the most comprehensive data sets on short-burst follow-up observations published so far, although most of them provide only upper limits.
Among the twenty events followed-up by GROND, in six cases GROND could image the fading optical afterglow. Five of them had already been known in the literature (GRBs 090305, 090426, 090510, 090927, 100117A), and the GROND follow-up observations of GRBs 090426 and 090510 were already represented in paper I and II. The new discovery reported here is the optical afterglow of GRB 081226A. It was imaged by GROND superimposed on its faint host galaxy ($r'\sim 25.8$) and faded away already within 10 ks after the burst. GRB 081226A also belongs to those three cases in our sample where GROND was on target within 10 min after the trigger. The other two events (GRBs 080919 and 100702A), even though with very small X-ray error circles, were unfortunately located in fields crowded by stars, preventing the discovery of the optical/NIR afterglow in any band.
Three of the six optical afterglow light curves (GRBs 090305, 090426, 090510) show a break that can be interpreted as a jet break. The other three afterglows (GRBs 081226A, 090927, 100117A) show a decay slope in agreement with a pre-jet break evolution, allowing us to set at least lower constraints on their corresponding jet half-opening angle, $\Theta_{\rm jet}$. When comparing these results with the long-burst population, we find tentative evidence for wider jet-opening angles of short bursts compared to their long-duration relatives. However, it might need another 20, or so, short-burst afterglow light curves with well detected jet breaks before observations can seriously start to constrain theoretical models. Moreover, it should be kept in mind that some long-duration GRBs have relatively large jet-opening angles, too (e.g., @Grupe2007ApJ662 [@Racusin2009; @Liang2008]); a clear separation between long and short bursts with respect to their $\Theta_{\rm jet}$ values does obviously not exist.
The separation between merger and collapsar events becomes more evident when the luminosities of their optical and X-ray afterglows are compared. If the Type I/II classification scheme is used, GRBs 090426 and 090927 have a collapsar origin (@Kann2011), and in fact their afterglow luminosities in the optical band lie in the region occupied by the main body of the long-burst/collapsar population (Fig. \[fig:AlexLC\]). The optical luminosities of the afterglows of the Type I GRBs 081226A, 090305, and 100117A are substantially smaller and stand apart from the parameter space occupied by the long-burst sample. On the other hand, the optical afterglow of GRB 090510, which was special due to its very high-energy emission (see appendix), seems to be an intermediate case.
Seven years after the first precise localizations of short-duration GRBs by [*Swift*]{}, the discovery of their optical afterglows remains an observational challenge. Even though the list of well-localized short-bursts is not that small anymore (@Nysewander2009 [@Kann2011]; for a continuous update see footnote \[foot1\]), the number of well-observed light curves of short-burst afterglows is rather small. Progress in this respect might be strongly linked to the availability of GRB-dedicated instruments on at least medium-class optical telescopes. GROND is one of them.
A.N.G., D.A.K., A.R., and S.K. acknowledge support by grant DFG Kl 766/16-1. A.N.G., A.R., D.A.K., and A.U. are grateful for travel funding support through the MPE. A.R. acknowledges additional support by the Jenaer Graduiertenakademie. S.S. acknowledges support by a Grant of Excellence from the Iceland Research. T.K. acknowledges funding by the DFG cluster of excellence ’Origin and Structure of the Universe’, F.O.E. funding of his Ph.D. through the DAAD, M.N. support by DFG grant SA 2001/2-1 and P.S. by DFG grant SA 2001/1-1. Part of the funding for GROND (both hardware and personnel) was generously granted by the Leibniz-Prize to G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1). This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift science data center at the University of Leicester.
Data tables
===========
Time (s) $g^{\prime}$ $r^{\prime}$ $i^{\prime}$ $z^{\prime}$ $J$ $H$ $K_s$
---------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------
1320 $>$ 24.1 23.59(22) $>$ 23.1 22.86(35) $>$20.9 $>$ 20.3 $>$19.6
4070 25.48(30) 24.76(24) 24.40(35) 23.73(24) $>$21.8 $>$ 21.3 $>$20.1
21650 25.56(23) 25.75(34) $>$ 24.9 $>$ 24.5 $>$21.9 $>$ 21.4 $>$20.3
2.44E6 25.85(24) 25.75(34) $>$ 25.0 $>$ 24.5 $>$22.2 $>$ 21.6 $>$20.6
: Log of the GROND observations of the afterglow (plus host) of GRB 081226A (Fig. \[fig:081226A\_lc\]). These results supercede the data given in [@Afonso2008GCN8731].
\[tab:logGROND.081226A\]
Time (s) $g^{\prime}$ $r^{\prime}$ $i^{\prime}$ $z^{\prime}$
---------- -------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
2014 – 23.13(09) 22.96(18) –
2568 23.77(19) 23.26(13) – –
3318 23.79(15) 23.55(15) 23.24(19) –
3925 – 23.68(13) – –
4367 – 23.61(07) – –
4594 24.07(09) – 23.55(13) –
4814 – 23.92(11) – –
5262 – 23.82(20) – –
5495 – – – 23.46(12)
5719 – 23.74(11) – –
6166 – 23.91(08) – –
6392 24.534(13) – 23.70(11) –
6613 – 23.91(08) – –
7065 – 23.86(08) – –
7519 – 24.14(27) – –
: Log of the GROND observations of the afterglow of GRB 090305 (Fig. \[fig:GROND090305lc\]).
\[tab:logGROND.090305\]
---------- ----------- ---------- ----------- -- --
Mid-time $g'$ Mid-time $r'$
(s) mag (s) mag
2859 23.89(05) 1681 23.18(03)
3329 23.94(05) 2150 23.21(03)
3800 24.02(07) 2621 23.43(04)
– – 5220 23.77(05)
– – 5689 23.82(05)
– – 6159 23.89(05)
– – 6478 24.04(04)
– – 7587 24.29(04)
\[1mm\]
---------- ----------- ---------- ----------- -- --
: Log of the Gemini observations of the afterglow of GRB 090305 (Fig. \[fig:GROND090305lc\]).
\[tab:logGemini.090305\]
Time (s) $r^{\prime}$ $i^{\prime}$
---------- -------------- --------------
61700 21.90(09) 21.79(06)
62380 21.86(15) –
63036 21.93(05) –
65325 21.89(07) –
150945 23.18(21) 23.03(22)
: Log of the GROND observations of the afterglow of GRB 090927 (Fig \[fig:090927lc\]).
\[tab:logGROND.090927\]
[^1]: http://www.mpe.mpg.de/$\sim$jcg/grbgen.html \[foot1\]
[^2]: http://www.astro.washington.edu/users/becker/hotpants.html\
http://svn.pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/trac/ipp/wiki/ppSub$_-$vs$_-$Hotpants
[^3]: http://astro.berkeley.edu/$^\sim$nat/swift/bat$_-$spec$_-$table.html
[^4]: Assuming that this is the GRB host galaxy, this color cannot be the Lyman break since the afterglow was detected in the $g'$ band (@Cenko2009GCN8933).
[^5]: if the redshift of the former two bursts is not 0.5, as assumed here, but somewhere in the range between 0.2 and 1.0, then this magnitude difference changes by about $\pm2$ mag
[^6]: which is likely a Type I GRB despite its long duration, @Zhang2009, @Kann2011
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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ArXiv
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As I began my planning process I was overwhelmed with the advice I received from family and friends, but on looking back there are a few things I am so happy I did, and would recommend to every new bride.
I cannot tell you how much easier this made my life. I created the address right at the start of planning and used it to sign up for planning website, coupon codes, to contact vendors, sending wedding event info to guests, and to manage all planning communications. That way I didn't have to sort through my regular emails for anything wedding related, and everything I needed was in one place.
Use Multiple Books and Websites for Advice
There is so much planning information out there - you'll find everything from the height of etiquette, high society planning guide, to the DIY backyard blog. In the early days of planning I read it all, picking and saving only the things that felt like us. We went more formal on the invites, more DIY on the guestbook. Everyone has a different amount of time to plan, a different style - so there's no need to rely on only one source of truth!
Choose One Method of Information Storage
I'll totally admit - in the early days I went all in on all things bride. This includes all those planning binders, notebooks, Pinterest boards, apps and websites you've heard of. And within a few months I was overwhelmed, looking all over the place for that one detail I needed. Things got a lot easier when I consolidated, so whether you're old school or super tech savvy, choose the method that works for you and stick to it.
Now that I'm on the other side of our wedding, I can tell you that all those months of planning seem like an absolute blur. That's why I'm so glad I saved a few odds and ends - I have box of cocktail napkins, fabric swatches and engagement cards that bring the memories of that time right back!
It's so easy to let wedding planning become a third person in your relationship. Especially as that date got closer and closer it felt like every conversation my fiance and I had found it's way to flower arrangements, bills that were due, guest list issues, you get the picture. I think the healthiest thing we did was take a night now and then to talk about anything but wedding, and do something fun. After all, your wedding is all about preparing for your life together as a couple, so you shouldn't abandon that in the engagement!
Style Me Pretty Contributor - Chloe O'Sullivan is a freelance writer and sales director based in Washington DC (soon relocating to Northern New Hampshire). When she isn't writing, she can be found trying new restaurants, planning her next trip, or hiking with her husband.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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For my husband Gary. He is my world, my life, and all I could ever desire.
Joe loves his soon to be wife, but something bad happens. really bad. so after he breaks down and reaches the bottom, his rich grandpa decides to step in and get him a wife...
can Lara succeed in making Joe fall in love with her or love cannot be forced?
all that will soon be known in my...
Relationship
This monologue is about a women who suspects that her husband is planning on leaving her for another women, so she kills him. She is convinced that "they" or the police, will never find out it was her, but she is starting to have second thoughts...
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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Introduction {#section1-2151458517716516}
============
Geriatric hip fractures are an increasing burden as the world population ages. The consequences of hip fractures include high mortality,^[@bibr1-2151458517716516][@bibr2-2151458517716516]-[@bibr3-2151458517716516]^ long-term disabilities^[@bibr1-2151458517716516],[@bibr4-2151458517716516]^ and decreased quality of life,^[@bibr1-2151458517716516]^ and high costs of care.^[@bibr3-2151458517716516]^
According to a consensus statement, geriatricians may provide the greatest benefit when caring for the most vulnerable older adults,^[@bibr5-2151458517716516]^ such as those with hip fracture. To compliment surgical care, various models of multidisciplinary care for patients have been developed.^[@bibr6-2151458517716516]^ Current literature suggests the use of a comprehensive care approach to decrease mortality in a randomized setting,^[@bibr7-2151458517716516]^ in a dedicated hip fracture unit^[@bibr8-2151458517716516]^ and in register-based studies.^[@bibr9-2151458517716516]^ On the other hand, implementation of a clinical pathway with a standardized set of orders^[@bibr10-2151458517716516]^ or including an inpatient geriatric consultation team in the care model^[@bibr11-2151458517716516]^ demonstrated no effect on mortality. A protocol-driven comanaged comprehensive care system combining a clinical pathway and geriatric care also reduces mortality^[@bibr12-2151458517716516]^ but not without the involvement of a geriatrician.^[@bibr13-2151458517716516]^
The implementation and components of orthogeriatric care models vary,^[@bibr6-2151458517716516],[@bibr10-2151458517716516]^ making it challenging to compare different models. The background components of effective orthogeriatric care are not very well understood or researched.^[@bibr14-2151458517716516]^ In addition, older hip fracture patients are a heterogeneous group^[@bibr15-2151458517716516],[@bibr16-2151458517716516]^ and the beneficial actions of care and rehabilitation requirements may vary, which further complicates studies of optimal orthogeriatric models.
Moving forward, given the increasing number of hip fractures, limited health-care resources, and the short supply of geriatricians, there is a pressing need to clarify what truly is effective orthogeriatric care. In order to increase equity and effectiveness, targeted and tailored services may be needed. We examined the association of patient-related factors with the effect of an in-hospital comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA; [Table 1](#table1-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}) on 1-month mortality among older hip fracture patients in an orthopedic ward during implementation of orthogeriatric hip fracture program (HFP).
######
Summary of Current Components of Seinäjoki Central Hospital Hip Fracture Program (HFP).
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Components For All Patients | Components of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA; when available**)** |
+=====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+=========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| Standardized and detailed set of orders on-- Examining and imaging-- Pain management-- Fluid balance and nutritional care with supplements-- Type of anesthesia (mainly spinal)-- Surgical care for different fracture types-- Delirium prevention and management-- Oxygen therapy-- Erythrocyte transfusion thresholds of hemoglobin-- Urinary catheterization practices (removed on 1. postoperative day)-- Mobilizing and physiotherapy-- Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis | Interdisciplinary orthogeriatric ward rounds on weekdays-- Staff: geriatrician (or a resident), orthopedic hip fracture nurse, physiotherapist-- Encouragement and motivation of the patient-- Check-up on the adherence to standardized orders of care protocol-- Early detection and treatment of complications-- Patient examination: orthostatic blood pressure test, oxygen saturation, orientation, auscultation of cardiac, and pulmonary sounds, any additional examination as needed, evaluation of mobility-- Mobilizing the patient-- Setting the goal for rehabilitation-- Careful evaluation and adjustment of medications-- Evaluation of calcium and vitamin D intake and supplements-- Orders on examinations needed after discharge (for example, on memory disorder and osteoporosis) |
| | |
| Preround interview by a geriatric hip fracture nurse-- Living arrangements and the level of assistance needed before the fracture-- Mobility level and walking aids before the fracture-- Diagnosis of a memory disease or any concern of cognitive decline (prefracture Mini-Mental Status Examination score, if available)-- Detailed information of circumstances of the fall-- Mini-Nutritional Assessment, estimated height, weight and body mass index-- Calcium intake (dietary and supplements) and vitamin D supplementation-- Consent for data collection | Instructions and suggestions to discharge destination-- Objectives of treatment and rehabilitation-- Physical status at discharge-- General instructions on mobilizing (including active walking exercises, encouragement toward independency)-- Nutritional plan including supplements-- Medications plan and instructions on discontinuation of opiate pain medications-- Planned examinations and follow-ups after discharge-- Separate discharge documents from all disciplines (geriatrician, orthopedic, nurse, and physiotherapist) |
| | |
| Discharge Criteria-- Stable hemodynamics (oxygen saturation, pulse, and blood pressure, cardiac rhythm)-- Hemoglobin \> 90 g/L (\>100 g/L if severe cardiac condition)-- Urinary catheter removed-- Pain under control-- Patient mobilized-- Medications updated to the outpatient file-- If treated for infection, declining C-reactive protein (CRP) and fever-- 2nd or later postoperative day-- No discharge of a patient with immediate poor prognosis | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Methods {#section2-2151458517716516}
=======
Study Population {#section3-2151458517716516}
----------------
This is a retrospectively analyzed study of prospectively collected, population-based data on 1445 consecutive hip fracture patients aged ≥ 65 years having their first hip fracture between September 2007 and August 2014. The final study population comprised 1425 hip fracture patients as 20 (1.4%) patients declined participation in the study. Pathologic and periprosthetic fractures were excluded. The data were collected at Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Finland, which is the only hospital that provides acute surgical care in the Hospital District of Southern Ostrobothnia, which has a population of 199 000.
Hip Fracture Program and Study Design {#section4-2151458517716516}
-------------------------------------
Hip fracture program was first initiated in our hospital in 2007 with the goal of improving the care of hip fracture patients in accordance with evidence-based guidelines. First, a database with demographic, medical, surgical, functional, social, and outcome measures was established. Geriatrician-led interdisciplinary rounds began in 2008. A multidisciplinary orthogeriatric committee was established in 2009 and includes physicians from geriatrics, anesthesia, and orthopedic surgery; nurses from the orthopedic ward; and physiotherapists. Other experts are consulted if needed. The first written HFP with a standardized set of orders for hip fracture patients' hospital stay was delivered in 2009. The integrated care model is of shared care: Patients are within an orthopedic ward, but the responsibility for the care of the patient is shared between the orthopedic surgeon and the geriatrician. The orthopedic surgeon sees the patient daily and the geriatrician on weekdays, and both services write their own orders. Resident physicians provide some of the care in this model as well.
Since its initiation, the HFP has widely expanded and is regularly updated by the orthogeriatric committee, and it has been stabilized from a project to a permanent model of care. The 2013 update of the HFP includes extensive instructions on pre-, peri-, postoperative, and surgical care and CGA, discharge criteria, and recommendations for postdischarge care ([Table 1](#table1-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}). The emphasis is on detailed, individually adjusted, and multidisciplinary care throughout and after the hospitalization. The physicians and nurses are encouraged to focus on the HFP through continuous education. A dedicated orthogeriatric nurse coordinates the service in the orthopedic ward.
The HFP was developed and implemented in a real-life setting with minimal additional resources. There are only a few posts for geriatricians in our hospital, and, like in many regions in Finland, occasional shortage of geriatricians has occurred. As a consequence of this, CGA has not been performed at all times. However, when a geriatrician is available, every hip fracture patient in the orthopedic ward receives CGA without any patient selection by exclusion or inclusion criteria. In the present study, we compared the effect of receiving CGA versus not receiving CGA while hospitalized for hip fracture on 1-month mortality during implementation of the HFP. To identify the specific patient-related factors affecting mortality when combined with CGA, we examined the association of baseline characteristics with the effect of CGA on mortality. By CGA, we mean the components of care as presented in [Table 1](#table1-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}.
Data Collection {#section5-2151458517716516}
---------------
During hospitalization, the patients' medical records and interview conducted by a nurse with the patient or a caregiver were used. Data were collected on age, sex, fracture type, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score, on-admission serum creatinine, number of regularly taken medications, regular or as-needed use of hypnotic benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics (BZD-Z; midazolam, temazepam, nitrazepam, triazolam, zaleplon, zolpidem, and zopiclon), prefracture diagnosis of memory disorder, prefracture mobility level and living arrangements, and receiving or not receiving CGA. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation was used to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The results were categorized into 4 groups: ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2^ (normal to mildly decreased eGFR~CKD-EPI~), 45 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m^2^ (mildly to moderately decreased eGFR~CKD-EPI~), 30 to 44 mL/min/1.73 m^2^ (moderately to severely decreased eGFR~CKD-EPI~), and under 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2^ (severely decreased eGFR~CKD-EPI~ or kidney failure). The dates of death were provided by the National Population Register Center and extracted from the electronic patient files of the hospital. There were no losses to mortality follow-up.
Statistical Analyses {#section6-2151458517716516}
--------------------
The distribution of patient-related factors in case numbers and percentages according to the CGA were calculated. Differences were tested using Pearson χ^2^ test or Fisher exact test ([Table 2](#table2-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}). One-month (1-30 days from hip fracture) mortality was analyzed by age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models ([Table 3](#table3-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}). Age- and sex-adjusted association of receiving versus not receiving CGA with mortality separately in each group of the patient-related factors were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model showing results by hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals ([Table 4](#table4-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}). One-month mortality was illustrated by a survival curve ([Figure 1](#fig1-2151458517716516){ref-type="fig"}). A *P* value of \<.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS for Windows, version 23.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, New York).
######
Distribution of the Patient-Related Factors and Outcome Variables According to Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment.^a,b^
Patient-related factors Total Comprehensive geriatric assessment *P* Value
---------------------------------------------- ----------- ------------------------------------ ----------- ----------
Age, n (%) .268
65-79 410 (29) 247 (28) 163 (30)
80-89 759 (53) 469 (53) 290 (54)
90 or over 256 (18) 170 (19) 86 (16)
Sex, n (%) .707
Women 1062 (75) 657 (74) 405 (75)
Men 363 (26) 229 (26) 134 (25)
ASA score, n (%) **.002**
1-3 1047 (74) 672 (76) 375 (70)
4-5 354 (25) 206 (23) 148 (28)
Number of regularly taken medications, n (%) .097
\< 4 247 (17) 154 (17) 93 (17)
4-10 916 (64) 554 (63) 362 (67)
\> 10 261 (18) 177 (20) 84 (16)
BZD-Z .153
No 1033 (73) 655 (74) 378 (70)
Yes 391 (27) 230 (26) 161 (30)
Diagnosis of memory disorder, n (%) .272
No 1038 (73) 635 (72) 403 (75)
Yes 379 (27) 247 (28) 132 (25)
eGFR~CKD-EPI~, n (%) .167
\> 60 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 821 (58) 490 (55) 331 (61)
45-59 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 287 (29) 194 (22) 93 (17)
30-44 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 193 (14) 125 (14) 68 (13)
\< 30 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 87 (6) 55 (6) 32 (6)
Mobility level, n (%) .070
Outdoors unassisted 743 (52) 467 (53) 276 (51)
Indoors unassisted 557 (41) 354 (40) 223 (41)
Assisted only 70 (5) 46 (5) 24 (5)
Unable to walk 25 (2) 17 (2) 8 (2)
Living arrangements, n (%) **.002**
Home 565 (40) 362 (41) 203 (38)
Home with organized homecare 399 (28) 235 (27) 164 (30)
Assisted living accommodation 237 (17) 136 (15) 101 (19)
Institutionalized 213 (15) 150 (17) 62 (12)
Fracture type, n (%) .545
Neck of femur 886 (62) 541 (61) 345 (64)
Intertrochanteric 458 (32) 292 (33) 166 (31)
Subtrochanteric 80 (6) 52 (6) 28 (5)
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BZD-Z, hypnotic benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics (midazolam, temazepam, nitrazepam, triazolam, zaleplon, zolpidem, and zopiclon); eGFR~CKD-EPI~, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.
^a^n = 1425.
^b^Missing values are not shown but were tested and included in the percentages. Differences between groups were tested by Pearson χ^2^ test or Fisher exact test. Statistically significant *P* values (*P* \< .05) are bolded.
######
Distribution and Associations of the Patient-Related Factors and Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment According to 1-month Mortality.^a^
Patient-related factors 1-Month Mortality
--------------------------------------- ------------------- --------- -------------------
Age
65-79 389 (30) 21 (15) 1.00
80-89 683 (53) 76 (54) 2.21 (1.36-3.59)
90 or over 213 (17) 43 (31) 3.87 (2.28-6.55)
Sex
Women 970 (76) 92 (66) 1.00
Men 315 (25) 48 (34) 1.80 (1.26-2.45)
ASA score
1-3 983 (77) 64 (46) 1.00
4-5 290 (23) 64 (46) 2.75 (1.94-3.91)
Number of regularly taken medications
\< 4 236 (18) 11 (8) 1.00
4-10 832 (65) 84 (60) 1.94 (1.03-3.63)
\> 10 217 (17) 44 (32) 3.67 (1.89-7.12)
BZD-Z
No 937 (73) 96 (69) 1.00
Yes 348 (27) 43 (31) 1.09 (0.76 -1.56)
Diagnosis of memory disorder
No 952 (74) 86 (61) 1.00
Yes 330 (26) 49 (35) 1.55 (1.09-2.20)
eGFR~CKD-EPI~
\> 60 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 766 (60) 55 (39) 1.00
45-59 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 252 (20) 35 (25) 1.69 (1.10-2.59)
30-44 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 164 (13) 29 (21) 1.93 (1.22-3.07)
\< 30 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 69 (5) 18 (13) 2.99 (1.75-5.12)
Mobility level
Outdoors unassisted 718 (56) 25 (18) 1.00
Indoors unassisted 486 (38) 91 (65) 4.63 (2.95-7.28)
Assisted only 58 (5) 12 (9) 4.77 (2.38-9.59)
Unable to walk 21 (2) 4 (3) 4.04 (1.40-11.7)
Living arrangements
Home 543 (42) 22 (16) 1.00
Home with organized homecare 369 (29) 30 (21) 1.79 (1.02-3.14)
Assisted living accommodation 197 (15) 40 (29) 3.97 (2.31-6.81)
Institutionalized 169 (13) 44 (31) 5.08 (2.98-8.65)
Fracture type
Neck of femur 800 (62) 86 (61) 1.00
Intertrochanteric 410 (32) 48 (34) 0.99 (0.69 -1.41)
Subtrochanteric 74 (6) 6 (4) 0.65 (0.28 -1.49)
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
No 474 (37) 65 (46) 1.00
Yes 811 (63) 75 (54) 0.63 (0.45-0.87)
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists, BZD-Z, hypnotic benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics (midazolam, temazepam, nitrazepam, triazolam, zaleplon, zolpidem, and zopiclon), CI, confidence interval; eGFR~CKD-EPI~, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation; HR, hazard ratio.
^a^n = 1425.
^b^Missing values are not shown but were tested and included in the percentages. Associations with mortality were tested by Cox hazard regression models showing results by HRs and 95% CIs.
######
Age- and Sex-Adjusted Effect of In-hospital CGA (Total n = 1425, CGA n = 886, no CGA n = 539) on Mortality 1 Month After Hip Fracture in the Groups of Patient-Related Factors.^a^
Mortality Ratio at 1 Month Comparing Groups of CGA versus non-CGA (Total Deaths n=140)
--------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------
Age
65-79 410 21 (5.1) 0.74 0.31-1.75
80-89 759 76 (10.0) **0.46** **0.29-0.73**
90 or over 256 43 (16.8) 0.98 0.52-1.85
Sex
Women 1062 92 (8.7) **0.57** **0.38-0.86**
Men 363 48 (13.2) 0.76 0.42-1.34
ASA
1-3 1047 64 (6.1) **0.60** **0.37-0.99**
4-5 354 64 (18.1) 0.86 0.53-1.42
Number of regularly taken medications
\< 4 247 11 (4.5) 0.58 0.17-1.96
4-10 916 84 (9.2) **0.59** **0.38-0.91**
\> 10 261 44 (16.9) **0.58** **0.32-1.06**
BZD-Z
No 1033 97 (9.4) 0.75 0.50-1.13
Yes 391 43 (11.0) **0.38** **0.21-0.73**
Diagnosis of memory disorder
No 1038 86 (8.3) 0.70 0.46-1.07
Yes 379 49 (12.9) **0.50** **0.29-0.88**
eGFR~CKD-EPI~
\> 60 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 821 55 (6.7) 0.73 0.43-1.24
45-59 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 287 35 (12.2) **0.46** **0.24-0.90**
30-44 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 193 29 (15.0) 0.79 0.36-1.72
\< 30 mL/min/1.73m^2^ 87 18 (20.7) **0.28** **0.10-0.76**
Mobility level
Outdoors unassisted 743 25 (3.4) 0.52 0.24-1.14
Indoors unassisted 557 91 (16.3) 0.75 0.49-1.14
Assisted only 70 12 (17.1) 0.77 0.24-2.42
Unable to walk 25 4 (16.0) 2.32 0.10-53.4
Living arrangements
Home 565 22 (3.9) 0.75 0.32-1.75
Home with organized homecare 399 30 (7.5) 0.81 0.39-1.69
Assisted living accommodation 237 40 (16.9) **0.40** **0.21-0.76**
Institutionalized 213 44 (20.7) 0.73 0.39-1.37
Fracture type
Neck of femur 886 86 (9.7) **0.44** **0.29-0.68**
Intertrochanteric 458 48 (10.5) 1.20 0.65-2.21
Subtrochanteric 80 6 (7.5) 0.50 0.10-2.48
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI, body mass index; BZD-Z, hypnotic benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics (midazolam, temazepam, nitrazepam, triazolam, zaleplon, zolpidem, and zopiclon), eGFR~CKD-EPI,~ estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.
^a^Statistically significant *P* values (*P* \< .10) are bolded.
{#fig1-2151458517716516}
Ethical Consideration {#section7-2151458517716516}
---------------------
The study was performed according to the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of South Ostrobothnia. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants or their caregivers.
Results {#section8-2151458517716516}
=======
Data on 1425 hip fracture patients were available ([Tables 2](#table2-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"} and [3](#table3-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}). The median age was 84 years (interquartile range: 78-88, range: 65-104), and the median length of stay was 6 days (interquartile range: 5-7, range: 1-37). Of the 1425 patients, 886 (62%) received CGA during hospitalization. Of the patients, 36 (3%) patients died during acute hospitalization and 140 (10%) patients within 1 month. Of the patients receiving CGA, 8.5% died within 1 month of the hip fracture, compared to 12.0% of the patients not receiving CGA (*P* = .028).
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment {#section9-2151458517716516}
----------------------------------
The patients receiving CGA while hospitalized, compared to those who did not, more likely had an ASA score of 1 to 3 (*P* = .002) and lived at home or in an institution (*P* = .002). Age, sex, number of regularly taken medications, use of BZD-Zs, diagnosis of memory disease, eGFR~CKD-EPI~, prefracture mobility level, or fracture type were not significantly different between the 2 groups ([Table 2](#table2-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}).
Age- and Sex-Adjusted 1-Month Mortality {#section10-2151458517716516}
---------------------------------------
In the age- and sex-adjusted Cox regression analysis, patients with older age, higher ASA score, higher number of medications in regular use, having a diagnosis of memory disease, lower eGFR~CKD-EPI~, living in more supported living accommodations, having lower mobility class, and male sex had a greater likelihood of dying within 1 month of the hip fracture ([Table 3](#table3-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}). The patients receiving CGA were significantly more likely to survive at 1 month after the hip fracture than those not receiving CGA ([Table 3](#table3-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}). The survival curve is shown in [Figure 1](#fig1-2151458517716516){ref-type="fig"}.
Age- and Sex-Adjusted Analyses of the Effect of CGA With Mortality in the Groups of Patient-Related Factors {#section11-2151458517716516}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, CGA was significantly associated with decreased risk of 1-month mortality in patients aged 80 to 89 years, female sex, ASA score 1 to 3, using regular or as-needed BZD-Zs, having a diagnosis of memory disease, taking 4 to 10 medications daily, having eGFR~CKD-EPI~ 45 to 59 mL/min/1.73, m^2^ or \< 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2^, living in an assisted-living accommodation, or having the fracture in the neck of the femur ([Table 4](#table4-2151458517716516){ref-type="table"}).
Discussion {#section12-2151458517716516}
==========
Based on our findings, receiving CGA while hospitalized for hip fracture was associated with decreased 1-month mortality. This corroborates with previous literature of HFPs having a protective impact on short-term mortality^[@bibr7-2151458517716516][@bibr8-2151458517716516]-[@bibr9-2151458517716516],[@bibr12-2151458517716516]^ Moreover, our study revealed several potentially medically modifiable factors and factors related to prefracture patient characteristics that could explain the protective effect of in-hospital CGA on short-term mortality.
In this study, patients aged 80 to 89 years benefitted from the CGA in relation to mortality, whereas younger or older patients did not. Older age is a well-known risk factor for mortality after hip fracture.^[@bibr2-2151458517716516],[@bibr17-2151458517716516]^ Younger hip fracture patients are less frail^[@bibr15-2151458517716516]^ and more likely to survive the hip fracture regardless of CGA. Nonagenarians with hip fracture are high-risk patients and are more often anemic and have more adverse events while hospitalized.^[@bibr17-2151458517716516]^ In our study, CGA was associated with decreased mortality in women but not in men. Although women suffering hip fracture are older,^[@bibr18-2151458517716516]^ male hip fracture patients have more chronic comorbidities,^[@bibr18-2151458517716516]^ more severe health conditions, and a higher risk of complications during hospitalization for hip fracture.^[@bibr19-2151458517716516]^ In addition, male sex itself is a risk factor for mortality in this patient group.^[@bibr2-2151458517716516]^ It might be that in women, the conditions leading to hip fracture that are more of a concern are general frailty, including many potentially modifiable factors, in which case CGA can be more valuable in relation to mortality. The findings also imply that older men require specific attention regarding hip fracture care. According to the ASA classification, the general health of patients with a score of 1 to 3 varies from healthy to having severe systemic disease.^[@bibr20-2151458517716516]^ Based on our results, the survival potential of these patients was better when CGA was performed.
An important part of the CGA is careful and critical evaluation of the patients' medications. Our findings revealed that patients taking 4 to 10 regular medications or using BDZ-Z benefitted from CGA in relation to mortality. In a recent study by Gosch et al, only 9.6% of the hip fracture patients were taking appropriate medications.^[@bibr21-2151458517716516]^ High number of medications^[@bibr22-2151458517716516]^ and use of BZDs^[@bibr23-2151458517716516]^ are associated with chronic illnesses, which increase the importance of input from a geriatrician. Renal insufficiency, such as multiple medication use, might be one of the few modifiable risk factors, as the patients with even severe renal insufficiency (eGFR~CKD-EPI~ \< 30 mL/min/1.73m^2^) on admission showed improved survival if assessed by a geriatrician. This might be partly due to a synergistic effect with a medication evaluation because the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications in older patients with chronic kidney disease is high.^[@bibr24-2151458517716516]^ The protective association of CGA in patients with renal dysfunction may also be explained by more careful fluid therapy. Dehydration is common among hip fracture patients and may increase the risk of acute renal dysfunction with a potentially poor prognosis.^[@bibr25-2151458517716516]^
During the HFP, CGA was associated with decreased mortality among patients with a prefracture-diagnosed memory disorder. Dementia is a well-known risk factor for mortality among hip fracture patients.^[@bibr2-2151458517716516]^ Orthogeriatric programs not excluding cognitively impaired patients have been successful in reducing in-hospital^[@bibr7-2151458517716516]^ and 1-year^[@bibr8-2151458517716516]^ mortality. In a subgroup analysis of hip fracture patients with dementia, the intervention group experienced fewer complications and better functional recovery, but the multidisciplinary intervention program had no effect on mortality.^[@bibr26-2151458517716516]^ Poor knowledge of the engagement and recovery capacity of patients with dementia affects their access to rehabilitation after hip fracture,^[@bibr27-2151458517716516]^ and this may also impact acute care decisions. A geriatric approach includes individual consideration for each patient and no denial of treatment or rehabilitation based merely on a diagnosis of dementia. Furthermore, dementia is an independent risk factor for iatrogenic conditions such as delirium^[@bibr28-2151458517716516]^ in hip fracture patients. An optimistic attitude combined with professional care, including delirium prevention,^[@bibr6-2151458517716516]^ may explain some of the results of our study.
Patients living in assisted-living accommodations are too frail to survive at home but well enough to avoid institutional living. In our study, this patient group benefitted greatly from CGA with regard to mortality. Community-dwelling hip fracture patients are generally younger and fitter^[@bibr29-2151458517716516]^ and therefore may have a better prognosis regardless of the geriatrician's input. Patients living in long-term residential care are generally in worse health and are thus more likely to have a poorer outcome,^[@bibr30-2151458517716516]^ and the geriatricians' principal role is to ensure quality of care toward the end of life.
In the present study, CGA was associated with improved short-time survival when the patients had a femoral neck fracture. Patients experiencing other fracture types are older,^[@bibr17-2151458517716516],[@bibr31-2151458517716516]^ have more comorbidities,^[@bibr31-2151458517716516]^ and a higher risk of mortality^[@bibr2-2151458517716516],[@bibr31-2151458517716516]^ which may determine the prognosis beyond the effects of CGA.
One of the main strengths of the study is the prospective and population-based design. Also, the data were collected systematically and almost entirely by 1 individual. In addition, cognitive impairment and institutional living were not exclusion criteria, which increases the generalizability of the study. The study also has limitations. Due to the observational and noninterventional nature of this real-life study, there may be some uncertainty in the results. Toward the end of the study time, HFP has become more comprehensive and staff more experienced. Furthermore, there has been secular change toward overall increase in the awareness of the needs of this specific population. Also, although being otherwise similar, the groups receiving versus not receiving CGA differed significantly by the ASA scores and living arrangements. This is due to the fact that the groups were not predetermined or counterbalanced but were formed based on day-to-day availability of a geriatrician and without preselection of patients. Further studies are warranted to examine whether the findings observed in the present study also apply to other outcomes such as readmissions, mobility and living arrangements, and on mortality in longer term. We believe that a somewhat longer centralized acute postoperative period and rehabilitation in a dedicated orthogeriatric unit with in-hospital CGA is needed to further improve the outcomes.
In conclusion, the observation in our study of the protective association of in-hospital CGA in patients with multiple medications and renal insufficiency with hip fracture mortality highlights the significance of comprehensive and proactive medical assessment and interventions as fundamental part of acute orthogeriatric care. The orthogeriatric approach for younger and fitter patients did not have an effect on short-time mortality. Also, in relation to mortality, the oldest and frailest patients with the worst prognosis did not benefit of it either. These patients are, however, at the core of geriatric know-how,^[@bibr5-2151458517716516]^ and the quality of care for those patients that are toward the end of life should be improved by having a geriatrician in the hip fracture team. After all, HFPs aim not only at reducing mortality but also at improving the quality of care.^[@bibr10-2151458517716516],[@bibr12-2151458517716516]^ Between the extremes of low-risk and high-risk patients is a large group of patients whose potential to survive might go unnoticed in traditional care. Including a geriatrician and a CGA in the HFP can actually save the lives of these patients.
**Authors' Note:** The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are not available in an open access repository because the data sets contain information by which the participants may be directly or indirectly identified. Informed consent from participants and the approval by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of South Ostrobothnia was obtained for publication of study results, but not for the publication of patient raw-data separately. Further, the data used in this study are a part of a clinical quality register of Seinäjoki Central Hospital and is continuously being updated. If anyone is interested in exploring specific issue, please contact Maria S. Nuotio, MD, PhD. Email: <[email protected]>. Tel. +358-6-41533179.
We would like to acknowledge Kaisu Haanpää, RN for her expert data collection.
**Declaration of Conflicting Interests:** The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
**Funding:** The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was financially supported by the Competitive Research Fund of the Hospital District of Southern Ostrobothnia; and by the Competitive State Research Financing of Seinäjoki Central Hospital. The institutions of financial support did not participate in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
**ORCID iD:** Hanna M. Pajulammi, MD <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4249-1672>
|
tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
|
PubMed Central
|
About this Book
Do? What do you mean? I am horrified. I have always hated change, and this past week has brought me change enough. I cannot think that more would suit me.
Well, I trust you wont stay cooped up in this dingy set of rooms anymore. It hardly becomes the widow of such a Great Man.
And what do you suggest I do instead? Move in with you and Augustus?
She stops eating, flushes red. Well, of course you may. You are always welcome. But thats not what I meant . . .
No, it was unfair of me to say that. She thinks I am unaware of how Augustus treats her. Out all day and sometimes far into the night. She wouldnt want me to witness his neglect at first hand.
I simply meant that you are more independent, now. You dont have to think about whether His Greatness would approve of what you do. All thisshe flings her arms around like a veritable Indian goddesswas what he wanted; what he thought fit. Every blessed chair, every cushion, every plate and cup and cake stand! Now you can do anything you choose. You could take a cottage in the country. Return to Chiswick, perhaps? The air would be better for you. And I could still come and visit.
I find the air quite well enough where I am, thank you, Kitty. I glance around at the red plush curtains, the easy, old- fashioned chairs, the Turkish rug, the walnut piano; and I appreciate for the thousandth time how he had such a tremendous instinct for other peoples comfort. I falter, however, as I catch sight of my music on the piano. The page is open still at The Sailors Hornpipe and I feel his arm, so firm around my waist, as he propels me around my parents parlor at breakneck speed. I think I shall never move from here, I tell her. I like it, and Im used to it. And on the contrary, it makes me happy to know that he chose every chair and cushion and cake stand himself.
He gave you all the old things he didnt want anymore, she retorts. Why dont you admit the Truth for once?
The Truth? I look her in the eye and sigh. You mean, of course, that I should agree with you?
Not necessarily. She tosses her head and the slivers of jet at her ears do a macabre dance. But now hes no longer here, you dont need to be loyal. You can admit it all now, surely.
Admit what, Kitty dear? We have been over this so many times.
Oh, Mama! Admit that he never gave you anything but heartache. And children, of course, she adds sarcastically.
I wont have that. If I have had heartache in my lifeand God knows I haveyour father was not to blame for it. He gave me everything I have valued. If blame there is, well, it is the fault of circumstance.
Kitty glares. Circumstance? Oh, of course, she says, starting to pleat her handkerchief with angry movements of her fine, active fingers. The One and Only cannot be wrong. Yours Truly remains forever above reproach.
She means to provoke me; but I know her of old, and will not be drawn. You may pretend to think ill of him, Kitty, but he has always shown a proper regard for me: I have these comfortable lodgings in a nice part of town, with Mrs. Wilson to look after meand Gyp, too, to keep me company. Gyp barks as if he acknowledges the memory. He is old and fat, as I am, but still affectionate. I laugh and tickle his nose.
Kitty wont have it. He gives you a wretched apartment in a wretched area of town. With one servant, and no carriageand a dog with a foul temper. A fine arrangement! She springs up from the little stool, but she forgets the weight of the train she is wearing and staggers a little against the fireguard, making the fire irons crash into the grate.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
|
Pile-CC
|
Teacher accused of sending explicit pictures
HAMPTON, Va. (WAVY) – Police have charged a former Hampton teacher after officers said she had inappropriate communication with a juvenile male.
Cpl. Mary Shackelford with the Hampton Police Division said Kimberlee A. Dietz, 31, of Hampton was arrested Monday and charged with felony use of a communications device to facilitate certain offenses involving a juvenile.
Dietz was granted a $15,000 bond with surety Wednesday morning and was later released on that bond. She cannot have contact with anyone under the age of 18 unless related by blood or marriage.
Officers responded to a home for a report of a suspicious activity complaint March 2. According to police, the investigation found Dietz had inappropriate communication with a male juvenile attending a Hampton school in March.
“What was beneficial for us and that we put out as well is that in this particular case the juvenile reached out to the parent and the parent then brought it to our attention, and so that open line of communication worked out really well and we were able to make that arrest,” Shackelford said.
According to a criminal complaint obtained by WAVY.com, Dietz sent sexually explicit pictures from her cell phone to an 11-year-old boy’s cell phone. The pictures, the complaint said, came after a conversation between Dietz and the boy where she expressed her interest in him.
Police said she was a former school employee. According to an article on Hampton City Schools’ website, she was a teacher at Asbury Elementary School. Hampton City Schools would not comment on the case, but confirmed Dietz is a former teacher. Police have not said where the student attended school.
Dietz’s neighbor, Christine Townes, said she does not know her well, but was surprised by the allegations.
“It’s sort of scary and sad, I would think because kids, especially younger ages don’t really know the ramifications of anything. They look at the teachers as someone they’re supposed to look up to, sort of like another authority,” Towne said. “When you raise your kids, you teach them that they’re supposed to go to adults and to trust them.”
No one answered the door at Dietz’s home Tuesday. She declined to talk to 10 On Your Side from the Hampton Roads Regional Jail, where she is being held.
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Reviews of Genre Fiction
Main menu
Tag Archives: The Shadows Behind the Stars
I read a lot of really good books in 2015, to the point that it was annoyingly difficult to put together a “Best of” list, or even a “Favorite Books Read This Year” list. But I did manage to make some hard decisions and cobble together a list of some titles that unequivocally blew my mind. Note: not all of them were published in 2015. Links are provided for my reviews if they’re available.
Listed in chronological order of when I read them:
Cuckoo Song by Frances Hardinge
The story of a young girl who wakes up one day to concerned parents, an insatiable hunger, cobwebs for tears, and a screaming younger sister who swears that thing isn’t human. The story of a changeling child fighting for life and to save her counterpart at the cost of her own life. Frances Hardinge’s writing is as clever and beautiful as always, and her stories are consistently top-notch.
The Girls at the Kingfisher Club by Genevieve Valentine
The story of The Twelve Dancing Princesses set in Prohibition-era twenties’ jazz clubs? Devastating writing and storytelling that’s brutal in its economy and how much it conveys in so few words? Hard-hearted female protagonists who make hard decisions to protect her sisters and because no one else can? Fairytale mystery and grandiose allure juxtaposed with city, real-life grittiness, drama, sweat, fear, and danger? Yes, yes, yes. Yes to it all.
The Book of Phoenix by Nnedi Okorafor
The fantasy/science fiction story of a woman born and trapped in a skyscraper, a genetic experiment whose skin can burn brighter and hotter than her captors ever dreamed, a story rooted in various African peoples’ stories and magics and histories, a story rooted in anti-colonialism and survival, fear, love, and rage. Entry #1 in “Women Full of Rage Who Destroy the World.”
The story of a world wracked by cataclysmic earthquakes, where apocalypses are common occurrences. The story of three women with the power to manipulate the forces of the earth, hated by everyone around them, forced to submit their bodies and their power to a body that tells them they are sub-human, isolated and controlled for their and everyone’s protection. This is a story of endings—the world itself and the individual worlds of all three women. First entry in a trilogy, and Entry #2 in “Women Full of Rage Who Destroy the World.”
Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates
A deeply personal letter from Ta-Nehisi Coates to his son Samori about the ins and outs of being a black man in the United States and the violent history and logic behind race and anti-black racism in the United States. It’s about a story white people have created and continue to believe and enforce, and it’s a story Coates tells his son in order for him to understand whilst condemning the necessity of the telling.
The story of Sorcerer Royal Zacharias Wythe, leader of England’s Society of Unnatural Philosophers in Napoleonic England, and his erstwhile student, the polite hellion Prunella Gentleman. A hilarious and pointed Regency tale of racial, gender, and class politics, fairies, international diplomacy, manners, and Polite Society, written in pitch-perfect Regency-esque language. Fun for the whole family.
The story of Alison Bechdel’s exploration of her identity through the lens of her relationship with her deceased father. A beautifully and sophisticatedly written nonlinear, multi-narrative memoir that encompasses Alison’s childhood, her father and mother’s courtship, the house she grew up in and her father’s pride and joy, her father’s complicated relationship to his sexuality and sense of self, Alison’s coming out as a lesbian, and her father’s subsequent death. The book of the year where I had no clue how much it would blow me away.
Ancillary Mercy By Ann Leckie
The conclusion to the Imperial Radch trilogy and the story we were all waiting for of how Breq, Seivarden, Tisarwat, Mercy of Kalr, and Presger Translator Zeiat integrate themselves into Athoek Station and thoroughly subvert Anandaar Minaai. Having loved the other two books to bits, this one was the perfect conclusion and I am still crying that this trilogy is over.
The Shadows Behind the Stars by Rebecca Hahn
The story of Chloe, the youngest of the three Fates who spin, measure, and slice all mortals’ life threads. The story of how she falls in love with Aglaia, a mortal girl with a beautiful life thread, and the devastating truths she and her sisters learn when they entangle themselves in the fates of mortals. Written with prose that’s so crystal-clear I want to tear my hair out at how good it is. Entry #3 in “Women Who Destroy the World.
And because this year was such a good reading year for me, here’s another list of books I really enjoyed reading:
One other thing I’m pleased by is how much re-reading I was able to accomplish this year. In addition to re-reading the Circle of Magic and Circle Opens quartet for Mark Reads, I re-read Who Fears Death by Nnedi Okorafor, Ancillary Justice and Ancillary Sword by Ann Leckie (in preparation for the third book), and The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms and The Broken Kingdoms by N.K. Jemisin.
Earlier this year I had committed myself to K.Tempest Bradford’s challenge to not read any books by cis straight white men for an entire year. I mostly succeeded—I slipped up a few times here and there (6 times to be exact), but the majority of authors I read did not fall into all four categories.
I also specifically tried to read more authors of color. Approximately a third of the books I read were authored by people of color, as were a third of the actual authors in question. When I started this blog, my goal was for half the books I reviewed to have been written by authors of color. In this I was not successful—only 5 of the 13 books I reviewed were written by authors of color—so my goal next year is to actually achieve and maintain equal parity.
On a professional level book-wise, I also had a good year. I worked on several books for Ooligan Press this year, including the recently-published YA novel A Series of Small Maneuvers by Eliot Treichel and the upcoming 2016 short story collection Siblings by Kait Heacock. Most excitingly for me, Allison Green’s travel memoir The Ghosts Who Travel with Me, whose publishing team I joined last fall, came out this past June. Leading up to and after the launch, I got to do publicity outreach, proofreading, and designing of the epub version of the book. The highlight of 2015 was being able to cross off “appearing on the radio” from my bucket list—in addition to arranging for Allison Green to be interviewed on the radio show Bookworm, I briefly appeared alongside her to talk about Ooligan.
Personally, I did have some setbacks. I kept getting sick the first third of the year and my mental health decided to take a hike a few months later. Thankfully the latter has been on the mend recently. (I would say the former was getting better too if not for the fact I’m currently stuck in bed with a bad cold and fever on the very last day of the year. Go figure.)
Things I’m looking forward to next year? Finishing my Master’s program and graduating (I’m ignoring for now the part where I’ll be frantically applying for jobs in the meantime.) Working on the publication of Ruth Tenzer Feldman’s as-yet untitled third entry in her YA Jewish-historical fiction-time travel series. (I’ve already read the manuscript and it’s going to be awesome.) Re-reading even more books than this past year, and maybe even throwing in some more literary and nonfiction titles amidst my fantasy, sci-fi, and YA reads.
May your 2016 not be too terrible (it’s Election Year after all) and may it be filled with lots of good books and friends in the meantime.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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Use your debugger to debug the service while it is running. First, obtain the process identifier (PID) of the service process. After you have obtained the PID, attach to the running process. For syntax information, see the documentation included with your debugger.
Specify a debugger to use when starting a program. To do so, create a key called Image File Execution Options in the following registry location:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion
Create a subkey with the same name as your service (for example, MYSERV.EXE). To this subkey, add a value of type REG_SZ, named Debugger. Use the full path to the debugger as the string value. In the Services control panel applet, select your service, click Startup and check Allow Service to Interact with Desktop. The service must be an interactive service, or else the debugger cannot run on the default desktop. Note that this technique is no longer supported as of Windows Vista because all services are run in session that is reserved exclusively for services and does not support displaying a user interface.
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OpenWebText2
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---
abstract: 'The Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment has proved to be an effective means of measuring two-point correlation function of identical particles. We analyze experimental observation of stripes formation of a phase fluctuating Bose-Einstein condensates in a highly elongated 3D traps \[Dettmer [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**87**]{}, 160406 (2001)\] by means of axial two-point correlation functions. We also predict that the stripes are present in quasi-1D Bose gas in the mean-field as well as in the hard-core bosons regimes. These stripes can be realized by measuring the axial two-point correlation functions by using the Bragg interferometric method which is similar to the original Hanbury Brown and Twiss experimental setup.'
address: 'The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34014 Trieste, Italy.'
author:
- Tarun Kanti Ghosh
title: 'Revisiting the Hanbury Brown-Twiss Setup for Phase Fluctuating Bose Gases'
---
[2]{}\[\]
Introduction
============
Since the pioneering works on the realization of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) [@rmp] of alkali-atoms, a great variety of experimental and theoretical investigations have probed the macroscopic phase coherence of confined quantum gases. For a trapped 3D BEC well below the transition temperature $T_c$, experiments have confirmed the macroscopic phase coherence by measuring the correlation length which is equal to the condensate size [@coh]. However, the phase coherence strongly depends on the shape of the confining potential which can be control at will. It was theoretically proposed that the axial phase fluctuations of an elongated 3D BEC can be very large in the equilibrium state, where the density fluctuations are strongly suppressed [@petrov]. The axial phase coherence length in the elongated systems can be smaller than the axial size and this is referred as the quasi-condensates. Similarly, quasi-1D Bose gas in the mean-field regime [@gorlitz] forms a quasi-condensate [@pet1] with a large phase fluctuations even at temperatures as low as $0.1 T_c $ [@tkg]. The quasi-1D Bose gas behaves like a hard-core bosons (commonly known as Tonks-Girardeau Gas) [@lieb] when the strength of the two-body potential is very strong which has been observed experimentally [@bloch]. The hard-core bosonic systems have a very strong vacuum phase fluctuations which prevents from being a (quasi-)condensate even at $T=0 $ and mimicking the exclusion principle for fermions. The most striking features of the phase fluctuating 3D BEC is that the stripes formation in the axial density profile of the system [@exp].
The celebrated Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) experiment [@hbt] in which the spatial second-order correlation function $C_2 (z) $ of a light source is characterized by measuring the correlations of intensity fluctuations in the wave field. The original idea of the HBT experiment is that by measuring the intensity correlations between two separated beams, they essentially compared the intensities at two different points in the unseperated beam [@baym]. The equal-times second-order correlation function provides information on the relative spatial distribution of pairs of identical particles. Therefore, the stripes formation can be understand by analyzing the second-order correlation function if it shows oscillatory behavior.
In this Letter, we understand the experimental observations of the stripes formation in the axial density profile of a phase fluctuating 3D BEC by means of the axial two-particle correlation functions. Next, we propose that the same stripes formation in the axial density profile can be observed in quasi-1D Bose gas in the mean-field as well as in the hard-core bosons regimes. We also discuss how to realize the stripes formation by a suitable choices of the Bragg pulse in the Bragg interferometer which is similar to the HBT experiment.
[*Two-point correlation function:*]{} We consider a 3D BEC confined in an elongated harmonic trap, where the repulsive mean-field interaction energy exceeds the radial $(\hbar \omega_0)$ and the axial $(\hbar \omega_z)$ trap energies. At $T=0 $, the density profile has the well-known form $ n_0(\rho,z) = (\mu /g) (1-\rho^2/R_0^2-z^2/Z_0^2)$, where $ \mu = 0.5 \hbar \omega_z [15 Na \omega_0^2/a_z \omega_z^2]^{2/5}$ is the zero-temperature chemical potential, and $ g = 4\pi a \hbar^2/m $ is the two-body interaction strength. Also, $ R_0 = \sqrt{2\mu/m \omega_0^2}$ and $Z_0 = \sqrt{2\mu/m \omega_z^2}$ are the radial and the axial size of the condensate, respectively. Due to the repulsive mean-field energy, density fluctuations are strongly suppressed in a trapped BEC. Therefore, the bosonic field operator describing the condensate can be written in the form $ \hat \psi ({\bf r}) = \sqrt{n_0({\bf r})} exp[i \hat \phi ({\bf r})] $, where the phase operator $ \hat \phi ({\bf r}) $ is defined as \[phase\] ([**r**]{},t) = \_ \_( [**r**]{}) e\^[-i\_ t]{} \_ + H.c. Here, $ \hat \alpha_{\nu} $ is the annihilation operator of the quasiparticle excitation with quantum numbers $ \nu $ and energy $ \hbar \omega_{\nu} $; $ \psi_{\nu} $ is the corresponding quasiparticles normalized wave functions.
The normalized two-particle correlation function is defined as C\_2\[{[**r**]{}\_i }\] & = & \_[i=1]{}\^[4]{} \[\]\^[-1]{} < \^ ([**r**]{}\_1) \^ ([**r**]{}\_2) ([**r**]{}\_3) ([**r**]{}\_4) >\
& = & e\^[- <\[ ([**r**]{}\_1) + ([**r**]{}\_2) - ([**r**]{}\_3) - ([**r**]{}\_4)\]\^2>]{} = e\^[- F({ [**r**]{}\_i })]{}. Due to the strong suppression of the density fluctuations, the normalized density correlation function of the trapped condensate is constant, [*i.e.*]{} $ C_2(r_1,r_2,r_2,r_1) =1 $. Therefore, a simple measurement of the density correlations in the condensate is not enough to describe coherence properties. However, by measuring the density correlations in the interference pattern generated by two spatially displaced copies of a parent BEC, it is possible to correlate the bosonic field operator $ \hat \psi ({\bf r}) $ at four different positions and extract the $ C_2(r_1,r_2,r_3,r_4) $ [@cacci].
[*3D cigar-shaped BEC*]{}: As described in Ref. [@exp], the 3D condensate consists of $ N = 5 \times 10^5$ atoms of $^{87}$Rb. The radial and axial trapping frequencies are $\omega_0 =2 \pi \times 365$ Hz and $\omega_z =2 \pi \times 14$ Hz ($a_z = \sqrt{\hbar/m \omega_z} = 2.879 \mu m$), respectively. The condensate is already elongated along the longitudinal $z$ axis due to the aspect ratio $ \lambda = \omega_0/\omega_z = 26$. In addition, further radial compression or expansion of the condensate are obtained by applying the superimposed blue detuned optical dipole trap to the magnetic trap. In the experiment [@exp], they performed the measurements for the radial trapping frequencies $\omega_0 $ between $ 2 \pi \times 138$ Hz and $ 2 \pi \times 715$ Hz corresponding to aspect ratios $ \lambda $ between 9.8 and 51, respectively.
The excitations of a cigar-shaped BEC can be divided into two regimes: “low-energy" axial excitations with energy $ \hbar \omega_z \leq E_a << \hbar \omega_0$, and “high-energy" radial excitations with $ E_r \geq \hbar \omega_0 >> \hbar \omega_z$. As pointed out in Ref. [@petrov] that the low-energy axial excitations have wave-lengths larger than $R_0$ and exhibit a pronounced 1D behavior which gives the most important contribution to the low-energy axial phase fluctuations. The low-energy axial modes have the energy spectrum $ \epsilon_j = \hbar \omega_z \sqrt{j(j+3)/4}$ [@strin]. The normalized wave functions $\psi_j $ of these quasiparticle modes have the form \_j([**r**]{}) = P\_j\^[(1,1)]{}(z), where $ P_j^{(1,1)}( \tilde z) $ are Jacobi polynomials and $ \tilde z = z/Z_0 $ is a dimensionless variable.
Using Eq. (\[phase\]) for the phase operator, $ F (\{ {\bf r}_i \}) $ becomes, F( {z\_i }) &=& \_[j=1]{}\^[j\_[[max]{}]{}]{} coth\[\]\
& & \[P\_j\^[(1,1)]{}(z\_1) + P\_j\^[(1,1)]{}(z\_2)\
& - & ( P\_j\^[(1,1)]{}(z\_3) + P\_j\^[(1,1)]{}(z\_4))\]\^2. The upper cut-off limit ($j_{{\rm max}} $) on the summation can be obtained from the constraint: $ \epsilon_j < \mu $. It is useful to define the space variables in the following way: $ \tilde z_1 = (s+d)/2 = - \tilde z_2 $, and $\tilde z_3 = (s-d)/2 = - \tilde z_4$. Here, $d$ is the displacement between the two interfering condensate copies and $s$ is the relative distance between the positions in the interference pattern at which the particle densities are evaluated. This new choice of variables has been realized in the experiment [@cacci].
In Fig.1 and Fig.2, we plot the axial two-particle correlation function vs the relative separation at $T=0 $ and $ T=0.6 T_c $, respectively, for three different choices of the aspect ratio.
The axial two-particle correlation function at zero temperature has oscillatory behavior with very small amplitude. It shows little evidence of the stripes formation even at zero temperature. Nevertheless, we do not claim that stripes are present even at $T=0$ because it is almost one for a large separation. The minima of the $C_2(s) $ at various relative separations are decreasing with the increasing of the aspect ratio $\lambda $. It implies that vacuum phase fluctuation increases with the aspect ratio.
Fig.2 shows the oscillatory behavior with large amplitudes compared to the zero temperature case. These prominent deep valleys implies the presence of stripes in the axial density distribution due to the strong thermally excited phase fluctuations and the large aspect ratio $\lambda $. The minima of the $C_2(d,s) $ at various relative separations are decreasing with the increasing of the temperature and the aspect ratio $\lambda $.
In the actual experiment [@exp], the stripes formation is observed after the ballistic expansion of the atomic cloud. However, it does not rule out the possibility of the stripes formation in static BEC [*i.e.*]{}, without ballistic expansion. According to the Ref. [@exp], the observation of the stripes formation after the ballistic expansion of the cloud is due to the rapidly decreasing of the mean-field interaction and the axial velocity fields are then converted into the density distribution. In our studies we find that the stripes formation in the axial density profile is already present even before switching off the trap. Therefore, the stripes formation are not necessarily due to the axial velocity fields which are converted into density modulations during the ballistic expansion, as stated in Ref. [@exp]. The width of the stripes are too small to be observed directly in-trap due to the lack of the experimental resolution, but it is seen after expansion of the cloud since the stripes in the static cloud is enlarged during the ballistic expansion of the cloud.
[*Quasi-1D Bose gas in the mean-field regime*]{}: Now we consider quasi-1D Bose gas in the mean-field regime as described in Ref. [@gorlitz]. In particular, the system consists of $ N \sim 10^4 $ atoms of $^{23}$ Na in the trap with axial trapping frequency $ \omega_z = 2 \pi \times 3.5 $ Hz, and radial trapping frequency $ \omega_0 = 2 \pi \times 360 $ Hz. The low-energy excitation spectrum is given by $ \omega_j = \omega_z \sqrt{j(j+1)/2} $ and the corresponding normalized eigenfunctions are $ \psi_j (z) = \sqrt{\frac{2j+1}{2 Z_0}} P_j(z/Z_0) $, [@ho] where $ P_j(z/Z_0) $ is the Legendre polynomial in $z$ and $Z_0 = a_z(2.998 Naa_z/a_0^2)^{1/3} $ is the Thomas-Fermi half length.
Using Eq. (\[phase\]) for the phase operator, $ F (\{ {\bf r}_i \}) $ for quasi-1D system becomes, F({z\_i }) &=& \_[j=1]{}\^[j\_[[max]{}]{}]{} coth\[\]\
& & \[P\_j(z\_1) + P\_j(z\_2) - P\_j(z\_3) - P\_j(z\_4)\]\^2. Using the expression for $ F (\{z_i \}) $, we plot two-point correlation functions vs the relative distance at $ T=0 $ and $ T=0.6 T_c $ in Fig.3 and Fig.4, respectively.
Similar to the 3D BEC in very elongated traps, the vacuum phase fluctuations are not able to produce the stripes in quasi-1D Bose gas in the mean-field regime, However, at large temperature, the two-point correlation functions have prominent oscillatory behavior with large amplitudes, compared to the zero temperature case. Therefore, the stripes are present in the quasi-1D Bose gas in the mean-field regime at large temperature.
[*Quasi-1D Bose gas in the hard-core bosons regime*]{}: Let us consider quasi-1D Bose gas in the hard-core bosons regime. The low-energy excitation spectrum is given by $ \epsilon_j = j \hbar \omega_z $ and the corresponding normalized eigenfunctions are $ \psi_j (z) = \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi Z_0}} T_j(z/Z_0) $, where $ T_j(z/Z_0) $ is the first-order Chebyshev polynomial in $z$. Here, $ Z_0 = \sqrt{2N} a_z $ is the Thomas-Fermi half-length of the hard-core bosons system with the chemical potential $ \mu = N \hbar \omega_z $ [@tkg1].
Using Eq. (\[phase\]) for the phase operator, $ F (\{ \bf r_i \}) $ for quasi-1D system in the hard-core bosons regime at $T=0 $ becomes F \[z\_i\] = \_[j=1]{}\^[N]{} \[ T\_j(z\_1) + T\_j(z\_2) - T\_j(z\_3) - T\_j(z\_4)\]\^2.
Fig. 5 shows the two-point correlation function of the quasi-1D Bose gas in the hard-core regime at $T=0$.
Note that Fig.5 is valid only when $ s > 1/2N $ due to the hydrodynamic approximation. This hydrodynamic approximation is failed to describe the short-range correlations due to the strong interactions when $ s < 1/2N $. Fig. 5 shows that the two-point correlation functions have the oscillatory behavior with large amplitude even at zero temperature. This implies that stripes are already present in the hard-core bosons regime even at zero temperature due to the strong quantum phase fluctuations. Note that the amplitude of the oscillations in the zero temperature two-point correlation functions is very very small in the cigar-shaped 3D BEC as well as in the quasi-1D Bose gas in the mean field regime, compared to the quasi-1D Bose gas in the hard-core regime. The two-point correlation functions with large amplitude of the oscillations implies the fermionic like behavior in the hard-core Bose gas at zero temperature.
[*Detection*]{}: The realization of the stripes formation is possible by measuring the axial two-particle correlation function. The Bragg interferometric method presented in Ref. [@cacci] to measure the two-particle correlation function is analogous to the original HBT experiment [@hbt]. Therefore, the prominent valleys in the axial two-particle correlation function should be observe by using the Bragg interferometric method as described in Ref. [@cacci] with a proper choices of the wave vector $k$ and the time interval ($\Delta t $) between the two Bragg pulses such that the distances ($d = 2 \hbar k \Delta t/m $) between two auto correlated copies should be $ d \sim 0.1-0.2 $. We have checked that for other choices of $d$, $ d \geq 0.2 $, the oscillatory behavior in the two-point correlation functions washes out. This is due to the fact that the two interfering matter waves are not HBT-correlated when $ d \geq 0.2 $. Here we mean HBT-correlated in a sense that the matter waves will produce an HBT effect at the output ports, as opposed to the different question of the correlations in the parent condensate [@baym]. In fact, the two matter waves are HBT-correlated only if they are interfering within a coherence time ($\tau $), the characteristic time scale in the experiment. The relative distance $d$ between two interfering BECs at the output ports of the interferometer can be controlled by varying the time interval ($\Delta t $). When $ \Delta t$ is small such that $d \sim 0.1-0.2$, we expect the correlations to be maximal and shows the HBT effect. For large $ \Delta t > \tau $, the distance between two interfering BECs is large so that it becomes HBT-uncorrelated and then it does not produce valleys in the interference patterns. The time interval, $\Delta t $, before colliding two copies should be less than the coherence time $\tau $ which is inversely proportional to the temperature of the condensate [*i.e.*]{} $ \Delta t < \tau \sim \hbar /k_B T $, where $T$ is the temperature of the parent condensate [@baym].
In conclusion, we have understand the stripes in the axial density profile of a strong phase fluctuating 3D cigar-shaped BECs in terms of the two-point correlation function. We have also predicted that the stripes are present in the quasi-1D Bose gas in the mean-field regime at large temperature as well as in the 1D hard-core bosonic systems even at zero temperature due to to the strong quantum phase fluctuations. We have also pointed out that one can realize the stripes by a proper choices of the parameters in the Bragg interferometer experiment which is similar to the HBT setup. This experiment would provide the direct realization of the stripes formation, which is of fundamental importance in the phase fluctuating BECs.
M. J. Anderson [*et al.*]{}, Science [**269**]{}, 198 (1995); K. B. Davis [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**75**]{}, 3969 (1995); C. C. Bradley [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**78**]{}, 985 (1997).
J. Stenger [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**82**]{}, 4569 (1999); E. W. Hagley [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**83**]{}, 3112 (1999).
D. S. Petrov [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**84**]{}, 3745 (2000).
A. Gorlitz [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**87**]{}, 130402 (2001).
D. S. Petrov [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**85**]{}, 3745 (2000).
T. K. Ghosh, cond-mat/0402079
M. Girardeau, J. Math. Phys. [**1**]{}, 516 (1960); E. H. Lieb and W. Liniger, Phys. Rev. [**130**]{}, 1605 (1963).
B. Paredes, [*et al.*]{}, Nature [**429**]{}, 277 (2004).
S. Dettmer [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**87**]{}, 160406 (2001).
R. Hanbury-Brown and R. Q. Twiss, Nature(London) [**177**]{}, 27 (1956); R. Hanbury-Brown and R. Q. Twiss, Nature(London) [**178**]{}, 1046 (1956).
G. Baym, Acta Phys. Polon. B [**29**]{}, 1839 (1998). L. Cacciapuoti [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. A [**68**]{}, 053612 (2003).
M. Fliesser [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. A [**56**]{}, R2533 (1997); S. Stringari, Phys. Rev. A [**58**]{}, 2385 (1998).
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ArXiv
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Latent Class Analysis (LCA)
Latent class analysis (LCA) identifies unobservable subgroups within a population. We work to expand LCA models to allow scientists to better understand the impact of exposure to patterns of multiple risks, as well as the antecedents and consequences of complex behaviors, so that interventions can be tailored to target the subgroups that will benefit most.
Introductory Example: Profiles of Teen Sex and Drug Use
In this example, LCA identifies five subgroups of teenagers based on their substance use and sexual behaviors. This analysis could be used to understand complex behavior patterns and variables that predict high-risk behavior, and to identify the subgroups that are most at-risk. With this information, scientists can develop interventions that target the neediest individuals.
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Pile-CC
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---
abstract: 'Although the low energy fractional excitations of one dimensional integrable models are often well-understood, exploring quantum dynamics in these systems remains challenging in the gapless regime, especially at intermediate and high energies. Based on the algebraic Bethe ansatz formalism, we study spin dynamics in the antiferromagnetic spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ XXZ chain with the Ising anisotropy via the form-factor formulae. Various excitations at different energy scales are identified crucial to the dynamic spin structure factors under the guidance of sum rules. At small magnetic polarizations, gapless excitations dominate the low energy spin dynamics arising from the magnetic-field-induced incommensurability. In contrast, spin dynamics at intermediate and high energies is characterized by the two- and three-string states, which are multi-particle excitations based on the commensurate Néel ordered background. Our work is helpful for experimental studies on spin dynamics in both condensed matter and cold atom systems beyond the low energy effective Luttinger liquid theory.'
author:
- Wang Yang
- Jianda Wu
- Shenglong Xu
- Zhe Wang
- Congjun Wu
title: 'Quantum spin dynamics of the axial antiferromagnetic spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ XXZ chain in a longitudinal magnetic field'
---
#### Introduction {#introduction .unnumbered}
The real-time dynamics reveals rich information of the quantum nature of strongly correlated many-body states [@Deift1994; @Sagi1996; @Sachdev1997; @Konik2003; @Coldea2010; @Sachdev2011; @Ganahl2012; @Imambekov2012; @Fukuhara2013; @Wu2014; @Caux2016; @Aronson2016; @Babadi2015; @andrei2016]. On the other hand, one-dimensional integrable models due to their exact solvability provide reliable reference points for studying quantum and thermodynamic correlations [@Bethe1931; @Yang1966; @Yang1966a; @Faddeev1979; @Baxter1982; @Takahashi2005; @Guan2013; @Wang2015]. The spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ antiferromagnetic (AFM) Heisenberg XXZ chain, a representative of integrable models, is an ideal system for a non-perturbative study on quantum spin dynamics [@Karbach2000; @Biegel2002; @Sato2004; @Caux2005; @Caux2005a; @Caux2009; @Kohno2009; @Mossel2010; @Liu2014]. Nevertheless, it remains a very challenging problem due to the interplay between quantum fluctuations and the dynamic evolution. On the experimental side, a great deal of high precision measurements have been performed on quasi one-dimensional ($1$D) materials by using neutron scattering and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy [@Nagler1991; @Zheludev2000; @Stone2003; @He2005; @Kimura2007; @Mourigal2013; @Wang2015; @Wang2015a; @Aronson2016]. These systems are faithfully described by the 1D spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ AFM Heisenberg model.
There has appeared significant progress in calculating the dynamic spin structure factors (DSF) [@Karbach2000; @Biegel2002; @Sato2004; @Caux2005; @Caux2005a; @Caux2009; @Kohno2009; @Mossel2010; @Liu2014]. At zero field, contributions to the DSFs from the two- and four-spinon excitations can be solved analytically by using the quantum affine symmetry [@Bougourzi1996; @Abada1997; @Bougourzi1998; @Caux2012; @Jimbo1994], however, this method ceases to apply at nonzero fields. In the algebraic Bethe ansatz formalism [@Faddeev1979; @Korepin1997], the matrix elements of local spin operators between two different Bethe eigenstates are expressed in terms of the determinant formulae in finite systems [@Korepin1982; @Slavnov1989; @Maillet2000; @Kitanine2000]. Accompanied with a judicious identification of the dominant excitations to spin dynamics, this method can be used to efficiently calculate the DSFs for considerably large systems. Excellent agreements between theories and experiments have been established for the SU(2) invariant spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ AFM Heisenberg chain, confirming the important role of spinon excitations in the dynamic properties [@Mourigal2013].
In this article, we study quantum spin dynamics in an axial antiferromagnetic spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ XXZ chain at zero temperature in a longitudinal magnetic field. The system is gapped at zero field, and increasing field tunes the system into the gapless regime [@Yang1966a], in which the full spin dynamics remains to be explored. Working within the algebraic Bethe ansatz formalism, we identify various spin excitations separated at different energy scales. The $S^{-+}(q,\omega)$-channel is dominated by the psinon pair excitations resembling the zero field des Cloizeaux-Pearson (DCP) modes [@DesCloizeaux1962], whose momentum range shrinks as increasing polarization. The coherent low energy excitations of the $S^{+-}(q,\omega)$ resemble the Larmor mode at $q\to 0$, and become incoherent at $q\to \pi$. The 2- and 3-string states play important roles at intermediate and high energies, reflecting the background Néel configuration. The low energy excitations in the longitudinal $S^{zz}(q,\omega)$ channel exhibit the sound-like spectra at $q\to 0$ while the spectra in the high energy sector reflect the excitonic excitations on the gapped Néel background. These high-frequency features of spin dynamics cannot be captured by the low energy effective Luttinger liquid theory.
#### The Model {#the-model .unnumbered}
The Hamiltonian of the 1D spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ AFM chain with the periodic boundary condition in the longitudinal magnetic field $h$ is defined as H\_[0]{}&=&J\_[n=1]{}\^[N]{} { S\^[x]{}\_[n]{} S\^[x]{}\_[n+1]{} + S\^[y]{}\_[n]{} S\^[y]{}\_[n+1]{} +(S\^[z]{}\_[n]{} S\^[z]{}\_[n+1]{}-)},\
H&=& H\_[0]{}- h \_[n=1]{}\^[N]{} S\^[z]{}\_[n]{} \[eq:Hamiltonian\], where $N$ is the total site number. The spin operators on the $n$-th site are defined as $S_n^{\alpha}=\frac{1}{2}\sigma^\alpha$ with $\alpha=x,y,z$. We consider the axial region with the anisotropic parameter $\Delta=\cosh\eta>1$. The system becomes gapless above the critical field $h_c(\Delta)$. The magnetization $m= \avg{G|S^z_T|G}/N$ starts to develop from zero as $h>h_c$, where $|G\rangle$ represents the ground state and $S^z_T=\sum_{i=1}^N S^z$ is the $z$-component of total spin. $h$ and $m$ are conjugate variables through the relation $h={\partial e_{0}}/{\partial m}$ with $e_0=\avg{G|H_0|G}/N$. For calculations presented below, we adopt a typical value of $\Delta=2$ and $N=200$ unless explicitly mentioned, and the corresponding critical field is $h_c/J=0.39$ [@Yang1966a].
The zero temperature DSFs are expressed in the Lehman representation as S\^[a|[a]{}]{}(q,)&=& 2\_ |[|]{} S\^[|[a]{}]{}\_[q]{} [| G ]{}|\^[2]{} (-E\_+E\_[G]{}), \[eq:lehmann\] where $a=\pm$ and $z$; $\bar a=-a$ for $a=\pm$, and $a=\bar a$ for $a=z$; $S_i^\pm=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(S_x\pm i S_y)$ and $S^{a}_{q}= \frac{1}{\sqrt N} \sum_{j} e^{iqj} S^{a}_{j}$; ${| \mu \rangle}$ is the complete set of eigenstates; $E_{G}$ and $E_{\mu}$ eigenenergies of the ground and excited states, respectively.
We employ the Bethe ansatz method to calculate the DSFs. The fully polarized state with all spins up is taken as the reference state, based on which the flipped spins are viewed as particles. A state with $M$ flipped spins is denoted an $M$-particle state and the polarization $m=1/2-M/N$. Each particle wavevector $k_j$ is related to a rapidity $\lambda_j$ through the relation $e^{ik_j}=\sin(\lambda_j
+i\frac{\eta}{2})/\sin(\lambda_j-i\frac{\eta}{2})$. The set of rapidities $\{\lambda_j\}$ with ($1\le j\le M$) are determined by the integer or half-integer-valued Bethe quantum numbers $I_j$ as presented in Appendix \[sect:BA\]. If some $\lambda_j$’s are complex [@Bethe1931], the corresponding states are termed as string states [@Takahashi2005] as discussed in Appendix \[sect:string\]. The determinant formulae for the form factors ${\langle \mu |} S^{\pm}_{j} {| G \rangle}$ can be obtained from the rapidities as presented in Ref. \[\] and as summarized in Appendix \[sect:determinant\]. Due to the exponentially large number of excited states, only a subset of them with dominating contributions to the DSFs are selected. The validity of the selection is checked by comparing the results with the sum rules presented below.
We use both the momentum-resolved and -integrated sum rules. In Appendix \[sect:sum\], the momentum-resolved sum rules of the first frequency moment (FFM) are explained [@Mossel2008]. The transverse FFM sum rule is W\_(q) &=& \_[0]{}\^ \
&= & \_+\_q , \[eq:ffm\] where $\alpha_\perp= -e_0-\Delta{\partial e_0}/{\partial \Delta}+mh$ and $\beta_\perp =(2-\Delta ^2){\partial e_0}/{\partial \Delta}
+\Delta e_0$. Its longitudinal version is also known as $W_\pp(q) =
\int_{0}^\infty \frac{d \omega}{2\pi} \omega S^{zz} (q,\omega )
=(1-\cos q) \alpha_\pp$ [@Mossel2008], where $\alpha_2=-e_0+\Delta {\partial e_0}/{\partial \Delta}$. The momentum-integrated sum rule is $R_{a\bar a}= \frac{1}{N} \sum_{q}
\int_0^{\infty} \frac{d\omega}{2\pi} S^{a,\bar a} (q,\omega)
= \frac{1}{4} + \frac{m}{2} c_a$ [@Hohenberg1974], where $c_a=\pm 1, 0$ for $a=\pm$ and $z$, respectively. To evaluate the saturation levels of these sum rules, we define the ratios of the momentum-resolved FFMs as $\nu^{(1)}_{\perp}(q)=\tilde{W}_{\perp}(q)/W_{\perp}(q)$ and $\nu^{(1)}_{\pp}(q)=\tilde{W}_{\pp}(q)/W_{\pp}(q)$ in the transverse and longitudinal channels, respectively, and those of the integrated intensity as $\nu_{a\bar{a}}=\tilde{R}_{a\bar a}/R_{a\bar a}$, where $\tilde{R}_{a\bar a}$ and $\tilde{W}_{\perp(\pp)}(q)$ are calculated from the partial summations over the selected excitations.
The momentum-resolved transverse FFM ratios $\nu^{(1)}_{\perp}(q)$ in the Brillouin zone are displayed in Fig. \[fig:ratio\] for three representative magnetizations. The magnetic polarization breaks time-reversal symmetry, and thus $S^{+-}$ contributes more prominently than $S^{-+}$ to sum rules. We start with plotting $S^{-+}$ contributions marked by the pink lines, which take into account the “psinon”-pair states $n\psi\psi$ ($n=1,2$) with $n$ the pair number. These eigenstates possess real rapidities [@Karbach2002; @Caux2005a] and their Bethe quantum numbers are presented in Appendix \[sect:BA\]. These excitations excellently capture the $S^{-+}$ contributions with high saturation levels shown in the integrated intensity ratio $\nu_{-+}$ presented in Appendix \[sect:integ\_trans\]. The $S^{+-}$ channel is more involved: Dominant excitations include the “psinon-antipsinon” pair states denoted as $n\psi\psi^*$ and string states. Combined with $S^{-+}$, different contributions are plotted and their relative weights are displayed explicitly. The $n\psi\psi^*$ excitations are with real rapidities and their Bethe quantum numbers are given in Appendix \[sect:BA\]. These states with $n=1$ and $2$ contribute significantly to $S^{+-}(q,\omega)$ at high polarizations, particularly at long wave lengths. But their weights become less important as decreasing polarization. In Appendix \[sect:integ\_trans\], the same trend is clearly shown in the momentum-integrated intensity ratio $\nu_{+-}$. This observation is supported by considering the limit of $2m\to 0$ at $S_{T}^z=1$, then $|\mu\rangle$’s in Eq. \[eq:lehmann\] belong to the subspace of $S^z_T=0$, whose dimension is $N!/(\frac{N}{2}!)^2$. In this sector, there only exist two states with all real rapidities representing even and odd superpositions of two symmetry breaking Néel states. The dominant weights near the critical line $h_c(\Delta)$ should arise from string states.
The string state solutions are characterized by complex rapidities arising from particle bound states. The string ansatz is an approximation assuming the string pattern of the complex rapidity distribution. A length-$l$ ($l\ge 1$) string is denoted as $\chi^{(l)}$, which represents a set of complex rapidities $\lambda^{(l)}_{j}= \lambda^{(l)}+i\frac{\eta}{2}
(l+1-2j)$ for $1\le j\le l$. Their common real part $\lambda^{(n)}$, the string center, is determined from the Bethe-Gaudin-Takahashi (BGT) equations with the reduced Bethe quantum numbers [@Takahashi2005] shown in Appendix \[sect:string\]. The determinant form-factor formulae involving string states [@Mossel2010] are included in Appendix \[sect:determinant\]. Below we only consider the solutions with one length-$l$ string denoted as $1\chi^{(l)}R$ where $R=m\psi\psi^*$ or $m\psi\psi$. The errors of complex rapidities are used to judge the validity of the string ansatz, which can be analytically checked [@Hagemans2007]. For the calculated range of $2m$ from 0.1 to 0.9, our results exhibit a high numeric accuracy with typical errors less than $10^{-16}$ for the $1\chi^{(2)}R$ states. The errors of the $1\chi^{(3)}R$ states are larger but still typically less than $10^{-6}$. A bar of $10^{-6}$ is set and only string states within this bar are kept in calculating DSFs. The detailed discussions on the error estimation and how to systematically improve the string ansatz in an exact manner are included in Appendix \[sect:deviation\].
The calculation for $S^{+-}(q,\omega)$ is significantly improved by including the string state contributions shown in Fig. \[fig:ratio\]. The two-string excitations $1\chi^{(2)}R$ $(R=1\psi\psi^*,
1\psi\psi)$ greatly improves the saturation level of the FFM ratios for both intermediate and high polarizations at all momenta. In particular, the $1\chi^{(2)}1\psi\psi^{*}$ contributions are more dominant than $1\chi^{(2)}1\psi\psi$, typically one order higher. However, at small polarizations, the two-string contributions decrease quickly in particular at long wavelengths, indicating the necessity of including states with even longer strings. Including the 3-string excitations $1\chi^{(3)}1\psi\psi^*$ further improves the saturation level of $\nu^{(1)}_\perp(q)$ at small polarizations, while their contributions are minor above the half-polarization. The $1\chi^{(3)}1\psi\psi$ excitations are neglected since their contributions are about two orders smaller. After combining all the excitations above, a high saturation level ($>80\%$) is reached for all momenta at the intermediate (e.g. $2m=0.5$) and high polarizations (e.g. $2m=0.8$). At small polarizations (e.g. $2m=0.2$), $\nu^{(1)}(q)$ is still well saturated for most momenta. Nevertheless, the saturation level decreases when $m \to 0$ at $q = 0$, and the trend is more prominent for even smaller polarization. There may exist unknown modes with significant weights around zero momentum.
The intensity plots of the transverse DSFs are presented in the $q$-$\omega$ plane in Fig. \[fig:DSF\] at representative values of $2m$. The spectra of $S^{-+}(q,\omega)$ exhibit the reminiscence of the DCP modes at zero field [@DesCloizeaux1962] shown in Fig. \[fig:DSF\] $(a_1)$, $(b_1)$, and $(c_1)$, but only appear in the momentum interval of $2m\pi<q<2\pi-2m\pi$. This can be understood intuitively in terms of the 1D Hubbard chain at half-filling. Although a weak coupling picture is employed below, the momentum interval for $S^{-+}$ does not change as increasing the interaction $U$ to the strong coupling Heisenberg regime. Since charge gap opens at infinitesimal $U>0$, there is no phase transition and the spin spectra should evolve adiabatically. At magnetization $m$, the Fermi points for two spin components split exhibiting the Fermi wavevectors $k_{f_{\uparrow,\downarrow}}=\pi(\frac{1}{2}\pm m)$. The minimum momentum for flipping a spin down to up is the difference between $k_{f_{\uparrow,\downarrow}}$, i.e., $\Delta k_f=2m\pi$ or equivalently $(1-m)2\pi$, and the energy cost is zero. At small polarizations, $S^{-+}(q,\omega)$ is very coherent near $q=\Delta k_f$, while as $q$ approaches $\pi$, it becomes a continuum. The lower boundary of the continuum touches zero at $q=\pi$ corresponding to flipping a spin-down at one Fermi point and adding it to the spin-up Fermi point on the opposite direction. The momentum interval for $S^{-+}$ shrinks as increasing polarization and vanishes at the full polarization.
The spectra of $S^{+-}(q,\omega)$ are presented in Fig. \[fig:DSF\] ($a_2$), ($b_2$), and $(c_2$). At small polarizations, the spectra resemble the DCP modes and further split into three sectors. Recall the ground state evolution as increasing polarization: At $\Delta>1$, the ground state exhibits the Néel ordering at $m=0$, or, the commensurate charge-density-wave (CDW) of particles. With hole-doping, the ground state quantum-mechanically melts and becomes incommensurate. The low energy excitations are thus gapless, however, the intermediate and high energy excitations still sense the gapped Néel state. Applying $S^{-}(q)$ on $|G\rangle$ corresponds to adding back one particle. A prominent spectra feature at low energy is the coherent Larmor precession mode. At $q=0$ and the isotropic case, the Larmor precession mode describes the rigid body rotation with the eigenfrequency $\omega=h$ unrenormalized by interaction. With anisotropy and away from $q=0$, it is renormalized by interaction but remains sharp. The antiferromagnetic coupling causes the downturn of the dispersion touching zero at $q=\pm 2\pi m$, and then disappears. The spectra around $q=\pi$ is incoherent as a reminiscence of the two-spinon continuum in the zero-field DCP mode. The intermediate and high energy spectra arise from the 2- and 3-string states describing 2- and 3-particle bound states, respectively. The energy separations among these three sectors are the reminiscence of the spin gap of the Néel state. As increasing polarization, the Larmor mode evolves to the magnon mode. The states containing a pair of bounded magnons contribute to the upper dynamical branch, which are high energy modes since the coupling is anti-ferromagnetic.
We explicitly display the transverse DSF intensities [*v.s.*]{} $\hbar \omega/J$ from small to large polarizations at two representative wavevectors $q=\frac{\pi}{2}$ and $\frac{3}{4}\pi$ shown in Fig. \[fig:intensity\]. The peaks reflect the large-weight region of the spectra in Fig. \[fig:DSF\]. The low frequency peaks are typically from the 2-particle excitations of the $1\psi\psi$ and $1\psi\psi^*$ states. In contrast, the intermediate and high frequency peaks are based on multi-particle string state excitations. For example, the 2-string states $1\chi^{(2)}1\psi\psi$ are 4-particle excitations composed of a 2-particle bound state and a psinon-psinon pair excitations. Therefore, the string-state-based peaks are typically more smeared than the low frequency peaks. In Appendix \[sect:more\], we investigate the evolution of the transverse DSFs as varying the anisotropy parameter $\Delta$. The 3-string state contributions are enhanced as increasing $\Delta$ to the Ising limit.
#### The longitudinal DSF. {#the-longitudinal-dsf. .unnumbered}
We continue to present the longitudinal DSF $S^{zz}(q,\omega)$ of Eq. (\[eq:Hamiltonian\]). This quantity is equivalent to the dynamic density-density correlations of a $1D$ interacting spinless fermion system through the Jordan-Wigner transformation with the identification of the Fermi wavevector $k_f=\frac{1}{2}\pi(1-2m)$. After taking into account excitations of $1\psi\psi^{*}$, $2\psi\psi^{*}$, and $1\chi^{(2)}1\psi\psi$ states, the integrated intensity $\nu_{zz}$ and the FFM ratio $\nu^{(1)}_T$ reach excellent saturation levels as presented in Appendix \[sect:more\]. Furthermore the momentum-resolved ratios $\nu^{(1)}_{zz}(q)$ at representative polarizations and the intensities of $S^{zz}(q,\omega)$ are plotted in Fig. \[fig:szz\]. At small polarizations, the contribution of string states dominates the high energy spectra branch. The low energy excitations in the long wavelength regime are very coherent due to the structure of 1D phase space, while those at $2k_f$ are incoherent, both of which can be described by the 1D Luttinger liquid theory [@Voit1993]. The high energy excitations are the reminiscence of the gapped excitonic excitations in the commensurate Néel background. As increasing polarization, particle filling touches the band bottom where the band curvature is important, and thus the low energy coherent excitations are suppressed and particle-hole continuum becomes more prominent. When the ground state evolves further away from commensurability, the spectra from the string state excitations diminish.
The DSFs calculated above are directly relevant to the experimental observables in both condensed matter and ultra-cold atom systems. The magnetic properties of quasi-1D material of $\text{SrCo}_{2}\text{V}_{2}\text{O}_{8}$ are described by the axial AFM Heisenberg chain with $\Delta=2$ used above. The DSFs in the transverse field have been measured by the ESR method [@Wang2015; @Wang2015a], and those in the longitudinal field can be measured by the same method. The 1D bosonic system in the hard-core regime is equivalent to the spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ chain, which has been realized in cold atom experiments [@Fukuhara2013Q], and quantum dynamics of two-magnon bound states has been measured [@Fukuhara2013]. Our DSF calculations and various identified excitations provide helpful guidance to the experimental study of quantum spin dynamics in these systems.
In summary, the zero temperature spin dynamics is studied for the axial XXZ model in the longitudinal magnetic field. We find that different dynamic branches are energetically separated, which originate from various classes of excitations including psinon-psinon and psinon-antipsinon pairs at low energy, and string excitations at intermediate and high energies. In particular, for $S^{+-}(q,\omega)$ at small magnetizations, states with real rapidities contribute negligibly small to the sum rule, and the 3-string states become more and more dominant as approaching the critical line or increasing anisotropy. These high-frequency spin dynamic features cannot be captured within the low energy effective theory of the Luttinger liquid. Our calculations provide important guidance for analyzing the 1D spin dynamics experiments in both condensed matter and ultra-cold atom systems. [*Acknowledgments.—*]{} We thank useful discussions with Matthew Foster. Y. W., J. W., S. X. and C.W. are supported by the NSF DMR-1410375, AFOSR FA9550-14-1-0168. C.W. also acknowledges support from the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams of China.
Bethe ansatz in the axial regime {#sect:BA}
================================
In this section, we present the Bethe ansatz equations (BAE) and the Bethe quantum number (BQN) structure. We focus on the anti-ferromagnetic XXZ spin chain (Eq. (1) in main text) in the axial regime with $\Delta=\cosh \eta >1$.
In the method of the algebraic Bethe ansatz [@Faddeev1979], the monodromy matrix is a $2 \times 2$ matrix. Its matrix entries $A(\lambda), B(\lambda), C(\lambda), D(\lambda)$ are operators acting in the many-body Hilbert space of the spin chain. By the virtue of the Yang-Baxter equation, all the transfer matrices $T(\lambda)=A(\lambda)+D(\lambda)$ with different spectral parameter $\lambda$’s commute, hence they can be simultaneously diagonalized. The XXZ Hamiltonian can be expressed in terms of these transfer matrices, and thus it shares common eigenstates with all the transfer matrices.
A Bethe eigenstate with $M$ down-spins can be expressed as the result of successively applying the magnon creation operators $B(\lambda_{j})$ ($1 \leq j \leq M$) onto the reference state ${| F \rangle}=\otimes_{j=1}^{N}
{| \uparrow \rangle}_{j}$, as $\Pi_{j=1}^{M} B(\lambda_{j}) {| F \rangle}$. The rapidities $\{ \lambda_{j} \}_{1\leq j\leq M}$ satisfy the Bethe ansatz equations, N \_[1]{}(\_[j]{})=2 I\_[j]{} + \_[k=1]{}\^[M]{} \_[2]{} (\_[j]{}-\_[k]{}), \[eq:bethe ansatz eq\] where \_[n]{}()=2 ()+ 2. \[eq:theta\] The symbol $\floor{x}$ represents the floor function, which yields the largerst integer less than or equal to $x$. The rapidities can be either real or complex in general. If all $\lambda_{j}$’s are real, then the corresponding state is called a real Bethe eigenstate. If there exist complex-valued $\lambda_{j}$’s, then the state is called a string state[@Takahashi2005], whose name comes from the pattern of $\lambda_{j}$’s in the complex plane in the thermodynamic limit. We will give a brief description in Sec. \[sect:string\]. For a chain with even number of sites, the ascending array of Bethe quantum numbers $\{ I_{j} \}_{1 \leq j \leq M}$ take integer values when $M$ is odd, and half-integer values when $M$ is even. The total momentum of this state is P=M- \_[j=1]{}\^[M]{} I\_[j]{}, and the energy is E=\_[j=1]{}\^[M]{} .
In the subspace with a fixed value of $S_{T}^{z}$, there exist $M=\frac{N}{2}-S^{z}_{T}$ down-spins. In this sector, the BQN of the lowest energy state are given by I\_[j]{}=-+j, 1 j M. \[eq:ground Bethe num\]
As for the excited states, the BQN can be grouped into certain patterns by examining how they can be obtained through modifying those in the ground state given in Eq. (\[eq:ground Bethe num\]). We consider two different classes of excited states with purely real rapidities. Eigenstates with $n$-pair of psinons are denoted $n\psi\psi$ [@Karbach2000], and their Bethe quantum numbers $\{I_{j}\}_{1\leq j\leq M}$ satisfy --n I\_[j]{} +n, where either $I_{1}=-\frac{M-1}{2}-n$ or $I_{M}= \frac{M-1}{2}+n$ to avoid over-counting. Another class of solutions are called $n$-pair of psinon-anti-psinon states denoted $n\psi\psi^{*}$. Among their $M$ Bethe quantum numbers $I_j$’s, $M-n$ of them lying within the range $[-\frac{M-1}{2},\frac{M-1}{2}]$, and the remaining $n$ ones lying outside [@Karbach2000].
The Bethe-Gaudin-Takahashi equations for string states {#sect:string}
======================================================
The rapidities of the BAE can take complex values, and the corresponding solutions are called string states[@Takahashi2005]. The string ansatz assumes that the complex rapidities form the string pattern described below.
For a single $n$-string of complex rapidities, \^[n]{}\_[j]{}=\^[(n)]{}+i (n+1-2j), 1j n, \[eq:string rapidity\] where $\lambda^{(n)}$ and $\eta$ are real numbers, and $j$ is the rapidity index inside the string. For a finite system the distribution of rapidities does not exactly follow Eq. (\[eq:string rapidity\]). The deviations become exponentially suppressed as enlarging system size, and the string ansatz is asymptotically exact in the thermodynamic limit. Then a general Bethe eigenstate with $M$ rapidites is a collection of $M_{n}$ $n$-strings, where $\sum_{n} n M_{n}=M$. A real Bethe eigenstate can be also viewed as a collection of $M$ $1$-strings in this language.
The BAE Eq. (\[eq:bethe ansatz eq\]) becomes singular in thermodynamic limit for a string state with the rapidity pattern of Eq. (\[eq:string rapidity\]). Their regularized version is called the Bethe-Gaudin-Takahashi (BGT) equations [@Takahashi2005], which only contain the common real part $\lambda^{(n)}$ N \_[n]{} (\_) = 2I\^[(n)]{}\_ +\_[(m,) (n,)]{} \_[nm]{} (\^[(n)]{}\_-\^[(m)]{}\_), with $1\leq \alpha \leq M_{n}, \,\,\, 1 \leq \beta \leq M_{m}$, where \_[nm]{}&=&(1-\_[nm]{})\_[|n-m|]{}+2 \_[|n-m|+2]{}+...\
&+&2 \_[n+m-2]{} +\_[n+m]{}, and $\theta_{n}$ is defined in Eq. (\[eq:theta\]). The momentum of such a state is P=\_n M\_n- \_[n]{} I\^[(n)]{}\_ and the energy is E=\_[n]{}.
The general rules for determining BQN for distinct eigenstates are rather complicated [@Mossel2010]. Since only Bethe eigenstates with up to only two types of strings are considered in this article, we only present the rules for these special cases below [@Mossel2010].
Consider a string state with $M_{m}$ $m$-strings and $M_{n}$ $n$-strings, where $M=m M_{m}+n M_{n}$. Without loss of generality, we assume $m<n$. The BQN for the $m$-strings are within the sets of A\^[(m)]{}\_[i]{}={-+i I\^[m]{}\_[j]{} +i,1j M\_[m]{} }, where W\_[m]{}=N-2mM\_[n]{}-(2m-1)M\_[m]{}, and $0\leq i \leq 2m-1$. For the $n$-strings, the BQN are within the sets of A\^[(n)]{}\_[i]{} = {-+i I\^[n]{}\_[j]{} +i,1j M\_[n]{}}, where W\_[n]{}=N-2mM\_[m]{}-(2n-1)M\_[n]{}, and $0\leq i \leq 2n-1$. Not all these BQN yield distinct Bethe eigenstates. To remove equivalent sets of BQN giving same eigenstates, we need to exclude those simultaneously satisfying the following two conditions I\^[(m)]{}\_[1]{}&& -+2m-1,\
I\^[(n)]{}\_[M\_[n]{}]{} && +2n-(2m-1).
In the following, the presence of the rules of Bethe quantum numbers for $2$-string and $3$-string states are combined together to reduce the content. We list the rules for the BQN of the string states calculated in the main text. In the following formulae, $n=2$ or $3$. The rule for $1\chi^{(n)}1\psi\psi$ state is &-&I\^[(n)]{} +2n-1,\
&-+i&I\^[(1)]{}\_[j]{} +i, 1j M-n,\
in which $i$ is an integer. The DSF intensity distribution must be symmetric with respect to $π$ since the system possesses inversion symmetry. It is possible for states with $i=0$ to be transformed to those with $i\neq 0$ under inversion, which must also be included.
For the excitations of the type of $1\chi^{(n)}1\psi\psi^{(*)}$, the rule for the $I^{(n)}$ part is the same, while that for real rapidities is &-+i& I\^[(1)]{}\_[j\_[l]{}]{} +i,\
&&1lM-n-1,\
&-&I\^[(1)]{}\_[j\_[M-n]{}]{}--1+i,\
& +1+i& I\^[(1)]{}\_[j\_[M-n]{}]{}+1, where $I^{(1)}_{j}$’s should be arranged in an ascending array, and $-(2n-1)\le i\le 2n-1$ again for the purpose of symmetrization. The BQN need to be excluded if they simultaneously satisfy the following two conditions $I^{(n)}\geq \frac{N-2M}{2}+2n-2$ and $I^{(1)}_{1}\leq -\frac{N-M+n-3}{2}+1$ to avoid overcounting as mentioned above.
The determinant formulae {#sect:determinant}
========================
To carry out the DSF calculation, the normalized Bethe state and the matrix element of spin operators are needed. The normalized state of $\Pi_{j=1}^{M} B(\lambda_{j}) {| F \rangle}$ is denoted as ${| \{ \lambda_{j} \}_{1\leq j \leq M} \rangle}$ below. The matrix entries ${\langle \{ \mu_{k} \}_{1\leq k \leq M+1} |}
S^{a}_{q} {| \{\lambda_{j}\}_{1\leq j \leq M} \rangle}$ can be formulated into determinant forms [@Kitanine1999], which greatly facilitates both analytical and numerical calculations.
Real states in the axial regime
-------------------------------
We first present the determinant formulae for the real Bethe state. Since $|{\langle \{ \mu_{k} \}_{1\leq k \leq M+1} |}
S^{-}_{q} {| \{\lambda_{j}\}_{1\leq j \leq M} \rangle}|^2
=|{\langle \{\lambda_{j}\}_{1\leq j \leq M} |}
S^{+}_{-q} {| \{ \mu_{k} \}_{1\leq k \leq M+1} \rangle}|^2$, we only present the matrix element for $S^-_q$ and $S^z_q$.
The transverse matrix element can be expressed as |[{ } |]{} S\^[-]{}\_[q]{} [| { } ]{} |\^[2]{}&=& N \_[P({ })-P({ }),q]{} ||\
&& . in which $H^-$ is an $(M+1)\times (M+1)$ matrix. For $1\leq k\leq M+1,\,\,\,1\leq j\leq M$, H\^[-]{}\_[kj]{} &=& \[ \_[l=1(lk)]{}\^[M+1]{} (\_[l]{}-\_[j]{}+i) - ()\^[N]{} \_[l=1(lk)]{}\^[M+1]{} (\_[l]{}-\_[j]{}-i)\]; and for $1\leq k\leq M+1$, H\^[-]{}\_[k,M+1]{}= .
For the longitudinal matrix element, the expression for ${\langle \{ \mu_{k} \}_{1\leq k \leq M} |}
S^{z}_{q} {| \{\lambda_{j}\}_{1\leq j \leq M} \rangle}$ is |[{ } |]{} S\^[z]{}\_[q]{} [| { } ]{} |\^[2]{} &=& \_[P({ })-P({ }),q]{} \_[k=1]{}\^[M]{} ||\^[2]{}\
&& , in which the $M\times M$ matrices $H$ and $P$ are given by H\_[kj]{} &=& \[ \_[l=1(lk)]{}\^[M]{} (\_[l]{}-\_[j]{}+i) - ()\^[N]{} \_[l=1(lk)]{}\^[M]{} (\_[l]{}-\_[j]{}-i)\], and P\_[kj]{}=, 1kM,1jM. The off-diagonal matrix elements $\Phi_{jk}$ at $(j\neq k)$ is \_[jk]{}&=& , \[eq:phi1\] and the diagonal matrix element $\Phi_{jj}$ is \_[jj]{}&=&N -\_[l=1,lj]{}\^[M]{} . \[eq:phi2\]
The reduced determinant formule for string states
-------------------------------------------------
In calculating the DSFs, if we directly plug in the rapidities of the string state solutions into Eqs. (\[eq:phi1\], \[eq:phi2\]), the matrix $\Phi$ becomes singular. The L’Hospital’s rule must be applied to remove the singularities [@Mossel2010]. The reduced matrix $\Phi^{(r)}$ is defined by [@Mossel2010] \^[(r)]{}\_[n,n]{}&=& N\_[j=1]{}\^[n]{} \[ -\_[k=1(knj, j1)]{}\^[M]{}\
&+&\_[l=1(lj,j1)]{}\^[n]{} \],\
\^[(r)]{}\_[n,m]{}&=& \_[j=1]{}\^[n]{}\_[k=1]{}\^[m]{} , nm, in which $\lambda^{(n\alpha)}_{j}=\lambda^{(n\alpha)}+i(n+1-2j)\eta/2$, where $\lambda^{(n\alpha)}$ is the common real part of the $\alpha$’th length-$n$ string.
The formula for $|{\langle \{\mu\} |} S^{-}_{q} {| \{ \lambda \} \rangle} |^{2}$, where ${| \{ \mu \} \rangle}$ is a string state, ${| \{ \lambda \} \rangle}$ a real Bethe eigenstate, is given by |[{} |]{} S\^[-]{}\_[q]{} [| { } ]{} |\^[2]{}&=& N \_[P({ })-P({ }),q]{} \
&& .
The expression for $|{\langle \{\mu\} |} S^{z}_{q} {| \{ \lambda \} \rangle} |^{2}$ can be obtained similarly, as |[{} |]{} S\^[z]{}\_[q]{} [| { } ]{} |\^[2]{}&=& \_[P({ })-P({ }),q]{} \_[j=1]{}\^[M]{} | |\^[2]{} \
&& .
The first frequency moment sum rule {#sect:sum}
===================================
In this section, we summarize the derivation of the first frequency moment sum rule following Ref. \[\]. The first frequency moment is defined as \_[a |[a]{}]{} (q)=\_[-]{}\^ S\^[a|[a]{}]{} (q,). \[eq:first sum def\] The expressions of $\omega_{+-}+\omega_{-+}$ and $\omega_{zz}$ are derived as a function of $\Delta$ and $h$ for the XXZ Hamiltonian (Eq.(1) in main text).
By inserting a complete set of eigenstates and performing the integration with respect to $t$ and $\omega$, $\omega_{ii}$ ($i=x,y,z$) can be transformed as
\_[ii]{}= \_[j,j\^[’]{}]{} e\^[-i q (j-j\^[’]{})]{} \_[-]{}\^ \_[-]{}\^ dt e\^[i t]{} \_ e\^[i(E\_[G]{}-E\_)t]{} [G |]{} S\^[i]{}\_[j]{} [| ]{} [|]{} S\^[i]{}\_[j\^[’]{}]{} [| G ]{} = - \_[j,j\^[’]{}]{} e\^[-i q (j-j\^[’]{})]{} [G |]{} \[H,S\^[a]{}\_[j]{}\] S\^[a]{}\_[j\^[’]{}]{} [| G ]{}.
Similarly \_[ii]{}= \_[j,j\^[’]{}]{} e\^[-i q (j-j\^[’]{})]{} [G |]{} S\^[i]{}\_[j]{} \[H,S\^[i]{}\_[j\^[’]{}]{}\] [| G ]{}. \[eq:first sum eq2\] Since the system is invariant under inversion tranformation defined as $P\vec{S_{j}}P^{-1}=\vec{S}_{-j}$, i.e. P[| G ]{} = [| G ]{}, PHP\^[-1]{}=H, Eq. (\[eq:first sum eq2\]) becomes \_[ii]{} &=& \_[j,j\^[’]{}]{} e\^[-i q (j-j\^[’]{})]{} [G |]{} S\^[i]{}\_[j\^[’]{}]{} \[H,S\^[i]{}\_[j]{}\] [| G ]{}, where in obtaining the last line the change of summation indices $-j \rightarrow j^{'}$ and $-j^{'} \rightarrow j$ is performed. Combining these results together, we obtain \_[ii]{}&=& - \_[j,j\^[’]{}]{} e\^[-i q (j-j\^[’]{})]{} [G |]{} \[\[H, S\^[i]{}\_[j]{}\], S\^[i]{}\_[j\^[’]{}]{}\] [| G ]{}, The commutation relations for $i=x,y,z$ can be carried out explicitly, and the results for $\omega_{ii}$ are
\_[xx(yy)]{}&=&- \_[j]{} \[ (1-q) [G |]{} S\^[y(x)]{}\_[j]{} S\^[y(x)]{}\_[j+1]{}[| G ]{} +(-q) [G |]{} S\^[z]{}\_[j]{} S\^[z]{}\_[j+1]{} [| G ]{}- S\^[z]{}\_[j]{} \],\
\_[zz]{}&=&-(1-q)\_j [G |]{} (S\^[x]{}\_[j]{} S\^[x]{}\_[j+1]{}+ S\^[y]{}\_[j]{} S\^[y]{}\_[j+1]{})[| G ]{}.\
In the main text $S^{+-}(q,\omega)$ and $S^{-+}(q,\omega)$ are calculated, and their first frequency moment sum rule can be derived from $\omega_{xx}$ and $\omega_{yy}$ through \_[+-]{}+\_[-+]{}=2(\_[xx]{}+\_[yy]{}). Under the help of the Hellman-Feynman theorem, we have [G |]{} \_[j]{} S\^[z]{}\_[j]{} S\^[z]{}\_[j+1]{} [| G ]{}&=& ,\
[G |]{} \_[j]{} (S\^[x]{}\_[j]{} S\^[x]{}\_[j+1]{}+S\^[y]{}\_[j]{} S\^[y]{}\_[j+1]{}) [| G ]{}&=& e\_[0]{}- .\
where $e_0$ is defined as e\_[0]{}= \_[j]{} [G |]{} (S\^[x]{}\_[j]{} S\^[x]{}\_[j+1]{}+S\^[y]{}\_[j]{} S\^[y]{}\_[j+1]{} +S\^[z]{}\_[j]{} S\^[z]{}\_[j+1]{}) [| G ]{}. The magnetic field $h$ and magnetization $m$ are related through the Legendre transform h= . Combining these results together, the first frequency moment sum rule can be expressed as \_[+-]{}(q) + \_[-+]{}(q)&=&- \[ ((1+q)-2 q)\
&+& (1-q) e\_[0]{} -m \], \_[zz]{}(q)=- (1-q) (e\_0-).
The momentum integrated ratios of transverse DSF {#sect:integ_trans}
================================================
The momentum integrated ratios $\nu_{-+}$ and $\nu_{+-}$ as defined in the main text are displayed in Figs. \[fig:ratio\_integrated\]$(a)$ and $(b)$, respectively. The calculations are carried out for $2m$ tuned from $0.1$ to $0.9$ with step $0.1$.
For $S^{-+}$, as shown in Fig. \[fig:ratio\_integrated\]$(a)$, the $1\psi\psi$ states already saturate the momentum integrated sum rule to a good extent, and the inclusion of $2\psi\psi$ states makes the saturation to above $88\%$ for the whole range of magnetization. The saturation is better near critical line and full polarization, but exhibits a small dip around half polarization. The missing $10\%$ weights may come from string states.
For $S^{+-}$, as revealed in Fig. \[fig:ratio\_integrated\] $(b)$, the contributions from $1\psi\psi^{*}$ and $2\psi\psi^{*}$ states become negligible when critical line is approached. The inclusion of string states greatly lifts the saturation to above $87\%$ for the whole range of magnetization. The decreasing of overall saturation near critical line can be attributed to the possibly unknown modes with significant weights around zero momentum as mentioned in the main text.
Deviation of string states {#sect:deviation}
==========================
The string ansatz is known to be not exact even in the thermodynamic limit. The solutions of rapidities may deviate from the pattern assumed by string ansatz. Such deviations must be taken into account when they are large [@Hagemans2007]. In this section, we give the formulae for an exact treatment of string deviations for $1\chi^{(2)}R$ and $1\chi^{(3)}R$ excitations.
The branch cut of logarithmic function is taken as the negative real axis which is identified with $\mathbb{R}^{-}+i0$. From this the branch cut of $\arctan$-function is accordingly determined via the definition (z)=((1+iz)-(1-iz)).
For a $1\chi^{(2)}R$ type excitation, let the two complex rapidities be $\lambda^{(2)}_{\pm}=\lambda^{(2)}\pm i(\eta/2+\delta)$, where $\delta$ represents the deviation from the pattern of string ansatz, and the remaining $M-2$ real rapidities be $\{\lambda_{k}\}_{1\leq k \leq M-2}$. Let the corresponding BQN be $J_{\pm}$ and $\{J_{k}\}_{1\leq k \leq M-2}$. Then the two BAE for the complex rapidities are N\_[1]{}(\^[(2)]{}\_[a]{})=&2J\_[a]{} + \_[2]{}(\^[(2)]{}\_[a]{}-\^[(2)]{}\_[-a]{})\
&+ \_[k=1]{}\^[M-2]{} \_[2]{} (\^[(2)]{}\_[a]{}-\_[k]{}), \[eq:2string\] where $a=\pm$. In the followings, we assume that $\lambda^{(2)}\neq0$, $\delta \neq 0$, and $\lambda^{(2)}-\lambda_{j}\neq 0$, $1\leq j \leq M-2$.
From the choice of branch cut for $\arctan$-function, the real part of the difference between the equations of $a=+$ and $a=-$ in Eq. (\[eq:2string\]) gives J\_[-]{}-J\_[+]{}=(), in which $\Theta (x)=1$ when $x \geq 0$, and $\Theta(x)=0$ when $x<0$. Taking the sum of the equations for $a=+$ and $a=-$ in Eq. (\[eq:2string\]), setting $\delta=0$, and comparing with the reduced BGT equation, we obtain J\_[-]{}+J\_[+]{}=I\^[(2)]{}+N + (-)\^. \[eq:two string sum\] The sign of $\delta$ can be determined from Eq. (\[eq:two string sum\]) by noticing that $J_{\pm}$ are integers (half-integers) when $M$ is odd (even), i.e. ()=(I\^[(2)]{}-M+1+,2). \[eq:sign delta\] Combining Eqs. (\[eq:two string sum\],\[eq:sign delta\]) together, the BQN $J_{\pm}$ can be determined from the reduced one $I^{(2)}$ in BGT equations. For the BQN of real rapidities, it can be shown that $J_{k}=I_{k}$, $1\leq k \leq M-2$. To solve the exact values of rapidities, Eq. (\[eq:2string\]) are replaced with the following two real equations. The first one is the sum of the two equations in Eq. (\[eq:2string\]), but not setting $\delta=0$. The second one is obtained by taking the imaginary part of the $a=+$ equations in Eq. (\[eq:2string\]), as ||=||\^[N]{}\
\_[k]{}| |.\
\[eq:delta deviation\] Combining these two equations with the BAE for real rapidities, the exact solutions can be solved. The first order deviation of $\delta$ can be obtained from Eq. (\[eq:delta deviation\]). Up to first order of $\delta$, the left hand side (LHS) of Eq. (\[eq:delta deviation\]) is ${|\delta|}/({\sinh(\eta)\cosh(\eta)}) $.
For the case of $1\chi^{(3)}R$ excitation, the logic is similar. Let the three complex rapidities be $\lambda^{(3)}_{a}$ with $a=\pm,\,0$, and the real rapidities be $\{\lambda_{k}\}_{1\leq k \leq M-3}$. Let the corresponding Bethe quantum numbers be $J_{a}$ ($a=\pm,\, 0$), and $\{J_{k}\}_{1\leq k \leq M-3}$. To parametrize the string deviations, the complex rapidities are written as $\lambda^{(3)}_{0}=\lambda^{(3)}$, and $\lambda^{(3)}_{\pm}=\lambda^{(3)}+\epsilon \pm i (\eta+\delta)$. The BAE for the three complex rapidities are N\_[1]{}(\^[(3)]{}\_[a]{})=&2J\_[a]{} + \_[ba]{} \_[2]{}(\^[(3)]{}\_[a]{}-\^[(3)]{}\_[b]{})\
&+ \_[k=1]{}\^[M-3]{} \_[2]{} (\^[(3)]{}\_[a]{}-\_[k]{}), \[eq:3string\] where $a,\,b=\pm,\,0$. We assume that $\lambda^{(3)}\neq 0$, $\epsilon\neq 0$, $\delta\neq 0$, and $\lambda^{(3)}-\lambda_{j}\neq 0$, $1\leq j \leq M-3$.
The real part of the difference between the equations for $a=+$ and $a=-$ in Eq. (\[eq:3string\]) gives J\_[-]{}-J\_[+]{}=1. \[eq:three string difference\] Taking the sum of the three equations in Eq. (\[eq:3string\]), setting $\epsilon=\delta=0$, and comparing with the reduced BGT equation, we obtain J\_[+]{}+J\_[0]{}+J\_[-]{}=&I\^[(3)]{}+N(2+(-)\^ )\
&-\_[k]{} ( + (-)\^[ ]{} ).\
\[eq:3string bethe num sum\] To determine $J_{\pm}$ and $J_0$, the sum of the equations for $a=\pm$ in Eq. (\[eq:3string\]) is taken, yielding
2(J\_[+]{}+J\_[-]{}) +\_[2]{}(\^[(3)]{}\_[+]{}-\^[(3)]{}\_[0]{})+\_[2]{}(\^[(3)]{}\_[-]{}-\^[(3)]{}\_[0]{})= N(\_[1]{}(\^[(3)]{}\_[+]{})+\_[1]{}(\^[(3)]{}\_[-]{}))-\_[k]{} (\_[2]{}(\^[(3)]{}\_[+]{}-\_[k]{}) +\_[2]{}(\^[(3)]{}\_[-]{}-\_[k]{})).\
\[eq: three string sum pm\]
Define A to be the right hand side of Eq. (\[eq: three string sum pm\]). Since $\theta_{2}(\lambda^{(3)}_{+}-\lambda_{0})+\theta_{2}(\lambda^{(3)}_{-}-\lambda_{0})\in (-2\pi,2\pi)$, $J_{+}+J_{-}$ is the even (odd) integer number within $(A/2\pi-1,A/2\pi+1)$ when $M$ is even (odd). Hence &J\_[+]{}+J\_[-]{}=(1+(-)\^M)\
&+(1-(-)\^M) (- ).\
\[eq:3string bethe num sum pm\] From Eqs. (\[eq:three string difference\], \[eq:3string bethe num sum\], \[eq:3string bethe num sum pm\]), the values of $J_{\pm}$ and $J_0$ can be determined from the reduced BQN $I^{(3)}$ in BGT equation. The BQN for real rapidities can be proved to be of the following expression in similar manner, J\_k=I\_k- - (-)\^[ ]{}, \[eq: 3string bethe num real\] where $1\leq k \leq M-3$.
For solving rapidities, Eq. (\[eq:3string\]) are replaced with the following three real equations. The first one is the sum of the equations for $a=\pm$, $a=0$ in Eq. (\[eq:3string\]) without setting $\epsilon$ and $\delta$ to be zero. The second one is Eq. (\[eq: three string sum pm\]). The third one is by taking imaginary part of the difference between the equations for $a=+$ and $a=-$ in Eq. (\[eq: three string sum pm\]), which is
||=|| ||\^[N]{} \_[k]{} ||.\
\[eq:three string difference imag\]
Let $\epsilon=r\sin\theta$, $\delta=r\cos\theta$. For first order deviation, we remark that up to first order in $\epsilon$ and $\delta$, the LHS of Eq. (\[eq:three string difference imag\]) is ${r}/({2\sinh \eta \cosh \eta})$, and $\theta$ can be determined from Eq. (\[eq: three string sum pm\]) as =-+ , in which $\phi$ is defined to be $\frac{1}{2}A-\pi J_{0}$. The values of $r$ and $\theta$ can be used as the initial inputs in an iterative solution of $\epsilon$ and $\delta$.
More discussions on DSFs {#sect:more}
========================
To further investigate the behavior of the transverse DSFs near critical line, we present the FFM ratio at $2m=0.1$ in Fig. \[fig:first\_200\_10\]. A high saturation level ($>80\%$) is reached for most momenta except near $q=0$, where $\nu^{(1)}_{\perp}(q)$ drops to about $50\%$. This indicates that there may exist unknown modes with significant weights around zero momentum, as mentioned in the main text.
We also investigate the relation of the transverse DSFs with the anisotropy parameter $\Delta$ as shown in Fig. \[fig:delta\]. The small polarization regime is considered and the anisotropy parameter $\Delta$ takes values of $2, 4, 6, 8, 10,$ and $16$. For $S^{-+}$, the contributions to $\nu_{-+}$ from the $1\psi\psi$ and $2\psi\psi$ states drop to about $80\%$ as increasing $\Delta$, and the absent weights may arise from string states. For $S^{+-}$, the dominance of three-string states continuously enhances as increasing $\Delta$ towards the Ising limit. While the three-string states become increasingly dominant as approaching the critical line, it is known that there are no strings of length longer than two in the zero magnetic field case [@Babelon1983; @Woynarovich1982]. We have also found that as lowering $m$ towards zero, more and more string states must be discarded when fixing the acceptance bar at the first-order deviation. For fixed values of $m$ and the bar, the portion of discarded states decreases with the system size. A more careful investigation will be deferred to a future work.
We also present the ratio of the momentum integrated intensity $\nu_{zz}$ for the longitudinal DSF in Fig. \[fig:szz\_sum\]. The contributions from $1\psi\psi^{*}$ and $2\psi\psi^{*}$ decrease when critical line is approached. The saturation is improved to an excellent level when the $1\psi\psi^*$ and $2\psi\psi^*$ states are included. Including the two-string excitations $1\chi^{(2)}1\psi\psi^{*}$ further improves the saturation level, nevertheless, their contributions are no longer dominant.
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Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Alexandria Ocasio-CortezOn The Money: Anxious Democrats push for vote on COVID-19 aid | Pelosi, Mnuchin ready to restart talks | Weekly jobless claims increase | Senate treads close to shutdown deadline McCarthy says there will be a peaceful transition if Biden wins Anxious Democrats amp up pressure for vote on COVID-19 aid MORE (D-N.Y.) on Friday responded to critics who questioned why she was sworn in to testify before the House Oversight and Reform Committee.
The freshman lawmaker, who sits on the Oversight panel, stood at the witness table Thursday and raised her hand to be sworn in for a hearing focused on conditions for migrants families at the United States's southern border.
In response to a tweet from MSNBC host and liberal commentator Mika Brzezinski Mika Emilie BrzezinskiMika Brzezinski: 'Super grossed out' by Trump speech attendees 'who put their lives at risk' Trump hurls insults at Harris, Ocasio-Cortez and other women Trump targets 'Complete psycho' Scarborough, 'ditzy airhead' Brzezinski while praising 'Fox & Friends' MORE questioning why the lawmaker was sworn in — a step taken for witnesses but not usually for members of Congress — Ocasio-Cortez maintained she was asked to make the move.
“GOP has alleged that I am lying about the accounts of migrant women at the border, particularly about the fact that they were were told to drink out of a toilet bowl. Committee staff conferred with me ahead of time about formally requesting to be sworn in,” she wrote.
Hey Mika - GOP has alleged that I am lying about the accounts of migrant women at the border, particularly about the fact that they were were told to drink out of a toilet bowl.
Committee staff conferred with me ahead of time about formally requesting to be sworn in. https://t.co/AppdBZJ4z6 — Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (@AOC) July 12, 2019
Ocasio-Cortez similarly told a reporter for USA Today that the request came from committee staff.
ADVERTISEMENT
"It was committee staff that had approached me about the formal request so this is not something that even kind of started w/us,” she explained, according to a tweet from USA Today reporter Christal Hayes.
.@AOC to @sarahbishi: "It was committee staff that had approached me about the formal request so this is not something that even kind of started w/us. It’s because our account about the toilets &migrants drinking out of toilets was challenged &was directly challenged by the GOP" https://t.co/kolBIiUJQt — Christal Hayes (@Journo_Christal) July 12, 2019
Others on social media questioned why the lawmaker was sworn in before her testimony, including a number of conservative writers and commentators who called the move unnecessary for a member of Congress.
A GOP committee source told me: "[AOC] chooses photo-ops over actually legislating. She asked to be sworn in prior to testifying...something that never happens for members of Congress. But that doesn’t matter to her. She just needed something to tweet."https://t.co/fOmNX2pwRd https://t.co/2CtjBDPp0K — Julio Rosas (@Julio_Rosas11) July 12, 2019
At a hearing today, @AOC asked to be unnecessarily sworn in just so she could get this picture right here. I think we should start calling her Congresswoman Instagram from now on. The only thing she's ever worried about is the photo op. pic.twitter.com/wt75SlfJCq — Matt Walsh (@MattWalshBlog) July 12, 2019
This clip of AOC begging to be sworn in is so much better an an episode of Veep.
(I had to do it) pic.twitter.com/ovI2bgMibU — Caleb Hull (@CalebJHull) July 12, 2019
During the hearing, Ocasio-Cortez delivered an emotional testimony about her experience visiting migrant detention centers in Texas earlier this month, describing poor conditions and slamming the Trump administration for separating families at the southern border.
“What’s worse, Mr. Chairman, was the fact that there were American flags hanging all over these facilities,” said Ocasio-Cortez. “That children were being separated from their parents in front of the American flag, that women were being called these names under an American flag, we cannot allow for this."
A slate of lawmakers were on a panel before the committee Friday. Reps. Andy Biggs (R-Ariz.), Michael Cloud (R-Texas), Debbie Lesko (R-Ariz.), Chip RoyCharles (Chip) Eugene RoyPelosi must go — the House is in dire need of new leadership GOP lawmakers want answers from Disney on Mulan, China Freedom Caucus member Chip Roy touts bipartisanship in first campaign ad MORE (R-Texas), Veronica Escobar Veronica EscobarHispanic caucus report takes stock of accomplishments with eye toward 2021 Races heat up for House leadership posts Ahead of a coronavirus vaccine, Mexico's drug pricing to have far-reaching impacts on Americans MORE (D-Texas), Ayanna Pressley Ayanna PressleyFauci, Black Lives Matter founders included on Time's 100 Most Influential People list Trump attacks Omar for criticizing US: 'How did you do where you came from?' Pressley applauded on House floor after moving speech on living with alopecia MORE (D-Mass.) and Rashida Tlaib Rashida Harbi TlaibTrump attacks Omar for criticizing US: 'How did you do where you came from?' George Conway: 'Trump is like a practical joke that got out of hand' Pelosi endorses Kennedy in Massachusetts Senate primary challenge MORE (D-Mich.) also testified.
Trump administration officials Jennifer Costello, the acting inspector general of the Department of Homeland Security; Ann Maxwell, assistant inspector general for evaluation and inspections at the Department of Health and Human Services; and Elora Mukherjee and Jennifer Nagda, lawyers who've visited the shelters, were also scheduled to testify in a second panel.
Ocasio-Cortez first shared her claim about migrants being told to drink out of toilets after visiting a Customs and Border Protection facility earlier this month. CBP officials have disputed those allegations.
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Incredible songs that are recorded poorly
What songs do thing are just amazing works of music, but you wish you could go back in time and have them re-record the song, because it was just recorded so poorly that no amount of remixing or remastering can fix it.
There are cases where a murky sound brings the song to a new level (Flamingos I Only Have Eyes For You, Moments Love On a Two Way Street, Delfonics Hey! Love, Billy Stewart Sitting In the Park but I can't think of a single instance where I heard a song with Fairlights and gated drums and thought, "hey, this sounds really good!"
Anything from Oasis' Be Here Now. I always felt it was some of Noel's best and most interesting songwriting buried beneath layers of guitars and compressed all to hell. Particularly All Around the World. Short of rerecording it to tighten up the sound (and cutting off 4 minutes of an intermitable chorus) , I'm not sure that song can be reclaimed. Too bad- could've been his masterpiece.
13th Floor Elevators - The Psychedelic Sounds Of + Easter Everywhere. I generally love lo-fi/no-fi stuff (the early Daniel Johnston track above is a good example), but there's just a tad too much magic buried in the production of those two absolute masterpieces.
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Bremerton doctor charged with raping female patients pleads guilty to lesser charges
Andrew Binion | Kitsap
PORT ORCHARD -- A Bremerton doctor accused in 2015 of raping female patients during exams pleaded guilty to significantly reduced charges and may face nine months in jail when he is sentenced next month.
Three-and-a-half years after first filing the charges against Darren Michael Chotiner, 49, of Poulsbo, prosecutors dropped all rape and indecent liberties charges against him and wrote in court documents they would not object to Chotiner serving his sentence on electronic home monitoring.
Chotiner had been charged with two counts of second-degree rape and five counts of indecent liberties, all felonies.
He pleaded guilty to a single felony, second-degree assault, as well as five counts of fourth-degree assault with sexual motivation, gross misdemeanors.
LAWSUIT: Clinic is responsible for doctor charged with sexual assault
Chotiner denied committing the crimes but acknowledged the “substantial risk” of going to trial on the charges prosecutors originally brought forth.
“Therefore, I wish to resolve my case by pleading guilty to these lesser offenses in order to take advantage of a favorable plea bargain,” Chotiner wrote in his guilty plea, filed July 13 in Kitsap County Superior Court.
In pleading to the reduced charges, Chotiner will not be required to register as a sex offender.
Chotiner had been free on bail following his charges and is on electronic home monitoring pending his sentencing hearing, scheduled for Sept. 24. Following Chotiner’s arrest in 2014, the state Department of Health’s Medical Quality Assurance Commission suspended his license.
Bremerton police investigated the case. Following publicity of his arrest on Dec. 2, 2014, for sexually assaulting two women patients he treated at a Peninsula Community Health Services clinic in Bremerton, investigators said several additional victims stepped forward.
A deputy prosecutor told one of the judges on the case that there could be as many as 15 women accusing Chotiner of sexual misconduct while he was claiming to treat them.
The charges to which Chotiner pleaded guilty give the initials of five women victims.
The women on whose behalf those charges were filed reported an array of misconduct. Two women said Chotiner fondled their genitals with his fingers under the guise of treating them and made suggestive comments. Some of the woman said Chotiner appeared to have an erection during the evaluations, and thrust into them while ostensibly giving them massages. One women said it appeared Chotiner had ejaculated in his pants, according to documents.
One woman who reported Chotiner kept “thrusting his genitals into her side” told Bremerton police she was not sure if she should call the police.
“She was not sure if the exam was inappropriate or not,” an investigator wrote in court documents. “She didn't want to accuse Dr. Chotiner and get him into trouble if what he was doing was right.”
Before his arrest, Chotiner had been restricted by the clinic from performing certain sensitive evaluations of women without a chaperone present after he was accused of kissing a female patient in 2011. The state Department of Health and Chotiner agreed to ethics and boundary training along with the chaperone restriction, which the department lifted in 2012.
However, the clinic kept a similar restriction in place that an assistant be present for evaluations when a female patient was “presenting in sensitive way.”
Women told investigators Chotiner behaved differently when a chaperone was present and would more consistently wear gloves during exams, but that the alleged misconduct took place without a chaperone present in the room.
Chief Deputy Prosecutor Chad Enright acknowledged that the women feel they were sexually assaulted. He said part of the reason the case took so long to resolve was because authorities were following up with alleged victims, conducting interviews and “digging into the facts a little bit deeper.”
“Based upon the statements of all the witnesses, this is what we believe we could prove,” Enright said of the charges to which Chotiner pleaded guilty.
Chotiner’s attorney, Elizabeth Mount Penner, did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
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---
abstract: 'The instabilities induced on a two-dimensional system of correlated electrons by the anisotropies of its Fermi line are analyzed on general grounds. Simple scaling arguments allow to predict the opening of a superconducting gap with a well-defined symmetry prescribed by the geometry of the Fermi line. The same arguments predict a critical dimension of 3/2 for the transition of the two-dimensional system to non-Fermi liquid behavior. The methods are applied to the $t-t''$ Hubbard model in a wide range of dopings.'
address: |
$^1$Instituto de Estructura de la Materia. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient[í]{}ficas. Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid. Spain.\
$^2$Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient[í]{}ficas. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain.\
$^3$Departamento de Matemáticas. Universidad Carlos III. Avda. de la Universidad 30. 28911 Leganés. Madrid. Spain.
author:
- 'J. González $^1$, F. Guinea $^2$ and M. A. H. Vozmediano $^3$\'
title: ' Anisotropic Fermi Surfaces and Kohn-Luttinger Superconductivity in Two Dimensions'
---
Introduction
============
Two-dimensional electron systems are the stage in which most relevant quantum phase transitions arise. The prototype of these phenomena is the Mott-Hubbard transition[@mott], which can only be understood in the context of a very strong correlation between the electrons. Many of the properties of the high-$T_c$ superconductors are also supposed to be the consequence of strong correlations in the two-dimensional layers[@and1]. In both cases, these reflect themselves in the presence of very marked features in the single-particle dispersion relation. The case of the copper-oxide compounds has been actually studied with increasing accuracy from the experimental point of view, and the angle-resolved photoemission measurements have been able to characterize the drastic change that the dispersion relation suffers when the stechiometric material is increasingly doped[@photo]. In the antiferromagnetic insulator regime, the characteristic peaks at $(\pi/2, \pi/2 )$ and symmetry related points are a consequence of the doubling of the unit cell and the hybridization of modes by the wavevector $(\pi, \pi )$[@wells]. In the superconducting regime, the two-dimensional layers tend to develop very flat bands at the points $(\pi, 0)$ and $(0, \pi)$[@photo; @gofron]. It is not well-known the mechanism by which the electron system undergoes such an strong renormalization but, reversing the line of reasoning, one may ask to what extent the pronounced features of the Fermi surface are at the origin of the unconventional properties in the superconducting regime. More generally, there is a lack of some dynamical formulation predicting the evolution of the Fermi surface upon doping and, at this point, it is only possible to characterize the shapes that lead to the opening of a more stable phase (Mott insulator, superconductor).
In general, phases different from the normal metallic state may arise from instabilities that have their origin in the peculiar geometry of the Fermi surface. Such instabilities may lead in some instances to antiferromagnetism, superconductivity, or the formation of a charge-density-wave structure. A well-known example is the case of a Fermi surface with the property of nesting, that is, with two portions that are mapped one into the other by some fixed momentum ${\bf Q}$. The system shows then an enhanced response to a perturbation with such wavevector and, if the corresponding modulation is commensurate with the lattice, it may lead to antiferromagnetic order or to a charge-density-wave structure, depending on the character of the interaction[@shankar]. On the other hand, there are also instances in which the geometry of the Fermi surface may give rise to a superconducting instability, starting from a pure repulsive interaction. The basis of this mechanism was laid down by Kohn and Luttinger back in 1965[@kl; @rusos; @rgkl]. In the case of a 3D electron system with isotropic Fermi surface, there is an enhanced scattering at momentum transfer $2 k_F$, which translates into a modulation of the effective interaction potential $V(r) \sim \cos (2k_F r)
/r^3 $. This oscillating behavior makes possible the existence of attractive channels, labelled by the angular momentum quantum number. The superconducting instability arises from the channel with the strongest attractive coupling. In two dimensions, however, it has been shown for the weakly non-ideal Fermi gas that the effective interaction vertex computed to second order in perturbation theory is independent of the momentum of particles at the Fermi surface[@rusos1]. In this case one has to invoke higher-order effects in the scattering amplitude in order to find any attractive channel[@chub]. Otherwise, superconductivity due to the Kohn-Luttinger mechanism also arises in 2D systems with a Fermi surface that deviates from perfect isotropy. It has been studied in the Hubbard model at very low fillings, for instance, with the result that the dominant instability may correspond to $d_{xy}$, $d_{x^2 - y^2}$ or $p$-wave symmetry, depending on the next-to-nearest neighbor hopping[@rusos2; @rusos22; @hlubina].
In the present paper we review the possibility of Kohn-Luttinger superconductivity in the case of Fermi surfaces with a shape appropriate to the description of the two-dimensional hole-doped copper oxide layers. As we want to consider the regime around the optimum doping for superconductivity, this implies to deal with highly anisotropic Fermi surfaces. We recall that a most accurate description of the electronic interaction in the layers of the hole-doped cuprates is given by the Hubbard model with one-site repulsive interaction and significant next-to-nearest-neighbor hopping $t' < 0$[@dagotto]. The values that give the best fit to the Fermi lines determined by the photoemission experiments seem to be around $-0.3$ times the $t$ hopping parameter. Typical energy contour lines for that value are shown in Fig. \[fermil\]. There we can appreciate how the topology of the Fermi line changes upon doping after passing through the saddle points at $(\pi, 0)$ and $(0, \pi)$. Quite remarkably, for filling levels right below the Van Hove singularity the Fermi line develops inflection points, i.e. points at which the curvature changes sign. The presence of these points leads to a strong modulation of the effective interaction of particles at the Fermi line, as their scattering is enhanced at momentum transfer connecting every two opposite inflection points. This effect is reminiscent of what happens in the case of nesting of the Fermi surface, although in the present circumstance there are no finite portions of the Fermi line that are mapped by a given wavevector. As a consequence of that, there is not a marked tendency towards a magnetic instability, but the dominant instability corresponds to superconductivity by effect of the modulation along the Fermi line of the effective interaction between particles with opposite momentum[@prl].
We will see that, in the mentioned cases of strong anisotropy of the Fermi line, there is a direct correspondence between its topology and the channel in which the dominant superconducting instability opens up. As we will be carrying out the discussion for the $t-t'$ Hubbard model, the channels are characterized by the irreducible representations of the discrete symmetry group. We will show that, in the case in which the Fermi line has a set of evenly distributed inflection points, superconductivity due to the Kohn-Luttinger mechanism takes place in the extendend $s$ channel, with nodes at the inflection points. On the other hand, when the Fermi line is above the saddle-points, the superconducting instability most likely takes place in the $d_{x^2 - y^2}$ channel, with nodes at the points where the curvature reaches a minimum. Between these two instances, we find the situation in which the Fermi energy sits at the Van Hove singularity, what requires special care in order to deal with the divergences that appear in perturbation theory associated to the logarithmic density of states. In the context of highly anisotropic Fermi surfaces, the implementation of the Kohn-Luttinger mechanism was proposed within the investigation of the electron system near Van Hove singularities[@epl]. Related analyses have been also undertaken by other authors[@newns; @liu; @zanchi]. As we will see, such an electronic mechanism of superconductivity near a Van Hove singularity may be relevant to the physics of the high-$T_c$ cuprates[@markg; @patt; @mark]. From the technical point of view, this is due to the fact that the modulation of the effective interaction vertex is driven then by a marginal operator, rather than by an irrelevant operator as it happens in general, so that in some region of the phase diagram critical temperatures may be reached as high as those found in the cuprates[@japon].
We will adopt a renormalization group (RG) approach to the discussion of the subject. In recent years, RG methods have been applied to the description of interacting electron systems[@shankar; @pol]. They have given a precise characterization of Fermi liquid theory, as well as an efficient classification of its relevant perturbations[@shankar]. Among a reduced number of them, superconductivity appears as one of the possible instabilities. It only requires the presence of an attractive coupling in some channel, though small it may be in the bare theory. RG methods are also particularly well-suited to the discussion of highly anisotropic Fermi surfaces, since a change of the topology is accompanied by a change of the scaling dimension of the interaction vertex. This is the way in which the enhancement of scattering produced by some features, as for instance the inflection points, is understood in the RG framework[@prl]. The RG approach is specially useful when dealing with unconventional mechanisms of superconductivity, as it may face the possibility that the normal state does not fall into the Fermi liquid description. Under this circumstance, it may not be justified to use a perturbative approach, or even to rely on certain sum of diagrams in perturbation theory, to study the superconducting instability. Yet in the RG approach the only basic assumption is that there is a well-defined scaling near the Fermi level, which allows to identify the scaling operators in the low-energy effective theory. Apart from addressing the question of superconductivity, the discussion can be devoted to establish when such scaling conveys to non-Fermi liquid behavior[@wen], spoiling the conventional picture that considers superconductivity as a low-energy instability of Fermi liquid theory.
The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we briefly review the renormalization group approach to interacting electron systems. In section 3 we investigate under which conditions non-Fermi liquid behavior may arise by effect of the anisotropy of the Fermi surface. The analysis of the superconducting instabilities in the presence of inflection points in the Fermi line is carried out in section 4. The RG approach is adapted to the discussion of the 2D electron system near Van Hove singularities in section 5. Finally, our conclusions and outlook are drawn in section 6.
Renormalization Group Approach to Interacting Electrons
=======================================================
The wilsonian RG approach, that has proven to be so useful in the study of classical statistical systems, has been recently implemented in the investigation of many-body systems with a Fermi surface[@shankar]. In this context, the basic idea of the method is closely related to the concept of effective field theory[@pol]. One is interested in identifying the elementary fields and excitations at a very low energy scale about the Fermi level, that is, at a much smaller scale than the typical electron energies of the bare theory. The strategy to accomplish this task is to perform a progressive integration of high-energy modes living in two thin shells at distance $\Lambda $ in energy below and above the Fermi surface. Sufficiently close to it, the fields of the effective theory have to scale appropriately under a reduction of the cutoff $\Lambda \rightarrow s \Lambda $. Then, one can make an inspection of all the possible terms built out of them contributing to the effective action of the theory, checking their behavior under the scale transformation $$g_i \; \int dt d^D p \; {\cal O}_i \rightarrow
g_i \; s^{\alpha_i } \; \int dt d^D p \; {\cal O}_i$$
The terms in the effective action that scale with an exponent $\alpha_i > 0$ are said to be irrelevant, as their effect becomes weaker and weaker close to the Fermi surface. On the other hand, if there appear some terms scaling with $\alpha_i <
0$, this means that we have chosen a wrong starting point for the effective field theory, since there are couplings that are not stabilized already at the classical level. The interesting case corresponds to having all the exponents $\alpha_i \geq 0$ and, in particular, operators with $\alpha_i = 0$ (so called marginal operators), as this is the situation where the RG approach can address the existence of a fixed-point of the scale transformations in the low-energy theory.
The system of interacting electrons with a sphere-like Fermi surface provides a good example of how the above program is at work[@follow]. We focus from now on in two spatial dimensions and write the action with the most general four-fermion interaction term $$\begin{aligned}
S & = & \int dt d^2 p \left( i \Psi^+_\sigma ({\bf p}) \partial_t
\Psi_\sigma ({\bf p}) - \left( \varepsilon ({\bf p}) - \varepsilon_F
\right) \Psi^+_\sigma ({\bf p}) \Psi_\sigma ({\bf p}) \right)
\nonumber \\
& & + \int dt d^2 p_1 d^2 p_2 d^2 p_3 d^2 p_4 \;
U ({\bf p}_1, {\bf p}_2, {\bf p}_3, {\bf p}_4) \;
\Psi^+_\sigma ({\bf p}_1)
\Psi^+_{\sigma'} ({\bf p}_2) \Psi_{\sigma'} ({\bf p}_4)
\Psi_\sigma ({\bf p}_3)
\delta ( {\bf p}_1 + {\bf p}_2 - {\bf p}_3 - {\bf p}_4 )
\label{effact}\end{aligned}$$ We suppose that the integration of high-energy modes has already proceed to energies close to the Fermi level, so that $\Psi
({\bf p})$ stands here for some renormalized scaling fermion field. The important point to notice is that, at each point of the Fermi line, only the component of the momentum orthogonal to it scales with the energy cutoff. In fact, near the Fermi level we can decompose every momentum ${\bf p}$ into a vector ${\bf P}$ to the closest point in the Fermi line and the orthogonal component ${\bf p}_\perp $, as shown in Fig. \[decomp\], $${\bf p} = {\bf P} + {\bf p}_\perp$$ Upon the scale reduction of the energy cutoff, we have ${\bf p}_\perp
\rightarrow s {\bf p}_\perp $.
It becomes clear, for instance, that in the noninteracting theory the field $\Psi ({\bf p})$ has a well-defined scaling rule that makes the first term of (\[effact\]) scale invariant. We can rewrite the free effective action in the form $$S_0 \sim \int dt d P d p_\perp
\left( i \Psi^+_\sigma ({\bf p}) \partial_t
\Psi_\sigma ({\bf p}) - v_F ({\bf P}) p_\perp
\Psi^+_\sigma ({\bf p}) \Psi_\sigma ({\bf p}) \right)
\label{free}$$ Under a change of the cutoff $\Lambda \rightarrow s \Lambda $ and corresponding changes in the scaling variables $t
\rightarrow s^{-1} t, p_\perp \rightarrow s p_\perp $, the field has to transform according to $\Psi ({\bf p}) \rightarrow
s^{-1/2} \Psi ({\bf p})$ in order to keep (\[free\]) marginal.
A similar analysis applied to the interaction term of the effective action $$\begin{aligned}
S_{int} & \sim & \int dt d P_1 d p_{1\perp} d P_2 d p_{2\perp}
d P_3 d p_{3\perp} d P_4 d p_{4\perp} \nonumber \\
& & U ({\bf p}_1, {\bf p}_2, {\bf p}_3, {\bf p}_4) \;
\Psi^+_\sigma ({\bf p}_1)
\Psi^+_{\sigma'} ({\bf p}_2) \Psi_{\sigma'} ({\bf p}_4)
\Psi_\sigma ({\bf p}_3)
\delta ( {\bf p}_1 + {\bf p}_2 - {\bf p}_3 - {\bf p}_4 )\end{aligned}$$ leads to the conclusion that, in general, it scales in the form $S_{int} \rightarrow s S_{int} $. We are assuming that, upon scaling, the orthogonal component of the momenta are irrelevant in the momentum-conservation delta function, compared to the large ${\bf P}$ components, so that $\delta ( {\bf p}_1 + {\bf
p}_2 - {\bf p}_3 - {\bf p}_4 ) \approx \delta ( {\bf P}_1 + {\bf
P}_2 - {\bf P}_3 - {\bf P}_4 ) $. Thus the interaction turns out to be irrelevant for generic values of the momenta (assuming implicitly a smooth dependence on them of the potential $U ({\bf p}_1, {\bf p}_2, {\bf p}_3, {\bf p}_4)$).
The important remark put forward in Refs. and is that there are special processes in which the kinematics forces a different scaling behavior through the constraint of momentum conservation. This is the case when the combination of the momenta at the Fermi surface identically vanishes, ${\bf P}_1 + {\bf P}_2 - {\bf P}_3 - {\bf P}_4 = 0$. When this happens, the scaling of the orthogonal components of the momenta is transferred to the scaling of the delta function, and the four-fermion interaction term becomes marginal. This explains why in Fermi liquid theory there are only a few channels that are not irrelevant in the low-energy theory.
Specifically, the above identity for the sum of the components at the Fermi surface is satisfied by i) ${\bf P}_1 = - {\bf P}_2$ and ${\bf P}_3 = - {\bf P}_4$, what characterizes the so called BCS channel, ii) ${\bf P}_1 = {\bf P}_3$ and ${\bf P}_2 = {\bf
P}_4$, that leads to the forward scattering channel, and iii) ${\bf P}_1 = {\bf P}_4 $ and ${\bf P}_2 = {\bf P}_3$, that differs from the previous one by the exchange of the outgoing particles. In this classification we have not taken into account the spin of the particles, but it is clear that, if in the third case the spin of ${\bf P}_4$ is different to that of ${\bf
P}_1$, the scattering process is fully differenciated from that of forward scattering. In the case of a spin-dependent interaction, it makes sense to consider iii) as a different channel on its own, that we will call exchange scattering channel[@mcc]. The three different channels leading to marginal interactions are represented graphically in Fig. \[vfe\].
We address now the behavior of the marginal interactions under quantum corrections by focusing again on a system with a Fermi line having the topology of the circle. This is actually the case best studied in the literature. We borrow the main conclusions from Refs. and , which state, to begin with, that the interaction in the forward scattering channel remains unrenormalized in the quantum theory. That is, the integration of the high-energy modes does not produce any dependence of such marginal interaction on the cutoff by effect of the loop corrections. This is the way in which the Landau theory of the Fermi liquid is recovered in the present context, with a [*finite*]{} correction of the bare parameters and a $F$ function that encodes all the information about the four-fermion interaction.
On the other hand, the pairing interaction in the BCS channel gets dependence on the cutoff by integration of modes in the two thin slices at energies $\Lambda $ and $-\Lambda $. At the one-loop level, for instance, the particle-particle bubble is the diagram that contributes to the renormalization since, if one of the particles in the loop carries momentum ${\bf p}$ at the slice being integrated, the other has a momentum $-{\bf p}$ that also belongs to the slice. In two dimensions, taking into account the dependence of the BCS coupling on the angles $\theta
$ and $\theta '$ of the respective incoming and outgoing pairs, the one-loop differential correction becomes $$V_{\Lambda + d\Lambda} (\theta, \theta ') \approx
V_{\Lambda } (\theta, \theta ') + N(\varepsilon_F )
\; d\Lambda \; \int d\theta '' V_{\Lambda } (\theta, \theta '')
V_{\Lambda } (\theta '', \theta ') \;\;\;\; , \;\;\;\;
d\Lambda < 0$$ where $N(\varepsilon_F)$ is the density of states at the Fermi level.
The one-loop flow equation $$\Lambda \frac{\partial V (\theta, \theta ')}{\partial \Lambda }
= N(\varepsilon_F ) \int d\theta '' V (\theta, \theta '')
V (\theta '', \theta ')$$ describes the approach to the Fermi line as $\Lambda \rightarrow
0$. Thus, in systems where the original bare interaction is repulsive the BCS channel has a general tendency to become suppressed at low energies. It is only when $V$ or any of its normal modes is negative that the renormalized coupling becomes increasingly attractive near the Fermi level. This is the way in which the superconducting instability arises in the RG framework[@shankar; @pol]. The main conclusion is that the system with uniform repulsive interaction and isotropic Fermi line provides a paradigm of the Landau theory of the Fermi liquid, since all the interactions turn out to be irrelevant but the $F$ interaction, that remains finite and non-zero close to the Fermi level.
The above RG scheme gives also the clue of why the slight deviation from isotropy may trigger the onset of superconductivity. In general the analysis has to be carried over the couplings $V_n$ for the normal modes appropriate to the symmetry of the Fermi line. The flow equation may be decomposed then into $$\Lambda \frac{\partial V_n}{\partial \Lambda} = N(\varepsilon_F)
V^2_n$$ and the flow of the couplings is given by $$V_n (\Lambda ) = \frac{V_n (\Lambda_0 )}{1 + N(\varepsilon_F)
\; V_n (\Lambda_0 ) \; \log(\Lambda_0 / \Lambda )}$$ If, at some intermediate scale $\Lambda_0$, a coupling $V_n (\Lambda_0 )$ becomes negative, then a superconducting instability develops in the corresponding mode. The Kohn-Luttinger mechanism is based on the fact that this happens in practice, even for an isotropic Fermi surface in three dimensions, since the corrections to the bare $V(\theta, \theta ')$ by particle-hole diagrams already introduce the degree of anisotropy needed to turn some of the $V_n$ negative[@kl]. In two dimensions, the anisotropy of the Fermi line is also a necessary condition to produce an attractive interaction in some of the normal modes, as pointed out in Ref. , unless the particle-hole corrections to the bare $V(\theta, \theta ')$ are carried out beyond second order in perturbation theory[@chub].
Previous analyses of the Kohn-Luttinger mechanism have focused on small deviations from isotropy of the Fermi line[@rusos]. The relevance of the superconducting transition is related anyhow to the source of anisotropy that is producing the attractive coupling in the model. An attractive but very tiny $V_n (\Lambda_0 )$ may lead to superconductivity at a very small scale $E \sim \Lambda_0
\exp \{1/ \left( N(\varepsilon_F)
V_n (\Lambda_0 ) \right) \}$. Our RG analysis makes clear that the anisotropy has an effect through corrections to the bare scattering $V(\theta, \theta ')$ that are irrelevant as the cutoff $\Lambda \rightarrow 0$. We will see that they scale in general like $\Lambda^{1/2} $, that is, with the same scaling law as for scattering with $2k_F$ momentum transfer in the isotropic Fermi line. On the other hand, we will be dealing with topological features of the Fermi line, i.e. inflection points, that enhance the attractive modes to scale like $\Lambda^{1/4} $[@prl]. Inflection points can be thought of as precursors of the development of the saddle points at the Fermi line, a situation in which the particle-hole corrections to scattering processes become marginal ($\sim \Lambda^0$ ). Consequently, in the context we are facing of a repulsive bare interaction, the superconducting instability is significantly strengthened near the Van Hove singularity[@epl; @newns; @liu; @zanchi; @rice], although then there is also competition with magnetic instabilities in the system[@mark; @schulz; @lederer; @dz; @japon]. The RG analysis of the problem becomes quite delicate, moreover, as one has to derive a proper scaling in a model which has enhanced $\log^2 (\Lambda )$ divergences in the BCS channel. The special topology of the Fermi line passing by the saddle points introduces significant changes in the analysis carried out for the Fermi liquid theory and it requires the specific treatment that we will discuss in Section 5.
Inflection points of the Fermi line
===================================
As discussed in the preceding section, the scaling of the different couplings can be read off from the cutoff dependence of the particle-particle and particle-hole diagrams which modify them. When the cutoff is sufficiently close to the Fermi surface, these diagrams are reduced to convolutions of single particle propagators taken at the Fermi surface. The relevance or irrelavance of the couplings is determined by the density of states of electron hole pairs, or of two electron states.
We can deduce the real part of a given diagram from its imaginary part by performing a Hilbert transform. The imaginary parts measure directly the density of excited states, and are usually easier to estimate. Let us now imagine that we can determine that, for a given susceptibility, $\chi$, the low energy behavior is ${\rm Im} \chi ( {\bf q} , \omega )
\sim \omega^{\alpha}$. Then, ${\rm Re} \chi ( {\bf q} , \omega )$ includes a term with the same $\omega$ dependence if $\alpha \ne 0$, and shows a logarithmic behavior if $\alpha = 0$. This contribution will dominate the corrections to the couplings when it is present.
The quantity ${\rm Im} \chi ( {\bf q} , \omega )$ is a measure of the electron-hole or electron-electron excitations of total momentum ${\bf q}$ and energy $\omega$. The simplest way to estimate it is to measure the total number of excitations with momentum ${\bf q}$ and energy equal or less than $\omega$. By deriving the volume of phase space which fulfills these contraints with respect to $\omega$, one obtains ${\rm Im}
\chi ( {\bf q} , \omega )$.
The leading diagram which has a non trivial low energy behavior is the electron electron propagator at zero momentum, the BCS channel, as discussed in the previous section. It is easy to show that ${\rm Im} \chi_{BCS} ( {\bf q}
\rightarrow 0 , \omega )
\rightarrow$ constant as $\omega \rightarrow 0$. This diagram describes the main instability of Fermi liquids. In the following, we analyze the modifications that insertions of electron-hole propagators induce in this channel, following the ideas of Kohn and Luttinger.
We first need to estimate the the energy dependence of the electron hole propagator ${\rm Im} \chi ( {\bf q} , \omega )$. In one dimension, it is relatively straightforward to show that the imaginary part of the electron-hole susceptibility, ${\rm Im} \chi ( q , \omega )$, is finite all the way to zero energy only when $q = 2 k_F$. The limit of ${\rm Im} \chi ( 2 k_F , \omega )$ as $\omega
\rightarrow 0$ goes as the single particle density of states at the Fermi level (a schematic view of the available density of states is shown in Fig. \[fig1\_inflection\] ).
From $\lim_{\omega \rightarrow 0} {\rm Im} \chi ( 2 k_F , \omega )
\propto
{\rm Im} G ( \varepsilon_F )$, we deduce that $\lim_{\omega \rightarrow 0}
{\rm Re} \chi ( 2 k_F , \omega ) \propto {\rm Im} G ( \varepsilon_F )
\log ( \Lambda / \omega )$, where $\Lambda$ is the cutoff of the theory. Outside $q = 2 k_F$ there are no gapless electron-hole excitations in one dimension. The log dependence in ${\rm Re} \chi$, when inserted in the appropiate diagrams, leads to the existence of marginal couplings, and to the non trivial phenomenology of Luttinger liquids.
In higher dimensions, ${\rm Im} \chi ( {\bf q} , \omega )$ remains finite at low energies when ${\bf q}$ connects two points at the Fermi surface. The density of electron-hole pairs at this wavevector depends on the curvature of the Fermi surface at these two points, and also on their relative orientation. In general, the two patches of the Fermi surface are not parallel. We can linearize the dispersion relation as $\varepsilon ({\bf k}_i+ {\bf k}') = {\bf v}_F^i {\bf k}'$, where ${\bf k}_1 = {\bf k}_0$ and ${\bf k}_2 = {\bf k}_0 + {\bf q}$ denote two points at the Fermi surface. The constraints described earlier imply that: $\omega \ge \varepsilon ({\bf k}_1 + {\bf k}') -
\varepsilon ({\bf k}_2 + {\bf k}')$, and, simultaneously, $\varepsilon ({\bf k}_1 + {\bf k}') > 0$ and $\varepsilon ({\bf k}_2 + {\bf k}') < 0$. These three conditions, if ${\bf v}_F^1$ and ${\bf v}_F^2$ are not parallel, define a triangle in ${\bf k}'$ space such that the basis and the height are proportional to $\omega$, as schematically shown in Fig. \[fig2\_inflection\]. Thus, ${\rm Im} \chi ( {\bf q} , \omega ) \propto \omega$. This linear dependence on $\omega$ remains when the local density of electron-hole excitations is determined, by integrating over ${\bf q}$. This is the relevant quantity which determines the coupling of impurities to the electron liquid, and can lead to non trivial divergences in perturbation theory, as best shown in the Kondo model.
The previous analysis does not hold when ${\bf q}$ connects two regions of the Brillouin Zone where the Fermi surface is parallel. The simplest case is also shown in Fig. \[fig2\_inflection\]. The linear expansion of the dispersion relation is not enough to estimate ${\rm Im} \chi$. Using a frame of reference such that one axis is perpendicular to the two Fermi surfaces, one can write: $$\begin{aligned}
\varepsilon ({\bf k}_1 + {\bf k}') &= &v_F^1 k'_{\perp} +
\alpha_1 k'^2_{\parallel} \nonumber \\
\varepsilon ({\bf k}_2 + {\bf k}') &= &v_F^2 k'_{\perp} +
\alpha_2 k'^2_{\parallel}
\label{quadratic}\end{aligned}$$ The boundaries in ${\bf k}'$ of the region where particle-hole excitations of energy less than $\omega$ are possible are given by $k'_{\perp} \sim
\omega / ( v_F^1 + v_F^2 )$ and $k'_{\parallel} \sim
\sqrt{\omega / ( \alpha_1 + \alpha_2 )}$, giving a total area $\propto \omega^{3/2}$. Hence, ${\rm Im} \chi ( {\bf q} , \omega ) \sim \sqrt{\omega}$. This analysis is restricted to two spatial dimensions. In higher dimensions, one has to take into account the additional $D-2$ dimensions. Along each of them, the available area is limited to a vector in $k$ space which also scales as $\sqrt{\omega}$. Hence, the volume is $\propto \omega^{(D+1)/2}$, and ${\rm Im} \chi (
{\bf q}, \omega ) \sim \omega^{(D-1)/2}$. There is a logarithmic divergence in ${\rm Re} \chi$ when $D = 1$, which plays the role of the upper critical dimension.
We now assume that the Fermi surface is sufficiently anisotropic, as shown in Fig. \[fig3\_inflection\], so that there are inflections points at wavevectors $\{ {\bf k}_i \}$. A momentum transfer equal to ${\bf q}_i = 2 {\bf k}_i$ connects the two inflection points at $\pm {\bf k}_i$ which, in addition, define parallel patches of the Fermi surface. The expansion in Eq. (\[quadratic\]) is not enough, as $\alpha_1 =
\alpha_2 = 0$. It must be replaced by: $$\begin{aligned}
\varepsilon ({\bf k}_1 + {\bf k}') &= &v_F k'_{\perp} +
\beta k'^3_{\parallel} + \gamma k'^4_{\parallel} \nonumber \\
\varepsilon ({\bf k}_2 + {\bf k}') &= &- v_F k'_{\perp} -
\beta k'^3_{\parallel} + \gamma k'^4_{\parallel}
\label{quartic}\end{aligned}$$ where we are using the symmetry between the two points. The area with electron-hole pairs with energy equal or less than $\omega$ is now limited by $k'_{\perp} \sim \omega
/ v_F$ and $k'_{\parallel} \sim ( \omega / \gamma )^{1/4}$. Hence, ${\rm Im} \chi ( {\bf q} , \omega ) \sim
\omega^{1/4}$.
The previous argument can be extended to arbitrary dimensions. In general, an inflection point along one of the $D - 1$ transverse directions at the Fermi surface will not coincide with an inflection point along another direction. Thus, in the remaining $D - 2$ directions, the phase space is limited by quadratic terms, obtained from an expansion like that in Eq. (\[quadratic\]). Hence, ${\rm Im} \chi ( {\bf q} ,
\omega ) \sim \omega^{(D - 2) /2 + 1 / 4}$. The dependence of ${\rm Re} \chi$ on the high energy cutoff of the theory becomes logarithmic when $D = 3 / 2$ [@prl]. In the RG language, the couplings at wavevector ${\bf q}$ are marginal, and require a non trivial renormalization, at this dimension. It is interesting to note that, for isotropic Fermi surfaces, the critical dimension is 1[@UR84; @CCM94].
Anisotropic Fermi lines and Kohn-Luttinger superconductivity
============================================================
In the previous Section we have seen that the strength of electron scattering bears a direct relation with the curvature at each point of the Fermi line. When this becomes highly anisotropic, the strong modulation in the angular dependence of the scattering between particles with momentum ${\bf p}$ and ${\bf -p}$ may lead to a superconducting instability, as explained in Section 2. We will address here the effect of inflection points in the $t-t'$ Hubbard model, that is the simplest model with this kind of features in the Fermi line, and we will determine the symmetry channels in which pairing can take place.
The main issue is whether there exists any attractive coupling, at some intermediate energy scale $\Lambda_0$, for some of the normal modes of the bare BCS vertex $V(\Lambda_0)$. Here $\Lambda_0$ is supposed to be a small fraction of the whole bandwidth, but not yet at the final stage of the renormalization process. We recall that $V$ depends on the angles $\theta $ and $\theta '$ of the respective incoming and outgoing pairs of electrons, so that it may be decomposed into eigenfunctions with well-defined transformation properties under the action of the lattice symmetry group $D_4$. This has four one-dimensional representations, labelled respectively by $A_1, A_2, B_1$ and $B_2$, and a two-dimensional representation labelled by $E$. The complete sets of eigenfunctions for the respective irreducible representations are given by $$\begin{aligned}
A_1 & : & \left\{ \cos (4n \theta ) , n \in \rm{\bf N} \right\}
\nonumber \\
A_2 & : & \left\{ \sin (4n \theta ) , n \in \rm{\bf N} \right\}
\nonumber \\
B_1 & : & \left\{ \cos \left( (4n + 2 )\theta \right) , n \in \rm{\bf N}
\right\} \nonumber \\
B_2 & : & \left\{ \sin \left( (4n + 2 )\theta \right) , n \in \rm{\bf N}
\right\} \nonumber \\
E & : & \left\{ a \sin \left( (2n + 1 )\theta \right)
+ b \cos \left( (2n + 1 )\theta \right), n \in \rm{\bf N}
\right\} \end{aligned}$$
Thus, the BCS vertex may be expanded in the form $$\begin{aligned}
V( \theta , \theta ') & = & V_0 + V_1 \left( \cos (\theta ) \cos
(\theta ') + \sin (\theta ) \sin (\theta ') \right) +
V_2 \cos (2\theta ) \cos (2\theta ') + V_3 \sin (2\theta )
\sin (2\theta ') \nonumber \\
& & + V_4 \left( \cos (3\theta ) \cos
(3\theta ') + \sin (3\theta ) \sin (3\theta ') \right)
+ V_5 \cos (4\theta ) \cos (4\theta ') + V_6 \sin (4\theta )
\sin (4\theta ') + \ldots
\label{exp}\end{aligned}$$ According to the discussion in Section 2, it suffices that any of the $V_n$ couplings becomes negative for a superconducting instability to take place in the process of renormalization, with the corresponding symmetry of the order parameter —$s$-wave in the case of $A_1$ and $A_2$, and $d$-wave in the case of the $B_1$ and $B_2$ representations.
We know that all the interactions are irrelevant in Fermi liquid theory, except the marginal $V$, $F$ and $E$ interactions. Furthermore, a repulsive interaction in the $V$ channel flows to zero upon renormalization towards the Fermi level. The point is that, even starting with a bare repulsive interaction as in the $t-t'$ Hubbard model, some of the irrelevant couplings may lead to attraction in the BCS channel well before arriving at the final stage of the renormalization process. Under these circumstances, one needs to make an inspection of the theory at the intermediate scale $\Lambda_0$, in which the irrelevant interactions discussed in Section 2 have not become negligible yet. They may turn negative, in fact, some of the $V_n$ couplings. When this happens, by considering $\Lambda_0$ as the starting point of the renormalization group flow one observes the appearance of a strong attraction that leads to superconductivity in the low-energy effective theory.
Before switching on the quantum corrections, the marginal interaction $V$ equals the bare on-site repulsion $U$ of the $t-t'$ Hubbard model. Given that the corrections we want to study at the intermediate scale $\Lambda_0$ are given by irrelevant operators, we may estimate their effect in perturbation theory. At the one-loop order, the diagrams that contribute in general are those in Fig. \[prl\]. In the case of the local Hubbard interaction, we take the convention of writing it as mediated by a potential between currents of opposite spin. This makes clear that the first two diagrams in Fig. \[prl\] cannot be drawn with the interaction at hand, since they require an interaction between currents with parallel spins. They are present in the case of more general short-range interactions, but they tend to cancel out when such range shrinks to zero.
The contribution $\Pi (\theta , \theta ')$ of diagram $(c)$ has the overall effect of reinforcing the bare repulsion between the electrons. We recall that $\theta $ and $\theta' $ label the angles between the incoming momentum ${\bf p}$ and the outgoing momentum ${\bf k}$, respectively, and the $x$ axis. When the two angles are the same, the momentum flowing in the interactions is large and connects opposite points at the Fermi line. We may borrow then the results of the previous Section to determine the scaling of the particle-hole contribution $\Pi (\theta , \theta )$ correcting $V( \theta , \theta )$.
The simplest case to discuss is that of a set of eight inflection points on the Fermi line evenly distributed in the angular variable $\theta $. Then the function $\Pi (\theta , \theta )$ must admit an approximate representation of the form $$\Pi (\theta , \theta ) \approx a + b \sin^2 (4 \theta )$$ We know from the previous Section that the coefficients $a$ and $b$ have different order of magnitude, given their different dependence on the energy cutoff $\Lambda_0 $. At $\theta = 0$, the scattering does not differ much from that of momentum transfer $2 k_F$ on an isotropic Fermi line, so that $a \sim O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} / \alpha^{1/2} )$, with the notation of the previous Section. At $\theta = \pi /8$, the scattering is greatly enhanced since it takes place between particles sitting at opposite inflection points on the Fermi line, implying $b \sim O ( \Lambda_0^{1/4} / \gamma^{1/4} )$.
The approximate expression for the bare BCS vertex at the energy scale $\Lambda_0$ $$U + \Pi ( \theta , \theta ) \approx U + a + b \sin^2 (4\theta )$$ matches well the expansion (\[exp\]) truncated to include up to the $V_6$ term. This allows to find the scaling of some combinations of the coefficients $$\begin{aligned}
V_0 + V_1 + V_2 + V_4 + V_5 - U & \sim &
O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} ) \nonumber \\
V_3 - V_2 & \sim & 0 \nonumber \\
V_6 - V_5 & \sim & O ( \Lambda_0^{1/4} )
\label{s1}\end{aligned}$$
In order to close this system of equations we need an additional piece of information, that we get by estimating $\Pi (\theta , -\theta)$. This object stands for the scattering with a momentum transfer connecting a point on the Fermi line and its symmetric with respect to the $y$ axis. Therefore, it has again the characteristic dependence $\sim O (
\Lambda_0^{1/2} / \alpha^{1/2} )$ if $\theta = 0$ or $\pi$ and it shows a crossover to a behavior $\sim O ( \Lambda_0 )$ for other values of $\theta $. We may approximate then $\Pi (\theta , -\theta) \approx c + d \cos^2 (\theta )$, where $c \sim O ( \Lambda_0 )$ and $d \sim O (
\Lambda_0^{1/2} )$. Comparing with (\[exp\]), this implies that $$\begin{aligned}
V_0 - V_1 - V_3 - V_4 - V_6 - U & \sim &
O ( \Lambda_0 ) \nonumber \\
2 V_1 & \sim & O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} ) \nonumber \\
V_2 + V_3 & \sim & 0 \nonumber \\
V_4 & \sim & 0 \nonumber \\
V_5 + V_6 & \sim & 0
\label{s2}\end{aligned}$$ Putting together (\[s1\]) and (\[s2\]), we obtain $V_6 \sim
- V_5 \sim O ( \Lambda_0^{1/4} )$, $V_0 - U \sim O (
\Lambda_0^{1/4} ) $ and $V_1 \sim O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} )$, the rest of the coefficients being higher-order powers of $\Lambda_0^{1/4} $.
Our analysis shows that there is a negative coupling at an intermediate energy scale $\Lambda_0 $ in the expansion in normal modes of the marginal interaction $V (\theta , \theta') $. The negative coupling $V_5$ sets actually the leading behavior of the coefficients $V_n$, for $n \neq 0$, as the energy cutoff is sent to the Fermi level. The approximations we have made of $\Pi (\theta , \theta)$ and $\Pi (\theta , -\theta)$ by specific periodic functions do not have therefore major influence in the determination of the attractive channel, as long as the higher harmonics in the expression (\[exp\]) can be considered subdominant with respect to the behavior of the couplings $V_1$, $V_5$ and $V_6$.
We conclude that there must be a range of dopings, around the filling level where the inflection points are evenly distributed in the angular variable on the Fermi line, in which a superconducting instability opens up in the channel corresponding to the $A_1$ representation of the lattice symmetry group[@prl]. This means that the order parameter of superconductivity has the so-called extended $s$-wave symmetry, with nodes at the inflection points of the Fermi line. This location of the nodes has to be shared to a certain degree of approximation by any Fermi line with a set of inflection points. The gap in the superconductor tends to close up at the points where the interaction gets more repulsive. In the model with local interaction, this happens at the points where there is more phase space for the scattering between the particles. The character of the bare interaction is crucial in this consideration, since it relies on the fact that the main effect of the anisotropy at the scale $\Lambda_0 $ comes through diagram $(c)$ in Fig. \[prl\]. This contribution goes in the opposite direction to screening the bare interaction. It becomes clear that, under a more general type of interaction, different possibilities for the opening of an attractive channel could arise, while the methods outlined in this Section should still be useful to study very anisotropic Fermi lines.
In the context of the $t-t'$ Hubbard model, the situation in which the Fermi line approaches the saddle points at $(\pi ,0)$ and $(0, \pi)$ has also great phenomenological interest. One possibility would be to address this problem by means of a sequence of different dopings and Fermi lines having the kind of inflection points we have just discussed. However, this would imply that, when approaching the saddle points, two inflection points would become quite close near $(\pi ,0)$ and $(0, \pi)$. It is clear that the kind of approximations we have made before should break down at a certain point in this limit, as the distribution of the strength of the scattering along the Fermi line becomes quite sharp. In the limit case where the Fermi level is at the Van Hove singularity, the distribution of the curvature of the Fermi line becomes actually singular at the saddle points. This suggests that a different method has to be deviced to deal with this special situation, on which we will elaborate in the following Section.
Anyhow we still have the alternative of approaching the saddle points from above the Van Hove singularity, with the kind of round shaped Fermi lines shown in Fig. \[fermil\]. As far as the curvature is distributed smoothly over the Fermi line, we can approximate again the BCS vertex by a certain number of harmonics, the rest of them being much more irrelevant as the cutoff is reduced.
For the round Fermi lines depicted in Fig. \[fermil\] the bare vertex $\Pi (\theta , \theta)$ is $\sim O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} / \alpha^{1/2} )$, so that it is just modulated by the local curvature $\alpha $ of the Fermi line. It is a function with period equal to $\pi /2$, reaching maxima at the angles where the curvature has the minimum value. For convenience, we measure now angles with the origin at $(\pi ,\pi )$. We may take then $$\Pi (\theta , \theta ) \approx a + b \sin^2 (2 \theta )$$ where $a \sim b \sim O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} )$. Comparing with the expansion (\[exp\]), we obtain the relations $$\begin{aligned}
V_0 + V_1 + V_2 - U & \sim &
O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} ) \nonumber \\
V_3 - V_2 & \sim & O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} )
\label{d1}\end{aligned}$$ Using as before the estimate $\Pi (\theta , -\theta) \approx c + d
\cos^2 (\theta )$, with $c \sim O ( \Lambda_0 )$ and $d \sim O (
\Lambda_0^{1/2} )$, we have the additional constraints $$\begin{aligned}
V_0 - V_1 - V_3 - U & \sim &
O ( \Lambda_0 ) \nonumber \\
2 V_1 & \sim & O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} ) \nonumber \\
V_2 + V_3 & \sim & 0
\label{d2}\end{aligned}$$
Taking into account (\[d1\]) and (\[d2\]), we conclude that $V_3 \sim - V_2 \sim O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} ) $ and $V_1 \sim O ( \Lambda_0^{1/2} ) $. In this case, we find that among the dominant contributions as $\Lambda_0 \rightarrow 0$ there is a negative coupling, $V_2$, that corresponds to an instability in the $d_{x^2 - y^2}$ symmetry channel. This result concerning the order parameter is in agreement with more detailed calculations for Fermi lines of similar shapes[@zanchi].
Thus, although we are not able to deal yet with the particular instance in which the Fermi level sits at the Van Hove singularity, the above discussion makes plausible that a strong superconducting instability may develop with $d_{x^2 - y^2}$ order parameter at that special filling. The detailed study of the electron system at the Van Hove singularity shows that there is competition with magnetic instabilities, although for intermediate values of $t'$ the pairing condensate develops at a higher energy scale and superconductivity prevails[@japon]. For the $t-t'$ Hubbard model with $t' <
0$, we are led to propose a phase diagram with a superconducting instability with $d_{x^2 - y^2}$ order parameter above the Van Hove filling, for intermediate values of $t'$ ( above $\approx - 0.3$) . Below the Van Hove singularity we have found that there is a range of dopings where the superconducting instability has extended $s$-wave pairing symmetry, with nodes at the location of the inflection points.
Our description of the anisotropic Fermi lines relies on the assumption that these do not change much upon lowering the cutoff $\Lambda_0$. The RG approach provides a consistent picture if only the electrons near the Fermi line are affected by the interaction, that is, $\Lambda_0 \sim U \ll
\varepsilon_F$, where $\varepsilon_F$ is the Fermi energy. Different superconducting instabilities are known to arise in very dilute systems, for instance, where this approximation is not valid[@rusos].
Saddle points at the Fermi line
===============================
In this section we analyze the instabilities of a two–dimensional electron system whose Fermi line passes through the saddle points $(\pi,0)=A$ and $(0,\pi)=B$ shown in Fig. 1 . To extract the physics of the saddle point we will take as an example the Hubbard t–t’ model where perfect nesting is absent. We think that most of the features that we get are due to the presence of the saddle points in the Fermi line more than to the specific model.
As mentioned in the previous section, this case can be seen as the limiting situation in which two inflection points merge into a saddle point; the technique developed previously can not be directly applied since the Fermi surface geometry becomes singular in this case.
The presence of saddle points at the Fermi line has been related to the physics of the cuprates from the very beginning as a possible explanation for their high $T_c$ superconductivity [@hove; @schulz; @dz; @markg; @mark2; @tsuei; @patt; @epl; @ioffe; @npb]. Its interest was reinforced by the photoemission experiments[@photo; @gofron] showing that the hole-doped materials tend to develop very flat bands near the Fermi level. The subject has evolved into the so–called Van Hove scenario that can be studied in the literature. In this section we will review the features of the model that can be extracted from a renormalization group point of view and derive its Kohn–Luttinger superconductivity following closely the scheme set in the previous sections.
As described in section 2, the starting point of the RG study for fermion systems is the bare action despicted in (\[effact\]): $$\begin{aligned}
S & = & \int dt d^2 p \left( i \Psi^+_\sigma ({\bf p}) \partial_t
\Psi_\sigma ({\bf p}) - \left( \varepsilon ({\bf p}) - \varepsilon_F
\right) \Psi^+_\sigma ({\bf p}) \Psi_\sigma ({\bf p}) \right)
\nonumber \\
& & + \int dt d^2 p_1 d^2 p_2 d^2 p_3 d^2 p_4
U ({\bf p}_1, {\bf p}_2, {\bf p}_3, {\bf p}_4) \Psi^+_\sigma ({\bf p}_1)
\Psi^+_{\sigma'} ({\bf p}_2) \Psi_{\sigma'} ({\bf p}_4)
\Psi_\sigma ({\bf p}_3)
\delta ( {\bf p}_1 + {\bf p}_2 - {\bf p}_3 - {\bf p}_4 ) \;\;\;,
\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ including the four fermion interaction term.
Of the next two steps followed in section 2, which are the keypoints to obtain the Fermi liquid behavior, none can be implemented in our case. The first is associated to the isotropy of the Fermi line and consists in the kinematical decomposition of the momenta into parallel and orthogonal to the Fermi line at each point. It makes the scaling behavior of the meassure in the action effectively one-dimensional and is at the origin of the kinematical classification of the marginal channels. The second one is the Taylor expansion of the dispersion relation $ \varepsilon ({\bf p})$ to the linear order what makes the momenta to have the same scaling behavior as the energy. In the present case the dispersion relation associated to the t–t’ Hubbard model $$\varepsilon({\bf k}) = -2t\;[ \cos(k_x a)+\cos(k_y a)]
-4t'\cos(k_x a)\cos(k_y a)
\;\;\;,
\label{disp}$$ can be expanded around each of the saddle points A, B of Fig. 1 as
$$\varepsilon_{A,B} ( {\bf k} ) \approx \mp ( t \mp 2 t' ) k_x^2 a^2
\pm ( t \pm 2 t' ) k_y^2 a^2 \;\;\;,$$
where the momenta $k_x, k_y$ measure small deviations from $A, B$. The quadratic dependence of the dispersion relation on the momenta induces the scaling tranformation: $$\;\omega\rightarrow s\omega\;\;,
\;\; {\bf k}\rightarrow s^{1/2}{\bf k}\;\;\;.$$
Now it is easy to see that the same scaling law of the Fermi fields obtained in the Fermi liquid analysis: $\;\; \Psi ({\bf p}) \rightarrow
s^{-1/2} \Psi ({\bf p})\;,$ makes the free action marginal —since the scaling of the integration measure is the same—, and makes the four-fermion interaction to be marginal irrespective of the kinematics as now the delta function scales as the inverse of the momentum for a generic kinematics.
Next, also in contradistinction with what happens in the marginal couplings of the Fermi liquid, the renormalization of the couplings in the Van Hove model is nontrivial due to the logarithmic divergence of the density of states dictated again by the dispersion relation. As described in section 3, the density of electron–hole pairs at a given momentum ${\bf q}$ depends on the curvature of the Fermi surface at the two points connected by ${\bf q}$.
This situation is similar to the one-dimensional model where there are also logarithmic singularities in the particle–hole and particle-particle propagators. As we will now see, the similarity stops at the classification level. The one loop analysis shows that singular quantum corrections arise in the saddle point model only when the momentum transfer in the process is of the forward (F), exchange (E) or BCS (V) type. Moreover the different channels do not mix at this level making the study more similar to the Fermi liquid case.
In order to make clear the former statement we start by performing the standard analysis of the Van Hove g–ology. Although inclusion of spin is not necessary for the description of the Kohn–Luttinger superconductivity, we shall take it into account to include magnetic instabilities.
The complete classification of the marginal interactions including the two flavors A and B follows exactly the one that occurs in the g-ology of one–dimensional systems [@lutt; @libro] where the role of the two Fermi points is here played by the two singularities.
In general there are four types of interactions that involve only low-energy modes. They are displayed in Fig. \[couplings\] where the interaction is represented by a wavy line to clarify the process it refers to.
In the model that we are considering, with a constant interaction potential, the wavy lines should be shrunk to a point giving rise to couplings typical to the $\Phi^4$ quantum field theory. The spin indices of the currents are opposite in all cases to stay as close as possible to the original Hubbard interaction. In this spirit, parallel couplings or spin–flip interactions shall not be allowed.
All one loop corrections to a generic four fermion coupling are depicted in Fig. \[three\]. There are four types of corrections in Fig. \[three\]: direct (BCS) and exchange (EXCH) interactions (Fig. \[three\] (a), (b)), particle–hole interactions called RPA in Fig. \[three\] (c), and vertex corrections called VERT in Fig. \[three\] (d).
Once the interactions are shrunk to a point, they turn into the diagrams depicted in Fig. \[four\] which are the ones to be computed in the one-loop calculation. We must keep in mind that, according to Fig. \[three\], the corrections induced by the BCS and RPA diagrams (Figs. \[three\] (a) and \[three\] (c)) have a minus sign relative to the others.
All the one–loop diagrams can be parametrized in terms of the four polarizabilities involving particle–particle or particle–hole processes with the two lines corresponding to the same (zero momentum transfer) or to different flavors A, B (momentum transfer ${\bf Q}$). These have been computed in [@epl; @npb; @ferro], their cutoff–dependent part at energy $\omega=0$ is
$$\begin{aligned}
\chi_{{\rm ph}} ({\bf q}) & \sim &
\frac{c}{2 \pi^2 t} \log\vert \frac{\Lambda}{\varepsilon ({\bf q})}\vert
\nonumber \\
\chi_{{\rm ph}} ({\bf Q}) & \sim &
\frac{c'}{2 \pi^2 t} \log\vert\frac{ \Lambda}{ta^2({\bf q}
-{\bf Q})^2}\vert
\nonumber \\
\chi_{{\rm pp}} ({\bf q}) & \sim &
\frac{c}{4 \pi^2 t} \log^2\vert \frac{\Lambda}{\varepsilon ({\bf q})}\vert
\nonumber \\
\chi_{{\rm pp}} ({\bf Q}) & \sim &
\frac{1}{4 \pi^2 t'}\arctan (2ct'/t)
\log\vert\frac{ \Lambda}{ta^2({\bf q}
-{\bf Q})^2}\vert
\;\;, \label{pp}\end{aligned}$$
where $$c \equiv 1/\sqrt{1 - 4(t'/t)^2} \;\;\;,\;\;\; c' \equiv
\log \left[ \left(1 + \sqrt{1 - 4(t'/t)^2} \right)/(2t'/t) \right]\;\;\;.
\label{ccp}$$ Leaving aside for a moment the BCS graph, we see that all one–loop corrections are written in terms of the particle–hole polarizabilities (\[pp\]) which diverge if the momentum transfer is zero or ${\bf Q}$. That means that the RPA and VERT graphs will only provide corrections to a coupling if the kinematics of the vertex is such that $p_1\sim p_3\;\;,\;\;p_2\sim p_4\;\;,$ i.e. both are forward processes in the Fermi liquid language which will renormalize only the amplitudes having the specified kinematics. The EXCH graph of Fig. \[three\] will in turn be divergent only for the kinematics $p_1\sim p_4\;\;,\;\;p_2\sim p_3\;\;,$ i.e. it corresponds to an exchange process which renormalize exchange amplitudes.
The analysis of the BCS channel is similar to the one done for the isotropic Fermi line. It is easy to see that particle–particle processes will provide a logarithmic renormalization only to those couplings whose kinematics is fixed to be of the BCS type. In the differential approach that we are using, this is best seen graphically as depicted in Fig. \[slices\]. Two energy integration slices contributing to the computation of the BCS graph are shown in Fig. \[slices\]. It is clearly seeen that, unless the total momentum of the incoming particles adds to zero, the area of the intercept of the two bands for which two high energy intermediate states contribute in the loop (which measures the cutoff dependence of the diagram) is of order $(d \Lambda)^2$. This is different from what happens in one dimension, where the BCS graph contributes to the renormalization of all quartic couplings. Moreover, forward or exchange processes do not contribute to the BCS flow.
We are then faced to a very similar situation as in the Fermi liquid case. Instead of talking of renormalization of couplings, we must analyze the fate of each channel forward, exchange and BCS, independently as they will not get mixed at the one loop level.
Let us first analyze the F channel. It is easy to see that at the one loop level and for the case that we have chosen to analyze of point like interactions between currents of opposite spins, this coupling does not flow since we can not draw the diagrams of the corresponding corrections without invoking parallel couplings in the case of the RPA diagrams or spin flip interactions in the VERT diagram of \[three\]. In the more general case in which parallel couplings are included from the beginning, there is an exact cancelation between the two types of F couplings as can be seen from Fig. \[three\]. For each diagram of RPA type that can be drawn there exists another of VERT type that cancels it. This cancellation that, to our knowledge, was first noticed in the original work of ref. [@kl] will occur to all orders in perturbation theory if the given conditions hold. Any k-dependence of the interaction would destroy this symmetry. In particular the very process of renormalization necessarily induces that dependence. In the presence of parallel couplings, the two graphs (c) and (d) in Fig. \[three\] will renormalize differently giving rise to a flow for the F channel. We will not address this question here. A related problem is discussed in [@nd].
The flow of the exchange channel must be examined by for each of the couplings of Fig. \[couplings\] that will from now on be denoted by $E$ meaning that the momenta of the external legs are fixed to the exchange kinematics. The RG equations are obtained by “opening up” the graph and inserting the polarizabilities in such a way that the resulting graph is of the type of Fig. \[three\] (b) and the vertices are made up of the tree–level interactions of Fig. \[couplings\].
Let us first discuss the behavior of any coupling, say $E_{{\rm inter}}$. $E_{{\rm inter}}$ is renormalized by the diagrams shown in Fig. \[corr\].
Adding up the one–loop correction to the bare coupling we find the vertex function at this order $$\Gamma_{{\rm inter}}(\omega) \approx E_{{\rm inter}}+
\frac{c'}{2 \pi^2t} ( E_{{\rm inter}}^2+E_{{\rm umk}}^2 )
\log \left|\frac{\Lambda}{\omega}\right|$$ Following the usual RG procedure, we define the dressed coupling constant at this level in such a way that the vertex function be cutoff independent. Defining $l=\log\Lambda$, we get the RG equation $$\frac{\partial E_{{\rm inter}}(\Lambda)}{ \partial l}= -
\frac{c'}{2\pi^2t} ( E_{{\rm inter}}^2 + E_{{\rm umk}}^2 )\;,
\label{beta}$$ were the polarizability involved is the interparticle polarizability and the sign of the beta function is negative as corresponds to the “antiscreening” diagram of Fig. \[three\] (b). The same equation (\[beta\]) is obtained by integrating over a differential energy slice as we mentioned earlier.
By this method we obtain the following set of coupled differential equations for the $E$ couplings: $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial E_{{\rm intra}}}{\partial l} & = & -
\frac{1}{4\pi^2 t} c \left(E_{{\rm intra}}^2 + E_{{\rm back}}^{2}
\right) \nonumber \\
\frac{\partial E_{{\rm back}}}{\partial l} & = & -
\frac{1}{2\pi^2 t} c \left( E_{{\rm intra}} E_{{\rm back}} \right)
\nonumber \\
\frac{\partial E_{{\rm inter}}}{\partial l} & = & -
\frac{1}{4\pi^2 t} c' \left( E_{{\rm inter}}^2 + E_{{\rm umk}}^{2}
\right) \nonumber\\
\frac{\partial E_{{\rm umk}}}{\partial l} & = & -
\frac{1}{2\pi^2 t} c' \left( E_{{\rm inter}} E_{{\rm umk}}
\right) \label{flow}\end{aligned}$$ where $c, c'$ are the prefactors of the polarizabilities at zero and ${\bf Q}$ momentum transfer, respectively given in (\[ccp\]).
Due to the relative plus sign of the corrections, all $E$ couplings will grow if repulsive giving rise to instabilities in the system that can be identified by means of the response functions. It is easy to see that the $E$ kinematics couples to the response functions corresponding to the order parameters $$\Delta_{SDW}^x = \sum_k b^+_{ks}\sigma_{st}^x
a_{k+Q,t}\;\;,$$ $$\Delta_{FM}^x = \sum_k a^+_{ks}\sigma_{st}^x
a_{kt}\;\;.$$ The growth of these response functions drives the system to antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic ground states respectively. The phase diagram can be seen in [@japon].
Let us now see how the Kohn-Luttinger mechanism works in this case. As discussed in Section 2, superconducting instabilities will arise in the system by means of the BCS channel whenever a negative coupling develops. RG equations can be obtained for the BCS coupling by the same procedure followed with the $E$ couplings. We will denote the BCS couplings by $V$ implying the prescribed kinematics in the couplings of Fig. \[couplings\] and correct them at one loop by the BCS graphs in Fig. \[three\]. As we are looking for pairing instabilities we will only consider in Fig. \[three\] (a) couplings with total momentum equals zero (not ${\bf Q}$). This leaves us with $V_{{\rm intra}}$ and $V_{{umk}}$. Both involve the polarizability $\chi_{pp}(0)$ (\[pp\]). We will take care of the $\log^2$ dependence of the particle–particle susceptibility by the method discussed in [@npb]. It consists in noting that the $\log^2$ can be factorized as the usual RG log and another one which is due to the divergent density of states exactly at the Fermi line and will take a constant value when the renormalization of the chemical potential is taken into account. We will denote this constant value by $K=\log(\Lambda /\mu)$. Proceeding as before, we get for the $V$ couplings the following set of equations: $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial V_{{\rm intra}}}{\partial l} & = &
\frac{1}{4\pi^2 t} c K \left( V_{{\rm intra}}^2 + V_{{\rm umk}}^{2}
\right) \nonumber \\
\frac{\partial V_{{\rm umk}}}{\partial l} & = &
\frac{1}{2\pi^2 t} c K \left( V_{{\rm intra}} V_{{\rm umk}} \right)
\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ As there is no mixture of particle–hole channels, integrating this equation is equivalent to summing the ladder series.
The flow of the couplings is shown in Fig. \[flowf\]. It is clear that if all the couplings are set to a common value at the beginning, say the value $U$ of the original Hubbard model, then $ V_{{\rm intra}} = V_{{\rm umk}} $ all along and they would flow to zero along the diagonal in Fig. \[flowf\].
The Kohn–Luttinger mechanism will be at work if at some stage of the flow we get as initial condition $ V_{{\rm intra}} - V_{{\rm umk}} < 0 $. This difference can be caused by the finite corrections induced in the BCS vertices by the particle–hole diagrams in Fig. \[three\] at the early stage of the flow. As discussed in [@shankar], that an operator is irrelevant means that it will flow to zero in the course of the renormalization, but it does not mean that it can be set to zero at the beginning without altering the physics. In this case, the BCS couplings $ V_{{\rm intra}}$ and $ V_{{\rm umk}} $ will get finite particle–hole corrections from the exchange diagram that make them differ at intermediate values of the cutoff providing the initial conditions necessary for Kohn-Luttinger superconductivity.
From equations (\[flow\]) of the exchange couplings it is clear that under the initial condition that all couplings are equal to $U$, $E_{{\rm intra}} = E_{{\rm back}}$ and $E_{{\rm inter}} = E_{{\rm umk}}$, all along the flow. As the corrections coming from the $E$ vertex have a positive sign, we see that in the region of parameter space where $c<c'$ in (\[ccp\]), we will soon get $ V_{{\rm intra}} < V_{{\rm umk}} $ and then the RG flow of the BCS diagram will start with the initial condition necessary for d-wave superconductivity to set in.
Conclusions
===========
In this paper we have analyzed the instabilities induced on a strongly correlated electron system in two dimensions by the anisotropies of its Fermi line. Although we have chosen to exemplify the features with a Hubbard $t-t'$ model we believe that the study done is very general and will apply for other systems as well. Our main conclusion is that changes in the topology of the Fermi line of an electron system driven by doping, pressure or whatever means, give rise to instabilities of the system that will drive it away from Fermi liquid behavior. In the absence of nesting or other accidental symmetries, the instabilities will be predominantly superconducting. Although this idea is not new, as it goes back to the Kohn–Luttinger mechanism of the sixties, we have been able to see it at work in a microscopic model with different kinds of anisotropies.
We have used a renormalization group approach which tracks the origin of the Kohn–Luttinger mechanism on the effect that some irrelevant operators have on marginal couplings. The scaling analysis allows us to predict, on very general grounds, a critical dimension of 3/2 for the onset of non–Fermi liquid behavior, a result that remains to be tested. Inflection points, a generic feature of some Fermi lines, give rise to a superconducting order parameter with extended $s$–wave symmetry with nodes located at the inflection points.
The case of extreme anisotropy of the Fermi line having saddle points has been analyzed with the same technique, obtaining a very rich phase diagram for the $t-t'$ Hubbard model with $d_{x^2-y^2}$ superconductivity as the main instability in a certain range of parameters. The same symmetry of the order parameter is found for fillings above the saddle points, what suggests the possibility of a continuum transition in the overdoped regime of hole–doped cuprates.
Despite the theoretical inspiration of this paper, the analysis performed contains some phenomenological predictions that can be tested experimentally in compounds which are well described by the $t-t'$ Hubbard model. In particular, the closeness of a transition towards a $d$–wave and an extended $s$–wave superconductor implies that, in the absence of perfect tetragonal symmetry, a mixture of the two is likely. This possibility has been already discussed on phenomenological grounds[@ds]. Different experiments, like photoemission[@photo1] or interlayer tunneling in BSCCO[@Li1], can be interpreted in terms of the coexistence of different order parameters, or the existence of extended $s$–wave superconductivity. Note, finally, that a recent proposal for the Fermi surface of BSCCO, based on photoemission experiments[@photo2], is close to the case with inflection points discussed here. Such a Fermi surface leads naturally to an extended $s$–wave order parameter in the superconducting phase. It would be interesting to see if this prediction is confirmed by experiments.
— After this review has been published, the role played by the renormalized forward scattering interactions near a Van Hove singularity has been clarified in Ref. . Furthermore, two detailed RG studies have appeared[@halbo; @hone] supporting the idea that $d$-wave superconductivity takes place in the $t-t'$ repulsive Hubbard model near the Van Hove filling.
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C. Honerkamp [*et al.*]{}, report cond-mat/9912358.
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ArXiv
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Preventing stroke in atrial fibrillation: the SPORTIF programme.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac risk factor for stroke. Oral anticoagulants such as the vitamin K antagonist warfarin have been proven effective in reducing the risk of stroke in AF. Warfarin, however, has many disadvantages including the need for coagulation monitoring, a narrow therapeutic index, inter-/intra-patient variability and food-drug interactions. As a result, warfarin is underused in clinical practice and a viable alternative is needed. Ximelagatran, the first oral direct thrombin inhibitor, is given as a fixed dose, does not have a narrow therapeutic index, has low potential for drug interactions, has no significant food interactions and does not require coagulation monitoring. Ximelagatran has been evaluated in the Stroke Prevention using an ORal direct Thrombin Inhibitor in atrial Fibrillation (SPORTIF) trial programme, the largest clinical trials of antithrombotic therapy for stroke prevention in AF to date. The phase III trials, SPORTIF III and V, compared ximelagatran (36 mg twice daily) with well-controlled warfarin (international normalized ratio 2.0-3.0) in a combined population of more than 7,000 moderate- to high-risk AF patients. Data from SPORTIF III show an absolute reduction in stroke and systemic embolic events with ximelagatran compared with warfarin at 21 months (1.6 vs. 2.3% per year, respectively; p = 0.10). Preliminary data from SPORTIF V appear to further support non-inferiority between the two agents. On-treatment analysis of the rate of major bleeding events shows an absolute, nonsignificant reduction in the event rate per year with ximelagatran versus warfarin in both studies. The results of SPORTIF III and V demonstrate that a fixed oral dose of ximelagatran, without coagulation monitoring, is comparable to dose-adjusted warfarin in preventing stroke and other thromboembolic complications among moderate- to high-risk AF patients and has a lower rate of both major and minor bleeding. With its positive benefit-risk ratio, ximelagatran may increase the population of eligible patients for anticoagulation with AF and maximize the potential of anticoagulation in the prevention of stroke.
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PubMed Abstracts
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Japanese nurse to get some tailed hard from buttock!
Added November 30, 2018 at 3:44 am
There is nothing hotter than seeing hot Japanese nurses messing around with their patients and here you will see this hot to scoreing nurse making sure to cure this guy from whatever he has by giving him the full works. You will see her dick licking his wang like a huge lollipop, enjoying every suck and making sure to get her hot fanny bearded lady to get a pieceed like no tomorrow with some wild doggy style action.
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Pile-CC
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Being the complex and bored person that I am, I took the time to check that Insurrection 1.17 works perfectly, at least as far as capturing the first control tower is concerned, in both 1.5.10 (steam) and 1.5.11 (regular retail patch).
The issue in hand is, in fact, reminiscent of those early days where typos and other mysterious beasts lay in wait. It sounds as though maybe it can't save the file successfully for whatever reason- could be a typo, could be a permissions issue, who knows. My advice would be to try making a new profile, and see if the issue persists. If it does, there may be a complicated (?) file access permissions issue at the heart of this. Well, that, or the magic typo fairy is haunting your PC...
If this is permissions, I would expect you to have this problem with ANY mod, and that more people would come across the problem, so it still may not be (somehow...) - I think it's related to a combination of default steam install dirs and vista. (and permissions)
Regardless, I'm not sure where exactly Vista keeps its save game data. Darwinia usually places them in etc\Darwinia\Users\ProfileName\ (and mods usually go in etc\Darwinia\mods\modname\, so maybe there'll be a diametric...) in which go game.txt and the missions files which make up your profile. Darwinia will need rights to do pretty much anything in that folder, wherever it may be, be it create files, delete files, append, modify etc.
When eg a tower is fully captured, Darwinia initiates a save game, which will almost always be game.txt as well as probably the mission files that have been changed. Previously (many moons ago), it crashed because of some typos in game.txt, which the game refused to then save into a game.txt file for the profile, but I imagine the same would occur if it was unable to make the file.
You might like to try searching for "NewUser", as that's the default profile name Darwinia uses, it might make finding the correct folder easier.
The users folder appear to be set up the same as in any other installation, and the mods folder is in the right place too, as far as I can tell. EnemyWithinPart1 works fine, but Part2 crashes consistently in Visitorlobby. I think the crash is just as the second mission is starting, since the second mission is visible in the map, but not selectable as a destination if I start it up after a crash.
I'm thinking about crossposting this into the windows issue forum, since it appears to be a steam/vista combo-problem. If you guys have any ideas, post away. Am I the first steam/vista user to try this mod, or is this problem limited to my computer alone?
Bobman42 wrote:Am I the first steam/vista user to try this mod, or is this problem limited to my computer alone?
Really, this is the most important question, to which I can only respond with the following...
TO THE VISTA CAVE O___O
I'll get back to you... heh
OK, GOOD NEWS; it TOTALLY CRASHED. Thus, you're not insane. However, it is now my job to find out why the hell it crashed, I guess!
OK, I have a fully workable solution: Before you capture the tower, select something to put research points into from the research menu. This prevented the crash for me!
In Vista, for whatever reason;
CurrentResearch none
turns into;
CurrentResearch
in XP it does uhhhm...
CurrentResearch
Maybe that's the same! Either way, it just gets very angry on vista, but not XP o_O
Last edited by The GoldFish on Sun Sep 07, 2008 10:59 pm, edited 1 time in total.
OK, GOOD NEWS; it TOTALLY CRASHED. Thus, you're not insane. However, it is now my job to find out why the hell it crashed, I guess!
OK, I have a fully workable solution: Before you capture the tower, select something to put research points into from the research menu. This prevented the crash for me.
In Vista, for whatever reason; CurrentResearch noneturns into; CurrentResearch in XP it does uhhhm... CurrentResearch Maybe that's the same! Either way, it just gets very angry on vista, but not XP o_O
Arg. How annoying. I initially had DGs set as research target in Insurrection, but changed that when people complained that their DGs were getting 'nades, and that they were wasting research points where they didn't want them. It sounds like XP doesn't like that. Perhaps I will change it back at some point.
I'm just downloading the 1.5.11 patch/directX to see if it behaves any differently in Vista. Interestingly (or not), that character is a CRAZY L in vista, and just a box in XP. Probably font related...
Interestingly, and perhaps, obviously, 1.42 changed none to read:
CurrentResearch Officer
And didn't crash when the tower was captured.
1.5.11 did however.
So, your game.txt is fine, but as soon as you re enter the map, it tries to allocate points to whaever a is, and the came crashes. For some reason, 1.5.x on XP, while doing the exact same thing apparently, does not crash. Ultimately, the jist is, why don't you just change current research in the mod's game.txt to be officer? o_O
-- The GoldFish - member of former GIT and commander in chief of GALLAHAD. You could have done something, but it's been fixed. The end. Also, play bestgameever!
Bobman42 wrote:EnemyWithinPart1 works fine, but Part2 crashes consistently in Visitorlobby. I think the crash is just as the second mission is starting, since the second mission is visible in the map, but not selectable as a destination if I start it up after a crash.
I don't have Vista, but if I get some time this week, I'll go over the mod again. House hunting sucks.
I've just installed insurrection 1.1.7 which works fine. Except i cannot have more than one task at a time. This means that in the level where you have to get the squad from one side of the map to the other, i cannot create an engineer (the task is already used by the squad). Since i cannot create a engineer, i cannot reprogram the radar dish which would let the squad travel such as it should. This leads to the following conclusion : i cannot finish this map...
I've just installed insurrection 1.1.7 which works fine. Except i cannot have more than one task at a time. This means that in the level where you have to get the squad from one side of the map to the other, i cannot create an engineer (the task is already used by the squad). Since i cannot create a engineer, i cannot reprogram the radar dish which would let the squad travel such as it should. This leads to the following conclusion : i cannot finish this map... :-(
Is this normal ?
I'm running under linux and had no trouble playing to the original.
Thanks a lot !!
That is expected. You may need to go somewhere else to upgrade the Task Manager before you finish that level.
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Hulu’s Less Than Zero Series Rounds Out Cast
Hulu’s Less Than Zero reboot rounds out cast
After finding its lead star for the drama series pilot, Deadline reports that Hulu has already rounded out the cast for its upcoming adaptation of the Bret Easton Ellis novel Less Than Zero.
Austin Abrams (The Walking Dead), who was cast in the lead role of Clay, will be joined by Lily Donoghue (The Goldbergs), Cooper Koch (Fracture), Keenan Jolliff (Marvel’s Daredevil), Ronen Rubinstein (Dead of Summer) and James Bloor (Leatherface). The drama pilot is going to be developed by Ellis and Craig Wright, the creator of Greenleaf who has also worked on Six Feet Under and Lost.
Donoghue will play Blair, Clay’s former girlfriend portrayed in the 1987 film adaptation by Jami Gertz (The Neighbors), Koch will play Julian, Clay’s childhood friend who is suffering from a drug issue and was previously played by Robert Downey Jr. (Avengers: Infinity War) in the feature film. Jolliff will step into the role of Rip, Julian’s drug dealer previously played by James Spader (The Blacklist), Rubinstein will play Trent, a friend of Clay’s who’s a model at UCLA and was previously played by Brian Wimmer (Tank Girl), and Bloor will play Daniel, an outsider from Clay’s high school who is just as troubled as them and didn’t appear in the film.
Less Than Zero is officially described as follows:
Set in Los Angeles in the early 1980’s, Less than Zero has become a timeless classic. This coolly mesmerizing novel is a raw, powerful portrait of a lost generation who have experienced sex, drugs, and disaffection at too early an age. They live in a world shaped by casual nihilism, passivity, and too much money in a place devoid of feeling or hope.
Clay comes home for Christmas vacation from his Eastern college and re-enters a landscape of limitless privilege and absolute moral entropy, where everyone drives Porches, dines at Spago, and snorts mountains of cocaine. He tries to renew feelings for his girlfriend, Blair, and for his best friend from high school, Julian, who is careering into hustling and heroin. Clay’s holiday turns into a dizzying spiral of desperation that takes him through the relentless parties in glitzy mansions, seedy bars, and underground rock clubs and also into the seamy world of L.A. after dark.
Ellis wrote a sequel to the book, Imperial Bedrooms, which was published in 2010. Other works by Ellis previously made into movies also include American Psycho, The Rules of Attraction, and The Informers.
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Pile-CC
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Pathetic: Lagos task force men arrest, jail 80-year-old man for no just cause
Pa Pius Ajaegbu, an 80-year-old man, is agonising right now. He is suffering from enlarged prostrate – a condition that does not allow him pass urine unless with the aid of a pipe fixed to his bladder. He developed the condition at Badagry Prison, Lagos, following his incarceration.
Pa Ajaegbu, who lost his wife last year, was one of the hundreds of people that the police in Lagos arrested during a massive crackdown while hunting for the killers of a policeman in Mushin area of the metropolis.
According to reports, the policeman was killed during a clampdown on hoodlums and drug users in the densely-populated area. The police were irked by the effrontery, so, they fanned out across Mushin, Itire and Odo Eran areas and arrested about 256 people.
The police, operating as members of the Lagos State Environmental Task Force, took their victims to a mobile court, obtained remand warrants for each of them and dumped them in Kirikiri and Badagry prisons.
Daily Sun learnt that the police operation began on Wednesday, February 28. There was allegedly no profiling of the victims to sieve the innocent from the villains, leaving most people suffering needlessly, with some spending over one week in jail.
Daily Sun was told that Pa Ajaegbu, who is also diabetic, was to travel for medical treatment days before his arrest. While in detention, his health deteriorated, making him unable to pass urine naturally. Warders, fearing for his life, took him to the hospital and contacted his family, urging them to facilitate his release.
Days after Pa Ajaegbu’s return, the correspondent visited his Itire home to hear how things went down.
Here is his account: “At about 7pm that fateful day, I had returned from the school where I do security work. After some rest, I strolled out to buy some roasted yam for dinner. Just as I was handing the lady a N200 note, trouble erupted. A truck pulled up. Some policemen were shouting ‘grab them; grab them!’ One of the policemen held me. Another gave me a mighty push. I cried out in protest, wondering what I did to warrant my arrest, but they didn’t listen.
“One of the policemen gave me two quick slaps across the face. As I continued to protest my innocence, another one responded with another round of slaps across the face. Dazed, another one began to hit me in the groin with the butt of his gun. Then I collapsed. In that confusion, I lost my N200. One of the policemen grabbed my footwear and flung it afar. They pulled me up quickly and hauled me into the waiting truck where I sat dazed, panting and wondering what I had done to deserve the treatment.
“From that point, they began to drag in more people. One of them was a kid who was going to deliver some loaves of bread at his mother’s shop. The lad was still carrying the loaves and people who had money on them later bought from him and ate.
“In a short while the truck was full; there were no fewer than 50 of us. We were driven straight to the Lagos Police Command in Ikeja. It was about midnight when we arrived. They made us to sit down on the turf; we later wrote down our names on a sheet of paper.
“The policemen who received us were furious. They said they were angry because we denied them sleep; that they ought to be sleeping about the hour but we kept them awake and, for that reason, we would know no sleep.
“Soon, they brought in more people in trucks. They made us all to sit down in the open field. We remained there till morning and were later paraded with journalists taking our pictures. They also brought in bags of Indian hemp they allegedly seized from hoodlums. From that point, they loaded us again into a truck and took us to Bolade, Oshodi.
“When we arrived at Bolade, for hours, they made us sit down on the floor with the sun blazing. They called our names and later marched us in batches of 10 into a mobile court on the premises. One after the other, they asked everyone, ‘are you guilty or not.’ Nobody admitted any guilt. The magistrate sat there listening, saying nothing.
“In the evening of that same day, they loaded us again into a truck and then took us to Badagry Prison. About 10 people were shown a room to sleep. They threw three mats at us, which the cleverer ones grabbed.
“Between when I was arrested and when we arrived at the prison, I neither ate nor drank anything. The hours were harrowing. In all my years, I have never experienced anything like that.
“The next day, I observed that my groin was aching. I was also experiencing some swelling in the area and could no longer pass urine. I was alarmed, and I drew the attention of a warder. Seeing my condition, he took me to the clinic. When the doctor examined me, he asked them to rush me to Badagry General Hospital. At the hospital, the doctor inserted a tube into my bladder to enable me pass urine. I’m still carrying the device.
“Before now, I was getting ready to go for hernia surgery. But now, the police have brought me another trouble. Where do I go from here?”
When the correspondent first learnt of Pa Ajaegbu’s arrest, he launched out to free him. It was a move that saw him going to Bolade, Oshodi, to see either the chairman of the task force, Mr. Saheed Egbeyemi, a superintendent of police, or the agency’s public relations officer, Mr. Toafik Adebayo.
In the mid-morning of that Thursday, the sun was already up in the sky, blazing intensely. No fewer than 300 people had massed, spread out in front of the gate to the task force office. Some of the people were pensive, some restive. Every one was intent on squeezing through the gate to commence proceedings for the release of their loved ones. Those who made it through congratulated themselves.
Inside the expansive compound, a lot of activities went on. There were lawyers hustling for briefs to free detainees, just as workers and all manner of people paced about for one thing of the other. There were hundreds of suspects sitting on the ground in rows. Further down was a mobile court as well as a detention facility too. To free a suspect was one huge process, it was learnt.
At that point, the correspondent struggled to enlist colleagues, soliciting that they sent word to the Lagos State Commissioner of Police, Mr. Imohimi Edgal, to free Pa Ajaegbu.
Between Friday, two weeks ago, and Monday, the week following, nothing happened. Mr Edgal, it was gathered, had sent kind words to his subordinates to initiate the process to free Pa Ajaegbu. But it appeared his words were lost down the line.
On Tuesday, March 6, nothing happened. So Mr. Edgal was contacted again. At that point, it became clearer that freeing a suspect from the facility was a long walk.
Part of the condition was that relatives of the suspect must provide two sureties who must be civil servants on Grade Level 7 and above working with the Lagos State government. They must come with their utility bills, letters of employment, passport-size photographs, and their identity cards. Relatives of detainees had to hire personal lawyers and pay the compulsory sum of N10,000 via POS.
While the process was underway, a call came from a warder at Badagry Prisons requesting Pa Ajaegbu’s daughter, Ifeyinwa, to hurry down and evacuate her father as he was gravely ill. Upon hearing the news, she broke down, weeping uncontrollably.
A day before, she had visited her father to see how the old man was faring.
“It was such a task,” she said, shaking her head. “I had to offer tips at every turn before I was let in. From there, I fought to secure him a more comfortable room to sleep.”
With Pa Ajeagbu’s release conditions met, a lawyer proceeded to secure his release warrant. The lawyer earlier contacted had demanded N100,000 to get two people to stand as surety. The sum was outside his legal charges.
At the moment, Pa Ajeagbu is free. But he lives with two burdens: the trauma of his ordeal straddling his wounded soul and the pain of an enlarged prostrate weighing down his frail frame. With a longing to undergo his hernia operation still hanging – and for which he is still looking for money –the man is evidently distraught.
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Stimulating effects of lisuride on masculine sexual behavior of rats.
Treatment of adult male rats with lisuride, an ergot derivative, resulted in selective changes in the masculine mating pattern. A dose-dependent decrease was found in the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation and in the ejaculatory latency. No other components of the mating pattern showed any significant alteration. Further, castrated sexually inexperienced rats treated with lisuride displayed a dose-dependent increase in complete heterosexual behavior.
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Dinosaurs and the lost paradise
Did animals eat meat before the Flood?
Today, there are many animals that kill other animals for food. Exactly when this habit first began is a mystery. But it could not have started until sometime after man’s first sin. In the original Creation, all the animals ate plants, not meat (Genesis 1:30). There was no killing before the Fall (when Adam and Eve rebelled against God in the Garden of Eden). It was not until sometime after sin’s “beginning” that the animals began to eat other animals.
Did this habit begin right after Man’s first sin? Probably not. It is certainly not likely that animals instantly changed into the way they are today. These habits probably developed naturally in man’s sinful world over hundreds and thousands of years. And they may not have become common until sometime after the Flood.
Before the Flood, there is no indication in the Bible that any of the animals ate meat or were violent and vicious. It is people that God says were so terrible and violent.
By the time of the Flood, most animals must still have been able to live on plant foods alone. Every basic kind of land animal and bird in the world was on the Ark. They ate only plants during the voyage. For God told Noah to load the ship with every kind of food the animals would need (Genesis 6:21). These foods must have been the same things God assigned to the animals in the beginning—“every green plant.”
There is no hint that God changed this command between the time of Creation and the Flood. Before the Flood, there may have been no need for animals to kill each other for food.
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PlayStation Tournaments coming to PS4
Sony announced a partnership with ESL (Electronic Sports League) to debut a feature called Tournaments to PlayStation 4.
Through ESL, you'll be able to participate in tourneys for a wide range of games. Sony and ESL have just the inaugural event in mind.
"We’re kicking off the first Major tournament with NBA 2K17, to celebrate the beginning of the NBA season," wrote a Sony rep. "The Major Tournament runs from October 27 to November 26, with Major Cup rounds occurring every Saturday. Top 3 winners of the NBA 2K17 Major Tournament will receive a prize pack that includes items such as a DualShock 4 and PlayStation gear."
Anyone interested in competing can sign up later today, but you'll need three prerequisites: a copy of NBA 2K17, a PlayStation Plus account, and an ESL membership so you can register.
Once Sony pushes through PS4's Tournaments update, you'll find it under the System menu option. Signing up for a tournament prompts notification-style updates telling you when it's time to play.
"Initially, Tournaments will support 1 on 1 matches, and we’ll continue to enhance the feature in the future. We’ll be kicking off more exciting tournaments in the future, so make sure to come back to PlayStation.Blog for the latest info."
David L. Craddock writes fiction, nonfiction, and grocery lists. He is the author of the Stay Awhile and Listen series, and the Gairden Chronicles series of fantasy novels for young adults. Outside of writing, he enjoys playing Mario, Zelda, and Dark Souls games, and will be happy to discuss at length the myriad reasons why Dark Souls 2 is the best in the series. Follow him online at davidlcraddock.com and @davidlcraddock.
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Love in Paris
Love in Paris (released as Another Weeks in the United States) is an erotic romantic drama film released in 1997, a sequel to 1986's Weeks.
Mickey Rourke stars, reprising his original role as John Gray. Angie Everhart co-stars. This sequel was directed by Anne Goursaud and was released directly to video in the United States, receiving poor reviews.
Plot
Ten years after Elizabeth (the character portrayed by Kim Basinger in the first film) left him, John has descended into a world of depression and loneliness, and is suicidal. When he receives an invitation to attend an art exhibit in Paris that will feature some of Elizabeth's paintings, he immediately boards a plane for France, hoping to get to talk to her.
He arrives at the auction house and promptly wins all of her artwork, but Elizabeth is not there. He does, however, see a beautiful woman (Angie Everhart) wearing exactly the same shawl that he gave to Elizabeth many years earlier. The woman's name is Lea Calot. She says that she is Elizabeth's close friend and that Elizabeth is now living in another country, happily married.
John suspects there is something Lea is not telling him. It becomes apparent that Elizabeth told her intimate details of their relationship. Lea, a fashion designer, is obviously attracted to John, and he begins to warm to her as well. They begin a passionate affair, but Lea continues to be evasive when it comes to answering questions about Elizabeth.
John also becomes close to Lea's beautiful assistant, Claire, who is in an abusive relationship with her boyfriend. As John comes closer to discovering the truth of Elizabeth's fate, he is forced to examine the ways in which his past actions have changed him as a person, and if he can be the kind of lover for Lea that she wants him to be.
Cast
Mickey Rourke as John Gray
Agathe de La Fontaine as Claire
Angie Everhart as Lea Calot
Steven Berkoff as Vitorio DaSilva
Dougray Scott as Charlie
References
External links
Category:1997 direct-to-video films
Category:French films
Category:British films
Category:Erotic romance films
Category:Films set in Paris
Category:Direct-to-video sequel films
Category:English-language French films
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Translation Rights | Oct 5, 2018
Nadia Murad named Nobel Peace Laureate 2018
We are delighted that Nadia Murad has been named co-winner of this year's Nobel Peace Prize, along with Denis Mukwege. This year the prize was awarded in particular to figures supporting women who have suffered sexual abuse in war-torn regions.
Ms Murad released the following statement: "We must remain committed to rebuilding communities ravaged by genocide. Survivors deserve a safe and secure pathway home or safe passage elsewhere. We must support efforts to focus on humanity, and overcome political and cultural divisions. We must not only imagine a better future for women, children and persecuted minorities, we must work consistently to make it happen - prioritizing humanity, not war."
In 2014 Ms Murad was kidnapped along with other girls and women from her village in the province of Sinjar, Iraq, and kept as a sex slave by ISIS militants for over a year. She has since been working as an activist, building a case to take Islamic State to the International Criminal Court and speaking up for the Yazidi community. She founded a charity, Nadia’s Initiative, and works tirelessly with world leaders looking to rebuild and restore depleted provinces of Iraq and supporting endangered minority groups. Ms Murad is the United Nations' first Goodwill Ambassador for the Dignity of Survivors of Human Trafficking.
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Tag: teen mum
Thank you for understanding all of the messages I forget to reply to and that I’ll probably never be the first to message you or call.
Thank you for understanding when I can’t make it to your party or bail on plans for the 40th time.
Thank you for understanding why my house isn’t always spotless when you visit or when I don’t check in for months at a time.
You see, I’ve been a little busy, a lot of the time. I have two little people who need me, but I need me too, in the tiny moments of freedom of mine.
I could make empty promises, to be more reachable and present. But the reality is, I can only take each moment as it comes and hope that you’ll always be as understanding as you are now, without resentment.
This journey that I’ve been on, becoming a parent, is something you’re yet to experience. And I know it must be hard to understand exactly how I’m feeling, but your understanding all the same is such a blessing.
You still check in when you can, and you know that a few months without conversation doesn’t mean anything other than we’ve both been busy. Most importantly you still see me for me, kids, messiness and all, and gift me with little reminders that you still love who I’ve turned out to be.
I started my journey a lot earlier than most, and I’ve lost some friends along the way. But the beautiful thing I’ve come to realise, is who is truly here to stay.
It’s no secret, our first daughter, Violet, was unplanned. I was 18 and in the middle of an education degree and Dan was 20 and had just left his job as a landscaper. We lived with his mum, and had absolutely nothing in the way of savings.
There we were, jobless and broke, and we’d been told we were expecting a baby. I think the first word we both though of was “shit”. Despite what the world might have expected us to do in a situation where we had no income, we decided to continue with the pregnancy. We loved each other, and we had always wanted children together, and god, you know I would never forgive myself if we had decided to terminate and then had fertility issues down the track. All we’ve ever wanted was to be parents together.
Despite having next to nothing, what we did have was love and support from everyone around us, and to this day it continues. Becoming parents so young hasn’t been easy, and I’d hardly say we’re now suddenly “well off”, because we’re not. We’re still rocking this gig on a budget.
We have always managed to make things work, whether it be strategy or pure luck, I thought I would share how we’ve made it to where we are today with you.
Find a job and stick with it (even if it’s just for now). God, it sounds easy. But the reality was, for about 4 months of my pregnancy with Violet, Dan didn’t have an income, and I was part time at a burger restaurant. It wasn’t because he didn’t want a job. Big cities can be tough, and it’s certainly a case of take what you can get. Once he got it, he stuck to it, as painful as it was at times. It paid the bills, and as long as that happened we could focus on finding something better in the background. So take what you can get and remember there will always be time to work on the bigger picture once you’ve got an income.
Take all the help you can get. I get it, it’s a pride thing. But there are systems in place to help your financial situation, systems that EVERYONE here in Australia is entitled to, not just low income earners. Enquire about what you’re entitled to and don’t be ashamed to claim it. The systems are in place to help, not only your financial situation but your overall wellbeing. That also goes for accepting help from family and friends, they’re here to help and they certainly wouldn’t offer if they didn’t want to help you.
Keep track of what you’re spending. Something we certainly haven’t always been good at. You don’t have to be as crazy as keeping every receipt, but taking note of your bank statements is a step in the right direction. You’d be surprised just how much a daily coffee on your way to work adds up.
Make it yourself. Food that is. I would say clothing but you know this girl has no idea how to sew (properly anyways). Honestly though, homemade things will always save you money. Especially snacks. Feeding a toddler can be pricey when you buy pre-packaged snacks. Try batches of pizza scrolls, muffins, sausage rolls. They can be frozen and reheated and end up cheaper because you’re making batches.
Take moments over “things”. Whilst kids are little, and even as they get older toys always seem to be present. But remember they’re often tossed aside when something new comes along. Opt for experiences over gifts, especially in a sense of saving money. Beach trips, park trips, even just going for a stroll adds a bit of joy and money doesn’t have to be spent doing any of those things. Heck, even get out the hose in your backyard. The simplest things can bring joy to kids, you’ve just got to be enthusiastic and they’ll follow suit.
Don’t be trapped by loans. It is SO tempting, I know. Credit cards, car loans, short term personal loans… such a great way to get what you want, but long term… it is so much more expensive. Consider budgeting for the things you want, save for them first and thensplurge. It makes all the difference week to week when you don’t have the weight of loan repayments. Though I do understand this way of doing things isn’t for everyone. And by all means, go ahead if you know it will work with you and your budget. But personally from my perspective, it’s one less financial stress for our family.
Make the big hard decisions. Sometimes it means picking up and moving, sometimes it means giving up things that take up too much of your budget. Sometimes it certainly is a bit of a sacrifice. However I’m willing to bet you wouldn’t be having children if you’re not ready to make some sacrifices.
I’ll be honest, I could go on and on here about how to make it work with little money. But truth be told, you probably already knew a lot of these points. A lot of people will put off having children for the sake of finances, which of course is a personal decision. But in my opinion there really is no “right time” to have children. You could want to buy a house first, or a new car, go on that dream vacay, get the dream job… all valid reasons to put it off, but there will always be something else to do.
We get to do all of our big dreams with our girls by our side, and although we’ve made a few sacrifices, we make it work. And I’d much rather have a couple tiny hands to hold through the tough parts of life, than to be handling it solo.
I struggle to find the words to justify just how incredibly lucky I feel to be sitting down to write something so positive in regards to childbirth again. I really truly thought you couldn’t possibly be so lucky twice. Perhaps it’s the stigma around childbirth, and the “scary” that is portrayed as the norm. Or maybe I was just doubly nervous because it was no longer just me and the baby to stress over but also our Violet as well.
But here I am, having made it to the other side of the waiting, sitting in awe of the human body and all of its capabilities. As well as in awe of the tiny little human we’ve created that somehow has filled our hearts with twice the amount of love we thought possible.
The real story of my labours always seem to begin in the lead up. Just like with Violet I spent a large chunk of the weeks prior very uncomfortable; experiencing early labour. Constant tightenings that I was unsure of being Braxton-Hicks Contractions or real ones, for days on end. Nausea hit me like a ton of bricks once or twice as well, which caught me by surprise as it had never happened with Violet. I could just SENSE things were moving along, but the frustration lay within the not knowing. Was I close? Would my waters break first again? If they don’t how will I know I’m in labour?
I had had a couple of really, really tough nights in the week before. Going to bed with pains thinking for certain I would wake up in labour, and then being slightly disappointed when I didn’t. At the time it felt like I was experiencing all of this pain and discomfort for nothing as nothing had progressed.
Despite it all, I really tried to focus on this pregnancy being completely seperate and different to my pregnancy with Violet. Having already been through it once does give you a certain feeling of expectation, one I very much tried to avoid. Because Violet had made her entrance by 37 and a half weeks, a small part of me expected this pregnancy to be the same, and a large part of me was tired and over it by the time 37 and a half weeks came and went. We knew she would come when she was ready though, so I spent a lot of my time distracting myself and trying to be at peace with the fact that I couldn’t control when she would be born. And pretty much as soon as I relaxed and accepted this I felt much better, at least mentally.
It wasn’t long after the acceptance (sounds dramatic right?) when things really started to heat up. It was like my body had finally had a chance to relax and so she knew it was time.
Pains through the night was nothing unusual for me at this point, but on Tuesday night (13/11/18) I found myself up at a really odd hour on the toilet. Toilet trips of course were also nothing new, but things felt different. And about 30 minutes later I lost my mucus plug. I didn’t think too much of it, as I’d already lost pieces of it the week prior, so I chucked a liner on and went back to bed. Funnily enough, Vi had also woken (which is unusual for her) so she was lying in bed with Dan, as I hopped back into bed with them I’d told him I lost my plug.
When we woke up on Wednesday morning Dan mentioned how he’d had a weird dream that I’d said I’d lost my plug, and we had a laugh over the fact that it wasn’t a dream. That’s when I noticed more pressure down below than I’d noticed before.
I tried to go about the day as normally as possible, I didn’t want to get my hopes up as I’d done the week prior, so we went into town to take Vi to the Drs and then went for a browse around the shops. While we were there I noticed the pressure worsening, and whilst Dan was in a store I took Vi to the parents room so I could change her and go to the toilet myself. (This might be tmi so skip over if you don’t like talk of bodily fluids) I realised that I had been having slightly brown discharge throughout the day, but noticed it more so this time as there was more and more of it.
At this point, it was the first time I’d thought to ring the maternity unit. My waters broke before anything had begun with Violet, so I really didn’t know what to expect of labour beginning any other way. They’d said it was normal, especially if I’d lost my plug and that things may progress but there was no reason to come to the ward.
Again, trying to continue the day as normal we headed to squash for the evening. I noticed how uncomfortable I was beginning to feel, not with tightenings or anything, but just feeling “off”. Mum and dad had offered to take Violet to their place in case things progressed during the night but I didn’t want to jinx it, so we brought her home with us.
I’d had regular pains start pretty much as soon as we’d eaten dinner. But they weren’t strong enough to feel confident that it was actual labour beginning. So we did the bedtime routine with Violet, and we watched some of “that 70s show” just in case things heated up, but they didn’t, so we took ourselves off to bed at about 9:30.
I woke up at midnight to slightly heavier contractions, to the point where I couldn’t sleep through them. So I got up and timed them for an hour or so to see if it was worth ringing the ward again, I cleaned the kitchen at the same time for something to do, mainly because I didn’t want to come back from having a baby to a messy house hahaha.
(About 1am on the 15th- in labour)
My contractions with Violet never really regulated properly, and they didn’t this time around either. But they did get more intense, so I phoned in to let them know things were progressing. And of course right after I did, they tapered off. As frustrating as it was, I was a little relieved. I was able to take some Panadol to take the edge off and sleep for another 4 hours until 5am.
This time when I woke up I knew things were moving, I had to stop to breathe through each contraction. I gave myself two hours, two hours of comfort at home. I went outside to breathe in the morning air, and then came back inside to make myself some breakfast: scrambled eggs. Half way through, Vi woke up. And I was kind of glad she did. We got a full 40 minutes together, eating eggs and talking about her little sister who was coming to see us soon. Each time a contraction would start I’d hug Vi and tell her how much I loved her, and continue to hold her until it was over. It sounds sappy and cliche but it really truly helped.
(5:45am, labouring with my little love)
After a short while I went to wake Dan up and let him know it was almost time. I rang mum and asked her to come around to watch Vi, and by 7:15 I was ready to make the 20 minute car trip to the hospital. I lapped the house 3 times, procrastinating getting in and making the drive. Mainly because I knew it would be the last time just us three would be in the house. As we drove away, Vi stood in the driveway with nanny waving us off. I was teary, teary because it was my last moments with Vi as an only child, teary because we were about to meet our second beautiful little girl, and teary because well… hormones.
The drive was surprisingly okay. I hated sitting through contractions with Vi, this time it was uncomfortable but not unbearable. Mainly because we didn’t labour at home as long as I did with Violet, just because we didn’t want to risk me giving birth on the side of the road.
We got to the hospital at about 7:45. The bigger rooms were taken and unfortunately the birth pool was too. I would be lying if I said I wasn’t disappointed, but I was also just so excited to meet our little girl that it didn’t bother me as much as I thought it would.
So, in our little room with the diffuser running and some calming music on an occasionally skippy CD player, Dan and I sat, paced, bounced and mostly, just chatted our way to meeting our daughter. I think that was my favourite part. It was just Dan and I and an empty room, something that we haven’t had really at all since Violet was born. It was almost like we were giddy teenagers again, he always takes every chance he can to make me laugh, and it was honestly exactly what I needed through those few hours. The contractions were strong and intense, but the pain was almost halved by the fact that I could just stand there in his arms and breathe through the process my body was going through. And even laugh at some points during contractions, which admittedly hurt more, but filled my heart to the brim.
We had an amazing midwife as well who was happy to let us do our own thing, but still checked in enough for us to feel comfortable about my care. At about 11am she came in to do some obs and monitor for a little, just as she finished and as I moved to hop off the bed my waters broke. From here the contractions intensified again. I opted to say put on the exercise ball for a few more contractions before moving to my safe space again- the shower!
She set up some oils and Dan turned on some calming music on his phone, we turned all the lights off and moved the exercise ball in. This was my zone, my place. The space I knew I’d welcome my daughter into the world.
It’s funny, because although this was the exact same position I brought Violet into the world in, it was so different. Instead of feeling out of body, I felt entirely present. Breathing through each contraction and coming up for air each time- with Violet I felt like I was sucked into one long wave of pain with no time to breathe, this was totally different.
I buzzed the midwife in when I felt the incredible pressure I remember feeling before Vi was born, and with 3 contractions and 3 pushes at 12:16pm on Wednesday the 15th of November, our little Matilda Joan was born swiftly into our arms. Into a room so full of love it was almost bursting at the seams.
Mum and dad brought Violet in as soon as Dan let them know Matilda was here. I was euphoric, I didn’t feel exhausted at all. And when Vi came into the room it was like everything I’d ever wished for was right in front of me.
(Completely in love)
I can’t thank Daniel enough for everything he has done and continues to do for us. His love and strength has always been my guiding light and this was even more evident during my labour with Matilda. My world is everything it is because of him. Our girls are the best thing that has ever happened to us, and I am so incredibly grateful to have him by my side through these momentous times, even if he does make me laugh in the middle of a contraction at 9cms dilated.
I feel like I say this every single time I write a post but it’s been a while so I’m going to say it again, where has the time gone?! The last few months have been so incredibly busy. As everyone would know we had Violets first Christmas just last month, but something that is new is SHE IS WALKING!
Her first steps happened on the day she turned 10 months, I mean, I’m not going to lie, they were a tad encouraged! However it only took her a month to figure out the whole balance thing and now nothing can stop her! Our house has become a madness of running and squealing and mess and just an entire bundle of fun really. I have to say it, we now officially have a toddler *sobs*.
Watching them learn and grow and take in the world around them is SUCH a gift. And I’m so incredibly thankful for it, but it’s gut wrenching how quickly the time passes without you even realising. I feel like it was just yesterday I was lying on an uncomfortable old hospital bed watching the most beautiful little baby I’d ever met sleeping right next to me for the first time.
I remember going to the shops with my mum without Violet for the first time since having her. I nearly bawled my eyes out. And now she’s an independent little miss, who’s quite happy to go to her grandparents without question for a few hours, or her Aunties or her uncles. Heck she’s even great with strangers if she sees me smile at them first. It’s crazy how much she has grown, and how they evolve from tiny, fragile little people who need you to hold their necks up to rampaging, enthusiastic little characters in only 12 months.
She knows what she wants and she lets you know it too! She’s absolutely food obsessed and is doing such a great job transitioning to her solids through the day, but is always up for a booby and a snuggle at midnight (and you read right, she’s not sleeping through yet, but I really don’t mind).
I really feel like I’m just spewing information at you all, but I have so much to say that I just can’t put into words. The last few months have been such incredible, challenging and honestly life changing months. Not only am I learning the ropes of toddler parenthood but so much is happening in our social lives as well surrounding our friends and family. This month we made the rash decision to send dan to FIJI! with his best friend Jeremy in only three weeks time. And although unfortunate events lead to it all happening, we’ve just taken the baton and started running full speed with it.
Not only are we planning last minute holidays but we are beginning to organise violets FIRST BIRTHDAY. That’s right, she is one in less then a month. Someone hold me upright… among present brainstorming and party planning ideas I have been feeling a bit overwhelmed and just over all losing it a bit. So I also chopped all my hair off 🤣 but don’t worry I’m not regretting it.
Vi really has just become such a little girl in these last few months. I had felt so determined in the beginning to film everything and write everything down, but the truth is, enjoying the moment is so much more important. I’m still taking videos and photos, and when I get the time, like now, I love sitting down and reflecting on violets first few months. I’ve learnt over time not to promise anything on writing posts and whatnot, but what I do know is I have always enjoyed writing them. And although they may be inconsistent as hell at times, there will always be more to write and share with you all.
I can’t believe we’ve been on this journey for nearly two years. Blogging through my pregnancy, and about Violets birth and now we’re almost at the end of her first year! It never ceases to amaze me just how many of you beautiful people love hearing about our journey. We may have been young when we first found out we were expecting, but we have grown SO much, in ways almost impossible to explain, and parenthood has done nothing but make us stronger and happier people. So thank you all so much, for your constant words of engagement and endless love and patience. It means the world to me, I can’t wait to look back on this all one day and share it with Violet, to show her just how lucky we are to have a life full of so much love.
With a pink blanket under her head and her seatbelt nicely fastened I walked through our local supermarket collecting our groceries for the week with my daughter in the baby seat of my trolley. This particular week I decided to start purchasing foods for my daughter to try, now I’m not really about those premade baby foods (but if you are then you do you! nothing against it, just a personal choice) so I was putting things in my trolley like organic sweet potato, pumpkin and avocado. Unbeknownst to me the truth of societies still prehistoric views on parenthood was about to rear it’s ugly head.
As I turned the corner I very nearly bumped into a woman’s trolley which she had left in the middle of the refrigerated isle. I veered pretty sharply in order to miss the trolley, which of course startled my daughter, no more then running into the other trolley would have anyway. She cried, like babies do, so I stopped momentarily to talk to her and comfort her out of her fright. Whilst I paused I unknowingly had blocked the woman from her stranded trolley, so she approached me with a louder than necessary “Excuse me!”. I pardoned myself and moved my trolley aside, my daughter still crying and myself completely in my own mum world deliberating whether to pick her up to stop her crying or to try and distract her with the dummy she had lost interest in five minutes ago. So it took me by surprise when the woman turned to me for a second time as said “she’s not yours is she?”
Now I’ve had my fair share of questions in public, mostly regarding my daughter being my sister and my own mother looking too young to be a grandmother which are all usually met with a bit of a laugh and then me explaining that she’s actually mine. This time I felt a sting of judgement coming through. I smiled at my daughter and looked at the lady and said “she sure is! isn’t she beautiful, she’s four months old”. She peered at me down her pointed nose and said “Well I don’t think children should be having children, but she is quite cute. Bit of a shame” A SHAME. If you know me you would know I hate confrontation, unless I know you well enough to pull you up on something I generally let it slide for the sake of saving an argument. This is my family though and I’ll be damned if I let someone tell me that it was a shame that my beautiful daughter existed as my daughter.
“Thanks for your opinion, although I didn’t ask for it. Not sure how many children you know but not many of them are in 5 year relationships with the person they want to spend the rest of their life with. Guess I’m just lucky hey? Have a nice day” my heart was pounding and I was out of there as quick as I could go, neglecting to pick up the butter I was in the refrigeration isle for! I pushed the conversation to the depths of my brain hoping never to think about it again but after seeing a few fellow “young parents” attacked on social media recently for their age and their apparent inability to care and love their own children I figured now would be a good time to think about it, and god forbid, talk about it because it is 100% not okay.
All parents, regardless of their age, love their children, they want the best for their children and they will do anything they can to help them grow into wonderful, compassionate and loving adults. Regardless of the house they live in, the clothes they wear, whether they are married, how much they spent on their car, if they’re homosexual OR if they’re still what you would consider teenagers. If they were mature enough to make the decision to bring a child into the world then they should be admired for doing so, and for doing the best they can for that child.
The love you have for your child can’t be measured by how many toys you’re able to buy them, whether you could afford to send them to an expensive school or buy them all of the latest gadgets. Love is measured by the smiles, the hugs, the kisses and most importantly the empowering conversations you can have with them about becoming the greatest person they can possibly be. To care for the people around them, to love unconditionally and be accepting of everyone regardless of their differences.
I might not be 25 with a mountain of savings in the bank reserved specifically for having in children, my partner and I might not be married but we sure love each other like we are and we’ll give our daughter every ounce of love we have to give before we will ever let her feel unwanted or unloved. Young parents, don’t let anyone ever discourage you, your baby thinks you’re the greatest mummies and daddies in the world, and without you, they wouldn’t exist. You’re doing an amazing job, and if anyone thinks any less then maybe they should take a look at what’s missing in their lives before they make any negative comments about how beautifully full of love your life is.
I honestly find it hard to believe that now, in 2017, breastfeeding is still taboo. Society as a whole has grown so much in so many ways, yet here we are still chucking little tanties about babies suckling from nipples in public.
As natural as it is, it still makes people uncomfortable… The same way women talking about childbirth makes people cringe. It must be something to do with the fact that they produce milk, making them large, because last time I checked males have nipples too and even the ones who aren’t dads run around with theirs hanging out.
I’m not really talking about the instances of covered feeding, because thats pretty widely accepted. Because the little muslin wrap somehow makes everyone forget that theres a nipple underneath with a baby attached. I’m talking about uncovered, in the open feeding; no fiddling to get yourself covered, no baby pulling it off half the time. Just baby and nipple, out in the sunshine.
I breastfeed. Exclusively. Not because I am against pumping or formula but because it’s just damn easier. As difficult as childbirth was made for women, the gift of being able to breastfeed truly makes up for it a little. There is no cost, no need for heating (or keeping it cool in storing), no washing up and the best part, it’s always readily available. I currently take the ‘all-guns-ablazing’ approach. If I’m going to feed in public I’m going to do it my way, comfortably without a cover. And for some reason (well beyond my knowledge) a lot of people think that this gift, of feeding my child whenever and wherever they become hungry is, wait for the grown-up word… gross.
Because nourishing a newly growing human being from the organs made to do exactly that is somehow right up there with the gross things of the world like picking your nose and godforbid eating it in public.
So gross that you’ll be judged with an updown glare from a 14 year old in a crop top smaller than your maternity bra while her mother suggests you “cover up because there are children around who don’t need to see it”. Children. Lady, you do realise children are fed this way right?
Freedom of speech is all good and well but freedom to feed comfortably also relevant. Just as relevant as every other pressing issue of the 21st century from misogyny to racism. Insecurity around feeding only leads to added stress and greater difficulty in completing the task in the first place, and insecurity comes from unnecessary glares and comments. We’ve got a right to have our boob out, just as you have a right to look away. Don’t make something natural and beautiful difficult and uncomfortable when it doesn’t need to be.
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Klassen
Klassen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ben Klassen (1918–1993), American white supremacist and founder of the religion Creativity
Cindy Klassen (born 1979), Canadian skater
Danny Klassen (born 1975), American-Canadian baseball player
Johann Peter Klassen (1889–1947), German-Canadian poet
Kenneth Klassen (born 1951), Canadian sex tourist
Kim Klassen (born 1968), American folk art painter
Linda Klassen, Canadian politician
Owen Klassen (born 1991), Canadian basketball player
Peter P. Klassen (born 1926), Paraguayan Mennonite historian
Sarah Klassen (born 1932), Canadian poet
Terry Klassen, Canadian voice actor and voice director
See also
Classen (surname)
Kelasen, a village in Sarawak, Malaysia, whose alternative name is Klassen
Klaassen
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About 1000 at Google San Francisco protest
04/11/2018
According to a report in The New York Times, more than 1,500 - a lot of them women - plan to walk out of nearly two dozen company offices around the world to protest Google's handling of sexual harassment and its workplace culture.
The Google Walkout account said there were also walkouts in London, Singapore, Tokyo, Zurich, Berlin and Haifa in Jerusalem.
The company reportedly found the claims against Rubin credible, but still gave him a 90 million dollar severance package in 2014.
The New York Times, which broke the Rubin story, also reported allegations of sexual misconduct against a number of other Google executives.
Soon after, Google Chief Executive Officer Sundar Pichai put out a statement that the company was taking a "hard line" on inappropriate conduct.
"I know some [female Google employees] have experienced" some type of sexism at the company, he said. Rubin denied the allegations in the article, which Google did not dispute.
The "Google Walkout For Real Change" campaign, which is using the hashtag @googlewalkout on Twitter, has shared photos online of mass walkouts at worldwide offices.
"I'm here because what you read in The New York Times are a small sampling of the thousands of stories we've all had", she said in a reference to workplace sexual misconduct and discrimination.
While Mr Pichai said the Rubin incident was from "a few years ago" and Google had changed, he said the company was "committed to doing better".
The treatment of female employees at Google was a contentious issue before the recent headlines.
In the same email, they revealed that the company has fired 48 employees for sexual harassment over the past two years.
Protestors are making formal demands to the tech giant's management, including a public sexual harassment transparency report, a clear process for safely and anonymously reporting misconduct and harassment, the appointment of an employee representative to the board of directors, and an express commitment to ending pay inequality.
Many Google employees were reluctant to speak to the press because they were advised not to. DeVaul is leaving without any exit package, according to a person familiar with the matter.
"It's time we stop congratulating ourselves just because it used to be so much worse", Google Engineering Manager Raymond Blum told CNBC.
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Immediately after Cormier's maiden 265lbs title defence, attention turned to the prospect of him have a trilogy fight with Jones. Weidman stunned Souza with a right that smashed the Brazilian's nose, making it spew blood for the remainder of the first round.
Israel and Saudi Arabia do not have diplomatic relations but share intelligence about their mutual enemies, especially Iran. What has his fiancée said? She described the "anguish" she experienced since his " brutal, barbaric and ruthless " death.
A video posted on social media showed the Duchess saying "oh my god, how are you?" after spotting her in the crowd. Meanwhile, Harry spotted a toddler wandering in front of the barriers and returned him to his parents.
The booking of the entire show was quite questionable, but at the end of the day, it was a historic and memorable show. WWE's "Crown Jewel" event streamed live on the WWE Network from 11 AM EST until late into the 3 PM hour.
Ten percent tariffs on US$200 billion in imports that took effect in September are due to increase to 25% on Jan 1. The telephone conversation on Thursday was Trump and Xi's first publicly disclosed call in six months.
Chongqing police say the female passenger was hitting the driver because she was upset after missing her stop. As the quarrel escalated the woman hit the driver on the head with her smartphone, the statement added.
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Alec Baldwin arrested after fight in New York City
Officials say the men were arguing and pushing each other before the 60-year-old Baldwin turned violent. In 1995 the actor allegedly assaulted a photographer for recording his then-wife Kim Basinger.
Israeli Airstrike Targets Group of Palestinians in Gaza
Hamas will also act on limiting the participants in the marches at a distance of 500 meters far from the border. The Israeli military claimed that the boys were involved in planting an explosive device adjacent to the fence.
Asian stocks rally as weaker yuan eases fear of more tariffs
On Monday, Trump repeated his assertion that China was not "not ready" to strike a deal to bring an end to the costly dispute. Ten percent tariffs on $200 billion in imports that took effect in September are due to increase to 25 percent on January 1.
IN children struck, killed by truck at bus stop
Effective November 1, 2018 Tippecanoe Valley School Corporation will relocate the bus stop on State Road 25 into the Meiser Park. Slocum said authorities were interviewing the driver, but that it was unclear if she would face charges in the deaths.
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The Resurrection as Apology and as Doctrine
I take this opportunity to answer a comment by our loyal opponent Pixie
So like the resurrection. The over-arching point here is that you are trying to support a claim that is highly unlikely. It is far more likely that the disciples were mistaken about the resurrection, and the accounts we have today are based on guesswork and scripture for the crucifixion itself, followed by decades of embellishment.I appreciate you see it differently, but you start from the assumption the resurrection happened, and filter everything through that. I do not. [1]
The thing that struck me the most about this comment is his assertion that I start with the assumption the resurrection happened. I have two responses for this. They will seem like contradictions but I think this points up the paradox of apologetic. On the one hand, my initial feeling was to respond: "of course I assume it happened because that assumption has made the biggest difference in my life.But on the other hand, I went with the assumption "no I don't assume Jesus rose from the dead because in apologetic argument I can't start from that assumption since it's what I want to eventually prove, even though I wasn't wasn't seeking to prove the Resurrection I was seeking to disprove the swoon but in the long run yes I guess all apologetical roads lead to Jerusalem and the empty tomb." So with apologetics in mind we sometimes must put our faith based assumptions on the back burner. That doesn't mean we can forget about them.
I never start apologetic arguments from the assumption that Jesus rose from the dead. In arguing against the swoon my only assumption is that he died. Pix said: "It is far more likely that the disciples were mistaken about the resurrection, and the accounts we have today are based on guesswork and scripture for the crucifixion itself, followed by decades of embellishment." Of course it is miracles are impossible by definition. In worldly terms it is far more likely there was no miracle. That doesn't disprove the resurrection it just proves there is no such thing as a sure thing.God doesn't deal in human likelihood that's why he works miracles. The point of apologetics is not to beat the unbeliever and force him to obey the logic of historical reality. That is not what it means to become a believer. No one obeys logic if it strikes against his will, no one changes his life because he lost an argument. The real purpose of apologetic is to clear away the clutter so people can hear God speaking to their hearts.
We use logic because we can't speak to their hearts the way the Holy Spirit does. If we can just get the logic in place they might be more apt to search more deeply and hear God.Speaking of logic what kind of sense does it make to assert the disciples were mistaken about the Resurrection? Of course the skepticism assuming there were no eye witnesses since the event didn't happen but that everyone in Jerusalem was willing to pool their possessions in a socialistic commune and lose the affections of their families on the basis of eye witnesses they never meet is stupid.Their mistake is "followed by decades of embellishment," according to pix. There weren't too many decades as we can date the writing to mid first century. I once summed up the importance of this point as follows: "There are a few assumptions that must be discussed up front. Why focus on writing if we can assume it was told orally first? Obviously whatever point at which the writing started, we can assume the material was orally transmitted before that point. Writing gives us a concrete means of pinning down a time frame." [2]
Helmutt Koester argues for an early date and pre Mark redaction of the passion narrative, meaning it was in place by mid century. It was the epiphanies of the resurrection that were added not the details of the empty tomb itself. Those post res sittings were not necessarily wrong. My feeling is that they had over item become emblematic of a lot more sightings that could not be recorded because they were diffused though many communities.
The account of the passion of Jesus must have developed quite early because it is one and the same account that was used by Mark (and subsequently by Matthew and Luke) and by John and as will be argued below by the Gospel of Peter, However except for the story of the discovery of the empty tomb, the different stories of the appearance of Jesus after his resurrection in the various Gospels cannot derive from one single source. They are independent of one another. Each of the authors of the extant gospels and of their secondary endings drew these epiphany stories from their own particular tradition, not from a common source.[3]
He also tells us "Studies of the passion narrative have shown that all gospels were dependent upon one and the same basic account of the suffering, crucifixion, death and burial of Jesus. But this account ended with the discovery of the empty tomb."[4] What he says in the quote above does not mean the accounts are false,only that they come from many sources.Such arguments offer a rational warrant for belief but they do not prove the Res. We can't prove the resurrection Pix thinks I try to but I do not, Proving is not the point. The point is negating disproof and promoting understanding. What we must understand is the importance of the doctrine that's far more important than seeking to prove to someone something they don't want to believe any way. The meaning of the doctrine is rebirth the power of God to change one's life, to give back the wasted hope.Notes[1] "Pixie," comet section,"My Answer to Bradley Bowen on Blood and Water" Cadre Comments blog (Sept 9,2019)https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=6363362&postID=2860490757540611478&isPopup=true (accessed 9.15.19)[2]Joseph Hinman, "Story of Empty Tomb Dated to Mid First Century (part 1), ' The Religious A priori, (2014)http://religiousapriorijesus-bible.blogspot.com/2010/05/story-of-empty-tomb-dated-to-mid-first.html(accessed 9.15.19)[3]Helmutt Koester, Ancient Christian Gospels, Their History and Development. Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1990, 220.[4] Ibid, 280.
Comments
No it is not. It is that non-miracles are far more likely than miracles.
Joe: In worldly terms it is far more likely there was no miracle. That doesn't disprove the resurrection it just proves there is no such thing as a sure thing.
Much better.
Joe: Speaking of logic what kind of sense does it make to assert the disciples were mistaken about the Resurrection? Of course the skepticism assuming there were no eye witnesses since the event didn't happen but that everyone in Jerusalem was willing to pool their possessions in a socialistic commune and lose the affections of their families on the basis of eye witnesses they never meet is stupid.
The disciples undoubtedly believed that Jesus was resurrected, and some, perhaps all, believed they had seen Jesus. On this we agree, and this is the basis for them pooling their possessions. Was that stupid?
Where we disagree is that I believe it is more probable that the disciples were mistaken.
Joe: Their mistake is "followed by decades of embellishment," according to pix. There weren't too many decades as we can date the writing to mid first century. I once summed up the importance of this point as follows: "There are a few assumptions that must be discussed up front. Why focus on writing if we can assume it was told orally first? Obviously whatever point at which the writing started, we can assume the material was orally transmitted before that point. Writing gives us a concrete means of pinning down a time frame."
We can look at the gospels and see the trajectory of embellishment in some instances. Joseph of Arimathea starts as a diligent Jew and member of the Sanhedrin, and by the time John is telling the story he is a secret Christian living in fear of the Sanhedrin. We can watch as Jesus' burial gets ever more elaborate with each re-telling. To claim there is no embellishment here is to close your eyes to the facts.
Mark and Matthew have Jesus going off to Galilee to meet the disciples there, making it highly likely ALL the Jerusalem appearances are just later fabrications.
The Empty Tomb is missing from 1 Cor 15, making it highly likely it too was an embellishment, albeit an earlier one.
Joe: He also tells us "Studies of the passion narrative have shown that all gospels were dependent upon one and the same basic account of the suffering, crucifixion, death and burial of Jesus. But this account ended with the discovery of the empty tomb."[4] What he says in the quote above does not mean the accounts are false,only that they come from many sources.
One source being the pre-Markan passion narrative, which around AD 50 to 60 had picked up the Empty Tomb, and the other sources being wishful thinking and imagination.
No it is not. It is that non-miracles are far more likely than miracles.
sounds like you don't understand what was said,
Joe: In worldly terms it is far more likely there was no miracle. That doesn't disprove the resurrection it just proves there is no such thing as a sure thing.
PxMuch better.
Joe: Speaking of logic what kind of sense does it make to assert the disciples were mistaken about the Resurrection? Of course the skepticism assuming there were no eye witnesses since the event didn't happen but that everyone in Jerusalem was willing to pool their possessions in a socialistic commune and lose the affections of their families on the basis of eye witnesses they never meet is stupid.
The disciples undoubtedly believed that Jesus was resurrected, and some, perhaps all, believed they had seen Jesus. On this we agree, and this is the basis for them pooling their possessions. Was that stupid?
no
Where we disagree is that I believe it is more probable that the disciples were mistaken.
that is where we differ
Joe: Their mistake is "followed by decades of embellishment," according to pix. There weren't too many decades as we can date the writing to mid first century. I once summed up the importance of this point as follows: "There are a few assumptions that must be discussed up front. Why focus on writing if we can assume it was told orally first? Obviously whatever point at which the writing started, we can assume the material was orally transmitted before that point. Writing gives us a concrete means of pinning down a time frame."
We can look at the gospels and see the trajectory of embellishment in some instances. Joseph of Arimathea starts as a diligent Jew and member of the Sanhedrin, and by the time John is telling the story he is a secret Christian living in fear of the Sanhedrin. We can watch as Jesus' burial gets ever more elaborate with each re-telling. To claim there is no embellishment here is to close your eyes to the facts.
That is not embellishment but better info, if the BD was really closer to Jesus than some others of his disciples he might have known better the secret disciple.
Mark and Matthew have Jesus going off to Galilee to meet the disciples there, making it highly likely ALL the Jerusalem appearances are just later fabrications.
why fabrications? why not just a set of sightings not known to the other group?
The Empty Tomb is missing from 1 Cor 15, making it highly likely it too was an embellishment, albeit an earlier one.
But the rsurrection is not "4 And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures" so what?
Joe: He also tells us "Studies of the passion narrative have shown that all gospels were dependent upon one and the same basic account of the suffering, crucifixion, death and burial of Jesus. But this account ended with the discovery of the empty tomb."[4] What he says in the quote above does not mean the accounts are false,only that they come from many sources.
One source being the pre-Markan passion narrative, which around AD 50 to 60 had picked up the Empty Tomb, and the other sources being wishful thinking and imagination.
We know the church was perching about the resurrection long before that. resurrection necessitates empty tom. That the tomb had not yet become a symbol of the event does not disprove it;s existence,
A tomb was venerated in Jerusalem as Christ's empty tomb, since the end of the first century (at least).
Strong Support for authentic Site of Jesus' Empty Tomb. Archaeology cannot yet identify with certainty the tomb of Christ, but here is strong evidence supporting the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as the original site. The site does date back to the fourth century when it was shown to Constantine. Bruce attests to the evidential support.(New Testament Documents) . More important confirmation comes from Gaalyah Cornfeld in Archaeology of The Bible Book By Book. Cornfeld tells us that from early times Christians reverenced the site, but it was desecrated when the Romans put up a statue of one of their gods. Jewish-Christians could no longer worship at the site for that reason, but they continued the knowledge of it until the time of Constantine when they were able to point him to it as the original site of the resurrection. Constantine put up a basilica over the original shrine, the Anastasis. Excavations by V. Corbo found a gold ring with the representation of the dome of the original shrine Anastasis. This indicates that this site was venerated by Christians in ancient times as the site of the resurrection. (and there is an empty tomb underneither it). (See Archaeology of The Bible: Book by Book, New York: Harper and Row, 1976, 271-2).
(4) No other competing burial traditions exist.
See my argument on No other versions.(5)The Polemic the Opposition Assumed Empty Tomb.
The opposotion never asserted that there was not a tomb. They first tried to argue that the deciples stole the body, that the guards were sleeping, but never that there was no tomb. If there was a tomb they certinly could not have asserted that there wasn't when everyone in the community knew there was.B. Why skpetics must deny the tomb
Given that we can trust the basic accounts, that we can trust that there was a tomb, there was a body, and the tomb was guarded by soliders:
The opposotion never asserted that there was not a tomb. They first tried to argue that the deciples stole the body, that the guards were sleeping, but never that there was no tomb. If there was a tomb they certinly could not have asserted that there wasn't when everyone in the community knew there was. Given that we can trust the basic accounts, that we can trust that there was a tomb, there was a body, and the tomb was guarded by soliders:1) How did they get the body past the guards?
The guards were there to prevent a theft of the body. IT meant death for a Roman soldier to sleep on duty. Matt. records that the High Priest offered the soldiers money to hush up their testimony and to make it right with their supirors so they would not be killed. Given the harsh penalty for sleeping, we may assume that they would not be asleep. Even if they were it would still be very difficult to get the body past the guards.
Joe: That is not embellishment but better info, if the BD was really closer to Jesus than some others of his disciples he might have known better the secret disciple.
You know that how? Are you claiming that John had better information about Joseph, and Mark was wrong when he said Joseph was in the Sanhedrin?
The passion narrative was probably circulating within a few years, presumably including the bit about Joseph being a member of the Sanhedrin. Your position is that over the course of forty year, no one in the community noticed the mistake in the narrative. None of the early Christians living in Jerusalem noticed that actually Joseph of Arimathea was not a member of the Jewish ruling council, but actually was one of them?
When I say none of them, I mean all but the BD, of course. He knew Joseph of Arimathea was a Christian, and not a member of the Sanhedrin, but chose not to enlighten anyone else until he was writing his own gospel.
Do you honestly find that plausible? I know I do not.
Joe: why fabrications? why not just a set of sightings not known to the other group?
Because Mark clearly has never heard of the Jerusalem sightings (or at least, any sightings before Jesus is seen in Galilee).
Mark 16:6 “Don’t be alarmed,” he said. “You are looking for Jesus the Nazarene, who was crucified. He has risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid him. 7 But go, tell his disciples and Peter, ‘He is going ahead of you into Galilee. There you will see him, just as he told you.’”
Again, it is just not plausible that Mark had not heard of the events described in John - if they actually happened.
Joe: But the rsurrection is not "4 And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures" so what?
Right. Their belief in the resurrection was a mistake. The Empty Tomb was a later embellishment.
Joe: We know the church was perching about the resurrection long before that. resurrection necessitates empty tom. That the tomb had not yet become a symbol of the event does not disprove it;s existence,
No it does not. Paul is very clear in 1 Cor 15 that Jesus got a new heavenly body, that the worldly body is just not good enough. Paul clearly believed Jesus was resurrected in a new body, one the resembled a bright shining light, as described in Daniel and as he reportedly saw on the Road to Damascus.
No Empty Tomb required. No Empty Tomb reported.
Joe: More important confirmation comes from Gaalyah Cornfeld in Archaeology of The Bible Book By Book. Cornfeld tells us that from early times Christians reverenced the site, but it was desecrated when the Romans put up a statue of one of their gods.
What is the evidence that "from early times Christians reverenced the site"?
Joe: Given that we can trust the basic accounts, that we can trust that there was a tomb, there was a body, and the tomb was guarded by soliders:
YOU trust the basic accounts because YOU start from the assumption that the accounts are true!
Joe: The opposotion never asserted that there was not a tomb. They first tried to argue that the deciples stole the body, that the guards were sleeping, but never that there was no tomb.
The opposition being those opposed to Christianity between about AD 70, when Mark was written, and AD 80 when Matthew was written, so after Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans. We do not know what the Jews in Jerusalem were saying prior to Mark, and really there may not have been much opposition. Originally, Christianity was just another Jewish sect, one of many. It may not have had opponents in the same way. It was later, as it gained gentile followers that it became opposed by other Jews.
Joe: That is not embellishment but better info, if the BD was really closer to Jesus than some others of his disciples he might have known better the secret disciple.
You know that how? Are you claiming that John had better information about Joseph, and Mark was wrong when he said Joseph was in the Sanhedrin?
If the BF was Beloved,close to Jesus. Mark was not there. John does not deny that Joseph of A was in the Sanhedrin neither do I,that;s no problem he could be a secret follower of Jesus.
The passion narrative was probably circulating within a few years, presumably including the bit about Joseph being a member of the Sanhedrin. Your position is that over the course of forty year, no one in the community noticed the mistake in the narrative. None of the early Christians living in Jerusalem noticed that actually Joseph of Arimathea was not a member of the Jewish ruling council, but actually was one of them?
what makes you think he wasn't?
When I say none of them, I mean all but the BD, of course. He knew Joseph of Arimathea was a Christian, and not a member of the Sanhedrin, but chose not to enlighten anyone else until he was writing his own gospel.
I still don't see why he could not be broth. Disciple not Christian. No christians yet,
Do you honestly find that plausible? I know I do not.
still going by that antiquated authorship idea. The leader of the community probably told the community about J of A from the beginning. It didn't become important until the point in the development of the narrate where that fact had to be spelled out. The narrative does spell out his secret follower status
Joe: why fabrications? why not just a set of sightings not known to the other group?
Because Mark clearly has never heard of the Jerusalem sightings (or at least, any sightings before Jesus is seen in Galilee).
we don't know that we don't have the ending.
Mark 16:6 “Don’t be alarmed,” he said. “You are looking for Jesus the Nazarene, who was crucified. He has risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid him. 7 But go, tell his disciples and Peter, ‘He is going ahead of you into Galilee. There you will see him, just as he told you.’”
Again, it is just not plausible that Mark had not heard of the events described in John - if they actually happened.
Yes it is.The Gospel of Mark written in 70 in Rome, or Galilee. John was was written in Ephesus around 90-100 but its teaching began in Jerusalem. Both confined to their communities,. That fact would not have been important.
Joe: But the rsurrection is not "4 And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures" so what?
Right. Their belief in the resurrection was a mistake. The Empty Tomb was a later embellishment.
Bull shit! Koester and Crsson both date empty tomb to mid first century.
Joe: We know the church was perching about the resurrection long before that. resurrection necessitates empty tom. That the tomb had not yet become a symbol of the event does not disprove it;s existence,
PX:No it does not. Paul is very clear in 1 Cor 15 that Jesus got a new heavenly body, that the worldly body is just not good enough. Paul clearly believed Jesus was resurrected in a new body, one the resembled a bright shining light, as described in Daniel and as he reportedly saw on the Road to Damascus.
Look no one ever understood that passage that way until the internet, it has only been since the late 20th century I don't think you will find many scholars supporting it.
No Empty Tomb required. No Empty Tomb reported.
horse manure, it is required. if he had been thrown on the trash heap he would have been eaten by dogs the first night,
Joe: More important confirmation comes from Gaalyah Cornfeld in Archaeology of The Bible Book By Book. Cornfeld tells us that from early times Christians reverenced the site, but it was desecrated when the Romans put up a statue of one of their gods.
What is the evidence that "from early times Christians reverenced the site"?
Writings of Jewish Christians and pilgrims from west. the bar Kaba rebellion got the Jews kicked out of Jerusalem 135 the Jewish Christian told incoming gentiles where the sight was.
Joe: Given that we can trust the basic accounts, that we can trust that there was a tomb, there was a body, and the tomb was guarded by soliders:
Pix: YOU trust the basic accounts because YOU start from the assumption that the accounts are true!
Joe: The opposition never asserted that there was not a tomb. They first tried to argue that the deciples stole the body, that the guards were sleeping, but never that there was no tomb.
The opposition being those opposed to Christianity between about AD 70, when Mark was written, and AD 80 when Matthew was written, so after Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans.
wring no opposition before modern times
We do not know what the Jews in Jerusalem were saying prior to Mark, and really there may not have been much opposition.
Yes we do. Pauline epistles written from 52-64
Originally, Christianity was just another Jewish sect, one of many. It may not have had opponents in the same way. It was later, as it gained gentile followers that it became opposed by other Jews.
empty tomb has been preached since mid first century AD 50 according to Koester and Crossin
Joe: If the BF was Beloved,close to Jesus. Mark was not there. John does not deny that Joseph of A was in the Sanhedrin neither do I,that;s no problem he could be a secret follower of Jesus.
It is not just that Mark was not there. You are implying that the entire community was ignorant of the fact that Joseph of Arimathea was one of that community for forty years!
I find that implausible.
John claims Joseph "feared the Jewish leaders", which would be odd if he was one of them.
John 19:38 Later, Joseph of Arimathea asked Pilate for the body of Jesus. Now Joseph was a disciple of Jesus, but secretly because he feared the Jewish leaders.
Joe: still going by that antiquated authorship idea. The leader of the community probably told the community about J of A from the beginning. It didn't become important until the point in the development of the narrate where that fact had to be spelled out. The narrative does spell out his secret follower status
If Joseph was a disciple, then he was part of that community. How could Mark NOT know he was a disciple?
Joe: we don't know that we don't have the ending.
But we do have Mark saying that Jesus had gone on a head to Galilee.
Joe: Yes it is.The Gospel of Mark written in 70 in Rome, or Galilee. John was was written in Ephesus around 90-100 but its teaching began in Jerusalem. Both confined to their communities,. That fact would not have been important.
So you actually think it plausible that in forty years of living in the Christian community Mark never heard the disciples discuss the first time they saw the risen Jesus in the room in Jerusalem? Do you think Mark's community had no communication with any of the original disciples? In forty years?
Which would be AD 50, perfectly compatible with my claim that the Empty Tomb was a later embellishment.
Joe: Look no one ever understood that passage that way until the internet, it has only been since the late 20th century I don't think you will find many scholars supporting it.
Or the church did its best to suppress anything suggesting the passage be understood that way until the internet.
Most scholars are committed Christians, so of course they tow the party line. But you only have to read what it actually says.
Joe: horse manure, it is required. if he had been thrown on the trash heap he would have been eaten by dogs the first night,
As Crossan believes of course.
The Roman's would not have allowed an honourable burial for an executed rebel leader. The body would go on the trash heap or, at best, buried in a communal grave as required by Jewish custom. Anything beyond that is wishful thinking and embellishment.
The early Christians believed Jesus was resurrected in a new body. That is what Daniel describes. That is what Paul saw. Mark is neutral on it. It is only by the time of Matthew and Luke that it changes.
Joe: Writings of Jewish Christians and pilgrims from west. the bar Kaba rebellion got the Jews kicked out of Jerusalem 135 the Jewish Christian told incoming gentiles where the sight was.
And the evidence is?
Joe: Yes we do. Pauline epistles written from 52-64
So what did he say about non-Christian Jews?
Joe: empty tomb has been preached since mid first century AD 50 according to Koester and Crossin
Joe: If the BF was Beloved,close to Jesus. Mark was not there. John does not deny that Joseph of A was in the Sanhedrin neither do I,that;s no problem he could be a secret follower of Jesus.
Pix:It is not just that Mark was not there. You are implying that the entire community was ignorant of the fact that Joseph of Arimathea was one of that community for forty years!
you are conjecturing, we do not it know anything about him, He could have died the next day for all we know. The Gospels do not contradict each other,. They disclose different information but not contradictory information about him,they don;t say he was not one of the community
I find that implausible.read what they really say about him rather than your own conjecture,
Pix:John claims Joseph "feared the Jewish leaders", which would be odd if he was one of them.
not at all. He was not the most important leader he didn't have the power to oppose the high priest,
John 19:38 Later, Joseph of Arimathea asked Pilate for the body of Jesus. Now Joseph was a disciple of Jesus, but secretly because he feared the Jewish leaders.
Joe: still going by that antiquated authorship idea. The leader of the community probably told the community about J of A from the beginning. It didn't become important until the point in the development of the narrate where that fact had to be spelled out. The narrative does spell out his secret follower status
Px:If Joseph was a disciple, then he was part of that community. How could Mark NOT know he was a disciple?
false assumption, He is a member of an abstract set that doesn't put him in touch.
Joe: we don't know that we don't have the ending.
Px:But we do have Mark saying that Jesus had gone on a head to Galilee.
Been thorough this before,consult our former discussion
Joe: Yes it is.The Gospel of Mark written in 70 in Rome, or Galilee. John was was written in Ephesus around 90-100 but its teaching began in Jerusalem. Both confined to their communities. That fact would not have been important.
So you actually think it plausible that in forty years of living in the Christian community Mark never heard the disciples discuss the first time they saw the risen Jesus in the room in Jerusalem? Do you think Mark's community had no communication with any of the original disciples? In forty years?
if you want re open the great resurrection debate we had beore I;'ll post that next time,
Px:Which would be AD 50, perfectly compatible with my claim that the Empty Tomb was a later embellishment.
The problem with that is they didn't just make it up for that fisrt document one thinks that AD 50 is the dater for the writing meaning it was in oral tradition before that, That pushes it back to the early times.
Joe: Look no one ever understood that passage that way until the internet, it has only been since the late 20th century I don't think you will find many scholars supporting it.
Joe:Or the church did its best to suppress anything suggesting the passage be understood that way until the internet.
suppressed it how? The fact that no one supported your reading is not evidence it was suppressed! That's like saying no evidence isthe best evidence.
PX:Most scholars are committed Christians, so of course they tow the party line. But you only have to read what it actually says.
Rationalization for unsupported view!
Joe: horse manure, it is required. if he had been thrown on the trash heap he would have been eaten by dogs the first night,
As Crossan believes of course.
which doesn't explain anything
PXThe Roman's would not have allowed an honorable burial for an executed rebel leader.
conjecture, assertion not in evidence.Contradicted by facts
The body would go on the trash heap or, at best, buried in a communal grave as required by Jewish custom. Anything beyond that is wishful thinking and embellishment.
Josephus received the bodies of his friends from the cross no evidence the one's who died were not allowed to be burred. we also have a crucified body found in a tomb.
The early Christians believed Jesus was resurrected in a new body. That is what Daniel describes. That is what Paul saw. Mark is neutral on it. It is only by the time of Matthew and Luke that it changes.
there is no evidence of that belief none at all, it contradicts Thomas testimony of placing his fingers in the nail prints:
Joe: Writings of Jewish Christians and pilgrims from west. the bar Kaba rebellion got the Jews kicked out of Jerusalem 135 the Jewish Christian told incoming gentiles where the sight was.
And the evidence is?
Joe: Yes we do. Pauline epistles written from 52-64
So what did he say about non-Christian Jews?
Joe: empty tomb has been preached since mid first century AD 50 according to Koester and Crossin
The ResurrectionAn Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of Jesus$Users Without A Subscription Are Not Able To See The Full Content.The Resurrection: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of JesusStephen T. Davis, Daniel Kendall, and Gerald O'CollinsPrint publication date: 1998
Print ISBN-13: 9780198269854
Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: November 2003
DOI: 10.1093/0198269854.001.0001
John Dominic Crossan's reconstruction of the events of Easter is based upon idiosyncratic presuppositions concerning sources and methodology, which would not be accepted by any other major NT critic. Concerning Jesus’ burial, Crossan is unable to make a plausible case for regarding Mark's account as historicized prophecy, nor does he render doubtful the historicity of Joseph of Arimathea's role in the burial. With respect to the empty tomb, Crossan fails to sustain his hypothesis that the Markan account is rooted in the Gospel of Peter and that the female dramatis personae are residue from the prior Secret Gospel of Mark. Crossan is largely silent concerning the appearances traditions, adopting the long‐refuted interpretation of the appearance stories as legitimations of authority. Finally, Crossan is unable to provide any convincing explanation of the origin of the disciples’ belief in Jesus’ resurrection.
Pix: It is not just that Mark was not there. You are implying that the entire community was ignorant of the fact that Joseph of Arimathea was one of that community for forty years!
Joe: you are conjecturing, we do not it know anything about him, He could have died the next day for all we know. The Gospels do not contradict each other,. They disclose different information but not contradictory information about him,they don;t say he was not one of the community
Mark describes Joseph as a member of the Sanhedrin that had unanimously condemned Jesus. It is a pretty safe bet that Mark was unaware that Joseph was supposedly a Christian. As you often say, the gospels were the product of the community, so it necessarily follows that the entire Christian community up to around AD 70 were not aware Joseph was a member of that community!
In response you have your own [i]conjecture[/i] that Joseph promptly died after getting Jesus down from the cross. That is possible, I accept, but still does not explain why the entire community was ignorant of him being a Christian, and yet somehow the information emerges more than forty years later!
Have you considered the theological implications of Joseph dying immediately after doing this vital work for God? Sure, Judas died after betraying Jesus, but Joseph after putting him in a fancy tomb?
It is FAR more likely that Joseph was never a Christian, and this was made up later - some time after Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans, and its veracity could not be checked.
Joe: not at all. He was not the most important leader he didn't have the power to oppose the high priest,
As a member of the Sanhedrin, he was one of the Jewish leaders. One of the people John claims he was afraid of.
Joe: false assumption, He is a member of an abstract set that doesn't put him in touch.
Joe: The problem with that is they didn't just make it up for that fisrt document one thinks that AD 50 is the dater for the writing meaning it was in oral tradition before that, That pushes it back to the early times.
Can you quote Koester or Crossan saying that? Or is it just wishful thinking on your part?
We DO know the Empty Tomb was not part of the narrative Paul was aware of around AD 50.
Joe: suppressed it how? The fact that no one supported your reading is not evidence it was suppressed! That's like saying no evidence isthe best evidence.
In the first few centuries AD there were numerous theories about Jesus that later became consider heresies. Surely you must be aware of that?https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology
Joe: conjecture, assertion not in evidence.Contradicted by facts
The facts are:
- Crucifixion was supposed to thoroughly dishonour the victim- It was usual practice to leave the body on the cross to rot- Jesus was executed as a rebel leader, a threat to the Roman state
The Romans wanted Jesus executed in the most dishonourable way. It makes no sense to suppose they changed their minds, and decided actually he could be buried honourably, as that would potentially encourage others to follow his example. We know Jews of that time were happy to be martyrs (some of them anyway); giving such martyrs a dishonourable burial would have been a step to discourage that. Allowing the dead to be buried with full honours positively encourages martyrs!
I appreciate it is likely Jesus was buried, but that was to keep the peace, as per Jewish tradition, and Jewish tradition only required the body to be buried, not to be buried honourably.
And I also appreciate Josephus wrote about getting some friend down from crosses, but that was to save them, and more importantly, they were not rebel LEADERS, they were not being proclaimed as the King of the Jews, the man who would leader the Jews to overthrow the Romans.
Joe: there is no evidence of that belief none at all, it contradicts Thomas testimony of placing his fingers in the nail prints:
So one bit of the Bible contradicts another! Hardly a surprise. Paul wrote what he believed, that Jesus was resurrected in a new body, as the prototype for the general resurrection that would apply to all the righteous within a generation. The author of John wrote what he believed, that Jesus was part of the godhead and was resurrected uniquely in his original body.
Joe: that is not proof: that's his problem
You cite Crossan for a mid-century date for the Empty Tomb. That Crossan thinks the Empty Tomb was made up proves it plausible for the Empty Tomb to have been made up and yet still part of the narrative by mid-century.
If you want to reject Crossan's view, then you loose half your scholarly support.
Anonymous said...Pix: It is not just that Mark was not there. You are implying that the entire community was ignorant of the fact that Joseph of Arimathea was one of that community for forty years!
Joe: you are conjecturing, we do not it know anything about him, He could have died the next day for all we know. The Gospels do not contradict each other,. They disclose different information but not contradictory information about him,they don;t say he was not one of the community
Mark describes Joseph as a member of the Sanhedrin that had unanimously condemned Jesus. It is a pretty safe bet that Mark was unaware that Joseph was supposedly a Christian. As you often say, the gospels were the product of the community, so it necessarily follows that the entire Christian community up to around AD 70 were not aware Joseph was a member of that community!
there as not one unanimous Christian community. Mark was produced in Rome (or Syria some think) and John in Jerusalem and Ephesus. Those were separate communities. they both knew Joseph of Aremathea but John being an eye witness and Mark not one John was a better position to know that he was secret follower. To Mark he was just a guy who lent a tomb.Ray Brown believed Joseph of A was not a disciple but just lent the tomb to save the holy day.
In response you have your own [i]conjecture[/i] that Joseph promptly died after getting Jesus down from the cross. That is possible, I accept, but still does not explain why the entire community was ignorant of him being a Christian, and yet somehow the information emerges more than forty years later!
I didn't say that,I don't think he died so soon, I said he could have. we don;'t know. Another possibility that Mark din't want to reveal the secret because he was still on the Sanhedrin,John was writing a lot latter. AD 90s.He was dead.
Have you considered the theological implications of Joseph dying immediately after doing this vital work for God? Sure, Judas died after betraying Jesus, but Joseph after putting him in a fancy tomb?
do you not know the word "hypothetical?" Do you get the concept? Has the British school system declined that far?
It is FAR more likely that Joseph was never a Christian, and this was made up later - some time after Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans, and its veracity could not be checked.
ok. what does that do to my over all argument?
Joe: not at all. He was not the most important leader he didn't have the power to oppose the high priest,
As a member of the Sanhedrin, he was one of the Jewish leaders. One of the people John claims he was afraid of.
That is not at all unrealistic. just imagine a republican congressman today who really secretly feels that health care is good and the boarder wall is a waste of money he would be free to say that publicly It would hurt his chances of reelection. You over estimate the power of the average member of the Sanhedrin.
Joe: false assumption, He is a member of an abstract set that doesn't put him in touch.
Anonymous Anonymous said...Joe: The problem with that is they didn't just make it up for that first document one thinks that AD 50 is the date for the writing meaning it was in oral tradition before that, That pushes it back to the early times.
Can you quote Koester or Crossan saying that? Or is it just wishful thinking on your part?
I have quoted them many times
Me quoting Koester: " Jurgen Denker argues that the Gospel of Peter shares this tradition of OT quotation with the Canonicals but is not dependent upon them.[11] Koester writes, "John Dominic Crosson has gone further [than Denker]...he argues that this activity results in the composition of a literary document at a very early date i.e. in the middle of the First century CE" (Ibid). Said another way, the interpretation of Scripture as the formation of the passion narrative became an independent document, a ur-Gospel, as early as the middle of the first century![12]"
another direct quote from Koester: ".Studies of the passion narrative have shown that all gospels were dependent upon one and the same basic account of the suffering, crucifixion, death and burial of Jesus. But this account ended with the discovery of the empty tomb."
We DO know the Empty Tomb was not part of the narrative Paul was aware of around AD 50.
No we don't. Just because it had not become emblematic of the event as it is now doesn't mean it wasn't part of the event. He rose from someplace, if he was entombed than resurrection means empty tomb.
Joe: suppressed it how? The fact that no one supported your reading is not evidence it was suppressed! That's like saying no evidence is the best evidence.
In the first few centuries AD there were numerous theories about Jesus that later became consider heresies. Surely you must be aware of that?https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology
none of them entailed the swoon theory
Joe: conjecture, assertion not in evidence.Contradicted by facts
The facts are:
- Crucifixion was supposed to thoroughly dishonour the victim- It was usual practice to leave the body on the cross to rot- Jesus was executed as a rebel leader, a threat to the Roman state
we have historical example of Crucifixion victims being buried, we have archaeological evidence of same.
The Romans wanted Jesus executed in the most dishonourable way.
no. Pilate said "I find no fault in him." they were humoring the Jews,
It makes no sense to suppose they changed their minds, and decided actually he could be buried honourably, as that would potentially encourage others to follow his example.
you are confusing the ostensible charge with the reality of the case, the real reasons for things were probably motivations fir Luke's account.
We know Jews of that time were happy to be martyrs (some of them anyway); giving such martyrs a dishonorable burial would have been a step to discourage that. Allowing the dead to be buried with full honors positively encourages martyrs!
No evidence the Romans felt threatened by Jesus followers. they were appeasing the Jewish power structure, the Sanhedrin were the one's threatened by him.
I appreciate it is likely Jesus was buried, but that was to keep the peace, as per Jewish tradition, and Jewish tradition only required the body to be buried, not to be buried honourably.
BS honorable is the only way. Being burred properly is Honorable. that doesn't mean gold stars it means the right way.
And I also appreciate Josephus wrote about getting some friend down from crosses, but that was to save them, and more importantly, they were not rebel LEADERS, they were not being proclaimed as the King of the Jews, the man who would leader the Jews to overthrow the Romans.
No evidence the Romans saw Jesus as a rebel leader, they saw him as a religious nut.Joe's freids were charged with rebellion
Joe: there is no evidence of that belief none at all, it contradicts Thomas testimony of placing his fingers in the nail prints:
So one bit of the Bible contradicts another!
The Bible never says Jesus switched bodies. you just assert that;s what it means it does not say it,
Hardly a surprise. Paul wrote what he believed, that Jesus was resurrected in a new body,
Nope he did not.
as the prototype for the general resurrection that would apply to all the righteous within a generation. The author of John wrote what he believed, that Jesus was part of the godhead and was resurrected uniquely in his original body.
nothing in bible says we switch to another body.
Joe: that is not proof: that's his problem
You cite Crossan for a mid-century date for the Empty Tomb. That Crossan thinks the Empty Tomb was made up proves it plausible for the Empty Tomb to have been made up and yet still part of the narrative by mid-century.
because a guy in the 20th century thinks the tomb was made up early it proves it was made up?
If you want to reject Crossan's view, then you loose half your scholarly support.
Nope the material I quoted yesterday says the majority of scholars disagree with Crosson. Besides no scholar will say scholarly consensus is proof,
Joe: there as not one unanimous Christian community. Mark was produced in Rome (or Syria some think) and John in Jerusalem and Ephesus. Those were separate communities. they both knew Joseph of Aremathea but John being an eye witness and Mark not one John was a better position to know that he was secret follower. To Mark he was just a guy who lent a tomb.Ray Brown believed Joseph of A was not a disciple but just lent the tomb to save the holy day.
So you think these communities immediately split up and went there separate ways, never to talk again? Of course not! We know from Paul that the various communities were in contact with each other.
Do you think John was at the Council of Jerusalem, for example?
After the destruction of Jerusalem the Christian communities likely became spread out and isolated, but up to that point, it is highly likely that the "pillars of Christianity", James, John and Peter, were living in Jerusalem (James until his execution anyway).
When you stop to think about what actually happened, the idea that the community of Christians living in Jerusalem were not aware that Joseph of Arimathea was also a Christian is ludicrous.
Joe: I didn't say that,I don't think he died so soon, I said he could have. we don;'t know.
You claimed he could have died soon after getting Jesus down from the cross. Are you still claiming that that is plausible? If so, then you need to address my comments. If you have abandoned that, we can move on.
You do not get to have it both ways. You cannot just ignore my points because "we don;'t know" and still claim it is a possibility.
Joe: Another possibility that Mark din't want to reveal the secret because he was still on the Sanhedrin,John was writing a lot latter. AD 90s.He was dead.
That is rather more reasonable.
Joe: do you not know the word "hypothetical?" Do you get the concept? Has the British school system declined that far?
Ah, I see., I thought you were proposing it as a plausible scenario. If you are merely saying it was hypothetical, then fair enough.
Joe: ok. what does that do to my over all argument?
It means Joseph was doing what he routinely did with crucifixion victims; getting them off the cross and chucking them into a mass grave.
Joe: certain people knew and they wound up in the John community
And what guarantee do we have that they were right?
Pix: We DO know the Empty Tomb was not part of the narrative Paul was aware of around AD 50.
Joe: No we don't. Just because it had not become emblematic of the event as it is now doesn't mean it wasn't part of the event. He rose from someplace, if he was entombed than resurrection means empty tomb.
I did not say event, I said narrative. The narrative is in 1 Cor 15, and the Empty Tomb is not part of it. Therefore the Empty Tomb was not part of the narrative when 1 Cor 15 was written.
Of course, that does make it highly likely it was not part of the event.
Joe: none of them entailed the swoon theory
We are not talking about the swoon theory now. Paul and Mark likely believed in Adoptionism; Paul believe God adopted Jesus as his son at the resurrection, Mark believing it happened at Jesus' baptism. They saw Jesus as the prototype of the coming resurrection, the "first fruits" as Paul says.
Joe: The Bible never says Jesus switched bodies. you just assert that;s what it means it does not say it,
Read 1 Cor 15. Half the chapter says exactly that.
Joe: because a guy in the 20th century thinks the tomb was made up early it proves it was made up?
Because a couple of guys in the 20th century think the tomb was written about mid first century that means it is true?
Joe: we have historical example of Crucifixion victims being buried, we have archaeological evidence of same.
Any such example for someone executed for insurrection against Rome, as a rebel LEADER?
Joe: no. Pilate said "I find no fault in him." they were humoring the Jews,
Sure, and if it says it in the Bible, then it must have happened...
Back in the real world, we know Jesus was executed for insurrection against Rome because he was crucified. The Jews were free to execute their own - and they did just that with James a few years later.
The Bible itself tells us why Jesus was executed:
Mark 15:25 It was nine in the morning when they crucified him. 26 The written notice of the charge against him read: the King of the Jews.
He was executed because he claimed to be (or was proclaimed) king of the jews, and that was treason against Roman.
What we see in John, with "I find no fault in him" is gentile Christians wanting to shift the blame from the Romans to the Jews. Kind of odd for John to do, given he was Jewish, but pretty much what we would expect of a gentile community wanting to distance itself from the Jews.
Joe: you are confusing the ostensible charge with the reality of the case, the real reasons for things were probably motivations fir Luke's account.
You are confusing reality for the story the gentile gospel writers promoted.
Joe: No evidence the Romans felt threatened by Jesus followers. they were appeasing the Jewish power structure, the Sanhedrin were the one's threatened by him.
The Jews of that time were awaiting a messiah to lead them to greatness. Anyone claiming to be that messiah potentially threatened Rome.
We know the Jews were ready to revolt at the least excuse; they did so in AD 6 and again in AD 66.
Further, we know from the Bible that Jesus was proclaimed as the messiah by the masses.
Mark 11:8 Many people spread their cloaks on the road, while others spread branches they had cut in the fields. 9 Those who went ahead and those who followed shouted,“Hosanna![a]”“Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!”[b]10 “Blessed is the coming kingdom of our father David!”“Hosanna in the highest heaven!”
It may be that Jesus intended no violence, but just his presence in the city could provoke riots. Also, we know he was charged with claiming to be the messiah - i.e., the King of the Jesus, because Mark 15:26 says exactly that.
Further, if the Jewish power structure wanted Jesus dead, they could have had him stoned to death. They did not need to involve the Romans, and undoubtedly would have preferred not too. For one thing, the Passover was quickly approaching, and we know for a fact they would not want a corpse up on the cross at that time. It would make far more sense to have Jesus stoned to death and deal with the body themselves.
Joe: BS honorable is the only way. Being burred properly is Honorable. that doesn't mean gold stars it means the right way.
We have gone through this before. The Jews only had to get the body covered to obey their customs. That is all Joseph cared about. Throwing the body in a communal grave is fine.
The idea that Jesus was buried honourably was a later invention, and we can see that getting ever more elaborate as time passes.
Me quoting Koester: " Jurgen Denker argues that the Gospel of Peter shares this tradition of OT quotation with the Canonicals but is not dependent upon them.[11] Koester writes, "John Dominic Crosson has gone further [than Denker]...he argues that this activity results in the composition of a literary document at a very early date i.e. in the middle of the First century CE" (Ibid). Said another way, the interpretation of Scripture as the formation of the passion narrative became an independent document, a ur-Gospel, as early as the middle of the first century![12]"
another direct quote from Koester: ".Studies of the passion narrative have shown that all gospels were dependent upon one and the same basic account of the suffering, crucifixion, death and burial of Jesus. But this account ended with the discovery of the empty tomb."
Your claim about Koester is entirely wrong. He does say Crossan uses the Gospel of Peter as a basis for Crossan's argument, but the Koester goes on to say that he disagrees woith Crossan in this regard, Line six of page 219 is "There are three major problems regarding this hypothesis." He goes on to detail those problems, without giving any suggestion that they can be resolved.
Also worth noting about half way down page 220, he says "Both Denker and Crossan have contributed substantially to a better understanding of the passion narrative by demonstrating how it was developed through scripturasl interpretation." Hmm, so the text is based on OT verses, not eye witness accounts... That kind of flies in the face of your claims.
On page 231 we read: "Studies of the passion narrative have shown that all gospels were dependent upon one and he same basic account of the suffering, crucifixion, death and burial of Jesus." He does say this included the Empty Tomb, but does not indicate when that might date from. However, the interesting point is that he does NOT consider John to be an independent witness (at least, not with regards to the passion).
So of the two scholars you cite, we have Crossan who believes the Empty Tomb was made up and Koester who believes the passion narrative in John is based on the same single account as the rest of the gospels, and both Koester and Crossan believe that that account developed from scripture.
Joe: there as not one unanimous Christian community. Mark was produced in Rome (or Syria some think) and John in Jerusalem and Ephesus. Those were separate communities. they both knew Joseph of Aremathea but John being an eye witness and Mark not one John was a better position to know that he was secret follower. To Mark he was just a guy who lent a tomb.Ray Brown believed Joseph of A was not a disciple but just lent the tomb to save the holy day.
PxSo you think these communities immediately split up and went there separate ways, never to talk again? Of course not! We know from Paul that the various communities were in contact with each other.
there is no contradiction between the synoptic take on Joseph of A and John, it;s just a matter of more information from John
Do you think John was at the Council of Jerusalem, for example?
I don't know but I don't think he was the BD
After the destruction of Jerusalem the Christian communities likely became spread out and isolated, but up to that point, it is highly likely that the "pillars of Christianity", James, John and Peter, were living in Jerusalem (James until his execution anyway).
John didn't wright the gospel
When you stop to think about what actually happened, the idea that the community of Christians living in Jerusalem were not aware that Joseph of Arimathea was also a Christian is ludicrous.
the synoptic do not say either way
Joe: I didn't say that,I don't think he died so soon, I said he could have. we don;'t know.
You claimed he could have died soon after getting Jesus down from the cross. Are you still claiming that that is plausible? If so, then you need to address my comments. If you have abandoned that, we can move on.
I am saying we don't know anything about him I am not saying he definitely died soon after,
You do not get to have it both ways. You cannot just ignore my points because "we don;'t know" and still claim it is a possibility.
try reading the words
Joe: Another possibility that Mark din't want to reveal the secret because he was still on the Sanhedrin,John was writing a lot latter. AD 90s.He was dead.
Px: That is rather more reasonable.
duh
Joe: do you not know the word "hypothetical?" Do you get the concept? Has the British school system declined that far?
Ah, I see., I thought you were proposing it as a plausible scenario. If you are merely saying it was hypothetical, then fair enough.
Joe: we have historical example of Crucifixion victims being buried, we have archaeological evidence of same.
Any such example for someone executed for insurrection against Rome, as a rebel LEADER?
It's obvious the Romans did not make a big deal out of Jesus as some dangerous rebel. there reasons:
(1) Had they done so the gospel would not have been able to portray such that Pilate's wife tells him :have nothing to do with executing this righteous man
(2) Pilate would not have been able to say I find no fault in this man
(3)the gospels would not have tried to sell that version,
Joe: no. Pilate said "I find no fault in him." they were humoring the Jews,
Sure, and if it says it in the Bible, then it must have happened...
you think they have no sense of what they could reasonably claim?
Back in the real world, we know Jesus was executed for insurrection against Rome because he was crucified. The Jews were free to execute their own - and they did just that with James a few years later.
that contradicts your poison that the crucifixion victim we found in a tomb was just a regular criminal. It is not true that anyone countrified was automatically a political enemy of Rome. But they could trump it up that way without being ravenous about getting him ,it was to please the Sanhedrin,
The Bible itself tells us why Jesus was executed:
Mark 15:25 It was nine in the morning when they crucified him. 26 The written notice of the charge against him read: the King of the Jews.
He was executed because he claimed to be (or was proclaimed) king of the Jews, and that was treason against Roman.
the Trumped up charge they could not say "this guy is killed to please our allies the Sanhedrin because he threatens their power."
What we see in John, with "I find no fault in him" is gentile Christians wanting to shift the blame from the Romans to the Jews. Kind of odd for John to do, given he was Jewish, but pretty much what we would expect of a gentile community wanting to distance itself from the Jews.
why would they want to shift the blame from the Romans?
Joe: you are confusing the ostensible charge with the reality of the case, the real reasons for things were probably motivations fir Luke's account.
You are confusing reality for the story the gentile gospel writers promoted.
GENTILE GOSPEL WRITERS ARE YOU NUTS????
there is a ton of literature on how Jewish John is and how that view has been brought about by the dead sea scrolls!!!
Me quoting Koester: " Jurgen Denker argues that the Gospel of Peter shares this tradition of OT quotation with the Canonicals but is not dependent upon them.[11] Koester writes, "John Dominic Crosson has gone further [than Denker]...he argues that this activity results in the composition of a literary document at a very early date i.e. in the middle of the First century CE" (Ibid). Said another way, the interpretation of Scripture as the formation of the passion narrative became an independent document, a ur-Gospel, as early as the middle of the first century![12]"
another direct quote from Koester: ".Studies of the passion narrative have shown that all gospels were dependent upon one and the same basic account of the suffering, crucifixion, death and burial of Jesus. But this account ended with the discovery of the empty tomb."
Your claim about Koester is entirely wrong. He does say Crossan uses the Gospel of Peter as a basis for Crossan's argument, but the Koester goes on to say that he disagrees woith Crossan in this regard, Line six of page 219 is "There are three major problems regarding this hypothesis." He goes on to detail those problems, without giving any suggestion that they can be resolved.
what I said I;ve always maintained I quoted from Koester's book, they agree on the writing of the PMR being mid first century, they disagree on the sources of the epiphanies the post res sightings,I never said otherwise.
Also worth noting about half way down page 220, he says "Both Denker and Crossan have contributed substantially to a better understanding of the passion narrative by demonstrating how it was developed through scripturasl interpretation." Hmm, so the text is based on OT verses, not eye witness accounts... That kind of flies in the face of your claims.
not what it means,the actual presentation of the Gospel material it its presentation, that does not rule out the historical events. that does not mean they made up the events.
On page 231 we read: "Studies of the passion narrative have shown that all gospels were dependent upon one and he same basic account of the suffering, crucifixion, death and burial of Jesus." He does say this included the Empty Tomb, but does not indicate when that might date from. However, the interesting point is that he does NOT consider John to be an independent witness (at least, not with regards to the passion).
Yes he does indicate it,I quoted the very passage he says mid first century go back and read it more carefully I read this stuff a thousand times
So of the two scholars you cite, we have Crossan who believes the Empty Tomb was made up and Koester who believes the passion narrative in John is based on the same single account as the rest of the gospels, and both Koester and Crossan believe that that account developed from scripture.
No Crosson never says it was made up, you are reading it is because you want to see it that way. If he does he thinks that with no basis but his own doubt, He still says it was written mid first century. Koester who believes the passion narrative in John is based on the same single account as the rest of the gospels,that is no problem because it;s a historical account, too early to be myth,
Joe: there is no contradiction between the synoptic take on Joseph of A and John, it;s just a matter of more information from John
More information that was made up. As I said last time, and as you continue to ignore.
Koester, a scholar you cite routinely, believes there was a single passion narrative that ALL the gospels were based on.
Crossan, similarly a scholar you cite routinely, believes there was no burial in a tomb at all.
You seem to take the view that you can ignore what they say when it suits your religious believes.
Joe: I don't know but I don't think he was the BD
Really? Are are not willing to even speculate whether John, one of the three pillars of the church according to Paul, was at the most important meeting of the church for a generation (at least)? That you are ducking this question tells me you know your theory is flawed.
Joe: John didn't wright the gospel
On that we agree.
Joe: the synoptic do not say either way
Actually Matthew says: "there came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who had himself become a disciple of Jesus." I was assuming you had researched this, at least a little bit. Seems likely Matthew wanted to glorify Joseph, so decided to pretend he was not in the Sanhedrin that had condemned Jesus.
Joe: I am saying we don't know anything about him I am not saying he definitely died soon after,
So just ducking the question of whether it is plausible. Of course. You need the escape, even if on some level you know it does not make sense.
Joe: duh
It is interesting to compare Matthew and Luke. Luke is dated slightly later, but Luke has Joseph in the Sandenrin, whilst Matthew has no mention of the Sanhedrin, but has Joseph as a disciple - and nothing to suggest he was a secret disciple.
Joe: It's obvious the Romans did not make a big deal out of Jesus as some dangerous rebel. there reasons:
No, it is obvious the gospel authors have very much played down Jesus as a dangerous rebel.
Joe: (1) Had they done so the gospel would not have been able to portray such that Pilate's wife tells him :have nothing to do with executing this righteous man
Explain your reasoning. Also explain how the gospel author knew what Pilate's wife said. Was he there?
The far more likely explanation is the story about Pilate's wife was made up, a further attempt to cast the blame on the Jews not the Romans.
Joe: (2) Pilate would not have been able to say I find no fault in this man
What makes you think he did? Oh, right. You are assuming the gospel accounts are true in every particular. Why do you even bother to discuss this? If we start from that assumption, then of course Jesus was resurrected; it says so in the Bible.
Back in reality, the more likely explanation is that that was made up. Another example of the authors shifting blame from Rome to the Jews, because they were selling the religion to the gentiles.
The gospels very much played down the threat Jesus posed to the Roman order. They were selling the gospel message to the Romans, after all.
Joe: you think they have no sense of what they could reasonably claim?
Of course they did! That is why Mark is relatively straightforward, but Matthew, Luke and John get embellished like crazy. They were written when most of the people who were there were dead of old age or at the hands of the Romans, following the destruction of Jerusalem. The classic example is the saints coming to life and wandering around Jerusalem. Mark could not say that, people would know it was not true. For Matthew no problem.
Joe: that contradicts your poison that the crucifixion victim we found in a tomb was just a regular criminal. It is not true that anyone countrified was automatically a political enemy of Rome. But they could trump it up that way without being ravenous about getting him ,it was to please the Sanhedrin,
Two different things. The Romans crucified those who broke Roman law (included runaway slaves for example, I think). The Sanhedrin had anyone condemned of blasphemy stoned to death. We know that is true because just that happens in Acts.
Jesus was proclaimed as the messiah, the King of the Jews. The Romans wanted him thoroughly dishonoured to quell any chance of an uprising. He was a special case. A runaway slave they might allow get taken for proper burial, but not a political figurehead who might become a martyr, and so still cause a disturbance, even in death.
Joe: the Trumped up charge they could not say "this guy is killed to please our allies the Sanhedrin because he threatens their power."
It was not trumped up. Mark records Jesus entering Jerusalem and being proclaimed the messiah, the King of the Jews. Or do you take the position that that never happened?
Joe: why would they want to shift the blame from the Romans?
Because they were selling the gospel to the Romans. The Christian church we have today has developed from the early Roman Christians, not the Jewish Christians. Surely you must know this?!?
Joe: there is a ton of literature on how Jewish John is and how that view has been brought about by the dead sea scrolls!!!
And yet John is the most anti-Jewish of the gospels, and we see several instances where "the Jews" in general is meant in a derogatory manner.https://www.westmont.edu/~fisk/Lecture%20Outlines/Anti-JudaismInJohnAndJohn8.htm
Joe: what I said I;ve always maintained I quoted from Koester's book, they agree on the writing of the PMR being mid first century, they disagree on the sources of the epiphanies the post res sightings,I never said otherwise.
So you are not claiming the Empty Tomb was in it that early?
Joe: not what it means,the actual presentation of the Gospel material it its presentation, that does not rule out the historical events. that does not mean they made up the events.
I said it ruled out eye witnesses, not that it ruled out historical events. I think the crucifixion was historical, but the narrative got embellished with tales inspired by scripture. Koester analysed the verses they used in the book you quoted from.
Joe: Yes he does indicate it,I quoted the very passage he says mid first century go back and read it more carefully I read this stuff a thousand times
He says Crossan says mid-first century. He then says why he thinks that is wrong. You are quote-mining him.
Pix: However, the interesting point is that he does NOT consider John to be an independent witness (at least, not with regards to the passion).
Joe: Yes he does indicate it,I quoted the very passage he says mid first century go back and read it more carefully I read this stuff a thousand times
You are missing the point. He and Crossan say there is a single source for ALL the gospels. There is no host of alternative eye witnesses that magically turn up when John was written. John was based on the same account as the synoptics.
Joe: No Crosson never says it was made up, you are reading it is because you want to see it that way.
Crossan is famous for saying the body was "probably eaten by wild dogs." Just do Google "crossan jesus dogs".
Anonymous Anonymous said...Joe: there is no contradiction between the synoptic take on Joseph of A and John, it;s just a matter of more information from John
More information that was made up. As I said last time, and as you continue to ignore.
here does John say he was made up?
Px:Koester, a scholar you cite routinely, believes there was a single passion narrative that ALL the gospels were based on.
so? there must be a first telling
Crossan, similarly a scholar you cite routinely, believes there was no burial in a tomb at all.
You seem to take the view that you can ignore what they say when it suits your religious believes.
The other extreme is believing everything they say dogmatically.I am more into why they say it.
Quote Crosson saying there was no tomb. cite where it;s found, include page number. If you have a link that would be great. I think if I recall correctly he says the women were made up not the tomb.
Joe: I don't know but I don't think he was the BD
Really? Are are not willing to even speculate whether John, one of the three pillars of the church according to Paul, was at the most important meeting of the church for a generation (at least)? That you are ducking this question tells me you know your theory is flawed.
That does not make him the author of the fourth gospel.
Joe: John didn't wright the gospel
On that we agree.
Joe: the synoptic do not say either way
Actually Matthew says: "there came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who had himself become a disciple of Jesus." I was assuming you had researched this, at least a little bit. Seems likely Matthew wanted to glorify Joseph, so decided to pretend he was not in the Sanhedrin that had condemned Jesus.
what evidence do you have that he wasn't one? Ho does this affect my argument?
Joe: I am saying we don't know anything about him I am not saying he definitely died soon after,
So just ducking the question of whether it is plausible. Of course. You need the escape, even if on some level you know it does not make sense.
Its plausible. we have no evidence on him outside the bible.
Joe: duh
It is interesting to compare Matthew and Luke. Luke is dated slightly later, but Luke has Joseph in the Sandenrin, whilst Matthew has no mention of the Sanhedrin, but has Joseph as a disciple - and nothing to suggest he was a secret disciple.
that suggest info coming from different source, he was known all over but some knew more than others,
Joe: It's obvious the Romans did not make a big deal out of Jesus as some dangerous rebel. there reasons:
No, it is obvious the gospel authors have very much played down Jesus as a dangerous rebel.
no wqy they could say Pilate said those things if it was the case
Joe: (1) Had they done so the gospel would not have been able to portray such that Pilate's wife tells him :have nothing to do with executing this righteous man
Explain your reasoning. Also explain how the gospel author knew what Pilate's wife said. Was he there?
Possible link Joanna. Among the first women to discover the empty tomb (Luke 24:10), she was the wife of Chuza, the household manager or steward of King Herod Antipas. She was a follower of Jesus and helped to provide financially for Jesus’s ministry, along with Susanna and many others (Luke 8:3). Pilate was in Jerusalem for Passover in AD 33, staying in his Jerusalem headquarters, the former palace of Herod the Great.
even if we assume he made it up that does;t prove the Romans were dead set against letting Jesus be burred.
The far more likely explanation is the story about Pilate's wife was made up, a further attempt to cast the blame on the Jews not the Romans.
I thought you said they were shifting blame to the Romans? But of course Romans had to be the cruisers. The Jews could not crucify him
Joe: (2) Pilate would not have been able to say I find no fault in this man
What makes you think he did? Oh, right. You are assuming the gospel accounts are true in every particular. Why do you even bother to discuss this? If we start from that assumption, then of course Jesus was resurrected; it says so in the Bible.
You are willing to assume they are true when it serves your purpose,why should I assume he said Jesus has to Galilee? You want to deny their historical nature and yet affirm when it helps you sow doubt
Back in reality, the more likely explanation is that that was made up. Another example of the authors shifting blame from Rome to the Jews, because they were selling the religion to the gentiles.
Anonymous Anonymous said...Joe: (3)the gospels would not have tried to sell that version,
The gospels very much played down the threat Jesus posed to the Roman order. They were selling the gospel message to the Romans, after all.
No they weren't. They were written for Jewish Christians. Vision OT the gentiles was not big or expansive and not well revived by Jerusalem church around AD 70.
Joe: you think they have no sense of what they could reasonably claim?
Of course they did! That is why Mark is relatively straightforward, but Matthew, Luke and John get embellished like crazy. They were written when most of the people who were there were dead of old age or at the hands of the Romans, following the destruction of Jerusalem. The classic example is the saints coming to life and wandering around Jerusalem. Mark could not say that, people would know it was not true. For Matthew no problem.
You assume they are written late they have to be all embellishment that's what you call any difference in information, it;s all embellishment,
Joe: that contradicts your poison that the crucifixion victim we found in a tomb was just a regular criminal. It is not true that anyone crucified was automatically a political enemy of Rome. But they could trump it up that way without being ravenous about getting him ,it was to please the Sanhedrin,
PX: Two different things. The Romans crucified those who broke Roman law (included runaway slaves for example, I think). The Sanhedrin had anyone condemned of blasphemy stoned to death. We know that is true because just that happens in Acts.
The Sanhedrin wanted the Romans do kill him on a trumped up charge of insurrection so they would not lose favor with the Jewish people. they would not be blamed,
Jesus was proclaimed as the messiah, the King of the Jews. The Romans wanted him thoroughly dishonoured to quell any chance of an uprising. He was a special case. A runaway slave they might allow get taken for proper burial, but not a political figurehead who might become a martyr, and so still cause a disturbance, even in death.
The Romanian felt no sense of threat, not from Jesus. there is absolutly nothing to imply they did. He said "render unto cesarean the things that are Cesar." Almost the only thing he says about them
Joe: the Trumped up charge they could not say "this guy is killed to please our allies the Sanhedrin because he threatens their power."
It was not trumped up. Mark records Jesus entering Jerusalem and being proclaimed the messiah, the King of the Jews. Or do you take the position that that never happened?
Joe: why would they want to shift the blame from the Romans?
Because they were selling the gospel to the Romans. The Christian church we have today has developed from the early Roman Christians, not the Jewish Christians. Surely you must know this?!?
that is absurd totally nonfactual no basis for it,
Joe: there is a ton of literature on how Jewish John is and how that view has been brought about by the dead sea scrolls!!!
And yet John is the most anti-Jewish of the gospels, and we see several instances where "the Jews" in general is meant in a derogatory manner.https://www.westmont.edu/~fisk/Lecture%20Outlines/Anti-JudaismInJohnAndJohn8.htm
you got that idea from atheist websites, it's very old fashioned and outmoded. It was big in 19th century. Its become a cliche to say John is the most Jewish Gospel that all came from the Dead Sea Scrolls. before that it was considered a gentile gospel now it is considered the most Jewish,
your own sources says: "It is commonly suggested that John's Gospel was composed during a period of intense Jewish/Jewish Christian conflict," the concflict is with two different kinds of Jews it is not a gentile gospel.
Anonymous said...Joe: what I said I;ve always maintained I quoted from Koester's book, they agree on the writing of the PMR being mid first century, they disagree on the sources of the epiphanies the post res sightings,I never said otherwise.
So you are not claiming the Empty Tomb was in it that early?
Koester says it was,I have quoted that a bunch of times.
Joe: not what it means,the actual presentation of the Gospel material it its presentation, that does not rule out the historical events. that does not mean they made up the events.
Px: I said it ruled out eye witnesses, not that it ruled out historical events. I think the crucifixion was historical, but the narrative got embellished with tales inspired by scripture. Koester analysed the verses they used in the book you quoted from.
The PMR was eye witness, witnesses went into the community the community itself is the witness. I shooed say communities are the witnesses,
Joe: Yes he does indicate it,I quoted the very passage he says mid first century go back and read it more carefully I read this stuff a thousand times
He says Crossan says mid-first century. He then says why he thinks that is wrong. You are quote-mining him.
NoNOnonono. It;s on my website read it. I quoted many times both guys dated empty tomb, Passion narrative AD 50. both of them agree on the date. they differ on sources of he post resurrection sightings,
Pix: However, the interesting point is that he does NOT consider John to be an independent witness (at least, not with regards to the passion).
quote where he says that.
Joe: Yes he does indicate it,I quoted the very passage he says mid first century go back and read it more carefully I read this stuff a thousand times
You are missing the point. He and Crossan say there is a single source for ALL the gospels. There is no host of alternative eye witnesses that magically turn up when John was written. John was based on the same account as the synoptics.
No you miss the point. He's talking about document,I;m talking about people.the people made up the communities they were the witnesses. they wrote the documents that were quoted and those are sources Koeter and Crosson talk about. Koester also refers toothe documents such as those contiauining the epiphanies,
Joe: No Crosson never says it was made up, you are reading it is because you want to see it that way.
Crossan is famous for saying the body was "probably eaten by wild dogs." Just do Google "crossan jesus dogs".
He may have said that at some point it;s so obvious foolish must have been when he was young.
Why do you guys keep fighting with this "Pixie"? He is obviously a big troll. Why keep engaging him when he is not going to change his mind? If i were a blogger, i would just delete his comments in moderation and leave him unanswered.
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What is the embryo? An embryo is a living, whole, human organism (a human being) in the embryonic stage. All the embryo needs to live is a proper environment and adequate nutrition, the very same thing all infants, toddlers, adolescents, and adults need.This i…
As we approach Martin Luther King Jr. Day, I have been thinking about U2’s song Pride (In the Name of Love) (hereinafter, "Pride"). The song, of course, concerns MLKJr. (According to U2 Sermons, U2 formerly ran a video of MLKJr giving his “I have been to the mountaintop” speech during the playing of the song.) However, the lyrics of Pride are quite apparently not exclusively about MLKJr.
What is the genre of the Gospel of John and why does it matter? The latter question is easy to answer. It matters because “identification of a work’s genre helps us understand its place within the literary history . . . and aids us in its interpretation.” A.R. Cross, "Genres of the New Testament," in Dictionary of New Testament Background, eds. Craig Evans and Stanley E. Porter, page 402. When you pick up a contemporary book, you start with the knowledge that what you are reading is a romance, a science text book, a science fiction novel, a biography, or a book of history. That knowledge informs how you understand the text you are reading, such as reading how spaceship's propulsion system works in a scientific textbook or a Star Trek "technical manual". Or a scene of combat found in a historical novel or a biography of a medal of honor winner. Although these accounts may be described in similar ways, one you accept as true and the other you treat as fict…
One of the most interesting passages in Mark’s Passion Narrative, from a historiographical perspective, is Mark 15:21:
A certain man from Cyrene, Simon, the father of Alexander and Rufus, was passing by on his way in from the country and they forced him to carry the cross.First let us compare the passage to its parallels in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew (it does not appear at all in the Gospel of John).
As they led him away, they seized a man, Simon of Cyrene, who was coming from the country, and they laid the cross on him, and made him carry it behind Jesus.Luke 23:26.
As they went out, they came upon a man from Cyrene named Simon; they compelled this man to carry his cross.Matt 27:32.
Matthew and Luke retain the reference to Simon as well as describe him as being from Cyrene, but drop the reference to Cyrene being “the father of Alexander and Rufus.”
It is notable that Mark identifies Simon by name. This is rare for Mark unless the author is referring to the disciples and some famil…
The manger in which Jesus was laid has colored our imagery of Christmas. A manger, "[i]s a feeding-trough, crib, or open box in a stable designed to hold fodder for livestock.” Nelson’s Illustrated Bible Dictionary, page 674. Usually, we associate the manger with the animals in the story of Christmas or with Jesus’ perceived poverty. I have several nativity sets which include the manger, along with barn animals. Although I am a nativity set enthusiast, there is a much deeper meaning in the manger.
The manger is mentioned three times in Luke 2. Mary lays Jesus in the manger, the angels tell the shepherds that they will find the Savior by seeking the baby lying in a manger, and then the shepherds in fact find Jesus lying in a manger. Obviously, the repetitive references to the manger are indicative of its significance in Luke’s narrative. As Bible scholar N.T. Wright comments:
[I]t was the feeding-trough, appropriately enough, which was the sign to the shepherds. It told them whic…
Richard H. Casdroph collected medical evidence, x-rays, angiograms, and other data from 10 cases associated with the Kathryn Kulhman ministry. Now it will of course strike skeptics as laughable to document the miracles of a faith healer. Ordinarily I myself tend to be highly skeptical of any televangelists. I am still skeptical of Kulhman because of her highly theatrical manner. But I always had the impression that there was actual documentation of her miracles and I guess that impression was created by the Casdorph book.
The Casdroph book goes into great detail on every case. Since these were not the actual patients of Casdroph himself, there are three tiers of medical data and opinion; Casdroph himself and his evaluation of the data, several doctors with whom he consulted on every case (and they vary from case to case), and the original doctors of the patients themselves. The patient…
Since the most prolific of my blogging partners, Layman, has been tied up at work (and looks to be for some time), I thought that in light of the Christmas season, I would repost two pieces that he wrote a couple of years ago about the Census in Luke 2 because we have an number of new readers who may never have read through his thoughts on this issue from two years ago. They are republished as originally written with only my correcting some typographical errors. Enjoy.
===============
Luke, the Census, and Quirinius: A Matter of Translation
Introducing the Issue
One of the more well-known criticisms of the Gospel of Luke’s infancy narratives is that it puts the census (also called a “registration”), that caused Joseph and Mary to travel to Bethlehem, at the wrong time. Most versions translate Luke 2:1 along the lines of the New Revised Standard Version:
Luke 2:2: This was the first registration and was taken while Quirinius was governor of Syria.The problem is that the registration that oc…
In his paper "Must the Beginning of The Universe Have a Personal Cause?"[1]Wes Morriston quotes William Lane Craig making the augment that a personal origin is the only way to have an eternal cause with a temporal effect.[2] The rationale for that is merely an assertion that with an eternal cause working mechanically the effect would be eternal too,:If the cause were simply a mechanically operating set of necessary and sufficient conditions existing from eternity, then why would not the effect also exist from eternity? For example, if the cause of water's being frozen is the temperature's being below zero degrees, then if the temperature were below zero degrees from eternity, then any water present would be frozen from eternity. The only way to have an eternal cause but a temporal effect would seem to be if the cause is a personal agent who freely chooses to,create an effect in time.[3]Craig is using this argument to argue for the personal nature of God, If God was j…
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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Pile-CC
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Hello! It happen to me too, the same day after the mainteinance I was able to play normally, but when i turn off and on my pc, the launcher stop working. I checked the Windows actualizations, and 1 was installed in 10 sept and 4 the 11 of september. I Unninstalled the last (KB4515384) and the game finally works!
"Petitions are explicitly forbidden. Please note, calling a petition a request will not disguise its true nature."
That being said, the PvP situation gets brought to EME's attention almost every day these days and things have been done and are being worked on to try to help. The good response to the recent event was noted, and they know there's a desire to do more like that to keep people queuing. The issue with gearing is known, including the fact there are certain items you need but can only get via PvE, and a solution is being sought for that. Not all problems have an easy solution because part of the way the game works was designed purposefully by BHS, but conversations are always happening. It's definitely not forgotten.
There are a bunch of threads already around on this topic asking for more constructive changes, so I'd ask that you post specific suggestions in there. Believe it or not, things have changed recently and there's an increased ability to make changes, but please make your suggestions practical and well-justified.
I'm sure all the reward numbers/requisites for rewards/punishments can be tweaked by Devs.
It doesn't take a 14 yo to know that just simple incentives will bring back dead part of the game (PvP aspect).
People play games grindy games mostly with the notion "Am I rewarded/compensated adaquately for my time spent"?
I looked at my bank, found something from 4-years ago, 70 sea chests. As I loved to spam unified gear BGs or CS back in the past.
It was a daily thing for me shouting "3-1-3 !
So that's 70 strongbox keys that I suddenly have now, or ~500k gold.
Imagine each round of playing CS nets you 7000g (cap at 1 reward per char), lol. The whole server will be popping it daily.
TLDR: increase incentives for PvP, so that people actually queue for it again
I originally had an issue with the new launcher not launching the game (you hit play and you'd see the circles spinning for a short while but the game would never launch; old launcher continued working fine). Reinstalling the launcher and even trying to manually relocate the game again didn't work (it would update and show the patch/build version fine). I also have the game installed under Steam and updated the launcher for that to the new one and it worked fine from there. I managed to get my non-Steam install working with the new launcher by deleting en.meta.json and tera.meta.json (these are recreated when launching the game) from the TERA/Client folder and running the new launcher again.
@QueenNora said:
To be honest, I don't know why Tera became the cheap copy of Black Desert, it's something that doesn't fit the style of this game, the caiman grinding is extremely boring and I don't say it because I talk about the grind, I say it Because this is something that is not going well for this game, this is like doing something unnecessarily difficult because they feel like it.
Why TERA became a cheap copy of BDO?
Just look at the changes in BHS. They changed their name to Krafton (Kakao's "K" in their name).
It is not wonder why they are making things way too similar to BDO and expect to have the feature "your gear may go poof after failure" in the near future.
LMAO, well honestly I haven't checked who the hell is leading this game hahaha but thanks for letting me know this information, now everything makes sense, no wonder why the grind with lvls - sp - ep, afk fishing, downgrade with repairable mechanic, "WB"...
@UsagiFF said:
The main issue is there can't be PERMANENT changes because how devs have been changing things in the past year. However we can demand our Publisher to provide better rewards for PvP content that allows their comunity to catch up in gear, accesories, ep, advancement skills and character exp to veterans and have a more fair ground to be competitive in the game, making "PLAYER SKILLS" actually what gives you the edge and not "A WALL OF HEAVY GRIND AND RNG".
The only idea I get is flooding their support tickets with these demands and see if it works because so far forums are ignored from EME staff. These forums became more like a comunity forum handled by players at this point. On Discord they will ignore most of the people and will focus only on their regulars over there and hope to have luck to not met one troll that keeps flooding their chat and what you wrote gets sinked in the flood.
Player Council over there... its more like they only exist to pass EME voice on Discord to the forums and you will only see a couple of them active on Discord anyway.
At this point at how things are I wonder why they even keep these forums where they have shown us its not of their interest.
I understand what you say and it is really frustrating to see what once was a fun game, it became a grind and rng fest with P2W events, the worst of all is that nobody says anything.
That event of the 50 runs in grid and shorehold was good yeah, but I don't applaud them because it is something they do once every 100000 years .... What a frustration I feel with the administrators of this game...
I really appreciate the fact that the staff have given us rewards boxes as an apology for the server downtime. But I only thought it was supposed to be one time only, but the community received credits yesterday as well. I was wondering, will it be an ongoing thing for the 800/400 coins and emporium credit box until the strongbox event ends?
The main issue is that there can't be PERMANENT changes because how devs have been changing things in the past year. However we can demand our Publisher to provide better rewards for PvP content that allows their comunity to catch up in gear, accesories, ep, advancement skills and character exp to veterans and have a more fair ground to be competitive in the game, making "PLAYER SKILLS" actually what gives you the edge and not "A WALL OF HEAVY GRIND AND RNG".
@QueenNora said:
To be honest, I don't know why Tera became the cheap copy of Black Desert, it's something that doesn't fit the style of this game, the caiman grinding is extremely boring and I don't say it because I talk about the grind, I say it Because this is something that is not going well for this game, this is like doing something unnecessarily difficult because they feel like it.
Why TERA becae a cheap copy of BDO?
Just look at the changes in BHS. They changed their name to Krafton (Kakao's "K" in their name).
It is not wonder why they are making things way too similar to BDO and expect to have the feature "your gear may go poof after failure" in the near future.
As you all know, the battlegrounds have been suffering exponentially in these last patches, either due to lack of motivation of the players or because the rewards are really a waste of time, for this reason I ask the entire PvP community to make a petition demanding PERMANENT changes in daily rewards and items from the bellicarium store. If we don't demand changes, don't expect GMs to give the solution because they will not, remember that we are entitled to demand what is fair for us, since many of us spend money on the game and this company eats thanks to it.
To be honest, I don't know why Tera became the cheap copy of Black Desert, it's something that doesn't fit the style of this game, the caiman grinding is extremely boring and I don't say it because I talk about the grind, I say it Because this is something that is not going well for this game, this is like doing something unnecessarily difficult because they feel like it.
I agree with the idea of jewelry, we are not all interested in making high-end pve content, I think the idea of being able to make jewelry by grind of battlegrounds is magnificent. What they should also put are the golden talent and readjust the price of the plates since 200k + just for one is ridiculous.
@Sesomelia said:
Something is wrong in the Code of the installer, something has to be addressed....this has been an issue for players for what I can see in forums half a decade... soooo..what... no ones got an answer?
This launcher hasn't even existed that long, but of course there will always be some sort of launcher problem related to something or another. Search forums and you'll find launcher issues for every MMO going back years because it tends to be related to something specific about the computer or connection that's causing it.
I recommend to keep on working with support until the issue is fixed. Some people have suggested that some Windows Updates that were installed in this week's Windows 10 Patch Tuesday updates may be causing issues for some people. Haven't yet confirmed that this is the case, but it is possible. It could be these updates in combination with something else on the system, but who knows what.
I was told it must be my internet... yet I can play any of the 50 other games I have just fine...
A problem can happen due to routing that would mean you can connect to other servers but the launcher can't connect to the EME login server. I have seen that happen to people in the past, but it's not necessarily what's happening to you, particularly given that you can login to the forum.
Same problem Little Black window opens takes a few secs then all shuts down. I played 2 days then this started, I spent a few days trying so many things to fix it, talked with GM's and nothing worked, then I did a windows update and the computer reset....it started working again, I got to enjoy it for one hour then went to bed after shutting down.....the next day all pumped for play....I went to log on.. same thing was happening... while the computer was shut down something changed that made it not work..... soooo.. wth... does anyone have an actual fix for this Debacle?
I do enjoy this game and had planned on playing in in a Gaming binge ... as is, it's just taking up space... ALL other games from LoL to ESO and Riders of icarus work just fine. The Diagnostic says My port does not connect, everything else is green, I was told it must be my internet... yet I can play any of the 50 other games I have just fine...Something is wrong in the Code of the installer, something has to be addressed....this has been an issue for players for what I can see in forums half a decade... soooo..what... no ones got an answer?
We have decided on the following for compensation, which will be sent out to anyone who logs in from now until September 12 0700 UTC.
1x Adventure Coin 400
1x Adventure Coin 800
1x TERA Rewards Loot Box 3
edit: Once per account, not per server.
Um, I just got another set of compensation emails. Not sure if that was on purpose or a mistake, but Thanks!
To be fair, caimans are really great for leveling with their current pacing because you can rack up a decent amount of skill points while you're at it, EU event left people with lvl 70's that barely had any skill points which is almost useless for mains etc.
Everything else, yeah eme has been stingy af ever since gear revamp.
Also @Christin gameforge does both p2w and great events/normal ways of obtaining mats and balances them decently, even with all the events people in eu are whaling because the publisher is doing a decent job. It's all about balance. If people want to p2w their way to gear, sure, let them. If people want to freely grind for hours and hours on end by doing actual fun content, let them and give them options to do so. Really a hard concept for eme and their whiteknights it seems.
@Christin said:
At least the thread title clearly describes this thread, so good job OP.
It's not that people can't pay, they just don't want to pay. So, instead, they'll gripe about the loot boxes even existing in the first place, because heaven forbid someone out there is actually interested in paying for something.
I see all of these posts complaining about this or that, but then what? So you event your way to level 70 in a day or two, and then what? So you get HO+3 gear and fully upgraded accessories, but then what?
If you all got to level 70 and enchanting gear was easy, you'd be right in here complaining about how easy everything is. There are so many level 70 players now with fully upgraded everything to make me think it's really not as tough as everyone says it is.
They've dumped loads of talents into the economy from lootbox and other events. If they want to offer up solutions for the people that simply want to pay cash for stuff, good for them. They aren't a charity, and it's not their responsibility to make everything easy for people that refuse to pay for anything. If you don't want to pay, you surely don't have to but expect to grind. Last I checked EME is not a non-profit, so expect to see more lootboxes and more ways for people to throw their cash at the game. This game isn't focused on PVP, so them paying to gear up shouldn't really affect anyone else.
Shall we follow your own logic?
Was not aware Gameforge was non-profit.
At least the thread title clearly describes this thread, so good job OP.
It's not that people can't pay, they just don't want to pay. So, instead, they'll gripe about the loot boxes even existing in the first place, because heaven forbid someone out there is actually interested in paying for something.
I see all of these posts complaining about this or that, but then what? So you event your way to level 70 in a day or two, and then what? So you get HO+3 gear and fully upgraded accessories, but then what?
If you all got to level 70 and enchanting gear was easy, you'd be right in here complaining about how easy everything is. There are so many level 70 players now with fully upgraded everything to make me think it's really not as tough as everyone says it is.
They've dumped loads of talents into the economy from lootbox and other events. If they want to offer up solutions for the people that simply want to pay cash for stuff, good for them. They aren't a charity, and it's not their responsibility to make everything easy for people that refuse to pay for anything. If you don't want to pay, you surely don't have to but expect to grind. Last I checked EME is not a non-profit, so expect to see more lootboxes and more ways for people to throw their cash at the game. This game isn't focused on PVP, so them paying to gear up shouldn't really affect anyone else.
The caiman spawns from killing level 65 and up BAMs/monsters are not an event. It's simply part of the game, like the caiman from the life essence on IoD. You just kill the BAMs and each kill has a chance to spawn a caiman, and when you kill the caiman there's a chance for a portal to Azart Hatchery to spawn. So the raids/groups grinding BAMs are just grinding for caiman and portal spawns to get the xp and naga guard loot item
After the maintenance on the 10 Sept, there was a little Update that the launcher prompted me to do, and then, the game won't launch anymore getting this error fff0:0000. Tried everything from Repair to checking, validating, re-installed and ensuring Firewall or Anti Virus isn't blocking it. Still get the same error. Anyone else having this problem? The game was fine till the 10Sept! Sigh***
Well done and good research. Don't stress the reactions to and any future reactions about the whole race thing. People get way too touchy about it for no reason, and more to your point, he/she took it the wrong way. It's always nice looking into the names and lore in games to get a look into what the devs and creators of lore and the npcs took as inspiration. Work like this is very important. On another note, most of the posters in game are copy pastes of the same few. Either theres a few really really wanted Amani across both continents written in the same language on the same type of paper or it's copy paste.
I took the time to translate what I could and it turned out to be the same.
One thing you can try is running a repair through the options menu in the EME Launcher, which will hash check all your files and fix anything that's corrupt.
If not that, the most common cause for crashes after clicking play is typically either something to do with a mod, locked config files, or something like that. (Things that can't be fixed in a repair because they weren't done by the launcher/installer.)
If you're having trouble starting the launcher at all (like it goes to start but just disappears from the tray), the most common cause for that is either some sort of interference from a running VPN or an issue with antivirus or firewall software.
I'm actually unsure. I wanted to say Tier 10, since Tier 9 and 10 took that (temporary) XP nerf to be just equal to Tier 8, and Rox talked about wanting to do something nice for the affected people, but the discord post I saw that actually talked about keys only mentioned key bundle, not specifically the 100 keys.
@counterpoint
They also added a key bundle at T10 emporium too. Before now it was only rare and not-so-great cosmetics at that tier, so that's nice for T10 people too
There is a 15% cost discount on all of the key bundles from the rewards emporium however.
@J4M57397WA said:
defend them all you want to this is what they have done time and time again break content get rid of it replace with what they put together long down times for simple up dates over and over and over again getting old fire them.
We have decided on the following for compensation, which will be sent out to anyone who logs in from now until September 12 0700 UTC.
1x Adventure Coin 400
1x Adventure Coin 800
1x TERA Rewards Loot Box 3
edit: Once per account, not per server.
Quite the slap in the face with that compensation there. I guess only dungeon runners deserve to be compensated. Lets hope those reward boxes are at least something. Crossing fingers.
Now that I think about it, I don't think even dungeon runners would see that as much compensation as far as the Adventure Coins go.
No matter what they give as compensation, some people won't be happy. If you have suggestions on what should be given, by all means...
The TERA Rewards Loot Box gives a certain amount of TERA Reward Credits (probably enough to get some keys on the Emporium).
@J4M57397WA said:
defend them all you want to this is what they have done time and time again break content get rid of it replace with what they put together long down times for simple up dates over and over and over again getting old fire them.
We have decided on the following for compensation, which will be sent out to anyone who logs in from now until September 12 0700 UTC.
1x Adventure Coin 400
1x Adventure Coin 800
1x TERA Rewards Loot Box 3
edit: Once per account, not per server.
Quite the slap in the face with that compensation there. I guess only dungeon runners deserve to be compensated. Lets hope those reward boxes are at least something. Crossing fingers.
@UsagiFF said:
Why not send support tickets complaining about Shore Hold not restricting people with no pvp gear or pvp gear lower than +6?
This is an issue that should be solved for the devs and not using the kick system.
I'm not sure that support tickets will help, as they'll probably just send you to the forums or Discord since it's a feature suggestion. I do think it seems like a reasonable suggestion, though.
(But if they did add an ilvl style system for PvP queueing, I guess then the next question is if you to eventually be more strict on "kick abuse." But maybe one thing at a time, if they'd consider it.)
@Christin said:
1. Require the proper pvp gear. 2. Don't show pvp stats in the player's profile. 3. No pvp ranks on leaderboads. 4. Limiting the amount of kicks players can initiate each day. 5. Fix reporting system so people afking can be reported and banned from pvping. If they let people form their own parties, you'd have a totally OP party constantly winning. IMO not letting people party at all would be better. Make pvp fun like Kumas once was before they made all of the changes to it. Only reason they had to make it 5v5 was because they blocked level 65s from playing with lower levels.
Would love if they just made base or +3 default. Wouldn't want the PvP gear to be completely removed. Otherwise there would be no point on using it like that one time with Conflate(I think it was around this time?).
I'd be down with that. I don't check it anyways. I just go with the mentality of if you're someone I don't know and have the gear I ain't kicking you eve. If you're in PvE or have notice you just don't do anything or even try then I'm gonna click on Yes if someone initiates the vote. But hey I'm not everyone. Might be in the minority.
Also would be ok with loosing this tho I can see why some seek competition as it's their thrill in the game. I see this being a 50/50 good or bad thing.
Feels like that would get abused by people hoping on their alts to force others to use their kicks then BM on their mains. Though I feel the average TERA player wouldn't go that far.
Banning might be a bit too much. Maybe temporary suspension. Never know what's going on on their side.
Can you even que SH in party? Only thing I know that happens is sync ques.
Yeah, I just put the basics. Obviously, not many would support banning anyone from pvp for afking one or two games. Not sure the limits and such, just a general idea to fix the reporting system and ban anyone that is a habitual offender.
Maybe if the reporting feature was working properly and action taken, the kick feature could be removed. However, banning offenders is severely delayed, so even allowing people one kick a day would help. As we all know, people like to ruin stuff, so you'd always have that one player being afk or not following the rules etc. Only having the ban system would allow them to get away with stuff all day sometimes.
Yes, a numbers system would be so nice to. That way, people wouldn't be targeted outside of the game or flamed on global. Again, an in game reporting system would be good to go with that.
No, I wasn't saying PVP gear should be removed. I think requiring the proper minimum gear for each battleground is important. Obviously, gear wouldn't be an issue in most PVP games that equalize everyone. However, sometimes, the pvp gear is really important. Just an idea.
If it was unintentional, seeing as how this problem is still happening after it being out for so long, I'm guessing this is something they do not plan on changing. So the players have taken it upon themselves to find a "fix" for it.
Also kicking is also not used only for gear. Hate to keep bringing this up since I feel it should be obvious, but the reasoning for kicking are the same as for PvE.
Only difference is that you'll find more "elitism" in PvP since it's harder to carry a PvP match than a PvE dungeon.
@Christin said:
1. Require the proper pvp gear. 2. Don't show pvp stats in the player's profile. 3. No pvp ranks on leaderboads. 4. Limiting the amount of kicks players can initiate each day. 5. Fix reporting system so people afking can be reported and banned from pvping. If they let people form their own parties, you'd have a totally OP party constantly winning. IMO not letting people party at all would be better. Make pvp fun like Kumas once was before they made all of the changes to it. Only reason they had to make it 5v5 was because they blocked level 65s from playing with lower levels.
Would love if they just made base or +3 default. Wouldn't want the PvP gear to be completely removed. Otherwise there would be no point on using it like that one time with Conflate(I think it was around this time?).
I'd be down with that. I don't check it anyways. I just go with the mentality of if you're someone I don't know and have the gear I ain't kicking you eve. If you're in PvE or have notice you just don't do anything or even try then I'm gonna click on Yes if someone initiates the vote. But hey I'm not everyone. Might be in the minority.
Also would be ok with loosing this tho I can see why some seek competition as it's their thrill in the game. I see this being a 50/50 good or bad thing.
Feels like that would get abused by people hoping on their alts to force others to use their kicks then BM on their mains. Though I feel the average TERA player wouldn't go that far.
Banning might be a bit too much. Maybe temporary suspension. Never know what's going on on their side.
Can you even que SH in party? Only thing I know that happens is sync ques.
@Christin said:
1. Require the proper pvp gear. 2. Don't show pvp stats in the player's profile. 3. No pvp ranks on leaderboads. 4. Limiting the amount of kicks players can initiate each day. 5. Fix reporting system so people afking can be reported and banned from pvping. If they let people form their own parties, you'd have a totally OP party constantly winning. IMO not letting people party at all would be better. Make pvp fun like Kumas once was before they made all of the changes to it. Only reason they had to make it 5v5 was because they blocked level 65s from playing with lower levels.
They could apply the same as Gridiron. Change names for numbers in that match.
I still against kicks because that alone is a way players have been abusing on other BGs to force draws or win a match kicking a player to get their friend with them in the same team. All the most popular PvP games based on BGs dont allow kick players and they have their profesional competitions and players.
Point 1 should be a must. Poit 2 and 3 are needed for pvpers. Point 4 should be removed. Point 5 is a must.
PvP gear is needed on Shores. Otherwise even a healer can take you down.
Think of it as if going to a high level dungeon with Guardian gear.
Personally, I feel they should at least make the default gear 0 PvP gear or 3+ PvP gear when joining a Shore game since apparently getting a full set is hard even tho it is very cheap.
And if you show history of bringing the team down, I mean you're gonna get kicked even in PvE for that. Keep in mind that the TERA community isn't that big. It's easier to remember people.
I'm not denying that there are people that kick unfairly, but those requests are absurd. Not everyone is asking for the best, but they're not looking for someone that seeks to be carried. And to counter that you need gear(So you're not completely obliterated) + kicks(AFKs and/or Mavericks).
Life is filled with unexpected things that go wrong, delay us, etc. You can't control everything all you can do is accept the curve ball with grace and carry on. Did I want to play this afternoon...sure. Was I upset that I couldn't...nope not at all. Things happen.
you know if they "fire them" there will be no one to work on the game at all so then the game would just stay down and you couldnt play it ... and they are giving a compensation for how long its been down ... i mean they didnt even have to do that they could just say [filtered] U and keep it down longer
One issue i can see is this delay may screw Starc timing
if its a set time and not determined by server start time,thats ok
If its based on 6 hourly inteverals from when server starts,then itll throw timing out,mae maybe half available outside my on time,compared to just Kaitor one atm
We have decided on the following for compensation, which will be sent out to anyone who logs in (only once per server) from now until September 12 0700 UTC.
1x Adventure Coin 400
1x Adventure Coin 800
1x TERA Rewards Loot Box 3
Towards the end of my 5 yrs on Asherons call,these issues could reguarly take over 24 hrs to resolve....the longest from mem ,was over 72 hrs downtime
To show how fickle code can be
One of my guild members had the misfortune to NEVER get
'Superior" type loot drops from any bosses/critters
After a year of these we flagged it to the Devs....it took a DEV another 3 yrs of working thru all the code to find one little Error
This became such a well known issue,that it coined a phrase ,which yrs later was still being used by the gaming community in other games,and even made it to PCGamer mag
brain fog from my CFS ,nd i cant remeber the term ,go figure
so far ive walked my dogs twice x 1.5 miles or so
Vaccumed right thru my double house
Mowed the lawns and just finished lunch
thats because only the elitist players really run those during the bigger events and kick all the players that have certain names gear records ect most players prolly would like to do the pvp but who wants to waste time out of there day if they will get kicked criticised and whatever else lol
By the way, as a small update, thanks to Rox we were able to get some Brawler weapon skins added finally:
Black and Red Powerpulse Fists are finally back
Ruthless Powerfists Weapon Skin & Noctenite Powerfits
Regent's Powerfists & Darkened Powerfists
It's not a lot, but at least it's more than we had. (The only other few models I could find, as mentioned earlier, can't be used right now due to their properties. Maybe some day...)
Also, since we can't use any of the permanent reaper outfits, the 180-day versions were added now at half the price. I know it's not ideal, but at least it gives people a way. (If there can be a way to re-add the permanent versions at some point, that'd be great.)
@J4M57397WA said:
defend them all you want to this is what they have done time and time again break content get rid of it replace with what they put together long down times for simple up dates over and over and over again getting old fire them.
Honestly, you need to just calm down. As explained, this problem is neither simple nor routine, and firing anyone won't help at all. Just chill.
Require the proper pvp gear. 2. Don't show pvp stats in the player's profile. 3. No pvp ranks on leaderboads. 4. Limiting the amount of kicks players can initiate each day. 5. Fix reporting system so people afking can be reported and banned from pvping. If they let people form their own parties, you'd have a totally OP party constantly winning. IMO not letting people party at all would be better. Make pvp fun like Kumas once was before they made all of the changes to it. Only reason they had to make it 5v5 was because they blocked level 65s from playing with lower levels.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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Leyla W. couldn’t figure out where her birth control pills kept going. One day a few tablets would be missing; the next, the whole container. Her then-boyfriend shrugged and said he hadn’t seen them. She believed him—until she found them in his drawer. When she confronted him, he hit her. “That was his way of shutting me up,” says Leyla, who is in her mid-20s and living in Northern California. (For her safety, Leyla wishes to withhold her last name and hometown.) He also raped her and, most days, left her locked in a bedroom with a bit of food and water while he went to work. (A roommate took pity and let her out until he came home.) Thanks to the missed pills, she got pregnant twice, the second time deciding against abortion. Ad Policy
Despite his role in getting her pregnant, when Leyla decided she did not want to have an abortion, her boyfriend did a 180, screaming at her belly that he didn’t want the baby to live, threatening to “kick the baby out” of her stomach and even, one day, pushing her down a flight of stairs. Her pregnancy was “hell,” says Leyla. Perhaps mercifully, it ended at thirty-seven weeks—the baby arriving three weeks early, her doctor speculated, because of his mother’s profound stress. (Her doctor was aware, to some degree, of the abuse, and told Leyla the best thing she could do was leave.) Related Article Conversation: Lynn Harris & Elizabeth Miller on Reproductive Coercion The Nation on Grit TV
Leyla eventually did just that, getting herself out of her abusive relationship and into a support group. “I do ask every day why I stayed with him for seven years,” she says (though she now says that witnessing her father abuse her mother corrupted her sense of what counts as “normal” in a relationship). She married a “wonderful” man last November who is, she says, “a great father” to her son, Eddie, now 2.
Leyla’s story turns a modern fable on its head: that of the woman—call her the femme fertile—who conspires to get pregnant, perhaps by “forgetting” to take her birth control pills, as a way to “trap a man” and force marriage—or at least keep him in her life. In reality, experts researchers on dating violence and unintended pregnancy say, it’s Leyla’s version of that story is all too common. Two new studies have quantified what advocates for young women’s health have observed for years: the striking frequency with which it is in fact young men who try to force their partners to get pregnant. Their goal: not to settle down as family men but rather to exert what is perhaps the most intimate, and lasting, form of control. (“Control” may also include attempts to force both pregnancy and abortion, even in the same relationship.) Together with earlier small-scale studies and reports by those in the field, the new figures help fill out the picture of a long-known, but under-addressed, phenomenon now referred to as “reproductive coercion,” in which abusive partners subject young women already at risk of violence to the additional health risks of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. The new data confirm that we must expand not only our assumptions about who’s forcing whom to get pregnant but also our understanding of the meaning and causes of “unwanted” pregnancy. “If we are serious about stopping unplanned pregnancy in this country, we simply must address the sexual violence and reproductive control that often cause it,” says Esta Soler, president of the Family Violence Prevention Fund, which has been a leading advocate on the issue.
A new study has found that among 71 women aged 18-49 with a history of intimate partner violence, 74 percent reported having experienced some form of reproductive control, including forced unprotected intercourse, failure to withdraw as promised or sabotaging of condoms. Women who became pregnant were coerced to proceed in accordance with the wishes of their partners, who in some cases threatened to kill them if they had an abortion. Study authors Ann Moore, Lori Frohwirth and Elizabeth Miller, MD, recommend that service providers in women’s health clinics ask questions designed to identify women who may be experiencing reproductive coercion, and should be aware that some women may need birth control (such as IUDs) that can be hidden from partners.
In the largest study of this phenomenon to date, “Pregnancy Coercion, Intimate Partner Violence and Unintended Pregnancy,” published in the January issue of the journal Contraception, lead researcher Elizabeth Miller and others surveyed nearly 1,300 16- to 29-year-old women who’d sought a variety of services at five different Northern California reproductive health clinics. Among those who had experienced intercourse, i.e. who could be at risk of unintended pregnancy, not only did 53 percent of respondents say they’d experienced physical or sexual violence from a partner, but one in five said they had experienced pregnancy coercion; 15 percent said they experienced birth control sabotage, including hiding or flushing birth control pills down the toilet, intentional breaking of condoms and removing contraceptive rings or patches. These figures were consistent from clinic to clinic.
Three years ago, Miller, now assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine and a practitioner at UC Davis Children’s Hospital, published what is said to be the first study in adolescent health literature to document the role of abusive partners in promoting teen pregnancy. The study was based on interviews with a racially and ethnically diverse group of sixty-one girls from Boston’s poorest neighborhoods, all with histories of intimate-partner violence. Fifty-three of them were in abusive and sexually active relationships at the time of the interview; of those girls, 26 percent reported that their partners were “actively trying to get them pregnant” by manipulating condom use, sabotaging birth control”—many reported trying to hide their birth control from boyfriends—or simply sweet-talking them about “making beautiful babies” together. One girl reported that her boyfriend deliberately got her pregnant, and then made her have an abortion.
“Pregnancy is an extremely contested area of human relationships,” says Miller. “It’s likely that there are women who try to get pregnant on purpose in order to maintain or change a relationship. But now we can also say that there is another part of this story that we have not paid enough attention to: men’s direct role in promoting pregnancy against women’s wishes. It’s not the only cause of teen pregnancy, but it’s one that we’d managed to miss for a very long time.”
The new data is both alarming and promising. While it adds wrinkles to the often-linked problems of unwanted pregnancy and intimate partner violence, it may also provide new clues as to how to address them.
What we now know about reproductive coercion could begin, for one thing, to shine some light onto recent upticks in rates of teen pregnancy and abortion. In January, the Guttmacher Institute reported that between 2005 and 2006 the pregnancy rate among girls ages 15 to 19 had jumped for the first time since 1990, by a factor of 3 percent. “There are a multitude of reasons for the recent increase in teen pregnancy,” says Miller. “Reproductive coercion may be one piece of the puzzle.”
Longitudinal studies are needed, Miller says, along with further exploration of the well-documented but puzzling phenomenon of “pregnancy ambivalence,” a term those in the field use to describe sexually active women who say they don’t want to get pregnant, yet who don’t try consistently to prevent it. “We need further research to find out if part of what we’ve been addressing as ‘ambivalence’ is in fact male-partner influence on women’s reproductive health and autonomy,” explains Miller.
A better understanding of reproductive coercion also offers a new—though not always sufficiently early—warning system for intimate partner violence. Unwanted pregnancy should not be considered just a fait-accompli consequence of a series of individual and societal failures. Rather, Miller and others say, healthcare providers should treat unplanned pregnancy (or repeat pregnancy or STD testing) as a potential red flag for relationship abuse. (This is something Miller began to suspect a decade ago when, while working as a volunteer counselor in a Boston clinic, she gave a 15-year-old girl a pregnancy test—negative—and sent her on her way with the usual information about birth control; two weeks later, the girl wound up in the ER when her boyfriend pushed her down a flight of stairs.) In fact, Miller’s latest, still-unpublished research has shown that when counselors at family planning clinics are trained to ask questions designed to reveal unhealthy relationships—“Did your partner ever mess with your birth control or try to get you pregnant when you didn’t want to be?”—not only are they able to detect cases of relationship violence that might otherwise have fallen through the cracks but the young women at risk are also significantly more likely to get themselves safely out.
Of course, protecting and educating women is only half—if that—of the equation. Why do men abuse in this way in the first place? In one 2007 study, some young men said outright that they’d insisted on condomless sex as a way to establish power over female partners. (There is some evidence of analogous male-on-male violence, but no in-depth studies exist.) Other research shows that men consider a request for a condom an accusation—or admission—of cheating. Advocates such as Patti Giggans, executive director of Peace Over Violence, also hear male gang members say things like “I’m not gonna be around forever. I’ve got to leave my legacy.” (That said, anecdotal evidence—to say nothing of wide reports that even philandering celebrities and politicos eschew condoms—shows that the phenomenon is not limited to the most economically depressed classes.)
According to Miller and Giggans, innovative, male-focused violence prevention programs are popping up all the time. But Miller says that recent research demonstrates that there’s a clear need for relationship violence prevention to be integrated into pregnancy prevention and sexual health curricula, and vice versa. Given her findings, after all, preventing unwanted pregnancy appears to be about more than making contraception available, accessible, and acceptable. Never mind abstinence-only education, which would be irrelevant, to say the least, to someone experiencing sexual coercion—even the most comprehensive, medically accurate sex ed—or all the free condoms in all the fishbowls in the world—won’t deter a sexually abusive partner, and won’t magically protect a girl from a partner who deliberately damages a condom or suddenly removes it mid-intercourse. “Ideally, we’d discuss healthy relationships as a foundation for sex ed before we discuss mechanics,” Miller says. Given how embattled sex ed already is, that will be a slow, state by state, curriculum by curriculum process. In fact, some dating violence educators, Miller says, are a bit resistant to tie the issue too explicitly to pregnancy prevention, for fear that too much discussion of sex could jeopardize the inclusion of their entire curriculum.
But changes are already beginning to take place—at least ten states have passed laws requiring (or at least “urging,” though not necessarily funding) dating violence education—and teen advocacy groups are generally on board with the notion of broadening pregnancy prevention curricula to include coercion. Members of Miller’s team, for example, have been working with the writers of the California pregnancy prevention curriculum to add a vignette in which a girl asks a guy to use a condom but then he removes it during sex. (Right now, Miller says, “that kind of conversation is just not happening.”)
As important as it is to address the dangers of coercion, experts agree with Miller that the best big-picture approach is to educate young men and women alike about healthy relationships. “It’s imperative that we teach kids comprehensive sex ed that includes awareness of violence and coercion. The more we can help them understand what constitutes a good relationship and where you go for help when something’s not good, the more they have a fighting chance,” says Debra Hauser, executive vice president of Advocates For Youth.
On the upside, there is at least one sense in which talk of sex-ed innovation is not pie in the sky: there may actually be some money for it. For all the warranted concern about reappropriation of funds for abstinence-only education, in December 2009 President Obama signed into law a $114.5 million teen pregnancy prevention initiative based on medically accurate, research-based information. While $75 million is reserved for programming already proven effective, at least $25 million is earmarked for research and testing of innovative new approaches.
The increasing awareness of the interpersonal complexities of unintended pregnancy—plus the potential funding—make Sarah Brown, executive director of The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, “uncharacteristically optimistic,” she says. “Sex ed has mainly been focused on reproduction, not relationships. But people in the field have been beginning to understand that—while there is a role for specific pregnancy prevention and harm reduction—it’s all part of a larger picture that also includes substance abuse and overall life planning. It’s not just about body parts or pathogens or the mechanics of contraception; it’s about what constitutes a respectful, warm relationship. If it weren’t for the money, I wouldn’t be so sanguine, but five years from now we’ll have seen many more efforts to talk about the particular sex and safety topics within the larger context of healthy lives and relationships.”
And, of course, school isn’t the only place where prevention and intervention can take place—or be improved. The Family Violence Prevention Fund, in collaboration with the Office on Women’s Health of the US Department of Health and Human Services, has just launched a $3 million violence-prevention initiative called Project Connect, which is designed to find new ways to identify and respond to domestic and sexual violence, including reproductive coercion, in public health settings. Working with ten state health departments and violence-prevention advocacy groups nationwide, the fund will train staff at family planning, adolescent health, home visitation and other maternal child health programs to understand domestic violence and reproductive coercion so that they recognize it when they see it and know how to help.
Given what we know now—and can do about—the link between violence and pregnancy prevention, there’s hope for steps forward. “My dream is that we’ll see a comprehensive public health response to domestic violence and reproductive coercion in the way we’ve seen for smoking cessation and HIV prevention,” says Lisa James of the Family Violence Prevention Fund, director of Project Connect. “We’re starting with just ten sites, but we know this will become the national standard.”
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---
author:
- 'Luigi Barletti, Philipp Holzinger, and Ansgar Jüngel'
title: 'Quantum drift-diffusion equations for a two-dimensional electron gas with spin-orbit interaction'
---
Introduction {#sec:1}
============
Spintronics is an alternative to electronics, where the bit of information is carried by the spin polarization and not by the current [@Zutic02]. Spintronics must not be confused with quantum computing: in the latter, both the information and its processing are based on a relatively small number of spins and are completely subject to the laws of quantum mechanics; in the former, the spin carriers are a large population and only the polarization is the result of an average of many single spins. Also in the case of spintronics, each spin carrier is subject to the laws of quantum mechanics and, for an accurate simulation of the behaviour of a spintronic device, it is very important to include quantum mechanical effects in the mathematical models. A systematic way to construct mathematical models of quantum fluids (diffusive or hydrodynamic) has been introduced by Degond, Ringhofer, and Méhats in Refs. [@DMR05; @DR03] (see also the exposition in [@J2009]). Their strategy is based on the quantum mechanical version of the Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP), which basically says that the fluid-dynamical (macroscopic) equations, derived from an underlying kinetic (microscopic) model, can be closed by assuming that the microscopic state is the most probable one compatible with the observed macroscopic quantities (densities, currents, etc.). In turn, the most probable state is the one that maximises a suitable entropy functional, dictated by the laws of statistical mechanics. The quantum MEP (Q-MEP) can be formulated in the standard (operator-based) formalism of statistical quantum mechanics or in the phase-space formalism due to Wigner [@ZachosEtAl05]. The operator form is more general, to the extent that it can also be applied to Hamiltonians defined in bounded domains (while the Wigner formalism is only suited to the whole-space case). However, the Wigner framework, being a quasi-classical description, is more suited to the semiclassical expansion of the quantum model, resulting in “classical equations” with “quantum corrections”.
Diffusive models of particles with spin, subject to spin-orbit interactions, have been previously derived in Refs. [@BM2010; @EH2014; @PN2011]. In Ref. [@EH2014], two kinds of models are considered: the bipolar one, where only the projection of the spin on a given axis is considered, and the spin-vector one, where all the components of the spin vector are present. Such models are “semiclassical”, which means that the drift-diffusion equations are not the standard ones because (of course) they contain the spin components, but the models do not incorporate non-local effects, such as the Bohm potential [@J2009]. This is because the postulated equilibrium state is a classical Maxwellian for each spin component, while non-local effects only arise from a quantum equilibrium state. Reference [@PN2011] is a generalisation of [@EH2014], where a more detailed collision operator is considered, with spin-dependent scattering rates.
The first application of the Q-MEP to the case of particles with spin-orbit interaction is given in Ref. [@BM2010]. There, a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with spin-orbit interaction of Rashba type [@Zutic02] is considered and the Q-MEP is used to derive bipolar quantum drift-diffusion equations (QDDE) for the spin polarisation in the direction perpendicular to the 2DEG plane. The obtained model is then expanded semiclassically in order to obtain classical drift-diffusion equations for the density and polarisation with quantum corrections.
Few results are available related to the existence analysis of spin drift- diffusion models. The bipolar model was investigated in [@Gli08; @GlGa10]. An existence result for a diffusion model for the spin accumulation with fixed electron current but non-constant magnetization was proved in [@GaWa07; @PuGu10]. Matrix spin drift-diffusion models were analyzed in [@HoJu20; @JNS15] with constant precession axis and in [@Zam14] with non-constant precession vector. Numerical simulations for this model can be found in [@CJS16]. Assuming a mass- and spin-conserving relaxation mechanism, two full-spin drift-diffusion models were derived and analyzed in [@ZaJu13], including spin-orbit interactions. These model, however, do not contain “quantum correction” terms.
In the present paper, we derive spin-vector QDDE for the same spin-orbit system as in [@BM2010]. As remarked before, this means that the QDDE that we derive here involve all the components of the spin vector. The paper is organised as follows. In Section \[sec:2\], we introduce the Rashba Hamiltonian, describing the spin-orbit interaction of each electron in the 2DEG. Moreover, some basic concepts of the spinorial Wigner-Moyal formalism are recalled. In Section \[sec:3\], we set up the model at the kinetic level, consisting of an evolution equation for the matrix-valued Wigner function, endowed with a collisional term that describes the relaxation of the system to an equilibrium Wigner function obtained by the Q-MEP. The formal diffusive limit of the kinetic model is analysed in Section \[sec:3\], which leads to the spin-vector QDDE (Eqs. , , and ). In order to test the consistency of the obtained equations, we consider the semiclassical limit of the QDDE and show that it is in accordance with the semiclassical equations derived in [@EH2014].
Physical and mathematical background {#sec:2}
====================================
Let us consider a population of electrons confined in a two-dimensional potential well, described by the coordinates $(x_1,x_2)$ and subject to a spin-orbit interaction of Rashba type [@Zutic02]. The Hamiltonian of each electron has therefore the form $$H =
\begin{pmatrix}
-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\Delta & -i\hbar\alpha_R \left(\partial_{x_2} + i\partial_{x_1} \right) \\
-i\hbar\alpha_R \left( \partial_{x_2} - i\partial_{x_1}\right) & -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\Delta
\end{pmatrix},$$ where $\alpha_R$ is the Rashba constant and $m$ is the (effective) electron mass. In terms of the Pauli matrices, we can write $$\label{Hdef0}
H = -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\Delta\,\sigma_0 - i\hbar \alpha_R\left(\partial_{x_2} \sigma_1 - \partial_{x_1}\sigma_2\right),$$ where $$\sigma_0 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix},
\quad
\sigma_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix},
\quad
\sigma_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 &-i \\ i & 0 \end{pmatrix},
\quad
\sigma_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 &-1 \end{pmatrix}.$$ In the following, we will extensively make use of the algebra of the Pauli matrices. Each $2\times 2$ matrix-valued quantity $a\in\mathbb{C}^{2\times 2}$ can be decomposed in Pauli components according to $$a = \sum_{j=0}^3 a_j \sigma_j = a_0\sigma_0 + \vec a \cdot \vec\sigma,$$ where $\vec a = (a_1,a_2,a_3)$, $\vec \sigma = (\sigma_1,\sigma_2,\sigma_3)$, and the components $a_k$ ($k = 0,1,2,3$) are real if and only if $a$ is hermitian. By using the well-known identity $$\sigma_i\sigma_j = i{\epsilon}_{ijk}\sigma_k + \delta_{ij}\sigma_0,
\qquad 1\leq i,j,k, \leq 3,$$ (where ${\epsilon}_{ijk}$ and $\delta_{ij}$ are, respectively, the Levi-Civita and Kronecker symbols), it is straightforward to prove the following relations, mapping the matrix algebra on the Pauli components: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{trace}
\operatorname{tr}(a) &= 2 a_0,
\\
\label{product}
ab &= (a_0b_0 + \vec a \cdot \vec b)\sigma_0 + (a_0 \vec b + b_0 \vec a + i \vec a \times \vec b) \cdot \vec\sigma,
\\
\label{commutator}
ab - ba &= i \vec a \times \vec b \cdot \vec\sigma.\end{aligned}$$ The Hamiltonian can be written more concisely as $$\label{Hdef1}
H = -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\Delta\,\sigma_0 - i\hbar \alpha_R\nabla^\perp \cdot \vec \sigma$$ with the notation $$\nabla = (\partial_{x_1}, \partial_{x_2}, 0), \quad
\nabla^\perp = \nabla \times \vec e_3 = (\partial_{x_2}, -\partial_{x_1}, 0), \quad
\vec e_3 = (0,0,1).$$
We now combine the matrix algebra with the Wigner-Moyal calculus. The following definitions and properties hold for suitably smooth functions. Let us recall the definition of the Wigner transform, $\varrho \mapsto a$, of a function $\varrho = \varrho(x,y)$, $x\in{\mathbb{R}}^d$, $y\in{\mathbb{R}}^d$, into a phase-space function $a = a(x,p)$, $x\in{\mathbb{R}}^d$, $p\in{\mathbb{R}}^d$: $$ a(x,p) = {\mathcal{W}}(\varrho)(x,p) = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^d}
\varrho \left( x + \frac{\xi}{2}, x - \frac{\xi}{2} \right) {\mathrm{e}}^{-ip \cdot \xi/\hbar} d\xi$$ (see also Ref. [@ZachosEtAl05]). We remark that, in our framework, we have $d= 2$, and the Wigner transform acts on the matrix-valued functions $\varrho$ and $a$ componentwise. The Wigner transformation is closely related to the Weyl quantization, $a \mapsto A$, that maps the phase-space function $a$ to an operator $A$, according to $$\begin{aligned}
(A\psi)(x) &= \left[ \operatorname{Op}(a)\psi \right](x)
\\
&= \frac{1}{(2\pi\hbar)^d} \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{2d}}
a\left( \frac{x+y}{2}, p \right)\,\psi(y)\,{\mathrm{e}}^{i(x-y)\cdot p/\hbar}\,dy\,dp.\end{aligned}$$ In the correspondence $A = \operatorname{Op}(a)$, the phase space function $a$ is often called the “symbol” of $A$.
The Wigner transform is the inverse of the Weyl quantization if one identifies the operator $A$ with its integral kernel $\varrho_A$. In fact, $$(A\psi)(x) = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{d}} \varrho_A(x,y)\,\psi(y)\,dy = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{d}} {\mathcal{W}}^{-1}(a)(x,y)\,\psi(y)\,dy.$$ The Wigner-Weyl correspondence is summarized in Figure \[fig:1\].
![The Wigner-Weyl correspondence: $A = \operatorname{Op}(a)$ is the operator associated to the phase-space function $a$, $\varrho_A$ is the integral kernel of $A$, and $a = {\mathcal{W}}(\varrho_A)$ is the Wigner transform of $\varrho_A$.[]{data-label="fig:1"}](WeylWigner.eps)
The operator algebra is transferred to phase-space functions by the Wigner-Weyl correspondence. In particular, the operator product gives rise to the definition of the Moyal product $a\# b = \operatorname{Op}^{-1}(AB)$, where $A= \operatorname{Op}(a)$ and $B= \operatorname{Op}(b)$. The Moyal product has an explicit expansion in powers of $\hbar$, $$\label{MoyalExpansion}
a \# b = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \hbar^k a \#_k b,$$ where $$a \#_k b = \frac{1}{(2i)^k} \sum_{{{\vert {\alpha} \vert}} + {{\vert {\beta} \vert}} = k}
\frac{(-1)^{{{\vert {\alpha} \vert}}} }{ \alpha!\, \beta! }
\left(\nabla_x^\alpha \nabla_p^\beta a \right)\left(\nabla_p^\alpha \nabla_x^\beta b \right).$$ At the leading order of the expansion, we find the ordinary product $a\#_0b = ab$, while at the first order, it is related to the Poisson bracket, $$a\#_1b = \frac{i}{2}\sum_{j = 1}^2\left(\partial_{x_j} a \, \partial_{p_j} b - \partial_{p_j} a \,\partial_{x_j} b\right).$$
The operator trace $\operatorname{Tr}$ is equivalent to the integral on the phase-space of the matrix trace $\operatorname{tr}$ of its symbol, i.e. $$\operatorname{Tr}(A) = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{2d}} \operatorname{tr}(a)(x,p)\,dx\,dp.$$ In particular, if $A$ represents some physical observable and $S$ represents the state of the system, and if $a = \operatorname{Op}^{-1}(A)$ and $w = \operatorname{Op}^{-1}(S)$ are the corresponding phase-space functions ($w$ is called the [*Wigner function*]{} of the system), then the expected value of the observable $A$ in the state $S = \operatorname{Op}(w)$ is $$\operatorname{Tr}(AS) = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{2d}} \operatorname{tr}(aw)(x,p)\,dx\,dp.$$ By expressing this identity in terms of Pauli components (by using and ), we obtain the fundamental formula for the expected values: $$\frac{1}{2}\operatorname{Tr}(AS) = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{2d}} (a_0w_0 + \vec a \cdot \vec w) (x,p)\,dx\,dp.$$ This relation suggests to define the [*local density*]{} $n_A$ of the observable $A$ as $$n_A(x) = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{d}} (a_0w_0 + \vec a \cdot \vec w) (x,p)\,dp = {{\langle n_A \rangle}} (x),$$ where we introduced the notation ${{\langle f \rangle}} = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{d}} f \,dp$. Since our goal is to derive a spinorial diffusive model, the local densities we are interested in are the position density $n_0$ (observable $\frac{1}{2}\sigma_0$) and the spin density $\vec n$ (observable $\frac{1}{2}\vec \sigma$), given by $$ n_0(x) = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{2d}} w_0 (x,p)\,dp, \qquad \vec n(x) = \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^{2d}} \vec w(x,p)\,dp.$$ We remark that an operator $S$ representing the state of a quantum system must be a positive operator with unit trace. In particular, $(S\psi)(x)$ is a positive definite matrix for all two-component wave functions $\psi$ and for a.e. $x$. This fact leads to constraints on the functions $n_k$, $k = 0,1,2,3$, namely $n_0 \geq 0$ and $n_1,n_2,n_3 \in {\mathbb{R}}$ with $$n_1^2 + n_2^2 + n_3^2 \leq n_0^2$$ (for a.e. $x$). If $n_1^2 + n_2^2 + n_3^2 = n_0^2$, then $S$ and $w = \operatorname{Op}^{-1}(S)$ represent a pure state while if $n_1^2 + n_2^2 + n_3^2 < n_0^2$, then $S$ and $w$ represent a “mixed” (statistical) state.
Transport picture {#sec:3}
=================
We shall now derive a mesoscopic-level (kinetic) transport model for our two-dimensional electron gas.
Transport equation
------------------
Let $S(t)$ be the time-dependent density operator, representing the statistical quantum mechanical state at time $t$, let $\varrho(x,y,t)$ be the associated density matrix (i.e. the integral kernel of $S(t)$) and $w(x,p,t) = {\mathcal{W}}(\varrho)$ the corresponding Wigner function. The evolution equation for $S(t)$ is the statistical version of the Schrödinger equation, that is the Von Neumann equation $$ i\hbar \partial_t S = (H+V) S - S(H+V),$$ where $H$ is the Rashba Hamiltonian and $V = V(x)\sigma_0$ represents an external electrostatic potential (e.g. a gate potential). In terms of the density matrix, this equation reads as follows: $$ i\hbar \partial_t \varrho =\left( -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\left(\Delta_x - \Delta_y\right) + V(x) - V(y) \right) \varrho
-i\hbar\alpha_R \big(\nabla_x^\perp\cdot\vec\sigma\varrho - \nabla_y^\perp \varrho \cdot\vec\sigma \big)$$ The evolution equation for the Wigner function $w$ is obtained by applying the Wigner transformation to both sides of the last equation. This results in $$ i\hbar \partial_t w = \left\{ h+V , w\right\}_\#,$$ where $$h(x,p) = \frac{{{\vert {p} \vert}}^2}{2m} \sigma_0 + \alpha_R p^\perp \cdot \vec \sigma$$ is the symbol of the Rashba Hamiltonian (as usual $p^\perp = p \times \vec e_3 = (p_2,-p_1,0)$) and $\{\cdot,\cdot\}_\#$ is the Moyal bracket $$\{a,b \}_\# = a\# b - b\#a.$$ By explicitly computing this bracket and decomposing the matrix equation in the Pauli components, we obtain the following system for the trace and spin parts of $w$: $$\label{WE1}
\begin{aligned}
&\partial_t w_0 = -\frac{1}{m}p\cdot \nabla_x w_0 - \alpha_R \nabla_x^\perp \cdot \vec w + \Theta_\hbar[V] w_0,
\\
&\partial_t \vec w = -\frac{1}{m}p\cdot \nabla_x \vec w - \alpha_R \nabla_x^\perp w_0 + \Theta_\hbar[V] \vec w
+ \frac{2\alpha_R}{\hbar} p^\perp \times \vec w,
\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Thetadef}
\Theta_\hbar[f] &= \frac{1}{i\hbar}\left[ f\left(x + \frac{i\hbar}{2}\nabla_p \right) - f\left(x - \frac{i\hbar}{2}\nabla_p \right) \right]
\nonumber \\
&= \sum_{j=0}^\infty (-1)^j \left(\frac{\hbar}{2}\right)^{2j} \sum_{{{\vert {\alpha} \vert}} = 2j+1} \frac{1}{\alpha!} \nabla_x^\alpha f \nabla_p^\alpha\end{aligned}$$ is the usual force term of the Wigner equation [@BFM2014; @J2009; @ZachosEtAl05]. Note that the leading order term of the last expansion corresponds to the force term in the classical transport equation, namely $$\Theta_\hbar[V] \xrightarrow{\hbar \to 0} \nabla_x V \cdot \nabla_p.$$
In order to study the diffusion asymptotics of our system, the purely hamiltonian dynamics described by Eq. must be supplemented with a collisional mechanism. If we want to remain in a rigorous quantum-mechanical setting, we cannot expect to adopt a detailed description of collisions. However, since our goal is to obtain the diffusive limit of our model, only very general properties of the collision dynamics are needed, such as conservation properties. Therefore, the optimal strategy to insert a relatively simple collisional mechanism, and to respect at the same time the rules of quantum mechanics, is to adopt a relaxation-time term making the system relax to a suitable quantum equilibrium state [@Arnold96; @DMR05; @DR03; @J2009]. We therefore re-write Eq. with suitable relaxation-time terms: $$\label{WBGK}
\begin{aligned}
&\partial_t w_0 = -\frac{1}{m}p\cdot \nabla_x w_0 - \alpha_R \nabla_x^\perp \cdot \vec w + \Theta_\hbar[V] w_0 + \frac{1}{\tau_p}\left(g_0 - w_0 \right)
\\
&\partial_t \vec w = -\frac{1}{m}p\cdot \nabla_x \vec w - \alpha_R \nabla_x^\perp w_0 + \Theta_\hbar[V] \vec w + \frac{2\alpha_R}{\hbar} p^\perp \times \vec w
+ \frac{1}{\tau_p}\left(\vec g - \vec w \right)
\end{aligned}$$ where $g = g_0\sigma_0 + \vec g \cdot \vec \sigma$ is the equilibrium Wigner function that will be specified later on.
Before that, and in view of the diffusion asymptotics, let us rewrite Eq. in a non-dimensional form. Let $T_0$ be the (given) temperature of the thermal bath with which our electron population is assumed to be in equilibrium. The reference energy $E_0$ is taken as the thermal energy, given by $$k_B T_0=E_0,$$ where $k_B$ denotes the Boltzmann constant. The associated thermal momentum is $$p_0 = \sqrt{mk_BT_0}.$$ Let us also fix a reference length $x_0$ (e.g., the device size) and take the reference time $t_0$ as $$t_0 = \frac{mx_0}{p_0},$$ which is the time it takes an electron, traveling at the reference thermal velocity, to cross the reference length. Then, in Eq. we switch to non-dimensional variables with the substitutions $$x \to x_0 x, \qquad t\to t_0 t, \qquad p \to p_0p, \qquad V \to E_0V$$ (for the sake of simplicity, the new non-dimensional variables are denoted by the same symbols as the dimensional ones). We obtain in this way $$\label{WBGKscaled}
\begin{aligned}
&\partial_t w_0 = - p\cdot \nabla_x w_0 - {\epsilon}\alpha \nabla_x^\perp \cdot \vec w + \Theta_{\epsilon}[V] w_0 + \frac{1}{\tau}\left(g_0 - w_0 \right),
\\
&\partial_t \vec w = - p\cdot \nabla_x \vec w - {\epsilon}\alpha \nabla_x^\perp w_0 + \Theta_{\epsilon}[V] \vec w + 2\alpha p^\perp \times \vec w
+ \frac{1}{\tau}\left(\vec g - \vec w \right) .
\end{aligned}$$ Here, two important non-dimensional parameters have been introduced, $${\epsilon}=\frac{\hbar}{x_0p_0},\qquad \tau = \frac{\tau_p}{t_0}.$$ The “semi-classical” parameter ${\epsilon}$ is the scaled Planck constant: roughly speaking, the smaller it is, the further we zoom out from the quantum scale and approach the classical scale. The diffusive parameter $\tau$ is the scaled collision time: the smaller it is, the more collisions occur in the reference time, making the diffusive regime predominate on the “ballistic” one. Moreover, $$\alpha = \frac{m x_0 \alpha_R}{\hbar}$$ is the non-dimensional Rashba constant. Since ${\epsilon}\alpha = m \alpha_R/p_0$, we see that $\alpha$ is the coefficient of proportionality between ${\epsilon}$ and the ratio of $\alpha_R$ (which has the physical dimension of a velocity) and the thermal velocity $p_0/m$. This choice makes the Rashba constant scale with ${\epsilon}$ and gives the correct result in the semiclassical limit ${\epsilon}\to 0$ (see Section \[sec:4.3\] and Ref. [@BM2010]).
Maximum entropy principle
-------------------------
We now come to the description of the quantum equilibrium function appearing in the transport equation . According to the theory developed in Refs. [@DMR05; @DR03] (see also [@BFM2014; @J2009]), we choose the equilibrium Wigner function $g = g_0\sigma_0 + \vec g \cdot \vec \sigma$ as the minimiser of a suitable quantum entropy-like functional, with the constraint of positivity and fixed densities, which is the quantum version of the well-known Maximum Entropy Principle. Physically speaking, this means that $g$ is assumed to be the most probable microscopic state compatible with the observed macroscopic density. This is rigorously expressed in our case as follows.
[**Quantum Maximum Entropy Principle (Q-MEP).**]{} [*Let $n = n_0\sigma_0 + \vec n \cdot \vec \sigma$ be a given matrix-valued function of $x$ and $t$, with $$n_0 > 0, \qquad n_1,n_2,n_3 \in {\mathbb{R}}, \qquad n_1^2 + n_2^2 + n_3^2 < n_0^2,$$ for a.e. $x\in{\mathbb{R}}^2$ and $t >0$. The equilibrium Wigner function $g$ is given by $$g = \operatorname{argmin}\left\{ \mathcal{H}(w) \mid \operatorname{Op}(w) > 0, \ {{\langle w \rangle}} = n \right\},$$ where $\mathcal{H}$ is the quantum free-energy functional given (in non-dimensional variables) by $$\label{EntropyFunctional}
\mathcal{H}(w) = \frac{1}{2} \operatorname{tr}\left( \int_{{\mathbb{R}}^6} \left( w{\mathcal{L}\hspace{-.3pt}\mathit{og}}(w) - w + h\# w \right)(x,p)\, dxdp \right)$$ and ${\mathcal{L}\hspace{-.3pt}\mathit{og}}$ is the “quantum logarithm” defined as $${\mathcal{L}\hspace{-.3pt}\mathit{og}}(w) = {\mathcal{W}}\left( \log(\operatorname{Op}(w)) \right)$$ ($\log$ being the operator logarithm).*]{}
Note that the constraints on $n$ are consistent with the requirement that $w$ represents a quantum mixed state, according to the remark at the end of Sec. \[sec:2\] (see also [@MP10; @MP11]).
Then, $g$ is defined as the Wigner function that minimises the quantum entropy (or, more precisely, the free energy, which is the energy minus the entropy) under the constraint of the given density. Note that the condition $\operatorname{Op}(g) > 0$ means that $g$ must be a genuine Wigner function (i.e. the Wigner transform of a density operator). The entropy functional is the phase-space equivalent of the Von Neumann entropy (free energy, more precisely): if $S = \operatorname{Op}(w)$ is the density operator, then $$\mathcal{H}(w) = \operatorname{Tr}\left( S\log(S) - S + HS\right).$$ A formal proof of the following theorem makes use of the mathematical techniques adopted in similar contexts (see, e.g., Ref. [@BF2010]); however the application of these techniques to the full-spin case is far from being straightforward and a detailed proof is deferred to a forthcoming paper. Rigorous proofs also exist, but only for the simpler case of a one-dimensional system of scalar (non-spinorial) particles in an interval with periodic boundary conditions, see Refs. [@MP10; @MP11].
[**Theorem.**]{} [*The matrix-valued Wigner function $g$, satisfying the above constrained minimisation problem, exists and is given by $$\label{gdef}
g = {\mathcal{E}\hspace{-.5pt}\mathit{xp}}(-h + a), \qquad {{\langle g \rangle}} = n,$$ where $a = a_0\sigma_0 + \vec a \cdot \vec \sigma$ is a matrix of Lagrange multipliers and $${\mathcal{E}\hspace{-.5pt}\mathit{xp}}(w) = {\mathcal{W}}\left( \exp(\operatorname{Op}(w)) \right)$$ (with $\exp$ the operator exponential).* ]{}
Our model is now completed by using $g$ given by as the equilibrium function in the Wigner equation . We remark that the quantum equilibrium function $g$ is quite a complicated object, it is a non-local function of the Lagrange multipliers, which are implicitly related to the densities $n_0$ and $\vec n$ by the four integral constraints ${{\langle g \rangle}} = n$, i.e. ${{\langle g_0 \rangle}} = n_0$ and ${{\langle \vec g \rangle}} = \vec n$. However, it is possible to make the model more explicit by performing a semiclassical expansion of $g$, made possible by the semiclassical expansion of the Moyal product.
Diffusion picture {#sec:4}
=================
Let us now formally derive the diffusion asymptotics of the kinetic model introduced in the previous section.
Chapman-Enskog expansion
------------------------
To shorten the notation, we denote by ${\mathcal{T}}$ the transport operator $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathcal{T}}w := \frac{1}{i{\epsilon}}\left\{h+V, w \right\}_\# &= \left(- p\cdot \nabla_x w_0 - {\epsilon}\alpha \nabla_x^\perp \cdot \vec w + \Theta_{\epsilon}[V] w_0\right)\sigma_0
\\
&\phantom{ixx}+ \left( - p\cdot \nabla_x \vec w - {\epsilon}\alpha \nabla_x^\perp w_0 + \Theta_{\epsilon}[V] \vec w + 2\alpha p^\perp \times \vec w \right)\cdot\vec\sigma,\end{aligned}$$ so that the scaled Wigner equation is concisely written as $$\label{WBGKconcise}
\tau \partial_t w = \tau {\mathcal{T}}w + g - w.$$ The diffusion asymptotics is obtained by means of the Chapman-Enskog expansion [@Cercignani88; @J2009], by expanding the equation for the macroscopic density $n = {{\langle w \rangle}}$, $$ \partial_t n = \partial_t^{(0)} n + \tau \partial_t^{(1)} n + \tau^2 \partial_t^{(2)} n+ \cdots,$$ and the microscopic state, $$\label{wexp}
w = w^{(0)} + \tau w^{(1)} + \tau^2 w^{(2)} + \cdots .$$ We remark that it is only the equation for $n$ that is expanded, and not $n$ itself, which is an ${\mathcal{O}}(1)$ quantity with respect to $\tau$.
Integrating with respect to $p$ and recalling that ${{\langle g-w \rangle}} = 0$ (which follows from and reflects the conservation of the number of particles and the spin in the collisions), we can identify the $k$-th order time derivative of $n$ by $$ \partial_t^{(k)} n = {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}w^{(k)} \rangle}} .$$ To compute $w^{(k)}$, we substitute in . This yields, at leading and at first order in $\tau$, $$w^{(0)} = g, \quad w^{(1)} = {\mathcal{T}}g - \partial_t g,$$ respectively. Therefore, $$\label{pt1}
\partial_t^{(0)} n = {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}, \quad
\partial_t^{(1)} n = {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}{\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} - {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}\partial_t g \rangle}}.$$
The function $g$ depends on time only through its (functional) dependence on $n$, according to . Then, at the same order of approximation, we can also write $$\label{ptg}
\partial_t g = \frac{\delta g}{\delta n} \circ \partial_t n \approx \frac{\delta g}{\delta n} \circ \partial_t^{(0)} n
= \frac{\delta g}{\delta n} \circ {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} ,$$ where $\circ$ denotes the componentwise product, resulting from the chain rule $$\frac{\delta g}{\delta n} \circ \partial_t n \equiv \sum_{k=0}^3 \frac{\delta g}{\delta n_k} \partial_t n_k .$$ Using and and neglecting higher-order terms, we obtain the quantum drift-diffusion (QDDE) equation for $n$: $$\label{QDDE1}
\partial_t n = {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} + \tau{{\langle {\mathcal{T}}{\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} - \tau \bigg\langle{\mathcal{T}}\frac{\delta g}{\delta n} \bigg\rangle \circ {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} .$$ We remark the following:
1. The QDDE is, formally, a closed equation for $n$, since $g$ depends on $n$ through .
2. The term $\tau{{\langle {\mathcal{T}}{\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}$ is the truly diffusive term in the equation, to the extent that it is the only term that appears in the standard cases (i.e. classical or quantum scalar particles [@DMR05; @DR03; @J2009]).
3. The term ${{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}$, which is equal to zero for standard particles, does not vanish for spin-orbit electrons (see below). This is the reason why we were forced to use a hydrodynamic scaling instead of the usual diffusive one. As a consequence, the Chapman-Enskog procedure produces the additional terms ${{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}$ and $\tau {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}\frac{\delta g}{\delta n} \rangle}} \circ {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}$ in the diffusive equations.
The last point deserves some additional comments. In the usual situation, the diffusion asymptotics is derived from the transport, or kinetic, equation in the so-called diffusive scaling, i.e. obtained by a further rescaling of time, $t \mapsto t/\tau$. This means that the system is observed on a very long time scale, in which the collision time is $\tau^2$ (the hydrodynamic scaling being instead the one in which the collision time is $\tau$). This is because in the standard case, if collisions do not conserve the momentum, one has ${{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} = 0$, which reflects the fact that the equilibrium state carries no current. Therefore, a purely diffusive current manifests in the longer, diffusive, time scale. In the present situation, even though the collisions do not conserve the momentum, $g$ still carries a current, that is due to the peculiar form of the spin-orbit interaction. This implies that a current, ${{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}$, already appears at the hydrodynamic scale. Moreover, at order $\tau$ the additional term $\tau {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}\frac{\delta g}{\delta n} \rangle}} \circ {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}$ appears. A formally analogous term appears also in the derivation of the classical hydrodynamic equation: in that case it contains the viscosity [@Cercignani88]. In the present context, its interpretation is not so clear. We point out that the two non-standard terms ${{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}$ and $\tau {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}\frac{\delta g}{\delta n} \rangle}} \circ {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}$ are “small” in a semiclassical perspective, because, as we shall see later, they vanish at leading order in ${\epsilon}$.
Quantum drift-diffusion equation
--------------------------------
In order to recast in a more explicit form, note that we can write $${\mathcal{T}}g = \frac{1}{i{\epsilon}}\left\{h+V, g \right\}_\# = \frac{1}{i{\epsilon}}\left\{h-a, g \right\}_\# + \frac{1}{i{\epsilon}}\left\{V+a, g \right\}_\#
= \frac{1}{i{\epsilon}}\left\{V+a, g \right\}_\#,$$ where $a$ is the matrix of Lagrange multipliers; see . In fact, $$\label{commut}
\left\{h-a, g \right\}_\# = 0,$$ because $g = {\mathcal{E}\hspace{-.5pt}\mathit{xp}}(-h + a)$ and therefore, is just the expression in the Wigner-Moyal formalism of the commutativity of the operator $H-A$ with its exponential $\exp(-H+A)$. Recalling that $V$ and $a$ do not depend on $p$, we find that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Tg}
{\mathcal{T}}g &= \frac{1}{i{\epsilon}}\left\{V+a, g \right\}_\# =
\left( \Theta_{\epsilon}[V+a_0]g_0 + \Theta_{\epsilon}[\vec a]\cdot \vec g\right) \sigma_0
\\
&\phantom{xx}{}+ \left( \Theta_{\epsilon}[V+a_0]\vec g + \Theta_{\epsilon}[\vec a] g_0 + {\epsilon}^{-1} \Theta^+_{\epsilon}[\vec a] \times \vec g \right)\cdot \vec \sigma, \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $\Theta_{\epsilon}$ is given by and $\Theta^+_{\epsilon}$ is defined as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Theta+def}
\Theta^+_{\epsilon}[f] &= \frac{1}{i{\epsilon}}\left[ f\left(x + \frac{i{\epsilon}}{2}\nabla_p \right) + f\left(x - \frac{i\hbar}{2}\nabla_p \right) \right]
\\
&= \sum_{j=0}^\infty (-1)^j \left(\frac{{\epsilon}}{2}\right)^{2j} \sum_{{{\vert {\alpha} \vert}} = 2j} \frac{1}{\alpha!} \nabla_x^\alpha f \nabla_p^\alpha . \nonumber\end{aligned}$$
We infer from (with ${\epsilon}$ instead of $\hbar$) and the following properties: $${{\langle \Theta_{\epsilon}[f]w \rangle}} = 0, \quad {{\langle p_j \Theta_{\epsilon}[f]w \rangle}} = - \partial_{x_j} f \,{{\langle w \rangle}},
\quad {{\langle \Theta^+_{\epsilon}[f]w \rangle}} = 2 f {{\langle w \rangle}}.$$ Then, recalling that ${{\langle g \rangle}} = n$, $$\label{bkTg}
{{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} = 2{\epsilon}^{-1} \vec a \times \vec n \cdot \vec \sigma.$$ This represents explicitly the above-mentioned residual spin-orbit current at equilibrium. We see that a condition for this current to vanish is $$\label{commcond}
\vec a \times \vec n = 0,$$ which is equivalent to the commutativity of the matrices $n$ and $a$ (see Eq. ). This explains why in Ref. [@BM2010], concerning the bipolar case, only the standard diffusion term ${{\langle {\mathcal{T}}{\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}}$ has been found: in that case the matrices $n$ and $a$ are both diagonal.
Now, for a generic $w$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
\label{aux}
{{\langle {\mathcal{T}}w \rangle}} &= \left( -\partial_j {{\langle p_j w_0 \rangle}} - {\epsilon}\alpha \nabla^\perp \cdot {{\langle \vec w \rangle}} \right)\sigma_0
\\
&\phantom{xx}{}+ \left( - \partial_j {{\langle p_j \vec w \rangle}} - {\epsilon}\alpha \nabla^\perp {{\langle w_0 \rangle}} + 2\alpha {{\langle p^\perp \times \vec w \rangle}} \right)\cdot\vec\sigma \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ (where $\partial_j \equiv \partial_{x_j}$ and summation over $j = 1,2$ is assumed). Substituting $w = {\mathcal{T}}g$ in , where ${\mathcal{T}}$ is defined in , yields $$\begin{aligned}
{{\langle {\mathcal{T}}{\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} &= \left\{ \partial_j \left[ n_0 \, \partial_j (V+a_0) + \vec n \cdot \partial_j \vec a \right] - 2\alpha \nabla^\perp \cdot (\vec a \times \vec n) \right\} \sigma_0
\label{bkTTg} \\
&\phantom{xx}{}+ \Big\{ \partial_j \left[ \vec n \, \partial_j (V+a_0) + n_0 \partial_j \vec a - 2{\epsilon}^{-1} \vec a \times {{\langle p_j \vec g \rangle}}\right]
\nonumber \\
&\phantom{xx}{}-2\alpha \left[ \nabla^\perp(V+a_0) \times \vec n + (\nabla^\perp \times \vec a ) n_0
- 2{\epsilon}^{-1} \alpha {{\langle p^\perp \times(\vec a \times \vec g) \rangle}} \right] \Big\} \cdot \vec \sigma . \nonumber
\end{aligned}$$ Equations and express the first and the second terms in the quantum drift-diffusion equations in terms of the Lagrange multipliers (no such explicit expression has been found for the third term).
We remark that the Lagrange multipliers depend on the densities $n$ via the constraint ${{\langle g \rangle}} = n$. Even though this fact makes a closed equation for $n$, nevertheless the dependence of $a$ on $n$ is very implicit and non-local, since it comes from integral constraints on a quantum exponential, involving back and forth Wigner transforms. Numerical methods to solve QDDE of this kind exist [@BMNP2005; @GM2006]. However, the optimal use of a QDDE is expanding it semiclassically (i.e. in powers of ${\epsilon}$), in order to obtain “quantum corrections” to classical QDD [@BM2010; @BF2010; @DMR05; @DR03; @J2009]. This will be the subject of a future work. For the moment, we shall limit ourselves to consider the semiclassical limit ${\epsilon}\to 0$ of , just to check if our model allows us to recover the semiclassical drift-diffusion equations for spin-orbit electrons already known in the literature [@EH2014].
Semiclassical limit {#sec:4.3}
-------------------
The semiclassical limit is obtained from the fully quantum model , , and by expanding $g$ and $a$ in powers of ${\epsilon}$ and retaining only the terms of order ${\mathcal{O}}({\epsilon}^0)$. This would require the expansions of $g$ and $a$ up to ${\mathcal{O}}({\epsilon}^1)$, because of the terms of order ${\epsilon}^{-1}$ appearing in and . So it is easier to compute directly the right-hand side of , neglecting all terms of order ${\epsilon}$ and using the leading-order approximation of $g$, that is $$g(x,p,t) \approx {\mathrm{e}}^{-p^2/2} {\mathrm{e}}^{a(x,t)} = \frac{1}{2\pi} {\mathrm{e}}^{-p^2/2} n(x,t).$$ We remark that this is indeed the semiclassical equilibrium distribution (see, e.g., Ref. [@EH2014]). Within this approximation, we have ${{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} \approx 0$ (and then, of course, also ${{\langle {\mathcal{T}}\frac{\delta g}{\delta n} \rangle}} \circ {{\langle {\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} \approx 0$) as well as $$\begin{aligned}
{{\langle {\mathcal{T}}{\mathcal{T}}g \rangle}} &\approx \partial_j \left( \partial_j n_0 +n_0\partial_j V \right) \sigma_0
\\
&\phantom{xx}{}+ \Big\{ \partial_j \left[ \partial_j \vec n +\vec n \partial_j V + 4\alpha A_j(\vec n) \right]
-2\alpha \nabla^\perp V \times \vec n - 4\alpha^2 B( \vec n) \Big\} \cdot \vec \sigma ,
\end{aligned}$$ where $$A_1(\vec n) = \begin{pmatrix} -n_3 \\ 0 \\ n_1 \end{pmatrix},
\qquad
A_2(\vec n) = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ -n_3 \\ n_2 \end{pmatrix},
\qquad
B(\vec n) = \begin{pmatrix} n_1 \\ n_2 \\ 2n_3 \end{pmatrix}.$$ Then, as a leading-order approximation of the quantum drift-diffusion equations , we arrive to $$\begin{aligned}
\partial_t n_0 &= \partial_j \left( \partial_j n_0 +n_0\partial_j V \right),
\\
\partial_t \vec n &= \partial_j \left[ \partial_j \vec n +\vec n \partial_j V + 4\alpha A_j(\vec n) \right]
-2\alpha \nabla^\perp V \times \vec n - 4\alpha^2 B( \vec n).\end{aligned}$$
The semiclassical drift-diffusion equations derived in Ref. [@EH2014] coincide with our equations in the case of constant relaxation time and purely spin-orbit interaction field. (In Ref. [@EH2014] an additional term, even in $p$, is introduced in the spinorial part of the Hamiltonian, $\vec h$, which can be used to model, e.g., an external magnetic field: this term could also be considered in our framework but we preferred to neglect it for the sake of simplicity.) We remark that each of the Pauli components diffuses according to a classical drift-diffusion equation and, moreover, the spin has the additional current term $4\alpha A_j(\vec n)$, coming from spin-orbit interactions, a relaxation term $- 4\alpha^2 B( \vec n)$, and an interaction with the external potential, $-2\alpha \nabla^\perp V \times \vec n$, which shows the capability of controlling the spin by means of an applied voltage.
Conclusions {#sec:5}
===========
In this paper, we have derived quantum drift diffusion equations (QDDE) for a 2DEG with spin-orbit interaction of Rashba type. The derivation is based on the quantum version of the maximum entropy principle (Q-MEP), as proposed in Refs. [@DMR05; @DR03]. To our knowledge, this is the first application of the Q-MEP to the full spin structure and not only to the spin polarization (i.e.the projection of the spin vector on a given axis).
Our derivation starts with the formulation of a kinetic model which has an Hamiltonian part (basically, the mixed-state Schrödinger equation in the phase-space formulation) and a non-conservative, collisional term in the relaxation time approximation. Here, the quantum equilibrium state given by the Q-MEP appears.
Assuming that the relaxation time is a small parameter in the problem, we apply the Chapman-Enskog technique to derive the quantum drift-diffusion model , , and . It forms a system of four equations: one for the charge density $n_0$ and three for the spin-vector components $\vec n = (n_1,n_2,n_3)$. Such equations are non-local in the components $n_k$, since they are expressed in terms of Lagrange multipliers that are connected with the densities by the (integral) constraint that the equilibrium state possesses such densities. This aspect of the model is not different from the analogous QDDE obtained in the scalar [@DMR05; @J2009] or bipolar [@BM2010] cases.
A new feature of the present model is that the application of the Chapman-Enskog technique is not the standard one for the diffusive case and resembles more to the Chapman-Enskog expansion of the hydrodynamic case. This is due to the fact that, due to the peculiar form of the spin-orbit interaction, the equilibrium state has no zero current. In the derivation, we have obtained a general condition, Eq. , for such current to vanish.
Typically, the QDDE are expanded semiclassically, i.e. in powers of the scaled Planck constant ${\epsilon}$, which allows for an approximation of the QDDE by a local model consisting in classical diffusive equations with “quantum corrections”. Here, we just computed the approximation at the leading order, in order to compare the semiclassical limit of our model with the semiclassical models already existing in the literature. The semiclassical expansion of our QDDE, which is not an easy task, goes beyond the aim of the present paper and is deferred to a work in preparation.
The last two authors acknowledge partial support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), grants F65, P30000, P33010, and W1245.
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Barletti, G., Frosali, G.: Diffusive limit of the two-band k.p model for semiconductors. J. Stat. Phys. **139**, 280–306 (2010).
Barletti, L., Frosali, G., Morandi, O.: Kinetic and hydrodynamic models for multi-band quantum transport in crystals. In: Ehrhardt, M., Koprucki, T. (eds.), Multi-band effective mass approximations: advanced mathematical models and numerical techniques, pp. 3-56. Springer, Berlin (2014).
Barletti, L., Méhats, F.: Quantum drift-diffusion modeling of spin transport in nanostructures. J. Math. Phys. **51**, 053304 (2010). Barletti, L., Méhats, F., Negulescu, C., Possanner, S.: Numerical study of a quantum-diffusive spin model for two-dimensional electron gases. Commun. Math. Sci. **13**, 1347–1378 (2015).
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Chainais-Hillairet, C., Jüngel, A., Shpartko, P.: A finite-volume scheme for a spinorial matrix drift-diffusion model for semiconductors. Numer. Meth. Partial Differ. Equations **32**, 819–846 (2016).
Degond, P., Méhats, F., Ringhofer, C.: Quantum energy-transport and drift-diffusion models. J. Stat. Phys. **118**, 625–667 (2005).
Degond, P., Ringhofer, C.: Quantum moment hydrodynamics and the entropy principle. J. Stat. Phys. **112**, 587–628 (2003).
El Hajj, R.: Diffusion models for spin transport derived from the spinor Boltzmann equation. Commun. Math. Sci. **12**, 565–592 (2014).
Gallego, S., Méhats, F.: Entropic discretization of a quantum drift-diffusion model. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. **43**, 1828–1849 (2006).
García-Cervera, C., Wang, X.-P.: Spin-polarized transport: existence of weak solutions. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Sys. Ser. B **7**, 87–100 (2007).
Glitzky, A.: Analysis of a spin-polarized drift-diffusion model. Adv. Math. Sci. Appl. **18**, 401–427 (2008).
Glitzky A., Gärtner, K.: Existence of bounded steady state solutions to spin-polarized drift-diffusion systems. SIAM J. Math. Anal. **41**, 2489–2513 (2010).
Holzinger, P., Jüngel, A.: Large-time asymptotics for a matrix spin drift-diffusion model. J. Math. Anal. Appl. **486**, 123887 (2020).
Jüngel, A.: Transport equations for semiconductors. Springer, Berlin (2009).
Jüngel, A., Negulescu, C., Shpartko, P.: Bounded weak solutions to a matrix drift-diffusion model for spin-coherent electron transport in semiconductors. Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. **25**, 929–958 (2015).
Méhats, F., Pinaud, O.: An inverse problem in quantum statistical physics. J. Stat. Phys. **140**, 565–602 (2010).
Méhats, F., Pinaud, O.: A problem of moment realizability in quantum statistical physics. Kinetic Relat. Models **4**, 1143–1158 (2011).
Possanner, S., Negulescu, C.: Diffusion limit of a generalized matrix Boltzmann equation for spin-polarized transport. Kinetic Relat. Models **4**, 1159–1191 (2011).
Pu, X., Gu, B.: Global smooth solutions for the one-dimensional spin-polarized transport equation. Nonlin. Anal. **72**, 1481–1487 (2010).
Zachos, C. K., Fairlie, D. B., Curtright, T. L. (eds.). Quantum mechanics in phase space. An overview with selected papers. World Scientific, Hackensack (2005).
Zamponi, N.: Analysis of a drift-diffusion model with velocity saturation for spin-polarized transport in semiconductors. J. Math. Anal. Appl. **420**, 1167–1181 (2014).
Zamponi, N., Jüngel, A.: Two spinorial drift-diffusion models for quantum electron transport in graphene. Commun. Math. Sci. **11**, 927–950 (2013).
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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ArXiv
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We are pleased to announce that our inaugural Hurley Golf Day was an outstanding success, with 19 teams teeing off at Whitchurch Golf Club in Cardiff. The weather conditions on the day were perfect, and teams from Bam Construction, Interserve, ISG, McCanns, Hoare Lea, Parsons Brinkerhoff and several others entered. A team captained by Robert Pengelly (F P Hurley), Nigel Farmer (CFM), Tony Williams (Cool Solutions) and Dave Allen (ACS) were the winning team with a score of 90. A silver plate was presented to the winning team, which will be presented to the winning team each year. Other prizes on the day were donated by Nuaire and Grundfoss Pumps. We would like to thank everyone that was a part of the day, and we look forward to seeing you at next year’s event!
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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Gas chromatography of volatile fatty acids. Method involving separation from biological material by vacuum distillation.
A method is described for the quantitation of C2-C5 volatile fatty acids present in biological tissues. It involved recovery of the acids from their biological matrix by vacuum micro-distillation at room temperature, followed by gas phase separation of aqueous solutions on orthophosphoric acid-modified Phasepak Q columns. The subsequent gas chromatographic procedure resolved iso from normal isomers and showed a linear response for each volatile acid over the range 10-400 ng. There was no evidence of ghosting, isomer peak broadening, or peak tailing. Relative molar response values were shown to be linear with carbon number for all the volatile fatty acids studied.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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PubMed Abstracts
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[Surveillance of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site of Yangzhong City, 2005-2010].
The surveillance of schistosomiasis in Shicheng Village, a national schistosomiasis surveillance site in Yangzhong City from 2005 to 2010 showed that snail areas were 16.43 hm2, the occurrence rates of frames with living snails and mean densities of living snails exhibited a declining trend year by year, and the infected snails were only found in 2007. The sero-positive rates in residents were 1.81%, 0.98%, 0.29%, 0.28%, 0.47% and 0.51%, respectively from 2005 to 2010. However, no stool-examination -positive persons were detected. During the period, no acute infections occurred, and no advanced cases and infected animals were detected. It is indicated that schistosomiasis has been effectively controlled in the surveillance site. However, snails remain present, so comprehensive control and surveillance of infectious sources should be further strengthened.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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PubMed Abstracts
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A teen incubus who wanted nothing more but to live a normal life finds that may just be impossible now. With shocking news from his father, his life is turned upside down. He has to sleep with 10 people before his 18th birthday...in 3 months. Did I forget to mention he's an otaku virgin?
Warning: The following is rated MA and is intended for mature audiences over the age of 18. Contains explicit and vulgar content, including language, nudity, and sexual content. Reader discretion is advised.
Dream 2: Family Affair
That night, Renta dreamed of the night of his 18th birthday. He was alone in a black void, a single birthday cake in front of him with the candles lit. It was mocking him. Laughter could be heard in the darkness. Soon after, people began to appear. They were all girls, laughing at him, knowing that he was going to die. But he didn't care. He sat down in the chair that appeared for him and smiled. He hadn't ever had this many people celebrate his birthday with him, and even if it would be the last, he was happy for the companionship.
"Happy birthday to me..." He whispered as the sound of a bell striking midnight rung. He blew the candles out and closed his eyes as he felt his heart beat slowing to a stop.
He awoke in a cold sweat, his head throbbing. The sound of his heart racing within his chest filled the silence of his room and he took several heavy breaths. Looking to his clock, he saw that he had awoken only thirty minutes before the alarm would go off. He sat for a moment, trying to shake his head clear and to forget about the nightmare. The only saving grace that he found was that his mother didn't invade his dream this time. Now that he thought about it, he could hear something else in the silence. Standing up in confusion he made his way to his door and took a step into the hallway. His mothers door was closed, but he could hear a faint sound from behind. Walking up to it slowly, he put his ear to the door. Inside, he could hear his mother sobbing...
"..." Without a word, he turned away and headed back to his room to prepare for another day of school.
"Whoa, Renta, you look like crap!" Kota called to Renta as they made their way to school. It was an understatement too. Renta looked like a dying frog with its face smashed down. The dark aura that stained the air even made birds drop from the sky. Renta grunted in response to Kota's remark. He didn't need to be told he looked like shit. He felt like shit.
"Long night...and day. I just want to die already..."
"Well you can't! Not before Otaku Unime Con!" Once again, Kota's topic change was enough to bring Renta out of his funk, even if just by a little bit. He had forgotten all about Unime Con. It was a convention showing all different types of unime and anime that would be taking place in two weeks. At least he would still be able to attend the convention before his untimely death.
He shook his head, hoping to stop thinking about that. His father had given him a way to live, albeit, not one that he was sure to work but it was a chance non-the less. As an incubus, he couldn't help but feel a bit excited to do something a bit different. "By the way, did you figure what cosplay you're going to wear yet?" Renta asked, hoping to deter his thoughts completely.
"Hm...I was thinking Lu**y from On* P**ce. But I may just do I**i from A*r G**r. That outfit is so awesome!"
Renta smiled at that. "You did Lu**y last year, go as I**i. I'm going to see if I can get Mayanaka's to make me a Kyoya cosplay from O**ran H**h Sch**l H**t Cl*b."
Kota's eyes sparkled as he got an idea. "Ooh, we should totally dye our hair orange or brown and go as the twins!"
"Nah, if I dyed my hair, it'd be orange so I can go as Ic**go from Bl**ch."
The otaku talk ensued until they made it to school. Renta had all but forgotten about the incident from yesterday and was able to focus on his studies in class. During lunch, he went to library to study alone for a bit, not wanting to make any physical contact with any of the girls in his school if he could help it. Though no matter how hard he tried, his eyes wandered to several girls every now and then. None seemed interesting to him, though he admitted some were pretty cute. He was always comparing them to his H-game and anime girls and to him, the only one that came close was Tozumi-sensei. He wasn't naïve enough to try and have sex with his teacher though so that left very few options.
"Dammit! I said I wouldn't think about that stuff...but really, I don't have a choice..." Renta sighed in defeat and stood to head back towards class. He scouted out for more girls but decided not to sense for their sexual energy until he had a better grasp on the power. By the end of the day, he was getting desperate. 'Come on! There has to be at least one girl here that I can try to talk to without sensing for sexual energy.' But there wasn't. His shallow otaku mind was far stronger than his lustful incubus one. 'Fine...if there's no other way, I'll try it as soon as school is out.'
Once school was over, he waited until most of the people had left the classroom. The only ones left were himself three other male students, a female student with long brown hair and glasses, and Tsubaki. As he decided to try sensing the sexual energy of the brown haired girl, one of the boys suddenly walked over to her and took her hand. He pulled her close and kissed her on the lips, a bit forcefully. She grimaced a bit but soon smiled and returned the kiss before both of them left the room. Renta groaned, being completely discouraged after that. There was no way he could pull that off with a girl, not in the real world. He packed his stuff up and began to head out, not noticing Tsubaki's gaze following after him. The girl blushed and suddenly began to pack up her own stuff after Renta was already halfway down the hall.
"Ah, K-Kazuki-kun!" She called as she ran out the room after him.
Renta stopped and looked back at Tsubaki as she moved through the dozens of people still in the halls trying to catch him. 'What does she want? Whatever, if she's a willing target, who am I to not oblige?' He began to concentrate his energy towards her. As soon as his mind connected to hers, he felt a warm feeling in his stomach. 'That's nice...' But his thoughts were still on his current objective. He closed his eyes and picked out only one of his sexual desires. The look of one of his anime girls laying on his bed with her school blouse wide open and her hands covering her small but perky breast. The effect was instant as he transferred his sexual energy to Tsubaki.
"KYAAAA!" Her scream echoed around the building and made his eyes snap open. Tsubaki was on her knees, hunched over and covering her chest. The other students that had seen everything saw Tsubaki running towards Renta and suddenly all the buttons on her blouse popped off, revealing her bra covered chest to them all. Renta turned away instantly, avoiding a nosebleed but the blush on his face was brighter than ever before.
'...Didn't mean to do that...' He thought as he began to quickly leave the school. Once he was out of the building (and safely out of blame range), he slowed down to walk. 'I forgot to check her sexual energy...DAMMIT!' The only thing he could remember was the bit of side boob he could see and the faint traces of white panties that he had caught a glimpse of. A nosebleed threatened to come again as his face flushed red from the images of Tsubaki revealing herself to him, saying 'I don't mind, if it's with you Renta-kun...'
"Yo, Renta, what's up!" Kota jogged up to him from the gate. "I was waiting for like ten minutes! And why are you blushing?"
"Just forget it...come on, I could use a nice hot latte at Mayanaka's."
Mayanaka's! Only one train ride and two blocks away from Mitamasa High, this building looked like any other cafe on the outside. But once you step foot inside...
"Welcome back goshujin-sama!" The chorus of girls all wearing maid outfits greeted Renta and Kota.
"Hello my beautiful darlings, your goshujin-sama has indeed returned!" Kota suddenly floated forward, a rainbow of colors splashed behind him as he threw himself into the waiting females. The maids all clapped for him and took him to his usual booth. One of the girls stayed behind, a girl with black hair in a single side pigtail. She bowed to Renta, holding a metal tray pressed against her stomach. "Are you ready to be seated goshujin-sama?"
"Please, Renta-kun is just fine." Renta said. He enjoyed Mayanaka's but he wasn't as social as Kota. It was as close as he could get to his fantasy world outside of anime and unime conventions.
"Alright. Right this way Renta-sama!" The girl lead him over to the table where Kota was surrounded by three maids, two leaned against him and one sitting on his lap. This was a full contact maid cafe and the members were treated with their utmost happiness in mind. Though there were no 'happy endings' here, things could get really hot. After their orders had been taken, Renta did what he usually did at Mayanka's. Sat back and relaxed in his own world, feeling a great sense of calmness as Kota made out with the three girls around him. He was an otaku, yes, but never would Renta say Kota had a problem getting women to fall for him.
'Might as well try it out here too...but let's not blow any clothes off this time.' Renta looked around and saw one of the maids at another table placing down a customers drinks. He channeled his energy and connected to her. Then taking only the most simple of his own sexual desires, which was nothing more than a panty shot, he sent his energy towards her. A powerful wind blew the maids skirt up, revealing her pink panties to the entire store. With another scream of 'KYAA!', the waitress threw her hands down to bring the skirt down, throwing the drinks onto the customers in the process. Renta smirked a bit at the show, having felt a natural sense of pride at getting a panty shot of the girl. 'Shit, what am I thinking. Focus, now's not the time for...beautiful silk panties with a possible camel toe...' A small trickle of blood fell from his nose.
Regardless, he saw that the girl had very little sexual energy, her glow being akin to that of a small keychain flashlight. He sighed and put his head down on the table. He didn't feel like doing that to every single girl in the shop. In truth, he was scared of having a repeat of what happened at school earlier.
'Maybe I should just give up and accept my fate...' Little did he know, Kota was looking back and forth between him and the waitress.
After spending just a few more hours at Mayanaka's, Renta and Kota began to head back to their separate homes. Kota had been silent the entire time which Renta was thankful for. He needed more time to think up a plan anyway. There was no way he could just keep sensing for sexual energy and embarrassing people in the process, or potentially hurting them. When Kota waved bye to him, gazing just a second longer, Renta sighed to himself and looked up towards the sky.
'What have I done to deserve this?'
He thought of nothing else until he made it to his home. "Mom, I'm home..."
"Welcome home, Renta-kun, nya!"
Renta paused, his back to his mother and facing the door as he was in the midst of shutting it. A chill went down his spine. 'Either she's completely naked, or worse...' What could be worse than his mother greeting him naked you ask?
"Nya, come on Renta-kun, let's play!" The feeling of his mothers ample breast pressed against his back stiffened his body and his SCEPTER!
"M-mom...please tell me you aren't..."
"But Renta-kun loves neko-mama! Don't you still love your neko-mama? She's so sorry about keeping secrets from her Renta-kun and wants to make it up to him, nya!"
The feeling of her pressing harder into his back, rubbing her body gently up and down made him shiver. Renta knew he only had one chance. If he saw his mother in this outfit, all bets were off. He closed his eyes and took a deep breath. With a burst of speed he only showed on rare occasions, he spun from his mothers grip and dashed for the stairs. He didn't realize his mother had been using her succubus strength and as soon as he took a step, his body went forward while is legs went nowhere. He flipped forward, his mother yelping as she fell over him. Renta landed on his back, holding his head in pain...until he felt a weight on top of him.
"Nya, Renta-kun that hurt a bit..." His mother cooed as she sat up and straddle her sons waist. Renta's mind went blank. His mother had found his greatest weakness. She sat on top of him wearing nothing but a tight white T-shirt, cotton panties, cat ears and a waving black and white cat tail. Her eyes were teary from hurting herself and she looked exactly like the girl from the very first H-game Renta had ever played. His mother noticed the blank look on his face and shifted herself curiously, pressing her LOVELY onto his SCEPTER! She moaned loudly, her face flushing red in ecstasy.
"M-mom...stop..." Renta's own breathing was heavy. This was the worse it had ever been. The last time this happened was two years ago. His mother had done the exact same thing now, but in his room. They had went way too far and Renta's only saving grace that stopped his own mother from taking his virginity was that she was drunk and passed out before she could. This time, he could see that she was completely sober though.
"Nya, Renta-kun, don't be mean. Don't you want to taste neko-mama's milk?" Nanaya began to raise her shirt, giving Renta a clear view of her panty covered half, currently slowly grinding against his arousal. He could see how wet she was, the small nub of her clitoris showing just above where the bulge in his pants was. Her petite stomach was smooth and she rose her shirt just enough to let Renta see the bottom of her bra-less breast.
Renta could feel it. Just like two years ago, his incubus side was beginning to take over. He wouldn't be able to control himself if she kept teasing him like this. The feeling of her wetness through his school pants made it almost feel like there was nothing between them. Nanaya laid down on her son, taking a bit of pressure off of his throbbing pain below his waist and pressed her breast to his chest, her stomach still bared. She leaned to the side of his neck and gently kissed him.
"Mom, this is...dangerous..." The last piece of his sanity was slowly leaving him. Nanaya slowly traced her tongue over his collar bone, making him jolt in surprise and pressing into her wetness even more. She moaned and stopped for a second, her own face as red as her sons. The lustful look in her eyes turned to pure love as she leaned up only a bit, putting her face only a few inches from Renta's.
"Just relax." She whispered with nothing but love. "Let mommy take care of you Ren-ta-kun." That did it. Nanaya lowered her mouth to Renta's, sealing his pleas away with a heated kiss. Her tongue slid into his mouth, caressing his tongue in a sensual battle of pleasure. Renta found his arms wrapping around Nanaya's waist, his mind far too gone to realize what was happening anymore. Nanaya moaned in pleasure as she felt Renta's hands caressing her back, raising her shirt even more. She pulled away for a moment of air but Renta's mouth followed and overtook her, continuing the kiss. Nanaya's eyes widened and she was now at Renta's mercy as he leaned up, pressing her harder onto himself and pressing her body as close to his as possible. Her hands were on his chest as he enveloped her entire small body within his own, not leaving time for their lips to unlock or their tongues to stop battling.
After a few more moments, Renta finally let his mother breath and she took in deep breaths, reeling from the passion filled kiss she had been dying to have for so long now. Renta's eyes were still glossed over, a faint white glow to them showing his incubus powers stirring. Nanaya didn't seem to notice and wrapped her arms around Renta's shoulders. She gently kissed his nose and wrapped her legs around his waist as they sat on the floor right in front of the front door. "Do...whatever you like to mama..."
That statement made something click in Renta's mind. His eyes slowly stopped glowing and his breathing slowed down. Nanaya cocked her head in confusion as she could feel his sexual energy subsiding. "Stop it mom..." He whispered.
"Renta-kun?"
"Stop it...why do you keep doing this? Don't you realize this isn't what I want?" His hands trembled and his hair covered his eyes. She could feel his anger and it made her tense. She released herself from him and sat right in front of him, hands on his shoulders.
"But Renta-kun, mama just-"
"I DON'T CARE! IF YOU'RE MY MOTHER THEN ACT LIKE IT!" Renta snapped but paused as he saw the tears on Nanaya's face. She had flinched back when he yelled, the pain etched into her face far more real than any other time he had seen her cry. She began to sob lightly as Renta began to calm down.
"I...I just want to help you, Renta-kun. I was a bad parent, I couldn't tell you the truth because I was selfish. But I'm not just doing this for me...mama wants to make Renta-kun feel good and let him live. Mama has nothing else and no one else..."
Renta rose an eyebrow at that, the confusion being irritating. Before he could ask, a quick thought struck him. He quickly conjured energy and connected himself to his mother, than with a quick image of what had just transpired, he transferred sexual energy. His eyes widened as he saw a dim glow in the center of his mother, flickering as if it was about to go out. "What...mom?"
"I do love Renta-kun, not the way a mama is supposed to love her son. I love you enough to give you all of mama's power."
Renta couldn't believe it. All the times his mother had been seducing him and kissing him, she had been transferring sexual energy to him. Since he hadn't been with any other women, she was the only person who could give him sexual energy. He realized now that if it wasn't for his mother, he would have died a long time ago.
"But mom...what will happen if you lose all of your energy?"
"...Mama will disappear."
His eyes dilated. She was willing to give her life for his. This entire time he had been pushing her away when she had been protecting him, the way a mother was supposed to protect her children.
"I'm sorry Renta-kun. I just wanted you to be happy. If you would have taken all of mama's energy, then you wouldn't need to sleep with other people. You would take all of mama's energy and live a normal life like you wan-" She was cut short as Renta suddenly embraced his mother, pulling her into his chest. "R...Renta?"
He was crying too.
"No, I'm sorry mom. I...I should've paid more attention. I shouldn't have just shunned what I really am. I'm sorry I pushed you to go this far and that it's my fault that you're alone. But please mom...don't do this. If I lose you, then there won't be a point in living a normal life."
A silence fell as he stopped speaking for a moment, trying to gather his thoughts.
"I don't know if I can truly become the incubus that you and dad want me to become...but I know I don't want to die, and I don't want you to die either mom. If I have to sleep with one hundred women, I will. But you better be right here ready to seduce me when I'm done."
Nanaya hugged him tightly pressing her head into his chest. "I'll always be here for you Renta-kun."
He didn't know how long he held her like that. It didn't feel like the relationship between a normal mother and son. But they weren't normal. He knew this now. She was an succubus and he was an incubus. Things would never be normal for them, no matter how much he wished for it. Now he knew for sure that he would need to take an active role in preserving his own life. He would have to embrace the incubus inside him. As he made his way up stairs, carrying his mother who had fallen asleep against him, his thoughts drifted to the upcoming three months.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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Τα στοιχεία απ' το πρώτο εξάμηνο του 2018 είναι σοκαριστικά: 11.862 εξακριβωμένες κλοπές τροχοφόρων σ' όλη τη χώρα, μεταξύ αυτών 5.089 αυτοκινήτων και 4.482 μοτοσικλετών. Μόνο στην Αθήνα οι κλοπές ΙΧ οχημάτων έφτασαν 3.724, σύμφωνα με την ΓΑΔΑ.
Ο Νικόλας Παππάς είναι ένας από τους παθόντες. Μέσα σε μικρό χρονικό διάστημα του κλέβουν δύο μηχανές. Καταφέρνει να βρει, όμως, μόνο τη δεύτερη.
«Έψαχνα να τη βρω πάνω από ένα μήνα. Γύρισα όλη τη γη ανάποδα. Έφυγα από την Λιβαδειά και πήγα στις γύρω πόλεις. Χαλκίδα, Λαμία, Άμφισσα. Να φανταστείς σταμάτησα από τη δουλειά που έκανα για να ξεκινήσω το ψάξιμο», παραδέχεται ο ίδιος σήμερα.
Τελικά, 33 μέρες μετά την κλοπή, τη βρίσκει. Η ταλαιπωρία, όμως, και η αγωνία να ψάξει να βρει μόνος του για δεύτερη φορά το όχημα, του βάζει την ιδέα να δημιουργήσει μία από τις πρώτες ομάδες στο facebook εύρεσης αυτοκινήτων και μοτοσικλετών που έχουν κλαπεί σε όλη τη χώρα.
Μέσα από τη ΓΑΔΑ μου είπαν πως αυτά που αναρτώ στη σελίδα δεν είναι ούτε το 2% των συνολικών περιστατικών. Το πρόβλημα είναι τεράστιο, δεν το βάζει το μυαλό μας.
Σήμερα, εννιά μήνες μετά, η σελίδα αριθμεί περισσότερα από 14 χιλιάδες μέλη, εκατοντάδες κοινοποιήσεις, αλλά το σημαντικότερο: ήδη περίπου 50 ευρέσεις κλεμμένων οχημάτων. Η τελευταία, πριν από μερικές μέρες, όταν εντόπισαν όχημα που είχε κλαπεί στις 17 Σεπτέμβρη. Οι ληστές του είχαν αλλάξει μέχρι και τις πινακίδες του.
Η διαδικασία που ακολουθεί είναι συγκεκριμένη. Κάθε μέρα λαμβάνει δεκάδες μηνύματα είτε από μέλη της ομάδας που παρατηρούν κάποια ανακοίνωση στο facebook, είτε από τους ίδιους τους παθόντες, οι οποίοι του ζητούν να κοινοποιήσουν την κλοπή, προκειμένου να ενεργοποιηθούν τα μέλη του γκρουπ σ' όλη τη χώρα για τον εντοπισμό του.
Ξέρεις πόσα αυτοκίνητα έχουμε βρει παρατημένα και δεν μπορούσαμε να κάνουμε τίποτα; Τους συνιστώ μόνο να πάρουν το 100 και να το δηλώσουν.
Ο ίδιος, πάντως, σε κάθε περίπτωση πριν την κοινοποίηση της κλοπής έρχεται σε συνεννόηση με το θύμα, καθώς χωρίς την έγκρισή του δεν μπορεί να δημοσιεύσει φωτογραφία οχήματος με τις πινακίδες του.
«Δεν μπορώ να ανεβάσω κάτι χωρίς συνεννόηση. Ξέρεις πόσα αυτοκίνητα έχουμε βρει παρατημένα και δεν μπορούσαμε να κάνουμε τίποτα; Τους συνιστώ μόνο να πάρουν το 100 και να το δηλώσουν».
Ο Νικόλας Παππάς ασχολείται με τη σελίδα τώρα πια όλη μέρα, ενώ δεν λείπουν τα τηλέφωνα ακόμη και όταν κοιμάται, όπως προσθέτει γελώντας. «Πρέπει να είσαι συνέχεια από πάνω. Να σου πω γιατί; Σήμερα στις 5 το πρωί είδα ένα μήνυμα για ένα Smart μαύρο που είχε κλαπεί. Μου ήρθε ειδοποίηση πως κάποιος το 'δε στο τάδε σημείο. Εγώ δεν πρέπει να ενημερώσω την αστυνομία και τον ιδιοκτήτη; Αν δεν το κάνω έγκαιρα, πάει χάθηκε. Σκέψου που μπορεί να φτάσει ένα αυτοκίνητο το βράδυ χωρίς κίνηση, αν εσύ αργήσεις 5 ή 10 λεπτά να δώσεις σήμα».
Δεν το λέει τυχαία καθώς έχει πέσει πάνω σε περίπτωση αυτοκινήτου που κλάπηκε από την Αττική και βρέθηκε στην Καβάλα. Τα στοιχεία που συλλέγει η ομάδα, μάλιστα, πολλές φορές χρησιμοποιούνται από την αστυνομία, ενώ αξιωματικοί της τον έχουν ευχαριστήσει ανεπισήμως για τη βοήθεια στην εξιχνίαση ληστειών.
«Η αστυνομία, όχι πως δε θέλει να κάνει τη δουλειά της, αλλά δεν προλαβαίνει να ασχοληθεί μ' όλα τα κλεμμένα αυτοκίνητα. Είναι τόσο λίγα άτομα που τρέχουν και δεν φτάνουν».
Μπορεί η κοινοποίηση των κλοπών να βοηθά, ωστόσο, ο Νικόλας Παππάς κρούει τον κώδωνα του κινδύνου και καλεί όλους τους ιδιοκτήτες οχημάτων να θωρακίσουν τα αυτοκίνητά τους με gps και αντικλεπτικούς μηχανισμούς.
Ο ίδιος δεν είχε εικόνα του προβλήματος πριν ασχοληθεί εντατικά με την ομάδα. «Μέσα από τη ΓΑΔΑ μου είπαν πως αυτά που αναρτώ στη σελίδα δεν είναι ούτε το 2% των συνολικών περιστατικών. Το πρόβλημα είναι τεράστιο, δεν το βάζει το μυαλό μας».
«Πραγματικά δεν μπορώ να κάτσω να μετρήσω όλες τις κλοπές που φτάνουν σε μας» εξηγεί ο κ. Παππάς. Όπως παραδέχεται, ωστόσο, τα πιο πολλά περιστατικά διαρρήξεων έχουν να κάνουν με οχήματα μεγάλου κυβισμού, τα οποία, συνήθως, οι δράστες τα χρησιμοποιούν για να κάνουν διαρρήξεις. «Για να κάνουν μια ληστεία σε χρηματοκιβώτιο, παραδείγματος χάριν, χρειάζονται ένα γρήγορο και δυνατό αυτοκίνητο. Αν πάλι θέλουν να μπουν σε κανένα πρατήριο καυσίμων ή ψιλικατζίδικο, μπορούν να χρησιμοποιήσουν κ' ένα μικρότερου.
»Έχουν βελτιωθεί πολύ οι πρακτικές τους. Τα παλιότερα αυτοκίνητα είναι σίγουρα πιο ευάλωτα για κλοπή, ωστόσο, αν παρατηρήσεις, κυκλοφορούν βίντεο στο Youtube που δείχνουν πώς μπορεί κανείς να κλέψει ένα ηλεκτρονικό όχημα σε μόλις ενάμισι λεπτό. Ξέρω περίπτωση ανθρώπου που του άνοιξαν το σπίτι μόνο και μόνο για να βρουν τα κλειδιά του αυτοκινήτου. Δεν πήραν ούτε τα χρυσαφικά να φανταστείς».
Μπορεί η κοινοποίηση των κλοπών να βοηθά, ωστόσο, ο κρούει τον κώδωνα του κινδύνου και καλεί όλους τους ιδιοκτήτες οχημάτων να θωρακίσουν τα αυτοκίνητά τους με gps και αντικλεπτικούς μηχανισμούς, για να μπορούν να τα εντοπίσουν, όπου και αν αυτά βρίσκονται. «Πολλοί από αυτούς δούλευαν μια ζωή για να το αγοράσουν, είναι η περιουσία τους. Πρέπει να το προστατέψουν. Είναι κρίμα να χάνονται όλα για 200 ή 300 ευρώ».
Η επικοινωνία μας διακόπτεται απότομα. Με παίρνει τηλέφωνο μετά από 5 λεπτά. Μόλις εντόπισαν ένα κλεμμένο αυτοκίνητο στο Χαϊδάρι.
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136 F.Supp.2d 154 (2001)
James H. MURUNGI, Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, Defendant.
No. 99-CV-6046L.
United States District Court, W.D. New York.
February 8, 2001.
*155 Theodore S. Kantor, Bilgore, Reich, Levine, Kroll & Kantor, Rochester, NY, for plaintiff.
Brian M. McCarthy, United States Attorney, Rochester, NY, for defendant.
*156 DECISION AND ORDER
LARIMER, Chief Judge.
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff, James H. Murungi ("Murungi"), a black male originally from Kenya, was employed as a clinical pharmacist by the Veterans Administration ("VA"). He began working at the VA Rochester Outpatient Clinic ("Rochester") in December of 1994 and was terminated on September 4, 1998. Plaintiff maintains that his supervisors at the VA discriminated against him on account of his race. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that he was subjected to a hostile work environment and that the VA twice failed to promote him, then demoted him, and ultimately terminated him. Moreover, plaintiff alleges that the VA retaliated against him for complaining about his working conditions.
Plaintiff initiated this action alleging, inter alia, violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. Pending before this Court is defendant's motion for summary judgment as to the second cause of action, the Title VII claim. Defendant also filed a motion to dismiss the remaining causes of action, which plaintiff has not opposed.[1]
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The Rochester facility is part of the Veterans Integrated Service Network 2 ("VISN 2"), which includes facilities in Buffalo; Batavia; Bath; Canandaigua; Syracuse; and Albany, New York. Before plaintiff began his tenure with the VA, Rochester was affiliated with the Buffalo VA Medical Center ("Buffalo"). As a result, the Rochester pharmacy was supervised by Buffalo personnel. Plaintiff was hired by George Jones ("Jones"), the Buffalo pharmacy manager, who is black. Jones retired in January of 1997, and Theodore Pudhorodsky ("Pudhorodsky"), who is white, took over Jones's position. Plaintiff alleges that the discriminatory conduct began after Jones retired.
Starting in April of 1997, Rochester began the process of affiliating with the VA Medical Center in Canandaigua ("Canandaigua"). Until shortly after plaintiff's termination in September of 1998, Buffalo and Canandaigua shared oversight of Rochester. At the time of his termination, plaintiff was the only black individual working at Rochester.
DISCUSSION
Summary judgment is appropriate where "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A "genuine issue" exists "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Under Rule 56(e), a party opposing the motion for summary judgment "may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party's pleading, but ... must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial."[2] "Summary judgment *157 is appropriate even in discrimination cases, for ... `the salutary purposes of summary judgment avoiding protracted, expensive and harassing trials apply no less to discrimination cases than to ... other areas of litigation.'" Weinstock v. Columbia Univ., 224 F.3d 33, 41 (2d Cir.2000)(quoting Meiri v. Dacon, 759 F.2d 989, 998 (2d Cir.1985)).
A. Hostile Work Environment
In order to succeed in a Title VII hostile work environment claim, "a plaintiff must demonstrate: `(1) that his workplace was permeated with discriminatory intimidation that was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of his work environment, and (2) that a specific basis exists for imputing the conduct that created the hostile environment to the employer.'" Schwapp v. Town of Avon, 118 F.3d 106, 110 (2d Cir.1997)(citing Van Zant v. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 80 F.3d 708, 715 (2d Cir.1996))(alterations omitted). The conduct in question must be "so `severe or pervasive' as to create an `objectively hostile or abusive work environment,'" and it must be such that "the victim `subjectively perceive[s] the environment to be abusive.'" Richardson v. N.Y. State Dep't of Correctional Serv., 180 F.3d 426, 436 (2d Cir.1999)(alteration in original)(quoting Harris v. Forklift Systems, 510 U.S. 17, 21-22, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993)).
Here, plaintiff's subjective belief has not been called into question. What is challenged, however, is the objective nature of the working environment. The Court must, therefore, determine whether plaintiff's working environment was such that "a reasonable person who is the target of discrimination would find the working conditions so severe or pervasive as to alter the terms and conditions of employment for the worse." Id.
At the outset, it should be noted that plaintiff does not advance a separate hostile work environment cause of action in his complaint. Although plaintiff's complaint and affidavit in opposition to the motion for summary judgment use the phrase "hostile work environment," plaintiff has made little effort to show that his workplace was pervaded with the necessary level of discriminatory intimidation. The record here contains no evidence of racial epithets. Moreover, plaintiff has offered no evidence, other than his own conclusory opinion, that the complained of conduct was, in fact, based on plaintiff's race or ethnicity.[3] Plaintiff appears convinced *158 that any negative comment must, because he is black, be race-based. For example, plaintiff was asked during his deposition whether anyone ever used derogatory racial terms in his presence. He suggested that such terms had been used. See Murungi Deposition, p. 78. However, the only example he offered was that Pudhorodsky told him on several occasions that: "You are not as good as you think you are."[4]Id. at pp. 79-80. Although critical of Murungi, such a comment appears to be quite neutral in terms of race. Plaintiff also noted that Kenneth Kellick ("Kellick"), the Clinical Pharmacy Coordinator at Buffalo, questioned his researching ability. According to plaintiff, this comment must also have related to his race or ethnicity because plaintiff was a skilled researcher, and Kellick must have been questioning his competency simply because of his race. Id. at 80. Every critical comment does not become discriminatory simply because the recipient disagrees with its content.[5]
Plaintiff also alleges that he was subjected to physical violence in the workplace. He states generally that Pudhorodsky "physically attacked" and "falsely imprisoned" him on October 23, 1997, that he was humiliated, and that he feared for his safety. Murungi Affidavit, ¶¶ 19, 30-31. Plaintiff has once again failed to illustrate how this confrontation was in any way racially motivated. In fact, plaintiff's papers scarcely explain what occurred during this alleged assault.
Pudhorodsky maintains that, on the day in question, plaintiff started to leave the pharmacy, apparently to see a patient. See Pudhorodsky Affidavit, ¶ 22. Because plaintiff was scheduled to work in the pharmacy at that time, Pudhorodsky twice asked plaintiff where he was going, and plaintiff refused to respond. Murungi, in his submission to this Court, has not refuted this version of the events. According to Pudhorodsky, he then grabbed the door knob and again asked where plaintiff was going. Plaintiff told Pudhorodsky that he was going to see a patient. Pudhorodsky released the door knob, and plaintiff left.
Viewing the facts in a light most favorable to plaintiff, it appears that this "assault" consisted of Pudhorodsky's challenging plaintiff about leaving the pharmacy and his briefly preventing plaintiff from exiting the pharmacy area. At most, Pudhorodsky pushed plaintiff during the altercation. See Murungi Deposition, p. 172. *159 Again, although this altercation may have been unpleasant, plaintiff has made no attempt to explain how this exchange was related to his race.
Additionally, plaintiff alleges that he was subjected to physical violence at the hands of Kerry Grant ("Grant"), the Medical Surgical Ambulatory Care Line Manager at Canandaigua, and Rochester staff member Dolores Anzalone ("Anzalone") on June 15, 1998. See Murungi Affidavit, ¶ 19. Although once more plaintiff makes little attempt to describe this altercation, the incident apparently occurred when plaintiff was ordered to vacate his office space. As discussed more thoroughly below, following plaintiff's refusal to vacate this space, Grant went into plaintiff's office and attempted to remove some furniture from the room. Plaintiff then jumped onto a desk that Grant was moving, and Grant allegedly continued to push the desk. According to plaintiff, the desk hit the office door and plaintiff's legs were bruised. It is unclear what part Anzalone played in this alleged act of violence. Although plaintiff has generally alleged that he was ordered to vacate his office space because of his race, plaintiff has made no attempt to show how this order or the altercation surrounding his removal had any racial overtones.
Following the June 15, 1998 altercation, plaintiff was allegedly directed to leave the Rochester premises. When he refused, the police were summoned and Murungi was physically removed from the facility. Plaintiff was then suspended. Notices concerning plaintiff were posted on the premises, one of which read "James Murungi, Pharm.D is not allowed on the premises until further notice. Rm. 211 is now assigned to Veterans Benefits Officer." Kantor Affidavit, Ex. C. Plaintiff suggests that through these notices, VA managers sought to label him as "a `criminal' and had posters with [his] name posted and placed at entrances to and inside [Rochester] stating that [he] was engaging in criminal behavior and was subject to arrest if seen on the premises when such was false and untrue." Murungi Affidavit, ¶ 28. Although plaintiff does not paint a pleasant picture of his workplace, he has again failed to connect these alleged actions to any discriminatory animus.
Plaintiff also complains that he received "poor" performance appraisals as a means of punishment or retaliation.[6] Finally, Murungi cites the failure of his supervisors *160 to grant him leave to attend a conference in Tennessee in October 1997. Plaintiff has not put forward any evidence that the "poor" performance appraisal or his supervisors' denial of his request to attend the conference was based on any discriminatory motive.
In sum, plaintiff claims that he was subjected to a hostile work environment because: Pudhorodsky and Kellick commented that plaintiff was "not as good as he thought he was," Kellick questioned his ability as a researcher, Pudhorodsky momentarily prevented him from leaving the pharmacy and possibly pushed him, plaintiff's private office was eliminated, his furniture was moved (apparently with plaintiff perched atop), posters denying him admission to the facility were displayed, he received a poor performance appraisal, and he was not permitted to attend a conference.
In order to establish a hostile work environment claim, "[t]he conduct must be intimidating, hostile, or offensive, with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult permeating the workplace." Gallagher v. Delaney, 139 F.3d 338, 347 (2d Cir.1998). It is axiomatic that a plaintiff "must produce evidence that []he was discriminated against because of [his] race." Richardson, 180 F.3d at 440. Plaintiff has not demonstrated any issue of material fact which would suggest that the complained of conduct was motivated by any discriminatory intent. See Narvarte v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 2000 WL 547031, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. May 4, 2000)(Claims of overzealous monitoring of plaintiff's arrival times and negative performance evaluations do not demonstrate discrimination on account of race.); Murray-Dahnir v. Loews Corp., 1999 WL 639699, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 23, 1999)(Claims that plaintiff was forced to work longer hours without adequate staff support and that supervisor "ceased direct communications" and reprimanded plaintiff "`publicly and unjustifiably' on `numerous occasions'" failed to establish a hostile work environment claim.). Although plaintiff has suggested several incidents of unprofessional conduct on the part of his supervisors and has portrayed his workplace as uncomfortable and tumultuous, "Title VII is not a `general civility code.'" Bickerstaff v. Vassar College, 196 F.3d 435, 452 (2d Cir.1999)(citing Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998)), cert denied, 530 U.S. 1242, 120 S.Ct. 2688, 147 L.Ed.2d 960 (2000). While Title VII "protects employees from improper discriminatory intimidation[,] it does not reach so far as to protect plaintiffs from undiscriminating intimidation by bullish and abusive supervisors." Curtis v. Airborne Freight Corp., 87 F.Supp.2d 234, 250 (S.D.N.Y. 2000). Summary judgment in favor of defendant on this claim is granted.
B. Adverse Employment Actions Failure to Promote, Demotion, and Termination from Employment.
Title VII prohibits an employer from discriminating against an employee because of his "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). Where, as here, there is "no direct or overt evidence of discriminatory conduct," the Court will evaluate defendant's motion for summary judgment by applying the burden shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-04, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). Weinstock, 224 F.3d at 42.
First, plaintiff must set forth a prima facie case of discrimination. Defendant concedes that plaintiff has made such a showing. Next, "the defendant may rebut that showing by articulating a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the employment *161 action." Weinstock, 224 F.3d at 42. The burden then shifts to plaintiff to "produce not simply some evidence, but sufficient evidence to support a rational finding that the ... reasons proffered by the defendant were false, and that more likely than not discrimination was the real reason for the employment action." Id. (quoting Van Zant v. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 80 F.3d 708, 714 (2d Cir.1996))(internal alterations and quotations omitted).
1. Failure to Promote
Plaintiff alleges in his complaint that he was twice denied promotions to managerial positions because of his race or ethnicity. Defendant, however, argues that its failure to promote plaintiff was motivated by legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons. Defendant contends that the application process for both positions involved committees that evaluated the candidates and ultimately did not recommend plaintiff. Essentially, defendant maintains that it promoted the most qualified candidates.
In late 1997, plaintiff applied for a Diagnostic and Therapeutic ("D & T") Care Line Manager position at Canandaigua. The individual who currently holds that position, Thomas Wisnieski, describes his responsibilities as "managing the pharmacy, radiology, laboratory, rehab [sic] medicine, chaplain, recreation therapy and prosthetics program" at Rochester and Canandaigua. Wisnieski Affidavit, ¶ 4.
Stuart Collyer, former Director at Canandaigua, described, in an affidavit, the typical application process utilized by the VA for this type of position: 1) the job is posted; 2) applicants submit a package of information; 3) an eight to ten member screening committee is formed, which consists of employees from the hiring care line and employees from other lines, union representatives, employees from different facilities, and the top management from the facility in question; 4) the screening committee reviews the applicants' materials and conducts interviews; 5) the committee makes a recommendation to the Network Care Line Manager; 6) this manager makes the selection. See Collyer Affidavit, ¶ 5. The committee interviewed three applicants for the position and eventually recommended Wisnieski, who is white. The committee ranked plaintiff last.
The Network Care Line Manager involved, Donald Cooper, reviewed the documentation submitted by the applicants and considered the screening committee's recommendations. Cooper was not aware of plaintiff's race or national origin when he made the appointment. See Cooper Affidavit, ¶ 13. Cooper considered the fact the applicant he chose, Wisnieski, had been placed in the position of D & T Care Line Manager at Canandaigua, on an interim basis, for approximately seven months. See id. at ¶ 11. Cooper also weighed the fact that Wisnieski "had the backing of the screening committee, solid management qualifications, expertise and education." Id.
Plaintiff had also applied for a pharmacy manager position at the Canandaigua facility that became vacant in September of 1997. Plaintiff and David Robbins, who is white, applied for the position. Wisnieski was responsible for filling it. A three-member committee was assembled to interview candidates and to make a recommendation. Two of the committee members were pharmacists, one from Bath and the other from Canandaigua, and the third member was an occupational therapist. The panel recommended Robbins. Wisnieski *162 ultimately selected Robbins[7] based on this recommendation and Robbins's background. According to Wisnieski, Robbins "had been a consulting pharmacist for nursing homes and had managed a retail pharmacy." Wisnieski Affidavit, ¶ 23. Wisnieski also cited Robbins's ability to work with people, and his "solid grounding in the `nuts and bolts' of dispensing" prescriptions. Id. Because Canandaigua was "mostly geared toward the dispensing function," these qualifications made Robbins the more desirable candidate. Id.
As described above, defendant has articulated legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its decisions not to promote plaintiff. Two separate committees, consisting of different members, recommended someone other than Murungi for each of the vacant positions. There could be no question that the defendant, through its employees, has advanced legitimate non-discriminatory reasons for the employment decisions at issue. Because of that showing by defendant, the burden then shifts to plaintiff to produce evidence to support his claim that the reasons proffered by defendant were pretextual.
Plaintiff, however, has offered no evidence other than his own opinion of his qualifications to suggest that defendant's reasons were false and that the true motivation behind defendant's failure to promote him was discriminatory. In his affidavit, plaintiff simply maintains, in a conclusory fashion, that on these two occasions he was "denied said promotional opportunities and less experienced individuals received the promotion instead of [him]." Murungi Affidavit, ¶ 16. Plaintiff further notes that unlike him, his immediate supervisors and the individuals promoted did not have doctoral degrees. Id. at ¶ 20. Other than touting his educational background, plaintiff has offered no explanation for why these two individuals promoted by defendant were less qualified than he. For example, plaintiff has not shown "that others with equal or less experience were promoted, or that the defendant had a policy of promoting based on anything other than experience." Holt v. KMI-Continental, Inc., 95 F.3d 123, 130 (2d Cir.1996). Plaintiff's conclusory opinion that his qualifications were superior is insufficient to establish a material issue of fact. See Scaria v. Rubin, 117 F.3d 652, 654-55 (2d Cir.1997)(Despite the fact plaintiff had more schooling, defendants permissibly elected to value experience over education); Holt, 95 F.3d at 130 (Plaintiff cannot show pretext simply "by asserting her personal belief that she was the most qualified person for the various positions."). Therefore, defendant's motion for summary judgment as to this claim is granted.
2. "Demotion" to Pharmacist
Plaintiff has a doctorate in pharmacology, and when he was hired his job classification was that of "Pharmacist (Clinical Specialist)." Plaintiff alleges that although he was hired as a clinical pharmacist, he was later "demoted" to the position of pharmacist. Defendant maintains that plaintiff's job change was necessitated by an increase in workload at the Rochester pharmacy.
According to defendant, from October 1996 through October 1998, several reductions in force decreased the pharmacy staff at Buffalo and Batavia.[8] The *163 pharmacy staff at Rochester, which consisted of three pharmacists and plaintiff, a clinical pharmacist, remained the same. The workload at the Rochester pharmacy increased substantially, due in part to the relocation of Rochester from downtown Rochester to the suburban town of Brighton, New York. In an attempt to alleviate this workload, Pudhorodsky tried to transfer a pharmacist from Batavia to Rochester, without success. Ultimately, in May of 1997, plaintiff was asked to spend one-half of his workday processing prescriptions and the other half continuing his clinical duties.
Defendant contends that it became clear that plaintiff would not perform his newly assigned duties. Thus, the VA began to remove his clinical duties. As a result, effective June 15, 1998, plaintiff's job title was changed from "Pharmacist (Clinical Specialist)" to "Pharmacist." Defendant did not alter plaintiff's pay or grade, and therefore, he suffered no economic consequences because of this action.
Plaintiff offers little to counter defendant's proffered non-discriminatory reasons for plaintiff's job change. Plaintiff does not dispute that he was assigned to assist in processing the increasing numbers of prescriptions at the Rochester pharmacy. See Defendant's Statement of Undisputed Facts and Plaintiff's Counter-Statement, ¶ 7. Plaintiff, however, contends that despite an increase in prescriptions throughout the VISN 2 Network, plaintiff was the only person who underwent a job change. This, however, does not address defendant's contention that Rochester, resulting in part from a change in location, experienced an increase in prescriptions. Plaintiff suggests that defendant's action was suspect because he "was the only black minority clinical pharmacist in the Rochester office." Plaintiff's Counter Statement of Undisputed Facts, ¶ 7. Although this statement is technically correct, it does little to rebut defendant's proffered non-discriminatory reason for its action; plaintiff was the only clinical pharmacist in Rochester. More importantly, Murungi never disputes the accusation that he refused to assist with dispensing prescriptions as directed by his supervisors. Because plaintiff has not rebutted defendant's proffered, non-discriminatory reason for his job change, defendant's motion must be granted on this claim.
3. Termination from Employment
Plaintiff alleges that he was terminated because of his race. Defendant, however, argues that plaintiff was terminated for misconduct.
In a letter dated July 1, 1998 ("termination letter"), Wisnieski informed plaintiff of his proposed removal. See Wisnieski Affidavit, Attachment 4. The lengthy and detailed letter contained a series of "charges," which specified the reasons for plaintiff's proposed termination. In general, plaintiff was charged with the refusal to carry out direct orders given by two different supervisors and with several "inappropriate" actions or statements. Specifically, the letter referred to several instances of alleged inappropriate behavior: refusal to accept a pharmacy alarm key, failure to attend the required computer training, failure to vacate his private office, and participation in several altercations arising *164 out of efforts undertaken to remove plaintiff from his office.
In response, plaintiff relies on his subjective opinion that these allegations are pretextual; plaintiff insists that he was terminated because of his race or ethnicity. He neglects, however, to point to specific facts in the record that would support such a conclusion.
Initially, the termination letter charges that on May 27, 1998, plaintiff was instructed by then Acting Pharmacy Manager David Robbins to take and sign for a pharmacy alarm key. Plaintiff refused. Plaintiff contends that this refusal was because his supervisors gave him conflicting instructions concerning whether he should have this key.
In addition, the termination letter also charges that plaintiff failed to attended computer training as directed. According to defendant, in late 1997, the VA underwent some changes in the software for its Computerized Patient Record System. The staff required training on the new software. This training was scheduled from mid-February 1997 through mid-March 1997. The training for Rochester pharmacists was scheduled for March 14, 1998. Plaintiff told Wisnieski that he had made his own arrangements to attend a training scheduled in Batavia for March 10. According to Wisnieski, the March 10 training was generalized training; it was not the specialized training offered for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Thus, plaintiff was directed to attend the March 14 training. Despite these instructions, plaintiff instead attended the March 10 training. Plaintiff was again directed to attend the proper training, scheduled for June 3, 1998. Despite that specific directive, plaintiff refused to attend.
Plaintiff simply claims that he was "harassed" despite his "proficiency on the computer." Murungi Affidavit, ¶ 14. Plaintiff notes that he attended one computer training in Batavia, and that his supervisor insisted that he attend a second training, despite the fact that "certain non-black employees never attended even one such training program." Id. Murungi has provided no specifications as to the identity of these employees or the circumstances surrounding their training.
The termination letter contains several charges related to plaintiff's refusal to vacate his private office space. Before plaintiff was asked to take on additional duties, plaintiff had a private office. However, when plaintiff's duties changed, Wisnieski and Robbins determined that plaintiff's work area should be relocated from a private office to the pharmacy area. Plaintiff was advised of this change in a May 28, 1998 memorandum from Robbins, and he was given approximately two weeks to vacate his office. Murungi refused to comply. Instead, he placed written "notices" around his office advising that his belongings were not to be removed. Faced with this obstinance, officials removed his belongs. The very next day, Murungi was observed moving his belongings back into the office. In fact, Murungi never did vacate the office as directed by his superiors until he was formally terminated.
Unfortunately, the dispute concerning the office escalated. On June 15, Grant became involved in the effort to remove plaintiff from his office space. After 4:30, Grant went into plaintiff's office and attempted to remove some furniture from the room. Plaintiff sat on a desk that Grant was moving, and Grant allegedly continued to push the desk. According to plaintiff, the desk hit the office door, bruising plaintiff's legs. At some point, Robbins instructed plaintiff to leave the Rochester premises. Plaintiff refused. Ultimately, the police were called and Murungi was physically removed from the facility.
*165 Although plaintiff generally claims that defendant's articulated reasons for his dismissal were "concocted to cover up the discriminatory and wrongful treatment which I received from my management at the VA," Murungi Affidavit, ¶ 9, plaintiff has done little to show that the allegations set forth in the termination letter were, in fact, pretextual.
For example, plaintiff argues that non-black employees were not forced to attend two computer training sessions, yet he does not address defendant's contention that the first training that plaintiff attended was not the appropriate specialized training for pharmacists. Moreover, it is clear that plaintiff felt that he should not have been forced to vacate his office. However, plaintiff does not counter defendant's claim that plaintiff was given two weeks to vacate the office, and plaintiff refused. Plaintiff does not deny moving his personal effects back into the office, or jumping onto a desk to prevent Grant from moving it. The termination letter suggests that plaintiff was terminated in part for his role in the office removal altercation. Yet plaintiff does not contend that he was unfairly singled out for discipline because of his race, or that others involved in this physical altercation should have been disciplined and were not. Plaintiff has not sustained his burden of proof here. Therefore, defendant's motion is granted on this claim.
C. Retaliation Claim
Title VII makes it unlawful for "an employer to discriminate against any of his employees ... because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). To make a claim for retaliation, a plaintiff must show: "(1) participation in a protected activity; (2) that the defendant knew of the protected activity; (3) adverse employment action; and (4) a causal connection between plaintiff's protected activity and the adverse employment action." Gordon v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 232 F.3d 111, 113 (2d Cir.2000).
Although not clearly articulated in his complaint or his papers in opposition to defendant's motion for summary judgment, plaintiff argues that he was retaliated against in violation of Title VII. Plaintiff states generally that he complained about his treatment to the VA Office of Resolution Management and the VA Equal Employment Office.[9] Murungi Affidavit, ¶¶ 3, 36. Plaintiff filed the first complaint on July 21, 1998 and the second on August 3, 1998. Both of these complaints, however, were filed after the majority of events complained of here had already occurred. Although plaintiff was not officially terminated until September 4, 1998, the termination letter was dated July 1, 1998, twenty days before plaintiff's first complaint. Thus, plaintiff has not shown a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment actions taken by defendant.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendant's motion for summary judgment (Dkt.# 16) *166 is granted. Defendant's unopposed motion for judgment on the pleadings (Dkt.# 13) is also granted, and the complaint is dismissed in its entirety.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1] The remaining causes of action include alleged violations of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments (first cause of action); 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 & 1983; negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress; libel and slander; and assault, battery, false imprisonment, and the destruction of property (third through sixth causes of action).
[2] Plaintiff's papers simply "incorporate by reference" his 354 page deposition, submitted as an exhibit to defendant's motion. Although the Court has reviewed plaintiff's deposition, plaintiff has made no reference to the portions of this deposition on which he seeks to rely. In fact, plaintiff's papers submitted in opposition to defendant's summary judgment motion do not contain a single citation or reference to this deposition. Rule 56(e) "requires the nonmoving party to go beyond the pleadings and by her own affidavits, or by the `depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admission on file,' designate `specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)(emphasis added). This Court "is not required to speculate on which portion of the record the nonmoving party relies, nor is it obligated to wade through and search the entire record for some specific facts that might support the nonmoving party's claim." Barge v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 87 F.3d 256, 260 (8th Cir.1996)(quoting White v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 904 F.2d 456 (8th Cir. 1990)); see St. George v. Mak, 2000 WL 303249, at *1 (D.Conn. Feb. 15, 2000)("The Court is not required to scour the record or the parties' various submissions to piece together appropriate arguments.").
[3] In his Memorandum of Law and in his affidavit, plaintiff also "summarizes" the deposition testimony of several VA employees. In general, these employees testified as to Murungi's good character. The portions of their testimony attached to plaintiff's affidavit can fairly be described as sympathetic to plaintiff. Both Arun Sangave ("Sangave") and Dr. Savita Puri suggested that plaintiff had expressed to them his belief that he was being discriminated against. However, none of these individuals described any specific discriminatory conduct that was directed at plaintiff. For example, Sangave, a staff pharmacist at Rochester, was asked by plaintiff's counsel if Murungi ever told him that he was being treated differently. Sangave replied, in part: "His level is totally different than what mine is. So naturally ... if he's asked to do my function naturally he's being discriminated. [sic] You don't have to be a rocket scientist to figure it out." Sangave Deposition, p. 24. When asked why he thought Murungi was discriminated against, Sangave replied that he did not know. Id.
[4] Later, in his affidavit in opposition to defendant's summary judgment motion, plaintiff attributes this comment to both Pudhorodsky and Kenneth Kellick and suggests that both men insulted him in this manner "constantly ... whenever they came to the Rochester clinic." Murungi Affidavit, ¶ 35.
[5] Plaintiff also makes the generic allegation that he "was generally humiliated in public by reason of [his] national heritage and minority background." Murungi Affidavit, ¶ 33. Such conclusory allegations cannot withstand a motion for summary judgment. See, e.g. Abouzied v. Saleh Montaser Jr. H.S. No. 78, 2000 WL 1276635, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2000)(conclusory allegations insufficient to support prima facie case of hostile work environment); Adeniji v. Administration for Children's Servs., NYC, 43 F.Supp.2d 407, 423 (S.D.N.Y.)(conclusory allegations inadequate to support hostile work environment claim) aff'd, 201 F.3d 430 (2d Cir.1999).
[6] As discussed in the Court's evaluation of plaintiff's retaliation claim below, plaintiff has put forth no evidence to show that he complained about a hostile work environment (or, for that matter, any other type of discrimination) before the alleged retaliatory performance evaluation, which covered the months of April 1, 1996 to March 31, 1997, was completed. Moreover, it is hard to really characterize the evaluation as negative, and it certainly can not be characterized as "hostile." Plaintiff was not found to be deficient in any of the categories addressed in the evaluation. In fact, he was rated "fully successful" in all categories, and was also given an overall rating of "fully successful." See Kellick Affidavit, Attachment 2. Furthermore, the subjective comments contained within the evaluation were positive. Plaintiff was described as "an invaluable member of [the Rochester Primary Care] health maintenance team," a "problem solver," and "a valuable reference person for Pharmacy Service." Id. Still, the performance appraisal was changed to accommodate plaintiff's objections. Specifically, Pudhorodsky agreed to delete the following language: "When asked to accommodate to changes, Jim is generally cooperative, although occasionally resists reorganization." Pudhorodsky Affidavit, ¶ 23 (emphasis in original). Although plaintiff alleges that the discrimination against him essentially began after Jones, his former supervisor, retired, this performance appraisal was completed while Jones was still working at the VA. Such evidence provides little support for plaintiff's hostile work environment claim.
[7] Apparently, a third candidate, who is also white, applied for the position after the selection process had begun.
[8] In paragraph six of its Statement of Facts not in Dispute, defendant notes that: from October 1, 1996 to October 1, 1998, the pharmacy staff at ... Buffalo went from 66.0 Full Time Employee Equivalent ("FTEE") to 59.0 FTEE. The pharmacy staff at Batavia, which was also affiliated with ... Buffalo, went from 12.0 FTEE to 7.0 FTEE. The pharmacy staff at ... Canandaigua went from 12.0 FTEE to 8.0 FTEE.... During this time, the [Rochester] pharmacy remained at 4.0 FTEE. Plaintiff simply disputes this paragraph, without explanation. See Plaintiff's Counter Statement, ¶ 7.
[9] Plaintiff has not alleged that the he engaged in any other type of protected activity. For example, plaintiff does not claim that he complained to his employer about the alleged discriminatory treatment. See Querry v. Messar, 14 F.Supp.2d 437, 450-51 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (protected activity can include voicing an objection to the employer)(quoting Barcher v. N.Y. Univ. School of Law, 993 F.Supp. 177, 184 (S.D.N.Y.1998), aff'd, 172 F.3d 37 (2d Cir.1999)).
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FreeLaw
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Dylan Larkin 5-13-16
The Red Wings' Dylan Larkin, playing for the U.S., is tied up by Hungary's Gergo Nagy.
(The Associated Press)
The Detroit Red Wings' Dylan Larkin scored a goal Friday as the U.S. defeated Hungary 5-1 at the World Championship in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Larkin had five shots on goal and a plus-3 rating in 16:10. The U.S. outshot Hungary 37-8 to improve to 3-2. Hungary is 0-5.
Nick Foligno of the Columbus Blue Jackets had two goals and an assist.
Larkin leads the U.S. with six points (two goals, four assists).
There are no other games involving Red Wings today.
-- Follow MLive Sports on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram
-- Download the Detroit Red Wings on MLive app for iPhone and Android
-- Follow Ansar Khan and Brendan Savage on Twitter
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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OpenWebText2
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In the related art, a customer analysis system as follows is known (for example, see PTL 1). When the customer base of a person shown in an imaging area set in a store is determined, the customer analysis system determines whether or not the person is a customer as an analysis target, based on an action pattern of the person, and excludes the person who is determined not to be the analysis target, from the analysis target. Thus, the customer analysis system analyzes the customer base of a customer who comes to a store, with high accuracy.
In the customer analysis system, for example, the imaging area is set such that a customer who is directed toward a seat from a guide waiting area in the vicinity of a doorway in a store is imaged from the front. A person who performs an action which is different from an action of moving toward the seat is detected, and the detected person is excluded from the analysis target. Thus, a person such as a clerk, which is not a customer is included as the analysis target, and an occurrence of a situation in which the same customer is repetitively included as the analysis target is avoided.
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USPTO Backgrounds
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Friday, September 30, 2005
Another trip to Goodwill and another armful of books. This time it was a Neal Stephenson, a Nancy Kress, a John Banville, a David Sedaris and a Chester Himes. I am a little worried about the Banville. I understand he is all about the untrustworthy narrator where you have to try to uncover subtext and what not. Oh bother, thinking while reading.
Himes is a good one. Like Cornell Woolrich, he is under-appreciated today. He wrote a series of hard-boiled crime novels set in Harlem in the 50s and 60s. Thanks to shared skin color and a focus on black characters, he is usally compared to Walter Mosley. I don't think it is a good comparison. Mosley uses Easy Rawlin's life to show the changes in the black community in LA over the second half of the 20th century. Himes certainly aims to portray life in Harlem, but it is more focused and more visceral.
Saw and bought Dogfish Punkin' Ale at Whole Foods today. I am happy to report that it is good. With most of these pumpkin beers you get a big smack of clove and cinnamon followed by crap beer flavor. Here the fall flavors are mild, but slowly build as you drink the beer. Since it is Dogfish you know the beer is good. So if, like me, you find yourself unable to resist stunt beers, then try this one.
Stunt beers generally are crap. I am thinking of the many chile beers, coffee beers and other liquid misfortunes that have come our way. I came within a hair's breadth of buying Rogue's Chipotle Ale, until I realized I poured out the last chile beer I had purchased. Still it is Rogue... Even though I know I probably won't like these stunt beers, I still buy them. Just like I buy the seasonal candy. It's bad when you realize you have a problem, but you still do it.
Look out for the Crystal Light Slurpees. The Strawberry Banana one is just plain nasty. You may as well go for the high test Slurpee instead. Drinking one of the Crystal Light ones is like drinking Robo to get drunk, not the same and not worth it.
Thursday, September 29, 2005
This is a must see. Apparently there was a contest to see who could re-edit a known film to look totally different. The winner made the Shining look like warm hearted tale of a father-son relationship. It's Quicktime so it will be slow but of a higher quality.
I recently learned of the huge variety of Kit Kat's available in other markets. In Japan you can get Green Tea Kit Kat, Lemon Cheesecake Kit Kat and Kit Kat Passionfruit, among a zillion others. Down in South Africa, they have pineapple (yuck that can keep that shit.) Germans can look forward to the occasional blood orange, cinnamon or hazelnut and our friends in Britain have Christmas pudding. What do we get in the States, white fucking chocolate and coffee. And dark chocolate if we ask nicely. What is the cause of this travesty? Why is the American consumer denied these confectionary pleasures (although maybe we shouldn't care since this guy says many of them are crap)? Maybe because the Japanese and other nationalities like wierd crap Americans don't, but that is too rational an answer. Instead I blame Hershey which holds the American license to Kit Kat. In the rest of the world Nestle makes Kit Kat.
I am feeling aggreived against Hershey because of their rude response to my query regarding special holiday Kit Kats. I emailed and asked if they would have any. Here is their response.
Thank you for contacting The Hershey Company. Unfortunately, we do not have the material you wanted and are unable to fulfill your request. Your interest in our company is appreciated.
If you are going to blow someone off, you should do it more nicely. Contrast this to Odwalla. I once emailed them asking when Tangerine juice was coming out again. They sent a cheery email and then sent me $10 in Odwalla gift certificates! That's customer relationship building. Now, I know that candy espionage is a big deal. I had a friend who worked for Nestle and apparently there are constant attempts to figure out what the other teams are doing. So I can understand if Hershey wants to keep their Kit Kat plans hush-hush. But what about a friendly way of saying no?
Wednesday, September 28, 2005
I just finished The Danger Tree, and I have mixed feelings. I think many would like most of it , but the World War One dimension may not be for everyone. The book is a memoir of a man trying to learn about his mother's side of the family which came from Newfoundland. Early in the book, he described his Ontario relatives as champions of silence, but when speaking using a linear approach to story telling. Newfoundlanders tell stories in a roundabout way, adding new elements along the way and often not finishing the story. The author approached his subject in the same manner. You start off reading about a grandfather's meeting with the future QE2 and suddenly you are reading about clubbing seals or the building of roads in a nasty climate. He pulls it off though as the stories are connected by his grandfather's generation.
His character sketches are moving, particularly that of of one great uncle who died at a young age in France and of his great aunt who served as a nurse and was one of the few he knew personally. Some of the personal losses reminded me of those in Atonement, but these are real, which only makes them more affecting.He laments that when he had the chance to ask these people personally about their past he was more concerned with getting tan or playing games. Once he really wanted to know, they were gone.
My main concern with recommending the book is the heavy emphasis on the First World War. While there isn't too much in the way of combat, there is frequent discussion of how the stress of the war and the next one essentially broke Newfoundland as a nation and led to its confederation with Canada ( which happened in 1949.) This is important to the family history as three of his grandfather's brothers died in the war. In addition, the death of an independent Newfoundland and the joining with Canada are important issues in the book. Still, not everyone likes reading books with exploding bodies and mass death, so it may dissuade some from reading it.
One of my fave 90s books was Snow Crash. So I have fond feelings for Neal Stephenson. The other day at Goodwill I saw the first two books of his BaroqueCycle. I nearly bought them, but their mammoth size and reputation for being confusing stopped me. Has anyone read them? To what can they be compared, if anything? I am always leery of commmitting to nearly 2500 pages of reading.
Horror movies, like horror novels, generally suck. I am happy to report that it is still possible to be scared, or at least unsettled, by a good horror movie. Since scary movie month is almost upon us, I thought I would recommend a few movies to add to your Netflix queue.
Black Christmas: This is a pre-Halloween young females in peril film, but it is quite good. It is set at a Canadian college in winter, so the tone is dark and moody. Margot Kidder stars as a horny lush(so you know she's doomed) , and you also get Keir Dullea from 2001. While the story may seem cliche, the prank phone calls from the baddie are SCARY. When he sings "Bye Baby Bunting" over the phone, I want someone to hold me and make it go away.
Session 9: This is from the director of the Machinist, a recent thriller. The plot concerns a toxic waste clean-up crew working in an abandoned insane asylum. It has lots of slow build tension and revelation. If you like movies that generate creepiness from a general sense of wrongness, like Blair Witch, then you will probably dig this.
Sleepaway Camp: This looks like another 80s slasher flick, which it is on one level. There is a camp with lots of horny teenagers who become dead teenagers. What saves it is a particular sub-plot and a no kidding, crazy-ass surprise ending. I hate to say more, but this is not another Friday the 13th. Don't read about it, as the goodness will be revealed, just go rent it.
Tuesday, September 27, 2005
I may sound like a self-hating nerd, but I have to say that a $75 copy of the Watchmen is a little ridiculous. Yes, you get some extra crap and a slip-cover, but $75? If you haven't heard of the Watchmen by this point, you probably aren't a nerd and chances are you won't like it. Everyone else should check out the extensive Wikipedia entry on the comic. The article validates the Wiki concept as there is an interesting back and forth on the validity of the content. One interesting note is that all the Watchmen were based on earlier comic book characters.
One of Alan Moore's other graphic novels is V for Vendetta, which is about to get the cinema treatment. Click here for the trailer. The book's main question is whether terrorism is a valid response to an authoritarian regime. I fear the movie will start a "Bush rulez vs. Bush suxor" internet flame war that will be legendary, even in hell. Natalie Portman goes all THX-1138 by shaving her head.
BTW, if you are fortunate enough to live in PDX, head over to the Multnomah County Library and check out the extensive graphic novel collection.
Monday, September 26, 2005
While seeking a source for Dogfish Brewing 120 minute IPA, I came across Pubcrawler, which not surprisingly is a pub review site. I did a 503 search and found a lot of McMenamin's, but plenty else besides. The finest bar in 757 gets some good reviews too.
Jung Chang has a new book coming out on Mao Zedong, and since she hates her some Mao, you can expect a beat down. Not sure we need this as Mao's suckitude has been well established in places like this, this, and this.
On the other hand, Chang is an excellent writer. Those who have not read Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China really should take a look. By describing the lives of her grandmother, mother and herself, she provides a excellent summary of the 20th century in China. You get the horrible conditions of the early part of the century, the war, the initial liberation of women (still one of the Chinese Communist Party's greatest achievements) followed by famine, civil war, political torture of the intellectual class and the eventual collapse of the true socialist state. This is history everyone should know as China will be increasingly important in all of our lives. If you find more traditional history dry, give this a spin. The 20th century is China is nothing if not interesting.
My friend Matt finally convinced me to go to RSS web reading. Like DVD, the iPod and gmail, I didn't really believe it would be that much better, but it was. Thing is, it is way better if you switch to Firefox and then download Sage. Setting up feeds is pretty straightforward, but if you need help, let me know. I SWEAR you will prefer it to IE and regular browsing. Esp. if you look at lots of blogs and newsie sites. Just like DVD makes movies more fun, the iPod makes music listening so much better (every CD you own in the car! Plus some from the library, your friend's CDs...) and gmail makes email easier to deal with, this will make you spend less time online but spend more time on the sites you like.
Sunday, September 25, 2005
Just finishing up Richard Stark's (AKA Donald Westlake) Flashfire. It's enjoyable enough, it would certainly be great for a commute or exer-bike book, as you can knock it off in about 2 hours. What is notable about it is that it is a crime procedural, which you don't see too often. There are plenty of police procedurals, which show how cops use routines to catch criminals. This book shows how a criminal goes about his business. For example, Parker, the main character, wants to raise cash to prepare a job. So we get about 50 pages of theft, launder, acquire tools, repeat. There is an odd amorality to the entire book as well. Parker's motivation is rarely if ever touched upon. When you finish it, all the crime and killing slides off like it was nothing.
Contrast this to reading Patricia Highsmith or Jim Thompson. After reading one of those you want to go pick flowers for your Mom to show that there is good in the world. These authors focus on the inner lives and motivations of their characters and this draws the reader deeper into the story. Stark is entirely focused on plot and explaining how criminals do their work which makes it essentially clinical. If I had my choice I would rather read a Highsmith or a Thompson, but sometimes I just need to zone out on the plane and Stark is good for that.
The really quite good movie, Point Blank, is based upon one of these books. The less good movie, Payback, is a remake of Point Blank. Watch it instead.
Saturday, September 24, 2005
Finished Little Children and I will agree that CG's complaint is probably valid. If you are not married with kids this is probably less entertaining. If you are then, great. You will get little jokes like the hidden scariness of Thomas of the Tank Engine, the way children's music seeps into your head slowly taking over and the petty rivalries with other parents.Despite the humor, the heart of the novel is rather dark, the titular children are the adult characters who cannot make good choices. Some chase after Internet pornstars, some have affairs with people they meet at the playground and some devote their existence to their child getting into Harvard. None of the characters can be described as happy, at least not in the long term, except maybe the Internet perv. Still the humor of it all keeps it from descending into Happiness land (although this story also has a child molester).
The book is good but isn't going to change your life. But really, do you want to read a lot of books that change your life? What a pain in the ass for your family and friends if your life was changing all the time.
Friday, September 23, 2005
So the C of E is having problems getting the kids into church. In order to bring people back, they have put out a 57 page Bible. This follows a way more interesting experiment where books of the Bible were published individually with an intro from a famous writer. For example, The Gospel of St. Mark was published with an intro by Nick Cave (!!!!) which you can read here.
I guess it is good to know that Europeans are as ADD as Americans, but shrinking the actual Bible to 57 pages like you would the latest biz book is odd. Business books, like academic books and most non-fiction, can be reduced to an argument. It is therefore easy to reduce the book to a short bulleted form of that argument. Literary or story-based works are meant to be experienced in the full or much of the value is lost. The meaning can be communicated but the best part of a good literary or story based work is experiencing the way the author communicates the meaning. I'm sure someone could condense Gravity's Rainbow in 57 pages, but would you want to read it?
Thursday, September 22, 2005
Everybody knows that milk chocolate is dark chocolate's bitch. What is lesser known in the debate over single source vs. blended dark chocolate. You see, some chocolatiers take the beans from a variety of sources to make their chocolate, while others take it from a single country, region or estate. Valrhona, one of the greatest of the single source makers, even puts out a candy bar that comes from single season on a single estate.
Sellers of chocolate are hoping that consumers will soon debate the merits of Guyanan cocoa vs. Ghanan. Trader Joe's stocks a few single source chocolates and I couldn't really tell the difference. Valrhona is astounding, but that could just be their process. One of the other chocolate Mack Daddies, says hold on, single source is for suckers. Robert Steinberg, co-founder of Scharffen Berger argues that it is all about the blend. Then again, he says milk chocolate is cool, and that's fuckin' crazy talk. On the topic of SB, a friend told me about the factory tour, which she said was an orgy of chocolate consumption. So if you are in Berkeley any time soon, skip Cody's and head down to the factory.
I started Tom Perrotta's Little Children last night. So far so good, like Election, it is loaded with amusing social observation. This book falls into a subset of the "American dream is a lie" category. The smaller set is the "suburbs=hell" category. My favorite book, to date, from that school is Revolutionary Road, which can be funny but is far more bleak than Perrotta's take. In both books, so far at least, the main characters grapple with their dissatisfaction with their lives, jobs and relationships. You can guess where that leads them. Both of these books make you question your life decisions. Are you making them for yourself and your loved ones or are societal norms driving your behavior? And how do you balance that? Or do you?
Since everyone reading this is in the 30-40 yr. old existential-questioning zone, I think both books have appeal. Book clubbers would like them both, as they are short and full of point of view. You could some away from each with a strong opinion, methinks. If you have lots of somber types they might like RR better.
Wednesday, September 21, 2005
Curious as to what $8k will buy you in books? Well have a look. I'd heard about the package where you could get (nearly) every book in the Penguin Classics Library. That's one thousand books clocking in at 750 pounds. It comes in 25 boxes on a wooden pallet. The obvious question is why buy it? I tend to buy more books than I can read, but not that many more. One of the only Amazon reviewers who actually bought the thing is a librarian and takes pleasure in cataloging and recataloging the books. Sort of like the character in High Fidelity.
I think this may be an extreme example of what Anne Fadiman calls a courtly book lover. The courtly book lover loves their books, but they love them as objects. They may not even read a particularly valuable one as it may damage it. Instead they will buy a cheap "reading copy," which they later toss aside. Carnal book lovers, among which Fadiman counts herself, love the words rather than the solid object and hold on to favorites even as they fall apart. They are also given to writing in the margins, having a dialogue of sorts with the author.
Her model is a little severe, I guess I am a little carnal and a little courtly. I want to enjoy the book, not just look at it, but I get a little annoyed when I see exclamation points, question marks and commentary in the margins myself.
Now this makes no sense what so ever, so I hope it is some form of joke. Apparently Ice-T is going to produce a David Hassellhoff hip-hop record. Given the conspiracy theory book I have been reading, I am most worried about the implications, could this be a sign of some kind? (via Balloon Juice)
Tuesday, September 20, 2005
So I finally find a form of exercise I am willing to do consistently, cycling. Here in DC it is easy to go for miles with little interference. PDX is said to be bike friendly as well. So all is peachy, eh? Exercise is a wonderful thing, no? Not if it does this to you. (via Fark)
Time for another creepy kid's book. I really like Eric Rohmann's illustrations. His My Friend Rabbit is gorgeous and has a nice message, which is your friends are jackasses that will get you in trouble but its all good since they mean well. Given my love of that book and also his Time Flies, I figured I would give Pumpkinhead a try. No, no this story does not concern Ed Harley's quest for vengeance but rather a boy with a pumpkin for his head. So you're thinking this is a nice story about accepting people who are different than us. Actually it is about a boy whose head is taken away by a bat and dropped in the sea. It floats around awhile and then a fisherman finds it. Thankfully, Mom finds her son's head at the fishmonger and is able to reattach to the (amazingly) still functioning body.
This story creeped the fuck out of me. His head is taken and gets lost and his mom finds it in the market! You read this to kids?! I know it is not literal, but metaphor isn't really huge in the preschool set and Rohmann's illustrations are very effective, which added to my dread. If you like gorgeous kid's art and creepy stories this one is for you.
The husband of an ex-coworker of mine just put out this book. I've not read it, but the subject is interesting. It concerns the Barbary pirates and the challenges they posed to US policy in the early 19th century. You get a little Jefferson and a look at how the US handled security policy when it was a decidedly weak country. Looks like an engaging narrative approach as opposed to the dry international relations approach.
Ian McEwan has a strange essay in the Guardian today. Apparently he and his son handed out free books in a park, as they have too many for their shelves. The ladies eagerly accepted while the guys begged off. From this, and a few other bits of data, he states that without women their would be no novels. This seems a bit much. There certainly are valid gender differences, but only women like novels? This is like my female friend who declared that women like Diet Coke, while men like Coke Zero. Of course, I have no data to contradict McEwan, the guys I know all read novels, but then I probably select for that in my male relationships. If this is true though, book loving men should push for female pay raises so that overall spending on books increases making for more books for all.
Does anyone know a cookbook with good tofu recipes? I have Jeanne Lemlin's vegetarian cookbooks, which are great, but the tofu quotient is a little low. I checked a number of websites, and allrecipes has many but that site is REALLY spotty. Cooking Light has some too, but they are mostly stir fry variations. Any good ideas?
The reason I ask is because I can't get enough of tofu despite my carnivorous ways. And the kids like it. Anytime I can make something for me and for them, it is a good thing. They will happily eat up the uncooked white blocks, which I find rather dreadful.
Sunday, September 18, 2005
Fantasy novels are usually a poor investment for the reader. There is the reading opportunity cost to consider. You can rarely get a complete story in one or even two volumes. It is no big deal for a fantasy author to crank out ten volumes over as many years before you get to the end of the story. Then there is the suck factor. Most of these books are just slight variations on the Lord of the Rings. Seemingly unimportant person is actually hugely important and must endure great travail although he will be aided by trusty friends and wise allies. When someone takes a mythology different from Tolkein, like when Greg Keyes uses Native American and other elements, the nerd community is aquiver with delight. Finally there is the embarassment problem. When you walk around with books that have covers like this or this, you might as well have a shirt that reads "No, no, I'd rather not get laid, thanks."
Unfortunately, the book(s) I am going to recommend come with some of the worst covers of all. Try walking around town with this in your hand without blushing. So you're going to have to read it at home or tear the cover off the book. Anyway, Carol Berg writes succintly, only three books in her series! Her world is original with the heros serving as a kind of exorcist/psychologist class in a vaguely Asian world. My only complaint is that she feels the need to subject her main character to long passages of unpleasant torture. It got a little old at the end. Still, this is really good stuff and if you can stand the ridicule of your spouse/partner/housemates then you should really read these.
Ebay is auctioning off mentions in upcoming novels. It is meant to benefit a non-profit that promotes First Amendment rights. So if you have lots of money and a great desire to see your name on a tombstone in the upcoming Neil Gaiman novel or perhaps name an alien species in the upcoming David Brin book then by all means make a bid. I was slightly bummed to see that I missed my chance to name a character in a Jonathan Lethem penned comic book, but then again I don't throw around two grand on such things that often.
How much cooler would it be to place your own or someone you know's name in a song? Judging by the market price for a minor mention, slipping your name into a verse of your fave bands love song would probably set you back a couple hundred grand. You could just take a lot of lessons and buy some studio time with that cash. So maybe it's a bad idea.
Friday, September 16, 2005
I am still reading Flicker, and it rocks. It has been awhile since I have been this excited about a book. Maybe since Kavalier and Clay? It's not quite that good, but I find myself putting it down so it will last longer. If you like movies and the culture of movies, you will really like the book. The book concerns a film student who becomes dedicated to an obscure director. I hesitate to say anymore about the story as his study of forgotten director Max Castle is so much fun to follow. The pacing is slow and almost languorous at times, but somehow works. It could be that the story becomes slowly more sordid and creepy as the novel progresses. It is the slow racheting of unease that makes the book so fun. Some no doubt will feel he goes too slowly, but this is far better than the novels which reveal their dark secret half way through and then have a 100 page chase scene.
As I mentioned I am only reading this thanks to the Simon Le Bon Book Club. Check out the other books he likes. I just picked up the Little Friend thanks to his review.
Thursday, September 15, 2005
I'm not sure if I would like these but I am oddly intrigued. These candies are caramel corn covered in pumpkin flavored chocolate. Potentially delicious and potentially disgusting, the best kind of candy. Or maybe not. Check that blog too, all dessert all the time.
Now the same friends who make you listen to Sigur Ros can foist bizarre Icelandic food on you. Whole Foods will be promoting food from people who think it is a great idea to eat shark that has buried underground for months. Or if stanky-ass shark flesh isn't your bag, you could choose to eat some tasty smoked puffin.
In truth the Icelanders will be concentrating on food that people in the US might actually eat. The strangest offering is "trackable cod." The consumer with too much time on his or her hands can find out on which boat a piece of cod was caught. Can you imagine the new avenues of food snobbery this opens? "Oh I see this piece came from the SS Fyrd. I only buy cod from the SS Grafl, it's just so much more fresh."
Wednesday, September 14, 2005
I was looking at X-entertainment (despite the name, not a porn site) for something interesting. They review pop culture artifacts in an often funny way. At Halloween they put up something everday. The Halloween list is pretty good, but I recommend this taste test of the holiday (green bean casserole, turkey and gravy, etc) sodas that Jones Soda put out last year. I wager they will do it again this year. I must admit that I feel oddly compelled to try these despite my confidence that I will spit them out. I love trying new drinks even more than strange candy. I even drank that nasty Orbitz stuff from the mid-90s.
Maria Doria Russell is interviewed on Bookslut. Her first two books concern the first contact with an alien species, and said contact is lead by a Jesuit. Things go badly of course. I'm not gonna lie, I haven't read these for awhile so I can't say much else. Her new book, looks good if possibly immensely sad. It concerns a group of Jewish refugees finding help from Italian soliders and villagers in 1943 Italy.
Her current project looks interesting as well, in the interview, she describes it thusly:
Sure. It's about the 1921 Cairo Peace Conference, during which a handful of European dreamers and politicians and pencil pushers got together to flirt and eat and go out to the pyramids to get their picture taken on camelback, and oh, yeah -- create the modern Middle East. The characters include T.E. Lawrence, Winston Churchill, and Lady Gertrude Bell.
If you've not had the opportunity to read about Gertrude Bell or Freya Stark, then by all means do so. They both explored the Middle East (often alone), wrote books about it, and influenced British policy in the area.
Tuesday, September 13, 2005
I spent most of last week interviewing law students for summer positions with my firm. For the uninitiated, this process is something like picking your nose. You know what you are going to get but persist nonetheless. Some interviews are uglier than others. I could go on but you get the picture.One small (and somewhat cruel) pleasure lies in the questioning. Many of these kids (and the exceptions are usually the ones who are NOT kids) remind me of Rubashov toward the end of Darkness at Noon when they enter the interview room. Start them off with something easy, say a question about their resume, and they unclench a bit. But open with a monster like "What is the biggest mistake you've made" or "Tell me about your mother" (I unloaded that one toward the end of a long, long day last year, with predictably grim results) and the dry heaves start.Which is why I was astonished that the interesting (to me), somewhat innocuous question that lead off many of my interviews last week provoked such unmistakable angst. It appears that "What is the best book you've read recently? Or over the last several years?" is the conversational equivalent of unzipping and laying it on the table. Those who could answer often chose a Dan Brown novel (and were immediately cut) or Harry Potter (I'm not a fan but do understand the appeal so no points were deducted). To digress for a moment, and hopefully provoke some outraged and grammatically suspect comment, isn't a subscription to US Weekly cheaper than a hardcover copy of "The Da Vinci Code"? And don't they basically amount to the same thing? Just asking.Anyway, the ostensible point of the question was to see who these people were outside of law school. The more important point, though, was to make them pimp for me and troll for some good recommendations. During the drive back to the office, my fellow interviewers and I discussed our own answers to the questions we'd posed. I thought I would throw one out to whatever audience Tripp has earned and - this time sincerely - hope for some reciprocation.One of the best books that I've read recently (and I'm stretching that term because I really want to recommend this one) is David Quammen's "The Boilerplate Rhino." Quammen is a nature essayist with the heart of a poet and the writing chops of, well, someone a hell of a lot better than I. "Boilerplate" is the final collection of columns that he wrote for Outside magazine under the title "Natural Acts." To describe him as a science writer is a slight. Early in this volume he writes of a childhood fixation "I don't bother to wonder why I remember such tiny details after almost twenty years. Memory is memory and, like love, knows no logic." A passage from his latest work "Monster of God" is worth quoting at length. Quammen has just spent several days with a Romanian shepherd (really), doing some rather loose field research on Romanian brown bears (picture mean grizzlies) but really just hanging out in the Transylvanian Alps. The Muskrat Conundrum is Quammen's shorthand for his theory (pretty well supported) that the burdens imposed by alpha predators such as Romanian brown bears are borne disporportionately by the poor, while the benefits accrue principally to those of us wealthy enough to subscribe to National Geographic and view a vegetarian diet as an informed choice. The money shot:Would it be better, I ask, if there were no bears at all? Well, better for him, yes, it would be. But the bear, it's podoaba padurii, the treasure of the forest. "If you lose this, you lose the treasure," he says. "A forest without bears - it's empty."Not all shepherds see it that way, I tell him. He agrees, noting that most people who claim to like bears are gentlefolk. They live far away, he says, with no bear troubles of their own. Easy for them. Shepherds, plain men at work in the mountains, don't enjoy such distance. Their attitude tends to be la naiba cu ursii, to hell with the bears.Here it is again, then: the Muskrat Conundrum. Ion Dinca doesn't call it by that label, of course, nor does he draw any parallels between the predator problems of Romanian shepherds and those of vulnerable, marginalized, rural people elsewhere. He doesn't even explain why, despite living the life of an unsheltered muskrat himself, he holds a more appreciative view of the creature that plays the role of the mink. He's simply a man of transparent and generous spirit. As we sit talking, the neck bells on his leader sheep toll soothingly, cloonka cloonka cloonka, in the rhythm of their waddle across the slope. Life is good, life is hard, life is enriched by complications and - he seems to feel - so it should be. A forest without bears is empty.I'm going to stop now to read some Quammen. And forget about law students for a while.
I bought the Death From Above 1979 CD. It's good so far and if you liked Blood on our hands, you will probably like the CD. The opposite is likely true as well. Nearly bought Slipknot and Death Cab, but the former's case was cracked and I am still leery after the Pitchfork review for Death Cab. Will probably get it, since PF can be a bit snobby.
I am about half-way through Not A Good Day to Die, which concerns the planning and execution Operation Anaconda (Afghanistan, March 02) . It is quite good at exploring what caused the Operation to nearly collapse in disaster. The author illustrates the problems in coordinating special operations and "Big Army" units, the problems in reconciling political directives with military operational concerns, the challenges in planning, or in this case poor planning, the challenges in gathering and integrating intelligence and the particular problems of operating in a country like Afghanistan. The author writes for Army Times and is critical of the service and CENTCOM, although he is quite fair. He assumes a certain knowledge of the Army, but you can always blow past the confusing parts. Also if you want rah-rah USA books, you won't like it.
A lot of the reviews on Amazon complain that there is too much emphasis on the background and not enough on the fighting. In fact, the combat is highly detailed but you do need the context to understand why the battle became so closely fought. If you want a look at how the Afghan war was (is?) being fought, this is as good a place as any.
If you have lots of time and interest, you might to look at the debate on whether the nature of war has changed. Read Stephen Biddle's take on why the Afghan experience does not change the way wars will be fought in the future. He wrote a shorter version for Foreign Affairs, but you will Lexis or something similar for that. Max Boot disagrees and says war has changed. I'm with Biddle on this one.
Back in the gay and merry 90s when all was well with the world, people wrote a lot of books about people doing dangerous things that often lead to their deaths. I suppose at that time we needed more excitement in our lives. Publishers churned out books like Endurance, Into Thin Air, The Perfect Storm and A Voyage For Madmen.
Fergus Fleming continues to write in this dwindling genre with books about underprepared Frenchmen crossing the Sahara, underprepared and soon dead British explorers, and the race to get to the North Pole. I just found a copy of his Killing Dragons which concerns the initial attempts to conquer the Alps. His approach to the subjects is highly irreverent and leaves you wondering how these people thought they could accomplish their goals. That doesn't mean he can't tell a good story. In Barrow's Boys, he relates the tale of the HMS Terror and Erebus, which were specially built to find the Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean. Loaded with tons of supplies and a full crew, they were sent west and disappeared somewhere north of Canada. The books are packed with strange little stories such as these and Fleming's ability to balance the (black) humor and the excitement makes for great reading.
Monday, September 12, 2005
Fans of Max Barry's Jennifer Government, as well as those hoping to create a utopia or dystopia might want to check out this (free) online game. The game is somehow modeled on the future that Barry postulates. His world is meant as a satire on globalization and the over-commercialization of everything. If that sounds nifty, then check the link. I found the book a little over the top and one-note, but that's just me.
Sunday, September 11, 2005
Thanks to Goodwill pricing and cool Black Lizard cover art, I picked up the nicely evil Rendezvous in Black, written by the unjustly forgotten Cornell Woolrich. It is mostly straitforward 50s pulp, but the plot is particularly nasty. It is a basic revenge tale in which a man seeks vengeance against those that accidently killed his girlfriend, but he doesn't kill those responsible. Instead on the anniversary of his best girl's death, he hunts down someone close to the perps.
Of particular interest to me is the fact that the killer's name is Johnny Marr and one of the victims is named Morrissey. Everyone's fave 80s Brit guitarist changed his name to Marr, and I think it is so Moz that he is in the victim role.
Saturday, September 10, 2005
A lot of people like Shel Silverstein books, but the latest, Runny Babbit, is pretty incomprehensible. We thought that just the title was reversed, when in fact, letters are switched in nearly every sentence of the book. We tried reading this to the 4 year old who went back to playing with his toys. The Amazon reviewers LOVE it, which I find bizarre. It would be fun to give to really wasted people, kinda like the reverse order watches you can get. Not sure that is worth your $12.23. You could just give them a tequilla snort and get more laughs.
Friday, September 09, 2005
My buddy Matt runs a website called PDXBands. Can you guess what it is about? OK, I'll help. It is a place to showcase lesser known bands with a strong emphasis on 503. Matt put up a Podcast of some music that he likes, it is very prominent on the homepage. Bands include Crack City Rockers (clever!) and a band that actually drops the c-bomb. Not at all common in the States but as common as "hello" over in the UK. Neill you in particular will like it as it will allow you to say things like "yeah, I've been listening to Elephant Factory a lot these days."
Robert Sabuda, of really nice pop-up book fame, has a book out a book on dinosaurs. It looks awesome. This may be even more of a required buy than That's Disgusting. I can't link directly to the Dino movie, but if you scroll to the middle of the product page, you can click on a short film showing the T. Rex pop-up. Pretty impressive. The only downside is that you have kids like mine, you will have to hide the book so they don't destroy it in the first five minutes it gets to your house. Anyway watch the movie.
Thursday, September 08, 2005
Watch this. If you do, I promise to listen to Lamb of God, despite my fear of the ridiculous singing and my history of not liking Slayer. Tell your pal who didn't like the GWAR comparison that they toured with GWAR and other silly-devil-name bands this past summer.
I put Starlite Walker on the iPod, I had forgotten how good that one is.
It is official. Simon Le Bon has some of the best taste in books around. By that I mean, we like similar books. He turned me on to Flicker, which I doubt I would have picked up otherwise. I started it today and I can tell it will be good. It involves movies and giant conspiracies. Sweet. He also likes James Ellroy, Phillip Pullman and other greats. It is worth checking his site to see what he is reading, although he hasn't updated too frequently as of late. This month he promotes Altered Carbon, which is one of the best sci-fi books in years.
By the way, Flicker is going to be made into a movie by Darren Aronofsky. I loved Requiem for a Dream, but I wonder if he can compress a 500 page novel into two hours. Hmm, it seems the person who did the Fight Club screenplay is doing this screenplay, that bodes well.
Instead of random jottings about books and food, some people actually have useful blogs. One of these is the strangely named Criterion Contraption. This guy is trying to watch all of the Criterion collection movies and then writing a longish review of each. He is a film guy so there is lots of (interesting) technical detail. He clearly spends a lot of time with each movie. I felt better when he too was confused by the very strange Japanese movie Branded to Kill. If you don't know Criterion, they take films of particular cultural or artistic value, add extras and release them in nice editions. If you have recently won the lottery you can get all in print titles here (or you will be able to later this year).
If you like mysteries at all, you should be checking out Sarah Weinman’s weekend update. She reads the major US, UK and Canuck Sunday book reviews and links to the good articles. You can waste a good half hour on this every Monday (or so). Here is the most recent example. The rest of the site is well worth it, but the update should be a weekly read for the mystery types.
If your taste runs nerdier, then you should be checking Locus online. They link to the major sci-fi reviews. The site design needs work, but take a look at the left side of the screen. A lot of the main content costs money so look to the links.
Tuesday, September 06, 2005
As I purge my too large book collection, I find I am totally unable to abandon books with personal inscriptions. Even if it is just a happy birthday, it is too much. Partially I don't want anyone to find out that I got rid of the book they gave me. But mostly I think finding books with inscriptions in bookstores is sad. Recently I saw one of the worst stripe, the spurned reconciliation. This one said something along the lines of "Dear X, I'm sorry, can't we try again? Love Y." I almost cried in the bookstore. So please help me out and rip out inscriptions before selling.
Monday, September 05, 2005
As I discard as many books as possible pre-move, I come across this article on Sarah Weinman. It talks about how hard it is to get rid of books. I used to be that way, but saving all that moving cash is incentive enough. Anyway, the article is funny, esp the bit on the designer use of books. For those that don't follow the Brit tabloid press and therefore miss the reference, Victoria Beckham (AKA Posh Spice), recently revealed that she has never read a book. Any book. At all.
Maybe it's the candy embargo, but I got thinking about chocolate-covered cashews. I recommend Goods. Doesn't look like much, but they are tasty. Maybe I will stop there during my cross country trek, but I think it may be too far south. It is probably good that the TJ's chocolate cashews aren't that great as my willpower is not that strong. In any case I plan to acquire many regional treats, including Valomilks, along the drive. I may even break the sugar soda embargo to try Ale 8 One.
Sunday, September 04, 2005
Anne Rice is coming out with a fictional look at Jesus, and it looks to be the first of a new series. I dread to think how much crap we are going to get from the fundies over this. With Robertson in hiding, perhaps Falwell will issue the fatwa against her. Bonus points to the first one to retroactively link Katrina to the book.
Wonkette is coming out with a novel as well. If you know her site (if you don't, you should) then you know you are going to get lots of good lefty political humor and plenty of backdooraction.
Saturday, September 03, 2005
Coming back from PDX, I finished Any Human Heart and it was very good. It is a classic examined life story. The framing device is that a young British writer begins writing journals in high school and continues to write them til death. So we get the callow youth, the rising writer, the disappointed writer and so on. The journal format gets rid of pesky forshadowing and also shows a more realistic development of relationships. As you can imagine, it is all about highs and lows and the emotional reaction to each. Boyd does a really nice job there. The book reminded me of Updike's Rabbit books in that it traces a complete life and in that they both feature tons of sex. The main character is quite the horndog. A lot of the reviews make a big deal of the fact that it is also a history of the 20th century. I found this a little annoying. He is supposed to be a minor literary figure, but he seems to run into all kinds of historical figures, like Hemingway, Picasso, the Duke of Windsor and so on. If anyone wants this one, tell me.
Friday, September 02, 2005
Sorry news from Hollywood (PDX, not CA). Wrigley Cross bookstore is closing on Sept 11. This is a personal bummer as I am able to walk there from our current house (although we aren't back yet). Everything is 50% so if you are a cheap bastard like me go down and take advantage.
Other dark news, it seems that Hershey's evil continues apace, there is a white chocolate Take Five. The little timeline on the home page hints of more evil to come.
So I identified the other smores, which the tricky marketers have called smoores. The most important message on the wrapper is that the candy is "100% real." I'm guessing this is reassure the truly baked consumer. They look a little too much like the Mallomar to me.
Between interviews I was in Borders and spotted the Descent. This is one of the best thrillers of all time, easily the equal of anything Crichton has done. Essentially, it turns out that Hell is a real place. Sounds goofy, but it works. As you can imagine having read that, I was really excited for his follow-up, Year Zero. As much as you must read Descent, you must avoid Year Zero. I was going to have a spoiler alert here, but you know what, fuck that. Here is what happens, an ancient disease is released by archaeologists and everybody dies. Not every character, not everyone in Omaha, EVERYBODY DIES. And in a long drawn out manner. And he ends it in a nice nasty way, where we the reader see the final doom approaching while someone reads Goodnight, Moon to their kids. I read that thing a couple times a week and I have to think about everybody dying now. Thanks, man.
I know what you are thinking. A few posts ago I told you to read a book about Sudan, so what is the deal? Well, that sort of book is important because it helps you understand the world and may present possibilities for changing policies to prevent/mitigate/deter nastiness. For an even better take than the Sudan book, read Samantha Power. I'm not even opposed to everybody dies fiction, On the Beach is good, and so is the Doomsday Book. They however are redeemed by topicality or excellent character explorations. Year Zero is just everybody dying slowly and painfully.
A similar situation exists with Katherine Neville. Her book The Eight is the book the Da Vinci Code wants to be when it grows up. It has a great conspiracy that crosses centuries and involves all kinds of random history. She falls a little in love with her puzzle, but it is less silly than the DV Code. Her follow-up is the Magic Circle, which may be the worst book I have ever finished. Essentially all of history is set-up for the two main characters making the beast with two backs. I'm not kidding and see? I saved you from raging at the heavens when you get to the end of this piece of shite.
Thursday, September 01, 2005
In all the talk of candy, I forgot about one of the best sites of all time, Bad Candy. I haven't been for awhile and it looks like most of the stuff is new. Joanna will particularly dig the take on circus peanuts, but don't forget the Tamarind.
Also I noticed there are two Smores candies out there. Was everyone talking about the Hershey one? There was some other thing that looked like a big Reeses's but filled with marshmallow. I saw it in a really sketchy convenience store today. I am guessing everyone meant the Hershey one but you never know.
The Ninja guy has managed to squeeze a book out of a joke website. Not sure I can recommend the book (although 162 reviews on Amazon do!) , but most certainly the website. Where else can you read about real ultimate power while listening to Big Pimpin'?
Norton is re-releasing the Aubrey-Maturin books with new covers and a more readable font. I've spoken to a number of people who started to read these books and stopped, often because of the extensive use of nautical lingo. There is so much sail-speak in these books that someone published a book to explain it. In defense of the books, I will say that the first two aren't terribly good and you might start with the third. If you are not down with that one you probably won't like the later ones. Keep in mind it's not all swords and cannonballs. You get lots of weird detail on the early 19th century. If you saw the movie, you get the idea.
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Jack Saddleback poses next to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms at the University of Saskatchewan's Pride Centre. (Madeline Kotzer/CBC News)
The University of Saskatchewan has decided to change the school's discrimination and harassment policy to protect transgender people.
The school's board voted Tuesday to ban discrimination based on a person's gender identity, two-spirit identity or gender expression.
It's a welcome change for U of S student Jack Saddleback, who has been working to change the policy since last summer.
"You're going to be protected for who you are and you're going to be seen for who you are and celebrated for who you are," Saddleback said about the changes.
Saddleback was born a female, but now identifies as a Cree male who is two-spirited, a term sometimes used by LBGT First Nations people. He came out when he was 13, and said he has been dealing with complications surrounding his dual nature ever since.
"There's bathrooms, having your I.D. checked. I have had issues with my bank ... having someone look at my [card] and see under sex it says female, but my gender expression is quite masculine" Saddleback explained.
You're going to be protected for who you are and you're going to be seen for who you are, - Jack Saddleback
He and a group of like-minded peers and academics approached the University for support in October of 2013.
Barb Daigle, Associate Vice President of Human Resources, said she agreed to support Saddleback and his group in their mission to make policy changes from the start.
"For me, it was actually not a difficult thought process at all," Daigle said. "I am pretty passionate about creating positive work environments."
Jack Saddleback talks with people hanging out at the U of S Pride Centre. (Madeline Kotzer/CBC News) said the old policy only banned discrimination and harassment based on sexual orientation, and that wasn't enough. Saddleback
"There's our gender identity, what's between our ears. Our gender expression, that's how we express our gender –masculine, feminine. Our birth sex, that's what is between our legs when we were born. And our attraction to, and that's our romantic attraction to other individuals," Saddleback explained. "Those four things are all separate."
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Q:
Is there any etiquette about how to proceed when a technical problem leads to a misplay in an online game?
Recently I was playing an online game when I moved my king with the intent of castling. However, I apparently didn't get it far enough over, and when I "let it go", the king was placed in a square adjacent to the one it had left and the rook stayed in the corner.
I made a comment in the players' chat along the lines of "That was meant to be a castle." The other player even replied with something like "Yeah, I figured." However he proceeded to take advantage of the situation, eventually winning what had been an even game up to that point.
Unfortunately, this is not the first time this has happened to me. In fact it seems to happen disturbingly often, and I've only played a few dozen online games over the past few months. Also, I've seen some puzzling moves from opponents that I now think might have been due to trouble with the equipment, rather than just poor play.
In the game above, I considered asking for a draw right after the error, especially since my opponent acknowledged that it was a technical problem, not poor play. However I wasn't sure of the etiquette for this, and also had time considerations to worry about. Would it have been considered bad form to ask for a draw? To decline one if it is asked for from an opponent in such a circumstance?
A:
That's called a mouse-slip, and it's part of playing online. Watch some of Carlsen's online play (e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJlOlufG-JM) and you'll see even he mouse-slips on occasion. Common etiquette seems to be to continue playing out the game and try to be more precise next time.
A:
The most standard response you'll see is what Michael said. However, for what it's worth, I've had that happen to me as well and if you ask, occasionally the other player will scoot a piece around until you fix your move.
It doesn't take too much effort to plan it out so their piece is in its original spot once you've finished your "castle" (for example, they could move a bishop 2 squares over, you move your king off the back row, they move their bishop one square back, you move your rook over, they move their bishop back to its original spot, you move your king to it's standard castle position, then play continues).
It messes up the time a little and potentially impacts a draw, but that's seldom been relevant in my cases. Having said that, you're also asking your opponent to deliberately make a sub-par move and trust you won't exploit it, not to mention pass on a winning opportunity. Lots of players won't do that for you, but it shouldn't hurt to ask.
I've also had a few opponents slip up before and offered to let them fix it a few times now. In the dozen or so times I've offered that to my opponent, they've never taken advantage of me for it; they've always just made the move they promised. Likewise, in the dozen or so times someone's offered that to me, they've always operated in good faith as well.
Again, this isn't the most common response, but there are some players out there who'd much rather play a good game than an easy one. For what it's worth all these matches were Elo ~1600; I don't know how that affects the competitiveness of the matches.
A:
On lichess.org you can ask for takeback even in rated games.
Your case is very reasonable for such request.
In my experience the option is usually available, but here is an explanation of when it is and not available.
If you go to "Preferences" - "Game behavior" you are given a choice to
allow takebacks "never", "always" or "in casual games only".
Even if you set your preferences to allow takeback always, you will
not have the option in games where your opponent does not allow them.
Oh, and I believe there is no option of takeback in tournament games,
but I'm not a 100% sure about that.
https://lichess.org/qa/2557/why-in-some-games-does-the-takeback-button-work-and-others-not
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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StackExchange
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A mother who’s being called Autumn Lily Speaker on Reddit was supposedly outraged when her daughter’s second-grade teacher refused to serve students a tray of vagina cookies.
Reddit user JPStudly is friend’s with the teacher and shared her first-person account in a post published two days ago. With only a screen shot of an email and no real names or locations, the story seems far-fetched but it’s exploding on Reddit with over 4,000 comments. “Angry Feminist Vagina Cookie Mom” is quickly becoming the latest viral sensation.
Studly starts by writing, “This is a friend’s story and she isn’t a Redditor but I begged her to let me post it from the perspective that she told the story in.”
The story goes that the teacher often invites parents to bring treats for her class on Fridays if the students have behaved well that week.
Autumn (this isn’t her real name but the teacher says it’s close) volunteered and showed up to class with a pan full of treats and said with a smile, “I decided you can use these to teach the kids about the woman’s vagina today.”
The teacher was completely baffled and at a loss for words. “I slowly peel the aluminum foil off the pan to behold a plethora of sugar cookie and frosting vaginas,” the teacher shared. “Not just any old vagina, but ALL KINDS OF VAGINAS.
“There were small, puffy, white, brown, shaved, bald, and even a fire crotch with beef curtains. Perplexed I give the parent the most professional look I can muster and quietly reply ‘I’m sorry Autumn, but I can’t give these to my students. This just isn’t appropriate.'”
Autumn, who Reddit users are calling a radical feminist, lost her top. The mother started screaming in front of the class and telling the teacher that she should be proud of her vagina and that she’s settling for a “woman’s role” in life.
“Finally after what seemed like an eternity, she storms out of the class leaving her vagina cookies on my desk,” the teacher said. “I scramble to collect my thoughts and take control of the situation before my second graders develop vaginal PTSD. My only thought is to scrape off the vagina frosting and hand out the plain sugar cookies to my students.”
Later that day, the teacher received a few calls from parents asking about the cookie incident and then she received the angry email from Autumn below.
What came of all this? Autumn pulled her child from the public school and moved to a private one. The mother is supposedly no longer allowed on district property.
Since this story doesn’t contain any real names or locations and we only have the email, which could easily have been fabricated, its validity has to be questioned. This could be one desperate Redditor’s attempt at becoming a viral sensation. Yet the pure absurdity of this story makes it all the more believable. How could anyone come up with this crazy story on their own?
True or not, the anecdote has struck a chord with Reddit users who feel that Autumn is a bad role model for feminism.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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OpenWebText2
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Victim Advocacy
The Richmond Police Department is concerned for the victims of crime in Richmond. To assist crime victims the Richmond Police Department has partnered with several community advocacy agencies within Contra Costa County to provide resources for crime victims and families in crisis. Advocates are assigned to the Richmond Police Department at 1701 Regatta Boulevard and at the West Contra Costa Family Justice Center. Some of our major partners include Adult Protective Services, Bay Area Legal Aid, Community Violence Solutions, the Contra Costa County District Attorney Crime Victim Advocacy Program, and STAND! For Families Free of Violence.
The West Contra Costa Family Justice Center is located at 256 24th St. Richmond CA 94804. The Family Justice Center is open for walk-ins and appointments on Mondays from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm, and for appointments Tuesday through Friday by calling our 24-hour number at 510-965-4949.
Each county has an APS agency to help elder adults (65 years and older) and dependent adults (18-64 who are disabled), when these adults are unable to meet their own needs, or are victims of abuse, neglect or exploitation.
County APS agencies investigate reports of abuse of elders and dependent adults who live in private homes and hotels or hospitals and health clinics when the abuser is not at staff member. (The Licensing & Certification program of the California Department of Health Services handles cases of abuse by a member of a hospital or health clinic.) County APS staff evaluates abuse cases and arranges for services such as advocacy, counseling, money management, out-of-home placement, or conservatorship.
Reports of abuse that occur in a nursing home, a board and care home, a residential facility for the elderly, or at a long term care facility are the responsibility of the Ombudsman's office which is administered by the California Department of Aging.
APS staff also provides information and referral to other agencies and educates the public about reporting requirements and responsibilities under the Elder and Dependent Adult Abuse Reporting laws.
Bay Area Legal Aid focuses on the four priority areas identified by clients and the community:
Domestic Violence: Assist domestic violence survivors to escape the violence and create a safe and stable environment for themselves and their families through Family Law, Restraining Order and Immigration assistance.
Founded in 1974, Community Violence Solutions, the umbrella organization for the Rape Crisis Center of Contra Costa and Marin Counties, is one of the oldest rape crisis centers in California, and one of the oldest in the country.
Community Violence Solutions provides support services to child and adult victims of sexual assault and their families through these main programs:
The Contra Costa County Office of the District Attorney and the City of Richmond Police Department provides the Crime Victim Advocacy Program for the citizens of Richmond, North Richmond, and San Pablo.
This program will provide immediate assistance for crime victims and can provide support during the crisis of the crime.
The goals of the program are:
To provide immediate contact with the crime victim, preferably within one business day of the crime
To develop stronger relationships with law enforcement
To provide community outreach that will develop partnerships that will assist crime victims
To provide field visits to hospitals, police departments, funeral/burial providers, schools, government agencies, and community based organizations
STAND! For Families Free of Violence has a commitment to promoting safe, stable, and strong families in our community. STAND!s approach to family violence is well-rounded and community-wide. In addition to a complete spectrum of prevention, intervention, and treatment programs, STAND! enlists the efforts of the communities it serves, as well as partners and institutions striving with us to stop violence and child abuse. We cannot achieve our mission without the efforts of everyone in the community, every school, every faith community, and every neighborhood.
Domestic violence and child abuse often co-occur in families. As the only comprehensive family violence prevention agency in Contra Costa County, STAND! assists more than 10,000 clients annually by providing comprehensive prevention, intervention, and treatment services to end the cycle of violence and child abuse.
In an effort to reach persons impacted by family violence as early as possible STAND! provides family violence training for law enforcement personnel and health care providers. And to reach children impacted by family violence and/or child abuse, STAND! has developed children's therapy, childcare, and children's educational programs.
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Pile-CC
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KSTL (AM)
KSTL is an urban gospel station located in the St. Louis, Missouri/Illinois area in the United States. Owned and operated by Church of God in Christ, Inc.
KSTL's transmitters are located in East St. Louis, just north of the I-55/Illinois Route 3 interchange.
History
KSTL was formerly located on the historic Laclede's Landing in downtown Saint Louis, but later moved to the Saint Louis suburbs, currently broadcasting out of the same building as KYFI. KSTL originally played only music, as its sister station KYFI (then KJSL) had the only studio when KSTL began. KSTL expanded its format beyond Christian music and into talk radio and ministries in 1995 and shared a studio with KJSL, eventually landing its own separate studio.
Programming
KSTL is one of 12 religious radio stations licensed to St. Louis and its metro area, according to the St. Louis Journalism review study in March 2000. KSTL is not specifically geared towards one specific religion. KSTL airs more than 120 top-rated National and Local programs throughout its schedule. The programs are primarily Christian teaching and preaching, along with traditional and Contemporary Christian music and Public affairs programming.
Personnel
The first General Manager of the station in 1994 was Taft Harris. The first Director of Operations was Juanita Winston who helmed the day-to-day operations for the station. In March 2004 Taft Harris was voted one of the Most Influential African-Americans in Radio by radioink.com. Taft is the General Manager over WSRB/WYCA/WPWX Crawford Broadcasting stations in Chicago, Illinois.
External links
News programming provider's website
FCC History Cards for KSTL
STL
Category:News and talk radio stations in the United States
KSTL
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Wikipedia (en)
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Q:
Time Zone Issue in CRM 2013
I am using CRM Online 2013 and develop the code for connector in my local custom application, but during the implementation of code, it gives the following error:
{"The security timestamp is stale because its expiration time ('2014-10-07T15:07:01.000Z') is in the past. Current time is '2014-10-08T04:22:49.109Z' and allowed clock skew is '00:05:00'."}
I made that time zone of Server and Client the same, but I am facing the similar problem.
A:
Issue is not in your code, the date on your end is wrong. Once the date on your end is correct CRM will stop complaining.
If you are developing inside a VM, make sure that the Guest machine is correct (it might not be synced with the Host)
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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StackExchange
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If you haven’t already learned, there will always be someone in life who is much smarter and faster than you. We have a tendency to estimate what our true potential is and to put a cap on limits we find to be unsurpassable. Essentially we have a perception that forces us to think those who outperform us in our work, studies or athletics have some sort of gift that we don’t have, therefore there’s no point in working to compete with them or attempt to surpass their successes. If we are to look at Ethiopians and Kenyans in long distance running, no one can argue that they haven’t achieved more than any other country that has competed in the Olympics or World Championships. At the same time, coaches, scientists and running enthusiasts around the world work hard to find what the secret might be. Do they have a special diet? Are they genetically disposed to running fast? Are they training at higher attitudes? Despite how much resolution an answer could bring to these researchers and coaches, the only answer The Ethiopian and Kenyan community has to provide is how they are driven by a tradition of excellence. An Asian country doesn’t outperform any other in math because of their diet, and Europeans don’t play the best soccer because it’s in their genes. The answer that is overlooked and never though of is, and remains, a tradition of excellence. People of different cultures and ethnicities live by the principle that they must work and think like the best. They also make it an obligation to live up to the level of excellence that has been set by previous generations.
You see, the best training happens in the U.S. An elite athlete in America has everything from an endless supply of shoes, food and technology. They can even choose to get massages whenever they desire or easily cross train in new ways. American athletes are blessed with many resources, many of which don’t exist in East Africa. Now this raises the question: “How are they the fastest distance runners?” If we look at where the best come from, we’ll notice they come from areas where people are struggling to survive. This means they grew and ate what was available. Being raised in poverty served as a motivation for most to work hard in running. This is so that some day their success could help rebuild their hometowns. Simply put, they want it more. Now the question still remains. What’s difference between you and someone who outperforms you?
I’m not saying we should all aim to be Olympic athletes or even CEOs of the companies we work for. However, we won’t really know how far we can get in life until we begin to work and think like a person who is capable of achieving great things. So what if your opponent has been better than you for years now? The excuse alone is a way to impede your progress. You’re not a winner until you begin thinking like one. If you fall short of a goal, let that be your motivation to come back as a harder working and internally driven you. After all, you have nothing to lose.
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OpenWebText2
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---
author:
- |
Jean-Christophe Aval\
Laboratoire A2X\
Université Bordeaux 1\
351 cours de la Libération\
33405 Talence cedex\
e-mail : [[email protected]]{}
title: 'Monomial bases related to the $n!$ conjecture'
---
[**Keywords:**]{} $n!$ conjecture, explicit monomial bases, hook partitions.
[**Abstract:**]{} [The purpose of this paper is to find a new way to prove the $n!$ conjecture for particular partitions. The idea is to construct a monomial and explicit basis for the space $M_{\mu}$. We succeed completely for hook-shaped partitions, i.e., $\mu=(K+1,1^L)$. We are able to exhibit a basis and to verify that its cardinality is indeed $n!$, that it is linearly independent and that it spans $M_{\mu}$. We derive from this study an explicit and simple basis for $I_{\mu}$, the annihilator ideal of $\Delta_{\mu}$. This method is also successful for giving directly a basis for the homogeneous subspace of $M_{\mu}$ consisting of elements of $0$ $x$-degree.]{}
Introduction
============
Let $\mu=(\mu_1\ge\mu_2\ge\dots\ge\mu_k>0)$ be a partition of $n$. We shall identify $\mu$ with its Ferrers diagram (using the French notation). To each cell $s$ of the Ferrers diagram, we associate its coordinates $(i,j)$, where $i$ is the height of $s$ and $j$ the position of $s$ in its row. The pairs $(i-1,j-1)$ occurring while $s$ describes $\mu$ will be briefly referred to as the set of the biexponents of $\mu$. Now let $(p_1,q_1),\ldots,(p_n,q_n)$ denote the set of biexponents arranged in lexicographic order and set $$\Delta_{\mu}(x,y)=\Delta_{\mu}(x_1,\ldots,x_n;y_1,\ldots,y_n)=\det(x_i^{p_j}y_i^{q_j})_{i,j=1\ldots n}.$$ Let $M_{\mu}$ be the collection of polynomials in the variables $x_1,\ldots,$ $x_n;$ $y_1,\ldots,y_n$ obtained by taking the linear span of all the partial derivatives of $\Delta_{\mu}$. Formally we may write $$M_{\mu}={\cal L}\{\partial_x^a\partial_y^b\Delta_{\mu}(x,y);\ a,b\in \N^n\}$$ where $\partial_x^a=\partial_{x_1}^{a_1}\ldots\partial_{x_n}^{a_n}$ and $\partial_y^b=\partial_{y_1}^{b_1}\ldots\partial_{y_n}^{b_n}$. Then the $n!$ conjecture can be stated as follows.
[**Conjecture 1 ($n!$ conjecture):**]{} [*Let $\mu$ be a partition of $n$, then $\dim M_{\mu}=n!$*]{}.
This conjecture, stated by A. Garsia and M. Haiman is central for their study of Macdonald polynomials (cf. \[5\], \[6\]). To be more precise, Macdonald introduced in \[12\] a new symmetric function basis and associated Macdonald-Kostka coefficients $K_{\lambda\mu}(q,t)$, which are a priori rational functions in $q,t$. Macdonald conjectured that:
[**Conjecture 2 (MPK conjecture):**]{} [*The functions $K_{\lambda\mu}(q,t)$ are polynomials with non-negative integer coefficients.*]{}
Looking for a representation theoretical setting for the Macdonald basis, A. Garsia and M. Haiman made the following conjecture:
[**Conjecture 3 ($C=\tilde H$ conjecture):**]{} [*For the diagonal action of $S_n$, $M_{\mu}$ is a bigraded version of the left regular representation. Moreover, if $C_{\lambda\mu}(q,t)$ denotes the bigraded multiplicity of the character $\chi_{\lambda}$ in the bigraded character of the module $M_{\mu}$ then: $C_{\lambda\mu}(q,t)=K_{\lambda\mu}(q,1/t)t^{n(\mu)}$, where $n(\mu)=\sum_{i=1}^k(i-1)\mu_i$.*]{}
Conjecture 3 clearly implies Conjecture 1 and 2. M. Haiman \[9\] using Hilbert schemes theory recently proved that the $n!$ conjecture actually implies the $C=\tilde H$ conjecture. A part of the MPK conjecture is that the $K_{\lambda\mu}(q,t)$ are polynomials, which is not obvious from their definition. This part has been recently proved in several independent papers (cf. \[7\], \[8\], \[10\], \[11\], \[14\]).
When $\mu=(1^n)$ or $\mu=(n)$, $\Delta_{\mu}$ reduces to the Vandermonde determinant in $x$ and $y$ respectively. In these cases, it is a classical result (see \[2\]) that $\dim M_{\mu}=n!$. But although this conjecture has been verified by computer for small partitions up to $n=8$ and proved for some special cases (cf. \[1\], \[4\], \[6\], \[13\]), it has not been established in full generality. Several methods have been developed to prove the $n!$ conjecture but none of them has been able to give a proof in more than some special cases.
In this paper our goal is to propose a new method to prove the $n!$ conjecture for some particular partitions. We want to construct explicit bases for the space $M_{\mu}$. These bases are made of monomial derivatives of $\Delta_{\mu}$. We present here how we are able to do it for hook-shaped partitions, i.e., $\mu=(K+1,1^L)$ with $K+L+1=n$. In section 2 we describe the way to construct the basis and prove that its cardinality is $n!$. In the third section we show that our family spans $M_{\mu}$. Moreover, we derive from that proof an explicit and simple basis for $I_{\mu}$, the annihilator ideal of $\Delta_{\mu}$. In the fourth section we prove by a completely new method that the elements of our basis are linearly independent. In section 5 we explain how this method is also successful for the homogeneous subspace of $M_{\mu}$ consisting of elements of $0$ $x$-degree. We obtain in fact a direct way to construct a basis for this subspace.
Construction and enumeration
============================
Let $\mu$ be a partition of $n$ whose Ferrers diagram is a hook, i.e., $\mu=(K+1,1^L)$ with $K+L+1=n$.
Construction
------------
Let us take an horizontal axis. A “shape” associated to $\mu$ is constructed the following way: suppose the line has room for $K+L$ spaces. Choose $K$ of these spaces to be $y$-columns and $L$ to be $x$-columns. In the $y$-columns place stacks of boxes above the line of height $K, K-1,\ldots, 1$ arranged in decreasing order. In the $x$-columns place stacks of boxes of decreasing depth $L, L-1,\ldots , 1$ below the line.
Here is an example of shape: 0.5 cm
0.3 cm
associated to the partition:
0.3 cm
We shall now put crosses in the cells of the shape to obtain “drawings”. As we shall not distinguish two drawings with the same number of crosses in each column, we put the crosses near the axis. The rules for putting crosses in a drawing are the following:
1. the number of crosses in the $x$-columns is any number (not greater than the depth of the column);
2. the number of crosses in the $y$-columns depends on the $x$-crosses. For a column which has no $x$-column to its right, the number of crosses is not greater than the height of the column. In the other case, we look at the first “plain” $x$-column on the right; i.e., the first column which has only crosses (full $x$-column) or only white cells (empty $x$-column). There is always one, at least the $x$-column of depth one. Then:
- if it is all white, then we impose at least one cross in the $y$-column.
- if it is all crossed, then we impose at least one white cell in the $y$-column.
[**Remark 1:**]{} The family of drawings that we defined is invariant under the operator that inverts the white cells and the crosses. We call this operator flip (it is different from the flip introduced by A. Garsia and M. Haiman in \[6\], that we denote from now on by Flip).
Here we give an example of drawing with crosses: 0.5 cm
0.3 cm
Once we have defined the drawings (with crosses), we define associated derivative operators. We give an index to the places of the drawing from left to right and from $1$ to $n-1$. Then to each $x$-cross in place $i$, we derive once with respect to $x_i$. We do the same thing for the $y$-crosses. For example, for the last drawing, the associated derivative operator is: $\partial_D= \partial y_1^2\partial x_2 \partial x_4\partial x_5^2\partial y_6$.
Enumeration
-----------
We shall denote by ${\cal D}$ the set of drawings that we defined in the previous subsection. We now verify that its cardinality is $n!$.
As the number of choices for the $y$-columns depends only on the shape of the drawing (and not on the $x$-crosses), we can write that the cardinality equals the following expression, where $k_1$ denotes the number of $y$-columns on the right of the last $x$-column: $$\sum_{k_1+k_2=K} 2\cdot3\cdots(k_1+1)\cdot(k_1+1)\cdots(k_1+k_2)\cdot(L+1)!\ {{k_2+L-1} \choose {k_2}}$$ $$=L(L+1)K! \sum_{k_2=0}^K \frac {(k_2+L-1)!} {k_2!} (K+1-k_2)$$ $$=(L+1)!K!\sum_{k_2=0}^K {{L-1+k_2}\choose{L-1}} {{K+1-k_2}\choose{1}}$$ $$=(L+1)!K!{{K+L+1}\choose{L+1}}=(K+L+1)!$$ by the Chu-Vandermonde formula (\[3\], p. 163).
Proof that the family spans $M_{\mu}$
=====================================
We show here that $\{\partial_D \Delta_{\mu}\}_{D\in{\cal D}}$ spans $M_{\mu}$. We begin by studying $I_{\mu}$, the annihilator ideal of $\Delta_{\mu}$.
Study of $I_{\mu}$
------------------
For $P,\ Q$ two polynomials, we write $P\equiv Q$ if $P(\partial)\Delta_{\mu}=Q(\partial)\Delta_{\mu}$, i.e., $P-Q\in I_{\mu}$ ($P(\partial)$ corresponds to the substitution: $x_i\rightarrow \partial x_i,\ y_i\rightarrow \partial y_i$). We denote as usual by $h_k$ the $k$-th complete homogeneous symmetric function. Let also $X$ denote a subset of $(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)$, $Y$ a subset of $(y_1,y_2,\ldots,y_n)$, $|X|$ and $|Y|$ their cardinality. We also set $\bar{X}=\prod_{x\in X}x$ and $\bar{Y}=\prod_{y\in Y}y$.
We first notice that:
1. for all $1\le i\le n$, $x_iy_i\equiv 0$;
2. $\bar{X}\equiv 0$ as soon as $|X|>L$;
3. $\bar{Y}\equiv 0$ as soon as $|Y|>K$;
4. for any symmetric homogeneous polynomial $P$ of positive degree, $P\equiv 0$.
The fourth relation is well known (cf. \[2\]). The others are clear by observing the elements in the determinantal form of $\Delta_{\mu}$ when $\mu=(K+1,1^L)$.
0.2 cm [**Proposition 1:**]{} [*$$h_{k}(Y)\equiv 0$$ as soon as $k>0$ and $k+|Y|>n$.*]{}
It is easily proved by an induction based on $h_k(y_1,\ldots,y_{n})\equiv 0$ for all $k>0$. We have indeed $h_{1}(Y_n)\equiv 0$, where $Y_n=(y_1,\ldots,y_n)$ and for any $y\not\in Y$: $$h_k(Y,y)=h_k(Y)+yh_{k-1}(Y,y).$$
0.2 cm [**Proposition 2:**]{} [*$$\bar{Y}h_{k}(Y')\equiv 0$$ as soon as $k>0$, $k+|Y|>K$ and $Y\subset Y'$.*]{}
Proposition 2 is proved by decreasing induction on $|Y'|$.
We observe that the result is true for $|Y'|$ equal to $K+1$ and $K$. Let $Y$ and $Y'$ satisfy the hypotheses and assume the result is true down to $|Y'|+1$. We write for all $y_i \not \in Y'$: $$h_{k}(Y',y_i)\equiv h_{k}(Y')+y_{i}h_{k-1}(Y',y_{i}),$$ thus, by induction if $k>1$ we obtain the following relation; this relation is obvious if $k=1$ because this implies that $|Y|\ge K$: $$\bar{Y}h_{k}(Y',y_{i})\equiv \bar{Y}h_{k}(Y').$$ Once we have this relation the conclusion easily follows by an increasing induction on $|Y'|$ (for example up to $n$).
0.2 cm [**Proposition 3:**]{} [*$$h_{k}(Y)h_{l}(X)\equiv 0$$ as soon as $k>0$, $l>0$, $k+l+|Y|+|X|\ge 2n$ and $X\subset Y$ or $Y\subset X$.*]{}
We only show the result when $k+|Y|=n$ and $l+|X|=n$ (the other cases are consequences of Proposition 1).
It is in fact proved as Proposition 1 by a simple induction based on: $$h_1(x_1,\ldots,x_{n-1}) h_1(y_1,\ldots,y_{n-1})\equiv 0$$ which is a consequence of Proposition 1 and $x_ny_n\equiv 0$.
0.2 cm [**Proposition 4:**]{}
*$$h_{k}(Y)h_{l}(X)\equiv 0$$ as soon as $k>0$, $l>0$ and*
- either $Y\subset X$ and $k+l+|Y|>n$,
- or $X\subset Y$ and $k+l+|X|>n$.
This is proved by induction on $\alpha=2n-(k+|Y|+l+|X|)$.
The case $\alpha\le 0$ reduces to Proposition 3.
Suppose the result is true up to $\alpha-1$ and $2n-(k+|Y|+l+|X|)=\alpha>0$. By symmetry, we shall assume that $Y\subset X$ and $k+l+|Y|>n$. If $l>1$, then for any $x_i\not \in X$, we write:
$$h_{k}(Y)h_{l}(X)\equiv h_{k}(Y)h_{l}(X,x_{i})-x_{i}h_{k}(Y)h_{l-1}(X,x_i)$$ $$\equiv h_{k}(Y)h_{l}(X,x_{i})-x_{i}h_{k}(Y,y_{i})h_{l-1}(X,x_{i})\equiv 0$$ by induction.
If $l=1$, then $|Y|+k\ge n$ and we write for any $x_i\not\in X$: $$h_{k}(Y)h_{1}(X)\equiv h_{k}(Y,y_i)h_{1}(X)-y_{i}h_{k-1}(Y)h_{1}(X,x_i).$$ The first term is zero by Proposition 1. The second term is proved to be also zero by increasing induction on $|X|$ (up to $n$), since $n-k\le |Y|\le |X|\Rightarrow n-|X|\le k$.
Application
-----------
We shall show here that any monomial derivative of $\Delta_{\mu}$ is a linear combination of the derivatives: $\{\partial_D\Delta_{\mu}\}_{D \in {\cal D}}$ (derivatives corresponding to drawings, i.e., the family defined in section 2).
0.3 cm
[**Theorem 1:** ]{}[*$\{\partial_D\Delta_{\mu}\}_{D \in {\cal D}}$ spans $M_{\mu}$.*]{}a
0.3 cm
It is clear that any monomial can be associated to a diagram of crosses (by the same process as in paragraph 2.1), and let $D$ be such a diagram which is not a drawing.
We look at the rightmost “anomaly”, that is the rightmost place where the diagram $D$ associated to the monomial can not be a drawing (we call this place “guilty”).
[-]{} Case 1: the diagram $D$ could not be put in a set of ordered columns (i.e., in the shape of a drawing). This case gives four subcases. Assume the guilty column is a $y$-column. We can not put another $y$-column on the right. Either because each $y$-column on the left has a cross (case 1a), or because there is no first plain and white $x$-column on the right (case 1b). If the guilty column is an $x$-column, we are led to cases 1c (each $x$-column on the left has a cross) and 1d (there is no first plain and white $y$-column on the right). Since the rules are not involved here the problems are symmetric for $x$ or $y$.
[-]{} Case 2: the diagram $D$ could be put in a set of ordered columns but the rules are broken. Either for the white cells (case 2a), or for the crosses (case 2b).
We shall prove, using the propositions of the last section, that the monomial associated to the diagram $D$ can be written modulo $I_{\mu}$ as a linear combination of monomials strictly smaller with respect to the lexicographic order ($x_1<x_2<\dots<x_n<y_1<\dots<y_n$). We look at each case that we have mentioned above.
- Case 1b with no $x$-column on the right is solved by Proposition 1, as well as case 1d with no $y$-column on the right.
- Cases 1a and 1c are symmetric and treated by Proposition 2: we note that the height of the $h$-th $y$-column is $K-h+1$. If it has $k+1$ crosses, there is a problem if $k+h>K$. It then can be treated by Proposition 2: we take $Y'=Y=\{i_1<\ldots<i_h\}$, to be the places of the first $h$ $y$-columns, each of which has at least one cross. The monomial is a multiple of $$\bar{Y}y_{i_h}^k\equiv \bar{Y}(y_{i_h}^k-h_k(Y))$$ and all monomials in the expansion of the right side are lexicographically smaller than the monomial on the left side.
- Case 2a is immediately settled by inverting the involved columns.
Therefore the only remaining cases are case 1b (resp. 1d) with a first full $x$- (resp. $y$-) column on the right and case 2b.
- Let us first study the case 2b.
0.5 cm
0.3 cm
We observe that there is a problem if one has simultaneously:
- $k=k'+k''+1$,
- $l=l''+1$,
- there is a cross in each of the $l'$ $x$-columns between the two columns appearing on the figure.
Let:
- $Y$ denote the places on the left of the $y$-column plus the place of the $y$-column plus the $l'$ places of the $x$-columns between the $y$- and the $x$-column on $D$ plus the place of the $x$-column,
- $X$ denote the places on the left of the $x$-column plus the place of the $x$-column itself,
- $X'$ denote the places of the $l'$ $x$-columns between the $y$- and the $x$-column of $D$.
We shall be able to express the monomial corresponding to this $D$ as a linear combination of monomials stricly smaller with respect to the lexicographic order if we establish that $$h_{k}(Y)h_{l}(X)\equiv 0.$$ Indeed the leading monomial of $\bar X'h_{k}(Y)h_{l}(X)$ (for the lexicographic order), in which we delete the multiples of $x_iy_i$ for any $i$, is a divisor of the monomial associated to $D$.
We want to apply Proposition 4 with $|Y|=n-(k'+k''+l''+1)$ and $|X|=n-(k''+l''+1)$. We have $Y\subset X$ and we calculate: $$k+l+|Y|-n=1>0.$$ Hence we are done in this case.
- Let us now consider the case 1d with a first full $y$-column.
0.5 cm
0.3 cm
Here a problem occurs if:
- $k=k''+1$,
- $l\ge l'+l''+2$,
- there is a cross in each of the $k'$ $y$-columns between the two columns appearing on the figure.
We proceed as in the previous case. We want to use Proposition 4 to show that $$h_{k}(Y)h_{l}(X)\equiv 0$$ with $Y$ corresponding to all the places strictly left of the $y$-column on the diagram $D$ and $X$ corresponding to all the places up to the $x$-column, plus the places of the $k'$ $y$-columns between the $x$-column and the $y$-column.
We want to apply Proposition 4 with $|X|=n-(l'+k''+l''+2)$ and $|Y|=n-(k''+l''+1)$. We have $X\subset Y$ and we compute: $$k+l+|X|-n\ge 1.$$ Thus this case is also settled.
- It remains to observe that the case 1b with a first full $x$-column is treated by case 2b.
The proof of Theorem 1 is now complete.
Conclusion
----------
We can deduce from what precedes a basis for the ideal $I_{\mu}$ when $\mu$ is a hook, since the first relations exposed at the beginning of the study of $I_{\mu}$ were sufficient to prove that our family is a basis of $M_{\mu}$.
[**Theorem 2:**]{} [*If we denote by $\langle G\rangle$ the ideal generated by a set $G$, then for $\mu$ a hook partition of $n$, we have: $$I_{\mu}=\langle h_i(X_n),\ 1\le i\le n;\ h_i(Y_n),\ 1\le i\le n;$$ $$x_iy_i,\ 1\le i\le n;\ \bar{X},\ |X|=L+1;\ \bar{Y},\ |Y|=K+1\rangle.$$*]{}
To prove this we assume that the previous ideal (we denote it by $I$) is not equal to $I_{\mu}$, so that there is a polynomial $P$ in $I_{\mu}\backslash I$. According to the proof of Theorem 1, we can decompose it as $P=A+Q$, where $A$ is a linear combination of monomials of our family and $Q$ is an element of $I$. Taking the derivatives and applying it to $\Delta_{\mu}$, we obtain $A(\partial)\Delta_{\mu}=0$. As we shall see in section 4, this implies $A=0$, and $P=Q\in I$.
Proof of the independence
=========================
Exposition and reduction of the problem
---------------------------------------
We shall now prove that our family is an independent set.
Since the derivative operator associated to a drawing $D$ depends only on the crosses and not on the shape of the drawing, we define $S$ as the diagram consisting only of the crosses of $D$. We also define $T$ as the diagram consisting of the white cells (a “complement” of $S$).
Let ${\cal S}$ denote the set of $S$ when $D$ varies in ${\cal D}$, the set of drawings defined in section 2.
For example, for the drawing in section 2, we have: 0.5 cm
0.3 cm 0.5 cm
0.3 cm
Let now $\partial_S$ and $\partial_T$ denote the derivative operators associated to $S$ and $T$ (after putting crosses in all the cells of $T$).
0.3 cm [**Theorem 3:**]{}
[*The family $\{\partial_S.\Delta_{\mu}\}_{S \in {\cal S}}$ is an independent set.*]{}
0.5 cm [**Lemma 1:**]{}
[*$S$ or $T$ determines the drawing from which it comes.*]{}
Indeed, we can recontruct the shape of the drawing from $S$ by proceeding from left to right. The method is the following: if there are crosses at the place we are looking at, we complete the column with respect to the size of the successive columns. If there is no cross, we look at the $x$-crosses on the right: if they can fit in with one $x$-column missing, then we put an $x$-column at the empty place, else we put a $y$-column.
The method is the same for $T$ since the family is invariant under flip.
0.3 cm Let us now show that the family is linearly independent. Let us begin with some definitions. Let $D=(S,T)$ and $D_1=(S_1,T_1)$ be two different drawings; we shall say that $D_1$ is a son of $D$ if $\partial_T\circ\partial_{S_1}.\Delta_{\mu}\in {\mathbb Z}\backslash\{0\}$. We shall denote by $T+S_1$ the figure corresponding to the superposition (place by place) of the cells of $T$ and $S_1$ (all these cells being crossed). If we repeat this process, we obtain the notion of descendant.
0.3 cm [**Lemma 2:**]{}
[*To show the independence, it is sufficient to prove that a drawing can not be its own descendant (i.e., there is no “loop”).*]{}
We assume we have a relation of dependence: $\sum_{S} c_S\partial_S.\Delta_{\mu}=0$, that the coefficients are not all zero, and that there is no loop. Then we take a $S_0$ for which $c_{S_0}\neq 0$. If $S_0$ has no son or if they have all $c_S$ equal to zero, we obtain a contradiction by applying $\partial_{T_0}$ to the relation and by looking at the constant term of the result. If $S_0$ has a son $S_1$ for which $c_{S_1}\neq 0$, we repeat with $S_1$. As the set is finite and there is no loop, we certainly obtain a $S'$ which gives a contradiction.
0.2 cm
So we have to prove that there is no loop. It is sufficient to show that a drawing $D=(S,T)$ is different from all its descendants that have the same shape (i.e., the $x$-columns at the same places). Let $D'=(S',T')$ be a descendant of $D$ that has the same shape. We want to show that $D\neq D'$.
Definition of completeness
--------------------------
To explain this notion, let $D_1$ denotes a drawing and $D_2$ one of its sons. We define on the places of $D_2$ a notion of “completeness” (relative to $D_1$ too) as follows: We say that the first $k$ places of $D_2$ are complete if the heights of the $y$-columns of $T_1+S_2$ in these $k$ places and read from left to right are $K,K-1,K-2,\ldots$ and if we have the same for $x$-columns.
We want now to obtain a (more quantitative) characterization of the completeness. To do this we need to introduce some more definitions.
We look at the left parts (made of the first $k-1$ places) of $D_1$ and $D_2$. We define $d$ as the difference between the number of times where a $y$-column of $D_1$ has been replaced in $D_2$ by a white $x$-column and the number of times where an $x$-column of $D_1$ has been replaced in $D_2$ by a white $y$-column. We also define $d'$ as the difference between the number of times where a crossed $y$-column of $D_1$ has been replaced in $D_2$ by an $x$-column and the number of times where a crossed $x$-column of $D_1$ has been replaced in $D_2$ by a $y$-column. We should note that $d$ and $d'$ are relative to $k-1$.
Since the problem is symmetric with respect to $x$ and $y$ (as long as we do not use the rules of construction), we shall only examine the case where we derive with respect to $y_k$, i.e., where there is a $y$-column at the $k$-th place of $T_1+S_2$. The symmetric case has a similar characterization (with opposite signs for $d$ and $d'$). We now introduce the following notations: $b_1$ (resp. $b_2$) denotes the number of white cells at place $k$ in $D_1$ (resp. $D_2$) and $c_1$ (resp. $c_2$) the number of crosses. The characterization can now be stated as follows:
[**Characterization :**]{}
*If the first $k-1$ places are complete, the $k$-th is complete if one of the following conditions is verified:*
1. at place $k$ in $D_1$ and $D_2$ there is a $y$-column and $b_2=b_1+d$ and $c_2=c_1+d'$ (each of these equalities easily implies the other);
2. at place $k$, there is a crossed $x$-column in $D_1$ (i.e., $b_1=0$) and a $y$-column in $D_2$, and $b_2=d$;
3. at place $k$, there is a $y$-column in $D_1$ and a white $x$-column in $D_2$ ($c_2=0$), and $c_1=-d'$.
To prove this result, we begin by observing that we can not have $x$- and $y$- cells at the same place in $T_1+S_2$: when $\mu$ is a hook, we have $\partial x_i\partial y_i\Delta_{\mu}=0$. There are in fact three possibilities for the columns at place $k$:
1. $D_1$ and $D_2$ have a $y$-column;
2. $D_1$ has a crossed $x$-column and $D_2$ a $y$-column;
3. $D_1$ has a $y$-column and $D_2$ a white $x$-column.
We deal with these three cases.
1. Case 1: if in $T_1+S_2$ the heights of the $y$-columns in the first $k-1$ places are $K$, $K-1$, $\ldots$, $K-l+1$ and if our $y$-column is the $h$-th of $D_2$, we observe that $l=h-1+d$. The height of the $y$-column of $T_1+S_2$ at place $k$ is at most $K-l$. But if we observe that the height of the $h$-th $y$-column of $D_2$ is $K-h+1$, we obtain: $$b_1+c_2\le K-l=K-h+1-d=b_2+c_2-d.$$ Hence $b_2 \ge b_1+d$ and equality holds when it is complete. As $b_2+c_2=b_1+c_1+d+d'$, the equality $c_2=c_1+d'$ holds too.
2. Case 2: this case is treated like Case 1.
3. Case 3: the reasoning is similar to Case 1. If our $y$-column is the $h$-th of $D_1$ and if in the first $k-1$ places of $T_1+S_2$ the successive $y$-columns have height $K$, $K-1$, $\ldots$, $K-l+1$, then $l=h-1-d'$. As the height of the $y$-column at place $k$ of $T_1+S_2$ is at most $K-l$, we deduce that $c_1\ge -d'$, with equality corresponding to completion.
0.2 cm [**Remark 2:**]{} If the first $k-1$ places are complete but not the $k$-th, we observe easily that it corresponds to an increasing of the number of white cells in $D_2$. We have indeed seen in the proof that $b_2\ge b_1+d$ and $c_2\le c_1+d'$ in Case 1 and similar inequalities in Cases 2 and 3.
0.2 cm [**Remark 3:**]{} We observe that the Cases 2 and 3 can not happen simultaneously since we can not have at the same place a crossed column in $D_1$ and a white column in $D_2$ (there is at least one cell at each place).
Once we have obtained this characterization of completeness, we shall use it to progress in the proof of Theorem 3.
Application
-----------
0.3 cm [**Lemma 3:**]{}
[*If we have completeness on the first $k$ places along the chain between two drawings $D$ and $D'$ with the same shape, then the sum of the $d$ along the chain is equal to zero, as well as the sum of the $d'$ ($d$ and $d'$ relative to the first $k$ places).*]{}
We will first apply this result in the following lemma and prove it after Lemma 4.
0.3 cm [**Lemma 4:**]{}
[*If we have completeness on the first $k$ places between $D$ and $D'$, then these two drawings are identical on the first $k$ places.*]{}
To prove this result we shall use Lemma 3. Indeed we notice that if we keep either an $x$- or a $y$-column at place $k$ along the chain between $D$ and $D'$, the result is obvious since (by Lemma 3) the sum of the $d$ is equal to zero. With natural notations, we have: $b'=b+\sum d=b$. Now, if the “shape” of the column at place $k$ changes, let us observe the two following cases (by symmetry we look at the changes for a $y$-column):
0.5 cm (simple arrows mean single generation, broken arrows mean possibly several generations, but at fixed shape at place $k$).
In view of the characterization of completeness, we observe that we have in both cases: $b_2=b_1+d,\ c_2=c_1+d'$, as if we had not changed the shape (it is easily seen by looking at the $d$ on the left and at the $d'$ on the right).
By Lemma 3, we are now able to remove the condition that the shape does not change at the broken arrows. Indeed, we begin by reasoning about chains as above, then we can ignore the change of shape. By this method we obtain the general result (analogy with a Dick path for which we repeat the removing of sequences $\vee$ and $\wedge$).
0.2 cm
[*Proof of Lemma 3.*]{} This will be done by induction on $k$.
- If $k=1$, the result is obvious.
- To prove the result for $k$, we have to show that along the chain between $D$ and $D'$, the shape of the $k$-th column has changed as many times by appearance of a white $x$-column as by appearance of a white $y$-column (i.e., sum of $d$ equal to zero) and as many times by disappearance of a crossed $x$-column as by disappearance of a crossed $y$-column (i.e., sum of $d'$ equal to zero).
We suppose that our column (assume it is a $y$-column in $D$ and $D'$) changes more times by appearance of a white $x$-column than by appearance of a white $y$-column. Let us observe the subchain on the figure below:
0.3 cm
Let $h_1$ denote the height of the $y$-column of drawing 1 and $h'_1$ the depth of the first $x$-column on its right. We observe that $b_4=d_3\ge0$ (Case 2 of the Characterization) and that $d_2=h'_1-d_1-d'_1$ since $b_3=0=b_2-d_2$ (Case 1). Thus: $d_1+d_2=h'_1-d'_1$.
We now visualize the changes of shape at place $k$ between $D$ and $D'$ on the following representation.
0.3 cm
The even coordinates correspond to a $y$-column at place $k$, the odd ones to an $x$-column. A north-east line is either the appearance of a white $x$-column or disappearance of a crossed $x$-column (according to odd or even coordinate) and a south-east line is either the appearance of a white $y$-column or disappearance of a crossed $y$-column. The vertical dotted lines are defined as follows. The first is placed at the last point for which the coordinate is equal to zero. Then we have clearly two north-east lines and we put another dotted line. Then we restart with taking coordinate 2 as a new zero for the coordinates.
Let us suppose that between $D$ and $D'$ there is a single ascent (i.e., a subchain like 1-2-3-4). If we verify that $d_0+d_1+d_2>0$, where $d_0$ is the sum of the $d$ before the ascent, then since $\sum d=0$ between $D$ and $D'$, we have necesseraly some $d<0$ after this sequence, which is impossible without a disappearance of the crossed $y$-column. That is what we wanted to show.
Let us prove that $d_0+d_1+d_2>0$.
Let $b$ denote the number of white cells at place $k$ of $D$ then $b_1=b+d_0$. Hence: $$d_0+d_1+d_2=d_0+h'_1-d'_1=b_1-b+h'_1-d'_1=h_1+h'_1-b.$$ It is easy to check that $h_1+h'_1-b>0$.
It remains to observe that when there are several ascents, the previous reasoning is still true, by looking at the last one. Indeed, it suffices to replace the equality $b_1=b+d_0$ by $b_1\le b+d_0$ (thanks to what precedes), which keeps the result unchanged.
0.3 cm
The proof of Lemma 3 is almost complete. It remains to observe that the symmetries between $x$ and $y$ and between crossed and white cells allow us to deal with the other cases.
0.3 cm [**Lemma 5 :**]{}
[*If there is no total completeness along the chain between $D$ and $D'$, then $D\neq D'$ which implies Theorem 3.*]{}
This is an easy consequence of Lemmas 2 and 4 and Remark 2. It suffices to look at the leftmost place for which the completeness fails: $D'$ has more white cells (and less crosses) than $D$ at this place.
End of the proof
----------------
It is now sufficient to show that there is at least one generation between $D$ and $D'$ that is not complete. We shall in fact show that each generation is not complete.
Let again $D_1=(S_1,T_1)$ and $D_2=(S_2,T_2)$ denote two different drawings, father and son.
If $D_1$ and $D_2$ have the same shape, the result is obvious.
It then remains to study the case where $D_1$ and $D_2$ have different shape. We suppose that completeness holds and reduce it to the absurd.
0.2 cm
By looking at the place at most on the left where the shape changes, we can consider only the case where the shape changes at place 1. The only changes for which the non-completeness is not obvious are the following (remark that here $d=d'=0$): 0.5 cm
0.3 cm
The following remark allows us to divide by two the number of cases:
0.2 cm [**Remark 4:**]{} $D_2$ is a son of $D_1$ if and only if flip($D_1$) is a son of flip($D_2$). This allows us to only consider cases 2 and 4.
1. Case 2 :
If at place “a”(corresponding to the first plain crossed $x$-column in $D_2$), there is
- an $x$-column: we first verify that at each place on the left of “a” we have $d=0$; then we show that the $x$-column in $D_1$ is smaller than the one in $D_2$, which contradicts $b_2=b_1-d=b_1$.
- a $y$-column: we first show that in each $x$-column of $T_1+S_2$ there is at least one cell coming from $D_1$ and one coming from $D_2$. This is absurd since there are not enough $x$-columns.
2. Case 4:
In this case, if the first plain $x$-column of $D_1$ is the $l$-th $x$-column of $D_1$, we begin by observing that the $x$-column on its left have at least one white cell, hence have a contribution to $T_1+S_2$. Thus on the left of this place there is already an $x$-column of depth $L-l+1$ (there are at least $l$ $x$-columns in $T_1+S_2$ on the left). This is absurd.
Elements of $0$ $x$-degree
==========================
Description
-----------
Let $\mu=(\mu_1\ge\mu_2\ge\dots\ge\mu_k>0)$ be any partition of $n$. The goal of this section is to give an explicit basis for $M_{\mu}^0$, which denotes the homogeneous subspace of $M_{\mu}$ of elements of $0$ $x$-degree. We construct this basis with the same visual objects as in the case of hooks. We also obtain a basis for the subspace of $n(\mu)$ $x$-degree which we shall denote by $M_{\mu}^{n(\mu)}$.
The space $M_{\mu}^0$ has already been studied in \[2\] and \[6\]. In particular it is proved that its dimension is $n!/\mu'!$, where $\mu!=\mu_1!\ldots\mu_k!$ and $\mu'$ is the conjugate of $\mu$. In fact our basis is related to a family introduced in \[2\]. But we obtain here a direct (and not recursive) method of construction. Moreover we apply the monomial derivatives to $\Delta_{\mu}$ itself and therefore obtain a simple and explicit basis for $M_{\mu}^0$.
We use again the drawings introduced for hook-shaped partitions, here in the case of any partition of $n$. A shape is then made of $n-1$ bars. Each of these bars has $n_x$ $x$-cells and $n_y$ $y$-cells. The set of pairs $(n_x,n_y)$ is the set of biexponents of the partition (the biexponent is omitted). We again put crosses in the shapes and the set of rules for these drawings is the following:
1. the bars with the same number of $x$-cells are arranged in decreasing height;
2. there are crosses in every $x$-cell;
3. if a bar $B$ is on the left of a bar with more $x$-cells than $B$ and $q$ $y$-cells, then the bar $B$ must have at least $q+1$ $y$-white cells.
0.2 cm [**Remark 5:**]{} By applying flip we obtain a family of drawings with no $x$-crosses.
We now give an example of a drawing: 0.5 cm
0.3 cm
associated to the partition: 0.5 cm
0.3 cm
Enumeration
-----------
We verify that the number of drawings introduced in subsection 1 is $n!/\mu!$. We consider the drawing from the left to the right. The bar we are looking at corresponds to a corner of the Ferrers diagram of the partition from which we have removed the cells corresponding to the bars on the left.
Number the cells of the partition $\mu$ by writing $i$ in the cell associated to the bar at place $n-i+1$ in the drawing. By the preceding paragraph, this gives a standard tableau.
We now look at the following figures:
0.5 cm
We observe that the number of choices for cell $i$ is the length of the arrow that we denote by coarm$^*_i(T^{i+1})$, where $T^{i+1}$ is the (standard) tableau $T$ from which we have removed the cells numbered from $i+1$ to $n$.
We thus obtain that the cardinality is: $$\sum_{T {\rm standard}} \prod_{i=n}^1 {\rm coarm}^*_i(T^{i+1}). \leqno(1)$$
We show that this number equals $n!/\mu'!$ by induction on $n$. The result is obvious when $n=1$. We write $\mu'=(c_1^{\alpha_1},\ldots,c_h^{\alpha_h})$, where the $c_j$’s are the height of columns of $\mu$ and $\alpha_j$ their multiplicities. In particular, $\mu$ has $h$ corners, $\mu'!=\prod_{i=j}^{h}(c_j!)^{\alpha_j}$, $n=\sum_{j=1}^h \alpha_j c_j$ and $\alpha_j$ is the contribution of corner $j$ in the product of (1). We then rewrite this formula as: $$\sum_{j=1}^h \alpha_j.\sum_{T'} \prod_{i=n-1}^1 {\rm coarm}^*_i(T'^{i+1})$$ where $T'$ varies amongst every standard tableaux of the Ferrers diagram from which we have removed its $j$-th corner (let $\mu^j$ denote the corresponding partition). We are now able to conclude, since $\mu'^j!=\mu'!/c_j$: $$\sum_{j=1}^h \alpha_j {\frac {(n-1)!} {\mu'^j!}}={\frac {(n-1)!} {\mu'!}}\sum_{j=1}^h \alpha_j.c_j={\frac {n!} {\mu'!}}.$$
Independence and conclusion
---------------------------
As in the case of the hook-shaped partitions, we denote by $S$ (respectively $T$) the diagram consisting only of the crosses (respectively of the white cells) of a given drawing. For example in the case of the drawing of subsection 5.1, we have:
0.5 cm
0.5 cm
0.3 cm
Let now $\partial_S$ and $\partial_T$ denote the derivative operators associated to $S$ and $T$. Let also ${\cal S}$ and ${\cal T}$ denote the set of all $S$’s and $T$’s constructed by this way. We also associate to $S$ and $T$ a monomial by the same way. For example, in the case of the previous figures, we have: $M_S=x_2y_2x_3^4x_4^3x_6x_7^2x_8$ and $M_T=y_1^3y_2y_5^2y_6y_9$.
0.3 cm [**Theorem 4:**]{}
*The set $\{\partial_S\Delta_{\mu}\}_{S\in{\cal S}}$ is linearly independent and hence is a basis of $M_{\mu}^0$.*
The set $\{\partial_T\Delta_{\mu}\}_{T\in{\cal T}}$ is linearly independent and hence is a basis of $M_{\mu}^{n(\mu)}$.
0.3 cm The theorem is a consequence of the two following lemmas.
0.3 cm [**Lemma 6:**]{}
[*We can reconstruct the drawing from $S$ or $T$.*]{}
[**Lemma 7:**]{}
[*For the lexicographic order ($x_1<x_2<\dots<x_n<y_1<\dots<y_n$) $M_T$ is the minimal monomial for $\partial_S\Delta_{\mu}$ and $M_S$ for $\partial_T\Delta_{\mu}$.*]{}
0.3 cm
The proof of Lemma 6 is easy: we reconstruct the drawing from the left to the right, as in the case of hooks, thanks to the rules.
The proof of Lemma 7 requires attention only in the case of $T$, so we develop this point. Once the crossed cells have been fixed, we have to show that the white cells are at most on the left. It suffices in fact to show that the $x$-white cells can not be moved to the left. We show it by looking at the drawing from the left to the right. Let $k$ and $l$ denote the number of $x$-cells and of $y$-crossed cells at place $p$. We have to prove that a bar with $l'>l$ $x$-cells and $k'\ge k$ $y$-crossed cells is forbidden at place $p$. If the couple $(k',l')$ is not a biexponent of the partition or if it is present on the left, we are done. To conclude we observe that this couple can not be a biexponent of the partition appearing on the right of the initial drawing. Indeed, because of the rules we should have: $k>k'$.
0.2 cm [**Remark 6:**]{} It is possible to show that our family of monomials $\{M_S\}_{S\in {\cal S}}$ is equal to the family $B_{\mu}$ of \[2\], section 4. But whereas $B_{\mu}$ was constructed recursively, our construction is direct. Moreover we apply it directly to $\Delta_{\mu}$ and obtain simple and explicit bases for $M_{\mu}^0$ and $M_{\mu}^{n(\mu)}$, whereas N. Bergeron and A. Garsia were dealing in \[2\] with linear translates of Garnir polynomials.
References
==========
1. E. Allen, [*The decomposition of a bigraded left regular representation of the diagonal action of $S_n$*]{}, J. Comb. Theory A, [**71**]{} (1995), 97-111.
2. N. Bergeron and A. M. Garsia, [*On certain spaces of harmonic polynomials*]{}, Contemporary Mathematics, [**138**]{} (1992), 51-86.
3. Louis Comtet, [*Analyse Combinatoire*]{}, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1970.
4. A. M. Garsia and M. Haiman, [*Orbit harmonics and graded representation*]{}, in “Laboratoire de combinatoire et d’informatique mathématique, UQAM collection” (S. Brlek, Ed), to appear.
5. A. M. Garsia and M. Haiman, [*A graded representation model for Macdonald’s polynomials*]{}, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., [**90**]{} (1993), 3607-3610.
6. A. M. Garsia and M. Haiman, [*Some natural bigraded $S_n$-modules and $q,t$-Kostka coefficients*]{}, Elec. J. of Comb. 3 (no. 2) (1996), R24.
7. A. M. Garsia and J. Remmel, [*Plethystic formulas and positivity for $q,t$-Kostka polynomials*]{}, In Mathematical Essays in Honor of Gian-Carlo Rota (Cambridge, MA, 1996), Birkhäuser Boston, Boston, MA (1998), 245-262.
8. A. M. Garsia and G. Tesler, [*Plethystic formulas for Macdonald $q,t$-Kostka coefficients*]{}, Advances in Math., [**123**]{} (1996), 144-222.
9. M. Haiman, [*Macdonald polynomials and geometry*]{}, preprint.
10. A. N. Kirillov and M. Noumi, [*Affine Hecke algebras and raising operators for Macdonald polynomials*]{}, Duke Math. J., [**93**]{} (1998), 1-39.
11. F. Knop, [*Integrality of two variable Kostka functions*]{}, J. Reine Angew. Math., [**482**]{} (1997), 177-189.
12. I. G. Macdonald, [*A new class of symmetric functions*]{}, Actes du $20^e$ Séminaire Lotharingien, Publ. I.R.M.A. Strasbourg (1988), 131-171.
13. E. Reiner, [*A Proof of the $n!$ Conjecture for Generalized Hooks*]{}, J. Comb. Theory A, [**75**]{} (1996), 1-22.
14. S. Sahi, [*Interpolation, integrality, and a generalization of Macdonald’s polynomials*]{}, Internat. Math. Res Notices, [**10**]{} (1996), 457-471.
The author would like to express all his gratitude to the referees who have made significant efforts to improve this paper by their valuable advices and suggestions.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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ArXiv
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Sri Lanka Warnings: Today has been declared a national day of mourning in Sri Lanka because of the Easter Sunday bombings that killed more than 300 people. Also today: new questions about why the government didn't do more to try and prevent the attacks. Some officials were reportedly warned about possible attacks earlier this month.Read more: CNN, NYT, WSJ, CBS News
Trump Lawsuit: President Trump is suing to block the release of his financial records. Trump is targeting House Oversight Committee Chairman Elijah Cummings, who subpoenaed Trump’s longtime accountant for 10 years worth of financial records. Cummings says he wants to use the records to see if Trump's financial interests guide any of his decisions as president, but Trump says it's just a political effort meant to embarrass him.Read more: CNN, CBS News, VOX
SCOTUS Cases:1- The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to take up a few cases that could have a big impact on gay and transgender rights. Right now, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, employers cannot discriminate based on race, religion, national origin or sex, but opinions on whether the law covers sexual orientation and gender identity differ. The cases will be heard starting in October. 2 - Starting today, the Supreme Court will hear arguments for whether the 2020 census should be allowed to add a question about citizenship. Some say it’ll help the Justice Department enforce the Voting Rights Act, but others say it'll cause illegal immigrants to ignore the survey and affect the population count. SCOTUS is on a deadline for this one because the census forms are set to be printed in June.Read more (LGBTQ at Work): NYT, Vox, ABC NewsRead more (Census Question): The Washington Post, The Hill
Tesla News: Tesla's CEO Elon Musk says he plans to put self-driving taxis on the road in the U.S. as soon as next year. He's calling them “robotaxis” and says they’ll compete with Uber and Lyft. Certain Tesla owners would be able to make money with their cars while they sleep. Musk also said all new Tesla cars will have the hardware needed to be full self-driving cars and will only need to be updated with improved software.Read more: Reuters, CNBC, Business Insider, TechCrunch
Teens & Driving: Perhaps it's because of services like Uber and Lyft, but a new report says the percentage of American teens with a driver's license has gone down the last few decades. Only about a quarter of 16 year olds had a license in 2017. Other possible reasons? Social media/video chat and more mass transit in cities.Read more: WSJ
Galaxy Fold Debut Postponed: Samsung has delayed the launch of its new $2,000 Galaxy Fold (its first smartphone with a foldable screen). The delay has to do with the initial feedback from tech reviewers, who reported issues with the top protective layer, the screen and the hinges. Samsung says it’s working to fix the problems and wants make sure it measures up to its “high standards.”Read more: WSJ, The Verge
Prince Memoir: A new Prince memoir may be released in October. Prince was working on the project when he died in 2016. The publishing company says The Beautiful Ones will combine the unfinished manuscript with rare photos, scrapbooks and lyrics.Read more: Variety, AP
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Over 25 million people have died of AIDS, making it one of the largest public health crises in history. There are over 33 million people with HIV world-wide. The majority of new HIV cases occur before age 25, and within marginalized populations. "Syndemics" theory postulates that multiple emerging and converging psychosocial epidemics are the driving mechanisms that cause HIV transmission. We are proposing that a developmental interpretation and application of syndemics theory is needed in order to explain HIV risk. Sexual minority youth (youth who endorse some level of same-sex attraction, behavior, and/or identity) are an ideal population to use as a model for testing the longitudinal development of syndemic processes. Sexual minority youth are highly marginalized, poorly understood, and severely underserved. They experience multiple psychosocial problems of epidemic proportions that are considered the core components of the syndemic effect. Compared with heterosexual youth, sexual minority youth are up to 5 times more likely to use drugs, 7 times more likely to be victimized, 6 times more likely to have mental health problems, and 5 times more likely to engage in HIV risk behavior. Yet longitudinal studies with sexual minority youth have rarely been conducted due to a host of cultural and methodological barriers. The overarching goal of this research project is to examine substance use and HIV risk behaviors in a longitudinal study of sexual minority youth and a matched comparison group of heterosexual youth. Due to the many important features of the proposed methodology and theory, this will be the first youth study of its kind. These features include the: (A) longitudinal, quasi-experimental design, (B) evaluation of individual growth or change in adolescent substance use and risky sexual behaviors over time, (C) examination of mediators and moderators of risk for substance use and risky sexual behavior, and (D) identification of risk and protective factors associated with the convergence of these multiple emerging epidemics and how they lead to HIV/AIDS. Results from this project will generate a wealth of information about the development of health problems among this highly vulnerable and marginalized group. They will provide empirical support for a developmental interpretation and application of the syndemics framework. And they will serve as a model for understanding how syndemic processes unfold in marginalized populations to raise risk for HIV/AIDS. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The primary goal of this study is to identify critical risk and protective factors to help prevent HIV transmission among high-risk, marginalized youth. A growing body of evidence shows that multiple psychosocial health problems emerge in adolescence and intertwine to produce vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. This longitudinal study will determine: (A) what those psychosocial health problems are, (B) how and when they emerge, and (C) how and when they converge to cause HIV transmission in young people.
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NIH ExPorter
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Q:
Python Pandas: How to set value of a cell based on a formula
I'm trying to set the value of a single cell within a large dataframe based on a formula from other cells elsewhere in the df. Here's the key part of the code:
df.loc[df['Category'] == 'Total', 'Tot Wgt'] = df.loc[df['Category'] == 'B', 'Wgt']
So in the row where 'Category' is 'Total' I want the 'Tot Wgt' column to be set to whatever 'B' and 'Wgt' equal. However my code above just outputs a blank. Any ideas?
EDIT TO ADD
(Simpler version of) Dataframe looks something like this:
Index Category Wgt Tot Wgt
0 A 5
1 B 2
2 C 11
3 Total 2
All the "Category" column items are unique.
A:
I believe need values for avoid index alignment:
df = pd.DataFrame({'A':list('abcdef'),
'Category':['A','B','C','D','E', 'Total'],
'Wgt':[5,3,6,9,2,4],})
print (df)
A Category Wgt
0 a A 5
1 b B 3
2 c C 6
3 d D 9
4 e E 2
5 f Total 4
df.loc[df['Category'] == 'Total', 'Tot Wgt'] = df.loc[df['Category'] == 'B', 'Wgt'].values
print (df)
A Category Wgt Tot Wgt
0 a A 5 NaN
1 b B 3 NaN
2 c C 6 NaN
3 d D 9 NaN
4 e E 2 NaN
5 f Total 4 3.0
Details:
If indices are different and want assign rows get NaNs.
print (df.loc[df['Category'] == 'B'])
A Category Wgt
1 b B 3 <-index is 1
print (df.loc[df['Category'] == 'Total'])
A Category Wgt
5 f Total 4 <-index is 5
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StackExchange
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Flash Nonfiction Illuminates, Like a Flash Gun
Jill Talbot interviews Brevity editor Dinty W. Moore about the intricacies of flash nonfiction and the new Rose Metal Press Field Guide. Here’s an excerpt followed by a link to the full Bookslut interview:
In the first section of the anthology, “The Flash Nonfiction Form,” Bret Lott notes, “There ought to be an explosion of recognition, a burst of self-awareness that gives my reader the understanding that these few words she’s read have had hidden within them a realm far larger than any she could have imagined.”
Bret’s definition is really a definition of all excellent art. A painting is taken in through the eyes, but can magically bloom, in the viewer’s brain, into words and sounds and aroma. A ballet is just movement of a dancer’s arms and legs and torso but can be translated, in our minds, into a universe of feelings and associations. Brief nonfiction prose tells a story, provides information, but that is only the surface of what is possible. The author is trying to create, though language, image, metaphor, the possibility for that “burst of self-awareness” that the term “flash” implies. It doesn’t just go by in a flash: it illuminates, like a flash gun.
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F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
NOV 25 1997
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
TENTH CIRCUIT
GFF CORPORATION, an Oklahoma
Corporation,
Plaintiff - Appellant, No. 96-6287
vs.
ASSOCIATED WHOLESALE
GROCERS, INC., a Missouri
Corporation,
Defendant - Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
(D.C. No. CIV-95-141)
Andrew L. Walding (Mark K. Stonecipher with him on the brief), Fellers, Snider,
Blankenship, Bailey & Tippens, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff -
Appellant.
William F. High (James M. Warden and Linda S. Skaggs with him on the brief),
Blackwell, Sanders, Matheny, Weary & Lombardi, Overland Park, Kansas, for
Defendant - Appellee.
Before BRORBY, MCWILLIAMS, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
KELLY, Circuit Judge.
GFF Corporation (GFF) appeals from the dismissal of its breach of contract
claim and the grant of summary judgment on its fraud claim. Our jurisdiction
arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm.
Background
During 1994, Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc. (AWG) prepared to buy a
number of grocery stores from Homeland Stores, Inc. (Homeland) for resale to
members or potential members. GFF expressed interest in purchasing a Homeland
store located in Norman, Oklahoma, from AWG. At a meeting in Oklahoma City
on December 14 representatives of AWG provided GFF’s president with a
typewritten bid form, in the form of a letter, to be executed and returned to AWG.
On or about December 21, GFF executed the December 14 letter and submitted its
$350,000 bid on the Norman store.
On January 17, 1995, AWG informed GFF by telephone that it was the
highest bidder and would get the store. On January 19, after telling Pratt Foods
the amount of GFF’s bid, AWG received a $400,000 bid from Pratt Foods. AWG
called GFF, and advised them that AWG had received a higher bid for the
Norman store, and later gave GFF the opportunity to rebid and beat the Pratt
Foods bid. GFF chose not to rebid but to stand on its rights based on the claimed
contract to sell for $350,000.
-2-
GFF brought suit claiming breach of contract and fraud. AWG moved for
judgment on the pleadings on the contract claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(c), and both parties briefed the matter. GFF did not formally
incorporate by reference or append the letter to its complaint, but attached it as an
exhibit to its brief in opposition to the 12(c) motion. AWG also attached the
letter as an exhibit to its brief in support of the 12(c) motion. GFF then filed an
amended complaint which rendered the 12(c) motion moot. Again, GFF did not
formally incorporate by reference or append the letter to its amended complaint,
but frequently referred to it and alleged it satisfied the statute of frauds.
AWG moved to dismiss the contract claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6),
arguing that the letter was insufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds. Both
parties essentially incorporated by reference their briefs on the 12(c) motion. The
district court granted AWG’s 12(b)(6) motion, expressly considering the letter.
AWG then moved for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 on the fraud claim,
and the district court granted that motion as well. GFF moved for reconsideration
of the dismissal of its contract claim, arguing for the first time that the court
should have applied auction law principles to the case, and that newly discovered
evidence supported an argument that several documents together satisfied the
statute of frauds. The district court denied the motion.
-3-
On appeal, GFF argues that the district court erred in dismissing the
contract claim (1) by not converting the 12(b)(6) motion into one for summary
judgment based on its consideration of outside material, (2) by not then
considering outside materials on the motion for reconsideration, (3) in concluding
that the statute of frauds was not satisfied, and (4) by failing to find an implied
contract. GFF also appeals from the entry of summary judgment on its fraud
claim, contending that the district court erred in concluding GFF was not
damaged.
Discussion
I. Dismissal of Breach of Contract Claim
As the sufficiency of a complaint is a question of law, we review de novo
the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss pursuant to 12(b)(6). See
Bangerter v. Orem City Corp., 46 F.3d 1491, 1502 (10th Cir. 1995); Housley v.
Dodson, 41 F.3d 597, 598 (10th Cir. 1994). A 12(b)(6) motion should not be
granted “unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts
in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Conley v. Gibson, 355
U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957); see Ash Creek Mining Co. v. Lujan, 969 F.2d 868, 870
(10th Cir. 1992). All well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint are
accepted as true, see Ash Creek Mining Co., 969 F.2d at 870, and viewed in the
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light most favorable to the nonmoving party, see Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S.
232, 236 (1974).
A. Conversion to Summary Judgment
First, GFF argues that the district court erred by not converting AWG’s
12(b)(6) motion into one for summary judgment when the court explicitly
considered outside material in its ruling. GFF argues further that based on this
failure to convert, the district court erred in refusing to consider outside materials
presented on GFF’s motion for reconsideration of the dismissal of its contract
claim. GFF did not argue before the district court either that the letter should be
excluded from the court’s consideration or that the motion should be converted to
one for summary judgment. Generally, such failure to present an issue to the
district court results in waiver, see Lyons v. Jefferson Bank & Trust, 994 F.2d
716, 721 (10th Cir. 1993); 10th Cir. R. 28.2(b), but because GFF’s opposition to
the 12(c) motion argued that the appropriate test was like that for a summary
judgment motion, we will consider the argument.
A 12(b)(6) motion must be converted to a motion for summary judgment if
“matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court” and
“all parties . . . [are] given reasonable opportunity to present all material made
pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b). The failure to
convert a 12(b)(6) motion to one for summary judgment where a court does not
-5-
exclude outside materials is reversible error unless the dismissal can be justified
without considering the outside materials. See Brown v. Zavaras, 63 F.3d 967,
970 (10th Cir. 1995). Notwithstanding these general principles, if a plaintiff does
not incorporate by reference or attach a document to its complaint, but the
document is referred to in the complaint and is central to the plaintiff’s claim, a
defendant may submit an indisputably authentic copy to the court to be considered
on a motion to dismiss. See Romani v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, 929 F.2d 875,
879 n.3 (1st Cir. 1991); Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 48
(2d Cir. 1991); Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998
F.2d 1192, 1196-97 (3d Cir. 1993); Venture Assoc. Corp. v. Zenith Data Systems
Corp., 987 F.2d 429, 431 (7th Cir. 1993); New Beckley Mining Corp. v. United
Mine Workers or Amer., 18 F.3d 1161, 1164 (4th Cir. 1994); Branch v. Tunnell,
14 F.3d 449, 453-54 (9th Cir. 1994); Weiner v. Klais & Co., Inc., 108 F.3d 86, 89
(6th Cir. 1997); Brooks v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Florida, Inc., 116 F.3d
1364, 1369 (11th Cir. 1997).
If the rule were otherwise, a plaintiff with a deficient claim could survive a
motion to dismiss simply by not attaching a dispositive document upon which the
plaintiff relied. Moreover, conversion to summary judgment when a district court
considers outside materials is to afford the plaintiff an opportunity to respond in
kind. When a complaint refers to a document and the document is central to the
-6-
plaintiff’s claim, the plaintiff is obviously on notice of the document’s contents,
and this rationale for conversion to summary judgment dissipates.
We now turn to the case at hand, in which the letter was the only material
other than the complaint considered by the district court. GFF did not attach the
letter to its amended complaint, nor properly incorporate the letter by reference.
Despite these omissions, GFF did not dispute the authenticity of the letter.
Indeed, GFF frequently referred to and quoted from the letter in its amended
complaint, and alleged that the letter alone satisfied the statute of frauds. GFF
also attached the letter as an exhibit to its opposition to the 12(b)(6) motion, via
incorporation by reference of its 12(c) opposition, and referred to the letter (in
some instances as the contract itself) throughout its brief. For these reasons, we
conclude that the letter was indisputably authentic and central to GFF’s breach of
contract claim. The district court, therefore, properly considered the letter
submitted by AWG as not “outside the pleading” for purposes of the 12(b)(6)
motion. It follows that the district court also did not err in refusing to consider
outside materials on motion for reconsideration of its ruling on the unconverted
12(b)(6) motion.
B. Statute of Frauds
GFF next argues that the district court committed error in concluding that
the letter was insufficient to satisfy the Oklahoma statute of frauds. The court
-7-
determines as a matter of law whether the memoranda, letters, or other writings
relied upon are sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds. See Joseph E. Seagram
& Sons, Inc. v. Shaffer, 310 F.2d 668, 675 (10th Cir. 1962) (interpreting
Oklahoma law). Although a party may allege in its complaint that a writing
satisfies the statute, the document controls when it is properly before the court.
See Jackson v. Alexander, 465 F.2d 1389, 1390 (10th Cir. 1972); 5 Charles Alan
Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1327 & n.14 (2d ed.
1990) (Wright & Miller). Mere legal conclusions and factual allegations that
contradict such a properly considered document are not well-pleaded facts that the
court must accept as true. See Jackson, 465 F.2d at 1390; 5 Wright & Miller §
1327 & n.14.
The Oklahoma statute of frauds provides that “[t]he following contracts are
invalid, unless the same, or some note or memorandum thereof, be in writing and
subscribed by the party to be charged . . . (5) An agreement for . . . the sale of
real property, or of an interest therein . . . .” Okla. Stat. Ann., tit. 15, § 136 (West
1996). Although the writing need not be thorough or complete in its detail, it
must contain all material terms of the alleged contract so that resort to parol
evidence is not necessary to establish them. See Pettigrew v. Denwalt, 431 P.2d
333, 337 (Okla. 1967); Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc., 310 F.2d at 674 (“[A]ny
missing link which requires resort to oral evidence to connect or establish the
-8-
agreement is fatal.”). To avoid resorting to parol evidence, a written offer to sell
real property must generally be accepted in writing to form a valid contract. See
Anderson v. Garrison, 402 P.2d 873, 874, Syl. ¶ 4 (Okla. 1965); Tiffany v.
Rothschild, 258 P.2d 629, 630, Syl. ¶ 1 (Okla. 1953). On this point, we have
stated:
The memorandum or writing required by the statute must show an
existing and binding contract, a concluded agreement, a meeting of the
minds of the parties as distinguished from mere negotiations. It is an
incomplete contract where the parties have left an essential part of the
agreement for future determination.
Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc., 310 F.2d at 674.
GFF alleged in its amended complaint that the letter itself satisfies the
statute of frauds. Aplt. App. at 181 ¶ 44. On appeal, GFF argues that this
allegation is accurate because the letter contains all material terms to a contract
for the sale of real property: the parties, price, subject matter, and covenants that
purchase and supply agreements and other necessary documents will be executed.
Though all of this information is present, the letter is plainly contingent and does
not evidence acceptance by AWG.
The letter reads:
In the event that AWG consummates the proposed transaction
with Homeland and in the event that you are the successful offeror on
such store(s), this letter confirms your commitment and agreement to
purchase the store or stores at the purchase price shown below . . . .
. . . If the foregoing accurately reflects your understanding of the
proposed transaction between you and AWG, please execute this letter
-9-
and return it to my attention. Additionally, by executing below, you
agree to execute appropriate purchase and supply agreements and other
necessary documents in regard to consummating the proposed purchase
of the Store(s).
In the event there are other parties interested in the Store(s), then
AWG will contact you as to the procedures we will follow in selling the
Store(s).
Aplt. App. at 367. This letter not only omits material details of the transaction,
such as the method of payment, but expressly provides that no final agreement
had been reached, and additional matters remained to be negotiated. Indeed, at
the time the letter was prepared by AWG, AWG had no knowledge of just how
much GFF might fill in as its bid. The letter cannot be a valid acceptance by
AWG to form a final, enforceable agreement when GFF had not yet conveyed its
offer amount to AWG. Moreover, GFF admitted that if its attorneys thought the
requisite additional documents contained unfavorable terms, GFF would negotiate
them. See Aplt. App. at 1482, 1485, 1487. Thus, the letter fails to satisfy the
Oklahoma statute of frauds, and our conclusion controls in spite of the allegations
in GFF’s amended complaint.
GFF argued on motion for reconsideration that the letter, escrow money
deposit agreement that AWG began to prepare, and bid tally sheets showing GFF
was the high bidder are together sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds. GFF
did not make this argument until its motion for reconsideration, and it was
therefore untimely. See Steele v. Young, 11 F.3d 1518, 1520 n.1 (10th Cir.
- 10 -
1993); 11 Wright & Miller § 2810.1 & n.21. If we assumed, arguendo, that GFF’s
argument is properly based on discovery of new evidence--the bid tally sheets--
making reconsideration appropriate, the bid tally sheets and deposit agreement
were insufficient because they were not exchanged by the parties. Oklahoma law
excuses the lack of delivery of an executed deed or lease, see Gall v. Brashier,
169 F.2d 704, 708 (10th Cir. 1948) (interpreting Oklahoma law), but still follows
the general rule that for multiple documents to satisfy the statute of frauds they
must pass between the parties, see Thompson v. Giddings, 276 P.2d 229, 230 Syl.
¶ 1 (Okla. 1954). The district court did not abuse its “considerable discretion” in
denying the motion for reconsideration under these circumstances. Brown v.
Presbyterian Healthcare Servs., 101 F.3d 1324, 1332 (10th Cir. 1996) (stating
relevant standard), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 1461 (1997).
Relying on Capital City Brick Co. v. Atlantic Ice & Coal Co., 63 S.E. 562,
565 (Ga. Ct. App. 1909), GFF maintains that an affidavit by AWG’s executive
vice president takes the parties’ agreement outside the statute because it contains
an admission of the agreement. Even if this affidavit were considered, Capital
City requires that the alleged admission show or admit terms that are
“coextensive” with those of the purported contract. Capital City, 63 S.E. at 565;
cf. Teel v. Harlan, 185 P.2d 695, 697 (Okla. 1947) (citing Capital City with
approval). The affidavit here does not admit a final agreement, but evidences the
- 11 -
contemplation of further negotiations. See Aplt. App. at 1375 ¶ 14; Joseph E.
Seagram & Sons, Inc., 310 F.2d at 674.
GFF makes various untimely or unpersuasive arguments that it was not
making an offer by way of its written bid, but accepting AWG’s written offer
supposedly contained in the AWG-provided bid form. First, GFF argues that the
district court’s consideration of GFF as the offeror was an erroneous failure to
view the facts in the light most favorable to GFF. Because the letter GFF
executed refers explicitly to GFF as the “offeror,” we see no error in the court’s
refusal to view GFF as the complete opposite. See Jackson, 465 F.2d at 1390.
Second, GFF argues that the term “offeror” in the letter should be
construed against AWG as the draftsman. This rule of interpretation, however, is
only applied if there is an ambiguity, and generally would not be invoked to
contradict the plain and ordinary meaning of the term. See Dismuke v. Cseh, 830
P.2d 188, 190 (Okla. 1992).
Third, GFF argues that it was accepting AWG’s offer to bid based on
auction law principles which reverse the usual roles of offeror and acceptor. As
GFF admitted at oral argument, it did not ask the district court to apply these
principles until its motion for reconsideration. At that time it is ordinarily
inappropriate for a party to raise new legal arguments. See Steele, 11 F.3d at
1520 n.1.
- 12 -
C. Implied Contract
Finally, GFF argues that the district court erred by not considering whether
GFF stated a claim for breach of implied contract. GFF did not respond to
AWG’s 12(b)(6) motion with an implied contract argument, and did not
affirmatively make such an argument on its motion for reconsideration. Thus, at
either stage, motion for reconsideration or appeal, this argument is untimely. See
Lyons, 994 F.2d 716, 721 (10th Cir. 1993); 10th Cir. R. 28.2(b); see also Steele,
11 F.3d at 1520 n.1. Nevertheless, we shall address it because GFF’s amended
complaint does make allegations which sound in the nature of implied contract.
An implied contract, however, is no less within the statute of frauds than is an
express contract, and our analysis above therefore controls. See Krause v.
Dresser Indus., Inc., 910 F.2d 674, 679 (10th Cir. 1990) (analyzing implied
contract under Oklahoma statute of frauds, but finding contract to be performed
within one year). Our disposition of GFF’s breach of contract claim based on its
failure to satisfy the statute of frauds renders GFF’s remaining arguments moot.
II. Summary Judgment Against GFF on its Fraud Claim
GFF contends that the district court erred in granting summary judgment in
favor of AWG on GFF’s fraud claim. We review de novo the grant of summary
judgment, applying the same legal standard as that used by the district court. See
Phelps v. Hamilton, 122 F.3d 1309, 1317 (10th Cir. 1997). Summary judgment is
- 13 -
proper if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We
view the evidence and draw any inferences in a light most favorable to the
nonmovant. See Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157 (1970). A
movant need only point to those portions of the record that demonstrate an
absence of a genuine issue of material fact given the relevant substantive law.
See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986).
With respect to GFF’s fraud claim, GFF’s sole argument on appeal is that
the district court erred in concluding that GFF cannot show damages. GFF fails
to address the district court’s alternative ground for granting summary judgment--
that there was no evidence of misrepresentation that there would be no
competitive bidding. GFF has therefore conceded that there was no
misrepresentation, and consequently cannot establish an essential element of its
fraud claim. See Gross v. Burggraf Constr. Co., 53 F.3d 1531, 1547 (10th Cir.
1995) (declining to consider inadequately briefed issue).
AFFIRMED.
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FreeLaw
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Over the course of 14 months, Ellie estimates they had sex 20 to 30 times. He was sexually abusing her at 15, and routinely badgering her for sex when she turned 16. On the dash to Panda Express. In any parking lot where Shaver could maneuver Mona's SUV into the shadows and position Ellie to best advantage. They were often barely out of sight of her parents' home, Ellie testified, racing down Southeast Railroad Avenue, when Shaver was begging her to release her seat belt and go down on him.
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OpenWebText2
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Early in October, Ruth Rose went on holiday to Corfu with a group of female friends she had known for years. They swam in the sea every day, making the most of the late summer sunshine. On the last morning before flying home to England, the women took one last swim and skinny-dipped so as not to have to pack their costumes away wet.
Such adventures would once have been unthinkable for Rose. But the surgery she underwent at the age of 81 has opened doors she would never have thought possible. “In some ways it’s like having new hips after being told you would be condemned to arthritis for the rest of your life,” she says. “You do it, and life begins again. And that’s what happened to me. Age has nothing to do with it.”
When we read about people transitioning gender, the focus is often on teenagers; in an emotive debate about access to school changing rooms and Guides camping trips, older trans people are rendered almost invisible. Yet there are more than five times as many adult as child gender identity patients in the UK. Some are now having gender reassignment surgery not just in late middle age, but well into retirement.
The numbers remain tiny, but they are rising; according to the NHS, 75 people aged between 61 and 71 had gender reassignment operations in the seven years to 2015-16, and that’s not counting people who quietly transition without surgery. These trans baby boomers are now beginning to challenge received ideas not just about gender but age, and the capacity of older people to live bold, adventurous lives. “I think people need to learn quite fast that older people no longer all fit the white-haired granny stereotype,” says Jane Vass, the head of public policy at Age UK. The charity recently published advice to older people who are transitioning, covering everything from the impact on state pension ages to what to write on death certificates.
“If it was ever true that older people were all the same, it’s certainly not now. And yet we still seem to respond as a society to a very narrow view of what ageing is,” adds Vass. Later life is full of changes, she points out, from the end of a career to the death of a spouse. Why wouldn’t it also be a time in which people embrace opportunities denied them in the past, before it’s too late?
I just look upon it as a bit of history in my life, like having owned a certain car for a while and decided to change it
It’s perhaps only now that many older people feel comfortable coming out, having grown up in a time when being trans was so steeped in shame and silence that many couldn’t even put a name to what they felt. “I remember as a child thinking, am I unique? Am I strangely perverted?” says Christine Burns, the 64-year-old trans activist and author of the social history Trans Britain: Our Journey From The Shadows. It was only in the 1960s, when the Sunday People newspaper began salaciously to out trans people – most famously the Vogue model April Ashley – that she understood she was not alone. “To see those stories, egregious as they were, helped in a sense. I always say that, on that Sunday morning, I learned there was a name for people like me, but also that it was worse than I feared.”
Half a century on, trans people undoubtedly still experience stigma and discrimination. Fierce debate about proposed changes to the Gender Recognition Act, which could enable people to identify themselves as trans rather than going through a drawn-out process of medical and psychiatric assessment, has turned trans acceptance into a political football. But for those raised in an era when men could be arrested just for wearing women’s clothes in public, the thaw in public attitudes is still striking. “When I first came out [in the 1970s], I got reported to the police and my employer, for being in charge of a company vehicle dressed as a woman,” recalls Jenny-Anne Bishop, the chair of the support group Trans Forum, who had gender reassignment surgery at the age of 59. “Now I’m as likely to have lunch with the chief constable to discuss hate crime reporting. It’s changed that much.”
Ruth Rose: ‘I thought, it must cost thousands of pounds and I can’t do it.’ Photograph: Fabio De Paola/The Guardian
Ruth Rose was around nine when she realised she had what she thought must be “some sort of sexual aberration”. Hoping it would go away, she went through an all-boys public school, did national service in the Royal Air Force, began a career in mechanical engineering, married and had three children. It was only in her 30s that she began to hear about sex-change operations, as they were known, but even then the idea seemed fantastical.
She eventually met others in the same situation via the Beaumont Society, a support group set up in 1966 for cross-dressers, which also attracted trans people. Once a month, they would meet for dinner in a restaurant in Fulham, London. “There was one young man whose sister dressed him and made him up, who went out with no fear at all, travelling on the tube and things. There were others who crept from their cars in the next side street,” she recalls. “There were two little old ladies who brought their knitting and had the most amazing adventures.”
By this time, Rose’s wife had discovered her secret, and was “just about tolerant” of her dressing as a woman occasionally and discreetly. But permanent transition did not feel like an option. “I thought, it must cost thousands of pounds and I can’t do it – I’ve got responsibilities to my family.”
It was only after the children were grown up and the couple amicably divorced that Rose, now in her 60s, moved to a new town and began, increasingly, to live as a woman. At first, she still wore a suit for the voluntary work she did, although gradually that, too, began to change. For a while she kept male clothes for hospital appointments for her arthritis. She last dressed as a man when her former wife was ill; Rose went to make dinner for her every night in male clothes because, even though they were on reasonably friendly terms, her ex-wife didn’t like seeing her dressed as a woman.
Rose was in her 70s when her doctor finally suggested surgery. “At my age I wouldn’t have considered it, but when I went to the clinic at Charing Cross, you have to see two psychiatrists and the first one, after 10 minutes, said: ‘As far as I’m concerned, you are absolutely right for it.’”
Bethan Henshaw: ‘I thought I’d lose my whole life.’ Photograph: Fabio De Paola/The Guardian
Having lived comfortably as a woman for so long without it, Rose was surprised by how much the surgery meant to her. “It stopped the feeling that I was living a life of pretence, and that really made a difference. Also I had a lot of lady friends in their 50s and 60s, most of whom I swim with, and their attitude to me, without them realising it, changed that little bit – but that little bit was important, it was the last little bit of acceptance.”
Her children found out she had begun to transition only when a short article about her, in a women’s magazine that she hadn’t expected anyone to notice, was picked up by the News of the World; but she says the shock was short-lived. “Within a week, all the recriminations, the ‘why didn’t you tell us earlier’s were over and they’re marvellous now.”
She babysits regularly for her grandsons, goes to all the family weddings and christenings, and happily attended a school reunion a couple of years ago. “People were so, so nice; they accepted it absolutely. If you go along with fear and trepidation and don’t look people in the eye, you can expect to get a feeling of non-acceptance. Whereas it’s different if you meet the challenge and smile at everybody, and don’t even consider that they might look askance at you.”
It’s wrong when people say, oh, you’ve always wanted to be female. I’ve spent my life wanting and trying to be male
If anything, Rose finds it faintly absurd that people are still interested in her previous life. “It’s my past and, as far as I’m concerned, it’s over. I have changed emotionally in many ways – I can’t even recall the sort of emotions I had as a male. So I just look upon it as a bit of history in my life, like having owned a certain car for a while and decided to change it.”
It’s impossible to know how Rose’s life would have turned out had she transitioned earlier. But when she was collecting stories of trans pioneers for her book, Burns was struck by how many were wealthy or well-connected, often with independent incomes that meant they didn’t have to fear losing their jobs. (Until a 1996 test case, the law gave trans people little protection against employment discrimination.) Those seeking surgery in Britain were commonly told they had first to get divorced – which is why the travel writer Jan Morris travelled to Casablanca for the surgery she describes in her 1974 autobiography, Conundrum – or to renounce contact with children.
It was only when the BBC screened a primetime documentary, A Change Of Sex, in 1979, featuring the Charing Cross gender identity clinic run by the pioneering surgeon John Randall, that a route to treatment in this country became clear for many Britons; even then, four out of five people who approached him were turned down. Patients won the universal right to free gender reassignment surgery on the NHS only in 1999.
Yet for some, the greater openness about transitioning may have come too late. “There’s a group of people who were perhaps in their 20s and 30s in the 1960s – by the time there was a lot of public knowledge about trans, they would be in their 50s and locked in,” says Burns. “They would have tried to make their peace with life and everybody would have said, ‘What you need is to get married, have kids – that’ll cure you.’ Then you have got the children and it becomes a matter of duty. Some recent cases of people transitioning in their 80s have been people who waited until their partners died and they finally felt like free agents; they wanted to die being true to themselves.”
Ramses Underhill-Smith: ‘People refuse to accept it when you’re older.’ Photograph: Fabio De Paola/The Guardian
Transitioning in later years is not, however, always medically straightforward. Dr Paul Willis leads the Centre for Trans Ageing research project at the University of Swansea, examining older trans people’s experience of health and social care in Wales, and says some report having to jump hurdles to get treatment. “One trans woman’s GP grudgingly allowed the patient to have a prescription for hormones but insisted that she had to pay for it, even though prescriptions are free in Wales. The pharmacist would say, ‘Why are you paying for this?’ but they just accepted it as what they had to put up with,” he says. There are, he adds, still “a lot of unknowns” about the long-term effects of hormone treatment in old age, as doctors are only now seeing the first cohort to have taken them for decades.
Perhaps more surprising are the challenges facing older people who want to transition without having gender reassignment surgery. Any major operation can be risky for older people with serious conditions such as heart disease or diabetes, and Age UK’s advice is for individuals to consider whether it’s right for them. But that can be a difficult choice, given the common misconception that a “real” transition must involve surgery. “The barrier most people faced until quite recently was that people weren’t validated if they weren’t – as my GP put it when I asked for a referral – ‘going all the way’,” says Jenny-Anne Bishop, who worked with Willis on the research. “If you weren’t aiming to have hormones and/or surgery, then there was a sense you could get on with it without medical support.” (Surgery isn’t compulsory in order to get a gender recognition certificate or legal confirmation of an acquired gender, but medical diagnosis of gender dysphoria is.)
Bishop, now 72, chose to have only what she calls cosmetic surgery when she transitioned 13 years ago, because at that age she felt “the creation of a new vagina was just too invasive. There’s more risk as you get older.”
No matter when or how they transitioned, however, a common fear identified in Willis’s research among older trans people was of losing mental capacity in old age. “If you’re reliant on other people to make decisions over what you are going to wear, or what your hair looks like, and whether you have access to routines that are important to you, such as shaving – that can really impact on people’s sense of identity,” he says. The prospect of becoming vulnerable and dependent on strangers in a nursing home may be unusually alarming for people who have been stigmatised or threatened with violence for being trans. “If you are living in a world you feel to be hostile, you live your entire life defensively and expend a lot of energy making sure you are safe,” says Burns. “But what if you start getting confused?”
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Ramses Underhill-Smith is the founder of Alternative Care Services, an agency providing home helps and social care for older LGBT people. He set up the agency after seeing an HIV-positive friend risk his health by rejecting care in his own home, over concern that the care workers might be homophobic. Some of the Alternative Care Services’ workers are trans themselves, some aren’t, but all get training in treating patients with dignity.
Underhill-Smith, who is trans himself, recently handled a case in which someone with dementia had begun to forget they had transitioned, leaving nursing home staff unsure about whether to treat them as male or female. The right answer, he says, is both. “If today they want to be this, that’s how you treat them. If tomorrow it’s something else, you treat them as something else.” What matters, he says, is that people who may have been made to feel shame all their lives are not treated judgmentally while at their most vulnerable.
A friend said, you idiot, doing it at this time in your life, and I was shocked, but that’s what people secretly think
“If you’ve had surgery and you’ve got scars, you don’t want people looking at them in a certain way. We’re so used to it in the LGBT community – it’s not even the words people say, but the fact that everybody stares. You don’t want to have to explain when you get undressed for personal care. It’s about knowing that whoever comes to your door is going to understand who you are, that in conversation you’re going to be able to say things openly.” Some frail older people, he points out, barely see anyone but health professionals; if they can’t talk to them honestly, they are completely isolated.
For some, transitioning later in life can be a lonely business. “People refuse to accept it when you’re older,” says Underhill-Smith, who was in his late 40s when he transitioned. “They’ll say, ‘But I’ve known you like this all my life.’ A friend said to me, ‘You fucking idiot, doing it at this time in your life’ and I was completely shocked, but that’s what people secretly think. They’re thinking, ‘Why are you putting us all through this change?’” He tends to avoid social events in his old circle. “I don’t go back into my community, I don’t go to functions, I don’t go to funerals. I used to go because I wanted youngsters to see me, but it gets so tiring because it’s isolating. People will say hello but they walk on.”
While fear of rejection by family can be a significant obstacle to coming out, it isn’t always well-founded. One recent study found around half of newly trans men maintained their previous relationships. “I thought I’d lose my whole life,” says Bethan Henshaw, a warehouse worker from Coventry, who at the age of 57 is shortly to have gender reassignment surgery. Like Ruth Rose, Henshaw has known she was trans since childhood, but for almost half a century forced herself to live a man’s life. “I think it’s wrong, sometimes, when people say, ‘Oh, you’ve always wanted to be female.’ I’ve spent most of my life wanting to be male, and trying to be male, and not being very good at it. A lot of trans people overcompensate – there’s a higher percentage of us in the armed forces before we come out. People try to do hyper-masculine things, just to force themselves into a role.”
Henshaw fell in love, settled down with her partner and kept up a male front, but as time went on she began to feel suicidal. Eventually her partner confronted her, asking what was wrong, and Henshaw blurted out her secret. “I did say to my partner, ‘If you want me to go, I’ll give you the house, the savings, everything’ because I felt like I was to blame, even though it’s the way I was born. But she just said, ‘Don’t be stupid’ and we carried on with our lives.” They are still together and, while Henshaw says she lost some friends during the process, most have rallied round; her family was supportive and her employers at Asda were “absolutely faultless” when she first came out. “They explained the situation to other people and, obviously, a lot of people were shocked. Some of them didn’t like it, some were very supportive, some people weren’t sure how to react because they hadn’t come across it before. But with time it has just faded into the background.”
Half a century ago, she might have struggled to find others going through the same process, but the internet has created a ready-made trans community to tap into. “The first person I ever saw who was trans was an American woman on YouTube,” recalls Henshaw. “She’d have been inspirational for anybody. When she started putting her views out, she was on her own, without a family, trying to survive in New York, working in a shop. Then she got a scholarship and went to college.” It’s a world away from the underground dinners Rose recalls in Fulham, whose guests attended at considerable personal risk. If acceptance continues to grow, then the wave of older people who transition may turn out to be something of a historical blip. The easier it becomes for young people to question their gender identity openly, the less need there might be for anyone to spend decades struggling with one that doesn’t feel right.
But if this is a phenomenon strictly of its time, then it’s all the more important to record their stories now. As Jane Vass puts it, “These people have probably felt like square pegs in round holes for years and years. They want their voices to be heard.”
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How to Increase Physical Activity For Better Health
Physical Activity?
We all want our bodies to be fit and beautiful. We also know what it takes to get there, don’t we? No Matter what your shape or size, physical activity can help add years to your life.
But did you know physical activity’s not just the stuff done in the gym? One of the easiest ways to improve your health is by increasing the amount of physical activity you perform throughout the day.
Just increasing the number of steps you take in your day is enough to reduce your risk for diseases like diabetes. Light intensity physical activity, when combined with the proper, diet can gradually reduce body weight. It’s clear that individuals who engage in large amounts this kind of activity are healthier than those who don’t. Evidence suggests that just reducing the time spent sitting every day might reduce the risk of death from other lifestyle factors
1-2-3, It’s a Brand New Me
I’m not going to bullshit you here. What I’m going to give to you won’t do miracles. If, however, you apply them as a way of life you will find your health may improve, You may feel better, and you just might live longer.
What I’m going to give you are 4 simple ways to increase your physical activity on an everyday basis. Regular practice of these steps will soon become unconscious and natural.
Are you ready? 1-2-3, let’s go!
1. Park Your Car Out In The Wild Blue Yonder.
One of the simplest but most effective ways to increase your physical activity is to park your car far away from the entrance to where ever you are going. Whether you’re at the mall, work, or the grocery store parking the car far from the entrance makes you walk further than you would normally. It will only add a few seconds to your trip, but if you do it every day it could add years to your life.
2. Gardening and Yardwork
Gardening is excellent because it increases your physical activity. Being outside is also wonderful and allows you to get some fresh air. Pulling weeds and mowing the lawn is not only physically taxing but also exposes you to the earth and plant life around you. Working outside also affords the use of a wide range of muscle.
3. Clean Your House
For god’s sake clean your house. It’s a pigsty and you know it. Besides, the amount of exercise you get while doing that much-needed cleaning of your environment is excellent for your health. That’s why your so tired when you get done. Carrying the laundry to the machine alone will increase your physical activity a lot.
Now here’s my favorite. Yep, you guessed it. Sex. I can’t stress the positive effects on the body from having regular sex enough. A good romp in the sack can burn up to 200 calories. Now I know it’s not always going to burn 200 but any is better than nothing right? Let’s not even mention the fact that physical contact with another person is so very healthy, especially when its done in love. Studies show that couples who touch and cuddle and have sex a lot are most likely to stay together.
So Little To Do So Much
Well now, you’ve parked your car a block from your house and walked the rest of the way home. You mowed the lawn and pulled the weeds from the garden. You did the dishes and the laundry. and vacuumed the carpet. You had sex with your partner when he or she got home and now you’re ready to close your eyes and go to sleep. don’t you feel good about yourself? Keep it up and your health will thank you for it.
It really takes so little to do so much. The key, of course, is to be consistent. You’re literally changing your habits. If you find yourself resisting the changes you’re trying to install into your life do this. Stop and consider what do you want. Do you want to be healthy and fit or not. It is always up to you.
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Clashes in Paris between police and protesters angry over the killing of a Chinese man in his home by police have left three police officers injured and 35 protesters arrested, authorities said on Tuesday.
Demonstrators gathered on Monday evening in the multicultural 19th district on the French capital's northeastern edge.
With candles spelling "violence" lining the road, scores of protesters broke down barricades, threw projectiles and set fire to a car during violence that lasted several hours.
Police sources told the AFP agency that officers were called to the man's house on Sunday after reports of a domestic dispute. An officer shot the man after being attacked with a knife, according to the official account.
The man's family, though, has disputed this and said there was no domestic dispute. They say the man was shot without warning after a neighbour called the police about shouting.
READ MORE: Justice for Theo - 'Police abuse is an everyday thing'
On Tuesday, China urged France to "guarantee the safety and legal rights and interests of Chinese citizens in France and to treat the reaction of Chinese people to this incident in a rational way," foreign ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying told a regular press briefing, adding that the government had filed an official complaint.
After learning of the incident, China "immediately ordered its embassy in France to activate an emergency response mechanism [and] made representations with the French side, asking them to get to the bottom of the incident," she said.
"Meanwhile, we hope that our citizens ... in France can express their wishes and demands in a lawful and reasonable way."
The violence comes just days after several thousand people marched in Paris in a show of anger sparked by the alleged rape in February of a young black man with a police baton, and other alleged police abuse.
Protesters chanted "no justice, no peace" and "police everywhere, justice nowhere" to call for an end to what they say is the use of excessive police force, especially against black and other minority groups.
The 22-year-old man, identified only as Theo, was allegedly raped with the baton when officers stopped him in the northern Paris suburb Aulnay-sous-Bois. He was hospitalised for two weeks.
READ MORE: In France, Black Lives Matter has become a rallying cry
One officer has been charged with rape, while three others have been accused of aggravated assault. A lawyer for the officer charged with rape said that any injury inflicted was done accidentally. All have denied any intentional wrongdoing.
Theo has become a symbol of minority victims of police brutality, prompting widespread protests that have sometimes descended into riots.
Anarchists faced off with riot police at the end of that march and tear gas was fired. But clashes remained limited in scope and violence.
On the same night that Theo was allegedly raped, a sold-out concert took place to support the family of Traore who died in police custody in July 2016.
It was his case that propelled the issue of police brutality into the spotlight across France last year. Police originally said he died of a heart attack, but a second autopsy found Adama passed away due to asphyxiation. An investigation is still ongoing.
A 2009 study found that a person of African or Caribbean background is six times more likely to be stopped by French police than a white person.
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Against Eunomius (Book II)
1. The second book declares the Incarnation of God the Word, and the faithdelivered by the Lord to His disciples, and asserts that the hereticswho endeavour to overthrow this faithand devise other additional names are of their father the devil.
The Christian Faith, which in accordance with the command of our Lord has been preached to all nations by His disciples, is neither of men, nor by men, but by our Lord Jesus Christ Himself, Who being the Word, the Life, the Light, the Truth, and God, and Wisdom, and all else that He is by nature, for this cause above all was made in the likeness of man, and shared our nature, becoming like us in all things, yet without sin. He was like us in all things, in that He took upon Him manhood in its entirety with soul and body, so that our salvation was accomplished by means of both:— He, I say, appeared on earth and conversed with men Baruch 3:37, that men might no longer have opinions according to their own notions about the Self-existent, formulating into a doctrine the hints that come to them from vague conjectures, but that we might be convinced that God has truly been manifested in the flesh, and believe that to be the only truemystery of godliness 1 Timothy 3:16, which was delivered to us by the very Word and God, Who by Himself spoke to His Apostles, and that we might receive the teaching concerning the transcendent nature of the Deity which is given to us, as it were, through a glass darkly 1 Corinthians 13:12 from the older Scriptures,— from the Law, and the Prophets, and the Sapiential Books, as an evidence of the truth fully revealed to us, reverently accepting the meaning of the things which have been spoken, so as to accord in the faith set forth by the Lord of the whole Scriptures , which faith we guard as we received it, word for word, in purity, without falsification, judging even a slight divergence from the words delivered to us an extreme blasphemy and impiety. We believe, then, even as the Lord set forth the Faith to His Disciples, when He said, Go, teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy GhostMatthew 28:19 . This is the word of the mystery whereby through the new birth from above our nature is transformed from the corruptible to the incorruptible, being renewed from the old man,according to the image of Him who created at the beginning the likeness to the Godhead. In the Faith then which was delivered by God to the Apostles we admit neither subtraction, nor alteration, nor addition, knowing assuredly that he who presumes to pervert the Divine utterance by dishonest quibbling, the same is of his father the devil, who leaves the words of truth and speaks of his own, becoming the father of a lie. John 8:44 For whatsoever is said otherwise than in exact accord with the truth is assuredly false and not true.
2. Gregory then makes an explanation at length touching the eternal Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Since then this doctrine is put forth by the Truth itself, it follows that anything which the inventors of pestilent heresies devise besides to subvert this Divine utterance—as, for example, calling the Father Maker and Creator of the Son instead of Father, and the Son a result, a creature, a product, instead of Son, and the Holy Spirit the creature of a creature, and the product of a product, instead of His proper title the Spirit, and whatever those who fight against God are pleased to say of Him—all such fancies we term a denial and violation of the Godhead revealed to us in this doctrine. For once for all we have learned from the Lord, through Whom comes the transformation of our nature from mortality to immortality—from Him, I say, we have learned to what we ought to look with the eyes of our understanding—that is, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. We say that it is a terrible and soul-destroying thing to misinterpret these Divine utterances and to devise in their stead assertions to subvert them—assertions pretending to correct God the Word, Who appointed that we should maintain these statements as part of our faith. For each of these titles understood in its natural sense becomes for Christians a rule of truth and a law of piety. For while there are many other names by which Deity is indicated in the Historical Books, in the Prophets and in the Law, our Master Christ passes by all these and commits to us these titles as better able to bring us to the faith about the Self-Existent, declaring that it suffices us to cling to the title, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, in order to attain to the apprehension of Him Who is absolutely Existent, Who is one and yet not one. In regard to essence He is one, wherefore the Lord ordained that we should look to one Name: but in regard to the attributes indicative of the Persons, our belief in Him is distinguished into belief in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost ; He is divided without separation, and united without confusion. For when we hear the title Father we apprehend the meaning to be this, that the name is not understood with reference to itself alone, but also by its special signification indicates the relation to the Son. For the term Father would have no meaning apart by itself, if Son were not connoted by the utterance of the word Father. When, then, we learned the name Father we were taught at the same time, by the selfsame title, faith also in the Son. Now since Deity by its very nature is permanently and immutably the same in all that pertains to its essence, nor did it at any time fail to be anything that it now is, nor will it at any future time be anything that it now is not, and since He Who is the very Father was named Father by the Word, and since in the Father the Son is implied—since these things are so, we of necessity believe that He Who admits no change or alteration in His nature was always entirely what He is now, or, if there is anything which He was not, that He assuredly is not now. Since then He is named Father by the very Word, He assuredly always was Father, and is and will be even as He was. For surely it is not lawful in speaking of the Divine and unimpaired Essence to deny that what is excellent always belonged to It. For if He was not always what He now is, He certainly changed either from the better to the worse or from the worse to the better, and of these assertions the impiety is equal either way, whichever statement is made concerning the Divine nature. But in fact the Deity is incapable of change and alteration. So, then, everything that is excellent and good is always contemplated in the fountain of excellency. But the Only-begotten God, Who is in the bosom of the Father is excellent, and beyond all excellency:— mark you, He says, Who is in the bosom of the Father, not Who came to be there.
Well then, it has been demonstrated by these proofs that the Son is from all eternity to be contemplated in the Father, in Whom He is, being Life and Light and Truth, and every noble name and conception— to say that the Father ever existed by Himself apart from these attributes is a piece of the utmost impiety and infatuation. For if the Son, as the Scripture says, is the Power of God, and Wisdom, and Truth, and Light, and Sanctification, and Peace, and Life, and the like, then before the Son existed, according to the view of the heretics, these things also had no existence at all. And if these things had no existence they must certainly conceive the bosom of the Father to have been devoid of such excellences. To the end, then, that the Father might not be conceived as destitute of the excellences which are His own, and that the doctrine might not run wild into this extravagance, the right faith concerning the Son is necessarily included in our Lord's utterance with the contemplation of the eternity of the Father. And for this reason He passes over all those names which are employed to indicate the surpassing excellence of the Divine nature , and delivers to us as part of our profession of faith the title of Father as better suited to indicate the truth, being a title which, as has been said, by its relative sense connotes with itself the Son, while the Son, Who is in the Father, always is what He essentially is, as has been said already, because the Deity by Its very nature does not admit of augmentation. For It does not perceive any other good outside of Itself, by participation in which It could acquire any accession, but is always immutable, neither casting away what It has, nor acquiring what It has not: for none of Its properties are such as to be cast away. And if there is anything whatsoever blessed, unsullied, true and good, associated with Him and in Him, we see of necessity that the good and holy Spirit must belong to Him , not by way of accretion. That Spirit is indisputably a princely Spirit , a quickening Spirit, the controlling and sanctifying force of all creation, the Spirit that works all in all as He wills. 1 Corinthians 12:6 Thus we conceive no gap between the anointed Christ and His anointing, between the King and His sovereignty, between Wisdom and the Spirit of Wisdom, between Truth and the Spirit of Truth, between Power and the Spirit of Power, but as there is contemplated from all eternity in the Father the Son, Who is Wisdom and Truth, and Counsel, and Might, and Knowledge, and Understanding, so there is also contemplated in Him the Holy Spirit, Who is the Spirit of Wisdom, and of Truth, and of Counsel, and of Understanding, and all else that the Son is and is called. For which reason we say that to the holydisciples the mystery of godliness was committed in a form expressing at once union and distinction—that we should believe in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. For the differentiation of the subsistences makes the distinction of Persons clear and free from confusion, while the one Name standing in the forefront of the declaration of the Faith clearly expounds to us the unity of essence of the Persons Whom the Faith declares—I mean, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. For by these appellations we are taught not a difference of nature, but only the special attributes that mark the subsistences , so that we know that neither is the Father the Son, nor the Son the Father, nor the Holy Spirit either the Father or the Son, and recognize each by the distinctive mark of His Personal Subsistence , in illimitable perfection, at once contemplated by Himself and not divided from that with Which He is connected.
3. Gregory proceeds to discuss the relative force of the unnameable name of the Holy Trinity and the mutual relation of the Persons, and moreover the unknowable character of the essence, and the condescension on His part towards us, His generation of the Virgin, and His second coming, the resurrection from the dead and future retribution.
What then means that unnameable name concerning which the Lord said, Baptizing them into the name, and did not add the actual significant term which the name indicates? We have concerning it this notion, that all things that exist in the creation are defined by means of their several names. Thus whenever a man speaks of heaven he directs the notion of the hearer to the created object indicated by this name, and he who mentions man or some animal, at once by the mention of the name impresses upon the hearer the form of the creature, and in the same way all other things, by means of the names imposed upon them, are depicted in the heart of him who by hearing receives the appellation imposed upon the thing. The uncreated Nature alone, which we acknowledge in the Father, and in the Son, and in the Holy Spirit, surpasses all significance of names. For this cause the Word, when He spoke of the name in delivering the Faith, did not add what it is—for how could a name be found for that which is above every name?— but gave authority that whatever name our intelligence by pious effort be enabled to discover to indicate the transcendent Nature, that name should be applied alike to Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, whether it be the Good or the Incorruptible, whatever name each may think proper to be employed to indicate the undefiled Nature of Godhead. And by this deliverance the Word seems to me to lay down for us this law, that we are to be persuaded that the Divine Essence is ineffable and incomprehensible: for it is plain that the title of Father does not present to us the Essence, but only indicates the relation to the Son. It follows, then, that if it were possible for humannature to be taught the essence of God, He Who will have all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth1 Timothy 2:4 would not have suppressed the knowledge upon this matter. But as it is, by saying nothing concerning the Divine Essence, He showed that the knowledge thereof is beyond our power, while when we have learned that of which we are capable, we stand in no need of the knowledge beyond our capacity, as we have in the profession of faith in the doctrine delivered to us what suffices for our salvation. For to learn that He is the absolutely existent, together with Whom, by the relative force of the term, there is also declared the majesty of the Son, is the fullest teaching of godliness; the Son, as has been said, implying in close union with Himself the Spirit of Life and Truth, inasmuch as He is Himself Life and Truth.
These distinctions being thus established, while we anathematize all heretical fancies in the sphere of divine doctrines, we believe, even as we were taught by the voice of the Lord, in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, acknowledging together with this faith also the dispensation that has been set on foot on behalf of men by the Lord of the creation. For He being in the form of God thought it not robbery to be equal with God, but made Himself of no reputation, and took upon Him the form of a servant Philippians 2:6, and being incarnate in the Holy Virgin redeemed us from death in which we were held,sold under sin , giving as the ransom for the deliverance of our souls His precious blood which He poured out by His Cross, and having through Himself made clear for us the path of the resurrection from the dead, shall come in His own time in the glory of the Father to judge every soul in righteousness, when all that are in the graves shall hear His voice, and shall come forth, they that have done good unto the resurrection of life, and they that have done evil unto the resurrection of damnation. But that the pernicious heresy that is now being sown broadcast by Eunomius may not, by falling upon the mind of some of the simpler sort and being left without investigation, do harm to guileless faith, we are constrained to set forth the profession which they circulate and to strive to expose the mischief of their teaching.
4. He next skilfully confutes the partial, empty and blasphemous statement of Eunomius on the subject of the absolutely existent.
Now the wording of their doctrine is as follows: We believe in the one and only trueGod, according to the teaching of the Lord Himself, not honouring Him with a lying title (for He cannot lie), but really existent, one God in nature and in glory, who is without beginning, eternally, without end, alone. Let not him who professes to believe in accordance with the teaching of the Lord pervert the exposition of the faith that was made concerning the Lord of all to suit his own fancy, but himself follow the utterance of the truth. Since then, the expression of the Faith comprehends the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, what agreement has this construction of theirs to show with the utterances of the Lord, so as to refer such a doctrine to the teaching of those utterances? They cannot manage to show where in the Gospels the Lord said that we should believe in the one and only true God: unless they have some new Gospel. For the Gospels which are read in the churches continuously from ancient times to the present day, do not contain this saying which tells us that we should believe in or baptize into the one and only trueGod, as these people say, but in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost. But as we were taught by the voice of the Lord, this we say, that the word one does not indicate the Father alone, but comprehends in its significance the Son with the Father, inasmuch as the Lord said, I and My Father are one. In like manner also the name God belongs equally to the Beginning in which the Word was, and to the Word Who was in the Beginning. For the Evangelist tells us that the Word was with God, and the Word was God. So that when Deity is expressed the Son is included no less than the Father. Moreover, the true cannot be conceived as something alien from and unconnected with the truth. But that the Lord is the Truth no one at all will dispute, unless he be one estranged from the truth. If, then, the Word is in the One, and is God and Truth, as is proclaimed in the Gospels, on what teaching of the Lord does he base his doctrine who makes use of these distinctive terms? For the antithesis is between only and not only, between God and no God, between true and untrue. If it is with respect to idols that they make their distinction of phrases, we too agree. For the name of deity is given, in an equivocal sense, to the idols of the heathen, seeing that all the gods of the heathen are demons, and in another sense marks the contrast of the one with the many, of the true with the false, of those who are not Gods with Him who is God. But if the contrast is one with the Only-begotten God , let our sages learn that truth has its opposite only in falsehood, and God in one who is not God. But inasmuch as the Lord Who is the Truth is God, and is in the Father and is one relatively to the Father , there is no room in the true doctrine for these distinctions of phrases. For he who truly believes in the One sees in the One Him Who is completely united with Him in truth, and deity, and essence, and life, and wisdom, and in all attributes whatsoever: or, if he does not see in the One Him Who is all these it is in nothing that he believes. For without the Son the Father has neither existence nor name, any more than the Powerful without Power, or the Wise without Wisdom. For Christ is the Power of God and the Wisdom of God 1 Corinthians 1:24; so that he who imagines he sees the One God apart from power, truth, wisdom, life, or the true light, either sees nothing at all or else assuredly that which is evil. For the withdrawal of the good attributes becomes a positing and origination of evil.
Not honouring Him, he says, with a lying title, for He cannot lie. By that phrase I pray that Eunomius may abide, and so bear witness to the truth that it cannot lie. For if he would be of this mind, that everything that is uttered by the Lord is far removed from falsehood, he will of course be persuaded that He speaks the truth Who says, I am in the Father, and the Father in Me ,— plainly, the One in His entirety, in the Other in His entirety, the Father not superabounding in the Son, the Son not being deficient in the Father—and Who says also that the Son should be honoured as the Father is honoured , and He that has seen Me has seen the Father , and no man knows the Father save the Son , in all which passages there is no hint given to those who receive these declarations as genuine, of any variation of glory, or of essence, or anything else, between the Father and the Son.
Really existent, he says, one God in nature and in glory. Real existence is opposed to unreal existence. Now each of existing things is really existent in so far as it is; but that which, so far as appearance and suggestion go, seems to be, but is not, this is not really existent, as for example an appearance in a dream or a man in a picture. For these and such like things, though they exist so far as appearance is concerned, have not real existence. If then they maintain, in accordance with the Jewish opinion, that the Only-begotten God does not exist at all, they are right in predicating real existence of the Father alone. But if they do not deny the existence of the Maker of all things, let them be content not to deprive of real existence Him Who is, Who in the Divine appearance to Moses gave Himself the name of Existent, when He said, I am that I am : even as Eunomius in his later argument agrees with this, saying that it was He Who appeared to Moses. Then he says that God is one in nature and in glory. Whether God exists without being by nature God, he who uses these words may perhaps know: but if it be true that he who is not by nature God is not God at all, let them learn from the great Paul that they who serve those who are not Gods do not serve God. But we serve the living and trueGod, as the Apostle says 1 Thessalonians 1:10: and He Whom we serve is Jesus the Christ. For Him the Apostle Paul even exults in serving, saying, Paul, a servant of Jesus ChristRomans 1:1 . We then, who no longer serve them which by nature are no Gods , have come to the knowledge of Him Who by nature is God, to Whom every knee bows of things in heaven and things in earth and things under the earth Philippians 2:10-11 . But we should not have been His servants had we not believed that this is the living and trueGod, to Whom every tongue makes confession that Jesus is Lord to the glory of God the Father Philippians 2:10-11 .
God, he says, Who is without beginning, eternally, without end, alone. Once more understand, you simple ones, as Solomon says, his subtlety , lest haply you be deceived and fall headlong into the denial of the Godhead of the Only-begotten Son. That is without end which admits not of death and decay: that, likewise, is called everlasting which is not only for a time. That, therefore, which is neither everlasting nor without end is surely seen in the nature which is perishable and mortal. Accordingly he who predicates unendingness of the one and only God, and does not include the Son in the assertion of unendingness and eternity, maintains by such a proposition, that He Whom he thus contrasts with the eternal and unending is perishable and temporary. But we, even when we are told that God only has immortality1 Timothy 6:16, understand by immortality the Son. For life is immortality, and the Lord is that life, Who said, I am the Life. And if He be said to dwell in the light that no man can approach unto 1 Timothy 6:16, again we make no difficulty in understanding that the true Light, unapproachable by falsehood, is the Only-begotten, in Whom we learn from the Truth itself that the Father is. Of these opinions let the reader choose the more devout, whether we are to think of the Only-begotten in a manner worthy of the Godhead, or to call Him, as heresy prescribes, perishable and temporary.
5. He next marvellously overthrows the unintelligible statements of Eunomius which assert that the essence of the Father is not separated or divided, and does not become anything else.
We believe in God, he tells us, not separated as regards the essence wherein He is one, into more than one, or becoming sometimes one and sometimes another, or changing from being what He is, or passing from one essence to assume the guise of a threefold personality: for He is always and absolutely one, remaining uniformly and unchangeably the only God. From these citations the discreet reader may well separate first of all the idle words inserted in the statement without any meaning from those which appear to have some sense, and afterwards examine the meaning that is discoverable in what remains of his statement, to ascertain whether it is compatible with due reverence towards Christ.
The first, then, of the statements cited is completely divorced from any intelligible meaning, good or bad. For what sense there is in the words, not separated, as regards the essence wherein He is one, into more than one, or becoming sometimes one and sometimes another, or changing from being what He is, Eunomius himself could not tell us, and I do not think that any of his allies could find in the words any shadow of meaning. When he speaks of Him as not separated in regard to the essence wherein He is one, he says either that He is not separated from His own essence, or that His own essence is not divided from Him. This unmeaning statement is nothing but a random combination of noise and empty sound. And why should one spend time in the investigation of these meaningless expressions? For how does any one remain in existence when separated from his own essence? Or how is the essence of anything divided and displayed apart? Or how is it possible for one to depart from that wherein he is, and become another, getting outside himself? But he adds, not passing from one essence to assume the guise of three persons: for He is always and absolutely one, remaining uniformly and unchangeably the only God. I think the absence of meaning in his statement is plain to every one without a word from me: against this let any one argue who thinks there is any sense or meaning in what he says: he who has an eye to discern the force of words will decline to involve himself in a struggle with unsubstantial shadows. For what force has it against our doctrine to say not separated or divided into more than one as regards the essence wherein He is one, or becoming sometimes one and sometimes another, or passing from one essence to assume the guise of three persons?— things that are neither said nor believed by Christians nor understood by inference from the truths we confess. For who ever said or heard any one else say in the Church of God, that the Father is either separated or divided as regards His essence, or becomes sometimes one, sometimes another, coming to be outside Himself, or assumes the guise of three persons? These things Eunomius says to himself, not arguing with us but stringing together his own trash, mixing with the impiety of his utterances a great deal of absurdity. For we say that it is equally impious and ungodly to call the Lord of the creation a created being and to think that the Father, in that He is, is separated or split up, or departs from Himself, or assumes the guise of three persons, like clay or wax moulded in various shapes.
But let us examine the words that follow: He is always and absolutely one, remaining uniformly and unchangeably the only God. If he is speaking about the Father, we agree with him, for the Father is most truly one, alone and always absolutely uniform and unchangeable, never at any time present or future ceasing to be what He is. If then such an assertion as this has regard to the Father, let him not contend with the doctrine of godliness, inasmuch as on this point he is in harmony with the Church. For he who confesses that the Father is always and unchangeably the same, being one and only God, holds fast the word of godliness, if in the Father he sees the Son, without Whom the Father neither is nor is named. But if he is inventing some other God besides the Father, let him dispute with the Jews or with those who are called Hypsistiani, between whom and the Christians there is this difference, that they acknowledge that there is a God Whom they term the Highest or Almighty, but do not admit that he is Father; while a Christian, if he believe not in the Father, no Christian at all.
6. He then shows the unity of the Son with the Father and Eunomius' lack of understanding and knowledgein the Scriptures.
What he adds next after this is as follows:— Having no sharer, he says, in His Godhead, no divider of His glory, none who has lot in His power, or part in His royal throne: for He is the one and only God, the Almighty, God of Gods, King of Kings, Lord of Lords. I know not to whom Eunomius refers when he protests that the Father admits none to share His Godhead with Himself. For if he uses such expressions with reference to vain idols and to the erroneous conceptions of those who worship them (even as Paul assures us that there is no agreement between Christ and Belial, and no fellowship between the temple of God and idols2 Corinthians 6:15-16) we agree with him. But if by these assertions he means to sever the Only-begotten God from the Godhead of the Father, let him be informed that he is providing us with a dilemma that may be turned against himself to refute his own impiety. For either he denies the Only-begotten God to be God at all, that he may preserve for the Father those prerogatives of deity which (according to him) are incapable of being shared with the Son, and thus is convicted as a transgressor by denying the God Whom Christians worship, or if he were to grant that the Son also is God, yet not agreeing in nature with the trueGod, he would be necessarily obliged to acknowledge that he maintains Gods sundered from one another by the difference of their natures. Let him choose which of these he will—either to deny the Godhead of the Son, or to introduce into his creed a plurality of Gods. For whichever of these he chooses, it is all one as regards impiety: for we who are initiated into the mystery of godliness by the Divinely inspired words of the Scripture do not see between the Father and the Son a partnership of Godhead, but unity, inasmuch as the Lord has taught us this by His own words, when He says, I and the Father are one , and he that has seen Me has seen the Father. For if He were not of the same nature as the Father, how could He either have had in Himself that which was different John 17:10? Or how could He have shown in Himself that which was unlike, if the foreign and alien nature did not receive the stamp of that which was of a different kind from itself? But he says, nor has He a divider of His glory. Herein he speaks in accordance with the fact, even though he does not know what he is saying: for the Son does not divide the glory with the Father, but has the glory of the Father in its entirety, even as the Father has all the glory of the Son. For thus He spoke to the Father All Mine are Yours and Yours are Mine John 17:10 . Wherefore also He says that He will appear on the Judgment Day in the glory of the Father Mark 8:38, when He will render to every man according to his works. And by this phrase He shows the unity of nature that subsists between them. For as there is one glory of the sun and another glory of the moon 1 Corinthians 15:41, because of the difference between the natures of those luminaries (since if both had the same glory there would not be deemed to be any difference in their nature), so He Who foretold of Himself that He would appear in the glory of the Father indicated by the identity of glory their community of nature.
But to say that the Son has no part in His Father's royal throne argues an extraordinary amount of research into the oracles of God on the part of Eunomius, who, after his extreme devotion to the inspired Scriptures, has not yet heard, Seek those things which are above, where Christ sits on the right hand of God Colossians 3:1, and many similar passages, of which it would not be easy to reckon up the number, but which Eunomius has never learned, and so denies that the Son is enthroned together with the Father. Again the phrase, not having lot in his power, we should rather pass by as unmeaning than confute as ungodly. For what sense is attached to the term having lot is not easy to discover from the common use of the word. Those cast lots, as the Scripture tells us, for the Lord's vesture, who were unwilling to rend His garment, but disposed to make it over to that one of their number in whose favour the lot should decide. John 19:23-24 They then who thus cast lots among themselves for the coat may be said, perhaps, to have had lot in it. But here in the case of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, inasmuch as Their power resides in Their nature (for the Holy Spirit breathes where He lists , and works all in all as He will , and the Son, by Whom all things were made, visible and invisible, in heaven and in earth, did all things whatsoever He pleased , and quickens whom He will , and the Father put the times in His own power Acts 1:7, while from the mention of times we conclude that all things done in time are subject to the power of the Father), if, I say, it has been demonstrated that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit alike are in a position of power to do what They will, it is impossible to see what sense there can be in the phrase having lot in His power. For the heir of all things, the maker of the ages , He Who shines with the Father's glory and expresses in Himself the Father's person, has all things that the Father Himself has, and is possessor of all His power, not that the right is transferred from the Father to the Son, but that it at once remains in the Father and resides in the Son. For He Who is in the Father is manifestly in the Father with all His own might, and He Who has the Father in Himself includes all the power and might of the Father. For He has in Himself all the Father, and not merely a part of Him: and He Who has Him entirely assuredly has His power as well. With what meaning, then, Eunomius asserts that the Father has none who has lot in His power, those perhaps can tell who are disciples of his folly: one who knows how to appreciate language confesses that he cannot understand phrases divorced from meaning. The Father, he says, has none Who has lot in His power. Why, who is there that says that the Father and Son contend together for power and cast lots to decide the matter? But the holy Eunomius comes as mediator between them and by a friendly agreement without lot assigns to the Father the superiority in power.
Mark, I pray you, the absurdity and childishness of this grovelling exposition of his articles of faith. What! He Who upholds all things by the word of His power Hebrews 1:3, Who says what He wills to be done, and does what He wills by the very power of that command, He Whose power lags not behind His will and Whose will is the measure of His power (for He spoke the word and they were made, He commanded and they were created ), He Who made all things by Himself, and made them consist in Himself , without Whom no existing thing either came into being or remains in being—He it is Who waits to obtain His power by some process of allotment! Judge you who hear whether the man who talks like this is in his senses. For He is the one and only God, the Almighty, he says. If by the title of Almighty he intends the Father, the language he uses is ours, and no strange language: but if he means some other God than the Father, let our patron of Jewish doctrines preach circumcision too, if he pleases. For the Faith of Christians is directed to the Father. And the Father is all these— Highest, Almighty, King of Kings, and Lord of Lords, and in a word all terms of highest significance are proper to the Father. But all that is the Father's is the Son's also; so that, on this understanding , we admit this phrase too. But if, leaving the Father, he speaks of another Almighty, he is speaking the language of the Jews or following the speculations of Plato—for they say that that philosopher also affirms that there exists on high a maker and creator of certain subordinate gods. As then in the case of the Jewish and Platonic opinions he who does not believe in God the Father is not a Christian, even though in his creed he asserts an Almighty God, so Eunomius also falsely pretends to the name of Christian, being in inclination a Jew, or asserting the doctrines of the Greeks while putting on the guise of the title borne by Christians. And with regard to the next points he asserts the same account will apply. He says He is God of Gods. We make the declaration our own by adding the name of the Father, knowing that the Father is God of Gods. But all that belongs to the Father certainly belongs also to the Son. And Lord of Lords. The same account will apply to this. And Most High over all the earth. Yes, for whichever of the Three Persons you are thinking of, He is Most High over all the earth, inasmuch as the oversight of earthly things from on high is exercised alike by the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost. So, too, with what follows the words above, Most High in the heavens, Most High in the highest, Heavenly, true in being what He is, and so continuing, true in words, true in works. Why, all these things the Christian eye discerns alike in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. If Eunomius does assign them to one only of the Persons acknowledged in the creed, let him dare to call Him not true in words Who has said, I am the Truth , or to call the Spirit of truthnot true in words, or let him refuse to give the title of true in works to Him Who does righteousness and judgment, or to the Spirit Who works all in all as He will. For if he does not acknowledge that these attributes belong to the Persons delivered to us in the creed, he is absolutely cancelling the creed of Christians. For how shall any one think Him a worthy object of faith Who is false in words and untrue in works.
But let us proceed to what follows. Above all rule, subjection and authority, he says. This language is ours, and belongs properly to the CatholicChurch—to believe that the Divine nature is above all rule, and that it has in subordination to itself everything that can be conceived among existing things. But the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost constitute the Divine nature. If he assigns this property to the Father alone, and if he affirms Him alone to be free from variableness and change, and if he says that He alone is undefiled, the inference that we are meant to draw is plain, namely, that He who has not these characteristics is variable, corruptible, subject to change and decay. This, then, is what Eunomius asserts of the Son and the Holy Spirit: for if he did not hold this opinion concerning the Son and the Spirit, he would not have employed this opposition, contrasting the Father with them. For the rest, brethren, judge whether, with these sentiments, he is not a persecutor of the Christianfaith. For who will allow it to be right to deem that a fitting object of reverence which varies, changes, and is subject to decay? So then the whole aim of one who flames such notions as these—notions by which he makes out that neither the Truth nor the Spirit of Truth is undefiled, unvarying, or unchangeable—is to expel from the Church the belief in the Son and in the Holy Spirit.
7. Gregory further shows that the Only-Begotten being begotten not only of the Father, but also impassibly of the Virgin by the Holy Ghost, does not divide the substance; seeing that neither is the nature of men divided or severed from the parents by being begotten, as is ingeniously demonstrated from the instances of Adam and Abraham.
And now let us see what he adds to his previous statements. Not dividing, he says, His own essence by begetting, and being at once begetter and begotten, at the same time Father and Son; for He is incorruptible. Of such a kind as this, perhaps, is that of which the prophet says, touching the ungodly, They weave a spider's web Isaiah 59:5 . For as in the cobweb there is the appearance of something woven, but no substantiality in the appearance—for he who touches it touches nothing substantial, as the spider's threads break with the touch of a finger—just such is the unsubstantial texture of idle phrases. Not dividing His own essence by begetting and being at once begetter and begotten. Ought we to give his words the name of argument, or to call them rather a swelling of humours secreted by some dropsical inflation? For what is the sense of dividing His own essence by begetting, and being at once begetter and begotten? Who is so distracted, who is so demented, as to make the statement against which Eunomius thinks he is doing battle? For the Church believes that the true Father is truly Father of His own Son, as the Apostle says, not of a Son alien from Him. For thus he declares in one of his Epistles, Who spared not His own Son Romans 8:32, distinguishing Him, by the addition of own, from those who are counted worthy of the adoption of sons by grace and not by nature. But what says He who disparages this belief of ours? Not dividing His own essence by begetting, or being at once begetter and begotten, at the same time Father and Son; for He is incorruptible. Does one who hears in the Gospel that the Word was in the beginning, and was God, and that the Word came forth from the Father, so befoul the undefiled doctrine with these base and fetid ideas, saying He does not divide His essence by begetting? Shame on the abomination of these base and filthy notions! How is it that he who speaks thus fails to understand that God when manifested in flesh did not admit for the formation of His own body the conditions of humannature, but was born for us a Child by the Holy Ghost and the power of the Highest; nor was the Virgin subject to those conditions, nor was the Spirit diminished, nor the power of the Highest divided? For the Spirit is entire, the power of the Highest remained undiminished: the Child was born in the fullness of our nature , and did not sully the incorruption of His mother. Then was flesh born of flesh without carnal passion: yet Eunomius will not admit that the brightness of the glory is from the glory itself, since the glory is neither diminished nor divided by begetting the light. Again, the word of man is generated from his mind without division, but God the Word cannot be generated from the Father without the essence of the Father being divided! Is any one so witless as not to perceive the irrational character of his position? Not dividing, quoth he, His own essence by begetting. Why, whose own essence is divided by begetting? For in the case of men essence means humannature: in the case of brutes, it means, generically, brute nature, but in the case of cattle, sheep, and all brute animals, specifically, it is regarded according to the distinctions of their kinds. Which, then, of these divides its own essence by the process of generation? Does not the nature always remain undiminished in the case of every animal by the succession of its posterity? Further a man in begetting a man from himself does not divide his nature, but it remains in its fullness alike in him who begets and in him who is begotten, not split off and transferred from the one to the other, nor mutilated in the one when it is fully formed in the other, but at once existing in its entirety in the former and discoverable in its entirety in the latter. For both before begetting his child the man was a rational animal, mortal, capable of intelligence and knowledge, and also after begetting a man endowed with such qualities: so that in him are shown all the special properties of his nature; as he does not lose his existence as a man by begetting the man derived from him, but remains after that event what he was before without causing any diminution of the nature derived from him by the fact that the man derived from him comes into being.
Well, man is begotten of man, and the nature of the begetter is not divided. Yet Eunomius does not admit that the Only-begotten God, Who is in the bosom of the Father, is truly of the Father, for fear forsooth, lest he should mutilate the inviolable nature of the Father by the subsistence of the Only-begotten: but after saying Not dividing His essence by begetting, he adds, Or being Himself begetter and begotten, or Himself becoming Father and Son , and thinks by such loose disjointed phrases to undermine the true confession of godliness or to furnish some support to his own ungodliness, not being aware that by the very means he uses to construct a reductio ad absurdum he is discovered to be an advocate of the truth. For we too say that He who has all that belongs to His own Father is all that He is, save being Father, and that He who has all that belongs to the Son exhibits in Himself the Son in His completeness, save being Son: so that the reductio ad absurdum, which Eunomius here invents, turns out to be a support of the truth, when the notion is expanded by us so as to display it more clearly, under the guidance of the Gospel. For if he that has seen the Son sees the Father then the Father begot another self, not passing out of Himself, and at the same time appearing in His fullness in Him: so that from these considerations that which seemed to have been uttered against godliness is demonstrated to be a support of sound doctrine.
But he says, Not dividing His own essence by begetting, and being at once begetter and begotten, at the same time Father and Son; for He is incorruptible. Most cogent conclusion! What do you mean, most sapient sir? Because He is incorruptible, therefore He does not divide His own essence by begetting the Son: nor does He beget Himself or be begotten of Himself, nor become at the same time His own Father and His own Son because He is incorruptible. It follows then, that if any one is of corruptible nature he divides his essence by begetting, and is begotten by himself, and begets himself, and is his own father and his own son, because he is not incorruptible. If this is so, then Abraham, because he was corruptible, did not beget Ishmael and Isaac, but begot himself by the bondwoman and by his lawful wife or, to take the other mountebank tricks of the argument, he divided his essence among the sons who were begotten of him, and first, when Hagar bore him a son, he was divided into two sections, and in one of the halves became Ishmael, while in the other he remained half Abraham; and subsequently the residue of the essence of Abraham being again divided took subsistence in Isaac. Accordingly the fourth part of the essence of Abraham was divided into the twin sons of Isaac, so that there was an eighth in each of his grandchildren! How could one subdivide the eighth part, cutting it small in fractions among the twelve Patriarchs, or among the threescore and fifteen souls with whom Jacob went down into Egypt? And why do I talk thus when I really ought to confute the folly of such notions by beginning with the first man? For if it is a property of the incorruptible only not to divide its essence in begetting, and if Adam was corruptible, to whom the word was spoken, Dust you are and unto dust shall you return Genesis 3:19, then, according to Eunomius' reasoning, he certainly divided his essence, being cut up among those who were begotten of him, and by reason of the vast number of his posterity (the slice of his essence which is to be found in each being necessarily subdivided according to the number of his progeny), the essence of Adam is used up before Abraham began to subsist, being dispersed in these minute and infinitesimal particles among the countless myriads of his descendants, and the minute fragment of Adam that has reached Abraham and his descendants by a process of division, is no longer discoverable in them as a remnant of his essence, inasmuch as his nature has been already used up among the countless myriads of those who were before them by its division into infinitesimal fractions. Mark the folly of him who understands neither what he says nor whereof he affirms. For by saying Since He is incorruptible He neither divides His essence nor begets Himself nor becomes His own father, he implicitly lays it down that we must suppose all those things from which he affirms that the incorruptible alone are free to be incidental to generation in the case of every one who is subject to corruption. Though there are many other considerations capable of proving the inanity of his argument, I think that what has been said above is sufficient to demonstrate its absurdity. But this has surely been already acknowledged by all who have an eye for logical consistency, that, when he asserted incorruptibility of the Father alone, he places all things which are considered after the Father in the category of corruptible, by virtue of opposition to the incorruptible, so as to make out even the Son not to be free from corruption. If then he places the Son in opposition to the incorruptible, he not only defines Him to be corruptible, but also asserts of Him all those incidents from which he affirms only the incorruptible to be exempt. For it necessarily follows that, if the Father alone neither begets Himself nor is begotten of Himself, everything which is not incorruptible both begets itself and is begotten of itself, and becomes its own father and son, shifting from its own proper essence to each of these relations. For if to be incorruptible belongs to the Father alone, and if not to be the things specified is a special property of the incorruptible, then, of course, according to this heretical argument, the Son is not incorruptible, and all these circumstances of course, find place about Him—to have His essence divided, to beget Himself and to be begotten by Himself, to become Himself His own father and His own son.
Perhaps, however, it is waste of time to linger long over such follies. Let us pass to the next point of his statement. He adds to what he had already said, Not standing in need, in the act of creation, of matter or parts or natural instruments: for He stands in need of nothing. This proposition, though Eunomius states it with a certain looseness of phrase, we yet do not reject as inconsistent with godly doctrine. For learning as we do that He spoke the word and they were made: He commanded and they were created , we know that the Word is the Creator of matter, by that very act also producing with the matter the qualities of matter, so that for Him the impulse of His almighty will was everything and instead of everything, matter, instrument, place, time, essence, quality, everything that is conceived in creation. For at one and the same time did He will that that which ought to be should be, and His power, that produced all things that are, kept pace with His will, turning His will into act. For thus the mighty Moses in the record of creation instructs us about the Divine power, ascribing the production of each of the objects that were manifested in the creation to the words that bade them be. For God said, he tells us, Let there be light, and there was light Genesis 1:3: and so about the rest, without any mention either of matter or of any instrumental agency. Accordingly the language of Eunomius on this point is not to be rejected. For God, when creating all things that have their origin by creation, neither stood in need of any matter on which to operate, nor of instruments to aid Him in His construction: for the power and wisdom of God has no need of any external assistance. But Christ is the Power of God and the Wisdom of God 1 Corinthians 1:24, by Whom all things were made and without Whom is no existent thing, as John testifies. If, then, all things were made by Him, both visible and invisible, and if His will alone suffices to effect the subsistence of existing things (for His will is power), Eunomius utters our doctrine though with a loose mode of expression. For what instrument and what matter could He Who upholds all things by the word of His power need in upholding the constitution of existing things by His almighty word? But if he maintains that what we have believed to be true of the Only-begotten in the case of the creation, is true also in the case of the Son— in the sense that the Father created Him in like manner as the creation was made by the Son—then we retract our former statement, because such a supposition is a denial of the Godhead of the Only-begotten. For we have learned from the mighty utterance of Paul that it is the distinguishing feature of idolatry to worship and serve the creature more than the Creator , as well as from David, when He says There shall no new God be in you: neither shall you worship any alien God. We use this line and rule to arrive at the discernment of the object of worship, so as to be convinced that that alone is God which is neither new nor alien. Since then we have been taught to believe that the Only-begotten God is God, we acknowledge, by our belief that He is God, that He is neither new or alien. If, then, He is God, He is not new, and if He is not new, He is assuredly eternal. Accordingly, neither is the Eternal new, nor is He Who is of the Father and in the bosom of the Father and Who has the Father in Himself alien from true Deity. Thus he who severs the Son from the nature of the Father either absolutely disallows the worship of the Son, that he may not worship an alien God, or bows down before an idol, making a creature and not God the object of his worship, and giving to his idol the name of Christ.
Now that this is the meaning to which he tends in his conception concerning the Only-begotten will become more plain by considering the language he employs touching the Only-begotten Himself, which is as follows. We believe also in the Son of God, the Only-begotten God, the first-born of all creation, very Son, not ungenerate, verily begotten before the worlds, named Son not without being begotten before He existed, coming into being before all creation, not uncreate. I think that the mere reading of his exposition of his faith is quite sufficient to render its impiety plain without any investigation on our part. For though he calls Him first-born, yet that he may not raise any doubt in his readers' minds as to His not being created, he immediately adds the words, not uncreate, lest if the natural significance of the term Son were apprehended by his readers, any pious conception concerning Him might find place in their minds. It is for this reason that after at first confessing Him to be Son of God and Only-begotten God, he proceeds at once, by what he adds, to pervert the minds of his readers from their devout belief to his heretical notions. For he who hears the titles Son of God and Only-begotten God is of necessity lifted up to the loftier kind of assertions respecting the Son, led onward by the significance of these terms, inasmuch as no difference of nature is introduced by the use of the title God and by the significance of the term Son. For how could He Who is truly the Son of God and Himself God be conceived as something else differing from the nature of the Father? But that godly conceptions may not by these names be impressed beforehand on the hearts of his readers, he immediately calls Him the first-born of all creation, named Son, not without being begotten before He existed, coming into being before all creation, not uncreate. Let us linger a little while, then, over his argument, that the miscreant may be shown to be holding out his first statements to people merely as a bait to induce them to receive the poison that he sugars over with phrases of a pious tendency, as it were with honey. Who does not know how great is the difference in signification between the term only-begotten and first-born? For first-born implies brethren, and only-begotten implies that there are no other brethren. Thus the first-born is not only-begotten, for certainly first-born is the first-born among brethren, while he who is only-begotten has no brother: for if he were numbered among brethren he would not be only-begotten. And moreover, whatever the essence of the brothers of the first-born is, the same is the essence of the first-born himself. Nor is this all that is signified by the title, but also that the first-born and those born after him draw their being from the same source, without the first-born contributing at all to the birth of those that come after him: so that hereby is maintained the falsehood of that statement of John, which affirms that all things were made by Him. For if He is first-born, He differs from those born after Him only by priority in time, while there must be some one else by Whom the power to be at all is imparted alike to Him and to the rest. But that we may not by our objections give any unfair opponent ground for an insinuation that we do not receive the inspired utterances of Scripture, we will first set before our readers our own view about these titles, and then leave it to their judgment which is the better.
8. He further very appositely expounds the meaning of the term Only-Begotten, and of the term First born, four times used by the Apostle.
The mighty Paul, knowing that the Only-begotten God, Who has the pre-eminence in all things , is the author and cause of all good, bears witness to Him that not only was the creation of all existent things wrought by Him, but that when the original creation of man had decayed and vanished away , to use his own language, and another new creation was wrought in Christ, in this too no other than He took the lead, but He is Himself the first-born of all that new creation of men which is effected by the Gospel. And that our view about this may be made clearer let us thus divide our argument. The inspired apostle on four occasions employs this term, once as here, calling Him, first-born of all creation Colossians 1:15, another time, the first-born among many brethren Romans 8:29, again, first-born from the dead , and on another occasion he employs the term absolutely, without combining it with other words, saying, But when again He brings the first-born into the world, He says, And let all the angels of God worship Him Hebrews 1:6 . Accordingly whatever view we entertain concerning this title in the other combinations, the same we shall in consistency apply to the phrase first-born of all creation. For since the title is one and the same it must needs be that the meaning conveyed is also one. In what sense then does He become the first-born among many brethren? in what sense does He become the first-born from the dead? Assuredly this is plain, that because we are by birth flesh and blood, as the Scripture says, He Who for our sakes was born among us and was partaker of flesh and blood , purposing to change us from corruption to incorruption by the birth from above, the birth by water and the Spirit, Himself led the way in this birth, drawing down upon the water, by His own baptism, the Holy Spirit; so that in all things He became the first-born of those who are spiritually born again, and gave the name of brethren to those who partook in a birth like to His own by water and the Spirit. But since it was also meet that He should implant in our nature the power of rising again from the dead, He becomes the first-fruits of them that slept 1 Corinthians 15:20 and the first-born from the dead Colossians 1:18, in that He first by His own act loosed the pains of death , so that His new birth from the dead was made a way for us also, since the pains of death, wherein we were held, were loosed by the resurrection of the Lord. Thus, just as by having shared in the washing of regeneration He became the first-born among many brethren, and again by having made Himself the first-fruits of the resurrection, He obtains the name of the first-born from the dead, so having in all things the pre-eminence, after that all old things, as the apostle says, have passed away , He becomes the first-born of the new creation of men in Christ by the two-fold regeneration, alike that by Holy Baptism and that which is the consequence of the resurrection from the dead, becoming for us in both alike the Prince of Life , the first-fruits, the first-born. This first-born, then, has also brethren, concerning whom He speaks to Mary, saying, Go and tell My brethren, I go to My Father and your Father, and to My God and your God. In these words He sums up the whole aim of His dispensation as Man. For men revolted from God, and served them which by nature were no gods , and though being the children of God became attached to an evil father falsely so called. For this cause the mediator between God and man having assumed the first-fruits of all humannature , sends to His brethren the announcement of Himself not in His divine character, but in that which He shares with us, saying, I am departing in order to make by My own self that true Father, from whom you were separated, to be your Father, and by My own self to make that true God from whom you had revolted to be your God, for by that first-fruits which I have assumed, I am in Myself presenting all humanity to its God and Father.
Since, then, the first-fruits made the true God to be its God, and the good Father to be its Father, the blessing is secured for humannature as a whole, and by means of the first-fruits the true God and Father becomes Father and God of all men. Now if the first-fruits be holy, the lump also is holy. But where the first-fruits, Christ, is (and the first-fruits is none other than Christ), there also are they that are Christ's, as the apostle says. In those passages therefore where he makes mention of the first-born in connection with other words, he suggests that we should understand the phrase in the way which I have indicated: but where, without any such addition, he says, When again He brings the first-born into the world Hebrews 1:6, the addition of again asserts that manifestation of the Lord of all which shall take place at the last day. For as at the name of Jesus every knee does bow, of things in heaven and things in earth and things under the earth Philippians 2:10-11, although the human name does not belong to the Son in that He is above every name, even so He says that the First-born, Who was so named for our sakes, is worshipped by all the supramundane creation, on His coming again into the world, when He shall judge the world with righteousness and the people with equity. Thus the several meanings of the titles First-born and Only begotten are kept distinct by the word of godliness, its respective significance being secured for each name. But how can he who refers the name of first-born to the pre-temporal existence of the Son preserve the proper sense of the term Only-begotten? Let the discerning reader consider whether these things agree with one another, when the term first-born necessarily implies brethren, and the term Only-begotten as necessarily excludes the notion of brethren. For when the Scripture says, In the beginning was the Word , we understand the Only-begotten to be meant, and when it adds the Word was made flesh we thereby receive in our minds the idea of the first-born, and so the word of godliness remains without confusion, preserving to each name its natural significance, so that in Only-begotten we regard the pre-temporal, and by the first-born of creation the manifestation of the pre-temporal in the flesh.
9. Gregory again discusses the generation of the Only-Begotten, and other different modes of generation, material and immaterial, and nobly demonstrates that the Son is the brightness of the Divine glory, and not a creature.
And now let us return once more to the precise statement of Eunomius. We believe also in the Son of God, the only begotten God, the first-born of all creation, very Son, not Ungenerate, verily begotten before the worlds. That he transfers, then, the sense of generation to indicate creation is plain from his expressly calling Him created, when he speaks of Him as coming into being and not uncreate. But that the inconsiderate rashness and want of training which shows itself in the doctrines may be made manifest, let us omit all expressions of indignation at his evident blasphemy, and employ in the discussion of this matter a scientific division. For it would be well, I think, to consider in a somewhat careful investigation the exact meaning of the term generation. That this expression conveys the meaning of existing as the result of some cause is plain to all, and I suppose there is no need to contend about this point: but since there are different modes of existing as the result of a cause, this difference is what I think ought to receive thorough explanation in our discussion by means of scientific division. Of things which have come into being as the results of some cause we recognize the following differences. Some are the result of material and art, as the fabrics of houses and all other works produced by means of their respective material, where some art gives direction and conducts its purpose to its proper aim. Others are the result of material and nature; for nature orders the generation of animals one from another, effecting her own work by means of the material subsistence in the bodies of the parents; others again are by material efflux. In these the original remains as it was before, and that which flows from it is contemplated by itself, as in the case of the sun and its beam, or the lamp and its radiance, or of scents and ointments, and the quality given off from them. For these, while remaining undiminished in themselves, have each accompanying them the special and peculiar effect which they naturally produce, as the sun his ray, the lamp its brightness, and perfumes the fragrance which they engender in the air. There is also another kind of generation besides these, where the cause is immaterial and incorporeal, but the generation is sensible and takes place through the instrumentality of the body; I mean the generation of the word by the mind. For the mind being in itself incorporeal begets the word by means of sensible instruments. So many are the differences of the term generation, which we discover in a philosophic view of them, that is itself, so to speak, the result of generation.
And now that we have thus distinguished the various modes of generation, it will be time to remark how the benevolent dispensation of the Holy Spirit, in delivering to us the Divine mysteries, imparts that instruction which transcends reason by such methods as we can receive. For the inspired teaching adopts, in order to set forth the unspeakable power of God, all the forms of generation that human intelligence recognizes, yet without including the corporeal senses attaching to the words. For when it speaks of the creative power, it gives to such an energy the name of generation, because its expression must stoop to our low capacity; it does not, however, convey thereby all that we include in creative generation, as time, place, the furnishing of matter, the fitness of instruments, the design in the things that come into being, but it leaves these, and asserts of God in lofty and magnificent language the creation of all existent things, when it says, He spoke the word and they were made , He commanded and they were created. Again when it interprets to us the unspeakable and transcendent existence of the Only-begotten from the Father, as the poverty of humanintellect is incapable of receiving doctrines which surpass all power of speech and thought, there too it borrows our language and terms Him Son,— a name which our usage assigns to those who are born of matter and nature. But just as Scripture, when speaking of generation by creation, does not in the case of God imply that such generation took place by means of any material, affirming that the power of God'swill served for material substance, place, time and all such circumstances, even so here too, when using the term Son, it rejects both all else that humannature remarks in generation here below—I mean affections and dispositions and the co-operation of time, and the necessity of place—and, above all, matter, without all which natural generation here below does not take place. But when all such material, temporal and local existence is excluded from the sense of the term Son, community of nature alone is left, and for this reason by the title Son is declared, concerning the Only-begotten, the close affinity and genuineness of relationship which mark His manifestation from the Father. And since such a kind of generation was not sufficient to implant in us an adequate notion of the ineffable mode of subsistence of the Only-begotten, Scripture avails itself also of the third kind of generation to indicate the doctrine of the Son's Divinity,— that kind, namely, which is the result of material efflux, and speaks of Him as the brightness of gloryHebrews 1:3, the savour of ointment , the breath of God Wisdom 7:25; illustrations which in the scientific phraseology we have adopted we ordinarily designate as material efflux.
But as in the cases alleged neither the birth of the creation nor the force of the term Son admits time, matter, place, or affection, so here too the Scripture employing only the illustration of effulgence and the others that I have mentioned, apart from all material conception, with regard to the Divine fitness of such a mode of generation, shows that we must understand by the significance of this expression, an existence at once derived from and subsisting with the Father. For neither is the figure of breath intended to convey to us the notion of dispersion into the air from the material from which it is formed, nor is the figure of fragrance designed to express the passing off of the quality of the ointment into the air, nor the figure of effulgence the efflux which takes place by means of the rays from the body of the sun: but as has been said in all cases, by such a mode of generation is indicated this alone, that the Son is of the Father and is conceived of along with Him, no interval intervening between the Father and Him Who is of the Father. For since of His exceeding loving-kindness the grace of the Holy Spirit so ordered that the divine conceptions concerning the Only-begotten should reach us from many quarters, and so be implanted in us, He added also the remaining kind of generation—that, namely, of the word from the mind. And here the sublime John uses remarkable foresight. That the reader might not through inattention and unworthy conceptions sink to the common notion of word, so as to deem the Son to be merely a voice of the Father, he therefore affirms of the Word that He essentially subsisted in the first and blessed nature Itself, thus proclaiming aloud, In the Beginning was the Word, and with God, and God, and Light, and Life , and all that the Beginning is, the Word was also.
Since, then, these kinds of generation, those, I mean, which arise as the result of some cause, and are recognized in our every-day experience, are also employed by Holy Scripture to convey its teaching concerning transcendent mysteries in such wise as each of them may reasonably be transferred to the expression of divine conceptions, we may now proceed to examine Eunomius' statement also, to find in what sense he accepts the meaning of generation.Very Son, he says, not ungenerate, verily begotten before the worlds. One may, I think, pass quickly over the violence done to logical sequence in his distinction, as being easily recognizable by all. For who does not know that while the proper opposition is between Father and Son, between generate and ungenerate, he thus passes over the term Father and sets ungenerate in opposition to Son, whereas he ought, if he had any concern for truth, to have avoided diverting his phrase from the due sequence of relationship, and to have said, Very Son, not Father? And in this way due regard would have been paid at once to piety and to logical consistency, as the nature would not have been rent asunder in making the distinction between the persons. But he has exchanged in his statement of his faith the true and scriptural use of the term Father, committed to us by the Word Himself, and speaks of the Ungenerate instead of the Father, in order that by separating Him from that close relationship towards the Son which is naturally conceived of in the title of Father, he may place Him on a common level with all created objects, which equally stand in opposition to the ungenerate. Verily begotten, he says, before the worlds. Let him say of Whom He is begotten. He will answer, of course, Of the Father, unless he is prepared unblushingly to contradict the truth. But since it is impossible to detach the eternity of the Son from the eternal Father, seeing that the term Father by its very signification implies the Son, for this reason it is that he rejects the title Father and shifts his phrase to ungenerate, since the meaning of this latter name has no sort of relation or connection with the Son, and by thus misleading his readers through the substitution of one term for the other, into not contemplating the Son along with the Father, he opens up a path for his sophistry, paving the way of impiety by slipping in the term ungenerate. For they who according to the ordinance of the Lord believe in the Father, when they hear the name of the Father, receive the Son along with Him in their thought, as the mind passes from the Son to the Father, without treading on an unsubstantial vacuum interposed between them. But those who are diverted to the title ungenerate instead of Father, get a bare notion of this name, learning only the fact that He did not at any time come into being, not that He is Father. Still, even with this mode of conception, the faith of those who read with discernment remains free from confusion. For the expression not to come into being is used in an identical sense of all uncreated nature: and Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are equally uncreated. For it has ever been believed by those who follow the Divine word that all the creation, sensible and supramundane, derives its existence from the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. He who has heard that by the word of the Lord were the heavens made, and all the host of them by the breath of His mouth , neither understands by word mere utterance, nor by breath mere exhalation, but by what is there said frames the conception of God the Word and of the Spirit of God. Now to create and to be created are not equivalent, but all existent things being divided into that which makes and that which is made, each is different in nature from the other, so that neither is that uncreated which is made, nor is that created which effects the production of the things that are made. By those then who, according to the exposition of the faith given us by our Lord Himself, have believed in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, it is acknowledged that each of these Persons is alike unoriginate , and the meaning conveyed by ungenerate does no harm to their sound belief: but to those who are dense and indefinite this term serves as a starting-point for deflection from sound doctrine. For not understanding the true force of the term, that ungenerate signifies nothing more than not having come into being, and that not coming into being is a common property of all that transcends created nature, they drop their faith in the Father, and substitute for Father the phrase ungenerate: and since, as has been said, the Personal existence of the Only-begotten is not connoted in this name, they determine the existence of the Son to have commenced from some definite beginning in time, affirming (what Eunomius here adds to his previous statements) that He is called Son not without generation preceding His existence.
What is this vain juggling with words? Is he aware that it is God of Whom he speaks, Who was in the beginning and is in the Father, nor was there any time when He was not? He knows not what he says nor whereof he affirms , but he endeavours, as though he were constructing the pedigree of a mere man, to apply to the Lord of all creation the language which properly belongs to our nature here below. For, to take an example, Ishmael was not before the generation that brought him into being, and before his birth there was of course an interval of time. But with Him Who is the brightness of glory ,before and after have no place: for before the brightness, of course neither was there any glory, for concurrently with the existence of the glory there assuredly beams forth its brightness; and it is impossible in the nature of things that one should be severed from the other, nor is it possible to see the glory by itself before its brightness. For he who says thus will make out the glory in itself to be darkling and dim, if the brightness from it does not shine out at the same time. But this is the unfair method of the heresy, to endeavour, by the notions and terms employed concerning the Only-begotten God, to displace Him from His oneness with the Father. It is to this end they say, Before the generation that brought Him into being He was not Son: but the sons of rams , of whom the prophet speaks—are not they too called sons after coming into being? That quality, then, which reason notices in the sons of rams, that they are not sons of rams before the generation which brings them into being—this our reverend divine now ascribes to the Maker of the worlds and of all creation, Who has the Eternal Father in Himself, and is contemplated in the eternity of the Father, as He Himself says, I am in the Father, and the Father in Me. Those, however, who are not able to detect the sophistry that lurks in his statement, and are not trained to any sort of logical perception, follow these inconsequent statements and receive what comes next as a logical consequence of what preceded. For he says, coming into being before all creation, and as though this were not enough to prove his impiety, he has a piece of profanity in reserve in the phrase that follows, when he terms the Son not uncreate. In what sense then does he call Him Who is not uncreate very Son? For if it is meet to call Him Who is not uncreate very Son, then of course the heaven is very Son; for it too is not uncreate. So the sun too is very Son, and all that the creation contains, both small and great, are of course entitled to the appellation of very Son. And in what sense does He call Him Who has come into being Only-begotten? For all things that come into being are unquestionably in brotherhood with each other, so far, I mean, as their coming into being is concerned. And from whom did He come into being? For assuredly all things that have ever come into being did so from the Son. For thus did John testify, saying, All things were made by Him. If then the Son also came into being, according to Eunomius' creed, He is certainly ranked in the class of things which have come into being. If then all things that came into being were made by Him, and the Word is one of the things that came into being, who is so dull as not to draw from these premises the absurd conclusion that our new creed-monger makes out the Lord of creation to have been His own work, in saying in so many words that the Lord and Maker of all creation is not uncreate? Let him tell us whence he has this boldness of assertion. From what inspired utterance? What evangelist, what apostle ever uttered such words as these? What prophet, what lawgiver, what patriarch, what other person of all who were divinely moved by the Holy Ghost, whose voices are preserved in writing, ever originated such a statement as this? In the tradition of the faith delivered by the Truth we are taught to believe in Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. If it were right to believe that the Son was created, how was it that the Truth in delivering to us this mystery bade us believe in the Son, and not in the creature? And how is it that the inspired Apostle, himself adoring Christ, lays it down that they who worship the creature besides the Creator are guilty of idolatry ? For, were the Son created, either he would not have worshipped Him, or he would have refrained from classing those who worship the creature along with idolaters, lest he himself should appear to be an idolater, in offering adoration to the created. But he knew that He Whom he adored was God over all Romans 9:5, for so he terms the Son in his Epistle to the Romans. Why then do those who divorce the Son from the essence of the Father, and call Him creature, bestow on Him in mockery the fictitious title of Deity, idly conferring on one alien from true Divinity the name of God, as they might confer it on Bel or Dagon or the Dragon? Let those, therefore, who affirm that He is created, acknowledge that He is not God at all, that they may be seen to be nothing but Jews in disguise, or, if they confess one who is created to be God, let them not deny that they are idolaters.
10. He explains the phrase The Lord created Me, and the argument about the origination of the Son, the deceptive character of Eunomius' reasoning, and the passage which says, My glorywill I not give to another, examining them from different points of view.
But of course they bring forward the passage in the book of Proverbs which says, The Lord created Me as the beginning of His ways, for His works. Now it would require a lengthy discussion to explain fully the real meaning of the passage: still it would be possible even in a few words to convey to well-disposed readers the thought intended. Some of those who are accurately versed in theology do say this, that the Hebrew text does not read created, and we have ourselves read in more ancient copies possessed instead of created. Now assuredly possession in the allegorical language of the Proverbs marks that slave Who for our sakes took upon Him the form of a slave Philippians 2:7 . But if any one should allege in this passage the reading which prevails in the Churches, we do not reject even the expression created. For this also in allegorical language is intended to connote the slave, since, as the Apostle tells us, all creation is in bondage Romans 8:20-1 . Thus we say that this expression, as well as the other, admits of an orthodox interpretation. For He Who for our sakes became like as we are, was in the last days trulycreated—He Who in the beginning being Word and God afterwards became Flesh and Man. For the nature of flesh is created: and by partaking in it in all points like as we do, yet without sin, He was created when He became man: and He was created after God Ephesians 4:24, not after man, as the Apostle says, in a new manner and not according to human wont. For we are taught that this new man was created— albeit of the Holy Ghost and of the power of the Highest— whom Paul, the hierophant of unspeakable mysteries, bids us to put on, using two phrases to express the garment that is to be put on, saying in one place, Put on the new man which after God is created Ephesians 4:24, and in another, Put on the Lord Jesus ChristRomans 13:14 . For thus it is that He, Who said I am the Way , becomes to us who have put Him on the beginning of the ways of salvation, that He may make us the work of His own hands, new modelling us from the evil mould of sin once more to His own image. He is at once our foundation before the world to come, according to the words of Paul, who says, Other foundation can no man lay than that is laid 1 Corinthians 3:11, and it is true that before the springs of the waters came forth, before the mountains were settled, before He made the depths, and before all hills, He begets Me. For it is possible, according to the usage of the Book of Proverbs, for each of these phrases, taken in a tropical sense, to be applied to the Word. For the great David calls righteousness the mountains of God , His judgments deeps , and the teachers in the Churches fountains, saying Bless God the Lord from the fountains of Israel; and guilelessness he calls hills, as he shows when he speaks of their skipping like lambs. Before these therefore is born in us He Who for our sakes was created as man, that of these things also the creation may find place in us. But we may, I think, pass from the discussion of these points, inasmuch as the truth has been sufficiently pointed out in a few words to well-disposed readers; let us proceed to what Eunomius says next.
Existing in the Beginning, he says, not without beginning. In what fashion does he who plumes himself on his superior discernment understand the oracles of God? He declares Him Who was in the beginning Himself to have a beginning: and is not aware that if He Who is in the beginning has a beginning, then the Beginning itself must needs have another beginning. Whatever He says of the beginning he must necessarily confess to be true of Him Who was in the beginning: for how can that which is in the beginning be severed from the beginning? And how can any one imagine a was not as preceding the was? For however far one carries back one's thought to apprehend the beginning, one most certainly understands as one does so that the Word which was in the beginning (inasmuch as It cannot be separated from the beginning in which It is) does not at any point of time either begin or cease its existence therein. Yet let no one be induced by these words of mine to separate into two the one beginning we acknowledge. For the beginning is most assuredly one, wherein is discerned, indivisibly, that Word Who is completely united to the Father. He who thus thinks will never leave heresy a loophole to impair his piety by the novelty of the term ungenerate. But in Eunomius' next propositions his statements are like bread with a large admixture of sand. For by mixing his heretical opinions with sound doctrines, he makes uneatable even that which is in itself nutritious, by the gravel which he has mingled with it. For he calls the Lord living wisdom,operative truth, subsistent power, and life:— so far is the nutritious portion. But into these assertions he instils the poison of heresy. For when he speaks of the life as generate he makes a reservation by the implied opposition to the ungenerate life, and does not affirm the Son to be the very Life. Next he says:— As Son of God, quickening the dead, the true light, the light that lightens every man coming into the world , good, and the bestower of good things. All these things he offers for honey to the simple-minded, concealing his deadly drug under the sweetness of terms like these. For he immediately introduces, on the heels of these statements, his pernicious principle, in the words Not partitioning with Him that begot Him His high estate, not dividing with another the essence of the Father, but becoming by generation glorious, yea, the Lord of glory, and receiving glory from the Father, not sharing His glory with the Father, for the glory of the Almighty is incommunicable, as He has said, 'My glory will I not give to another. Isaiah 42:8 ' These are his deadly poisons, which they alone can discover who have their souls' senses trained so to do: but the mortal mischief of the words is disclosed by their conclusion:— Receiving glory from the Father, not sharing glory with the Father, for the glory of the Almighty is incommunicable, as He has said, 'My glory will I not give to another.' Who is that other to whom God has said that He will not give His glory? The prophet speaks of the adversary of God, and Eunomius refers the prophecy to the only begotten God Himself! For when the prophet, speaking in the person of God, had said, My glory will I not give to another, he added, neither My praise to graven images. For when men were beguiled to offer to the adversary of God the worship and adoration due to God alone, paying homage in the representations of graven images to the enemy of God, who appeared in many shapes among men in the forms furnished by idols, He Who heals them that are sick, in pity for men's ruin, foretold by the prophet the loving-kindness which in the latter days He would show in the abolishing of idols, saying, When My truth shall have been manifested, My glory shall no more be given to another, nor My praise bestowed upon graven images: for men, when they come to know My glory, shall no more be in bondage to them that by nature are no gods. All therefore that the prophet says in the person of the Lord concerning the power of the adversary, this fighter against God, refers to the Lord Himself, Who spoke these words by the prophet! Who among the tyrants is recorded to have been such a persecutor of the faith as this? Who maintained such blasphemy as this, that He Who, as we believe, was manifested in the flesh for the salvation of our souls, is not very God, but the adversary of God, who puts his guile into effect against men by the instrumentality of idols and graven images? For it is what was said of that adversary by the prophet that Eunomius transfers to the only-begotten God, without so much as reflecting that it is the Only-begotten Himself Who spoke these words by the prophet, as Eunomius himself subsequently confesses when he says, this is He Who spoke by the prophets.
Why should I pursue this part of the subject in more detail? For the words preceding also are tainted with the same profanity— receiving glory from the Father, not sharing glory with the Father, for the glory of the Almighty God is incommunicable. For my own part, even had his words referred to Moses who was glorified in the ministration of the Law,— not even then should I have tolerated such a statement, even if it be conceded that Moses, having no glory from within, appeared completely glorious to the Israelites by the favour bestowed on him from God. For the very glory that was bestowed on the lawgiver was the glory of none other but of God Himself, which glory the Lord in the Gospel bids all to seek, when He blames those who value humanglory highly and seek not the glory that comes from God only. For by the fact that He commanded them to seek the glory that comes from the only God, He declared the possibility of their obtaining what they sought. How then is the glory of the Almighty incommunicable, if it is even our duty to ask for the glory that comes from the only God, and if, according to our Lord's word, every one that asks receives ? But one who says concerning the Brightness of the Father's glory, that He has the glory by having received it, says in effect that the Brightness of the glory is in Itself devoid of glory, and needs, in order to become Himself at last the Lord of some glory, to receive glory from another. How then are we to dispose of the utterances of the Truth,— one which tells us that He shall be seen in the glory of the Father Mark 8:38, and another which says, All things that the Father has are Mine ? To whom ought the hearer to give ear? To him who says, He that is, as the Apostle says, the 'heir of all things Hebrews 1:2 ' that are in the Father, is without part or lot in His Father's glory; or to Him Who declares that all things that the Father has, He Himself has also? Now among the all things,glory surely is included. Yet Eunomius says that the glory of the Almighty is incommunicable. This view Joel does not attest, nor yet the mighty Peter, who adopted, in his speech to the Jews, the language of the prophet. For both the prophet and the apostle say, in the person of God—I will pour out of My Spirit upon all flesh Joel 2:28; Acts 2:17 . He then Who did not grudge the partaking in His own Spirit to all flesh—how can it be that He does not impart His own glory to the only-begotten Son, Who is in the bosom of the Father, Who has all things that the Father has? Perhaps one should say that Eunomius is here speaking the truth, though not intending it. For the term impart is strictly used in the case of one who has not his glory from within, whose possession of it is an accession from without, and not part of his own nature: but where one and the same nature is observed in both Persons, He Who is as regards nature all that the Father is believed to be stands in no need of one to impart to Him each several attribute. This it will be well to explain more clearly and precisely. He Who has the Father dwelling in Him in His entirety— what need has He of the Father's glory, when none of the attributes contemplated in the Father is withdrawn from Him?
11. After expounding the high estate of the Almighty, the Eternity of the Son, and the phrase being made obedient, he shows the folly of Eunomius in his assertion that the Son did not acquire His sonship by obedience.
What, moreover, is the high estate of the Almighty in which Eunomius affirms that the Son has no share? Let those, then, who are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight Isaiah 5:21, utter their groundling opinions— they who, as the prophet says, speak out of the ground Isaiah 29:4 . But let us who reverence the Word and are disciples of the Truth, or rather who profess to be so, not leave even this assertion unsifted. We know that of all the names by which Deity is indicated some are expressive of the Divine majesty, employed and understood absolutely, and some are assigned with reference to the operations over us and all creation. For when the Apostle says Now to the immortal, invisible, only wise God , and the like, by these titles he suggests conceptions which represent to us the transcendent power, but when God is spoken of in the Scriptures as gracious, merciful, full of pity, true, good, Lord, Physician, Shepherd, Way, Bread, Fountain, King, Creator, Artificer, Protector, Who is over all and through all, Who is all in all, these and similar titles contain the declaration of the operations of the Divine loving-kindness in the creation. Those then who enquire precisely into the meaning of the term Almighty will find that it declares nothing else concerning the Divine power than that operation which controls created things and is indicated by the word Almighty, stands in a certain relation to something. For as He would not be called a Physician, save on account of the sick, nor merciful and gracious, and the like, save by reason of one who stood in need of grace and mercy, so neither would He be styled Almighty, did not all creation stand in need of one to regulate it and keep it in being. As, then, He presents Himself as a Physician to those who are in need of healing, so He is Almighty over one who has need of being ruled: and just as they that are whole have no need of a physician , so it follows that we may well say that He Whose nature contains in it the principle of unerring and unwavering rectitude does not, like others, need a ruler over Him. Accordingly, when we hear the name Almighty, our conception is this, that God sustains in being all intelligible things as well as all things of a material nature. For this cause He sits upon the circle of the earth, for this cause He holds the ends of the earth in His hand, for this cause He metes out leaven with the span, and measures the waters in the hollow of His hand ; for this cause He comprehends in Himself all the intelligible creation, that all things may remain in existence controlled by His encompassing power. Let us enquire, then, Who it is that works all in all. Who is He Who made all things, and without Whom no existing thing does exist? Who is He in Whom all things were created, and in Whom all things that are have their continuance? In Whom do we live and move and have our being? Who is He Who has in Himself all that the Father has? Does what has been said leave us any longer in ignorance of Him Who is God over all Romans 9:5, Who is so entitled by S. Paul—our Lord Jesus Christ, Who, as He Himself says, holding in His hand all things that the Father has , assuredly grasps all things in the all-containing hollow of His hand and is sovereign over what He has grasped, and no man takes from the hand of Him Who in His hand holds all things? If, then, He has all things, and is sovereign over that which He has, why is He Who is thus sovereign over all things something else and not Almighty? If heresy replies that the Father is sovereign over both the Son and the Holy Spirit, let them first show that the Son and the Holy Spirit are of mutable nature, and then over this mutability let them set its ruler, that by the help implanted from above, that which is so overruled may continue incapable of turning to evil. If, on the other hand, the Divine nature is incapable of evil, unchangeable, unalterable, eternally permanent, to what end does it stand in need of a ruler, controlling as it does all creation, and itself by reason of its immutability needing no ruler to control it? For this cause it is that at the name of Christ every knee bows, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth. For assuredly every knee would not thus bow, did it not recognize in Christ Him Who rules it for its own salvation. But to say that the Son came into being by the goodness of the Father is nothing else than to put Him on a level with the meanest objects of creation. For what is there that did not arrive at its birth by the goodness of Him Who made it? To what is the formation of mankind ascribed? To the badness of its Maker, or to His goodness? To what do we ascribe the generation of animals, the production of plants and herbs? There is nothing that did not take its rise from the goodness of Him Who made it. A property, then, which reason discerns to be common to all things, Eunomius is so kind as to allow to the Eternal Son! But that He did not share His essence or His estate with the Father— these assertions and the rest of his verbiage I have refuted in anticipation, when dealing with his statements concerning the Father, and shown that he has hazarded them at random and without any intelligible meaning. For not even in the case of us who are born one of another is there any division of essence. The definition expressive of essence remains in its entirety in each, in him that begets and in him who is begotten, without admitting diminution in him who begets, or augmentation in him who is begotten. But to speak of division of estate or sovereignty in the case of Him Who has all things whatsoever that the Father has, carries with it no meaning, unless it be a demonstration of the propounder's impiety. It would therefore be superfluous to entangle oneself in such discussions, and so to prolong our treatise to an unreasonable length. Let us pass on to what follows.
Glorified, he says, by the Father before the worlds. The word of truth has been demonstrated, confirmed by the testimony of its adversaries. For this is the sum of our faith, that the Son is from all eternity, being glorified by the Father: for before the worlds is the same in sense as from all eternity, seeing that prophecy uses this phrase to set forth to us God's eternity, when it speaks of Him as He that is from before the worlds. If then to exist before the worlds is beyond all beginning, he who confers glory on the Son before the worlds, does thereby assert His existence from eternity before that glory : for surely it is not the non-existent, but the existent which is glorified. Then he proceeds to plant for himself the seeds of blasphemy against the Holy Spirit; not with a view to glorify the Son, but that he may wantonly outrage the Holy Ghost. For with the intention of making out the Holy Spirit to be part of the angelic host, he throws in the phrase glorifiedeternally by the Spirit, and by every rational and generated being, so that there is no distinction between the Holy Spirit and all that comes into being; if, that is, the Holy Spirit glorifies the Lord in the same sense as all the other existences enumerated by the prophet, angels and powers, and the heaven of heavens, and the water above the heavens, and all the things of earth, dragons, deeps, fire and hail, snow and vapour, wind of the storm, mountains and all hills, fruitful trees and all cedars, beasts and all cattle, worms and feathered fowls. If, then, he says, that along with these the Holy Spirit also glorifies the Lord, surely his God-opposing tongue makes out the Holy Spirit Himself also to be one of them.
The disjointed incoherencies which follow next, I think it well to pass over, not because they give no handle at all to censure, but because their language is such as might be used by the devout, if detached from its malignant context. If he does here and there use some expressions favourable to devotion it is just held out as a bait to simple souls, to the end that the hook of impiety may be swallowed along with it. For after employing such language as a member of the Church might use, he subjoins, Obedient with regard to the creation and production of all things that are, obedient with regard to every ministration, not having by His obedience attained Sonship or Godhead, but, as a consequence of being Son and being generated as the Only-begotten God, showing Himself obedient in words, obedient in acts. Yet who of those who are conversant with the oracles of God does not know with regard to what point of time it was said of Him by the mighty Paul, (and that once for all), that He became obedientPhilippians 2:8? For it was when He came in the form of a servant to accomplish the mystery of redemption by the cross, Who had emptied Himself, Who humbled Himself by assuming the likeness and fashion of a man, being found as man in man's lowly nature— then, I say, it was that He became obedient, even He Who took our infirmities and bare our sicknesses Matthew 8:17, healing the disobedience of men by His own obedience, that by His stripes He might heal our wound, and by His own death do away with the common death of all men—then it was that for our sakes He was made obedient, even as He became sin2 Corinthians 5:21 and a curse Galatians 3:13 by reason of the dispensation on our behalf, not being so by nature, but becoming so in His love for man. But by what sacred utterance was He ever taught His list of so many obediences? Nay, on the contrary every inspired Scripture attests His independent and sovereign power, saying, He spoke the word and they were made: He commanded and they were created :— for it is plain that the Psalmist says this concerning Him Who upholds all things by the word of His power Hebrews 1:3, Whose authority, by the sole impulse of His will, framed every existence and nature, and all things in the creation apprehended by reason or by sight. Whence, then, was Eunomius moved to ascribe in such manifold wise to the King of the universe the attribute of obedience, speaking of Him as obedient with regard to all the work of creation, obedient with regard to every ministration, obedient in words and in acts? Yet it is plain to every one, that he alone is obedient to another in acts and words, who has not yet perfectly achieved in himself the condition of accurate working or unexceptionable speech, but keeping his eye ever on his teacher and guide, is trained by his suggestions to exact propriety in deed and word. But to think that Wisdom needs a master and teacher to guide aright Its attempts at imitation, is the dream of Eunomius' fancy, and of his alone. And concerning the Father he says, that He is faithful in words and faithful in works, while of the Son he does not assert faithfulness in word and deed, but only obedience and not faithfulness, so that his profanity extends impartially through all his statements. But it is perhaps right to pass in silence over the inconsiderate folly of the assertion interposed between those last mentioned, lest some unreflecting persons should laugh at its absurdity when they ought rather to weep over the perdition of their souls, than laugh at the folly of their words. For this wise and wary theologian says that He did not attain to being a Son as the result of His obedience! Mark his penetration! With what cogent force does he lay it down for us that He was not first obedient and afterwards a Son, and that we ought not to think that His obedience was prior to His generation! Now if he had not added this defining clause, who without it would have been sufficiently silly and idiotic to fancy that His generation was bestowed on Him by His Father, as a reward of the obedience of Him Who before His generation had showed due subjection and obedience? But that no one may too readily extract matter for laughter from these remarks, let each consider that even the folly of the words has in it something worthy of tears. For what he intends to establish by these observations is something of this kind, that His obedience is part of His nature, so that not even if He willed it would it be possible for Him not to be obedient.
For he says that He was so constituted that His nature was adapted to obedience alone , just as among instruments that which is fashioned with regard to a certain figure necessarily produces in that which is subjected to its operation the form which the artificer implanted in the construction of the instrument, and cannot possibly trace a straight line upon that which receives its mark, if its own working is in a curve; nor can the instrument, if fashioned to draw a straight line, produce a circle by its impress. What need is there of any words of ours to reveal how great is the profanity of such a notion, when the heretical utterance of itself proclaims aloud its monstrosity? For if He was obedient for this reason only that He was so made, then of course He is not on an equal footing even with humanity, since on this theory, while our soul is self-determining and independent, choosing as it will with sovereignty over itself that which is pleasing to it, He on the contrary exercises, or rather experiences, obedience under the constraint of a compulsory law of His nature, while His nature suffers Him not to disobey, even if He would. For it was as the result of being Son, and being begotten, that He has thus shown Himself obedient in words and obedient in acts. Alas, for the brutish stupidity of this doctrine! You make the Word obedient to words, and supposest other words prior to Him Who is truly the Word, and another Word of the Beginning is mediator between the Beginning and the Word that was in the Beginning, conveying to Him the decision. And this is not one only: there are several words, which Eunomius makes so many links of the chain between the Beginning and the Word, and which abuse His obedience as they think good. But what need is there to linger over this idle talk? Any one can see that even at that time with reference to which S. Paul says that He became obedient (and he tells us that He became obedient in this wise, namely, by becoming for our sakes flesh, and a servant, and a curse, and sin)—even then, I say, the Lord of glory, Who despised the shame and embraced suffering in the flesh, did not abandon His free will, saying as He does, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up ; and again, No man takes My life from Me; I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again ; and when those who were armed with swords and staves drew near to Him on the night before His Passion, He caused them all to go backward by saying I am He John 18:5-6, and again, when the dying thief besought Him to remember him, He showed His universal sovereignty by saying, Today shall you be with Me in Paradise Luke 23:43 . If then not even in the time of His Passion He is separated from His authority, where can heresy possibly discern the subordination to authority of the King of glory?
12. He thus proceeds to a magnificent discourse of the interpretation of Mediator,Like,Ungenerate, and generate, and of The likeness and seal of the energy of the Almighty and of His Works.
Again, what is the manifold mediation which with wearying iteration he assigns to God, calling Him Mediator in doctrines, Mediator in the Law ? It is not thus that we are taught by the lofty utterance of the Apostle, who says that having made void the law of commandments by His own doctrines, He is the mediator between God and man, declaring it by this saying, There is one God, and one mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus ; where by the distinction implied in the word mediator he reveals to us the whole aim of the mystery of godliness. Now the aim is this. Humanity once revolted through the malice of the enemy, and, brought into bondage to sin, was also alienated from the true Life. After this the Lord of the creature calls back to Him His own creature, and becomes Man while still remaining God, being both God and Man in the entirety of the two several natures, and thus humanity was indissolubly united to God, the Man that is in Christ conducting the work of mediation, to Whom, by the first-fruits assumed for us, all the lump is potentially united. Since, then, a mediator is not a mediator of one Galatians 3:20, and God is one, not divided among the Persons in Whom we have been taught to believe (for the Godhead in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost is one), the Lord, therefore, becomes a mediator once for all between God and men, binding man to the Deity by Himself. But even by the idea of a mediator we are taught the godly doctrine enshrined in the Creed. For the Mediator between God and man entered as it were into fellowship with humannature, not by being merely deemed a man, but having truly become so: in like manner also, being very God, He has not, as Eunomius will have us consider, been honoured by the bare title of Godhead.
What he adds to the preceding statements is characterized by the same want of meaning, or rather by the same malignity of meaning. For in calling Him Son Whom, a little before, he had plainly declared to be created, and in calling Him only begotten God Whom he reckoned with the rest of things that have come into being by creation, he affirms that He is like Him that begot Him only by a special likeness, in a peculiar sense. Accordingly, we must first distinguish the significations of the term like, in how many senses it is employed in ordinary use, and afterwards proceed to discuss Eunomius' positions. In the first place, then, all things that beguile our senses, not being really identical in nature, but producing illusion by some of the accidents of the respective subjects, as form, colour, sound, and the impressions conveyed by taste or smell or touch, while really different in nature, but supposed to be other than they truly are, these custom declares to have the relation of likeness, as, for example, when the lifeless material is shaped by art, whether carving, painting, or modelling, into an imitation of a living creature, the imitation is said to be like the original. For in such a case the nature of the animal is one thing, and that of the material, which cheats the sight by mere colour and form, is another. To the same class of likeness belongs the image of the original figure in a mirror, which gives appearances of motion, without, however, being in nature identical with its original. In just the same way our hearing may experience the same deception, when, for instance, some one, imitating the song of the nightingale with his own voice, persuades our hearing so that we seem to be listening to the bird. Taste, again, is subject to the same illusion, when the juice of figs mimics the pleasant taste of honey: for there is a certain resemblance to the sweetness of honey in the juice of the fruit. So, too, the sense of smell may sometimes be imposed upon by resemblance, when the scent of the herb camomile, imitating the fragrant apple itself, deceives our perception: and in the same way with touch also, likeness belies the truth in various modes, since a silver or brass coin, of equal size and similar weight with a gold one, may pass for the gold piece if our sight does not discern the truth.
We have thus generally described in a few words the several cases in which objects, because they are deemed to be different from what they really are, produce delusions in our senses. It is possible, of course, by a more laborious investigation, to extend one's enquiry through all things which are really different in kind one from another, but are nevertheless thought, by virtue of some accidental resemblance, to be like one to the other. Can it possibly be such a form of likeness as this, that he is continually attributing to the Son? Nay, surely he cannot be so infatuated as to discover deceptive similarity in Him Who is the Truth. Again, in the inspired Scriptures, we are told of another kind of resemblance by Him Who said, Let us makeman in our image, after our likeness Genesis 1:26; but I do not suppose that Eunomius would discern this kind of likeness between the Father and the Son, so as to make out the Only-begotten God to be identical with man. We are also aware of another kind of likeness, of which the word speaks in Genesis concerning Seth,— Adam begot a son in his own likeness, after his image Genesis 5:3; and if this is the kind of likeness of which Eunomius speaks, we do not think his statement is to be rejected. For in this case the nature of the two objects which are alike is not different, and the impress and type imply community of nature. These, or such as these, are our views upon the variety of meanings of like. Let us see, then, with what intention Eunomius asserts of the Son that special likeness to the Father, when he says that He is like the Father with a special likeness, in a peculiar sense, not as Father to Father, for they are not two Fathers. He promises to show us the special likeness of the Son to the Father, and proceeds by his definition to establish the position that we ought not to conceive of Him as being like. For by saying, He is not like as Father to Father, he makes out that He is not like; and again when he adds, nor as Ungenerate to Ungenerate, by this phrase, too, he forbids us to conceive a likeness in the Son to the Father; and finally, by subjoining nor as Son to Son, he introduces a third conception, by which he entirely subverts the meaning of like. So it is that he follows up his own statements, and conducts his demonstration of likeness by establishing unlikeness. And now let us examine the discernment and frankness which he displays in these distinctions. After saying that the Son is like the Father, he guards the statement by adding that we ought not to think that the Son is like the Father, as Father to Father. Why, what man on earth is such a fool as, on learning that the Son is like the Father, to be brought by any course of reasoning to think of the likeness of Father to Father? Nor as Son to Son:— here, again, the acuteness of the distinction is equally conspicuous. When he tells us that the Son is like the Father, he adds the further definition that He must not be understood to be like Him in the same way as He would be like another Son. These are the mysteries of the awful doctrines of Eunomius, by which his disciples are made wiser than the rest of the world, by learning that the Son, by His likeness to the Father, is not like a Son, for the Son is not the Father: nor is He like as Ungenerate to Ungenerate, for the Son is not ungenerate. But the mystery which we have received, when it speaks of the Father, certainly bids us understand the Father of the Son, and when it names the Son, teaches us to apprehend the Son of the Father. And until the present time we never felt the need of these philosophic refinements, that by the words Father and Son are suggested two Fathers or two Sons, a pair, so to say, of ungenerate beings.
Now the drift of Eunomius' excessive concern about the Ungenerate has been often explained before; and it shall here be briefly discovered yet again. For as the term Father points to no difference of nature from the Son, his impiety, if he had brought his statement to a close here, would have had no support, seeing that the natural sense of the names Father and Son excludes the idea of their being alien in essence. But as it is, by employing the terms generate and ungenerate, since the contradictory opposition between them admits of no mean, just like that between mortal and immortal,rational and irrational, and all those terms which are opposed to each other by the mutually exclusive nature of their meaning—by the use of these terms, I repeat, he gives free course to his profanity, so as to contemplate as existing in the generate with reference to the ungenerate the same difference which there is between mortal and immortal: and even as the nature of the mortal is one, and that of the immortal another, and as the special attributes of the rational and of the irrational are essentially incompatible, just so he wants to make out that the nature of the ungenerate is one, and that of the generate another, in order to show that as the irrational nature has been created in subjection to the rational, so the generate is by a necessity of its being in a state of subordination to the ungenerate. For which reason he attaches to the ungenerate the name of Almighty, and this he does not apply to express providential operation, as the argument led the way for him in suggesting, but transfers the application of the word to arbitrary sovereignty, so as to make the Son to be a part of the subject and subordinate universe, a fellow-slave with all the rest to Him Who with arbitrary and absolute sovereignty controls all alike. And that it is with an eye to this result that he employs these argumentative distinctions, will be clearly established from the passage before us. For after those sapient and carefully-considered expressions, that He is not like either as Father to Father, or as Son to Son,— and yet there is no necessity that father should invariably be like father or son like son: for suppose there is one father among the Ethiopians, and another among the Scythians, and each of these has a son, the Ethiopian's son black, but the Scythian white-skinned and with hair of a golden tinge, yet none the more because each is a father does the Scythian turn black on the Ethiopian's account, nor does the Ethiopian's body change to white on account of the Scythian—after saying this, however, according to his own fancy, Eunomius subjoins that He is like as Son to Father. But although such a phrase indicates kinship in nature, as the inspired Scripture attests in the case of Seth and Adam, our doctor, with but small respect for his intelligent readers, introduces his idle exposition of the title Son, defining Him to be the image and seal of the energy of the Almighty. For the Son, he says, is the image and seal of the energy of the Almighty. Let him who has ears to hear first, I pray, consider this particular point— What is the seal of the energy? Every energy is contemplated as exertion in the party who exhibits it, and on the completion of his exertion, it has no independent existence. Thus, for example, the energy of the runner is the motion of his feet, and when the motion has stopped there is no longer any energy. So too about every pursuit the same may be said—when the exertion of him who is busied about anything ceases, the energy ceases also, and has no independent existence, either when a person is actively engaged in the exertion he undertakes, or when he ceases from that exertion. What then does he tell us that the energy is in itself, which is neither essence, nor image, nor person? So he speaks of the Son as the similitude of the impersonal, and that which is like the non-existent surely has itself no existence at all. This is what his juggling with idle opinions comes to—belief in nonentity! For that which is like nonentity surely itself is not. O Paul and John and all you others of the band of Apostles and Evangelists, who are they that arm their venomous tongues against your words? Who are they that raise their frog-like croakings against your heavenly thunder? What then says the son of thunder? In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. And what says he that came after him, that other who had been within the heavenly temple, who in Paradise had been initiated into mysteries unspeakable? Being, he says, the Brightness of His glory, and the express Image of His person Hebrews 1:3 . What, after these have thus spoken, are the words of our ventriloquist ? The seal, quoth he, of the energy of the Almighty. He makes Him third after the Father, with that non-existent energy mediating between them, or rather moulded at pleasure by non-existence. God the Word, Who was in the beginning, is the seal of the energy:— the Only-begotten God, Who is contemplated in the eternity of the Beginning of existent things, Who is in the bosom of the Father , Who sustains all things, by the word of His power , the creator of the ages, from Whom and through Whom and in Whom are all things , Who sits upon the circle of the earth, and has meted out heaven with the span, Who measures the water in the hollow of his hand Isaiah 40:12-22, Who holds in His hand all things that are, Who dwells on high and looks upon the things that are lowly , or rather did look upon them to make all the world to be His footstool , imprinted by the footmark of the Word— the form of God is the seal of an energy. Is God then an energy, not a Person? Surely Paul when expounding this very truth says He is the express image, not of His energy, but of His Person. Is the Brightness of His glory a seal of the energy of God? Alas for his impious ignorance! What is there intermediate between God and His own form? And Whom does the Person employ as mediator with His own express image? And what can be conceived as coming between the glory and its brightness? But while there are such weighty and numerous testimonies wherein the greatness of the Lord of the creation is proclaimed by those who were entrusted with the proclamation of the Gospel, what sort of language does this forerunner of the final apostasy hold concerning Him? What says he? As image, he says, and seal of all the energy and power of the Almighty. How does he take upon himself to emend the words of the mighty Paul? Paul says that the Son is the Power of God 1 Corinthians 1:24; Eunomius calls Him the seal of a power, not the Power. And then, repeating his expression, what is it that he adds to his previous statement? He calls Him seal of the Father's works and words and counsels. To what works of the Father is He like? He will say, of course, the world, and all things that are therein. But the Gospel has testified that all these things are the works of the Only-begotten. To what works of the Father, then, was He likened? Of what works was He made the seal? What Scripture ever entitled Him seal of the Father's works? But if any one should grant Eunomius the right to fashion his words at his own will, as he desires, even though Scripture does not agree with him, let him tell us what works of the Father there are of which he says that the Son was made the seal, apart from those that have been wrought by the Son. All things visible and invisible are the work of the Son: in the visible are included the whole world and all that is therein; in the invisible, the supramundane creation. What works of the Father, then, are remaining to be contemplated by themselves, over and above things visible and invisible, whereof he says that the Son was made the seal? Will he perhaps, when driven into a corner, return once more to the fetid vomit of heresy, and say that the Son is a work of the Father? How then does the Son come to be the seal of these works when He Himself, as Eunomius says, is the work of the Father? Or does he say that the same Person is at once a work and the likeness of a work? Let this be granted: let us suppose him to speak of the other works of which he says the Father was the creator, if indeed he intends us to understand likeness by the term seal. But what other words of the Father does Eunomius know, besides that Word Who was ever in the Father, Whom he calls a seal— Him Who is and is called the Word in the absolute, true, and primary sense? And to what counsels can he possibly refer, apart from the Wisdom of God, to which the Wisdom of God is made like, in becoming a seal of those counsels? Look at the want of discrimination and circumspection, at the confused muddle of his statement, how he brings the mystery into ridicule, without understanding either what he says or what he is arguing about. For He Who has the Father in His entirety in Himself, and is Himself in His entirety in the Father, as Word and Wisdom and Power and Truth, as His express image and brightness, Himself is all things in the Father, and does not come to be the image and seal and likeness of certain other things discerned in the Father prior to Himself.
Then Eunomius allows to Him the credit of the destruction of men by water in the days of Noah, of the rain of fire that fell upon Sodom, and of the just vengeance upon the Egyptians, as though he were making some great concessions to Him Who holds in His hand the ends of the world, in Whom, as the Apostle says, all things consist Colossians 1:17, as though he were not aware that to Him Who encompasses all things, and guides and sways according to His good pleasure all that has already been and all that will be, the mention of two or three marvels does not mean the addition of glory, so much as the suppression of the rest means its deprivation or loss. But even if no word be said of these, the one utterance of Paul is enough by itself to point to them all inclusively— the one utterance which says that He is above all, and through all, and in all.
13. He expounds the passage of the Gospel, The Father judges no man, and further speaks of the assumption of man with body and soulwrought by the Lord, of the transgression of Adam, and of death and the resurrection of the dead.
Next he says, He legislates by the command of the Eternal God. Who is the eternal God? And who is He that ministers to Him in the giving of the Law? Thus much is plain to all, that through Moses God appointed the Law to those that received it. Now inasmuch as Eunomius himself acknowledges that it was the only-begotten God Who held converse with Moses, how is it that the assertion before us puts the Lord of all in the place of Moses, and ascribes the character of the eternal God to the Father alone, so as, by thus contrasting Him with the Eternal, to make out the only-begotten God, the Maker of the Worlds, to be not Eternal? Our studious friend with his excellent memory seems to have forgotten that Paul uses all these terms concerning himself, announcing among men the proclamation of the Gospel by the command of God. Thus what the Apostle asserts of himself, that Eunomius is not ashamed to ascribe to the Lord of the prophets and apostles, in order to place the Master on the same level with Paul, His own servant. But why should I lengthen out my argument by confuting in detail each of these assertions, where the too unsuspicious reader of Eunomius' writings may think that their author is saying what Holy Scripture allows him to say, while one who is able to unravel each statement critically will find them one and all infected with heretical knavery. For the Churchman and the heretic alike affirm that the Father judges no man, but has committed all judgment unto the Son , but to this assertion they severally attach different meanings. By the same words the Churchman understands supreme authority, the other maintains subservience and subjection.
But to what has been already said, ought to be added some notice of that position which they make a kind of foundation of their impiety in their discussions concerning the Incarnation, the position, namely, that not the whole man has been saved by Him, but only the half of man, I mean the body. Their object in such a malignant perversion of the true doctrine, is to show that the less exalted statements, which our Lord utters in His humanity, are to be thought to have issued from the Godhead Itself, that so they may show their blasphemy to have a stronger case, if it is upheld by the actual acknowledgment of the Lord. For this reason it is that Eunomius says, He who in the last days became man did not take upon Himself the man made up of soul and body. But, after searching through all the inspired and sacred Scripture, I do not find any such statement as this, that the Creator of all things, at the time of His ministration here on earth for man, took upon Himself flesh only without a soul. Under stress of necessity, then, looking to the object contemplated by the plan of salvation, to the doctrines of the Fathers, and to the inspired Scriptures, I will endeavour to confute the impious falsehood which is being fabricated with regard to this matter. The Lord came to seek and to save that which was lost. Now it was not the body merely, but the whole man, compacted of soul and body, that was lost: indeed, if we are to speak more exactly, the soul was lost sooner than the body. For disobedience is a sin, not of the body, but of the will: and the will properly belongs to the soul, from which the whole disaster of our nature had its beginning, as the threat of God, that admits of no falsehood, testifies in the declaration that, in the day that they should eat of the forbidden fruit, death without respite would attach to the act. Now since the condemnation of man was twofold, death correspondingly effects in each part of our nature the deprivation of the twofold life that operates in him who is thus mortally stricken. For the death of the body consists in the extinction of the means of sensible perception, and in the dissolution of the body into its kindred elements: but the soul that sins, he says, it shall die Ezekiel 18:20 . Now sin is nothing else than alienation from God, Who is the true and only life. Accordingly the first man lived many hundred years after his disobedience, and yet God lied not when He said, In the day that you eat thereof you shall surely die. For by the fact of his alienation from the true life, the sentence of death was ratified against him that self-same day: and after this, at a much later time, there followed also the bodily death of Adam. He therefore Who came for this cause that He might seek and save that which was lost, (that which the shepherd in the parable calls the sheep,) both finds that which is lost, and carries home on His shoulders the whole sheep, not its skin only, that He may make the man of God complete, united to the deity in body and in soul. And thus He Who was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin, left no part of our nature which He did not take upon Himself. Now the soul is not sin though it is capable of admitting sin into it as the result of being ill-advised: and this He sanctifies by union with Himself for this end, that so the lump may be holy along with the first-fruits. Wherefore also the Angel, when informing Joseph of the destruction of the enemies of the Lord, said, They are dead which sought the young Child's life , (or soul): and the Lord says to the Jews, You seek to kill Me, a man that has told you the truth. Now by Man is not meant the body of a man only, but that which is composed of both, soul and body. And again, He says to them, Are you angry at Me, because I have made a man every whit whole on the Sabbath day ? And what He meant by every whit whole, He showed in the other Gospels, when He said to the man who was let down on a couch in the midst, Your sins be forgiven you, which is a healing of the soul, and, Arise and walk , which has regard to the body: and in the Gospel of S. John, by liberating the soul also from its own malady after He had given health to the body, where He says, You are made whole, sin no more , thou, that is, who hast been cured in both, I mean in soul and in body. For so too does S. Paul speak, for to make in Himself of two one new man Ephesians 2:15 . And so too He foretells that at the time of His Passion He would voluntarily detach His soul from His body, saying, No man takes my soulfrom Me, but I lay it down of Myself: I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. Yea, the prophet David also, according to the interpretation of the great Peter, said with foresight of Him, You will not leave My soul in hell, neither will You suffer Your Holy One to see corruption , while the Apostle Peter thus expounds the saying, that His soul was not left in hell, neither His flesh did see corruption. For His Godhead, alike before taking flesh and in the flesh and after His Passion, is immutably the same, being at all times what It was by nature, and so continuing for ever. But in the suffering of His humannature the Godhead fulfilled the dispensation for our benefit by severing the soul for a season from the body, yet without being Itself separated from either of those elements to which it was once for all united, and by joining again the elements which had been thus parted, so as to give to all humannature a beginning and an example which it should follow of the resurrection from the dead, that all the corruptible may put on incorruption, and all the mortal may put on immortality, our first-fruits having been transformed to the Divine nature by its union with God, as Peter said, This same Jesus Whom you crucified, has God made both Lord and Christ ; and we might cite many passages of Scripture to support such a position, showing how the Lord, reconciling the world to Himself by the Humanity of Christ, apportioned His work of benevolence to men between His soul and His body, willing through His soul and touching them through His body. But it would be superfluous to encumber our argument by entering into every detail.
Before passing on, however, to what follows, I will further mention the one text, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up. Just as we, through soul and body, become a temple of Him Who dwells in us and walks in us 2 Corinthians 6:16, even so the Lord terms their combination a temple, of which the destruction signifies the dissolution of the soul from the body. And if they allege the passage in the Gospel, The Word was made flesh , in order to make out that the flesh was taken into the Godhead without the soul, on the ground that the soul is not expressly mentioned along with the flesh, let them learn that it is customary for Holy Scripture to imply the whole by the part. For He that said, Unto You shall all flesh come , does not mean that the flesh will be presented before the Judge apart from the souls: and when we read in sacred History that Jacob went down into Egypt with seventy-five souls we understand the flesh also to be intended together with the souls. So, then, the Word, when He became flesh, took with the flesh the whole of humannature; and hence it was possible that hunger and thirst, fear and dread, desire and sleep, tears and trouble of spirit, and all such things, were in Him. For the Godhead, in its proper nature, admits no such affections, nor is the flesh by itself involved in them, if the soul is not affected co-ordinately with the body.
14. He proceeds to discuss the views held by Eunomius, and by the Church, touching the Holy Spirit; and to show that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghostare not three Gods, but one God. He also discusses different senses of Subjection, and therein shows that the subjection of all things to the Son is the same as the subjection of the Son to the Father.
Thus much with regard to his profanity towards the Son. Now let us see what he says about the Holy Spirit. After Him, we believe, he says, on the Comforter, the Spirit of Truth. I think it will be plain to all who come across this passage what object he has in view in thus perverting the declaration of the faith delivered to us by the Lord, in his statements concerning the Son and the Father. Though this absurdity has already been exposed, I will nevertheless endeavour, in few words, to make plain the aim of his knavery. As in the former case, he avoided using the name Father, that so he might not include the Son in the eternity of the Father, so he avoided employing the title Son, that he might not by it suggest His natural affinity to the Father; so here, too, he refrains from saying Holy Spirit, that he may not by this name acknowledge the majesty of His glory, and His complete union with the Father and the Son. For since the appellation of Spirit, and that of Holy, are by the Scriptures equally applied to the Father and the Son (for God is a Spirit , and the anointed Lord is the Spirit before our face , and the Lord our God is Holy , and there is one Holy, one Lord Jesus Christ) lest there should, by the use of these terms, be bred in the minds of his readers some orthodox conception of the Holy Spirit, such as would naturally arise in them from His sharing His glorious appellation with the Father and the Son, for this reason, deluding the ears of the foolish, he changes the words of the Faith as set forth by God in the delivery of this mystery, making a way, so to speak, by this sequence, for the entrance of his impiety against the Holy Spirit. For if he had said, We believe in the Holy Spirit, and God is a Spirit, any one instructed in things divine would have interposed the remark, that if we are to believe in the Holy Spirit, while God is called a Spirit, He is assuredly not distinct in nature from that which receives the same titles in a proper sense. For of all those things which are indicated not unreally, nor metaphorically, but properly and absolutely, by the same names, we are necessarily compelled to acknowledge that the nature also, which is signified by this identity of names, is one and the same. For this reason it is that, suppressing the name appointed by the Lord in the formula of the faith, he says, We believe in the Comforter. But I have been taught that this very name is also applied by the inspired Scripture to Father, Son, and Holy Ghost alike. For the Son gives the name of Comforter equally to Himself and to the Holy Spirit ; and the Father, where He is said to work comfort, surely claims as His own the name of Comforter. For assuredly he Who does the work of a Comforter does not disdain the name belonging to the work: for David says to the Father, You, Lord, hast helped me and comforted me , and the great Apostle applies to the Father the same language, when he says, Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, Who comforts us in all our tribulation 2 Corinthians 1:3-4; and John, in one of his Catholic Epistles, expressly gives to the Son the name of Comforter. Nay, more, the Lord Himself, in saying that another Comforter would be sent us, when speaking of the Spirit, clearly asserted this title of Himself in the first place. But as there are two senses of the word παρακαλεῖν —one to beseech, by words and gestures of respect, to induce him to whom we apply for anything, to feel with us in respect of those things for which we apply—the other to comfort, to take remedial thought for affections of body and soul—the Holy Scripture affirms the conception of the Paraclete, in either sense alike, to belong to the Divine nature. For at one time Paul sets before us by the word παρακαλεῖν the healing power of God, as when he says, God, Who comforts those that are cast down, comforted us by the coming of Titus 2 Corinthians 7:6; and at another time he uses this word in its other meaning, when he says, writing to the Corinthians, Now we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech you by us; we pray you in Christ's stead, be reconciled to God 2 Corinthians 5:20 . Now since these things are so, in whatever way you understand the title Paraclete, when used of the Spirit, you will not in either of its significations detach Him from His community in it with the Father and the Son. Accordingly, he has not been able, even though he wished it, to belittle the glory of the Spirit by ascribing to Him the very attribute which Holy Scripture refers also to the Father and to the Son. But in styling Him the Spirit of Truth, Eunomius' own wish, I suppose, was to suggest by this phrase subjection, since Christ is the Truth, and he called Him the Spirit of Truth, as if one should say that He is a possession and chattel of the Truth, without being aware that God is called a God of righteousness ; and we certainly do not understand thereby that God is a possession of righteousness. Wherefore also, when we hear of the Spirit of Truth, we acquire by that phrase such a conception as befits the Deity, being guided to the loftier interpretation by the words which follow it. For when the Lord said The Spirit of Truth, He immediately added Which proceeds from the Father , a fact which the voice of the Lord never asserted of any conceivable thing in creation, not of anything visible or invisible, not of thrones, principalities, powers, or dominions, nor of any other name that is named either in this world or in that which is to come. It is plain then that that, from share in which all creation is excluded, is something special and peculiar to uncreated being. But this man bids us believe in the Guide of godliness. Let a man then believe in Paul, and Barnabas, and Titus, and Silvanus, and Timotheus, and all those by whom we have been led into the way of the faith. For if we are to believe in that which guides us to godliness, along with the Father and the Son, all the prophets and lawgivers and patriarchs, heralds, evangelists, apostles, pastors, and teachers, have equal honour with the Holy Spirit, as they have been guides to godliness to those who came after them. Who came into being, he goes on, by the only God through the Only-begotten. In these words he gathers up in one head all his blasphemy. Once more he calls the Father only God, who employs the Only-begotten as an instrument for the production of the Spirit. What shadow of such a notion did he find in Scripture, that he ventures upon this assertion? By deduction from what premises did he bring his profanity to such a conclusion as this? Which of the Evangelists says it? What apostle? What prophet? Nay, on the contrary every scripture divinely inspired, written by the afflatus of the Spirit, attests the Divinity of the Spirit. For example (for it is better to prove my position from the actual testimonies), those who receive power to become children of God bear witness to the Divinity of the Spirit. Who knows not that utterance of the Lord which tells us that they who are born of the Spirit are the children of God? For thus He expressly ascribes the birth of the children of God to the Spirit, saying, that as that which is born of the flesh is flesh, so that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. But as many as are born of the Spirit are called the children of God. So also when the Lord by breathing upon His disciples had imparted to them the Holy Spirit, John says, Of His fullness have all we received. And that in Him dwells the fullness of the Godhead Colossians 2:9, the mighty Paul attests: yea, moreover, through the prophet Isaiah it is attested, as to the manifestation of the Divine appearance vouchsafed to him, when he saw Him that sat on the throne high and lifted up Isaiah 6:1; the older tradition, it is true, says that it was the Father Who appeared to him, but the evangelist John refers the prophecy to our Lord, saying, touching those of the Jews who did not believe the words uttered by the prophet concerning the Lord, These things said Esaias, when he saw His glory and spoke of Him. But the mighty Paul attributes the same passage to the Holy Spirit in his speech made to the Jews at Rome, when he says, Well spoke the Holy Ghost by Esaias the prophet concerning you, saying, Hearing you shall hear and shall not understand , showing, in my opinion, by Holy Scripture itself, that every specially divine vision, every theophany, every word uttered in the Person of God, is to be understood to refer to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Hence when David says, they provoked God in the wilderness, and grieved Him in the desert , the apostle refers to the Holy Spirit the despite done by the Israelites to God, in these terms: Wherefore, as the Holy Ghost says, Harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, in the day of temptation in the wilderness; when your fathers tempted me Hebrews 3:7, and goes on to refer all that the prophecy refers to God, to the Person of the Holy Ghost. Those who keep repeating against us the phrase three Gods, because we hold these views, have perhaps not yet learned how to count. For if the Father and the Son are not divided into duality, (for they are, according to the Lord's words, One, and not Two ) and if the Holy Ghost is also one, how can one added to one be divided into the number of three Gods? Is it not rather plain that no one can charge us with believing in the number of three Gods, without himself first maintaining in his own doctrine a pair of Gods? For it is by being added to two that the one completes the triad of Gods. But what room is there for the charge of tritheism against those by whom one God is worshipped, the God expressed by the Name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost?
Let us however resume Eunomius' statement in its entirety. Having come into being from the only God through the Only-begotten, this Spirit also— What proof is there of the statement that this Spirit also is one of the things that were made by the Only-begotten? They will say of course that all things were made by Him , and that in the term all thingsthis Spirit also is included. Our answer to them shall be this, All things were made by Him, that were made. Now the things that were made, as Paul tells us, were things visible and invisible, thrones, authorities, dominions, principalities, powers, and among those included under the head of thrones and powers are reckoned by Paul the Cherubim and Seraphim : so far does the term all things extend. But of the Holy Spirit, as being above the nature of things that have come into being, Paul said not a word in his enumeration of existing things, not indicating to us by his words either His subordination or His coming into being; but just as the prophet calls the Holy Spiritgood, and right, and guiding (indicating by the word guiding the power of control), even so the apostle ascribes independent authority to the dignity of the Spirit, when he affirms that He works all in all as He wills. 1 Corinthians 12:11 Again, the Lord makes manifest the Spirit's independent power and operation in His discourse with Nicodemus, when He says, The Spirit breathes where He wills. How is it then that Eunomius goes so far as to define that He also is one of the things that came into being by the Son, condemned to eternal subjection. For he describes Him as once for all made subject, enthralling the guiding and governing Spirit in I know not what form of subjection. For this expression of subjection has many significations in Holy Scripture, and is understood and used with many varieties of meaning. For the Psalmist says that even irrational nature is put in subjection , and brings under the same term those who are overcome in war , while the apostle bids servants to be in subjection to their own masters Titus 2:9, and that those who are placed over the priesthood should have their children in subjection 1 Timothy 3:4, as their disorderly conduct brings discredit upon their fathers, as in the case of the sons of Eli the priest. Again, he speaks of the subjection of all men to God, when we all, being united to one another by the faith, become one body of the Lord Who is in all, as the subjection of the Son to the Father, when the adoration paid to the Son by all things with one accord, by things in heaven, and things on earth, and things under the earth, redounds to the glory of the Father; as Paul says elsewhere, To Him every knee shall bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth, and every tongue shall confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. For when this takes place, the mighty wisdom of Paul affirms that the Son, Who is in all, is subject to the Father by virtue of the subjection of those in whom He is. What kind of subjection once for all Eunomius asserts of the Holy Spirit, it is thus impossible to learn from the phrase which he has thrown out—whether he means the subjection of irrational creatures, or of captives, or of servants, or of children who are kept in order, or of those who are saved by subjection. For the subjection of men to God is salvation for those who are so made subject, according to the voice of the prophet, who says that his soul is subject to God, since of Him comes salvation by subjection , so that subjection is the means of averting perdition. As therefore the help of the healing art is sought eagerly by the sick, so is subjection by those who are in need of salvation. But of what life does the Holy Spirit, that quickens all things, stand in need, that by subjection He should obtain salvation for Himself? Since then it is not on the strength of any Divine utterance that he asserts such an attribute of the Spirit, nor yet is it as a consequence of probable arguments that he has launched this blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, it must be plain at all events to sensible men that he vents his impiety against Him without any warrant whatsoever, unsupported as it is by any authority from Scripture or by any logical consequence.
15. Lastly he displays at length the folly of Eunomius, who at times speaks of the Holy Spiritas created, and as the fairest work of the Son, and at other times confesses, by the operations attributed to Him, that He is God, and thus ends the book.
He goes on to add, Neither on the same level with the Father, nor connumerated with the Father (for God over all is one and only Father), nor on an equality with the Son, for the Son is only-begotten, having none begotten with Him. Well, for my own part, if he had only added to his previous statement the remark that the Holy Ghost is not the Father of the Son, I should even then have thought it idle for him to linger over what no one ever doubted, and forbid people to form notions of Him which not even the most witless would entertain. But since he endeavours to establish his impiety by irrelevant and unconnected statements, imagining that by denying the Holy Spirit to be the Father of the Only-begotten he makes out that He is subject and subordinate, I therefore made mention of these words, as a proof of the folly of the man who imagines that he is demonstrating the Spirit to be subject to the Father on the ground that the Spirit is not Father of the Only-begotten. For what compels the conclusion, that if He be not Father, He must be subject? If it had been demonstrated that Father and despot were terms identical in meaning, it would no doubt have followed that, as absolute sovereignty was part of the conception of the Father, we should affirm that the Spirit is subject to Him Who surpassed Him in respect of authority. But if by Father is implied merely His relation to the Son, and no conception of absolute sovereignty or authority is involved by the use of the word, how does it follow, from the fact that the Spirit is not the Father of the Son, that the Spirit is subject to the Father? Nor on an equality with the Son, he says. How comes he to say this? For to be, and to be unchangeable, and to admit no evil whatsoever, and to remain unalterably in that which is good, all this shows no variation in the case of the Son and of the Spirit. For the incorruptible nature of the Spirit is remote from corruption equally with that of the Son, and in the Spirit, just as in the Son, His essential goodness is absolutely apart from its contrary, and in both alike their perfection in every good stands in need of no addition.
Now the inspired Scripture teaches us to affirm all these attributes of the Spirit, when it predicates of the Spirit the terms good, and wise, and incorruptible, and immortal, and all such lofty conceptions and names as are properly applied to Godhead. If then He is inferior in none of these respects, by what means does Eunomius determine the inequality of the Son and the Spirit? For the Son is, he tells us, Only-begotten, having no brother begotten with Him. Well, the point, that we are not to understand the Only-begotten to have brethren, we have already discussed in our comments upon the phrase first-born of all creation. But we ought not to leave unexamined the sense that Eunomius now unfairly attaches to the term. For while the doctrine of the Church declares that in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost there is one power, and goodness, and essence, and glory, and the like, saving the difference of the Persons, this man, when he wishes to make the essence of the Only-begotten common to the creation, calls Him the first-born of all creation in respect of His pre-temporal existence, declaring by this mode of expression that all conceivable objects in creation are in brotherhood with the Lord; for assuredly the first-born is not the first-born of those otherwise begotten, but of those begotten like Himself. But when he is bent upon severing the Spirit from union with the Son, he calls Him Only-begotten, not having any brother begotten with Him, not with the object of conceiving of Him as without brethren, but that by the means of this assertion he may establish touching the Spirit His essential alienation from the Son. It is true that we learn from Holy Scripture not to speak of the Holy Ghost as brother of the Son: but that we are not to say that the Holy Ghost is homogeneous with the Son, is nowhere shown in the divine Scriptures. For if there does reside in the Father and the Son a life-giving power, it is ascribed also to the Holy Spirit, according to the words of the Gospel. If one may discern alike in Father, Son, and Holy Spirit the properties of being incorruptible, immutable, of admitting no evil, of being good, right, guiding, of working all in all as He wills, and all the like attributes, how is it possible by identity in these respects to infer difference in kind? Accordingly the word of godliness agrees in affirming that we ought not to regard any kind of brotherhood as attaching to the Only-begotten; but to say that the Spirit is not homogeneous with the Son, the upright with the upright, the good with the good, the life-giving with the life-giving, this has been clearly demonstrated by logical inference to be a piece of heretical knavery.
Why then is the majesty of the Spirit curtailed by such arguments as these? For there is nothing which can be the cause of producing in him deviation by excess or defect from conceptions such as befit the Godhead, nor, since all these are by Holy Scripture predicated equally of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, can he inform us wherein he discerns inequality to exist. But he launches his blasphemy against the Holy Ghost in its naked form, ill-prepared and unsupported by any consecutive argument. Nor yet ranked, he says, with any other: for He has gone above all the creatures that came into being by the instrumentality of the Son in mode of being, and nature, and glory, and knowledge, as the first and noblest work of the Only-begotten, the greatest and most glorious. I will leave, however, to others the task of ridiculing the bad taste and surplusage of his style, thinking as I do that it is unseemly for the gray hairs of age, when dealing with the argument before us, to make vulgarity of expression an objection against one who is guilty of impiety. I will just add to my investigation this remark. If the Spirit has gone above all the creations of the Son, (for I will use his own ungrammatical and senseless phrase, or rather, to make things clearer, I will present his idea in my own language) if he transcends all things wrought by the Son, the Holy Spirit cannot be ranked with the rest of the creation; and if, as Eunomius says, he surpasses them by virtue of priority of birth, he must needs confess, in the case of the rest of creation, that the objects which are first in order of production are more to be esteemed than those which come after them. Now the creation of the irrational animals was prior to that of man. Accordingly he will of course declare that the irrational nature is more honourable than rational existence. So too, according to the argument of Eunomius, Cain will be proved superior to Abel, in that he was before him in time of birth, and so the stars will be shown to be lower and of less excellence than all the things that grow out of the earth; for these last sprang from the earth on the third day, and all the stars are recorded by Moses to have been created on the fourth. Well, surely no one is such a simpleton as to infer that the grass of the earth is more to be esteemed than the marvels of the sky, on the ground of its precedence in time, or to award the meed to Cain over Abel, or to place below the irrational animals man who came into being later than they. So there is no sense in our author's contention that the nature of the Holy Spirit is superior to that of the creatures that came into being subsequently, on the ground that He came into being before they did. And now let us see what he who separates Him from fellowship with the Son is prepared to concede to the glory of the Spirit: For he too, he says, being one, and first and alone, and surpassing all the creations of the Son in essence and dignity of nature, accomplishing every operation and all teaching according to the good pleasure of the Son, being sent by Him, and receiving from Him, and declaring to those who are instructed, and guiding into truth. He speaks of the Holy Ghost as accomplishing every operation and all teaching. What operation? Does he mean that which the Father and the Son execute, according to the word of the Lord Himself Who hitherto works man's salvation, or does he mean some other? For if His work is that named, He has assuredly the same power and nature as Him Who works it, and in such an one difference of kind from Deity can have no place. For just as, if anything should perform the functions of fire, shining and warming in precisely the same way, it is itself certainly fire, so if the Spirit does the works of the Father, He must assuredly be acknowledged to be of the same nature with Him. If on the other hand He operates something else than our salvation, and displays His operation in a contrary direction, He will thereby be proved to be of a different nature and essence. But Eunomius' statement itself bears witness that the Spirit quickens in like manner with the Father and the Son. Accordingly, from the identity of operations it results assuredly that the Spirit is not alien from the nature of the Father and the Son. And to the statement that the Spirit accomplishes the operation and teaching of the Father according to the good pleasure of the Son we assent. For the community of nature gives us warrant that the will of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost is one, and thus, if the Holy Spirit wills that which seems good to the Son, the community of will clearly points to unity of essence. But he goes on, being sent by Him, and receiving from Him, and declaring to those who are instructed, and guiding into truth. If he had not previously said what he has concerning the Spirit, the reader would surely have supposed that these words applied to some human teacher. For to receive a mission is the same thing as to be sent, and to have nothing of one's own, but to receive of the free favour of him who gives the mission, and to minister his words to those who are under instruction, and to be a guide into truth for those that are astray. All these things, which Eunomius is good enough to allow to the Holy Spirit, belong to the present pastors and teachers of the Church—to be sent, to receive, to announce, to teach, to suggest the truth. Now, as he had said above He is one, and first, and alone, and surpassing all, had he but stopped there, he would have appeared as a defender of the doctrines of truth. For He Who is indivisibly contemplated in the One is most truly One, and first Who is in the First, and alone Who is in the Only One. For as the spirit of man that is in him, and the man himself, are but one man, so also the Spirit of God which is in Him, and God Himself, would properly be termed One God, and First and Only, being incapable of separation from Him in Whom He is. But as things are, with his addition of his profane phrase, surpassing all the creatures of the Son, he produces turbid confusion by assigning to Him Who breathes where He wills , and works all in all 1 Corinthians 12:6, a mere superiority in comparison with the rest of created things.
Let us now see further what he adds to this sanctifying the saints. If any one says this also of the Father and of the Son, he will speak truly. For those in whom the Holy One dwells, He makes holy, even as the Good One makes men good. And the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are holy and good, as has been shown. Acting as a guide to those who approach the mystery. This may well be said of Apollos who watered what Paul planted. For the Apostle plants by his guidance , and Apollos, when he baptizes, waters by Sacramental regeneration, bringing to the mystery those who were instructed by Paul. Thus he places on a level with Apollos that Spirit Who perfects men through baptism. Distributing every gift. With this we too agree; for everything that is good is a portion of the gifts of the Holy Spirit. Co-operating with the faithful for the understanding and contemplation of things appointed. As he does not add by whom they are appointed, he leaves his meaning doubtful, whether it is correct or the reverse. But we will by a slight addition advance his statement so as to make it consistent with godliness. For since, whether it be the word of wisdom, or the word of knowledge, or faith, or help, or government, or anything else that is enumerated in the lists of saving gifts, all these works that one and the self-same Spirit, dividing to every man severally as He will 1 Corinthians 12:11, we therefore do not reject the statement of Eunomius when he says that the Spirit co-operates with the faithful for understanding and contemplation of things appointed by Him, because by Him all good teachings are appointed for us. Sounding an accompaniment to those who pray. It would be foolish seriously to examine the meaning of this expression, of which the ludicrous and meaningless character is at once manifest to all. For who is so demented and beside himself as to wait for us to tell him that the Holy Spirit is not a bell nor an empty cask sounding an accompaniment and made to ring by the voice of him who prays as it were by a blow? Leading us to that which is expedient for us. This the Father and the Son likewise do: for He leads Joseph like a sheep , and, led His people like sheep , and, the good Spirit leads us in a land of righteousness. Strengthening us to godliness. To strengthen man to godliness David says is the work of God; For You are my strength and my refuge , says the Psalmist, and the Lord is the strength of His people , and, He shall give strength and power unto His people. If then the expressions of Eunomius are meant in accordance with the mind of the Psalmist, they are a testimony to the Divinity of the Holy Ghost: but if they are opposed to the word of prophecy, then by this very fact a charge of blasphemy lies against Eunomius, because he sets up his own opinions in opposition to the holyprophets. Next he says, Lightening souls with the light of knowledge. This grace also the doctrine of godliness ascribes alike to the Father, to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. For He is called a light by David , and from thence the light of knowledge shines in them who are enlightened. In like manner also the cleansing of our thoughts of which the statement speaks is proper to the power of the Lord. For it was the brightness of the Father's glory, and the express image of His person, Who purged our sinsHebrews 1:3 . Again, to banish devils, which Eunomius says is a property of the Spirit, this also the only-begotten God, Who said to the devil, I charge you , ascribes to the power of the Spirit, when He says, If I by the Spirit of God cast out devils Matthew 12:28, so that the expulsion of devils is not destructive of the glory of the Spirit, but rather a demonstration of His divine and transcendent power. Healing the sick, he says, curing the infirm, comforting the afflicted, raising up those who stumble, recovering the distressed. These are the words of those who think reverently of the Holy Ghost, for no one would ascribe the operation of any one of these effects to any one except to God. If then heresy affirms that those things which it belongs to none save God alone to effect, are wrought by the power of the Spirit, we have in support of the truths for which we are contending the witness even of our adversaries. How does the Psalmist seek his healing from God, saying, Have mercy upon me, O Lord, for I am weak; O Lord, heal me, for my bones are vexed! It is to God that Isaiah says, The dew that is from You is healing unto them. Again, prophetic language attests that the conversion of those in error is the work of God. For they went astray in the wilderness in a thirsty land, says the Psalmist, and he adds, So He led them forth by the right way, that they might go to the city where they dwelt : and, when the Lord turned again the captivity of Sion. In like manner also the comfort of the afflicted is ascribed to God, Paul thus speaking, Blessed be God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, Who comforts us in all our tribulation 2 Corinthians 1:3-4 . Again, the Psalmist says, speaking in the person of God, You called upon Me in trouble and I delivered you. And the setting upright of those who stumble is innumerable times ascribed by Scripture to the power of the Lord: You have thrust sore at me that I might fall, but the Lord was my help , and Though he fall, he shall not be cast away, for the Lord upholds him with His hand , and The Lord helps them that are fallen. And to the loving-kindness of God confessedly belongs the recovery of the distressed, if Eunomius means the same thing of which we learn in prophecy, as the Scripture says, You laid trouble upon our loins; You suffered men to ride over our heads; we went through fire and water, and You brought us out into a wealthy place.
Thus far then the majesty of the Spirit is demonstrated by the evidence of our opponents, but in what follows the limpid waters of devotion are once more defiled by the mud of heresy. For he says of the Spirit that He cheers on those who are contending: and this phrase involves him in the charge of extreme folly and impiety. For in the stadium some have the task of arranging the competitions between those who intend to show their athletic vigour; others, who surpass the rest in strength and skill, strive for the victory and strip to contend with one another, while the rest, taking sides in their good wishes with one or other of the competitors, according as they are severally disposed towards or interested in one athlete or another, cheer him on at the time of the engagement, and bid him guard against some hurt, or remember some trick of wrestling, or keep himself unthrown by the help of his art. Take note from what has been said to how low a rank Eunomius degrades the Holy Spirit. For while on the course there are some who arrange the contests, and others who settle whether the contest is conducted according to rule, others who are actually engaged, and yet others who cheer on the competitors, who are acknowledged to be far inferior to the athletes themselves, Eunomius considers the Holy Spirit as one of the mob who look on, or as one of those who attend upon the athletes, seeing that He neither determines the contest nor awards the victory, nor contends with the adversary, but merely cheers without contributing at all to the victory. For He neither joins in the fray, nor does He implant the power to contend, but merely wishes that the athlete in whom He is interested may not come off second in the strife. And so Paul wrestles against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places Ephesians 6:12, while the Spirit of power does not strengthen the combatants nor distribute to them His gifts, dividing to every man severally as He will 1 Corinthians 12:11, but His influence is limited to cheering on those who are engaged.
Again he says, Emboldening the faint-hearted. And here, while in accordance with his own method he follows his previous blasphemy against the Spirit, the truth for all that manifests itself, even through unfriendly lips. For to none other than to God does it belong to implant courage in the fearful, saying to the faint-hearted, Fear not, for I am with you, be not dismayed Isaiah 41:10, as says the Psalmist, Yea though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death I will fear no evil, for You are with me. Nay, the Lord Himself says to the fearful,— Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid , and, Why are you fearful, O you of little faithMatthew 8:26? and, Be of good cheer, it is I, be not afraid , and again, Be of good cheer: I have overcome the world. Accordingly, even though this may not have been the intention of Eunomius, orthodoxy asserts itself by means even of the voice of an enemy. And the next sentence agrees with that which went before:— Caring for all, and showing all concern and forethought. For in fact it belongs to God alone to care and to take thought for all, as the mighty David has expressed it, I am poor and needy, but the Lord cares for me. And if what remains seems to be resolved into empty words, with sound and without sense, let no one find fault, seeing that in most of what he says, so far as any sane meaning is concerned, he is feeble and untutored. For what on earth he means when he says, for the onward leading of the better disposed and the guardianship of the more faithful, neither he himself, nor they who senselessly admire his follies, could possibly tell us.
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Things to watch out for while dating
22-Jan-2018 10:46knightthror
Red Flags to Look Out For on Dating Sites According to a Dude For others, however, it can be a life-ruining decision – leaving us penniless, heartbroken and with many more problems heading our way. Red Flags to Look Out For on Dating Sites According to a Dude. Going into this experience, I just wanted to see a man's reaction to the. Unless you're into that sort of thing, but even thenrun they're. Ask a Dude"What Do I Do When The Guy I Met On Tinder Doesn't Look Like His Pics?" Ask a.
How to Spot an Online Dating Not only would it be foolish, but downrht selfish. How to Spot an Online Dating Scammer. Watchout for the catch. "It pointed outthings that are actually happening.
Things to Do and Never Do WhileDating HuffPost However, a husband is responsible to lead his wife in sanctification, as this verse explains with the imagery of Christ and His bride. Pick one thing that strikes you about your date—their hair, shoes, eyes, voice—and point out to them that you appreciate this detail. Watch as.
Things I Learned When I Quit Online Dating Glamour By learning how to spot a scammer, you can protect yourself. But her cell phone seems to be faulty and her old laptop doesn't have a built in camera. I also enjoy toying with these scammers with elaborate stories of wealth, success, and loneliness. There are plenty of things I wish I knew before I started online dating, and. It took a little while, but when I was putting less energy into scoping out prospects. you feel disappointed when you don't see these rewards and you.
My year on - It is easy to see only the positive in the other person and completely nore any warning sns. It would be foolish to date someone and not even consider the possible outcomes. I'd done so many scary things in my life. and you started going out. After a while — OK. You could say that my year on Match was not successful.
Online dating red flags and how to spot them early - Mirror Online Christ’s role and a husband’s role do differ because only Christ alone can truly cleanse us. Watchout for these warning sns before agreeing to take the next. We know that when it comes to online dating, not posting a photo is an.
Relationship Red Flags For Single Moms To WatchOut For. While you do not have to commit to marrying this person rht away, you should realize that any guy-girl relationship you begin has the potential to end in marriage. That is why it is important to consider some warning sns you will look for whiledating someone. If you desire to have a marriage relationship built on Scripture, you will want to marry a man who will be a strong spiritual leader to you and your future family. Your spiritual maturity may result in frustration and leadership struggles if he is not as strong as you in his relationship with God. Ultimately, your spiritual condition is up to you and you alone. Relationship Red Flags For Single Moms To WatchOut For. 0. By Samantha. Be sure to notice the little things. Dating with intention is never more important than when you have a family you are guiding and protecting. 4.
Questions to Ask Before You Date Spotting Discrepancies Reading or Listening Between the Lines Beware Speed Community Q&A Online dating scams are rife. You do not have to be rich and you do not have to be stupid. Questions to Ask Before You. Ever wish you could predict ahead of time whether or not a dating relationship will work out. While you can't.
Texting-While-Dating Rules to And love is the tool scammers use to pry open your bank account and strip you of your assets. She says I'm so handsome (I'm not) and wants to see me in person and hear me. Beware." said he was Roden Miller (actually Jeffrey Miller) as a scammer. He is in the army stationed in Houston Texas but is currently on a peacekeeping mission in Libya but would be returning soon. I refuse to give my number or email and insist on staying on that site. Texting-While-Dating Rules to Simplify Your. minefield of modern dating 1. Texting means different things to. texts asking to hang out.
Relationship Red Flags You Should Never nore SELF You just have to be looking for love, a search that causes you to be more vulnerable than usual. This person doesn't really see you as you—you're a projection of some perfect. When one partner is constantly initiating sex and the other isn't in the mood. that would make their mother want to wash their mouth out with soap. Imagine how they'll handle the b things. Dating, dealbreakers, red flags.
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Pile-CC
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---
abstract: 'There have been a number of generalizations of fixed point results to the so called TVS-cone metric spaces, based on a distance function that takes values in some cone with nonempty interior (solid cone) in some topological vector space. In this paper we prove that the TVS-cone metric space can be equipped with a family of mutually equivalent (usual) metrics such that the convergence (resp. property of being Cauchy sequence, contractivity condition) in TVS sense is equivalent to convergence (resp. property of being Cauchy sequence, contractivity condition) in all of these metrics. As a consequence, we prove that if a topological vector space $E$ and a solid cone $P$ are given, then the category of TVS-cone metric spaces is a proper subcategory of metric spaces with a family of mutually equivalent metrics (Corollary \[categoty\]). Hence, generalization of a result from metric spaces to TVS-cone metric spaces is meaningless. This, also, leads to a formal deriving of fixed point results from metric spaces to TVS-cone metric spaces and makes some earlier results vague. We also give a new common fixed point result in (usual) metric spaces context, and show that it can be reformulated to TVS-cone metric spaces context very easy, despite of the fact that formal (syntactic) generalization is impossible. Apart of main results, we prove that the existence of a solid cone ensures that the initial topology is Hausdorff, as well as it admits a plenty of convex open sets. In fact such topology is stronger then some norm topology.'
address:
- 'University of Belgrade - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kraljice Marije 16, 11000 Beograd, Serbia'
- 'University of Belgrade - Faculty of Mathematics, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Beograd, Serbia'
author:
- 'Ivan D. Aranelović'
- 'Dragoljub J. Kečkić'
title: 'TVS-cone metric spaces as a special case of metric spaces'
---
[^1]
Introduction {#1}
============
Investigation of cone metric spaces (also known as $K$-metric space) was introduced by several Russian authors in the middle of 20th century. They differ from usual metric spaces in the fact that the values of distance functions are not positive real numbers, but elements of a cone in some normed space. L.-G. Huang and X. Zhang [@HZ], reintroduced such spaces, and also went further, defining convergent and Cauchy sequences in the terms of interior points of the underlying cone. They proved some fixed point theorems for this class of spaces. Du [@DU] generalizes this notion considering a cone in some locally convex topological vector space $E$ instead of a normed space. Further generalization is given by I. Beg, A. Azam and M. Arshad, [@BAA] assuming that the distance function takes values in Hausdorff (not necessarily locally convex) topological vector space. Such spaces are known as TVS-cone metric spaces.
Given a TVS-cone metric space $(X,d)$ (over topological vector space $E$), we shall prove that there exists a family of metrics $\{d_\alpha\}$ (in the usual sense - with real values) that defines exactly the same convergent and Cauchy sequences and such that inequality in TVS metric is equivalent to the same inequality in all metrics $d_\alpha$. More precisely, the category of TVS-cone metric spaces is a proper subcategory of metric spaces equipped with a family of mutually equivalent metrics. Hence, to say that some result is a generalization of a result from metric spaces to TVS-cone metric spaces is same as saying that a result is generalization from general topology to metric spaces, i.e, it is a nonsense. Therefore, a large number of generalizations of fixed point results to TVS-cone metric spaces (or to its special case - cone metric spaces), published in last several years are not really generalizations, but just a complicated way to formulate a result that is a special case of an old one.
It has to be mentioned that this result was partially proved in [@KP], [@KRR1] and [@AR].
The main tool we used is the scalarization function, introduced by Du [@DU]. For any scalarization function, we construct its induced norm on the underlying topological vector space $E$. Further, we show that all such obtained norms are mutually equivalent, and that convergence in any of them is equivalent to TVS convergence. The same is done for Cauchy sequences, continuous and uniformly continuous functions.
Also, we prove that these equivalent norms are continuous with respect to the initial topology, and hence, they generate topology weaker then initial. As a consequence we derived that the existence of a solid cone in topological vector space ensures that the topology is Hausdorff as well as it contains many convex open neighborhood of zero.
In the last section, we give Theorem that allows automatic extension of fixed point results by formal syntactic algorithm, and also illustrate, by Example, that the extension is not less easy if formal methods are unavailable. This example includes new fixed point result on usual metric spaces.
We give the proofs of many basic statements initially proved in some other paper to make this note more readable.
Scalarization function and induced norms {#2}
========================================
Let $E$ be a topological vector space (over the field $K=\mathbf R$ or $\mathbf C$), and let $P\subseteq E$ be a closed set with following properties:
1. $P\neq\emptyset,\{0\}$;
2. $x,y\in P$, and $\lambda\ge0$ implies $x+y,\lambda x\in P$;
3. \[d12\] $P\cap -P=\{0\}$.
Then $P$ is called a [*cone*]{}. If, in addition, its interior is nonempty, we say that $P$ is a [*solid cone*]{}.
\[poredak\] We define a partial ordering with respect to cone $P$. We write $x\le y$, and say “$x$ is less then $y$”, if $y-x\in P$, and $x\ll y$ (“$x$ is strongly less then $y$”) for $y-x\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. The latter, of course, if the cone is solid. It is easy to verify that this relation is reflexive ($0\in P$), antisymmetric ($P\cap
-P=\{0\}$) and transitive (follows from subadditivity).
If ambiguity is possible we shall emphasize notations and use $\le_P$ and $\ll_P$.
In further we shall write tvs for topological vector space. The pair $(E,P)$ consisting of tvs $E$ and a solid cone $P$ is called [*ordered tvs*]{}.
Sometimes, the third condition is omitted in the definition of a cone. In this case, cones which satisfies \[d12\], are called [*pointed cones*]{} or [*proper cones*]{}.
The following Lemma establishes basic properties of a solid cone. The second one is the most important and due to it, TVS-cone convergence does not make anything new.
\[basic\] Let $(E,P)$ be an ordered tvs. Then:
1\) If $x\in P$ and $y\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ then $x+y\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. Consequently, if $x\le y$ and $y\ll z$ (or $x\ll y$ and $y\le z$) then $x\ll z$;
2\) For any $c,e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ there are $\delta,\eta>0$ such that $\delta c\ll e$ and $\eta e\ll c$,
1\) Since $y\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ there is an open neighborhood $W$ of zero such that $y+W\subseteq P$. On the other hand $P$ is closed with respect to addition and hence $x+y+W\subseteq P$ which means $x+y\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$;
2\) The set $\{x\in E~|~x\ll e\}$ is equal to $e-{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$; hence it is open. Also it contains the origin; therefore it contains some neighborhood of zero $W$. Since $c/n\to0$, there is a positive integer $n$ such that $c/n\in W$; Take $\delta=1/n$ to obtain $\delta c\ll e$.
Let $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. The nonlinear scalarization function $\xi_e:E\to E$ is defined by $$\xi_e(y)=\inf\{t\in\mathbf{R}~|~y\in te-P\}=\inf\{t\in\mathbf R~|~y\le te\}=\inf M_{e,y}.$$
To see that $\xi_e$ is well defined we must check that the set $M_{e,y}$ is nonempty and bounded below. Indeed, $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$, as well as $-e\notin P$, and both ${\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$, $E\setminus P$ are open. Therefore, there is a neighborhood $W$ of zero such that $e+W\subseteq P$, and $(-e+W)\cap P=\emptyset$. Obviously $-y/n\to
0$, as $n\to\infty$, and therefore, there is a positive integer $n$ such that $-y/n\in W$ and then $ne-y\in
P$ and $-ne-y\notin P$; hence $n\in M_{e,y}$, $-n\notin M_{e,y}$.
\[rem1\] In fact, since $P$ is closed, the set $M_{e,y}$ is also closed, and hence $$\label{skupM}
M_{e,y}=[\xi_e(y),+\infty).$$
The following Lemma that establishes the basic properties of $\xi_e$ was proved (except statement 6)) in [@DU].
\[sf\] For any $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$, the function $\xi_e$ has the following properties:
1\) $\xi_e(0)=0$;
2\) $y\in P$ implies $\xi_e(y)\ge 0$;
3\) if $y_2\le y_1$, then $\xi_e(y_2)\le \xi_e(y_1)$ for any $y_1,y_2\in E$;
4\) $\xi_e$ is subadditive on $E$.
5\) $\xi_e$ is positively homogeneous on $E$.
6\) $\xi_e$ is continuous on $E$;
1\) $M_{e,0}=\{t~|~te\in P\}=[0,+\infty)$;
2\) Let $y\in P$. If $t<0$, and $te-y\in P$ then $te=te-y+y\in P$ which contradicts $te\in -P$;
3\) If $y_2\le y_1$, then $y_1-y_2\in P$, and for each $t\in M_{e,y_1}$ it holds $y_1\le te$. Hence $y_2\le
te$;
4\) From $x\in t_1e-P$ and $y\in t_2e-P$ it follows $$x+y\in t_1e+t_2e-(P+P)=(t_1+t_2)e-P.$$ So $\xi_e(x)\le
t_1$ and $\xi_e(y)\le t_2$ implies $\xi_e(x+y)\le t_1+t_2$. Hence $\xi_e(x+y)\le \xi_e(x)+\xi_e(y)$;
5\) It is enough to check that $M_{e,\lambda y}=\lambda M_{e,y}$ for any $\lambda>0$.
6\) First, we have $\xi_e^{-1}(\alpha,+\infty)=\{x~|~\xi_e(x)>\alpha\}=\{x~|~x\not\in \alpha e-P\}=\alpha
e-E\setminus P$, which is an open set, since $P$ is closed.
Next, let $x\in\xi_a^{-1}(-\infty,\alpha)$. Then $\xi_e(x)=\alpha-\delta$, for some $\delta>0$. The mapping $y\mapsto\delta y/2$ is continuous, implying $\delta e/2\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. Then there exists a balanced neighborhood of zero $W$, such that $\delta e/2+W\subseteq{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. For $y\in W$ we have $-y\in W$, as well, and therefore $\delta e/2-y\in P$, implying $\xi_e(y)\le\delta/2$, and also, by subadditivity $$\xi_e(x+y)\le\xi_e(x)+\xi_e(y)\le\alpha-\delta+\delta/2<\alpha.$$ Hence, $x+W\subseteq\xi_e^{-1}(-\infty,\alpha)$ which finishes the proof.
\[l1\] Let $(E,P)$ be an ordered tvs, let $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$, and let $\xi_e$ be its scalarization function.
a\) If $0\ll x\ll\lambda e$, for some real $\lambda>0$, then $0\le \xi_e(x),-\xi_e(-x)<\lambda$.
b\) The function $E\ni x\mapsto \|x\|_e=\max\{|\xi_e(x)|,|\xi_e(-x)|\}$ is a norm on $E$ considered over real field.
c\) If $x\in P$ then $\|x\|_e=\xi_e(x)\ge0$;
If $E$ is a linear space over $\mathbf C$, we can regard it as a linear space over $\mathbf R$. Thus, $\|\cdot\|_e$ must satisfy $\|\lambda x\|=|\lambda|\,\|x\|$ only for real $\lambda$. In the rest of the paper, we deal only with real norms.
a\) The left hand side of the required inequality follows from Lemma \[sf\] - 2). From Lemma \[sf\] - 3) it holds $\xi_e(x)\le\xi_e(\lambda e)=\lambda$. Since $\lambda e-x\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$, there exists a neighborhood $W$ of $0$ such that $\lambda e-x+W\subseteq P$. Let $\delta>0$ be such that $-\delta e\in W$. Then we have $$\label{prva}P\ni \lambda e-x-\delta e=(\lambda-\delta)e-x,$$ and therefore $\xi_e(x)\le\lambda-\delta<\lambda$.
Further, from (\[prva\]), we conclude that $(\delta-\lambda)e+x\notin P$, and hence $\xi_e(-x)>-\lambda$.
b\) Obviously, $\|x\|_e\ge 0$, $\|0\|_e=0$ and $\|-x\|_e=\|x\|_e$. Subadditivity follows from subadditivity of the functions $x\mapsto\xi_e(x)$, $x\mapsto \xi_e(-x)$, $|.|$ and $\max$, and the fact that at least one of numbers $\xi_e(x+y)$, $\xi_e(-x-y)$ must be positive (the latter follows from $0=\xi_e(x+y+(-x-y))\le\xi_e(x+y)+\xi_e(-x-y)$).
Since $\xi_e$ is positively homogeneous, for $\lambda>0$ we have $\xi_e(\lambda x)=\lambda\xi_e(x)$ and $\xi_e(-\lambda x)=\lambda\xi_e(-x)$, implying $|\xi_e(\lambda x)|=\lambda|\xi_e(x)|$ and $|\xi_e(-\lambda
x)|=\lambda|\xi_e(-x)|$; hence $\|\lambda x\|_e=\lambda\|x\|_e$. If $\lambda<0$ then we use the previous case $\lambda>0$ and $\|-x\|_e=\|x\|_e$ to obtain $\|\lambda
x\|_e=\|(-\lambda)(-x)\|_e=(-\lambda)\|-x\|_e=|\lambda|\,\|x\|_e$.
Finally, if $\|x\|_e=0$ then both $\xi_e(x)$ and $\xi_e(-x)$ are equal to zero. It follows from (\[skupM\]) that $x,-x\in P$ implying $x=0$.
c\) First note that $-\xi_e(x)\le\xi_e(-x)\le0$. Indeed, from subadditivity of $\xi_e$ we have $0=\xi_e(x+(-x))\le\xi_e(x)+\xi_e(-x)$ which proves the first inequality. Obviously, $-x\notin P$ which proves the second inequality (except for $x=0$, but this case is trivial). Now, we have $|\xi_e(-x)|=-\xi_e(-x)\le\xi_e(x)$.
The main result of this section is the following Theorem.
\[equinorms\] Let $(E,P)$ be an ordered tvs, and let $e,e'\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. Then $\|\cdot\|_e$ and $\|\cdot\|_{e'}$ are mutually equivalent norms. Moreover, it holds $$\label{equi}
\frac1{\xi_e(e')}\|x\|_e\le\|x\|_{e'}\le\xi_{e'}(e)\|x\|_e.$$ Also, the constants in (\[equi\]) are the best possible.
If $x\in P$ then by Lemma \[l1\] c), $||x||_e=\xi_e(x)$ and (\[equi\]) is reduced to $$\frac1{\xi_e(e')}\xi_e(x)\le\xi_{e'}(x)\le\xi_{e'}(e)\xi_e(x).$$
The first inequality follows from the second by exchanging roles of $e$ and $e'$. So, we shall prove only the second.
First, note that $\xi_e(e)=\xi_{e'}(e')=1$ and $\xi_{e'}(e)$, $\xi_e(e')>0$. Let $\lambda\ge0$ and $\lambda\ge\xi_{e'}(e)\xi_e(x)$. Then we have $$\lambda e'-x=\frac\lambda{\xi_{e'}(e)}(\xi_{e'}(e)e'-e)+\frac\lambda{\xi_{e'}(e)}e-x.\nonumber$$ The first summand belongs to $P$, since $\lambda\ge0$, whereas the second belongs to $P$, since $\lambda/\xi_{e'}(e)\ge\xi_e(x)$. Therefore $\lambda e'-x\in P$. Thus, we got the implication $$\label{lambda>0}
\lambda\ge0\:\wedge\:\lambda\ge\xi_{e'}(e)\xi_e(x)\Longrightarrow\lambda\ge\xi_{e'}(x).$$
Similarly, for $\lambda\le0$ and $\lambda\le-\xi_{e'}(e)\xi_e(-x)$, we have $$-(\lambda
e'-x)=-\frac\lambda{\xi_{e'}(e)}(\xi_{e'}(e)e'-e)+\left(-\frac\lambda{\xi_{e'}(e)}e+x\right).\nonumber$$ The first summand belongs to $P$, since $\lambda\le0$, whereas the second belongs to $P$, since $-\lambda/\xi_{e'}(e)\ge\xi_e(-x)$. Thus, $-(\lambda e'-x)\in P$, implying $\lambda e'-x\notin P$; hence $\lambda\le\xi_{e'}(x)$. We got the second implication: $$\label{lambda<0}
\lambda\le0\:\wedge\:\lambda\le-\xi_{e'}(e)\xi_e(-x)\Longrightarrow\lambda\le\xi_{e'}(x).$$
Continuing the proof, we consider three cases $\xi_{e'}(x)>0$, $\xi_{e'}(x)<0$ and $\xi_{e'}(x)=0$.
First case: $\xi_{e'}(x)>0$. If $\xi_e(x)\le0$, then choosing $\lambda=0$ in (\[lambda>0\]) we get $\xi_{e'}(x)\le0$ - a contradiction; therefore $\xi_e(x)>0$. Applying, once again (\[lambda>0\]), now for $\lambda=\xi_{e'}(e)\xi_e(x)$, we conclude that $$\label{t11}
0<\xi_{e'}(x)\le\xi_{e'}(e)\xi_e(x)\le\xi_{e'}(e)\|x\|_e.$$
Second case: $\xi_{e'}(x)\le0$. If $\xi_e(-x)\le0$, then by (\[lambda<0\]), choosing $\lambda=0$ we obtain $\xi_{e'}(x)\ge0$ - a contradiction; therefore $\xi_e(-x)>0$. Applying (\[lambda<0\]) again, for $\lambda=-\xi_{e'}(e)\xi_e(-x)$, we get $$\label{t12}
0>\xi_{e'}(x)\ge-\xi_{e'}(e)\xi_e(-x)\ge-\xi_{e'}(e)\|x\|_e.$$
Combining (\[t11\]) and (\[t12\]) we have $|\xi_{e'}(x)|\le\xi_{e'}(e)\|x\|_e$, for $\xi_{e'}(x)\neq0$, whereas for $\xi_{e'}(x)=0$ this inequality is trivial. Apply the last inequality to $-x$ instead of $x$ to obtain $\|x\|_{e'}\le\xi_{e'}(e)\|x\|_e$.
To see that constants in (\[equi\]) are the best possible, choose $x=e$ and $x=e'$.
Let $(E,P)$ be an ordered tvs. Then:
a\) There is a (real) norm on $E$ that generates topology contained in the initial one;
b\) The initial topology is Hausdorff;
a\) By Lemma \[l1\], $\|\cdot\|_e$ is a norm on $E$. The corresponding topology is generated by balls, and taking into account that $x\mapsto a+x$ and $x\mapsto\alpha x$ ($a\in E$, $\alpha\in\mathbf R$) are continuous functions, it is enough to prove that $\{x\in E~|~\|x\|_e<1\}$ is open in the initial topology. However it immediately follows, since the latter set is equal to $\xi_e^{-1}(-1,1)\cap-\xi_e^{-1}(-1,1)$, and $\xi_e$ is continuous.
b\) Follows from the previous part.
Let $E$ be a topological vector space. If $E$ does not contain nontrivial (i.e. $\neq\emptyset,E$) convex open sets then there is no solid cone in $E$. For instance, $L^p(0,1)$ for $0<p<1$ has not any solid cone.
By previous Corollary, the unit ball in the norm $\|\cdot\|_e$ is open. It is also (obviously) convex, so the result follows. The space $L^p(0,1)$, $0<p<1$ does not contain any nontrivial open convex set by [@Rudin §1.47].
TVS convergence
===============
Let $X$ be a nonempty set, and let $(E,P)$ be an ordered tvs. If the function $d:X\times X\to P$ satisfies the following conditions:
1. $d(x,y)=0$ if and only if $x=y$;
2. $d(y,x)=d(x,y)$, for all $x,y\in X$;
3. $d(x,z)\le d(x,y)+d(y,z)$ (in the sense of Definition \[poredak\]), for all $x,y,z\in X$,
then the pair $(X,d)$ (or quadruple $(X,E,P,d)$ if we want to emphasize ordered tvs) is called TVS-cone metric space.
The following definition is well known [@HZ], [@DU]
Let $(X,d)$ be a TVS-cone metric space, let $(x_n)\subseteq X$ be a sequence, and let $x\in X$.
1. We say that $(x_n)$ TVS converges to $x$ if for any $c\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ there is a positive integer $n_0$, such that for all $n\ge n_0$ we have $d(x_n,x)\ll c$;
2. We say that $(x_n)$ is a TVS Cauchy sequence, if for all $x\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ there is a positive integer $n_0$ such that for all $m,n\ge n_0$ we have $d(x_m,x_n)\ll c$;
3. We say that $(X,d)$ is TVS-cone complete if every TVS Cauchy sequence is TVS convergent.
It is easy to see, using Lemma \[basic\] - 2) that “for all $c\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$” can be replaced by “for all $c={\varepsilon}e$, ${\varepsilon}$ runs through $\mathbf R^+$ and $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ is fixed”. Thus, TVS convergence is controlled by $\mathbf R$ instead of ${\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$.
In a similar manner we can define TVS continuous and TVS uniformly continuous functions.
Let $(X_1,d_1)$ and $(X_2,d_2)$ be TVS-cone metric spaces over an ordered tvs $(E,P)$.
1. We say that $f:X_1\to X_2$ is TVS continuous at $a\in X_1$, if for all $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ there exists $c\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ such that for all $x\in X_1$ $$d_1(a,x)\ll c\mbox{ implies }d_2(f(a),f(x))\ll e.$$ We say that $f$ is TVS continuous if it is TVS continuous at all $a\in X_1$;
2. Similarly, we say that $f$ is TVS uniformly continuous if for all $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ there exists $c\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ such that for all $x,y\in X_1$ $$d_1(x,y)\ll c\mbox{ implies }d_2(f(x),f(y))\ll e.$$
The next Proposition 1)-4) is a refinement of a result proved in [@AK Lemma 2] and [@DU Theorems 2.1 and 2.2] which have additional assumption that $E$ is locally convex.
\[Cauchy-equi\] Let $(X,d)$ and $(X',d')$ be TVS-cone metric spaces over an ordered tvs $(E,P)$. Then:
1\) The function $d_e:X\times X\rightarrow [0,+\infty)$ defined by $d_e=\xi_e\circ d$ is a metric;
2\) The sequence $(x_n)$ TVS-cone converges to $x$, if and only if $d_e (x_n,x)\to0$ for all $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ and this holds if and only if $d_e(x_n,x)\to 0$ for some $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$;
3\) The sequence $(x_n)$ is a TVS-cone Cauchy sequences if and only if $(x_n)$ is a Cauchy sequences (in usual sense) in $(X,d_e)$ for all $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ and this holds if and only if $(x_n)$ is a Cauchy sequence in $(X,d_e)$ for some $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$;
4\) $(X,d)$ is a TVS-cone complete metric space, if and only if all $(X,d_e)$ is complete metric space and this holds if and only if $(X,d_e)$ is Cauchy complete for some $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$.
5\) $f:X\to X'$ is TVS continuous if and only if it is continuous in all $d_e$, $d'_e$, $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$;
6\) $f:X\to X'$ is TVS uniformly continuous if and only if it is uniformly continuous in all $d_e$, $d'_e$, $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$.
1\) By Lemma \[l1\], we have $d_e(x,y)=\|d(x,y)\|$ and desired properties follows immediately from properties of $\|\cdot\|_e$ and $d$.
By Theorem \[equinorms\] and Remark after it, all metrics $d_e$ are mutually equivalent. Thus, we can assume in the rest of the proof that the equivalence between “in all $d_e$” and “in some $d_e$” has been already proved.
2\) Let $x_n$ TVS converges to $x$, and let $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$, ${\varepsilon}>0$ be arbitrary. Then ${\varepsilon}e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. So $d(x_n,x)\ll{\varepsilon}e$ for $n$ large enough. By Lemma \[sf\] we obtain $\xi_e(d(x_n,x))\le{\varepsilon}$ for same $n$.
Let us suppose that $x_n\to x$ in all metrics $d_e$, let $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$, and let ${\varepsilon}<1$. Then $d_e(x_n,x)=\xi_e(d(x_n,x))\to0$, and therefore there exists a positive integer $n_0$ such that for all $n\ge
n_0$ we have $$\inf\{r\:|\:d(x_n,x)\in re-P\}=\xi_e(d(x_n,x))\le\varepsilon/2,$$ which implies that there exists $r<\varepsilon$ such that $d(x_n,x)\in re-P$, i.e. $re-d(x_n,x)\in P$, i.e. $d(x_n,x)\le re\ll e$.
3\) The proof is the same as the proof of the previous part of the statement. Just replace $d(x_n,x)$ by $d(x_n,x_m)$.
4\) It follows from conclusions 2) and 3).
5\) Let $f:X\to X'$ be TVS continuous, and let $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ be fixed. Given ${\varepsilon}>0$, we have ${\varepsilon}e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$; hence there is a $c\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ such that $d(a,x)\ll c$ implies $d'(f(a),f(x))\ll{\varepsilon}e$. Choose $\delta>0$ such that $\delta e\ll c$ (Lemma \[basic\] - 2)). Then $\xi_e(d(a,x))=d_e(a,x)<\delta$ implies $d(a,x)\le\delta
e\ll c$, and therefore $d'(f(a),f(x))\ll{\varepsilon}e$ which leads to $\xi_e(d'(f(a),f(x)))\le{\varepsilon}$.
Conversely, let $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ be arbitrary. We shall use the fact that $f$ is continuous in $d_e$. For ${\varepsilon}=1/2$, there is $\delta>0$ such that for all $x$, $\xi_e(d(a,x))\le\delta$ implies $\xi_e(d'(f(a),f(x)))<1/2$. Choose $c=\delta e$; if $d(a,x)\ll c=\delta e$ then $d_e(a,x)\le\delta$ which implies $d'_e(f(a),f(x))=\xi_e(d'(f(a),f(x)))<1/2$ which leads to $d'(f(a),f(x))\le e/2\ll e$.
6\) The proof is the same as that of 5).
\[onemetric\] Let $(X,d)$ be a TVS-cone metric space (over an ordered tvs $(E,P)$). Then there exists a metric $d^*$ on $X$ such that notions “being convergent”, “being Cauchy sequence” are equivalent in $d$ and $d^*$.
Pick some $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ and consider $d^*=d_e$. If $(x_n)$ is TVS-convergent to $x$ (resp. TVS-Cauchy sequence) then $(x_n)$ is convergent to $x$ (resp. is a Cauchy sequence) by previous Theorem. This proves one direction.
For the other, let $(x_n)$ converges to $x$ (resp. be a Cauchy sequence) in the metric $d_e$, and let $e'\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ be arbitrary. By Lemma \[l1\] part c), $d_e(x,y)=\xi_e(d(x,y))=\|d(x,y)\|_e$ and $d_{e'}=\|d(x,y)\|_{e'}$. By Theorem \[equinorms\], norms $\|\cdot\|_e$ and $\|\cdot\|_{e'}$ are equivalent. So, $(x_n)$ converges to $x$ (resp. is a Cauchy sequence) in all metrics $d_{e'}$, $e'\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$; hence so it is in TVS sense.
The previous Proposition was proved in [@KP] in the special case of Banach spaces using quite different methods, in [@AR] for locally convex spaces also using different methods. It was also proved in [@KRR1] using Minkowsky functional, under additional assumption that the set $[-e,e]=\{x\in
E~|~-e\le x\le e\}$ is absolutely convex. However, the authors in [@KRR1] miss to specify whether they work with complex or real scalars. If scalars are real (or if they are complex, but the tvs is considered as a real linear space) then $[-e,e]$ is absolutely convex, indeed. It follows, for instance, from Lemma \[l1\]. In this case Minkowsky functional $q_e$ in the proof of [@KRR Theorem3.2] is equal to the norm $||\cdot||_e$. However, [@AK Remark to Lemma 1] shows that $[-e,e]$ might not be absolutely convex, if $E$ is considered as a linear space over complex field. In more details, $E=\mathbf C$ with standard topology, $P=\{z\in\mathbf C~|~{\mathop{\mathrm{Im}}\nolimits}z\ge2|{\mathop{\mathrm{Re}}\nolimits}z|\}$, $e=i$, $x=\delta i$ for some $1/2<\delta<1$. Then $x\in[-e,e]$, but $ix\notin[-e,e]$. Hence $[-e,e]$ is not balanced and therefore it is not absolutely convex.
The previous Proposition establishes that TVS convergence are equivalent to the convergence in some (usual) metric space. However, in many applications such as fixed point results, one uses explicitly the metric. The next Proposition establishes the connection with inequalities in TVS metric and metrics $d_e$.
\[nejequi\] Let $(E,P)$ be an ordered tvs, and let $x,y\in P$ Then $x\le_P y$ if and only if for all $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ there holds $$\label{ineq}
\xi_e(x)\le\xi_e(y).$$
One part follows from the monotonicity of $\xi_e$.
For the other, consider first the case $y\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. Then apply (\[ineq\]) for $y=e$ to obtain $\xi_y(x)\le\xi_y(y)=1$; hence $1\in M_{y,x}$ implying $y-x\in P$. If $y\in\partial P$ then we can prove the statement by limit argument. Let $z\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ be arbitrary. Obviously, ${\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P\ni z/n\to0$. Choosing $e=y+z/n$ (which $\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ by Lemma \[basic\] -1)) in (\[ineq\]) we have $\xi_{y+z/n}(x)\le\xi_{y+z/n}(y)$, or equivalently $$\label{ineq1}\xi_{y+z/n}(y+z/n)-x\in P.$$ Thus, the first summand in the next formula belongs to $P$. $$\label{ineq2}
y+z/n-x=\left(\xi_{y+z/n}(y)(y+z/n)-x\right)+(1-\xi_{y+z/n}(y))(y+z/n).$$ On the other hand, since $1\cdot (y+z/n)-y=z/n\in P$, it follows $1\in M_{y+z/n,y}$ implying $\xi_{y+z/n}(y)\le1$. Therefore the second summand in (\[ineq2\]) also belongs to $P$. So, $y+z/n-x\in P$ and the result follows since $P$ is closed.
The results from this section can be summarized from the categorial point of view in the following way.
Given a fixed ordered tvs $(E,P)$, consider the categories $\mathcal E_1$, $\mathcal E_2$ and $\mathcal E_3$ whose objects are TVS-cone metric spaces and whose morphisms are, respectively, TVS continuous mappings, TVS uniformly continuous mappings and mappings that not increase the distance (i.e, the mappings $f:X\to X'$ such that $d'(f(x),f(y))\le_P d(x,y)$). On the other hands, consider the categories $\mathcal M_1$, $\mathcal M_2$ and $\mathcal M_3$ whose objects are pairs $(X,D)$, where $X$ ia a nonempty set and $D=\{d_e~|~e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P\}$ is a family of mutually equivalent norms, and whose morphisms are, respectively, mappings that are continuous in all $d_e$, uniformly continuous in all $d_e$, and distance not increasing with respect to all $d_e$.
\[categoty\] We have:
1\) The mapping $F_i:\mathcal E_i\to\mathcal M_i$, $i=1,2,3$, that sends object $(X,d)$ to $(X,\{d_e~|~e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P\})$ and morphism $f:X_1\to X_2$ to the same $f$ is a covariant functor;
2\) $\mathcal E_i$ is a proper subcategory of $\mathcal M_i$.
1\) is a direct consequence of Propositions \[Cauchy-equi\], \[onemetric\] and \[nejequi\] and Theorem \[equinorms\];
2\) If $f:X_1\to X_2$ is an isomorphism in $\mathcal M_i$, then $f$ is bijective, and $f^{-1}$ has the same properties as $f$. For $i=1$, $f$, $f^{-1}$ are continuous in all $d_e$ and hence in TVS metric $d$ by Proposition \[Cauchy-equi\] - 5). For $i=2$, $f$, $f^{-1}$ are uniformly continuous in all $d_e$ and hence in TVS metric $d$ by Proposition \[Cauchy-equi\] - 6). Finally, for $i=3$, we have $d_e(fx,fy)\le d_e(x,y)$ and so for $f^{-1}$; hence by Proposition \[nejequi\] we have $d(fx,fy)\le_P d(x,y)$, and also $d(f^{-1}x,f^{-1}y)\le_P d(x,y)$. By antisymmetry we have that $f$ is a TVS isometry.
Moreover, there are some objects in $\mathcal M_i$ that can not be obtained as an image of the functor $F_i$. For instance, the objects that do not satisfy $d_{\lambda e}=(1/\lambda)d_e$ for some $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$.
As a usual relationship between more and less general theory, we have
There is no generalization of results from metric spaces (equipped with a family of mutually equivalent norms) to TVS-cone metric spaces. Any statement concerning TVS-cone metric spaces is either special case of an metric spaces result or a new theorem that can not proved in metric spaces.
Result analogous to the Corollary \[categoty\] can be obtained for other “metric-like” structures such as semi-metric spaces etc. We consider there is no need to list all of them.
Despite of the previous two Corollaries there are some nontrivial questions. For instance, it is clear that it must be $d_{\lambda e}=(1/\lambda)d_e$, but it is nontrivial question how to express $d_{e_1+e_2}$ in terms of $d_{e_1}$ and $d_{e_2}$, since this extremely depends on the “shape” of the cone $P$. Also, nontrivial question is can the space $E$ together with cone $P$ be recovered by the family of metrics $d_e$.
Extensions of fixed point results
=================================
First we give the statement that allows automatical derivations of fixed point results from (usual) metric spaces to TVS-cone metric spaces, as their special cases. Its proof is direct consequence of Corollary \[categoty\].
\[trivgen\] Let $(E,P)$ be an ordered tvs, let $(X,d)$ be TVS-cone metric space, and let $f:X\to X$ be a mapping. The statement
> If $f$ satisfies conditions $A_i\le_P B_i$, $i=1,2,\dots,n$, where $A_i$, $B_i$ are terms made by constants, variables (from $X$, $\mathrm R$), multiplication $\mathbf R\times E\to E$ and $d$, then $f$ has a unique fixed point
is equivalent to the statement
> If $f$ satisfies conditions $A^e_i\le B^e_i$, $i=1,2,\dots,n$ for all $e\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ where terms $A^e_i$, $B^e_i$ are obtained by formal substitution of $d$ by $d_e$, then $f$ has a unique fixed point.
Thus, many generalizations of fixed point results from (usual) metric spaces to TVS-cone metric spaces are not really generalizations. On the contrary they are weaker results, since they suppose that contractivity condition is satisfied for a family of metrics instead of a single one.
However, if contractivity conditions contain constants or variables from $P$ then automatic extension using Theorem \[trivgen\] is not possible. So we need to reformulate such conditions. To illustrate this, we prove a new common fixed point result for metric spaces, that is a generalizations of K. M. Das and K. V. Naik [@DN] common fixed point theorem, and show how it can be reduced to TVS-cone metric spaces in few steps.
First, recall some standard terminology and notations from fixed point theory.
Let $X$ be a nonempty set and let $f:X\rightarrow X$ be an arbitrary mapping. The element $x\in X$ is a fixed point for $f$ if $x=f(x)$.
Let $X,Y$ be a nonempty sets, $f,g:X\rightarrow Y$ and $f(X)\subseteq g(X)$. Choose a point $x_1\in X$ such that $f(x_0)=g(x_1)$. Containing this process, having chosen $x_n\in X$, we obtain $x_{n+1}\in X$ such that $f(x_n)=g(x_{n+1})$. $f(x_n)$ is called Jungck sequence with initial point $x_0$. Note that Jungck sequence might not be determined by its initial point $x_0$.
Let $X,Y$ be a nonempty sets and $f,g:X\rightarrow Y$. If $f(x)=g(x)=y$ for some $y\in Y$ then $x$ is called a coincidence point of $f$ and $g$, and $y$ is called a point of coincidence of $f$ and $g$.
Let $X$ be a nonempty set and $f,g:X\rightarrow X$. $f$ and $g$ is weakly compatible self mappings if they commute at their coincidence point.
([@AJ]) Let $X$ be a nonempty set and let $f,g:X\rightarrow X$ be weakly compatible self mappings. If $f$ and $g$ have the unique point of coincidence $y=f(x)=g(x)$, then $y$ is the unique common fixed point of $f$ and $g$.
We shall consider certain classes of function described in the next Definition.
By $\Phi $ we denote the set of all real functions $\varphi:[0,\infty) \rightarrow [0,\infty)$ which have the following properties:
\(a) $\varphi (0)=0$;
\(b) $\varphi(x) < x$ for all $x>0$;
\(c) $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty} (x-\varphi(x))=\infty$.
Define $\Phi_1=\{\varphi\in\Phi:\varphi \mbox{ is monotone nondecreasing and } \overline{\lim}_{t
\rightarrow r+} \varphi(t)< r\mbox{ for any } r>0\}$ and $\Phi_2=\{\varphi\in\Phi:\overline{\lim}_{t
\rightarrow r} \varphi(t)< r\mbox{ for any } r>0\}$.
Two following two Lemmas were proved in [@ARK].
\[ark1\] Let $\varphi\in\Phi_2$. Then there exists $\psi\in\Phi_1$ such that $$\varphi (x)\le\psi (x) <x,$$ for each $x>0$.
\[ark2\] Let $\varphi_1,\ldots,\varphi_n \in\Phi_1$. Then there exists $\psi\in\Phi_1$ such that $$\varphi_k (x)\le\psi (x) <x,$$ for each $1\le k\le n$ and $x>0$.
Before stating the result, we make a convention to abbreviate $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ in order to avoid too much parenthesis.
\[mainfixed\] Let $X$ be a nonempty set, let $(Y,d)$ be a metric space and let $f,g:X\rightarrow Y$ be two mappings. Suppose that the range of $g$ contains the range of $f$ and that $g(X)$ is a complete subspace of $Y$. If there exists $\varphi_1,\varphi_2,\varphi_3,\varphi_4,\varphi_5\in\Phi_2$ such that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{contr} d(fx,fy) &\le &\max\{\varphi_1(d(gx,gy)),\varphi_2(d(gx,fx)),
\varphi_3(d(gy,fy)),\nonumber \\
&& \varphi_4(d(gx,fy)),\varphi_5(d(fx,gy)\},\end{aligned}$$ for any $x,y\in X$, then there exists $z\in Y$ which is the limit of every Jungck sequence defined by $f$ and $g$. Further, $z$ is the unique point of coincidence of $f$ and $g$. Moreover, if $X=Y$ and $f$, $g$ are weakly compatible then $z$ is the unique common fixed point for $f$ and $g$.
We shall, first, reduce the statement to the case $\varphi_1=\dots=\varphi_5\in\Phi_1$. Indeed, from Lemma \[ark1\] it follows that there exist functions $\varphi_k^*\in\Phi_1$ such that $\varphi_k^*\in\Phi_1$ such that $$\varphi_k(x)\le\varphi_k^* (x) <x,$$ for each $x>0$($1\le k\le 5$), whereas, from Lemma \[ark2\] it follows that there exists a real function $\varphi\in\Phi_1$ such that: $$\varphi_k^*(x)\le\varphi (x) <x,~(1\le k\le 5)\mbox{ for
each }x>0,$$ which implies $$\begin{aligned}
d(fx,fy) &\le
&\max\{\varphi(d(gx,gy)),\varphi(d(gx,fx)),
\varphi(d(gy,fy)),\nonumber \\
&& \varphi(d(gx,fy)),\varphi(d(fx,gy))\}.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
Thus, we can assume that $\varphi_j=\varphi\in\Phi_1$ for $1\le j\le 5$.
Let $x_0\in X$ be arbitrary and let $(x_n)$ be an arbitrary sequence such that $f(x_n)$ is Jungck sequence with initial point $x_0$.
Let $d_0=d(fx_0,gx_0)$. We will prove that there exists a real number $r_0>0$ such that: $$r_0-\varphi(r_0)\le d_0\quad\mbox{and}\quad r-\varphi(r)>d_0\quad\mbox{for}\quad
r>r_0.$$ Consider the set $D=\{r~|~\forall s>r,\:s-\varphi(s)>d_0\}$ which is nonempty, since $r-\varphi(r)\to\infty$ as $r\to\infty$. Also, it holds $s\in D$, $t>s$ implies $t\in D$, and hence, $D$ is an unbounded interval. Set $r_0=\inf D$. For each positive integer $n$, there is $r_n\notin D$ such that $r_0-1/n<r_n$, and therefore, there is $r_0\geq s_n>r_n>r_0-1/n$ such that $s_n-\varphi(s_n)\leq d_0$. Since $\varphi$ is nondecreasing, we have $\varphi(s_n)\leq\varphi(r_0)$, implying $s_n-\varphi(r_0)\leq d_0$. Taking a limit as $n\to\infty$ we get $r_0-\varphi(r_0)\leq d_0$.
For any $j\ge0$, define $\mathcal{O}_n(x_j)=\{f(x_k)~|~k=j,j+1,j+2,\ldots,j+n\}$, $\mathcal{O}(x_j)=\{f(x_k)~|~k=j,j+1,j+2,\ldots\}$. Also, let $\delta(A)$ denote the diameter of $A$.
Next, we prove that for all positive integers $k,n$ there holds $$\label{Odiam}
\delta(\mathcal O_n(x_k))\leq\varphi(\delta(\mathcal O_{n+1}(x_{k-1}))).$$
Since $\varphi$ is nondecreasing, it commutes with $\max$, and for $k\le i,j\le k+n$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
d(fx_i,fx_j) \le \varphi(\max\{d(gx_i,gx_j),d(gx_i,fx_i),
d(gx_j,fx_j),\nonumber\\d(gx_i,fx_j),d(gx_j,fx_i)\})
=\nonumber \\
=\varphi(\max\{d(fx_{i-1},fx_{j-1}),d(fx_{i-1},fx_i),
d(fx_{j-1},fx_j),\nonumber\\d(fx_{i-1},fx_j),d(fx_{j-1},fx_i)\})\le\nonumber\\
\varphi(\delta(\mathcal{O}_{n+1}(x_{k-1}))).\nonumber\end{aligned}$$
By induction, from (\[Odiam\]) we obtain $$\label{Odiam2}
\delta(\mathcal O_n(x_k))\le\varphi^l(\delta(\mathcal O_{n+l}(x_{k-l}))).$$
For $1\le i,j\le n$ we have $fx_i,fx_j\in\mathcal O_{n-1}(x_1)$, and hence, by (\[Odiam\]) $$d(fx_i,fx_j)\le\delta(\mathcal O_{n-1}(x_1))\leq\varphi(\delta(\mathcal O_n(x_0)))<\delta(\mathcal
O_n(x_0)).$$ Therefore, there is $1\le k\le n$, such that $$\begin{aligned}
\delta(\mathcal O_n(x_0))=d(fx_0,fx_k)\leq d(fx_0,fx_1)+d(fx_1,fx_k)\leq\nonumber
\\\leq d_0+\delta(\mathcal
O_{n-1}(x_1))\leq d_0+\varphi(\delta(\mathcal O_n(x_0)).\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ Hence we get $$\delta (\mathcal{
O}_n(x_0))-\varphi(\delta (\mathcal{O}_n(x_0)))\le d_0$$ which implies $\delta (\mathcal{O}_n(x_0))\le r_0$, implying $$\label{bounded}
\delta(\mathcal O(x_0))=\sup_n\delta(\mathcal O_n(x_0))\le r_0.$$ Hence all Jungck sequences defined by $f$ and $g$ are bounded.
Now, we shall prove that our Jungck sequence is a Cauchy sequence. Let $m>n$ be positive integers. Then $fx_n,fx_m\in\mathcal O_{m-n+1}(x_n)$, and using (\[Odiam2\]) (with $l=n$) and (\[bounded\]) we get $$d(fx_n,fx_m)\le\delta(\mathcal O_{m-n+1}(x_n))\le\varphi^n(\delta(\mathcal O_{m+1}(x_0)))\le\varphi^n(r_0)\to0,$$ as $m,n\to\infty$. Since $f(X)\subseteq g(X)$, and $g(X)$ is complete, it follows that $fx_n$ is convergent. Let $y\in X$ be its limit.
Clearly $y\in g(X)$, so there is $z\in X$ such that $g(z)=y$. Let us prove that $f(z)$ is also equal to $y$. By (\[contr\]) we have $$\begin{aligned}
d(fx_n,fz)\le\varphi(\max\{d(gx_n,gz),d(gx_n,fx_n),d(gz,fz),\nonumber\\
d(gx_n,fz),d(gz,fx_n)\})=\nonumber\\
=\varphi(\max\{d(fx_{n-1},y),d(fx_{n-1},fx_n),d(y,fz),\nonumber\\d(fx_{n-1},fz),d(y,fx_n)\}).\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ If $n\to\infty$, then the left hand side in the previous inequality tends to $d(y,fz)$, the first, the second and the fifth argument of $\max$ tend to $d(y,y)=0$, whereas the third and the fourth tend to $d(y,fz)$. Thus, we have $$d(y,fz)\le\varphi(d(y,fz)),$$ which is impossible, unless $d(y,fz)=0$.
Finally, we prove that the point of coincidence is unique. Suppose that there is two points of coincidence $y$ and $y'$ obtained by $z$ and $z'$, i.e. $fz=gz=y$ and $fz'=gz'=y'$. Then by (\[contr\]) we have $$\begin{aligned}
d(y,y')=d(fz,fz')\le\varphi(\max\{d(gz,gz'),d(gz,fz),d(gz',fz'),\nonumber\\
d(gz,fz'),d(gz',fz)\})=\nonumber\\
\varphi(\max\{d(y,y'),0,0,d(y,y'),d(y',y)\})=\varphi(d(y,y'))<d(y,y'),\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ unless $d(y,y')=0$. Since every Jungck sequence converges to some point of coincidence, and the point of coincidence is unique, it follows that all Jungck sequences converge to the same limit.
Let $X=Y$ and let $f$, $g$ be weakly compatible. By Lemma 3 we get that $y=z$ which is the unique common fixed point of $f$ and $g$.
A special case of the previous statement where $\varphi_i\in\Phi_1\cup\Phi_2\subseteq\Phi_2$, $X=Y$ and $g(x)\equiv x$ was proved in [@ARK]. It generalizes earlier results [@I], [@D], [@C2].
In the sequel we want to reformulate this result to TVS-cone metric spaces. We need counterparts of classes $\Phi$, $\Phi_2$.
Let $(E,P)$ be an ordered tvs. For a function $g:[t_0,+\infty)\to P$, we say that $\lim\limits_{t\to+\infty}g(t)=\infty$, if there exists $c\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ and a scalar function $h:[t_0,+\infty)\to\mathbf R$, such that $$\label{infty}
\lim\limits_{t\to+\infty}h(t)=+\infty\quad\mbox{and}\quad h(t)c\ll g(t).$$ Note that this is equivalent to the property that for all $c\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ there exists $M>0$ such that $t>M$ implies $g(t)\gg c$, as well as to the statement that for all $c\in{\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ there holds (\[infty\]) for some $h$ (Lemma \[basic\]).
By $\Psi$ we denote the set of all functions $\psi:P\rightarrow P$ which have the following properties:
\(a) $ \psi(0)=0$;
\(b) $(I-\psi)({\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P)\subseteq {\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$;
\(c) $\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty} tx-\psi (tx)=\infty$, for any $x\in P\setminus \{0\}$.
For a function $\psi\in\Psi$ we say that $\psi\in\Psi_2$ if for any $x\in \mathrm{int}P$ and for each $(x_n)\subseteq \mathrm{int}P$ such that $x_n\rightarrow x$, there exists a positive integer $n_0$ such that $n>n_0$ implies $\psi(x_n)\le (1-\varepsilon)x$, where $\varepsilon$ does not depend on the choice of the sequence $(x_n)$.
Next result is a generalization of earlier results presented in [@AK],[@IR1], [@KRR], [@KRR1] and [@KRR2] (some of them also can be obtained “automatically” by Theorem \[trivgen\]).
\[last\] Let $X$ be a nonempty set, $(Y,d)$ be a TVS-cone metric space and $f,g:X\rightarrow Y$ two mappings. Suppose that the range of $g$ contains the range of $f$ and $g(X)$ is a complete subspace of $Y$. Assume that there exists $\psi_1,\psi_2,\psi_3,\psi_4,\psi_5\in\Psi_2$ such that for any $x,y\in X$ there exists $$\begin{aligned}
\label{prva1} u\in \{\psi_1(d(g(x),g(y))),\psi_2(d(g(x),f(x))),
\psi_3(d(g(y),f(y))),\nonumber \\
\psi_4(d(g(x),f(y))),\psi_5(d(f(x),y))\}\end{aligned}$$ such that $$\label{druga}d(f(x),f(y)) \le u,$$ then there exists $z\in Y$ which is the limit of every Jungck sequence defined by $f$ and $g$. Further $z$ is the unique point of coincidence for $f$ and $g$. Moreover, if $X=Y$ and $f$, $g$ are weakly compatible then $y$ is unique common fixed point for $f$ and $g$.
Let $e\in \mathrm{int} P$ be any. For $k\in \{1,\ldots, 5\}$ define $\varphi_k:[0,\infty) \rightarrow [0,\infty)$ by $$\varphi_k(t)=\xi_e(\psi_k(te))=\|\psi_k(te)\|_e.$$ Then
\(a) $\varphi_k(0)=0$ since $\xi_e(0)=0$ and $\psi_k(0)=0$.
\(b) By Lemma \[l1\], taking into account $\psi_k(te)\ll te$, we have $\varphi_k(t)=\|\psi_k(te)\|<t$.
\(c) $\lim_{t\to\infty}(t-\varphi_k(t))=\infty$. Indeed, using monotonicity of $\xi_e$ and definition of tending to $\infty$ in TVS sense, we have $t-\varphi_k(t)=\xi_e(te-\psi_k(te))\ge\xi_e(h(t)c)=h(t)\xi_e(c)$, for some $h(t)$ that tends to $\infty$ as $t\to\infty$.
Therefore, $\varphi_k\in\Phi$.
\(d) If $\psi_k\in\Psi_2$ then $\varphi_k\in\Phi_2$.
Let $t\in (0,+\infty)$ and $t_n\rightarrow t$. From $\psi_k\in\Psi_2$ and $t_ne\rightarrow te$ it follows that there exists a positive integer $n_0$ such that $n>n_0$ implies $\psi_k(t_ne)\le(1-\varepsilon)
t_ne\ll(1-\varepsilon/2)t_ne$. By Lemma \[l1\], it follows that $\varphi_k(t_n)=\|\psi_k(t_n)\|<(1-\varepsilon/2)t_n$, for $n>n_0$. Hence $\overline{\lim}_{s \rightarrow t}
\varphi(s)\le(1-\varepsilon/2)t< t$ because $t_n$ and $t$ are arbitrary, which implies that $\varphi_k\in\Phi_2$.
Now, the statement is a special case of Theorem \[mainfixed\], since $\varphi_1,\dots,\varphi_5\in\Phi_2$, and they obey (\[contr\]). Moreover, for all $e$ we can find the corresponding $\varphi_1^e,\dots,\varphi_5^e$.
If $A:E\rightarrow E$ is a one to one function such that $A(P)=P$, $(I-A)$ is one to one and $(I-A)(P)=P$ then we say that $A$ is contractive operator.
Next corollary include results presented in [@IR1], [@KRR], [@C2], [@HZ] and [@RH].
Let $X$ be a nonempty set, let $(Y,d)$ be a TVS-cone metric space and let $f,g:X\rightarrow Y$ be two mappings. Suppose that the range of $g$ contains the range of $f$ and $g(X)$ is a complete subspace of $Y$. Assume that there exists contractive bounded linear operators $A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4,A_5$ such that for any $x,y\in X$ there exists $$\begin{aligned}
u\in \{A_1(d(g(x),g(y))),A_2(d(g(x),f(x))),
A_3(d(g(y),f(y))),\nonumber \\
A_4(d(g(x),f(y))),A_5(d(f(x),g(y)))\}\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ such that $d(f(x),f(y)) \le u$, then there exists $z\in Y$ which is limit of every Jungck sequence defined by $f$ and $g$. Further $z$ is the unique point of coincidence for $f$ and $g$. Moreover if $X=Y$ and $f$, $g$ are weakly compatible then $z$ is the unique common fixed point for $f$ and $g$.
Let $k\in \{1,\ldots, 5\}$. Then $A_k(0)=0$ since $A_k$ is linear. From $(I-A_k)(P)=P$ by Open mapping theorem (see [@GK]) it follows that $(I-A_k)({\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P)\subseteq {\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. So $A_k(x)\ll x$ for any $x\in {\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$. Let $x\in {\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$, $(x_n)\subseteq {\mathop{\mathrm{int}}\nolimits}P$ and $x_n\rightarrow
x$. Then $\lim A_k(x_n)\ll x$ since $A_k$ is continuous. Also, $tx-A_k(tx)=(x-A_k(x))t$, for any $x \in
P\setminus \{0\}$. Hence $A_k\in \Psi_2$. The statement follows from Theorem \[l1\].
[00]{}
M. Abbas, G. Jungck, Common fixed point results for noncommuting mappings without continuity in cone metric spaces, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 341-1 (2008) 416–420.
T. Abdeljawad, Sh. Rezapour, On Some Topological Concepts of TVS-Cone Metric Spaces and Fixed Point Theory Remarks, arXiv:1102.1419v1 \[math.GN\]
I. Aranelović, D. Kečkić, On nonlinear quasi-contractions on TVS-cone metric spaces, Applied Mathematics Letters 24 (2011) 1209–1213.
I. Aranelović, M. Rajović, V. Kilibarda, On nonlinear quasi - contractions, Fixed Point Theory, 9-2 (2008) 387–394.
I. Beg, A. Azam, M. Arshad, Common fixed points for mapps on topological vector space valued cone metric spaces, Internat. J. Math. Math. Sci, vol. 2009, Article ID 560264, 8 pages, 2009.
Lj. B. Ćirić, A generalization of Banach’s contraction principle, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 45 (1974), 267–273.
J. Danes, Two fixed point theorem in topological and metric spaces, Bull. Austr. Math. Soc. 14 (1976) 259–265.
K. M. Das, K. V. Naik, Common fixed point theorems for commuting maps on metric spaces, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 77 (1979) 369–373.
W.-S. Du, A note on cone metric fixed point theory and its equivalence, Nonlinear Analysis 72-5 (2010) 2259-–2261
L.-G. Huang and X. Zhang, Cone metric spaces and fixed point theorems of contractive mappings, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 332 (2007) 1468–1476.
D. Ilić, V. Rakočević, Common fixed points for maps on cone metric space, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 341 (2008) 876–882.
A. A. Ivanov, Fixed points of mappings on metric spaces (in Russian) Studies in topology II - Zap. Naučn. Sem. Leningrad. Otdel. Mat. Inst. Steklov (LOMI) 66 (1976), 5–102.
Z. Kadelburg, S. Radenović, V. Rakočević, Remarks on quasi-contractions on a cone metric space, Applied Mathematics Letters, 22 (2009) 1674–1679.
Z. Kadelburg, S. Radenović, V. Rakočević, Topological vector space-valued cone metric spaces and fixed point theorems, Fixed point theory and applications, Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 170253, 17 pages.
Z. Kadelburg, S. Radenović, V. Rakočević, A note on the equivalence of some metic and cone metric fixed point results, Applied Mathematics Letters, 24 (2011) 370–374.
M. A. Khamsi, Remarks on cone metric spaces and fixed point theorems for contractive mapings, Fixed point theory and applications, Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 315398, 7 pages.
M. Khani, M. Pourmahdian, On the metrizability of cone metric spaces, Topology and its applications 158 (2011) 190–193.
G. Köte, Topological Vector spaces I, Springer-Verlag, New York 1969.
Sh. Rezapour, R. Hamlbarani, Some notes on the paper “Cone metric spaces and fixed point theorems of contractive mappings”, J Math. Anal. Appl. 345 (2008) 719–724.
W. Rudin, Functional Analyisis, McGraw Hill, 1973
[^1]: The first author was partially supported by MNZZS Grant, No. 174002, Serbia. The second author was partially supported by MNZZS Grant, No. 174034, Serbia.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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ArXiv
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Calculated Vibrational Intensities in the Ã-&Xtilde; Electronic Transition of Acetylene.
Relative intensities in the vibrational structure of the Ã(1)A(u)(C(2h))-&Xtilde;(1)Sigma(+)(g)(D(infinityh)) electronic transition of acetylene are calculated. The calculation takes account of the large change of geometry and the change in the normal coordinates (the Dushinskií effect) between the two states. Because conventional vibrational wavefunctions for a nonlinear state do not behave correctly at linear geometries the vibrational integrals are only evaluated approximately. The transition ((1)Sigma(u)(-)-(1)Sigma(+)(g)) is forbidden at linear geometries, and so calculations are performed without and with a factor proportional to the angle of bend from linearity. Good agreement with experiment is obtained for the first few quanta of the absorption spectrum, lending support to the Ã-state harmonic potential of Tobiason et al., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 5762 (1993). Qualitative agreement is obtained for the emission spectrum (Jacobson and Field, J. Phys. Chem. 104, 3073 (2000)) when allowance is made for anharmonicity in the &Xtilde; state, but more quantitative agreement will require improvements in the empirical potential of the &Xtilde;-state, or an ab initio potential to higher energies than available at present. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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PubMed Abstracts
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Monster Yamaha Tech 3's bike livery will have a slight revision for the 2017 MotoGP World Championship having welcomed Barracuda as a new team sponsor in an initial two-year deal.
With the all-new rider line-up of reigning Moto2 world champion Johann Zarco and intermediate class race winner Jonas Folger, the Tech 3 team will run an updated race livery with the red Barracuda logo added to the belly pan, bottom of the seat frame and screen visor of the Yamaha bikes.
Tech 3 boss Herve Poncharal is thrilled to welcome the Italian motorcycle accessory manufacturer to his team as he prepares for a fresh start with two rookie riders at the Satellite Yamaha squad.
"The Monster Yamaha Tech3 team is proud and happy to welcome our new partner Barracuda, the well-respected Italian company who specialise in designing and selling quality aftermarket parts for motorcycles," Poncharal said. "Alessandro Giardina is an accomplished entrepreneur who sees MotoGP as the best platform to promote his company. Our ambitions and goals match so I am certain that we can help Barracuda to continue their growth around the world.
"Furthermore, this collaboration has come at the perfect moment as we are starting a new adventure with the double Moto2 World Champion Johann Zarco and the intermediate class race winner Jonas Folger who are both very exciting riders.
"Altogether there is a lot of enthusiasm and to have Barracuda link up with us adds to it all and we hope to have a long-term partnership, which goes beyond the two years that we have agreed on. I would like to thank and welcome Alessandro and Barracuda once again and hopefully we can achieve what we aim for."
Barracuda boss Giardina has echoed Poncharal's sentiments and sees the addition of its new French and German riders as key parts in the new collaboration.
"I have so much belief in the 2017 project with the two rookie riders and I am sure that we can get the best out of it," Giardina said. "I trust Herv? Poncharal a lot as well as Johann Zarco and Jonas Folger who will be strong for our French and German markets respectively.
"I am convinced that we will have a successful season and we will do all that we can to support Herv? and the Tech3 team, plus we like the French spirit, so we are very excited to see what we can achieve together."
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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OpenWebText2
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Hyperion Weightlifting and CrossFit Gibbs Station are presenting the first Hyperion Weightlifting Open. This is a USAW Sanctioned event, all age groups and weightclasses welcome. If you have any questions please don't hesitate to ask!
FAQs
Where can I contact the organizer with any questions?
Contact [email protected]
Do I have to bring my printed ticket to the event?
Nope!
Can I compete even though I'm not a USAW member?
Of course! Anyone is welcome, but your total will not be official.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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OpenWebText2
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Alto das Cruzes cemetery
Alto das Cruzes cemetery () is a cemetery in Miramar, Luanda, Angola. It is one of the most prominent cemeteries of the city, where many of the illustrious Angolan personalities are buried. In 1996 the cemetery was photographed extensively by the Escola Profissional da Lousã.
References
Category:Luanda
Category:Cemeteries in Angola
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Wikipedia (en)
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Q:
inner join select (A,B) on A and B vs where (A,B) in select(A, B) in mysql
What is the best query between theses two ?
They output the same result, expect one is doing the condition inside a where in and the other one inside an inner join.
select uv.* from version v inner join user_version uv ON v.id=uv.version_id
WHERE (v.number, v.master_id) IN (
select max(v.number) as number, v.master_id
from version v inner join user_version uv ON v.id=uv.version_id group by v.master_id);
and
select * from user_version uv
inner join version v on v.id=uv.version_id and v.number
inner join (
select uv2.user_id, max(v2.number) maxNumber, v2.master_id master_id, v2.id version_id from version v2
inner join user_version uv2 on v2.id=uv2.version_id group by v2.master_id ) test
on test.master_id=v.master_id and test.maxNumber=v.number ;
I've created a sqlfiddle with an example : http://sqlfiddle.com/#!2/76001/62
(The idea is to get the biggest version of a "master" entity linked to a given user)
If you have other ideas (I'm using mysql, so I can't use windows function)
Thanks
A:
This is not too easy to answer this question. You should know one important thing: MySQL treats IN (<static values list>) and IN (<subquery>) as different queries. First one is equal to range comparison (like .. OR = .. OR =) while second is equal to = ANY () - and it's not the same. So, to say short: using IN with subquery will cause query with ANY() and MySQL will not use index for that even if subquery is independent and returns static list of values. Sad, but true. MySQL can't predict that and so index will not be used even if it's obvious. If you'll use JOIN (i.e. rewrite your IN (<subquery>)) - then MySQL will use index for JOIN condition, if it's possible.
Now, the second case may be about JOIN and IN when using partitions. If you'll use JOIN - then, sadly - but MySQL also is not able to predict partitions for JOIN in common case - and it will use entire set of partitions for it. Replacing JOIN to IN (<static list>) will change EXPLAIN PARTITION picture: MySQL will use only those partitions, which are needed for selecting values from range, specified within IN clause. But, again, this will not work with IN (<subquery>).
As a conclusion - it's sad, when we're saying about how MySQL is handling IN subqueries - and in common case it can't be replaced with JOIN safely (that's about partitioning case). So, common solution will be: separate subquery from main query on application level. If we're saying about independent subquery, returning static values list, that's the best suggestion - then you can substitute that values list as IN(<static list>) and gain benefits: MySQL will use index for it, and, if we're saying about partitions, only actually needed from them will be used.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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StackExchange
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List of listed buildings in Traquair, Scottish Borders
This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Traquair in the Scottish Borders, Scotland.
List
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Key
Notes
References
All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence
Traquair
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Wikipedia (en)
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Q:
How to get pointer from another thread?
Let's have the following class definition:
CThread::CThread ()
{
this->hThread = NULL;
this->hThreadId = 0;
this->hMainThread = ::GetCurrentThread ();
this->hMainThreadId = ::GetCurrentThreadId ();
this->Timeout = 2000; //milliseconds
}
CThread::~CThread ()
{
//waiting for the thread to terminate
if (this->hThread) {
if (::WaitForSingleObject (this->hThread, this->Timeout) == WAIT_TIMEOUT)
::TerminateThread (this->hThread, 1);
::CloseHandle (this->hThread);
}
}
//*********************************************************
//working method
//*********************************************************
unsigned long CThread::Process (void* parameter)
{
//a mechanism for terminating thread should be implemented
//not allowing the method to be run from the main thread
if (::GetCurrentThreadId () == this->hMainThreadId)
return 0;
else {
m_pMyPointer = new MyClass(...);
// my class successfully works here in another thread
return 0;
}
}
//*********************************************************
//creates the thread
//*********************************************************
bool CThread::CreateThread ()
{
if (!this->IsCreated ()) {
param* this_param = new param;
this_param->pThread = this;
this->hThread = ::CreateThread (NULL, 0, (unsigned long (__stdcall *)(void *))this->runProcess, (void *)(this_param), 0, &this->hThreadId);
return this->hThread ? true : false;
}
return false;
}
//*********************************************************
//creates the thread
//*********************************************************
int CThread::runProcess (void* Param)
{
CThread* thread;
thread = (CThread*)((param*)Param)->pThread;
delete ((param*)Param);
return thread->Process (0);
}
MyClass* CThread::getMyPointer() {
return m_pMyPointer;
}
In the main program, we have the following:
void main(void) {
CThread thread;
thread.CreateThread();
MyClass* myPointer = thread.getMyPointer();
myPointer->someMethod(); // CRASH, BOOM, BANG!!!!
}
At the moment the myPointer is used ( in the main thread ) it crashes. I don't know how to get the pointer, which points to memory, allocated in another thread. Is this actually possible?
A:
The memory space for your application is accessible to all threads. By default any variable is visible to any thread regardless of context (the only exception would be variables declared __delcspec(thread) )
You are getting a crash due to a race condition. The thread you just created hasn't started running yet at the point where you call getMyPointer. You need to add some kind of synchronization between the newly created thread and the originating thread. In other words, the originating thread has to wait until the new thread signals it that it has created the object.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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StackExchange
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U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,751,319; 4,812,501 and 4,831,178 describe aliphatic and aryl esters of 1,3,2-oxazaphospholidines as color improvers and process stabilizers for various polymer substrates. The compounds described in these patents lack the benzo ring of the instant compounds, but are superior to the prior art compounds in stabilization effectiveness. The effect of the benzo ring is not obvious. There are electronic effects upon the heteroatoms (i.e. reduction in basicity of the nitrogen atom), changes in conformation and reactivity, the O--C.dbd.C--N fragment must be planar and a change in hydrolytic stability.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,574,797 and 3,773,711 describe 2-phenoxy-4,5-dibenzo-1-oxa-3-thia-2-phospholanes as polymer stabilizers. The instant compounds are structurally clearly different from the material disclosed in these patents.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,632,690 and 3,796,684 describe substituted 4,5-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholanes as polymer stabilizers. The instant compounds are structurally clearly distinguished from the compounds disclosed in these patents.
East German 146,464 and French 1,573,919 disclose 1H-1,3,2-benzodiazaphospholes as polymer stabilizers and antibacterials respectively. The instant compounds are clearly quite different from the compounds disclosed in these references.
There are a number of academic studies carried on in the Soviet Union on the preparation and physical properties of the 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, 2-isopropyl, butyl and phenyl esters of 4,5-benzo-1,3,2-oxazaphospholanes. These references are Zh. Obshch. Khim, 52, 1302 (1982); ibid, 43, 1860 (1973), ibid, 54, 1283 (1984); ibid, 53, 2468 (1983); ibid, 49, 955 (1979); ibid, 45, 266 (1975); ibid, 43, 2619 (1973); ibid, 42, 1901 (1972); and ibid, 55, 1184 (1985); and Chem. Abst. 73, 14858e (Soviet Union 245,101).
The instant compounds are structurally distinguished from each of the compounds disclosed in these prior art references and exhibit surprising stabilizing properties which further distinguish them from the prior art. This is manifested in the superior processing stabilization of polymeric substrates and in the maintenance of physical properties of polymeric substrates exposed to long-term thermooxidative stress.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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USPTO Backgrounds
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1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a process for the production of electrolyte capacitors having a low equivalent series resistance and low residual current, electrolyte capacitors produced by this process and the use of such electrolyte capacitors.
2. Description of Related Art
A commercially available solid electrolyte capacitor as a rule comprises a porous metal electrode, an oxide layer on the metal surface, an electrically conductive solid which is incorporated into the porous structure, an outer electrode (contacting), such as e.g. a silver layer, and further electrical contacts and an encapsulation.
Examples of solid electrolyte capacitors are tantalum, aluminium, niobium and niobium oxide capacitors with charge transfer complexes, or pyrolusite or polymer solid electrolytes. The use of porous bodies has the advantage that because of the high surface area a very high capacitance density, i.e. a high electrical capacitance over a small space, can be achieved.
π-Conjugated polymers are particularly suitable as solid electrolytes because of their high electrical conductivity. π-Conjugated polymers are also called conductive polymers or synthetic metals. They are increasingly gaining economic importance, since polymers have advantages over metals in respect of processability, weight and targeted adjustment of properties by chemical modification. Examples of known π-conjugated polymers are polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyanilines, polyacetylenes, polyphenylenes and poly(p-phenylene-vinylenes), a particularly important polythiophene which is used industrially being poly-3,4-(ethylene-1,2-dioxy)thiophene, often also called poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), since it has a very high conductivity in its oxidized form.
Technical development in electronics increasingly requires solid electrolyte capacitors having very low equivalent series resistances (ESR). Reasons for this are, for example, falling logic voltages, a higher integration density and increasing cycle frequencies in integrated circuits. Furthermore, a low ESR also lowers energy consumption, which is particularly advantageous for mobile battery-operated uses. There is therefore the desire to reduce the ESR of solid electrolyte capacitors to as low a value as possible.
European Patent Specification EP-A-340 512 describes the preparation of a solid electrolyte from 3,4-ethylene-1,2-dioxythiophene and the use of its cationic polymers, prepared by oxidative polymerization, as a solid electrolyte in electrolyte capacitors. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), as a substitute for manganese dioxide or charge transfer complexes in solid electrolyte capacitors, lowers the equivalent series resistance of the capacitor due to the higher electrical conductivity, and improves the frequency properties.
A disadvantage of this and similar processes is that the conductive polymer is produced by polymerization in situ in the electrolyte capacitor. For this, the monomer, such as e.g. 3,4-ethylene-1,2-dioxythiophene, and oxidizing agent must be incorporated together or successively into the porous metal body in the presence of solvents and then polymerized. However, such a chemical reaction is undesirable in the production of electronic components, since it is very difficult to allow the chemical reaction to proceed always in an identical manner in millions of small porous components in order to produce capacitors of the same specification.
It is furthermore a disadvantage of in situ polymerization in the production of solid electrolytes for capacitors that the oxidizing agents can damage the dielectric (oxide layer) on the metal electrode. Transition metal salts, such as e.g. Fe(III) salts, are as a rule used as oxidizing agents. After the polymerization, not only the electrically conductive polymer but also the reduced metal salts, such as e.g. Fe(II) salts, remain in the electrode body as reaction products of the polymerization. An attempt can indeed be made to remove these salts by subsequent washing steps. However, this is expensive and is not achieved completely, i.e. residues of the metal salts still remain in the electrode body. As is known, transition metals in particular can damage the dielectric, so that the increased residual currents resulting from this significantly reduce the life of the capacitors or even render it impossible to use the capacitors under harsh conditions, such as high temperatures and/or high atmospheric humidity.
Furthermore, the production process for solid electrolyte capacitors is very expensive if an in situ polymerization is used: A polymerization process (impregnation, polymerization, washing) as a rules takes several hours, and under certain circumstances solvents which are an explosion hazard or toxic must be used in this, and very many polymerization processes are required in order to produce a solid electrolyte.
A further disadvantage of chemical in situ processes for the production of solid electrolyte capacitors is that as a rule anions of the oxidizing agent or optionally other monomeric anions serve as counter-ions for the conductive polymer. Because of their small size, however, these are not bonded to the polymer in a sufficiently stable manner. As a result, diffusion of the counter-ions and therefore an increase in the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor may occur, especially at elevated use temperatures of the capacitor. The alternative use of high molecular weight polymeric counter-ions in the chemical in situ polymerization does not lead to films which are sufficiently conductive and therefore does not lead to low ESR values.
In Japanese Patent Application JP-A 2001-102255, a layer of polyethylenedioxythiophene/polystyrenesulfonic acid is applied directly to the oxide film for protection of the oxide film and better adhesion of the solid electrolyte to the oxide film. The solid electrolyte is then applied to this layer by means of in situ polymerization. However, this method also has the disadvantage that an in situ polymerization is necessary in order to produce a capacitor having a low ESR.
A polymerization of monomers can also be carried out electrochemically in the absence of oxidizing agents. However, the electrochemical polymerization requires that a conductive film is first deposited on the insulating oxide layer of the metal electrode. An in situ polymerization with all the abovementioned disadvantages is then in turn required for this. Finally, this layer must be electrically contacted for each individual metal electrode. This contacting is very expensive in mass production and can damage the oxide layer. Furthermore, electrochemical deposition into the pores of the porous metal electrode is very difficult, since the deposition primarily takes place on the outside of the electrode body due to the course of the electrical potential.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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USPTO Backgrounds
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Iran Is Playing With Fire in Syria
A picture taken in the northern Israeli Kibbutz of Harduf on Feb. 10, shows the remains of an Israel F-16 that crashed after coming under fire by Syrian air defenses. (Jack Guez/AFP/Getty Images)
With the Syrian rebels on the run and the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad gaining momentum, Iran is seeking to rewrite the “rules of the game” governing Israel’s actions in Syria. Last weekend’s clashes on Israel’s northern border occurred within this context. An Iranian drone breached Israeli airspace, Israel retaliated by bombing multiple targets deep in Syrian territory, and Syria then shot down an Israeli fighter jet.
Before last Saturday, Israel had established an expectation that its strikes on Iranian-Hezbollah weapons convoys and production facilities in Syria would not be met with an effective military response; Syria and Hezbollah couldn’t afford war with Israel, nor did they have the capabilities to seriously retaliate. This state of affairs was obviously disruptive for Iranian designs in the region and a bitter pill for the Assad regime to swallow.
By launching a sophisticated unmanned aerial vehicle into Israeli airspace on Saturday, Iran set off a chain reaction, which led the Israeli Air Force to strike Iranian and Assad regime positions in Syria, including the Iranian command center from which the drone was being remotely piloted. This gave the Assad regime an opportunity to set a new precedent by firing on Israeli jets over Israeli territory, downing an Israeli F-16, and provoking further Israeli Air Force strikes on Syrian targets.
Because it was the first time in over three decades that an Israeli jet was brought down by enemy fire, the immediate response by some analysts was to declare that the conflict in the region had entered a “new strategic phase.” The secretary of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council said, “The era of hit and run is over,” in reference to Israeli airstrikes on Syrian soil. Even the Israeli news site Walla made the foreboding prediction that this was a sign of ominous things to come along Israel’s northern front.
They are wrong. The loss of one Israeli jet should not be exaggerated; it is not a watershed moment that will alter the strategic balance in the Middle East. After all, the Syrians and Russians have lost numerous aircraft over the course of the civil war in Syria (including recently), and that has hardly ushered in an era in which they do not control the skies over their respective areas of influence.
When considering air superiority, a single case does not change the strategic balance, as the calculations are about averages, not individual instances. By this metric, because Israel’s enemies have succeeded in bringing down only a single plane over the past 30 years despite that fact that it has launched over 100 strikes in Syria since the start of the civil war and destroyed the Assad regime’s nuclear reactor in 2007, according to the New Yorker, there is little basis for questioning Israel’s air superiority.
To demonstrate that the “rules” had not changed, Israel was quick to re-establish its right to strike immediately following the downing of the F-16. The only way to reaffirm that right is to exercise it. By doing so, the Israeli Air Force took a risk that its pilots would face more anti-aircraft fire, but the lack of resistance it appears to have encountered may suggest that the Syrian military was unwilling to risk escalating the clashes into a wider conflict that it did not want and could not win.
In its far-reaching retaliatory raid on a dozen Syrian and Iranian targets, Israel sought to make clear there would be a cost if Assad and his Iranian allies challenged the “rules” again in the near future. By causing heavy damage to Syrian defense infrastructure but not going “all the way” and completely decimating all air defense units, Israel is well positioned to deter future incursions into its airspace. It demonstrated that it could demolish all Syrian forces if necessary to establish complete air superiority, but by not doing so gave Damascus an incentive to avoid future conflict.
The first-ever direct strikes on manned Iranian fixtures in Syria also demonstrated what may become an important component of Israeli strategy to deter Iran in Syria: Iranian forces stationed in Damascus are 800 miles from Tehran and only a few dozen miles from Israel, which leaves them extremely vulnerable to Israeli aerial attacks. Thus, while it is uncomfortable and undesirable for Israel to have an Iranian presence next door, it does also present some opportunities in the sense that Iran is far more exposed and, if Israeli leaders deem it necessary, Israel can attack Iran without entering Iranian territory.
After Israel’s counterstrike, the Iranian-led axis appears to have backed down. Russia’s statement urging “all sides to exercise restraint” indicated that it was not supportive of Iran’s provocations that might put the Kremlin’s “project” of saving the Assad regime at risk. The Assad regime barely survived seven years of war against the Syrian rebels, and so it stands little chance of holding up against an advanced and professional military like Israel’s.
Considering that the Syrian regime is in tatters, Assad is probably more keen on rebuilding his decimated country than on bearing the brunt of Israeli attacks launched in response to Iranian provocations. Hezbollah may be arming itself with advanced weaponry, but it is not interested in fighting another devastating conflict with Israel that could spread to Lebanon. Finally, the Iranian people’s protests against their government’s economic mismanagement at home and adventurism abroad indicate that the regime should be wary of increasing its commitments in Syria.
Even if quiet has returned to Israel’s northern front, this is unlikely to be the last skirmish. The next escalation in which both sides test each other’s boundaries and aim to rewrite the “rules” will come eventually. It is not a matter of if, but when.
Amos Yadlin, a retired major general in the Israel Defense Forces, served as the chief of Israel’s Military Intelligence Directorate from 2006 to 2010 and is now the director of the Institute for National Security Studies in Israel.
Ari Heistein is the special assistant to the director at the Institute for National Security Studies.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
|
Nipple surgery may be performed on patients as a result of cancer treatment, trauma, or congenital abnormalities (such as an inverted nipple). Following a mastectomy procedure to treat breast cancer, nipple reconstruction surgery is most often done as the final stage of the breast reconstruction process.
Nipple reconstruction greatly increases the achievement of a realistic looking breast, and provides tangible psychological benefits to patients undergoing breast reconstruction. Nipple size, projection, position, shape, and color are key considerations in the reconstruction process. However, the achievement of a lasting aesthetic result can be an elusive goal.
Contemporarily, nipples are generally reconstructed from incised local flaps of skin and fat that are elevated from the breast mound to create a protrusion. The incised donor sites on the breast mound are typically closed by suturing the opposing skin edges together. Popular local skin flap procedures include the Skate Flap, S-Flap, and Star Flap.
Local skin flap procedures have generally replaced the use of (non-local) tissue grafts for nipple reconstruction. Tissue graft techniques that use tissue taken from the vaginal area or the ear lobe to construct the new nipple are no longer in favor due to the difficulty in preserving the blood supply to the transplanted tissue; which if compromised can lead to the death of the transplanted tissue.
Regardless of the specific nipple reconstruction technique that is used, size, projection, position, shape, and color are key considerations.
The post surgical recovery process for a newly constructed, or reconstructed nipple mirrors that of the wound healing process and is comprised of multiple stages that last several months to a couple of years. Table 1 provides a summary or overview of the entire wound (and reconstructed nipple) healing process.
TABLE 1StageCharacteristicsLengthOneThis stage often goes by the name ofLasts several days:homeostasis and/or inflammatory phase.immediately after theClotting occurs and blood vessels arewound is createdconstricted to control bleeding in theto 2-5wound. Inflammation occurs and is adays total.visible indicator of the immune response.White blood cells clean the area of debrisand bacteria.TwoKnown as the metabolic or proliferativeBegins after stage onephase. The body produces collagen to filland lasts about 3voids and to strengthen the wound.weeks.Stronger and thicker scars, than areultimately needed, are produced. Newblood vessels form. Wound edges pulltogether and moist areas are covered by alayer of skin.ThreeGenerally goes by the name of maturationBegins after stage twoor remodeling phase. During this stage,and lasts up to 2 years.the body refashions the scar and decideshow much will remain. New collagenforms, which changes the shape of thewound and increases the tensile strength oftissue in the area.
Immediately following surgery, the reconstructed nipple is typically larger in size and has a more pronounced projection than it will ultimately have. This is mostly due to localized inflammation, the fact that the tissue has not yet tightened and scarred down, and the absence of compression forces on the nipple immediately following the surgical procedure.
One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, upon reading this description, that the use of a local skin flap procedure, to create a new nipple, produces a larger contiguous wound that is comprised of the newly constructed nipple and the connected, sutured local donor skin site. In contrast, for tissue graft procedures, the tissue graft donor site area (e.g., typically the vaginal area or ear lobe) is distinct from the nipple site. For tissue graft procedures, the two wound sites heal independently of each another.
Despite a surgeon's technique and expertise with a particular local skin flap procedure, the created nipple will experience shrinkage and may even completely flatten. External compression forces on the nipple, such as from wearing a bra, and tensile, or pulling forces from scar tissue that forms within the local donor site area conspire to flatten the constructed nipple. It is common for the ultimate result to be a very small protrusion or no protrusion at all. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily observe that an effective treatment for nipple flattening must counteract the pulling forces on the newly created nipple that originate in the local skin flap donor site area and are characteristic of Stage Two and Stage Three of the healing process. Consequently, for local skin flap procedures the scope of an effective therapy to counter nipple flattening must cover Stage Two and Stage Three of the wound healing process summarized in Table 1.
Immediately following surgery, the common practice is for the nipple to be covered with antibiotic soaked gauze, and then is dressed with additional gauze that is cut in a donut shape and placed around it. The donut gauze is layered to the height of the nipple in an attempt to maintain the size, shape, and projection of the nipple. The distal tip of the nipple and surrounding gauze are then covered with more gauze and secured with either medical tape and/or a plastic waterproof cover. Some surgeons additionally cut off the end of a syringe and use it with layers of gauze to protect the nipple against external forces during the initial healing phase (i.e., Stage One of Table 1).
The post operative dressing remains on the patient for about three to five days, until the patient's follow-up, at which time the nipple is redressed in the same fashion except for the antibiotic soaked dressing. The patient is then instructed to change the dressing after showering for the following one to two weeks. During this phase of the recovery and healing time, the patient is typically instructed to not wear a compressive bra and to not undertake any activities where the stitches and integrity of the nipple could be compromised. Of course, specific protocols in regards to surgical procedure, dressing, and post-op care and instructions may vary with individual surgeons' technique and preferences.
One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, upon reading this description, that while the use of layers of gauze and the use of prior art purpose-built surgical bandages, e.g., as described by Imonti in U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,750 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,977 (hereinafter “Imonti”), may be appropriate to protect a newly constructed nipple during Stage One and the very beginning of Stage Two of the healing process (see Table 1), these approaches do not adequately address the latter part of Stage Two and Stage Three of the healing process for nipples constructed using local skin flap procedures, wherein the action of the scar tissue within the donor site area pulls and flattens the nipple.
Neither the use of layers of gauze nor the use of the device described by Imonti does anything to counteract the pulling forces on the newly created nipple that originate in the local skin flap donor site area.
The surgical bandage defined in Imonti predates today's local skin flap procedures and full to anticipate the contribution of the pulling forces within the donor site area to nipple flattening. The Imonti surgical bandage is optimized for Stage One of the healing process for a newly constructed nipple and explicitly references nipples that are created from tissue grafts. For example, Imonti '977 states, at column 1, line 14, “Tissue is taken from the vaginal area or ear lobe to construct the nipple . . . ”; and at column 1, line 62, “A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved bandage for the areola and nipple area which bandage is carefully configured so as to minimize contact with the reconstructed tissue of that area . . . ” In describing the surgical bandage, Imonti confirms, at column 2, line 28 “A preferred design of the protector member has a generally flat upper surface. A large medication opening passes through the center of that surface is surrounded by a raised annular rim having a plurality of spaced suture holes through it. The raised wound, such as a reconstructed nipple, in the protector member can then be sutured through the suture holes so that it can stand up in the protector member without slumping down . . . ” Further, column 4, line 59 of Imonti '977 again explicitly cites nipples that are constructed via a tissue graft procedure: “The newly-constructed nipple often tends to lean or sag during the healing process and so the present invention provides for circumferentially and radially spaced suture holes 64 in protector member 14′.” One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, upon reading this description, that the process of nipple sagging which is characteristic of tissue graft nipple reconstruction procedures is distinct from the process of nipple flattening which is characteristic of local skin flap procedures.
A principal objective of the nipple reconstruction guard according to embodiments of the present invention is to overcome the limitations of prior art bandages by specifically counteracting the pulling forces on the newly created nipple that originate in the local skin flap donor site area during Stage Two and Stage Three of the healing process for a newly created nipple.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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USPTO Backgrounds
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[Frequency of occurrence of Hepatitis C virus markers and risk factors among hospital personnel in the Novosibirsk region].
The occurrence of markers, the genotypic variety of isolates and the profile of risk factors with respect to viral hepatitis C among 629 employees of the Regional Clinical Hospital (RCH) in Novosibirsk and 1,020 employees of the Central District Hospital (CDH) in Iskitim were studied in a cross-sectional investigation. The occurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers was 5.1% in RCH and 2.2% in CDH. Among the risk factors in the population under study were: the medical history of blood transfusions (TF) with 0 TF, anti-HCV = 2.3%; 1 TF, = 5.7% > 1 TF, = 13.5% (p < 0.001); general anesthesia (GA) with < or = 2 GA, anti-HCV = 2.8%; > 2 GA, = 7.8% (p = 0.002); surgical interventions (SU) with 0 SU, = 1.9%; > 0 SU, = 4.3% (p = 0.012); the intravenous use of drugs (OR = 31.8); age (< or = 25 years, anti-HCV IgG = 8.6% > 25 years, = 4.5%); the number of partners of the opposite sex < or = 4 partners, = 2.4%; > 4 partners, = 6.9%; p < 0.001). The probable risk factors at a working place (pricks and cuts, contamination of mucous membranes with blood and other biological fluids, etc.) proved to be faintly related with the status of HBV infection. HBV isolates detected in the examined persons (35 examinees) were distributed by genotypes as follows: 60% of subtype 1b, 28.6% of subtype 2a/2c, 11.4% of subtype 3a. HBV of genotype 1a was not detected in the examined specimens, while the detection rate of genotype 2a/2c was considerably greater than in specimens obtained in the European and Asian parts of Russia (according to the data reported earlier).
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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PubMed Abstracts
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Q:
MapView in CardView only updates when clicked
I have a couple of different cards in a RecyclerView. One card contains a MapView:
<com.google.android.gms.maps.MapView
android:id="@+id/map_card_pickup"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="200dp" />
In the adapter I fill the MapView as follows (excerpt):
public class myCarAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<RecyclerView.ViewHolder> implements OnMapReadyCallback {
public static class GeneralViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
// each data item is just a string in this case
public Button mShareButton;
public GeneralViewHolder(View v) {
super(v);
mV = v;
mShareButton = (Button)v.findViewById(R.id.button_share);
}
}
public static class ViewHolderPickup extends GeneralViewHolder {
public Button mLinkButton;
public TextView mInfoText;
public MapView mMap;
public ViewHolderPickup(View v) {
super(v);
mLinkButton = (Button)v.findViewById(R.id.button_link_pickup);
mInfoText = (TextView)v.findViewById(R.id.textView_info_pickup);
mMap = (MapView)v.findViewById(R.id.map_card_pickup);
}
}
@Override
public RecyclerView.ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
View v;
switch(viewType) {
case 1:
v = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext())
.inflate(R.layout.fragment_my_car_card_pickup, parent, false);
ViewHolderPickup viewHolderPickup = new ViewHolderPickup(v);
viewHolderPickup.mLinkButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
((FragmentActivity)mV.getContext()).getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()
.replace(R.id.content_main, new PickupFragment())
.commit();
}
});
viewHolderPickup.mMap.onCreate(null);
viewHolderPickup.mMap.getMapAsync(this);
return viewHolderPickup;
}
return null;
}
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(RecyclerView.ViewHolder holder, int position) {
((GeneralViewHolder)holder).mShareButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Toast toast = Toast.makeText(mV.getContext(), R.string.cards_shared, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT);
toast.show();
}
});
switch (mDataset.get(position).type) {
case PICKUP:
((ViewHolderPickup)holder).mInfoText.setText(mDataset.get(position).msg);
break;
}
}
@Override
public void onMapReady(GoogleMap map) {
map.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLngZoom(new
LatLng(51.0107214,6.9549693), 10));
map.addMarker(new MarkerOptions()
.position(new LatLng(51.0107214, 6.9549693)));
}
}
With the above code the MapView is showing me a grid. Only when I click on the Mapview, it updates its content.
A:
I had the same problem and I solved it by using the Lite version of the MapView:
xmlns:map="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
(...)
<com.google.android.gms.maps.MapView
(...)
map:liteMode="true"/>
This GitHub project was very useful: https://github.com/saxman/android-map_list
Hope it helps.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
|
StackExchange
|
Caprica (disambiguation)
Caprica is an American science fiction drama television series.
Caprica may also refer to:
Caprica, one of the fictional Twelve Colonies of Kobol from the Battlestar Galactica media franchise
Caprica Six, a copy of the fictional Number Six character from the reimagined Battlestar Galactica
Category:Battlestar Galactica
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
|
Wikipedia (en)
|
517 F.3d 8 (2005)
Misael ACEVEDO-AGUILAR, Petitioner,
v.
Michael MUKASEY,[*] Attorney General, Respondent.
No. 07-1261.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Submitted October 2, 2007.
Decided February 15, 2008.
*9 Peter Darvin on brief for petitioner.
Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, Terri J. Scadron, Assistant Director, and Kathryn L. Deangelis, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, United States. Justice Department, on brief for respondent.
Before LIPEZ, Circuit Judge, CYR, Senior Circuit Judge, and HOWARD, Circuit Judge.
HOWARD, Circuit Judge.
Misael Acevedo-Aguilar, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") order affirming the decision of an immigration judge ("IJ") that he was ineligible for cancellation of removal because he was not continuously present in the United States for the requisite 10 years prior to his application, as required by section 240A(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. We deny the petition.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Where, as here, the BIA adopts and affirms a portion of the IJ's decision, while also providing additional analysis of its own, we directly review the adopted portions of the IJ decision, Sulaiman v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 347, 350 (1st Cir.2005), as well as the BIA's additions, Stroni v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 82, 87 (1st Cir.2006). We review the decisions of the IJ and BIA according to a "substantial evidence" standard, under which we will uphold the decisions if they are "supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole." Carcamo-Recinos v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 253, 256 (1st Cir.2004) (citation and internal quotation omitted). Under this deferential standard, we will reverse only if "the record evidence would compel a reasonable factfinder to make a contrary determination." Stroni, 454 F.3d at 87 (citation omitted).
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
The petitioner claims to have first entered the United States without inspection in August 1992, when he was 16 years old, by crossing the Mexican border. In March 2001, he married Kobi Littlefield, the mother of his then one-year old daughter, and shortly thereafter filed an 1-485 adjustment of status application containing *10 an 1-130 immediate relative visa petition, filed by his wife. As a result of marital discord which eventually culminated in divorce, Ms. Littlefield withdrew her 1-130 petition, which led to the denial of Acevedo-Aguilar's 1-485 application in November 2001.
On August 7, 2003, federal immigration authorities issued Acevedo-Aguilar a `Notice to Appear, charging him with removability. He eventually conceded removability, but filed an application for cancellation, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b), under which removal of a deportable alien may be cancelled if, inter alia, he "has been physically present in the United States for a continuous period of 10 years immediately preceding the date of [his] application." Such "physical presence time" stops accruing upon service of a notice to appear. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1). In addition, an alien departing the United States for "any period in excess of 90 days or aggregate periods exceeding 180 days" is considered to have failed to "maintain a continuous physical presence in the United States." 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(2).
Under this construct for cancellation of removal, Acevedo-Aguilar's burden was to prove that he was continuously present in the United States for the 10 years preceding August 7, 2003. The dispute in this case centers on a period in 1998 when he returned to Mexico to attend his brother's wedding. He testified that he left the United States on March 20, 1998, and submitted into evidence an airline ticket receipt bearing that date. Thus, he would have had to return to this country by June 18, 1998, to fall within the 90 day rule.
Pinpointing the petitioner's return date, however, is no simple task, since he reentered to the United States by illegally crossing the border at Nogales, Arizona.
Weighing heavily against him was the 485 application for adjustment he submitted in 2001, in which he noted that his last entry into the United States was July 9, 1998, 21 days outside the allowable time window. He testified however, that he returned to the United States on June 10, 1998, which would be within the allowable time. He explained that the discrepancy was due to confusion about his departure date, which caused him to put the wrong date on the 1-485. He testified that he knew he was away for approximately two months and a few days after his brother's April 18 wedding, so when his mother showed him the plane ticket with the March departure date, he realized that his correct return date was in June, not July.
In addition to his own testimony, Petitioner's mother testified about his absence from the United States in 1998. She did little to clear up the confusion, however, as she offered three different accounts of Acevedo-Aguilar's return, testifying first that she last saw him in Mexico on May 10, 1998, prior to an expected border crossing between May 10 and June 10. She also testified that her son was in her house in Mexico between May 10 and June 10, and later stated that he crossed the border into the United States on June 5.
In finding that Acevedo-Aguilar had not met his burden of proving his continuous presence in the United States, the IJ cited the discrepancy between petitioner's testimony regarding his absence, the plane ticket receipt and his sworn 1-485 form. The BIA adopted that finding and placed additional reliance on the inconsistent testimony of petitioner's mother regarding petitioner's whereabouts between March and July 1998. As these conclusions are supported by substantial record evidence, *11 the petition for review is denied.[1]
NOTES
[*] Pursuant to Fed. R.App. P. 43(c)(2), Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey has been substituted for former Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales.
[1] Because we resolve this petition on the issue of Acevedo-Aguilar's 1998 absence from the United States, we do not reach his other claims of error.
|
tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
|
FreeLaw
|
Sunday, July 3, 2011
Just paint the bottles red, white and blue and get it over with
Ugh, I can't think of any company that has spent more time and energy over the last year trying to cash in on America's military adventurism, can you?
Miller's loud-mouthed, jackass beer delivery man (and arbiter of the proper use of watered-down Miller products) ostentatiously proclaims Miller Lite's love affair with "veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan." In a previous ad, this dick was satisfied with shaking the hands of one of these vets at an airport while admiring him with doe eyes. Apparently, the good people at Miller didn't think the message was received clearly enough, so it's been ramped up and amplified.
So this time, listen carefully, America:
Miller Lite LOVES THE VETS, OK? Not only LOVES THEM, but WORSHIPS THEM! Miller wants to salute the vets in every way possible, providing them "a piece of the High Life," and expressing appreciation in every PUBLIC forum available. But most importantly, Miller wants YOU, the VIEWER, to UNDERSTAND and APPRECIATE exactly how MUCH Miller Supports our VeteransTM. And they'll keep showing this appreciation- again, in the loudest, crassest, most over-the-top showy way imaginable- as long as we, the audience, keep sending in bottle caps.
As I said in a previous post concerning the same product- Hey Miller, if you were one-tenth as committed to "supporting the vets" and "giving them a piece of the High Life" as you were in wrapping yourself in the fricking flag and running for Most Patriotic Beer Company Ever in the hearts and minds of American beer drinkers, you'd quietly cut a check to the VA, pay for seats to sporting events, and provide cheap transportation for the Vets You Care So Very Deeply About. You wouldn't be pulling this More American Than Thou BS, and you wouldn't be so eager to use Our Vets as camouflage-clad backdrops to help you pimp your crappy beer.
On this Fourth of July weekend, a commercial exploiting America's soldiers is about as welcome as a Glenn Beck Restoring Honor rally, and about as sincere as an NYPD baseball cap on an obese tea-partier. Give it a rest, and save the flashy, cheap bunting for the car dealerships, ok?
4 comments:
Ah, my; they always did say that patriotism was the last refuge of a scoundrel. Sadly for all of us, Miller was determined to prove the saying true. That being said, it's not as if they WANT to be honest; the tagline "It's five in the morning and you've just pissed on a dumpster; It's Miller Time!!" wouldn't go over too well.
My husband (aka: the disabled guy) is a vet from Desert Shield/Storm. He's 100% disabled from his time in the Army, specifically, his time in the Gulf War. (he spent 8 1/2 years in the Army).
My dad is a Vietnam veteran and spent 21 years of his life in the Army.
My dad didn't get anything upon his return from 'Nam.
My spouse didn't get anything upon his return from the Gulf.
Actually, that's not true. My dad got two weeks off to pick up his wife and head out to his next duty station in Colorado. My spouse got two days off before having to go back into work and "process equipment" for a week, then he got two weeks off.
So, thanks, Miller! My family appreciates your love of veterans. Now excuse me, I have to go help my disabled guy trim his fingernails because he can't do that one-handed.
So theres only three different reactions available to check? funny, intresting, and cool. How bout you add stupid in there as well. Let me just correct you and let you know this ad campaign has nothing at all to do with Miller Lite... its Miller High Life a completly differnt tasting and heavier beer. I do understand there ploy to seem as if there more patriotic then the other guys. Actually because its completly true. “Give a Veteran a Piece of The High Life” program, provides the means that pay soldiers' way into sports events, concerts, outdoor adventures and more. For every High Life cap or tab dropped off at participating retailers or mailed in, Miller High Life will donate 10 cents toward High Life Experiences for returning vets. And these events do occur, and all those other wasted caps from almost every other bevarage company just end up as trash.Maybe your biased tword Miller, which is fine, but when other beer companies are spending money on ads that make us laugh, this one is actually promoting something that would benifit others. Just paint the cans red, white, and blue? thats why i wish there was a stupid box to check at the end of the article. High life has a returning costomer base and hasnt changed its can or bottle very much since 1903. Obviously i may be a bit biased... I live in Milwaukee (home of Miller brewing company), and i actually am a returning vet from afghanistan. Me and my friend ( a vet of iraq ) have been collecting and turing in bottle tops and caps we collect as much as we can. Here in Milwaukee at every bar, there is a place to deposit these caps. And there are always many in there before we add ours. Maybe you hate this commercial, thats understandable, however most commercials suck balls and have there own agenda anyway. This one actually promotes a pretty damn good campaign effort for people intrested in actually DOING something for veterans, rather than just puting a yellow ribbion bought from a gas station on there car.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
|
Q:
CSRF Protection with Firebase Email/Password Authentication
I am working on deploying my Node.js app into production. We had been running into some CSRF issues but after looking deeper into the problem and learning more about CSRF attacks, I'm wondering if we even need to perform these checks.
Our API is whitelisted from our CSRF checks so our mobile apps that rely on the API can run properly (we're working on securing that currently). On the web frontend, we allow our users to register/log in and create/edit their data. We use Firebase's email/password authentication system to perform authentication (https://firebase.google.com/docs/auth/web/password-auth). As I understand it, this means we don't have to worry about CSRF attacks on registering and logging in because Firebase handles that. My question is: if we make sure our users are authenticated with Firebase on each Post route in our app, does that mean we don't have to worry about CSRF attacks?
A:
CSRF becomes an issue when you are saving a session cookie. Firebase Auth currently persists the Auth State in web storage (localStorage/indexedDB) and are not transmitted along the requests. You are expected to run client side code to get the Firebase ID token and pass it along the request via header, or POST body, etc. On your backend, you would verify the ID token before serving restricted content or processing authenticated requests. This is why in its current form, CSRF is not a problem since Javascript is needed to get the ID token from local storage and local storage is single host origin making it not accessible from different origins.
If you plan to save the ID token in a cookie or set your own session cookie after Firebase Authentication, you should then look into guarding against CSRF attacks.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
|
StackExchange
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Well instead of typing everything out I rather just put the basics (I'm just to lazy right now):
1.Gather basic supplies, food, water, medicine for general illnesses, first aid supplies, navigational equipment such as maps and a compass with maybe a GPS for the first few days while the network is still up, communication equipment, light weapons such as light medium length blades or swords that have sheaths, a gun if I can find one with a decent supply of ammunition (Preferably a .22 or 9mm due to the availability of the ammunition) or a high powered rifle, combat/survival equipment such as a combat knife, some sort of wire, blankets, duct tape, rope/bungee cord, camouflage netting/covering, survival clothes such as hiking boots, extra socks and underwear, tactical/camouflage TDU's or jackets with high tearing resistance and is waterproof, light entertainment like cards or a board game or dominoes to combat boredom, books on first aid/survival and edible plant life/wildlife, books for entertainment, sizable back pack with spare, garbage bags, gas mask (If available with I do have and extra filters), smoke canisters for signalling, scissors, razors, a comb, toiletries, a couple sets of silverware, canteen or water storage device, small pot for boiling water/cooking, fishing line/hooks (if available), light tools such as a utility knife or multi-tool, ponchos, bug spray/sun screen, radio's (two way or more), extra batteries of all kinds, hat/bonnie hat, extra clothes like shirts/long pants (Camouflage/green or black/earthy recommended), gloves (never know what you are touching and for not cutting yourselves, combat gloves recommended), marker/spray paint, emergency flairs/glow sticks, and a cell phone with a charger (for beginning stages when power and communications are still up), flint stick/ water proof matches, waterproof bedroll/sleeping bag (Dark colors recommended), energy bars protein pills and vitamins (good health and energy bonus), flash lights, solar panels with plugs, and so on.
2. Secure transportation, smaller truck or van will do, bigger trucks/vans will be hard to get through side roads/traffic and can get through jams easier, if you are out of the city a larger RV or truck.van will work better (4x4 recommended), obtain extra gas/fuel from abandoned cars or stations, if alone a small two door car or motorcycle might be better transportation, in bigger cities walking might need to take place in order to get out of city due to traffic jams, a vehicle stashed out of the city or father out on the roads will be best here.
3. Gather friends/family with skill sets that will help the group such as first aid, doctors, ex. military/police/survival people, creators/inventors/tool shop workers or hunters, they must be in good health and physical/mental condition as well as be close friends and reliable allies that won't stab you in the back or leave you/steal supplies. They must also have their own supplies and live close enough or have a meet up spot somewhere that is close enough for the whole party to quickly meet up and get out of the immediate area and larger cities. A group of 4-6 will work best together. A strong pair of three will work if they work well together and have the skill set required, but a team of 4-6 is recommended (Basically a squad), MUST include both genders.
4. Reach safe ground/building with multiple exits and entrances that are sealed off for escape and entering quietly with one main entrance for easy security at over watch, a two/three floor complex with a flat room will work but is hard to guard and seal off. Has to be near wildlife or forest, if not a warehouse or fertile ground for plants (If long stay is possible), ALL PLACES MUST HAVE FRESH WATER SUPPLY, higher ground is a bit better, a hill or any higher building will work, or if you must continuously move onto the next place a set course and destination route will be needed along with alternatives for safer and planned travel.
5. "Level Up", basically, enhance any weapons, vehicles, or supplies for zombie/survival needs such as a knife taped to a pistol or a flashlight taped to a pistol, the vehicles will be needing some sort of rebar or metal with a small window for viewing, a metal front piece for bashing will protect the front of the car, spike it if possible, reenforce the front window with metal/rebar, instal hatch on roof or reenforce the sunroof to use as a place to fight, a long rod with a knife or other sharp object will help here for stabbing, BOTH ENDS NEED A SHARP OBJECT
6. Survive, now just try to survive as best you can, avoid confrontations, only forge friendships with people you can trust or don't bother talking to anyone, be in pairs at all times and do not travel further than one hundred yards from each other without a emergency or real survival need, keep moving no matter what, avoid making sounds and bright lights, find proper shelter and replenish supplies that even remotely look like they are dying out.
Just a short summary of my own plans and tips. I'll take any questions or whatever in my inbox or a quote on here. Bye! :3
First of all I would put on most comfy jeans, black tank, best boots, belt, cardigan, socks, and hoodie. I would grab my backpack and put the following: Toilet paper, tooth paste, tooth brush, one pair of shorts, 5 panties, one tank top, light blankie, can opener, 10 cans of whatever food, 3 spoons, forks, butter knives, and aluminium water bottle. Then get a large purse and put in the following: more TP, my collection of Tamadochi knives, my 4 pocket knives, my phone and charger. 10 cans of tuna and all my water bottles would be put in my van. I would proceed to my shed and get my shovel, hoe, rake, and garden spade. I would jump into my van and drive to any gas station and robber as many gas cans I could carry and then fill them up. then drive towards Alaska. killing zombies along the way.
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Down From the Stratosphere, Gaga-Free
As if to tune out the futurists and the sportswear revivalists, and maybe have a little more fun, designers are fluffing hair, adding giant orchids and evoking the heady mauve warmth of an Antonio Lopez drawing.
Photo
MARC JACOBS Wide-leg trousers with a striped knit top.Credit
Elizabeth Lippman for The New York Times
The mood announced itself on Sunday with Tom Ford’s ultra-glamorous show, the style a blend of 1920s lines and Paris smoke. Then, on Monday night, Marc Jacobs returned to the ’70s, sending out rose satin pantsuits with wide-leg trousers, zigzag knits and cotton peasant blouses with full sleeves that recalled Saint Laurent.
Photo
MARC JACOBS A silk-satin pantsuit with corsage.Credit
Elizabeth Lippman for The New York Times
Mr. Jacobs’s fidelity to the ’70s and to a handful of worldly, out-dancing-all-night women — one of whom, Diane Von Furstenberg, sat in his front row — doesn’t leave him much room for surprise, and this was not a collection that made people rush backstage in a drool. On the other hand, the clothes and colors put you in a good mood, and maybe that’s the draw for a fashion gypsy like Mr. Jacobs.
Photo
RODARTE Cropped high-waist paints and a plaid shirt.Credit
Elizabeth Lippman for The New York Times
We’re so used to the dead whites and galactic silvers of Lady Gaga and future-minded designers that to see a palette of mauve, rose, pink, tan, purple and terra cotta — sometimes in a mix of three or four colors — made you want something more earthbound. Indeed, for all the glamorous associations of a silk peasant blouse, or a one-shoulder dress in sheer, swirling stripes, or a turned-back-brim straw hat and a corsage, this particular dress-up aesthetic is strangely touching — perhaps because it involves a sense of play.
Photo
HALSTON Beaded one-shoulder gowns and silk tunics.Credit
Valerio Mezzanotti for The New York Times
In its own raw, sensual way, Donna Karan’s collection of sand-colored dresses and crinkled safari jackets speaks to a similar desire. Most of the silk crepe or satin dresses are of the romantic ’30s type favored by John Galliano, with flutters and trails of fabric, and, alas, only for young women.
Photo
DONNA KARAN A crinkled safari jacket with a long silk skirt.Credit
Valerio Mezzanotti for The New York Times
Ms. Karan’s other idea was a jacket, worn with a long silk skirt, that looked shrunken, creating many ripples, somewhat lumpy pockets and the kind of organic texture she is crazy about. But it was a repetitive show, the concepts not really new, and there is a limit to the appeal of sand, especially when you’re stuck in it.
Photo
VERA WANG A pleated tulle dress with a train.Credit
Marilynn K. Yee/The New York Times
Now that Marios Schwab has a handle on Halston, and Sarah Jessica Parker is monitoring the lower-priced Heritage line, maybe the higher-ups should give Mr. Schwab a runway show. Ordinarily still-life presentations have the advantage of an up-close look, but this time the pleasure was spoiled by a mob of people.
Still, Mr. Schwab, who has his own label in London, conveyed Halston’s glamour, with one-shoulder columns in night-sky cluster patterns, halter looks in white and orange, and a lovely short dress in white silk with a high neck, a gold-clasp belt and long, vented sleeves. The dresses had a contemporary feel, but without new, beefy ideas for day, the label might remain passively vintage.
If a Quentin Tarantino film is a reference point, as “Kill Bill” was for Vera Wang, you expect a highly stylized gesture or two. But this collection, which included fusions of origami pleating and gym shorts, was starkly dry of imagination as Ms. Wang repeated what seemed to be the same Japanese floral print and a ruched tulle dress with a long streamer. There was much tweaking of silk and jersey to very little purpose. The fabric went this way and that way, then the fabric changed and —
It went another way.
Can the notion of home be an influence? And can it be an influence without its inducing nostalgia or banal references to Mom’s closet? The clothes that Kate and Laura Mulleavy did this season for Rodarte were striking in their emotional grip of the things — almost all in nature — that the sisters see in their native California.
Now, lots of designers purportedly see things, but the results are too often literal, when it’s the fine essence we truly crave. This collection felt like the California experience that I’ve wanted the sisters to tell me — the homey texture and cut of a high-waist pair of trousers worn with a long-sleeve lumberjack plaid, the wood tones of a striped skirt worn blanket-style with an open-shoulder cotton blouse in a blue Chinese porcelain pattern.
The collection also worked on a commercial level, thanks to the excellent striped jackets with cutout shoulders and the fact that the fabrics didn’t overwhelm the designs. In the past, the designs, such as they were, seemed to accommodate the novel materials. But, with this collection, I suspect that people will look at it again and again in a kind of amazement at so much transmitted feeling through honest things. At least I hope so.
A version of this review appears in print on September 15, 2010, on page A32 of the New York edition with the headline: Down From the Stratosphere, Gaga-Free. Order Reprints|Today's Paper|Subscribe
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February 2, 2018 - It is with a mixture of emotion that we must inform you that Interceder will cease its service over the coming weeks. For nearly a
decade we have been helping you find relevant information across thousands of news and social sources, to keep
you abreast of the latest news. We’re a small team of two who have run Interceder outside of our regular day jobs and are
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and growing costs associated with acquiring, indexing, analysing and hosting content we will be shutting down Interceder
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women pay for it, some rural communities lack the other necessary resources to provide medication-assisted treatment, said Dina van der Zalm of the Missouri Rural Crisis Center.
One in seven women in Missouri suffer from postpartum depression —... Read more
22, 6.30pm: “A Poker Face”, a lecture by Head of Management and HR training programmes at the Russian Cultural Centre Dina Megahed speaks about how to understand the mentality of a decision making interviewer.
10 Nabarawy St, off Champollion... Read more
1d
Gazette News
Neil D'Arcy-Jones's Top Cultural Highlightswith a show from degree students in Year Two from Colchester Institute UCC. An
with a show from degree students in Year Two from Colchester Institute UCC. An eclectic mix of work, it includes pieces from Chloe Barker, Rebecca Yates, Iris Dina Gunnarsdóttir, Aurelia Milner, Michael Palmer, Patricia Plunkett, and Shane Wimble... Read more
23 at Acme Art for Fourth Friday Gallery Nights.
By John Staton StarNews Staff
There's a pottery kiln in the corner of Dina Wilde-Ramsing's garage-turned-studio, but she doesn’t use it much anymore.
Wilde-Ramsing recently retired from a... Read more
slaughter, you're an accomplice.
A month after a gunman in Las Vegas killed 58 people on Oct. 1 last year, Democratic Rep. Dina Titus of Nevada expressed frustration with Republican attempts to dodge legislative proposals on bump stocks, the device... Read more
among top players expected alongside Nigerians Aruna Quadri, who is placed 20th in the world and Segun Toriola.
Egyptian Dina Meshref, who is best placed African in the world in 39th position, and Nigerian Olufunke Oshonaike are players to watch... Read more
saw former President Democrat Barack Obama defeat Republican Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) at the top of the ticket, Democrat Dina Titus captured the seat for one term. In 2010’s Tea Party wave election, Republican Joe Heck recaptured the seat and... Read more
he says. “No one has the energy for it.”
Here, Howard and two other interior design experts — Deborah Martin and Jenny Dina Kirschner , both designers based in New York — offer advice on small but powerful decorating moves that can bring fresh... Read more
scheduled unless there is a high level of public interest, as there is in this case, according to OEPA spokesperson Dina Pierce.
“We know there’s a lot of public interest. We want to hear people’s concerns,” she said in an interview last... Read more
3d
Baltimore Sun
Family says Baltimore police, hospital rushed treatment of shooting victim before his jailing on gun charges6 and told them they had to leave the hospital room because he was under arrest
6 and told them they had to leave the hospital room because he was under arrest.
“We most definitely questioned it,” said Dina Lewis, Jaleel Huntley’s stepmother, who was at the hospital with her husband when the detectives arrived. “We didn’t... Read more
many families can't afford to go without a paycheck.
"For too many workers, taking unpaid time off is not an option," said Dina Bakst, co-founder of A Better Balance. "They find themselves returning to work too soon or not taking any time at all... Read more
many families can't afford to go without a paycheck.
"For too many workers, taking unpaid time off is not an option," said Dina Bakst, co-founder of A Better Balance. "They find themselves returning to work too soon or not taking any time at all... Read more
many families can't afford to go without a paycheck.
"For too many workers, taking unpaid time off is not an option," said Dina Bakst, co-founder of A Better Balance. "They find themselves returning to work too soon or not taking any time at all... Read more
many families can't afford to go without a paycheck.
"For too many workers, taking unpaid time off is not an option," said Dina Bakst, co-founder of A Better Balance. "They find themselves returning to work too soon or not taking any time at all... Read more
UAE authorities had prevented him from leaving the country, where he had lived since 2012.
On December 3, Shafik's lawyer, Dina Adly, said on her Facebook page that Shafik had been arrested and was being deported from the UAE to Cairo. After Shafik... Read more
at the school on Thursday afternoon where the new outdoor classroom and firepit were unveiled.
Mr Riddiough's parents Dina and Colin said they were 'very proud' after doing the honours and cutting the ribbon.
"It was a very proud moment, even... Read more
pneumonia, but I have not had any that I had admitted into the ICU or that have had the fatal outcome, which is good.”
Dr. Dina DiMaggio said her practice, Pediatric Associates of New York City, also is seeing “a lot more patients than previous... Read more
he says. “No one has the energy for it.”
Here, Howard and two other interior design experts — Deborah Martin and Jenny Dina Kirschner , both designers based in New York — offer advice on small but powerful decorating moves that can bring fresh... Read more
parlors from out of town — that aren’t, for instance, owned by Eagles fans — are admittedly capitalizing on the moment. Dina Fleming, a tattoo model with the Ohio-based Flesh to Fantasy Tattoo Emporium, showed off 11 different Eagles tattoo... Read more
who are already in existence, but it’s important you don’t miss out.
Iconic Sim characters such as Mortimer Goth, Dina and Nina Caliente and The Curious family have a history that includes adultery, gold digging and even alien... Read more
he says. “No one has the energy for it.”
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from soaring zinc prices.
“We forecast TCs at $150 this year because concentrate is still very tight,” said analyst Dina Yu at consultancy CRU Group in Beijing.
“We think the price-peak will appear in Q2 and then prices will retreat from... Read more
director of South Carolina Appleseed Legal Justice Center, who helped organize Wednesday's Lobby Day for the Dreamers.
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tropical. They’re agitated, in constant motion.
The exhibit marks a refreshing course change for the SMFA gallery under Dina Deitsch, the new director and chief curator of Tufts galleries — less scrupulously conceptual, more tangible, sensual,... Read more
out
Handsy: Vinny got to quickly grope Ronnie's pecs from behind as they tussled on a couch
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Tyler; children Geoffrey Royce Gentry of San Antonio, Cheryl Amber Estrada of Lubbock, Darr LaMont Spencer of Paradise and Dina Monea Hammonds of Tahoka.
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or chaos in their lives?
Also part of “The Blood Sisters” are Enchong Dee, Ejay Falcon, AJ Muhlach, Cherry Pie Picache, Dina Bonnievie, Jestoni Alarcon, Ruby Ruiz, and Pamu Pamorada. It is under the direction of Jojo Saguin.
Don’t miss the... Read more
Ceylan (18-1-2, 8 KOs) will face Jesus Sanchez (8-1, 1 KOs) in a ten-round featherweight contest on the undercard of Dina Thorslund’s WBC Female World Super Bantamweight title fight against Alicia Ashley on March 10 in Struer.
The former... Read more
from his relationship with actress Frances Fisher, while Morgan, 21, is the only child he had with his second wife, Dina Luiz, which ended in divorce in 2014.
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DW
Where does the Arab world stand on female genital mutilation? | News and analysis of events in the Arab world |out FGM. The enforcement is making doctors responsible for performing this act
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escape the death penalty for the crime he committed.
Tonyo is married to Rita with whom he has six children: Tanya, Pete, Dina, Jenny, Pablo and Andy. The family resides in a two-story house located at a Visayan town with three bedrooms, one in... Read more
Dina Hasao in Assam, Dhalai in Tripura or Kiphire in Nagaland are tiny specks within the geography of the north-east India, riven by recent clashes. For the locals of the seven-sister states of this region, the reasons for the clashes are, however,... Read more
family on Sunday night
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with her family on Sunday night
It was definitely a family occasion as she was joined on the Big Apple stroll by mother Dina, sister Ali, and brother Cody.
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'You should be ashamed of yourself': Kim Kardashian accused...She's... Read more
litter, which was found abandoned in the freezing cold with their mother on the side of a highway.
Whitney Wright, the coordinator of the event, said tickets sold out within one week.
"We posted two weeks ago. It immediately got tons of shares and... Read more
last seen on March 27, 2007 during a visit from the Department of Child Safety.
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hearing in the Brisbane Magistrates Court this morning.
He has not entered a plea at this stage.
Simpson and his partner, Dina Bond, were charged last year, but Baden has not been seen or more than 10 years.
It is alleged Baden was killed between... Read more
hearing in the Brisbane Magistrates Court this morning.
He has not entered a plea at this stage.
Simpson and his partner, Dina Bond, were charged last year, but Baden has not been seen or more than 10 years.
It is alleged Baden was killed between... Read more
Calif. - When the final mandatory evacuation order lifted after mudslides struck this coastal hillside neighborhood, Dina Landi returned to her home this week anticipating the damage she might find.
Three weeks earlier, she and her partner... Read more
toilet. So what happens is that during the day, we ask around when need arises and at night, we walk to a nearby bar," said Dina Chibutu, another resident.
Margaret Mpatuka shares one pit latrine with 20 other people from three different families,... Read more
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[TeensLoveHugeCocks] Giselle Leon - Lucky Leon (2014) [SD]
Giselle had a craving for some big thick cock. She loved the fact that her tight pussy could barely take a huge dick and said gets super horny thinking of cocks she has a hard time handling. Shane brought his massive shlong for her enjoyment. Giselle could barely wrap her hands around his dick, but she gave it her all. She moaned oh so nicely, as he opened her up. Her fanciful eyes and sexy face were lit up with excitement, as Shane went in and out her her sweet little eighteen-year-old box. Not sure if Giselle is going to walk straight after his cock being inside her, but she loved it for all it was worth.
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Private Snafu vs. Malaria Mike
Private Snafu vs. Malaria Mike is an animated short film, directed by Chuck Jones and first released in March, 1944. It features Private Snafu facing a malaria-transmitting mosquito.
Plot
The film opens to a wanted poster of Malaria Mike, the mosquito, placed on a tree. The surrounding area is a swamp. Mike himself admires his image in the poster, though he is not satisfied with the depiction of his nose. A splash of water alerts Mike to the presence of a potential target for him: the naked backside of Snafu. The soldier is currently bathing in a stream. Mike consults a chart detailing the choice parts of an American soldier. The buttocks are identified as filet mignon in the chart. Examining the buttocks of Snafu, Mike recognizes the man. Claiming to never forget a face. Mike reads the dog tags of Snafu and is enthusiastic to learn that the soldier is blood type A, his favorite type.
As Snafu dresses, Mike follows Snafu around and attempts to assault him. Various movements and clothing protect Snafu as time passes. In one occasion, Mike misses his target and infects a nearby tree with malaria. It promptly shrivels up and dies. Finally Snafu makes a mistake by rising from his camp bed with his backside nude. While kissing a photo of his girlfriend, his nude rear is offered as a target to Mike. The snout of the mosquito finally hits the mark.
Some time later, Mike is depicted sitting at an easy chair with a son sitting on his knee. The inquisitive boy asks what his father did in the "great war". The camera provides the answer by shifting to a nearby fireplace and to a trophy head mounted above it, the head of Snafu. In a postscript, Snafu thanks his sponsors, the United States Army. He credits them as providers of insect repellent, mosquito nets, atabrine tablets, and horse sense. He wishes he had actually used them.
Context
In the Pacific War, the lack of mosquito control measures had caused malaria to reach epidemic status. Entire infected units had to be evacuated before actually experiencing combat. Early in the War, it was estimated that malaria caused eight to ten times as many casualties than the battlefield. In 1943, James C. Magee, Surgeon General of the United States Army, created special units to plan and carry out malaria control. The same year, Douglas MacArthur issued orders concerning malaria control measures. Among them was raising the shipping priority of anti-malaria supplies, providing troops with prophylactic drugs (quinine and
atabrine) and mosquito repellents, and training troops in the importance of malaria.
Also in 1943, the United States Army started issuing educational propaganda about malaria. The educational campaign included films, radio broadcasts, posters, pinup calendars, signs, manuals, matchbooks, ration containers, and maps. All warning soldiers to protect themselves from malaria infection. This animated short film was part of the wider campaign.
Some of the Private Snafu films reused animation from mainstream films of Warner Bros. Cartoons. The air raid-like climax of the film derives from The Fighting 69th ½ (1941).
Notes
Although Mike is a male mosquito, in reality it's only the females that bite (which would later be corrected in a later Private Snafu cartoon, It's Murder She Says which is also directed by Chuck Jones), while the males only drink nectar and plant juice.
Sources
References
External links
Category:1944 films
Category:1944 animated films
Category:Animated films about insects
Category:Short films directed by Chuck Jones
Category:Private Snafu
Category:Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
Category:Films scored by Carl Stalling
Category:Films produced by Leon Schlesinger
Category:1940s American animated films
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Wikipedia (en)
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---
abstract: 'Fix a Dynkin diagram and let $\lambda$ be a coweight. When does there exist an element $w$ of the corresponding Weyl group such that $w$ is $\lambda$-minuscule and $w(\lambda)$ is dominant? We answer this question for general Coxeter groups. We express and prove these results using a variant of Mozes’s game of numbers.'
author:
- 'Qëndrim R. Gashi and Travis Schedler'
bibliography:
- 'references.bib'
title: On dominance and minuscule Weyl group elements
---
Introduction
============
Mazur’s Inequality [@mazur; @mazur2] is an important $p$-adic estimate of the number of rational points of certain varieties over finite fields. It can be formulated in purely group-theoretic terms, and the classical version can be viewed as a statement for the group $GL_n$ (see [@kot]). Kottwitz and Rapoport formulated a converse to this inequality [@krapo], which is also related to the non-emptiness of certain affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties, and they reduced the proof to a purely root-theoretic problem, which is solved in [@qendrim3]. A crucial step in [@qendrim3] involves the use of Theorem \[question\] below, which we state after introducing some standard notation and terminology.
Let $\Gamma$ be a simply-laced Dynkin graph, with corresponding simple roots $\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_n$, positive roots $\Delta_+$, Weyl group $W$, and simple reflections $s_1, \ldots, s_n \in W$. Let $P_\Gamma$ be the lattice of coweights corresponding to $\Gamma$. Following Peterson, for $\lambda \in P_\Gamma$ and $w \in W$, we say that $w$ is $\lambda$-minuscule if there exists a reduced expression $w=s_{i_1}s_{i_2}\cdots s_{i_t}$ such that $$s_{i_r}s_{i_{r+1}}\cdots s_{i_t} \lambda = \lambda +
\alpha^{\vee}_{i_r} + \alpha^{\vee}_{i_{r+1}} + \ldots +
\alpha^{\vee}_{i_t}, \, \forall r \in \{1,2,\ldots,t\},$$ where $\alpha_i^\vee \in P_\Gamma$ is the simple coroot corresponding to $\alpha_i$. Equivalently (cf. [@stem]), a reduced product $w = s_1 s_2 \cdots s_{i_t}$ is $\lambda$-minuscule if and only if $\langle \lambda, \alpha_{i_t}^{\vee} \rangle = -1$ as well as $\langle s_{i_{r+1}}\cdots s_{i_t} \lambda, \alpha_{i_r}^{\vee}
\rangle = -1$, for all $r \in \{1,\ldots,t-1\}$, where $\langle \, , \rangle$ is the Cartan pairing.
\[question\] For $\lambda \in P_{\Gamma}$, there exists a $\lambda$-minuscule element $w \in W$ such that $w(\lambda)$ is dominant if and only if $$\label{broer}
\langle \lambda, \alpha^{\vee} \rangle \geq -1, \, \forall \alpha \in \Delta_+.$$
The proof of this theorem is straightforward, and is given in §3. We also generalize the result to the case of extended Dynkin graphs, in the following manner. Let $\widetilde{\Gamma}$ be a simply-laced extended Dynkin graph, $\widetilde W$ be its Weyl group, and $R_{\widetilde \Gamma}$ be the root lattice, i.e., the span of the simple roots $\alpha_i$. Let $\widetilde{\Delta}_+ \subset R_{\widetilde \Gamma}$ be the set of positive real roots (i.e., positive-integral combinations $\alpha$ of simple roots such that $\langle \alpha, \alpha \rangle = 2$). Define $P_{\widetilde \Gamma}$ in this case to be the dual to the root lattice $R_{\widetilde \Gamma}$. Given $\alpha \in R_{\widetilde \Gamma}$ and $\lambda \in P_{\widetilde \Gamma}$, denote their pairing by $\alpha \cdot \lambda$. Let $\delta \in R_{\widetilde \Gamma}$ be the positive-integral combination of simple roots which generates the kernel of the Cartan form on $R_{\widetilde \Gamma}$. Finally, for $\alpha \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$, let $\alpha^\vee \in P_{\widetilde \Gamma}$ be the element such that $\beta \cdot \alpha^\vee = \langle \beta, \alpha \rangle$ for all $\beta \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$. Then, the notion of $\lambda$-minusculity carries over to this setting.
\[question-ext\] For nonzero $\lambda \in P_{{\widetilde \Gamma}}$, there exists a $\lambda$-minuscule element $w \in \widetilde{W}$ such that $w(\lambda)$ is dominant if and only if
1. $\alpha \cdot \lambda \geq -1, \, \forall \alpha \in
\widetilde{\Delta}_+$, and
2. $\delta \cdot \lambda \neq 0$.
We generalize the theorems above in two directions. First, we allow $\lambda$ to be non-integral, i.e., to lie in $P_{\Gamma} \otimes_{\Z} \R$ (respectively $P_{\widetilde \Gamma} \otimes_{\Z} \R$) and not just in $P_\Gamma$ (respectively $P_{\widetilde \Gamma}$). Second, we consider all Coxeter groups, not just finite and affine ones. For example, in the first direction, if $\lambda \in P_{\Gamma} \otimes_{\Z} \R$, the notion of $\lambda$-minuscule Weyl group element should be generalized accordingly: $w \in W$ is $\lambda$-minuscule if there exists a reduced expression $w = s_{i_1} \ldots s_{i_t}$ such that $s_{i_r} \ldots s_{i_t} \lambda = \lambda + \xi_{r}
\alpha_{i_r}^{\vee} + \ldots + \xi_{t} \alpha_{i_t}^{\vee}$ for all $r \in \{1, \ldots, t\}$, for some positive real numbers $\xi_1, \ldots, \xi_{t} \leq 1$.
In the original situation (for $\lambda \in P_\Gamma$ “integral” and $\Gamma$ Dynkin), we prove a stronger result:
\[question-int\] Under the assumptions of Theorem \[question\], there exists a $\lambda$-minuscule element $w \in W$ such that $w(\lambda)$ is dominant if and only if
- $\langle \lambda, \alpha_i^{\vee} \rangle \geq -1$ for every simple root $\alpha_i$, and
- For every connected subdiagram $\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma$, the restriction $\lambda|_{\Gamma'}$ is not a negative coroot.
In the theorem, the restriction $\lambda|_{\Gamma'} \in P_{\Gamma'}$ is the unique element such that $\langle \lambda|_{\Gamma'}, \alpha_i^{\vee} \rangle = \langle \lambda,
\alpha_i^{\vee} \rangle$ for all simple roots $\alpha_i$ associated to the vertices of $\Gamma'$.
We also prove a similar result for extended Dynkin graphs (see Theorem \[intt\]), and generalize it so as to include the case where $\lambda$ lies in a finite Weyl orbit.
Condition (\[broer\]) is equivalent to the non-negativity of the coefficients of Lusztig’s $q$-analogues of weight multiplicity polynomials (see [@broer Theorem 2.4]). It is also equivalent to the vanishing of the higher cohomology groups of the line bundle that corresponds to $\lambda$ on the cotangent bundle of the flag variety (op. cit.). We hope to address and apply this in future work.
The paper is organized as follows. The second section introduces the terminology of Mozes’s game of numbers [@mozes] and its variant with a cutoff [@qendrim3], which provides a useful language to state and prove our results. We also recall some preliminaries on Dynkin and extended Dynkin graphs. In the third section we solve the numbers game with a cutoff for Dynkin and extended Dynkin graphs (Theorem \[mt\]), in particular proving Theorems \[question\] and \[question-ext\] and the non-integral versions thereof. Next, in §4, we give a more explicit solution in the integral case, which proves Theorem \[question-int\] and the corresponding result for extended Dynkin diagrams. In the last section, we generalize Theorem \[question\] to the case of arbitrary Coxeter groups.
Acknowledgements
----------------
We thank R. Kottwitz for useful comments and M. Boyarchenko for the opportunity to speak on the topic. The first author is an EPDI fellow and the second author is an AIM fellow, and both authors were supported by Clay Liftoff fellowships. The first author was also partially supported by the EPSERC Grant EP/F005431/1, and the second author was partially supported by the University of Chicago’s VIGRE grant. We thank the University of Chicago, MIT, the Max Planck Institute in Bonn, and the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, for hospitality.
The numbers game with and without a cutoff
==========================================
In this section we introduce the numbers game with a cutoff, which provides a useful language to state our results. We begin with some preliminaries on Dynkin and extended Dynkin graphs.
Preliminaries on Dynkin and extended Dynkin graphs {#deds}
--------------------------------------------------
We will largely restrict our attention to simply-laced Dynkin and extended Dynkin graphs. By this, we mean graphs of type $A_n, D_n,$ or $E_n$, or $\tilde A_n, \tilde D_n$, or $\tilde E_n$. For such a graph $\Gamma$, let $\Delta$ be the set of (real)[^1] roots of the associated root system, and $\Delta_+$ the set of positive roots. Let $I$ denote its set of vertices, so that $\alpha_i$ are the simple roots for $i \in I$. Identify $\Z^I$ with the root lattice (i.e., the integral span of the $\alpha_i$), so that $\Delta \subseteq \Z^I$, and $\alpha_i \in \Z^I$ are the elementary vectors. Although we will use subscripts (e.g., $\beta_i$ of $\beta \in \Z^I$) to denote coordinates, we will never use them for a vector denoted by $\alpha$, to avoid confusion with the simple roots $\alpha_i$.
We briefly recall the essential facts about $\Delta_+$ and $\Delta$. We have $\Delta = \Delta_+ \sqcup (- \Delta_+)$, and $\Delta_+ = \{ \alpha \in \Z_{\geq 0}^I: \langle \alpha, \alpha
\rangle = 2\}$, where $\langle \, , \rangle$ is the Cartan form $$\langle {\alpha_i}, {\alpha_j} \rangle = \begin{cases} 2, & \text{if $i = j$},
\\ -1, & \text{if $i$ is adjacent to $j$}, \\ 0, &
\text{otherwise},\end{cases}$$ which is positive-definite in the Dynkin case and positive-semidefinite in the extended Dynkin case. It is well known that $\Delta_+$ is finite in the Dynkin case. Consider the extended Dynkin case, and let us switch notation to $\widetilde{\Gamma}, \widetilde{\Delta}, \widetilde{\Delta}_+$, and $\widetilde I$. We may write $\widetilde{\Gamma} \supsetneq \Gamma$ where $\Gamma$ is the Dynkin graph of corresponding type. The vertex $i_0 = \widetilde{I} \setminus I$ is called an *extending vertex* (the other extending vertices being obtained as the complements of different choices of $\Gamma$). Let $\Delta_+$ the set of positive roots for $\Gamma$. There is an inclusion $\Delta_+ \subset \widetilde{\Delta}_+$ obtained by setting the coefficient at $i_0$ to zero, and $\widetilde{\Delta}_+ = (\Delta_+ + \Z_{\geq 0} \delta) \sqcup
(-\Delta_+ + \Z_{>0} \delta)$, for the unique vector $\delta \in \Z_{>0}^{\widetilde I}$ characterized by $\langle \delta, u \rangle = 0$ for all $u \in \R^{\widetilde I}$ and $\delta_{i_0} = 1$.
Switching back to $\Gamma, \Delta_+$, and $I$, for either the Dynkin or extended Dynkin case, we recall the simple reflections. For any vertex $i \in I$, let $s_i: \R^I \rightarrow \R^I$ be defined by $s_i(\beta) = \beta - \langle \beta, {\alpha_i} \rangle
{\alpha_i}$. It is well known that $\beta \in \Delta_+$ implies $s_i(\beta) \in \Delta_+$ unless $\beta = {\alpha_i}$, in which case $s_i({\alpha_i}) = - {\alpha_i}$. Also, $s_i(\delta) = \delta$ for all $i$.
For any $\beta \in \Delta_+$, its *height*, $h(\beta)$, is defined as $h(\beta) = \sum_{i \in I} \beta_i$, where $\beta = (\beta_i) = \sum_i \beta_i \alpha_i$. Note that $\beta$ may be obtained from some simple root ${\alpha_i}$ by applying $h(\beta)-1$ simple reflections, and is not obtainable from any simple root by applying fewer simple reflections.
The numbers game with and without a cutoff
------------------------------------------
We first recall Mozes’s numbers game [@mozes]. Fix an unoriented, finite graph with no loops and no multiple edges. (For the generalized version of this game, with multiplicities, see §\[gens\].) Let $I$ be the set of vertices. The *configurations* of the game consist of vectors $\R^I$. The moves of the game are as follows: For any vector ${v} \in \R^I$ and any vertex $i \in I$ such that ${v}_i < 0$, one may perform the following move, called *firing the vertex $i$*: ${v}$ is replaced by the new configuration $f_i({v})$, defined by $$f_i({v})_j =
\begin{cases}
-{v}_i, & \text{if $j = i$}, \\
{v}_j + {v}_i, & \text{if $j$ is adjacent to $i$}, \\
{v}_j, & \text{otherwise}.
\end{cases}$$ The entries ${v}_i$ of the vector ${v}$ are called *amplitudes*. The game terminates if all the amplitudes are nonnegative. Let us emphasize that *only negative-amplitude vertices may be fired*.[^2]
In [@qendrimthesis], the numbers game *with a cutoff* was defined: The moves are the same as in the ordinary numbers game, but the game continues (and in fact starts) only as long as all amplitudes remain greater than or equal to $-1$. Such configurations are called *allowed*. Every configuration which does not have this property is called *forbidden*, and upon reaching such a configuration the game terminates (we lose). We call a configuration *winning* if it is possible, by playing the numbers game with a cutoff, to reach a configuration with all nonnegative amplitudes.
Call a configuration *losing* if, no matter how the game is played, one reaches a forbidden configuration. By definition, any losing configuration remains so by playing the numbers game. We will see that the same is true for winning configurations (Theorem \[genmt\]).
We now explain how to interpret the results from the introduction in terms of this language. Let $\Gamma$ be a Dynkin diagram, with set of vertices $I$. To every element $\lambda \in P_{\Gamma}$ one can associate naturally an integral configuration of $\Gamma$, still denoted by $\lambda$, where the amplitude corresponding to the vertex $\alpha_i$ is given by $\langle \lambda, \alpha_i^{\vee} \rangle$. Firing the vertex $\alpha_j$ changes these amplitudes to $\langle s_j(\lambda) , \alpha_i^{\vee} \rangle$, i.e., gives the natural configuration (on the vertices of $\Gamma$) associated to the simple reflection $s_j(\lambda)$ of $\lambda$. In other words, using the identifications made in the previous subsection between the coroot space and $\Z^I$, and letting $\cdot$ denote the standard dot product on $\R^I$, we have $$\label{sifi}
s_i(\alpha) \cdot v = \alpha \cdot f_i(v), \quad s_i(\alpha) \cdot f_i(v) = \alpha \cdot v,$$ for any configuration $v$. In terms of Lie theory, we may think of the $s_i$ as acting on $\R^I$ with basis given by the simple roots, and the $f_i$ as acting on the dual $\R^I$, with basis given by the fundamental coweights. (Formula remains true in the case of extended Dynkin graphs.)
The existence of an element $w \in W$ such that $w(\lambda)$ is dominant is then equivalent to the winnability of the usual numbers game with initial configuration $\lambda$ (and hence, one always wins). Of course, we want to impose the extra condition that $w$ be $\lambda$-minuscule, which is equivalent to imposing the $-1$ cutoff to the numbers game. Thus, Theorem \[question\] gives a characterization of the winning configurations ${v} \in \Z^I$ for the numbers game with a cutoff, where $v_i = \langle \lambda, \alpha_i^{\vee} \rangle$, $\lambda \in P_{\Gamma}$, and the graph $\Gamma$ is a Dynkin one. Later on, we will give similar descriptions in terms of the numbers game with a cutoff for the other results stated in the introduction.
Note that in the paragraph above we only considered the case of integral $\lambda$, but the analogy holds in the non-integral case as well, and now we study the winnability of the numbers game with a cutoff with real amplitudes, where we may fire any vertex with amplitudes from $[-1,0)$ and not just those with amplitude $-1$ as in the integral case.
The language of the numbers game with a cutoff is useful because it makes apparent certain phenomena that already occur without the bound of 1 or indeed with a different bound. It also allows one to use results from the usual Mozes’s numbers game, which has been widely studied (cf. [@Pro-bru; @Pro-min; @DE; @Erik-no1; @Erik-no2; @erikconf; @Erik-no3; @Erik-no4; @eriksson; @Wild-no1; @Wild-no2]),[^3] and yields useful algorithms for computing with the root systems and reflection representations of Coxeter groups (see [@BB §4.3] for a brief summary).
Finally, we recall some basic results about the usual numbers game, and why it exhibits special behavior in the Dynkin and extended Dynkin cases:
1. [@mozes] If the usual numbers game terminates, then it must terminate in the same number of moves and at the same configuration regardless of how it is played.
2. In the Dynkin case, the usual numbers game must terminate.
3. [@erikconf] In the extended Dynkin case, the usual numbers game terminates if and only if $\delta \cdot v > 0$.
4. [@erikconf] Whenever the usual numbers game does not terminate, it reaches infinitely many distinct configurations, except for the case of an extended Dynkin graph where $\delta \cdot v = 0$, in which case only finitely many configurations are reached *(*i.e., the game “loops”*)*.[^4]
Thus, provided we can determine which configurations are winning (for the numbers game with a cutoff) in the Dynkin case and the extended Dynkin case, then with the additional condition $\delta \cdot v> 0$, these are also the ones that terminate in a nonnegative configuration, and this configuration (and the number of moves required to get there) is unique.
The (extended) Dynkin case
==========================
\[mt\] In the Dynkin case, a configuration ${v}$ is winning if and only if $$\label{rtconddyn}
\alpha \cdot {v} \geq -1, \quad \forall \alpha \in \Delta_+.$$ Otherwise, ${v}$ is losing.
In the extended Dynkin case, ${v} \neq 0$ is winning if and only if both $$\label{rtconded}
\alpha \cdot {v} \geq -1, \quad \forall \alpha \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+,$$ and $\delta \cdot {v} \neq 0$. If is satisfied but $\delta \cdot {v} = 0$ *(*and ${v} \neq 0$*)*, then ${v}$ is looping and the game cannot terminate. Finally, if is not satisfied *(*e.g., if $\delta \cdot {v} < 0$*)*, then ${v}$ is losing.
Theorem \[mt\] implies Theorems \[question\] and \[question-ext\], as well as their “non-integral” versions.
The above theorem shows, in particular, that exactly one of the following is true: ${v}$ is winning, looping, or losing.
To prove the theorem, it is helpful to introduce the set $$X_{{v}} := \{(\alpha, \alpha \cdot {v}) \mid \alpha \in \Delta_+, \alpha \cdot {v} < 0 \}.$$
Consider the projections $$\xymatrix{
& X_{{v}} \ar@{^{ (}->}[ld]_{\pi_1} \ar[rd]^{\pi_2} & \\ \Delta_+ & & \R_{<0}.
}$$ Each time a vertex, say $i \in I$, is fired, there is a natural isomorphism $X_{{v}} \setminus \{({\alpha_i}, v_i)\} {{\;\stackrel{_\sim}{\to}\;}}X_{{f_i
v}}$, with $(\alpha, \alpha \cdot {v}) \mapsto (s_i \alpha, \alpha \cdot {v}) =
(s_i \alpha, s_i \alpha \cdot f_i {v})$. The set $X_v$ is defined similarly in the extended Dynkin case, with $\Delta_+$ replaced by $\widetilde{\Delta}_+$, and there is still a natural isomorphism $X_{{v}} \setminus \{({\alpha_i}, v_i)\} {{\;\stackrel{_\sim}{\to}\;}}X_{{f_i v}}$.
In the Dynkin case, $X_{{v}}$ is finite. Since the size decreases by one in each step, removing an element whose second projection is the amplitude at the vertex which is fired, we see that the game is won precisely when $\pi_2(X_{{v}}) \subset [-1,0)$, and otherwise it is lost. The former is equivalent to .
In the extended Dynkin case, the game is won precisely when $X_{{v}}$ is finite and $\pi_2(X_{{v}}) \subset [-1,0)$; finiteness is equivalent to $\delta \cdot {v} > 0$. The condition $\pi_2(X_{{v}}) \subset [-1,0)$ is equivalent to , and implies $\delta \cdot {v} \geq 0$, so for ${v}$ to be winning we only need to additionally assume that $\delta \cdot {v} \neq 0$.
Since, in the extended Dynkin case, a game that is not won is either lost or loops, it remains to show that ${v}$ is losing precisely when there exists $\alpha \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$ with $\alpha \cdot {v} < -1$, i.e., when $\pi_2(X_{{v}}) \not \subset [-1,0)$. It is clear that the condition is required for ${v}$ to be losing. Thus, suppose that $\alpha \cdot {v} < -1$ for some $\alpha \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$. We will show that ${v}$ is losing. We induct on the height of $\alpha$. Suppose $v_i < 0$, and that we fire the vertex $i$. Consider two cases: first, suppose that $h(s_i \alpha) < h(\alpha)$. Then, $s_i \alpha \cdot f_i {v} < -1$ and $h(s_i \alpha) < h(\alpha)$, completing the induction. Next, suppose $h(s_i \alpha) \geq h(\alpha)$, i.e., $s_i \alpha - \alpha$ is a nonnegative multiple of ${\alpha_i}$. Then, $\alpha \cdot f_i {v} \leq s_i \alpha \cdot f_i {v}$ (since $(f_i {v})_i > 0$), and $s_i \alpha \cdot f_i {v} = \alpha \cdot {v}$. Thus, we may leave $\alpha$ unchanged. If we eventually fire a vertex $i \in \widetilde{I}$ such that $h(s_i \alpha) < h(\alpha)$, the induction is complete. Otherwise, we would be playing the game only on a Dynkin subgraph, which would have to terminate in finitely many moves, and therefore reach a forbidden configuration (since $\pi_2(X_{{v}}) \not \subset [-1,0)$).
Note that only finitely many inequalities in are required: since implies $\delta \cdot v \geq 0$, is equivalent to the conditions $\delta \cdot {v} \geq 0$, $\alpha \cdot v \geq -1$, and $(\delta - \alpha) \cdot v \geq -1$ for all $\alpha$ which are positive roots of a corresponding Dynkin subgraph obtained by removing an extending vertex. So, it is enough to assume for $\alpha \in \Delta_+ \cup (\delta - \Delta_+)$, which is finite.
\[dzcor\] If $\delta \cdot {v} = 0$, then the game loops *(*and cannot terminate*)* if and only if, after removing an extending vertex, both ${v}$ and $-{v}$ are winning.
This follows from the fact that $\widetilde{\Delta}_+ = (\Delta_+ + \Z_{\geq 0} \delta) \sqcup
(-\Delta_+ + \Z_{> 0} \delta)$.
Another interpretation of the above corollary is the following: ${v}$ continues indefinitely if and only if the restriction of ${v}$ to the complement of an extending vertex cannot reach a forbidden configuration by playing numbers game forwards *or backwards* (i.e., firing vertices with positive instead of negative amplitudes).
T. Haines pointed out that Theorem \[mt\] implies [@Haines Lemma 3.1]: for every dominant minuscule[^5] coweight $\mu$ and every coweight $\lambda \in W \mu$, there exists a sequence of simple roots $\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_p$, such that $s_1(\mu) = \mu-\alpha_1^\vee$, $s_2 s_1 \mu = \mu - \alpha_1^\vee - \alpha_2^\vee, \ldots,$ and $\lambda = s_p s_{p-1} \cdots s_1(\mu) = \mu - \alpha_1^\vee -
\cdots - \alpha_p^\vee$.
The integral case {#ints}
=================
Of particular relevance is the case of integral configurations ${v} \in \Z^I$. Below, we apply Theorem \[mt\] to give a surprisingly simple, explicit description of the losing and looping integral configurations in the Dynkin and extended Dynkin cases.
To state the theorem, we will make use of the interpretation of configurations ${v} \in \R^I$ as coweights. In particular, as in the introduction, for every Dynkin graph $\Gamma$, and every root $\alpha \in \Delta_+$, there is an associated coroot configuration $\alpha^{\vee} \in \Z^I$, in the basis of fundamental coweights, uniquely defined by $\beta \cdot \alpha^{\vee} = \langle \beta, \alpha \rangle$ for all $\beta$, using the Cartan form as in §\[deds\]. For every extended Dynkin graph $\widetilde{\Gamma}$, Dynkin subgraph $\Gamma$, and $\alpha \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$, we also have the configuration $\alpha^{\vee}$ defined in the same way; in particular, $\delta \cdot \alpha^{\vee} = 0$ (and the $\alpha_i^\vee$ are linearly dependent). Let $\omega_i \in \Z^I$ be the elementary vector, viewed as a configuration (i.e., in the Dynkin case, the $i$-th fundamental coweight).[^6] Thus, $\alpha_i \cdot \omega_j = \delta_{ij}$. For $\beta \in \Delta_+$ or $\widetilde{\Delta}_+$, let its *support*, $\text{supp}(\beta)$, be the (connected) subgraph on which its coordinates $\beta_i$ are nonzero.
\[intt\]
- An integral configuration $v$ on a Dynkin graph is winning if and only if
- $v_i \geq -1$ for all $i$, and
- For all $\alpha \in \Delta_+$, $v|_{supp(\alpha)} \neq -\alpha^{\vee}$;
- An integral configuration $v$ on an extended Dynkin graph is winning if and only if *(1)* and *(2)* are satisfied *(*with $\alpha \in \widetilde \Delta_+$*)*, and furthermore,
- $v \neq -\omega_i$ for any extending vertex $i$.
- An integral configuration on an extended Dynkin graph is looping if and only if it is in the Weyl orbit of a vector $\mu= \omega_i - \omega_{i'}$ for distinct extending vertices $i, i'$. In this case, the numbers game can take the configuration to and from such a vector $\mu$.
The above result implies Theorem \[question-int\], as well as the extended Dynkin version thereof.
As in the introduction, for $\Gamma' \subseteq \Gamma$, with vertex sets $I' \subseteq I$, the restriction $v|_{\Gamma'}$ is the restriction $\R^I {\twoheadrightarrow}\R^{I'}$ of coordinates.
We remark that an alternative way to state parts (i) and (ii) above is that the losing configurations on (extended) Dynkin diagrams which are winning on all proper subgraphs, which we call the *minimal losing configurations*, are exactly those of the form $-\beta^{\vee}$ for fully supported roots $\beta$, which in the extended Dynkin case also satisfy $\beta_i \leq \delta_i$ for all $i$, and $-\omega_j$ for extending vertices $j$, together with the one-vertex forbidden configurations.
Here, we have used that $(\beta + c \delta)^\vee = \beta^\vee$ for all $c \in \Z$, so that in part (ii) it suffices to assume that $\beta \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$ satisfies $\beta_i \leq \delta_i$ for all $i$, i.e., $\beta_i \leq 1$ for all extending vertices $i$. In fact, we can further restrict to the case of roots $\beta$ that are supported on a Dynkin subdiagram, in exchange for adding the condition that $v_{supp(\gamma)} \neq \gamma^{\vee}$ for all positive roots $\gamma$ such that $\gamma_i = 0$ at all extending vertices $i$. This is because the fully supported roots $\beta$ such that $\beta_i \leq \delta_i$ for all $i$ are exactly $\delta - \gamma$ where $\gamma \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$ satisfies $\gamma_i = 0$ at all extending vertices, and then $-\beta^\vee = \gamma^\vee$.
As a special case of (ii), for $\widetilde{A_n}$ (with $n \geq 1$), the only integral losing configurations which are winning on all proper subgraphs are $- {\omega_i}$ for all $i$. Also, by (iii), there is no looping integral configuration on $\widetilde{E_8}$ (but these exist for all other extended Dynkin graphs).
\(i) Following the discussion above, we show that the minimal losing configurations on Dynkin graphs with more than one vertex are exactly $-\beta^\vee$ for fully supported $\beta \in \Delta_+$. Note that it is clear that such configurations are minimal losing configurations, since $\beta \cdot (-\beta^\vee) = -2$ and $\gamma \cdot (-\beta^\vee) \in \{-1,0,1\}$ for all $\gamma \in \Delta_+ \setminus \{\beta\}$. Thus, we only need to show that there are no other minimal losing configurations (other than one-vertex ones).
For any minimal losing configuration $v \in \Z^I$, Theorem \[mt\] implies the existence of $\beta \in \Delta_+$ such that $\beta \cdot v \leq -2$. By minimality, all such $\beta$ are fully supported. It suffices to prove that, when $\beta$ is not simple (i.e., the graph has more than one vertex), $v = -\beta^\vee$. We prove this by induction on the height of $\beta$, considering all Dynkin graphs simultaneously.
Let $i$ be a vertex such that $h(s_i \beta) < \beta$, i.e., $\langle \beta, {\alpha_i} \rangle = 1$. It follows that ${v}_i = -1$; otherwise, $s_i \beta \cdot {v} \leq -2$, a contradiction. Since $s_i \beta \cdot f_i v \leq -2$, we deduce from the inductive hypothesis that the restriction of $f_i v$ to the support of $s_i \beta$ coincides with $-(s_i \beta)^\vee$. Since $-((s_i \beta)^{\vee})_i = (\beta^\vee)_i = 1$, we deduce that $f_i v = -(s_i \beta)^\vee$ and hence $v = -\beta^\vee$, as desired.
\(ii) We prove that the minimal losing configurations in the extended Dynkin case are exactly $-\beta^\vee$ for fully supported $\beta \in \widetilde \Delta_+$ satisfying $\beta_i \leq \delta_i$ for all $i$, and $-\omega_i$ for extending vertices $i$. The former configuration is a minimal losing configuration by the same argument as in the Dynkin case, and $-\omega_i$ is a minimal losing configuration since $\delta \cdot -\omega_i = -1 < 0$ (so $-\omega_i$ is losing) and $\beta \cdot -\omega_i = -\beta_i \in \{-1, 0\}$ for all $\beta \in \widetilde \Delta_+$ (so $-\omega_i$ is winning on all Dynkin subdiagrams). Hence, it suffices to prove that there are no other minimal losing configurations.
Let ${v}$ be an integral losing configuration which is winning on all proper subdiagrams, and let $\beta \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$ be of minimal height such that $\beta \cdot {v} \leq -2$. Once again, we can induct on the height of $\beta$. We reach the desired conclusion unless $\beta = c \delta + {\alpha_i}$ for some $c \geq 1$ and $i \in \widetilde I$, so assume this. Since $v_i \geq -1$, it follows that $\delta \cdot {v} \leq -1$. Moreover, fix an associated Dynkin subdiagram $\Gamma$. Then, for all $\gamma \in \Delta_+$, we must have $\gamma \cdot {v} \in \{-1,0\}$ (since $(\delta - \gamma) \cdot {v} \geq -1$ and $\gamma \cdot {v} \geq -1$ by minimality of $\beta$). In particular, ${v}_j \in \{-1,0\}$ for all $j$. In this case, in order not to be losing on a Dynkin subdiagram, we must have ${v} = - {\omega_i}$, where $i$ is an extending vertex.
\(iii) Let $i$ be an extending vertex, and let ${v} \in \Z^I$ satisfy $\delta \cdot {v} = 0$ but ${v} \neq 0$. If we play the numbers game by firing only vertices other than $i$, we must eventually obtain either a forbidden configuration (if the restriction of ${v}$ to the complement of $i$ is losing) or a configuration whose sole negative amplitude occurs at $i$. In the latter case, in order to not be forbidden, we must have $-1$ at the vertex $i$, and hence, in order to satisfy $\delta \cdot {v}= 0$, there can only be one positive amplitude, it must be $1$, and it must occur at another extending vertex, say $i'$. So, ${v}$ is winning when restricted to the complement of $i$ if and only if one can obtain $\mu = {\omega_{i'}} - \omega_{i}$ from ${v}$. This implies that $v$ is in the same Weyl orbit as $\mu$. On the other hand, if $v$ is in the Weyl orbit of $\mu$, then $\delta \cdot v = 0$ and the usual numbers game loops, and since $\alpha \cdot v \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$ for all $\alpha \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$, the numbers game with a cutoff also loops. Hence, the conditions that $v$ is looping, that $v$ is in the Weyl orbit of such a $\mu$, and that $\mu$ can be obtained from $v$ by playing the numbers game with a cutoff, are all equivalent. Since, in this case, $-v$ is also looping, we see also that $-v$ can reach a configuration $\nu = \omega_j - \omega_{i'}$ for some extending vertex $j$, and since $\nu$ is in the same Weyl orbit as $-\mu$, we must have $\nu = - \mu$ (since $-\mu$ and $\nu$ are dominant on the complement of $i'$). Hence, $v$ can be obtained from $\mu$ by playing the numbers game, which proves the remainder of the final assertion.
In the Dynkin case, the above may be interpreted as saying that every losing integral configuration which is winning on all proper subgraphs is obtainable from the maximally negative coroot by playing the numbers game: this configuration is the one with ${v}_i = -1$ when $i$ is adjacent to the extending vertex of $\widetilde{\Gamma}$, and ${v}_i = 0$ otherwise. On the other hand, in the non-integral case, losing configurations are not necessarily obtainable from nonpositive ones by playing the numbers game: for example, on $D_4$, one may place $-1$ at all three endpoint vertices, and $\frac{3}{2}$ at the node.
Note that the extended Dynkin case with $\delta \cdot {v} \geq 0$ and ${v}$ losing, integral, and winning on all subgraphs may similarly be described as those configurations obtainable from ${\alpha_i}^\vee = 2 {\omega_i} - \sum_{j \text{ adjacent to } i}
{\omega_j}$, for $i$ not an extending vertex, by playing the numbers game. This contrasts with the nonintegral case: see the next remark.
In the extended Dynkin case, it is perhaps surprising that all losing integral configurations with $\delta \cdot {v} > 0$ are also losing on a proper subgraph. This is not true in the non-integral case (except in the case $\widetilde{A_n}$): e.g., one may take a configuration $\beta^{\vee} + \varepsilon {\omega_i}$, for $\beta \in \widetilde{\Delta}_+$ which satisfies $\beta_j = 0$ for all extending vertices $j$, and $\varepsilon \in (0,\frac{1}{\delta_i})$ for any fixed $i \in \widetilde{I}$. Similarly, one may find losing configurations with $\delta \cdot {v} = 0$ which are winning on all Dynkin subgraphs, but are not $\beta^{\vee}$ for $\beta \in \Delta_+$ (although there are still none for $\widetilde{A_n}$): for example, $\varepsilon \beta^{\vee}$ for $\varepsilon \in (\frac{1}{2}, 1)$ and $\beta$ as before. For another example, we can take any configuration in $\widetilde{D_n}$ with values $a, b, c, d \geq -1$ at exterior vertices such that $\sigma := \frac{a+b+c+d}{2} < -1$ and $\sigma - x \geq -1$ for all $x \in \{a,b,c,d\}$. Finally, there are many more losing nonintegral configurations with $\delta \cdot {v} < 0$ that are winning on all subgraphs than just $-{\omega_i}$ for $i$ an extending vertex: for example, $-{\omega_i} + u$ for any nonnegative vector $u$ such that $\delta \cdot u < 1$.
Generalization to arbitrary graphs with multiplicities {#gens}
======================================================
In [@mozes; @eriksson], the numbers game was stated in greater generality than the above. Namely, in addition to a graph with vertex set $I$ (and no loops or multiple edges), we are given a Coxeter group $W$ with generators $s_i, i \in I$ and relations $(s_i s_j)^{n_{ij}}$ for $n_{ij} \in \{1, 2, \ldots\} \cup \{\infty\}$, together with a Cartan matrix $C = (c_{ij})_{i,j \in I}$, such that $c_{ii} = 2$ for all $i$, $c_{ij} = 0$ whenever $i$ and $j$ are not adjacent, and otherwise $c_{ij}, c_{ji} < 0$ and either $c_{ij} c_{ji} = 4 \cos^2(\frac{\pi}{n_{ij}})$ (when $n_{ij}$ is finite) or $c_{ij} c_{ji} \geq 4$ (when $n_{ij} = \infty$).
We recall that the numbers game is modified as follows in terms of $C$: The configurations are again of the form ${v} \in \R^I$, and, we may fire the vertex $i$ in a configuration ${v} \in \R^I$ if and only if the amplitude ${v}_i < 0$. The difference is that the new configuration $f_i({v}_i)$ is now given by $$f_i({v})_j = v_j - c_{ij} v_i.$$ We call this the *weighted* numbers game. The non-weighted numbers game is recovered in the case $c_{ij} =-1$ for all adjacent $i,j$.
The standard reflection action of $W$ on $\R^I$ is given by $$s_i(\beta)_j =
\begin{cases} \beta_j, & \text{if $j \neq i$}, \\
-\beta_i - \sum_{k \neq i} c_{ik} \beta_k, & \text{if $j = i$}.
\end{cases}$$ Recall from [@eriksson] that, in this situation, the usual numbers game is *strongly convergent*: if the game can terminate, then it must terminate, and in exactly the same number of moves and arriving at the same configuration, regardless of the choices made.
We remark that, while it is standard to take $C$ to be symmetric, there are cases when this is not desired, particularly for the non-simply-laced Dynkin diagrams $\Gamma$, where $C$ can be taken to be integral only if allowed to be non-symmetric. In these cases, if we choose $C$ to be integral, playing the numbers game on $\Gamma$ is equivalent to playing the numbers game without multiplicities on a simply-laced diagram $\Gamma'$ with some symmetry group $S$, such that $\Gamma' / S = \Gamma$, if we restrict to $S$-invariant configurations on $\Gamma'$, where we allow simultaneous firing of any orbit of vertices under $S$ (since these orbits consist of nonadjacent vertices, it makes sense to fire them simultaneously).
Let $\Delta = \bigcup_{i \in I} W {\alpha_i}$ be the set of (*real*) *roots*.[^7] Let $\Delta_+ \subset \Delta$ be the subset of *positive roots*: these are the elements whose entries are nonnegative. Note that, by a standard result (see [@BB Proposition 4.2.5]), $\Delta = \Delta_+ \sqcup (- \Delta_+)$.
Finally, we recall a useful partial ordering from, e.g., [@BB §4.6]. For $\beta \in \Delta_+$, we say that $\beta < s_i \beta$ if and only if $\beta_i < (s_i \beta)_i$. Generally, for $\alpha, \beta < \Delta_+$, we say $\alpha < \beta$ if there exists a sequence $\alpha < s_{i_1} \alpha < s_{i_2} s_{i_1} \alpha < \cdots < s_{i_m}
s_{i_{m-1}} \cdots s_{i_1} \alpha = \beta$. The argument of [@BB Lemma 4.6.2] shows that this is a graded partial ordering. The grading, ${\operatorname{dp }}(\alpha)$, called the *depth*, is defined to be the minimum number of simple reflections required to take $\alpha$ to a negative root. Thus, $\alpha < s_i \alpha$ implies ${\operatorname{dp }}(s_i \alpha) = {\operatorname{dp }}(\alpha) + 1$.
\[genmt\] Let $\Gamma, C$ be associated to a Coxeter group. Assume that $C$ satisfies $c_{ij} = c_{ji}$ whenever $n_{ij}$ is odd *(*and finite*)*. Then, ${v}$ can reach a forbidden configuration if and only if $\beta \cdot {v} < -1$ for some $\beta \in \Delta_+$, and in this case, the minimum number of moves required to take ${v}$ to a forbidden configuration is $$m({v}) := \text{min} \{{\operatorname{dp }}(\beta)-1 \mid \beta \cdot {v} < -1, \beta \in \Delta_+\}.$$ Furthermore, if ${v}_i < 0$, then $m(f_i {v}) \in \{m({v}), m({v})-1\}$.
Note that, in the non-simply-laced Dynkin cases with $C$ integral, we may always take $c_{ij} = c_{ji}$ whenever $n_{ij}$ is odd (and in these cases, this implies $n_{ij} = 3$), so the theorem applies.
Under the assumptions of the theorem, ${v}$ is winning if and only if the usual numbers game terminates and $$\label{rtcond2}
\alpha \cdot {v} \geq -1, \forall \alpha \in \Delta_+.$$ Moreover, if is not satisfied and the usual numbers game terminates, then ${v}$ is losing.
Also, under the hypotheses of the theorem, any winning configuration remains so regardless of what moves are made.
We can also make a statement for arbitrary $C$ and $\Gamma$:
\[onedirthm\] If $C$ and $\Gamma$ are arbitrary *(*associated to a Coxeter group*)*, then ${v}$ can reach a forbidden configuration if and only if there exists $\beta \in \Delta_+$ and $i \in I$ such that both $\beta \cdot {v} < -1$ and $\beta > {\alpha_i}$. In this case, the minimum number of moves required to reach a forbidden configuration is $$\label{mpdfn} m'({v}) := \text{min} \{{\operatorname{dp }}(\beta)-1
\mid \beta \cdot {v} < -1, \text{ and there exists $i \in I$ with }
\beta > {\alpha_i}\}.$$ Moreover, in this case, if $i \in I$ is such that ${v}_i < 0$, then $m'(f_i {v}) \geq m'({v}) - 1$ *(*provided $m'(f_i {v})$ is defined, i.e., $f_i {v}$ can reach a forbidden configuration*)*.
The difference from Theorem \[genmt\] is that we added the condition $\beta > {\alpha_i}$, and replaced the equality for $m$ under numbers game moves by an inequality.
We remark that the usual numbers game, beginning with ${v}$, terminates if and only if $$\# \mathbb{P}\{\beta \in \Delta_+ \mid \beta \cdot {v} < 0\} < \infty,$$ for arbitrary $\Gamma, C$, where $\mathbb{P}$ means modding by scalar multiples, since each move decreases the size of this set by one. (We do not need to mod by scalar multiples if $c_{ij} = c_{ji}$ whenever $n_{ij}$ is odd.) So, this gives a completely root-theoretic description of the winning conditions above.[^8]
For the finite and affine cases, we have the following corollary, which generalizes Theorem \[mt\]. As before, in the affine case, let $\delta \in \R_{> 0}^I$ be the additive generator of the semigroup $\{\delta' \in \R_{> 0}^I \mid \alpha \in \Delta_+ \Rightarrow
\alpha+\delta' \in \Delta_+\}$. In particular, $\langle \delta, \alpha \rangle = 0$ for all $\alpha \in \Delta$.
\[genmtcor\] Let $\Gamma, C$ be associated to a finite or affine Coxeter group and let ${v}$ be a nonzero configuration. Then, exactly one of the following is true:
1. is satisfied, and $\delta \cdot {v} \neq
0$: then ${v}$ is winning, and cannot reach a forbidden configuration.
2. is satisfied but $\delta \cdot {v} = 0$: then ${v}$ is looping, and cannot reach a forbidden configuration.
3. is not satisfied. Then, provided $c_{ij} = c_{ji}$ whenever $n_{ij}$ is odd, ${v}$ is losing.
Note that, by Theorem \[onedirthm\], we can strengthen this slightly by replacing by the condition that $\alpha \cdot {v} \geq -1$ only for $\alpha$ such that $\alpha > {\alpha_i}$ for some $i \in I$.
\(a) In the affine case, $\delta \cdot {v} > 0$, so in either case, the usual numbers game terminates. Then, ${v}$ is winning by Theorem \[onedirthm\], and a forbidden configuration cannot be reached.
\(b) ${v}$ is looping, as in the simply-laced case, since the usual numbers game cannot terminate, and the configuration is uniquely determined by its restriction to a subgraph obtained by removing an extending vertex, where the configuration remains in the orbit of the restriction of ${v}$ under the associated finite Coxeter group. The rest follows from Theorem \[onedirthm\].
\(c) In this case (we assume $c_{ij} = c_{ji}$ whenever $n_{ij}$ is odd), ${v}$ can reach a forbidden configuration. Moreover, in the proof of Theorem \[genmt\], we see that there always exists a vertex $i \in I$ so that, for any configuration ${v}'$ obtained from ${v}$ by firing vertices other than $i$, we have $m(f_i {v}') = m({v}') - 1$. In the affine Coxeter group case, in order for the numbers game to continue indefinitely, all vertices must be fired infinitely many times. This proves the result.
The weakened conclusions of Theorem \[onedirthm\] are needed. Indeed, if $c_{ij} \neq c_{ji}$ for some $i,j$ with $n_{ij}$ odd, then it is possible that a winning configuration can become a losing one. For example, take $I = \{1,2\}$ and $C = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & -2 \\ -\frac{1}{2} & 2 \end{pmatrix}$, with $n_{12} = 3$. Then, the configuration $(-\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{1}{2})$ is winning under the sequence $(-\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{1}{2}) \mapsto (-\frac{3}{4}, \frac{1}{2})
\mapsto (\frac{3}{4}, -1) \mapsto (\frac{1}{2}, 1)$, but if we instead fired vertex $1$ first, we would get $(\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{3}{2})$, which is forbidden.
It is natural to ask what can happen in the numbers game with a cutoff if it continues indefinitely. Suppose this happens and that $\Gamma'$ is the subgraph on vertices which are fired infinitely many times. If $\Gamma'$ corresponds to an affine Coxeter group, then the configuration restricted to $\Gamma'$ is looping, and in this case, in order for a forbidden configuration not to be reached, $\Gamma'$ must be the whole graph (assuming that our whole graph is connected). Otherwise, if our graph is not affine, then $\Gamma'$ cannot be associated to an affine or finite Coxeter group. Then, for any affine subgraph $\Gamma_0 \subseteq \Gamma'$ (where by this we allow reducing the numbers $n_{ij}$ for edges between vertices of $\Gamma_0$), the inner product of the restriction of ${v}$ with the associated $\delta_0$ must remain positive, and the value must be decreasing. It must converge to some nonnegative number, and hence all amplitudes of vertices in $\Gamma'$ must converge to zero. In particular, the configuration $v$ must converge to some limiting allowed configuration (which is zero on $\Gamma'$), and one could continue the numbers game from this limit if desired. Note that, in the case that $c_{ij} = c_{ji}$ for all odd $n_{ij}$, we must also have $\alpha \cdot {v} > -1$ for all $\alpha \in \Delta_+$ supported on $\Gamma'$, i.e., ${v}|_{\Gamma'}$ cannot reach a forbidden configuration by playing the numbers game on $\Gamma'$.
Proof of Theorems \[genmt\] and \[onedirthm\]
---------------------------------------------
We will use the following lemma which is interesting in itself (and is the connection between the two theorems):
\[curlem\] If $\Gamma, C$ are such that $c_{ij} = c_{ji}$ whenever $n_{ij}$ is odd, then for all $\beta \in \Delta_+$, we have ${\alpha_i} \leq \beta$ for some $i \in I$.
We remark that it is well known (and obvious) that the lemma holds when $C$ is symmetric.
The case $n_{ij}$ is odd is exactly the case when, on the subgraph with vertices $i$ and $j$ only, ${\alpha_i}$ is in the $W$-orbit of some positive multiple of ${\alpha_j}$ and vice-versa (and this multiple is $1$ if and only if $c_{ij} = c_{ji}$). Thus, this assumption is exactly what is needed so that, whenever $\beta = a {\alpha_i} + b {\alpha_j} \in \Delta_+$ and $d {\alpha_i} < \beta$ for some $d \in \R$, then $d = 1$. As a result, using the Coxeter relations, it follows inductively on depth that, if ${\alpha_i} < \beta$ for some $i \in I$, then if $\gamma < \beta$ and $\gamma \in \Delta_+$ is not simple, we also have ${\alpha_j} < \gamma$ for some $j \in I$. Thus, for all $\beta\in \Delta_+$, there exists $i \in I$ with ${\alpha_i} \leq \beta$.
It will be convenient to think of $m({v})$ as being allowed to be infinite (infinite if and only if the set appearing in the right hand side is empty). Similarly, call the number of moves required to reach a forbidden configuration “infinite” if and only if a forbidden configuration cannot be reached. We clearly have $m({v}) \geq 0$, and Lemma \[curlem\] implies that $m({v}) = 0$ if and only if ${v}$ is forbidden. Thus, using induction, the theorem may be restated as: if ${v}$ is not forbidden, then for any vertex $i$ with ${v}_i < 0$, we have $m(f_i {v}) \in \{m({v}), m({v})-1\}$, and there exists at least one such $i$ with $m(f_i {v}) = m({v}) - 1$. Here, $\infty +c := \infty$ for any finite $c$.
Suppose that $\alpha \in \Delta_+$ and $j \in I$ are such that $\alpha \cdot {v} < -1$ and ${v}_j < 0$. If we fire $j$, then the set $\{\beta \in \Delta_+: \beta \cdot {v} < -1 \}$ changes by applying $s_j$. Hence, $m(f_j {v}) \in \{m({v})-1, m({v}), m({v})+1\}$. In particular, $m(f_j {v}) \geq m({v})-1$.
Suppose that $\alpha \in \Delta_+$ is such that $\alpha \cdot {v} < -1$ and ${\operatorname{dp }}(\alpha) -1 = m({v})$, and let $i \in I$ be such that $s_i \alpha < \alpha$. Then, if ${v}_i \geq
0$, then $s_i \alpha \cdot {v} \leq \alpha \cdot {v} < -1$, which would contradict the minimality of the depth of $\alpha$. Thus, ${v}_i < 0$, and it follows that $m(f_i {v}) = m({v}) - 1$. So, there exists $i$ such that $m(f_i {v}) = m({v}) - 1$.
Next, suppose that ${v}_i < 0$ and $s_i \alpha > \alpha$. Then, $\alpha \cdot f_i {v} \leq s_i \alpha \cdot f_i {v} < -1$. As a result, we have $m(f_i {v}) \in \{m({v}), m({v}) -1\}$. Thus, for any $i \in I$ such that ${v}_i < 0$, we have $m(f_i {v}) \in \{m({v}), m({v})-1\}$.
If $\alpha \cdot {v} < -1$, and $s_i \alpha > \alpha$, then ${v}_i < 0$ implies that $s_i \alpha \cdot f_i {v} < -1$ as well. As a result, although firing $i$ does not simply change $$Y_{{v}} := \{\beta \in \Delta_+: \beta \cdot {v} < -1 \, \,
\text{and} \, \, \beta > {\alpha_i} \text{ for some $i$} \}$$ by applying $s_i$, we still have $Y_{f_i {v}} \subseteq s_i
Y_{{v}}$, which is all we need.
Note that, as a corollary of Lemma \[curlem\], we see that, for a general Coxeter group $W$, vertex $i \in I$, and matrix $C$, the set $\{j \in I \mid \exists b \in \R, b {\alpha_j} \in W
{\alpha_i}\}$ is the set of vertices $j$ connected to $i$ by a sequence of edges $i' \mapsto j'$ corresponding to odd integers $n_{i', j'}$. It is clear that all such $j$ are in the set; conversely, if an edge corresponding to an even integer or $\infty$ is required to connect $i$ to $j$, then if $w {\alpha_i} = b {\alpha_j}$, then by modifying the elements of $C$ corresponding to the edges with even $n_{i'j'}$, we would be able to change the value $b$ such that $b {\alpha_j} \in W {\alpha_i}$. But this is impossible, since $b = 1$ whenever $c_{i'j'} = c_{j'i'}$ for all odd $n_{i'j'}$, and symmetrizing the latter values of $C$ would rescale $b$ by a fixed amount independent of the other values of $C$ (and independent of $b$ itself).
[^1]: These are sometimes called “real roots” in the literature to exclude multiples of the so-called imaginary root $\delta$ below, which are also roots of the associated Kac-Moody algebra. We will omit the adjective “real.”
[^2]: In some of the literature, the opposite convention is used, i.e., only positive-amplitude vertices may be fired.
[^3]: Mozes’s numbers game originated from (and generalizes) a 1986 IMO problem.
[^4]: Stronger results were stated in [@erikconf], and a detailed study appears in [@GSS].
[^5]: Recall that minuscule means that $\langle \mu, \alpha \rangle \in \{-1, 0, 1\}$ for all $\alpha \in \Delta$.
[^6]: We use distinct notation $\alpha_i, \omega_i$ for the same vector in $\Z^I$ depending on whether it is viewed as a simple root or a configuration, to avoid confusion.
[^7]: Note that, when the Cartan matrix $C$ is associated to a nonreduced root system (i.e., $BC_n$), then $\Delta$ is a proper subset of the whole root system, which does not contain $2\alpha$, for any simple root $\alpha$.
[^8]: Also, this observation easily implies the main results (Theorems 2.1 and 4.1) of [@DE]: if ${v}_i \leq 0$ for all $i$ and ${v} \neq 0$, then the usual numbers game can only terminate if $\Gamma, C$ are associated to a finite Coxeter group: otherwise (assuming $\Gamma$ is connected), infinitely many elements $\beta \in \Delta_+$ which are not multiples of each other satisfy $\beta \cdot {v} < 0$: note that, for each $i \in I$, the set $\mathbb{P}(W {\alpha_i})$ essentially does not depend on the choice of $C$ for a given Coxeter group.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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ArXiv
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La secrétaire Sylvie Chassé a été arrêtée en avril dernier lors d'une opération de l'UPAC. On la voit ici alors qu'elle quitte le quartier général de la Sûreté du Québec.
La secrétaire d'une entreprise de Mascouche accusée d'être impliquée dans le financement illégal du parti de l'ex-maire Richard Marcotte a été épinglée par le Directeur général des élections (DGEQ): elle devra payer plus de 5000$ en amendes.
Selon les constats d'infraction qu'elle a reçus, Sylvie Chassé a remboursé à sept reprises les dons de 1000$ remis par des Mascouchois au parti du maire. Elle aurait aussi elle-même effectué une contribution «autrement qu'à même ses propres biens».
Les documents ne précisent pas si l'argent provenait des coffres de son employeur, Transport et Excavation Mascouche. Les faits reprochés remontent à septembre et octobre 2009, soit juste avant les dernières élections municipales.
Les constats d'infraction viennent d'être rendus publics par le DGEQ, même s'ils sont datés d'avril dernier. Chacun des huit constats impose une amende de 651$.
Sylvie Chassé pourrait choisir de plaider coupable et de payer ces 5208$, ou encore de contester les accusations devant les tribunaux.
Fraude
Mme Chassé est déjà accusée de fraude au criminel. Elle a été arrêtée dans le cadre de l'opération Gravier, en avril 2012, avec l'ex-maire et son propre patron, l'homme d'affaires Normand Trudel. Le magnat du béton Tony Accurso a aussi été épinglé à la suite du même coup de filet.
Le grand patron de l'Unité permanente anticorruption, Robert Lafrenière, avait alors indiqué que les individus interpellés étaient des "joueurs-clés" d'un système corrompu d'attribution de contrats publics.
Transport et Excavation Mascouche et son propriétaire Normand Trudel étaient publiquement montrés du doigt depuis longtemps, notamment en raison de contrats de déneigement douteux. Mascouche leur versait 650$ par borne-fontaine pour leur déneigement pendant l'hiver, alors que les autres villes du Québec paient jusqu'à 65 fois moins.
MM. Trudel et Marcotte ont souvent été considérés comme des proches. L'élu a démissionné en novembre dernier, plusieurs mois après avoir été arrêté.
Vingt-trois prête-noms
En avril dernier, six personnes - dont deux conseillers municipaux de Mascouche - avaient reçu des constats d'infraction semblables. On leur reprochait tous d'avoir participé au remboursement de fausses contributions à la formation politique.
Vingt-trois autres Mascouchois ont été accusés d'avoir servi de prête-noms et seraient les bénéficiaires des sommes distribuées.
Il n'a pas été possible de parler à Mme Chassé au cours des derniers jours.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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OpenWebText2
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Troopers seek info on whereabouts of Koliganek assault suspect
State troopers, Koliganek VPSO seeking public's help in tracking down Sean Nelson, wanted on an assault charge from an incident late Wednesday in the village.
Sean Nelson, 25, is being sought by authorities in Koliganek.
KDLG: A Koliganek man is wanted for assault, say state troopers.
Neither the VSPO nor troopers had any luck tracking down Sean Nelson through the day Thursday. Troopers believe he was spotted sometime Friday, wearing a backpack.
The VPSO was notified a little past midnight Thursday morning. Nelson is accused of injuring a family member.
"Sean Nelson is currently on felony parole for sexual assault of a minor in the third degree and furnishing alcohol to a minor. He was once again consuming alcohol in violation of his parole, was confronted by a family member, and responded by assaulting the family member," said Sgt. Luis Nieves, the AST supervisor in Bristol Bay.
Troopers say the suspect may have escaped into the woods, and the hope is to apprehend Nelson before he becomes more of a threat to others or himself.
“We’re going to continue our efforts and we’re asking the community in Koliganek to assist with bringing this person to the Alaska State Troopers so that he can answer for his crime," said Nieves.
AST has asked anybody with information on Nelson's whereabouts to notify the Dillingham Post at 842-5641.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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Diabetes group in ‘image’ campaign
Divabetic is inviting nurses and 'diabetes educators' to mingle with make-up artists and DJs at specially held events in the city.
The organisation believes diabetic women who feel better about their appearance will also be more inspired to improve their medical care. It said the campaign,'Makeover Your Diabetes', was aimed at 'Sex in The City-type females'.
The group, run by Max Szadek, former PA to singer Luther Vandross, said: 'We target women because they are the healthcare advocates of their families.'
Szadek added that because the strategy was 'not preach but pamper', participants at the events had been more receptive to the group's viral marketing.
Soul singer Vandross, a diabetic, died of a stroke last summer aged 54.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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In today's internet age, development of a communication piece such as a presentation, banner advertisement, website or brochure, whether static or dynamically employing multimedia, is usually contracted out to a professional graphic designer. Such professional is typically part of a professional agency, such as an advertisement agency, which are usually cost-prohibitive for small enterprises (i.e. sole proprietor or small business), and can be unnecessarily costly for larger enterprises. These agents or agencies consume large amounts of resources, in time and/or money particularly, for creating a media-rich communication, such as a website, an e-mail campaign, a banner advertisement, or other communication. Accordingly, a system and method which automates the process of creating and distributing professional quality, media-rich communications is needed.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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USPTO Backgrounds
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At the front of the Library lies a desk where one can get a plethora of information about the various registration processes if they need assistance. Feel free to stop by if you have any questions. The attendant will make sure your questions get answered.
Within this sector of the Library lie the necessary forms to register for a record for your character(s). You must register at least one character here to embark on a journey and tell your story at the Tavern.
Within this sector of the Library lie the necessary forms to give your registered characters a backstory; a full biography. Filling out these forms isn't necessary, but it will add depth to your characters.
Within this sector of the Library lie the necessary forms to register for a record of your equipment: weapons, sub-weapons, armor, accessories, the works. Registration for a record is not required but is highly recommended for the purpose of reference.
Within this sector of the Library lie the necessary forms to register for a record of your characters' techniques: physical skills, spells, even entire lines of arts. Registration for a record is not required but is highly recommended for the purpose of reference.
Within this sector of the Library lie the necessary forms to register for a record of your characters' personal effects, as well as other important items of other sorts they may be holding onto. Registration for a record is not required but is highly recommended for the purpose of reference.
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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Q:
focus to the next input in datatable with jquery
I would like to make a focus to the next input in a table with jquery. I have this table in jsf.
<p:dataTable id="resu" value="#{onController.items}" var="item" >
<p:column id="colIn" >
<h:inputText id="i" value="#{item.cup}" />
<p:column>
<p:dataTable>
was tested with this:
function nexts(input) {
$(input).next("input[type=text]").focus();
}
onkeyup="nexts(this)" in the input
It does not work between rows only with inputs followed.
A:
The next() only searches in the siblings. The datatable renders a HTML <table> with rows in <tr> elements. Rightclick the page in webbrowser and choose View Source. You should base your JS/jQuery code on this (simply because that's basically all what it can see). Technically, you should go up to the closest <tr>, then go to the next <tr> and finally find the next input element in there.
$(input).closest('tr').next('tr').find('input[type=text]').focus();
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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StackExchange
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Q:
Who was the boy Aethelwulf sent away, in the rain, on his own?
Was never sure. Was it Kwentrith's son? If so, by whom?
A:
From the summary on wikipedia of season 4 episode 14:
Ragnar states he and Kwenthrith never had sex and Magnus is expelled.
The boy Aethelwulf sent away was Magnus, the son of Kwenthrith because he has no value if he is not the son of Ragnar. However it is not said in season 4 who the father is or if Ragnar lied.
Here is a picture of the boy just before he left :
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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StackExchange
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High points was Dennis Weaver and James Drury were in it. Dennis played a bad guy and James had a small ride on part (not The Virginian). James Drury was 66 when he did this one. He is still alive. It was nice to see those two great cowboys again.
Diane Lane was in it and there was a love interest between Molly (Diane) and the Virginian (Bill Pullman). what I did not like was some characters from the TV series turned outlaw.....horse rustlers. so that put The Virgininan at odds with them. Virginian caught his good friend Steve and hung him and he was also after Trampas.
It was disturbing to ruin the characters of the TV show. did anyone else ever see this movie and what did you think about it??
"For I know that my redeemer liveth, and He shall stand beside me later on."
(Lucas in Home Ranch)
I saw it on cable. I am just now watching Virginian reruns. I did not really follow it when it was on originally. I liked the original cast, Lee J Cobb, Roberta Shore, Doug McClure, Clu Gullagher, I like James Drury a lot. they changed cast over the years and I did not like most of the changes.
You can pull up The Virginian 2000 on Youtube. but I would not say it was worth your time unless you might be a Virginian fan. it was good to see an older James Drury and Dennis Weaver but like I said the movie was disturbing.
It took some great friendships from the TV show and totally ruined them in the movie. For the Virginian to hang Steve was disturbing and he had a gun duel with Trampas and may have killed him also. I think I was falling asleep during parts of it.
"For I know that my redeemer liveth, and He shall stand beside me later on."
(Lucas in Home Ranch)
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tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small
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Pile-CC
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