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ASCII - wikipedia ASCII Not to be confused with MS Windows - 1252 or other types of extended ASCII . This article is about the character encoding . For other uses , see ASCII ( disambiguation ) . US - ASCII MIME / IANA us - ascii Alias ( es ) ASCII Language ( s ) English Classification ISO 646 series Extensions UTF - 8 ISO 8859 ( series ) KOI - 8 OEM ( series ) Windows - 125x ( series ) Others Preceded by ITA 2 , FIELDATA Succeeded by ISO 8859 , Unicode Other related encoding ( s ) PETSCII ASCII ( / ˈæski / ( listen ) ASS - kee ) , abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange , is a character encoding standard for electronic communication . ASCII codes represent text in computers , telecommunications equipment , and other devices . Most modern character - encoding schemes are based on ASCII , although they support many additional characters . ASCII is the traditional name for the encoding system ; the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) prefers the updated name US - ASCII , which clarifies that this system was developed in the US and based on the typographical symbols predominantly in use there . ASCII is one of a 1963 List of IEEE milestones . ASCII chart from an earlier - than 1972 printer manual ( b1 is the least significant bit . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Design considerations 3.1 Bit width 3.2 Internal organization 3.3 Character order 4 Character groups 4.1 Control characters 4.2 Printable characters 4.3 Character set 5 Use 6 Variants and derivations 6.1 7 - bit codes 6.2 8 - bit codes 6.3 Unicode 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Overview ( edit ) ASCII was developed from telegraph code . Its first commercial use was as a seven - bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services . Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6 , 1960 , with the first meeting of the American Standards Association 's ( ASA ) ( now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI ) X3. 2 subcommittee . The first edition of the standard was published in 1963 , underwent a major revision during 1967 , and experienced its most recent update during 1986 . Compared to earlier telegraph codes , the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting ( i.e. , alphabetization ) of lists , and added features for devices other than teleprinters . Originally based on the English alphabet , ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven - bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above . Ninety - five of the encoded characters are printable : these include the digits 0 to 9 , lowercase letters a to z , uppercase letters A to Z , and punctuation symbols . In addition , the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with Teletype machines ; most of these are now obsolete . For example , lowercase i would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 ( i is the ninth letter ) = decimal 105 . History ( edit ) The American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association ( ASA ) , called the X3 committee , by its X3. 2 ( later X3L2 ) subcommittee , and later by that subcommittee 's X3. 2.4 working group ( now INCITS ) . The ASA became the United States of America Standards Institute ( USASI ) and ultimately the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) . With the other special characters and control codes filled in , ASCII was published as ASA X3. 4 - 1963 , leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning , reserved for future standardization , and one unassigned control code . There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet . The indecision did not last long : during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to sticks 6 and 7 , and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard . The X3. 2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting . Locating the lowercase letters in sticks 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit , which simplified case - insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers . The X3 committee made other changes , including other new characters ( the brace and vertical bar characters ) , renaming some control characters ( SOM became start of header ( SOH ) ) and moving or removing others ( RU was removed ) . ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3. 4 - 1967 , then USAS X3. 4 - 1968 , ANSI X3. 4 - 1977 , and finally , ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 . Revisions of the ASCII standard : ASA X3. 4 - 1963 ASA X3. 4 - 1965 ( approved , but not published , nevertheless used by IBM 2260 & 2265 Display Stations and IBM 2848 Display Control ) USAS X3. 4 - 1967 USAS X3. 4 - 1968 ANSI X3. 4 - 1977 ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 ( R1992 ) ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 ( R1997 ) ANSI INCITS 4 - 1986 ( R2002 ) ANSI INCITS 4 - 1986 ( R2007 ) ANSI INCITS 4 - 1986 ( R2012 ) In the X3. 15 standard , the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted ( least significant bit first ) , and how it should be recorded on perforated tape . They proposed a 9 - track standard for magnetic tape , and attempted to deal with some punched card formats . Design considerations ( edit ) Bit width ( edit ) The X3. 2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems . Like other character encodings , ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols ( i.e. graphemes and control characters ) . This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process , store , and communicate character - oriented information such as written language . Before ASCII was developed , the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters , 10 numerical digits , and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols . To include all these , and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique ( CCITT ) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 ( ITA2 ) standard of 1924 , FIELDATA ( 1956 ) , and early EBCDIC ( 1963 ) , more than 64 codes were required for ASCII . ITA2 were in turn based on the 5 - bit telegraph code Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874 . The committee debated the possibility of a shift function ( like in ITA2 ) , which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six - bit code . In a shifted code , some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes . It allows compact encoding , but is less reliable for data transmission , as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable . The standards committee decided against shifting , and so ASCII required at least a seven - bit code . The committee considered an eight - bit code , since eight bits ( octets ) would allow two four - bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary - coded decimal . However , it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice . The committee voted to use a seven - bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission . Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position , it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired . Eight - bit machines ( with octets as the native data type ) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0 . In some printers , the high bit was used to enable Italics printing . Internal organization ( edit ) The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together , for ease of identification . The first two so called ASCII sticks ( 32 positions ) were reserved for control characters . The `` space '' character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier , so it became position 20 ; for the same reason , many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits . The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64 - character alphabets , and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64 - character set of graphic codes , as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code ( 1963 ) . Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase . To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics , the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters , and the letter A was placed in position 41 to match the draft of the corresponding British standard . The digits 0 -- 9 are prefixed with 011 , but the remaining 4 bits correspond to their respective values in binary , making conversion with binary - coded decimal straightforward . Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters ; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters , not electric typewriters . Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 ( 1878 ) , the first typewriter with a shift key , and the shifted values of 23456789 - were `` # $ % _& ' ( ) -- early typewriters omitted 0 and 1 , using O ( capital letter o ) and l ( lowercase letter L ) instead , but 1 ! and 0 ) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common . Thus , in ASCII ! '' # $ % were placed in the second stick , positions 1 -- 5 , corresponding to the digits 1 -- 5 in the adjacent stick . The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0 , however , because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character . This was accommodated by removing _ ( underscore ) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters , which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9 . This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit - paired keyboards , notably the Teletype Model 33 , which used the left - shifted layout corresponding to ASCII , not to traditional mechanical typewriters . Electric typewriters , notably the IBM Selectric ( 1961 ) , used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers -- following the IBM PC ( 1981 ) , especially Model M ( 1984 ) -- and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did . The / ? pair also dates to the No. 2 , and the , < . > pairs were used on some keyboards ( others , including the No. 2 , did not shift , ( comma ) or . ( full stop ) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting ) . However , ASCII split the ; : pair ( dating to No. 2 ) , and rearranged mathematical symbols ( varied conventions , commonly - * = + ) to :* ; + - = . Some common characters were not included , notably 1⁄21⁄4 ¢ , while ^ ` ~ were included as diacritics for international use , and < > for mathematical use , together with the simple line characters \ ( in addition to common / ) . The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented À in the French variation , so the @ was placed in position 40 , right before the letter A . The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message ( SOM ) , end of address ( EOA ) , end of message ( EOM ) , end of transmission ( EOT ) , `` who are you ? '' ( WRU ) , `` are you ? '' ( RU ) , a reserved device control ( DC0 ) , synchronous idle ( SYNC ) , and acknowledge ( ACK ) . These were positioned to maximize the Hamming distance between their bit patterns . Character order ( edit ) ASCII - code order is also called ASCIIbetical order . Collation of data is sometimes done in this order rather than `` standard '' alphabetical order ( collating sequence ) . The main deviations in ASCII order are : All uppercase come before lowercase letters ; for example , `` Z '' precedes `` a '' Digits and many punctuation marks come before letters An intermediate order converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values . Character groups ( edit ) Control characters ( edit ) Main article : Control character ASCII reserves the first 32 codes ( numbers 0 -- 31 decimal ) for control characters : codes originally intended not to represent printable information , but rather to control devices ( such as printers ) that make use of ASCII , or to provide meta - information about data streams such as those stored on magnetic tape . For example , character 10 represents the `` line feed '' function ( which causes a printer to advance its paper ) , and character 8 represents `` backspace '' . RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return , line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters . Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line - oriented formatting , ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document . Other schemes , such as markup languages , address page and document layout and formatting . The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each control character . The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional , for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a data stream , and sometimes accidental , for example with the meaning of `` delete '' . Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR , which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader / punch option . Paper tape was a very popular medium for long - term program storage until the 1980s , less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape . In particular , the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 ( Control - Q , DC1 , also known as XON ) , 19 ( Control - S , DC3 , also known as XOFF ) , and 127 ( Delete ) became de facto standards . The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control - G ( code 7 , BEL , meaning audibly alert the operator ) literally , as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character . Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left - arrow symbol ( from ASCII - 1963 , which had this character instead of underscore ) , a noncompliant use of code 15 ( Control - O , Shift In ) interpreted as `` delete previous character '' was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected . When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control - S ( XOFF , an abbreviation for transmit off ) , it caused the tape reader to stop ; receiving Control - Q ( XON , `` transmit on '' ) caused the tape reader to resume . This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a `` handshaking '' signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow ; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique . On some systems Control - S retains its meaning but Control - Q is replaced by a second Control - S to resume output . The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control - R ( DC2 ) and Control - T ( DC4 ) to start and stop the tape punch ; on some units equipped with this function , the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively . The Teletype could not move the head backwards , so it did not put a key on the keyboard to send a BS ( backspace ) . Instead there was a key marked `` rubout '' that sent code 127 ( DEL ) . The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a hand - typed paper tape : the operator had to push a button on the tape punch to back it up , then type the rubout , which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored . Teletypes were commonly used for the less - expensive computers from Digital Equipment Corporation , so these systems had to use the available key and thus the DEL code to erase the previous character . Because of this , DEC video terminals ( by default ) sent the DEL code for the key marked `` Backspace '' while the key marked `` Delete '' sent an escape sequence , while many other terminals sent BS for the Backspace key . The Unix terminal driver could only use one code to back up , this could be set to BS or DEL , but not both , resulting in a very long period of annoyance where you had to correct it depending on what terminal you were using ( modern shells using readline understand both codes ) . The assumption that no key sent a BS caused Control + H to be used for other purposes , such as a `` help '' command in Emacs . Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones . The `` escape '' character ( ESC , code 27 ) , for example , was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning . This is the same meaning of `` escape '' encountered in URL encodings , C language strings , and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning . Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed . In modern use , an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence usually in the form of a so - called `` ANSI escape code '' ( or , more properly , a `` Control Sequence Introducer '' ) from ECMA - 48 ( 1972 ) and its successors , beginning with ESC followed by a `` ( '' ( left - bracket ) character . An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out - of - band character used to terminate an operation , as in the TECO and vi text editors . In graphical user interface ( GUI ) and windowing systems , ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit ( terminate ) altogether . The inherent ambiguity of many control characters , combined with their historical usage , created problems when transferring `` plain text '' files between systems . The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems . Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both `` Carriage Return '' ( which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line ) and `` Line Feed '' ( which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead ) . The name `` Carriage Return '' comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary . The entire carriage had to be pushed ( returned ) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line . DEC operating systems ( OS / 8 , RT - 11 , RSX - 11 , RSTS , TOPS - 10 , etc . ) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device ( originally Teletype machines ) would work . By the time so - called `` glass TTYs '' ( later called CRTs or terminals ) came along , the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention . When Gary Kildall created CP / M he was inspired by some command line interface conventions used in DEC 's RT - 11 . Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981 , IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch - card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless . IBM 's PC DOS ( also marketed as MS - DOS by Microsoft ) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP / M , and Windows inherited it from MS - DOS . Unfortunately , requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone . To simplify matters plain text data streams , including files , on Multics used line feed ( LF ) alone as a line terminator . Unix and Unix - like systems , and Amiga systems , adopted this convention from Multics . The original Macintosh OS , Apple DOS , and ProDOS , on the other hand , used carriage return ( CR ) alone as a line terminator ; however , since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix - based macOS operating system , they now use line feed ( LF ) as well . The Radio Shack TRS - 80 also used a lone CR to terminate lines . Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS - 10 and TENEX using CR - LF line endings , machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings , and machines running operating systems such as OS / 360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII . The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII `` Network Virtual Terminal '' ( NVT ) , so that connections between hosts with different line - ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network . Telnet used ASCII along with CR - LF line endings , and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT . The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol , including use of the Network Virtual Terminal , for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode . This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols , and to other network protocols , such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web , on systems not using the NVT 's CR - LF line - ending convention . The PDP - 6 monitor , and its PDP - 10 successor TOPS - 10 , used Control - Z ( SUB ) as an end - of - file indication for input from a terminal . Some operating systems such as CP / M tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control - Z to mark the end of the actual text in the file . For these reasons , EOF , or end - of - file , was used colloquially and conventionally as a three - letter acronym for Control - Z instead of SUBstitute . The end - of - text code ( ETX ) , also known as Control - C , was inappropriate for a variety of reasons , while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to it ending the alphabet and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid . A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream , usually from a keyboard . In C library and Unix conventions , the null character is used to terminate text strings ; such null - terminated strings can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ , where here Z stands for `` zero '' . Binary Oct Dec Hex Abbreviation Name ( ' 67 ) ' 63 ' 65 ' 67 000 0000 000 0 00 NULL NUL ␀ ^ @ \ 0 Null 000 0001 001 01 SOM SOH ␁ ^ A Start of Heading 000 0010 002 02 EOA STX ␂ ^ B Start of Text 000 0011 003 03 EOM ETX ␃ ^ C End of Text 000 0100 004 04 EOT ␄ ^ D End of Transmission 000 0101 005 5 05 WRU ENQ ␅ ^ E Enquiry 000 0110 006 6 06 RU ACK ␆ ^ F Acknowledgement 000 0111 007 7 07 BELL BEL ␇ ^ G \ a Bell 000 1000 010 8 08 FE0 BS ␈ ^ H \ b Backspace 000 1001 011 9 09 HT / SK HT ␉ ^ I \ t Horizontal Tab 000 1010 012 10 0A LF ␊ ^ J \ n Line Feed 000 1011 013 11 0B VTAB VT ␋ ^ K \ v Vertical Tab 000 1100 014 12 0C FF ␌ ^ L \ f Form Feed 000 1101 015 13 0D CR ␍ ^ M \ r Carriage Return 000 1110 016 14 0E SO ␎ ^ N Shift Out 000 1111 017 15 0F SI ␏ ^ O Shift In 001 0000 020 16 10 DC0 DLE ␐ ^ P Data Link Escape 001 0001 021 17 11 DC1 ␑ ^ Q Device Control 1 ( often XON ) 001 0010 022 18 12 DC2 ␒ ^ R Device Control 2 001 0011 023 19 13 DC3 ␓ ^ S Device Control 3 ( often XOFF ) 001 0100 024 20 14 DC4 ␔ ^ T Device Control 4 001 0101 025 21 15 ERR NAK ␕ ^ U Negative Acknowledgement 001 0110 026 22 16 SYNC SYN ␖ ^ V Synchronous Idle 001 0111 027 23 17 LEM ETB ␗ ^ W End of Transmission Block 001 1000 030 24 18 S0 CAN ␘ ^ X Cancel 001 1001 031 25 19 S1 EM ␙ ^ Y End of Medium 001 1010 032 26 1A S2 SS SUB ␚ ^ Z Substitute 001 1011 033 27 1B S3 ESC ␛ ^ ( \ e Escape 001 1100 034 28 1C S4 FS ␜ ^ \ File Separator 001 1101 035 29 1D S5 GS ␝ ^ ) Group Separator 001 1110 036 30 1E S6 RS ␞ ^ ^ Record Separator 001 1111 037 31 1F S7 US ␟ ^ _ Unit Separator 111 1111 177 127 7F DEL ␡ ^ ? Delete Other representations might be used by specialist equipment , for example ISO 2047 graphics or hexadecimal numbers . Printable characters ( edit ) Codes 20 to 7E , known as the printable characters , represent letters , digits , punctuation marks , and a few miscellaneous symbols . There are 95 printable characters in total . Code 20 , the `` space '' character , denotes the space between words , as produced by the space bar of a keyboard . Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic ( rather than a control character ) it is listed in the table below instead of in the previous section . Code 7F corresponds to the non-printable `` delete '' ( DEL ) control character and is therefore omitted from this chart ; it is covered in the previous section 's chart . Earlier versions of ASCII used the up arrow instead of the caret ( 5E ) and the left arrow instead of the underscore ( 5F ) . Binary Oct Dec Hex Glyph ' 63 ' 65 ' 67 010 0000 040 32 20 space 010 0001 041 33 21 ! 010 0010 042 34 22 `` 010 0011 043 35 23 # 010 0100 044 36 24 $ 010 0101 045 37 25 % 010 0110 046 38 26 & 010 0111 047 39 27 ' 010 1000 050 40 28 ( 010 1001 051 41 29 ) 010 1010 052 42 2A * 010 1011 053 43 2B + 010 1100 054 44 2C , 010 1101 055 45 2D - 010 1110 056 46 2E . 010 1111 057 47 2F / 011 0000 060 48 30 0 011 0001 061 49 31 011 0010 062 50 32 011 0011 063 51 33 011 0100 064 52 34 011 0101 065 53 35 5 011 0110 066 54 36 6 011 0111 067 55 37 7 011 1000 070 56 38 8 011 1001 071 57 39 9 011 1010 072 58 3A : 011 1011 073 59 3B ; 011 1100 074 60 3C < 011 1101 075 61 3D = 011 1110 076 62 3E > 011 1111 077 63 3F ? 100 0000 100 64 40 @ ` @ 100 0001 101 65 41 100 0010 102 66 42 100 0011 103 67 43 100 0100 104 68 44 100 0101 105 69 45 100 0110 106 70 46 100 0111 107 71 47 100 1000 110 72 48 100 1001 111 73 49 100 1010 112 74 4A J 100 1011 113 75 4B 100 1100 114 76 4C 100 1101 115 77 4D 100 1110 116 78 4E 100 1111 117 79 4F O 101 0000 120 80 50 101 0001 121 81 51 Q 101 0010 122 82 52 101 0011 123 83 53 101 0100 124 84 54 101 0101 125 85 55 U 101 0110 126 86 56 V 101 0111 127 87 57 101 1000 130 88 58 X 101 1001 131 89 59 Y 101 1010 132 90 5A Z 101 1011 133 91 5B 101 1100 134 92 5C \ ~ \ 101 1101 135 93 5D 101 1110 136 94 5E ↑ 101 1111 137 95 5F ← _ 110 0000 140 96 60 @ ` 110 0001 141 97 61 110 0010 142 98 62 110 0011 143 99 63 110 0100 144 100 64 d 110 0101 145 101 65 110 0110 146 102 66 f 110 0111 147 103 67 g 110 1000 150 104 68 h 110 1001 151 105 69 i 110 1010 152 106 6A j 110 1011 153 107 6B k 110 1100 154 108 6C l 110 1101 155 109 6D m 110 1110 156 110 6E n 110 1111 157 111 6F o 111 0000 160 112 70 p 111 0001 161 113 71 q 111 0010 162 114 72 r 111 0011 163 115 73 s 111 0100 164 116 74 111 0101 165 117 75 u 111 0110 166 118 76 111 0111 167 119 77 w 111 1000 170 120 78 x 111 1001 171 121 79 y 111 1010 172 122 7A z 111 1011 173 123 7B ( 111 1100 174 124 7C ACK ¬ 111 1101 175 125 7D ) 111 1110 176 126 7E ESC ~ Character set ( edit ) ASCII 1967 - present _0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F 0_ NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI 1_ DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US 2_ SP ! `` # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 3_ 0 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 4_ @ J O 5_ Q U V X Y Z \ _ 6_ ` d f g h i j k l m n o 7_ p q r s u w x y z ( ) ~ DEL Use ( edit ) ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven - bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph 's TWX ( TeletypeWriter eXchange ) network . TWX originally used the earlier five - bit ITA2 , which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system . Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence . His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work -- according to Bemer , `` so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer - Ross Code in Europe '' . Because of his extensive work on ASCII , Bemer has been called `` the father of ASCII '' . On March 11 , 1968 , U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States federal government support ASCII , stating : I have also approved recommendations of the Secretary of Commerce regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations . All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after July 1 , 1969 , must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used . ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007 , when UTF - 8 encoding surpassed it ; UTF - 8 is backward compatible with ASCII . Variants and derivations ( edit ) As computer technology spread throughout the world , different standards bodies and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of non-English languages that used Roman - based alphabets . One could class some of these variations as `` ASCII extensions '' , although some misuse that term to represent all variants , including those that do not preserve ASCII 's character - map in the 7 - bit range . Furthermore , the ASCII extensions have also been mislabelled as ASCII . 7 - bit codes ( edit ) Main articles : ECMA - 6 , ISO / IEC 646 , and ITU T. 50 See also : UTF - 7 From early in its development , ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard . Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO 646 ( 1967 ) that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII , with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States , such as the symbol for the United Kingdom 's pound sterling ( £ ) . Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII , since ASCII suited the needs of only the US and a few other countries . For example , Canada had its own version that supported French characters . Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include non-English letters ( e.g. é , ñ , ß , Ł ) , currency symbols ( e.g. £ , ¥ ) , etc . See also YUSCII ( Yugoslavia ) . It would share most characters in common , but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for `` national use '' . However , the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII - 1963 and ISO 's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII 's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world , causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points . ISO / IEC 646 , like ASCII , is a 7 - bit character set . It does not make any additional codes available , so the same code points encoded different characters in different countries . Escape codes were defined to indicate which national variant applied to a piece of text , but they were rarely used , so it was often impossible to know what variant to work with and , therefore , which character a code represented , and in general , text - processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway . Because the bracket and brace characters of ASCII were assigned to `` national use '' code points that were used for accented letters in other national variants of ISO / IEC 646 , a German , French , or Swedish , etc . programmer using their national variant of ISO / IEC 646 , rather than ASCII , had to write , and thus read , something such as ä aÄiÜ = ' Ön ' ; ü instead of ( a ( i ) = ' \ n ' ; ) C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C , although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use . Many programmers kept their computers on US - ASCII , so plain - text in Swedish , German etc. ( for example , in e-mail or Usenet ) contained `` ( , ) '' and similar variants in the middle of words , something those programmers got used to . For example , a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch , could get `` N ( jag har sm rg ) sar '' as the answer , which should be `` Nä jag har smörgåsar '' meaning `` No I 've got sandwiches '' . 8 - bit codes ( edit ) Main articles : Extended ASCII and ISO / IEC 8859 See also : UTF - 8 Eventually , as 8 - , 16 - and 32 - bit ( and later 64 - bit ) computers began to replace 18 - and 36 - bit computers as the norm , it became common to use an 8 - bit byte to store each character in memory , providing an opportunity for extended , 8 - bit relatives of ASCII . In most cases these developed as true extensions of ASCII , leaving the original character - mapping intact , but adding additional character definitions after the first 128 ( i.e. , 7 - bit ) characters . Encodings include ISCII ( India ) , VISCII ( Vietnam ) . Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII , true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard . Most early home computer systems developed their own 8 - bit character sets containing line - drawing and game glyphs , and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0 to 31 with more graphics . Kaypro CP / M computers used the `` upper '' 128 characters for the Greek alphabet . The PETSCII code Commodore International used for their 8 - bit systems is probably unique among post-1970 codes in being based on ASCII - 1963 , instead of the more common ASCII - 1967 , such as found on the ZX Spectrum computer . Atari 8 - bit computers and Galaksija computers also used ASCII variants . The IBM PC defined code page 437 , which replaced the control characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces , and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions . Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages , and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware . Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set ( DEC - MCS ) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics . The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set , both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics , more like modern character sets . The ISO / IEC 8859 standard ( derived from the DEC - MCS ) finally provided a standard that most systems copied ( at least as accurately as they copied ASCII , but with many substitutions ) . A popular further extension designed by Microsoft , Windows - 1252 ( often mislabeled as ISO - 8859 - 1 ) , added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text printing . ISO - 8859 - 1 , Windows - 1252 , and the original 7 - bit ASCII were the most common character encodings until 2008 when UTF - 8 became more common . ISO / IEC 4873 introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80 -- 9F hexadecimal range , as part of extending the 7 - bit ASCII encoding to become an 8 - bit system . Unicode ( edit ) Main articles : Unicode and ISO / IEC 10646 See also : Basic Latin ( Unicode block ) Unicode and the ISO / IEC 10646 Universal Character Set ( UCS ) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO / IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many environments . While ASCII is limited to 128 characters , Unicode and the UCS support more characters by separating the concepts of unique identification ( using natural numbers called code points ) and encoding ( to 8 - , 16 - or 32 - bit binary formats , called UTF - 8 , UTF - 16 and UTF - 32 ) . ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode ( 1991 ) character set as the first 128 symbols , so the 7 - bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets . This allows UTF - 8 to be backward compatible with 7 - bit ASCII , as a UTF - 8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters . Even more importantly , forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7 - bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set ( as is often done to support 8 - bit ASCII extensions such as ISO - 8859 - 1 ) will preserve UTF - 8 data unchanged . See also ( edit ) Computing portal 3568 ASCII , an asteroid named after the character encoding Ascii85 ASCII art ASCII Ribbon Campaign Basic Latin ( Unicode block ) ( ASCII as a subset of Unicode ) Extended ASCII HTML decimal character rendering List of Unicode characters Jargon File , a glossary of computer programmer slang which includes a list of common slang names for ASCII characters List of computer character sets Alt codes Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The 128 characters of the 7 - bit ASCII character set are divided into eight 16 - character groups called sticks 0 -- 7 , associated with the three most - significant bits . Depending on the horizontal or vertical representation of the character map , sticks correspond with either table rows or columns . Jump up ^ The Unicode characters from the area U + 2400 to U + 2421 reserved for representing control characters when it is necessary to print or display them rather than have them perform their intended function . Some browsers may not display these properly . Jump up ^ Caret notation is often used to represent control characters on a terminal . On most text terminals , holding down the Ctrl key while typing the second character will type the control character . Sometimes the shift key is not needed , for instance ^ @ may be typable with just Ctrl and 2 . Jump up ^ Character escape sequences in C programming language and many other languages influenced by it , such as Java and Perl ( though not all implementations necessarily support all escape sequences ) . Jump up ^ The Backspace character can also be entered by pressing the ← Backspace key on some systems . ^ Jump up to : The ambiguity of Backspace is due to early terminals designed assuming the main use of the keyboard would be to manually punch paper tape while not connected to a computer . To delete the previous character , one had to back up the paper tape punch , which for mechanical and simplicity reasons was a button on the punch itself and not the keyboard , then type the rubout character . They therefore placed a key producing rubout at the location used on typewriters for backspace . When systems used these terminals and provided command - line editing , they had to use the `` rubout '' code to perform a backspace , and often did not interpret the backspace character ( they might echo `` ^ H '' for backspace ) . Other terminals not designed for paper tape made the key at this location produce Backspace , and systems designed for these used that character to back up . Since the delete code often produced a backspace effect , this also forced terminal manufacturers to make any Delete key produce something other than the Delete character . Jump up ^ The Tab character can also be entered by pressing the Tab ↹ key on most systems . Jump up ^ The Carriage Return character can also be entered by pressing the ↵ Enter or Return key on most systems . Jump up ^ The \ e escape sequence is not part of ISO C and many other language specifications . However , it is understood by several compilers , including GCC . Jump up ^ The Escape character can also be entered by pressing the Esc key on some systems . Jump up ^ ^ ^ means Ctrl + ^ ( pressing the `` Ctrl '' and caret keys ) . Jump up ^ The Delete character can sometimes be entered by pressing the ← Backspace key on some systems . Jump up ^ Printed out , the characters are : ! `` # $ % & ' ( ) * + , -. / 0123456789 : ; < = > ? @ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ( \ ) ^ _ ` abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ( ) ~ References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie , Charles E. ( 1980 ) . Coded Character Sets , History and Development ( PDF ) . The Systems Programming Series ( 1 ed . ) . Addison - Wesley Publishing Company , Inc . pp. 6 , 166 , 211 , 215 , 217 , 220 , 223 , 228 , 236 -- 238 , 243 -- 245 , 247 -- 253 , 423 , 425 -- 428 , 435 -- 439 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 14460 - 3 . LCCN 77 - 90165 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` Character Sets '' . Accessed 2008 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Brandel , Mary ( July 6 , 1999 ) . `` 1963 : The Debut of ASCII '' . CNN . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Standard Code for Information Interchange , ASA X3. 4 - 1963 '' . American Standards Association ( ASA ) . 1963 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Standard Code for Information Interchange , USAS X3. 4 - 1967 '' . United States of America Standards Institute ( USASI ) . July 7 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Thomas Daniel ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) ( 1999 ) . `` An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Infiltration '' . World Power Systems ( WPS ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` American National Standard for Information Systems -- Coded Character Sets -- 7 - Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange ( 7 - Bit ASCII ) , ANSI X3. 4 - 1986 '' . American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) . March 26 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Shirley , R. ( August 2007 ) , Internet Security Glossary , Version 2 , RFC 4949 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 Jump up ^ Maini , Anil Kumar ( 2007 ) . Digital Electronics : Principles , Devices and Applications . John Wiley and Sons . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 03214 - 5 . In addition , it defines codes for 33 nonprinting , mostly obsolete control characters that affect how the text is processed . Jump up ^ Bukstein , Ed ( July 1964 ) . `` Binary Computer Codes and ASCII '' . Electronics World . Ziff - Davis Publishing Company . 72 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bemer , Robert William ( 1980 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Inside ASCII '' . General Purpose Software ( PDF ) . Best of Interface Age . 2 . Portland , OR , USA : dilithium Press . pp. 1 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 918398 - 37 - 1 . LCCN 79 - 67462 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 , from : Bemer , Robert William ( May 1978 ) . `` Inside ASCII -- Part I '' . Interface Age . Portland , Oregon : dilithium Press . 3 ( 5 ) : 96 -- 102 . Bemer , Robert William ( June 1978 ) . `` Inside ASCII -- Part II '' . Interface Age . Portland , Oregon : dilithium Press . 3 ( 6 ) : 64 -- 74 . Bemer , Robert William ( July 1978 ) . `` Inside ASCII -- Part III '' . Interface Age . Portland , Oregon : dilithium Press . 3 ( 7 ) : 80 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Brief Report : Meeting of CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet , May 13 -- 15 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Report of ISO / TC / 97 / SC 2 -- Meeting of October 29 -- 31 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Report on Task Group X3. 2.4 , June 11 , 1963 , Pentagon Building , Washington , DC . Jump up ^ Report of Meeting No. 8 , Task Group X3. 2.4 , December 17 and 18 , 1963 ^ Jump up to : Winter , Dik T. ( 2010 ) ( 2003 ) . `` US and International standards : ASCII '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Salste , Tuomas ( January 2016 ) . `` 7 - bit character sets : Revisions of ASCII '' . Aivosto Oy . urn : nbn : fi - fe201201011004 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Korpela , Jukka K. ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) ( 2006 - 06 - 07 ) . Unicode Explained -- Internationalize Documents , Programs , and Web Sites ( 2nd release of 1st ed . ) . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 10121 - 3 . ISBN 0 - 596 - 10121 - X . Jump up ^ ANSI INCITS 4 - 1986 ( R2007 ) : American National Standard for Information Systems -- Coded Character Sets -- 7 - Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange ( 7 - Bit ASCII ) ( PDF ) , 2007 ( 1986 ) , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 02 - 07 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 Jump up ^ Bit Sequencing of the American National Standard Code for Information Interchange in Serial - by - Bit Data Transmission , American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) , 1966 , X3. 15 - 1966 Jump up ^ `` BruXy : Radio Teletype communication '' . 2005 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . The transmitted code use International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 ( ITA - 2 ) which was introduced by CCITT in 1924 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Gil ( 2001 ) . `` Teletype Communication Codes '' ( PDF ) . Baudot.net . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Stanley A. ; Krantz , Steven George ( 1995 ) . A TeX Primer for Scientists . CRC Press , LLC . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 7159 - 2 . Jump up ^ Savard , John J.G. `` Computer Keyboards '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ASCIIbetical definition '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Resnick , P. ( April 2001 ) , Internet Message Format , RFC 2822 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 ( NB . NO - WS - CTL . ) Jump up ^ McConnell , Robert ; Haynes , James ; Warren , Richard . `` Understanding ASCII Codes '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Barry Margolin ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Re : editor and word processor history ( was : Re : RTF for emacs ) '' . help - gnu - emacs ( Mailing list ) . ^ Jump up to : `` PDP - 6 Multiprogramming System Manual '' ( PDF ) . Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) . 1965 . p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` PDP - 10 Reference Handbook , Book 3 , Communicating with the Monitor '' ( PDF ) . Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) . 1969 . p. 5 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Help - GNU Emacs Manual '' . Jump up ^ Tim Paterson ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Is DOS a Rip - Off of CP / M ? '' . DosMan Drivel . Jump up ^ Ossanna , J.F. ; Saltzer , J.H. ( November 17 -- 19 , 1970 ) . `` Technical and human engineering problems in connecting terminals to a time - sharing system '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the November 17 -- 19 , 1970 , Fall Joint Computer Conference ( FJCC ) . p. 357 : AFIPS Press . pp. 355 -- 362 . Using a `` new - line '' function ( combined carriage - return and line - feed ) is simpler for both man and machine than requiring both functions for starting a new line ; the American National Standard X3. 4 - 1968 permits the line - feed code to carry the new - line meaning . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , T. ( 1971 - 05 - 19 ) , TELNET Protocol , Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , pp. 4 -- 5 , RFC 158 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 Jump up ^ Neigus , Nancy J. ( 1973 - 08 - 12 ) , File Transfer Protocol , Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , RFC 542 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 Jump up ^ Postel , Jon ( June 1980 ) , File Transfer Protocol , Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , RFC 765 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 Jump up ^ `` EOL translation plan for Mercurial '' . Mercurial . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Daniel J. `` Bare LFs in SMTP '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ CP / M 1.4 Interface Guide ( PDF ) . Digital Research . 1978 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Cerf , Vinton Gray ( 1969 - 10 - 16 ) , ASCII format for Network Interchange , Network Working Group , RFC 20 , archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 13 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 ( NB . Almost identical wording to USAS X3. 4 - 1968 except for the intro . ) Jump up ^ Haynes , Jim ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) . `` First - Hand : Chad is Our Most Important Product : An Engineer 's Memory of Teletype Corporation '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki ( ETHW ) . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . There was the change from 1961 ASCII to 1968 ASCII . Some computer languages used characters in 1961 ASCII such as up arrow and left arrow . These characters disappeared from 1968 ASCII . We worked with Fred Mocking , who by now was in Sales at Teletype , on a type cylinder that would compromise the changing characters so that the meanings of 1961 ASCII were not totally lost . The underscore character was made rather wedge - shaped so it could also serve as a left arrow . Jump up ^ Bemer , Robert William . `` Bemer meets Europe ( Computer Standards ) -- Computer History Vignettes '' . Trailing-edge.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . ( NB . Bemer was employed at IBM at that time . ) Jump up ^ `` Robert William Bemer : Biography '' . 2013 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Lyndon Baines ( 1968 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Memorandum Approving the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information Interchange '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Richard S. Shuford ( December 20 , 1996 ) . `` Re : Early history of ASCII ? '' . Newsgroup : alt. folklore. computers . Usenet : Pine. SUN. 3.91. 961220100220.13180 [email protected] . Jump up ^ Folts , Harold C. ; Karp , Harry , eds. ( 1982 - 02 - 01 ) . Compilation of Data Communications Standards ( 2nd revised ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Inc . ISBN 0 - 07 - 021457 - 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 021457 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dubost , Karl ( 2008 - 05 - 06 ) . `` UTF - 8 Growth on the Web '' . W3C Blog . World Wide Web Consortium . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Mark ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Moving to Unicode 5.1 '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mark ( 2010 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Unicode nearing 50 % of the web '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Specific Criteria '' , attachment to memo from R.W. Reach , `` X3 - 2 Meeting -- September 14 and 15 '' , September 18 , 1961 Jump up ^ Maréchal , R. ( 1967 - 12 - 22 ) , ISO / TC 97 -- Computers and Information Processing : Acceptance of Draft ISO Recommendation No. 1052 Jump up ^ The Unicode Consortium ( 2006 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Chapter 13 : Special Areas and Format Characters '' ( PDF ) . In Allen , Julie D . The Unicode standard , Version 5.0 . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey , US : Addison - Wesley Professional . p. 314 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 48091 - 0 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` utf - 8 ( 7 ) -- Linux manual page '' . Man7.org. 2014 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 21 . Further reading ( edit ) Bemer , Robert William ( 1960 ) . `` A Proposal for Character Code Compatibility '' . Communications of the ACM. 3 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 72 . doi : 10.1145 / 366959.366961 . Bemer , Robert William ( 2003 - 05 - 23 ) . `` The Babel of Codes Prior to ASCII : The 1960 Survey of Coded Character Sets : The Reasons for ASCII '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 , from : Bemer , Robert William ( December 1960 ) . `` Survey of coded character representation '' . Communications of the ACM. 3 ( 12 ) : 639 -- 641 . doi : 10.1145 / 367487.367493 . Smith , H.J. ; Williams , F.A. ( December 1960 ) . `` Survey of punched card codes '' . Communications of the ACM. 3 ( 12 ) : 642 . doi : 10.1145 / 367487.367491 . American National Standard Code for Information Interchange . American National Standards Institute . 1977 . Robinson , G.S. ; Cargill , C. ( 1996 ) . `` History and impact of computer standards '' . Computer . 29 ( 10 ) : 79 -- 85 . doi : 10.1109 / 2.539725 . Mullendore , Ralph Elvin ( 1964 ) ( 1963 ) . Ptak , John F. , ed . `` On the Early Development of ASCII -- The History of ASCII '' . JF Ptak Science Books ( published March 2012 ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to ASCII . `` C0 Controls and Basic Latin -- Range : 0000 -- 007F '' ( PDF ) . The Unicode Standard 8.0 . Unicode , Inc. 2015 ( 1991 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Fischer , Eric . `` The Evolution of Character Codes , 1874 -- 1968 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . ( 1 ) Character encodings Early telecommunications ASCII ISO / IEC 646 ISO / IEC 6937 T. 61 BCDIC Baudot code Morse code Telegraph code Wabun code Special telegraphy codes Non-Latin Chinese Cyrillic Needle telegraph codes ISO / IEC 8859 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 Bibliographic use ANSEL ISO 5426 / 5426 - 2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822 MARC - 8 National standards ArmSCII BraSCII CNS 11643 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 18030 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI - 7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 PASCII SI 960 TIS - 620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII EUC CN JP KR TW ISO / IEC 2022 CN JP KR CCCII MacOS code pages ( `` scripts '' ) Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic CentEuro ChineseSimp / EUC - CN ChineseTrad / Big5 Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Dingbats Esperanto Farsi ( Persian ) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Japanese / ShiftJIS Keyboard Korean / EUC - KR Latin - 1 Ogham Roman Romanian Sámi Symbol Thai / TIS - 620 Turkish Turkic Latin Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian DOS code pages 100 111 112 113 151 152 161 162 163 164 165 166 210 220 301 437 449 489 620 667 668 707 708 709 710 711 714 715 720 721 737 768 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 790 850 851 852 853 854 855 / 872 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 / 17248 865 866 / 808 867 868 869 874 / 1161 / 1162 876 877 878 881 882 883 884 885 891 895 896 897 898 899 900 903 904 906 907 909 910 911 926 927 928 929 932 934 936 938 941 942 943 944 946 947 948 949 950 / 1370 951 966 991 1034 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1046 1086 1088 1092 1093 1098 1108 1109 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1125 / 848 1126 1127 1131 / 849 1139 1167 1168 1300 1351 1361 1362 1363 1372 1373 1374 1375 1380 1381 1385 1386 1391 1392 1393 1394 CWI - 2 Iran System Kamenický KOI8 Mazovia MIK IBM AIX code pages 367 371 806 813 819 895 896 912 913 914 915 916 919 920 921 / 901 922 / 902 923 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 963 964 965 970 971 1004 1006 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1029 1036 1089 1111 1124 1129 / 1163 1133 1350 1382 1383 IBM Apple MacIntosh emulations 1275 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 IBM Adobe emulations 1038 1276 1277 IBM DEC emulations 1020 1021 1023 1090 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1287 1288 IBM HP emulations 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 Windows code pages CER - GS 874 / 1162 ( TIS - 620 ) 932 / 943 ( Shift JIS ) 936 / 1386 ( GBK ) 950 / 1370 ( Big5 ) 949 / 1363 ( EUC - KR ) 1169 1174 Extended Latin - 8 1200 ( UTF - 16LE ) 1201 ( UTF - 16BE ) 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1261 1270 54936 ( GB18030 ) EBCDIC code pages 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 / 1140 37 - 2 38 39 40 251 252 254 256 257 258 259 260 264 273 / 1141 274 275 276 277 / 1142 278 / 1143 279 280 / 1144 281 282 283 284 / 1145 285 / 1146 286 287 288 289 290 293 297 / 1147 298 300 310 320 321 322 330 351 352 353 355 357 358 359 360 361 363 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 410 420 / 16804 421 423 424 / 8616 / 12712 425 435 500 / 1148 803 829 833 834 835 836 837 838 / 838 839 870 / 1110 / 1153 871 / 1149 875 / 4971 / 9067 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 892 893 905 918 924 930 / 1390 931 933 / 1364 935 / 1388 937 / 1371 939 / 1399 1001 1002 1003 1005 1007 1024 1025 / 1154 1026 / 1155 1027 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1037 1047 1068 1069 1070 1071 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1087 1091 1097 1112 / 1156 1113 1122 / 1157 1123 / 1158 1130 / 1164 1132 1136 1137 1150 1151 1152 1159 1165 1166 1278 1279 1303 1364 1376 1377 JEF KEIS Platform specific Acorn Adobe Standard Adobe Latin 1 Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC CPC DEC Radix - 50 DEC MCS / NRCS DG International ELWRO - Junior FIELDATA GEM GEOS GSM 03.38 HP Roman Extension HP Roman - 8 HP Roman - 9 HP FOCAL HP RPL LICS LMBCS Mattel Aquarius MSX NEC APC NeXT PCW PETSCII Sharp calculators TI calculators TRS - 80 Ventura International Ventura Symbol WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum Unicode / ISO / IEC 10646 UTF - 1 UTF - 7 UTF - 8 UTF - 16 ( UTF - 16LE / UTF - 16BE ) / UCS - 2 UTF - 32 ( UTF - 32LE / UTF - 32BE ) / UCS - 4 UTF - EBCDIC GB 18030 BOCU - 1 CESU - 8 SCSU Miscellaneous code pages ABICOMP APL ARIB STD - B24 Cork HZ INIS INIS - 8 ISO - IR - 111 ISO - IR - 182 ISO - IR - 197 ISO - IR - 200 ISO - IR - 201 Johab LGR LY1 OML OMS OMX OT1 OT2 OT3 OT4 T2A T2B T2C T2D T3 T4 T5 TS1 TS3 U X2 SEASCII TACE16 TRON UTF - 5 UTF - 6 WTF - 8 Related topics Code page Control character ( C0 C1 ) CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware ISO 6429 / IEC 6429 / ANSI X3. 64 Mojibake Character sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASCII&oldid=850045013 '' Categories : ASCII Computer - 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is an encoding for english alphanumeric characters as 7-bit numbers

Originally based on the English alphabet , ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven - bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above . Ninety - five of the encoded characters are printable : these include the digits 0 to 9 , lowercase letters a to z , uppercase letters A to Z , and punctuation symbols . In addition , the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with Teletype machines ; most of these are now obsolete .

List of King of the Hill characters - wikipedia List of King of the Hill characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2013 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) King of the Hill is an American animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels . The main characters are Hank Hill , Peggy Hill , Bobby Hill , Luanne Platter , Dale Gribble , Bill Dauterive , Jeff Boomhauer , Kahn Souphanousinphone , and Elroy `` Lucky '' Kleinschmidt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Other Hill , Platter , and Kleinschmidt relatives 3 Other Gribbles 4 Other Dauterives 5 Other Boomhauers 6 Souphanousinphones 7 Strickland Propane 8 Tom Landry Middle School 9 Arlen VFW 10 Other recurring characters 11 Other characters 12 References 13 External links Main characters ( edit ) Henry `` Hank '' Rutherford Hill ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- Hank is the main protagonist who proudly sells `` propane and propane accessories '' as the assistant manager at Strickland Propane , and throughout the entire series always makes a big deal about the job when everybody around Hank finds his occupation boring . He resembles -- in both voice and appearance -- the Tom Anderson character from Beavis and Butthead , a character also voiced by Judge . Hank is generally a well - meaning father , but is often confused and anxious towards modern trends and the antics of his friends and family members . He suffers from a narrow urethra , which made Bobby 's conception difficult . Hank is uncomfortable with public displays of intimacy with his wife and son . He has a very difficult time saying `` I love you '' to any member of his family , as he thinks it is unmanly . Hank 's trademark exclamation when surprised or in times of discomfort ( sounding like `` Bahh ! '' or `` Bwaaa ! '' ) and his phrase `` I tell you what '' ( `` what '' in his dialect being pronounced / ˈhwʌt / ) are running gags on the series . Hank is a byproduct of a bygone era , nevertheless the qualities are principled ; ever faithful , friendly , firm , reasonable , well - read and hard working . Much of the series revolves around Hank 's desire to do the right thing compared to much of the rest of the people around him who would rather cheat , lie or exploit . Hank is a proud Texan , having grown up there . He was , however , born in a ladies room at Yankee Stadium , and spent the first three days of his life in New York City . Margaret J. `` Peggy '' Platter Hill ( voiced by Kathy Najimy ) -- Hank 's wife , Peggy ( née Platter ) , was born in Montana and raised on her family 's cattle ranch . Her strained relationship with her mother is a source of drama for her . Peggy is a substitute teacher in Arlen , Texas , specializing in teaching Spanish despite having a poor grasp of the language . Peggy is also a freelance newspaper columnist , notary public , an exemplary softball pitcher and a Boggle champion and has started a career in real estate . She has a habit of adding or changing ingredients to ordinary dishes then naming them after herself . `` Spa - Peggy & Meatballs '' and `` Apple Brown Peggy '' are examples . Peggy is very self - conscious about her larger - than - normal feet ( size 16 1⁄2 on the left , 16 on the right ) . Despite boasting of her intelligence , she has been the victim of manipulation , such as being conned out of $2,500 for a phony degree , indoctrinated into a homogenous cult , and tricked into a pyramid scheme selling Herbalife inspired products . She has brown hair and typically wears glasses , an aquamarine sleeveless shirt , and denim culottes , but often wears different outfits . Robert Jeffrey `` Bobby '' Hill ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- Hank and Peggy 's husky 13 - year - old son and best friend to Joseph and Connie . Although friendly , gentle , lovable , and generally well - liked , he is not very bright and often prone to making bad decisions . He wants to be a famous prop comic and move to New York when he is older . Bobby displays little interest in gender roles and , although superb at golf and target shooting , dislikes team sports , often taking such classes as Home Economics and Peer Counseling , instead of more traditionally `` masculine classes '' . Although many ( including Hank ) tend to typify him as `` not right '' , he is romantically successful , dating Connie and other girls throughout the series . Dale Alvin Gribble A.K.A. `` Rusty Shackleford '' ( voiced by Johnny Hardwick ) -- Dale is the Hills ' chain - smoking neighbor who is also an insect exterminator among various self - appointed occupations . His physical appearance was modeled after Hunter S. Thompson . His greatest expertise lies in his knowledge of conspiracy theories and loopholes . Dale is paranoid about any government activity and frequently uses the alias of Rusty Shackleford to operate anonymously including having received unemployment payments from said alias . Dale is the president of the Arlen gun club and a licensed bounty hunter . He possesses a vast collection of guns from pistols to automatic weapons and is an ardent defender of Second Amendment rights . Despite being a firearms aficionado , his aim is relatively poor and despite being knowledgeable in military matters , he is physically the weakest of the main cast and is an abject physical coward . He is an avid UFOlogist . Dale remains oblivious to the fact that his wife , Nancy , has cheated on him with John Redcorn for fourteen years and his son Joseph is not actually his biological son . Everyone else knows but chooses not to tell him because of his total obliviousness , the loving , trusting relationship he has with Joseph and Nancy , and the fact that Dale is more of a father to Joseph than John Redcorn is , although it is implied in one of the last scenes of the final episode that Dale found out somehow and is rather unconcerned , leading to the possibility he either knew all along , Nancy told him , or he found out through other means . Hank considers Dale a close friend , but he often gets annoyed with his schemes and conspiracies . Sgt . William `` Bill '' Fontaine de La Tour Dauterive ( voiced by Stephen Root ) -- Bill is the Hills ' overweight , divorced , clinically depressed neighbor . He grew up in Louisiana with his cousin Gilbert and speaks French and English . He was formerly a rugged and attractive star lineman on Arlen High 's football team , nicknamed the `` Billdozer '' , and is now a sergeant barber in the United States Army . While his job mostly consists of shaving recruits , he is in fact an extremely talented barber able to replicate Hank 's signature flattop when his barber he had known for 20 years was becoming senile . Bill once had a bright future in the Army wanting to be a tanker , but ended up ruining his life after marrying the promiscuous Lenore . Bill is something of a masochist and is often attracted to people who abuse him ; after suffering under his father and Lenore , Bill has an almost complete lack of self - worth . He obsesses about his ex-wife , and his loneliness is a running gag on the series . He frequently tries to flirt with and win over Peggy . Despite coming across as a loser , however , Bill has enjoyed several romantic successes ( or near - successes ) , including Kahn 's and Luanne 's mothers , former Texas governor Ann Richards , and the young widows of two of his dead cousins . He is named after executive producer and writer Jim Dauterive . Jeffrey Dexter `` Jeff '' Boomhauer III ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- Often referred to as his surname , Boomhauer is a slim womanizer whose mutterings are hard to understand to the audience but easily understood by his friends . A running joke is when his friends fail to understand him for some reason other than his incoherence . His speech is usually heavily littered with the phrases , `` dang '' and `` dang ol ' '' . Boomhauer can mumble his words , but he sings clearly and speaks other languages clearly ( mainly French and Spanish ) . Boomhauer is a classic - car aficionado and owns a 1969 Dodge Coronet Super Bee ( in high school he owned a late 1960s Ford Mustang nicknamed `` Ms. Sally '' ) , and , despite his incoherent ramblings and womanizing , often displays himself to be more intelligent and philosophical than his three friends . Although hinted at previously , in episode 18 of season 13 , his first name is finally revealed when a Canadian woman who lives next door to the family who trades houses with him for the summer calls him `` Jeff '' , and the driver 's license shown in the series finale reads `` Boomhauer , Jeff '' . Throughout the series it is never known what he does for a living , although it was revealed in an early episode that he was an electrical engineer but was on workers compensation . At the end of the series finale , a badge seen in his open wallet reveals that he is a Texas Ranger . Luanne Leanne Platter Kleinschmidt ( voiced by Brittany Murphy ) -- Luanne ( née Platter ) is the Hills ' college - age niece , daughter of Peggy 's scheming paternal twin brother Hoyt and his alcoholic ex-wife Leanne . Luanne moves in with the Hills after her mother Leanne stabs Hoyt with a fork during a drunken fight which tips over their trailer . Hank initially makes frequent attempts to encourage Luanne to move out on her own , but later more - or-less accepts her as a member of the family . She was a student at the beauty academy and later at Arlen Community College . She was often portrayed as an airhead , but was shown to be an expert mechanic in the first two seasons and is good at logic puzzles . Luanne was promiscuous , but she settles down after being visited by the spirit of her first boyfriend , the slacker Buckley , whom she calls `` Buckley 's angel '' ; and then attending a church - sponsored `` born - again virgin '' program and starts a Bible study class . Luanne created a puppet show entitled `` The Manger Babies '' for a Public - access television cable TV station , featuring the barnyard animals who witnessed Christ 's birth ( though they included a penguin and an octopus ) . In the 10th - season finale , Luanne revealed that she was pregnant with the child of Lucky , whom she married in the 11th - season finale . In the 13th and final season , she has a baby girl named Gracie Margaret Kleinschmidt . She wears a green sleeveless shirt and red capris , and appears to be about 5'6 '' ( 1.68 m ) . Other Hill , Platter , and Kleinschmidt relatives ( edit ) Ladybird Hill -- The Hills ' thirteen - year - old purebred Georgia Bloodhound named after the First Lady of the United States Lady Bird Johnson . It 's said that her mother helped track down James Earl Ray , as revealed by Hank in episode 7 of season 1 titled `` Westie Side Story '' . Her companionship temporarily relieved Hank 's stress ( and narrow urethra ) , allowing him to impregnate Peggy . Later on in the series Ladybird would become deaf and despite much effort on Hank 's part , would never bear puppies because of her narrow uterus . Col. Cotton Lyndal Hill ( voiced by Toby Huss ) -- Hank 's cantankerous father , with a hair - trigger temper . Despite his many shortcomings , he occasionally showed a softer side , for example in the episode `` Cotton 's Plot '' where he helped Peggy learn to walk again after her parachuting accident . His shins were blown off in World War II by a `` Japan man 's machine gun '' and his feet were reattached to his knees , resulting in a short height and stilted gait . Despite his disability , he eventually reached the rank of colonel in the state militia . After Cotton and his first wife Tillie , Hank 's mother , divorced , he married a much younger , soft - spoken , busty blonde candy striper named Didi who gave birth to his youngest son `` G.H. '' ( `` Good Hank '' ) . He was immensely proud of his military service . Though his claim of fighting `` nazzies '' ( Nazis ) was proven false and his claim of killing `` fitty ( fifty ) men '' was dubious , his participation in several of the bloodiest battles in the Pacific Theater was confirmed and his uniform was shown to be decorated with the Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart . Cotton himself died in episode # 1218 , `` Death Picks Cotton '' , after suffering severe burns and an allergic reaction to shrimp during a flashback at a Japanese restaurant . Didi Hill ( voiced by Ashley Gardner ) -- Didi is Cotton 's second wife and a candy striper after she retired from being an exotic dancer . She has breast implants and suffers from postpartum depression following the birth of Cotton 's third son `` G.H. '' She is generally depicted as docile and unintelligent , although she is a certified optometry assistant . She was absent at the time of Cotton 's death and was only seen once more , where she says she is engaged and will remarry . Didi was a classmate of Hank 's in Kindergarten ( indicating they are the same age ) . Good Hank Jeffrey `` G.H. '' Hill -- G.H. is Cotton 's and Didi 's infant son , and the younger of Hank 's two half - brothers . G.H. is an abbreviation for `` Good Hank , '' implying that the original Hank was unsatisfactory to his father . Cotton treats G.H. much better than Hank presumably because Cotton sees him as being his second chance of being a better father than he was for Hank . G.H. was key at a time when Hank had to convince Cotton not to end his life as well as to permit Hank to give his father money for the baby 's sake ( and as payback for the years Cotton raised him ) . G.H. was absent at the time of his father 's death , and is not seen throughout the rest of the series , although it is presumed he is living with his mother and stepfather . Matilda `` Tillie '' Mae Hill Garrison ( voiced by Tammy Wynette in 1997 -- 1998 , Beth Grant in 1999 , and K Callan in 2000 -- 2009 ) -- Tillie is Cotton 's first wife and Hank 's mother . She divorced Cotton after suffering years of verbal abuse . Tillie is a kind woman who collects miniatures because they made her happy during Cotton 's abuse . Hank is often over-protective of her , fearing she is too old and fragile to go out and do things on her own . Tillie lives in Arizona with her husband Chuck , having formerly lived with her Jewish boyfriend Gary ( voiced by Carl Reiner ) . Tillie 's legal name varies during the series . She is listed as `` Tillie '' on Hank 's birth certificate , but is addressed as Matilda by the clergyman during her wedding to Chuck . Elroy `` Lucky '' Kleinschmidt ( voiced by Tom Petty ) -- Lucky is Luanne 's itinerant , but generally benign redneck husband , and is the father of Luanne 's child . It is often hard for Lucky to hold down a job ( he has no credit or Social Security number ) . He lives on the remainder of the $53,000 `` settlement monies '' he received after `` slipping on pee - pee at the Costco '' having had a portion of his spine fused . He was nicknamed `` Lucky '' after the settlement windfall . After he spent a majority of his money customizing his truck , his finances dwindled down to nine thousand dollars but regained another $53,000 when an ambulance chasing lawyer paid off Lucky to avoid a lawsuit . Peggy tried very hard to break him and Luanne apart , but after Luanne 's pregnancy was revealed , she and Hank reconciled the two , giving them a shotgun wedding at Lucky 's request . He is also one of the guitarists for John Redcorn 's band `` Big Mountain Fudgecake '' . Although dimwitted in some aspects , Lucky has learned some facets such as basic math through life experience as opposed to formal education , and was astute enough to deduce that his father - in - law spent time in jail whereas Luanne believed the story that he works on an oil rig . He yearned to receive his GED but only to prove he was good enough to marry Luanne . Gracie Margaret Kleinschmidt -- Daughter of Lucky and Luanne . She was born in the season 13 episode `` Lucky See , Monkey Do '' . Luanne originally wanted to name her Lasagna ( stating that lasagna was their favorite food ) while under the influence of hospital analgesics , but choosing a more conventional name after she had recovered . Myrna Kleinschmidt ( voiced by Paget Brewster ) -- Myrna is Lucky 's sister , Luanne 's sister - in - law , Gracie 's aunt , and the main antagonist in `` Lucky See , Monkey Do '' . She is an intelligent , modern mother who only appears in the episode `` Lucky See , Monkey Do '' . She has two children , one son and one daughter ( Gracie 's paternal first cousins ) and raises them in strict accordance with contemporary parenting practices , something which leads her into a rivalry with Peggy , whose parenting skills are from older schools of thought , over how to assist Luanne as her pregnancy due date approaches . When Luanne goes into labor , Myrna commandeers the situation and insists that Luanne have a natural , drug - free water birth , but under Hank 's encouragement to think for themselves about how to raise their child , Luanne and Lucky opt for a hospital birth instead . Leanne Platter ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- Leanne , Luanne 's violent alcoholic mother , was imprisoned for `` second - degree assaulting '' her husband in the back with a fork . Though she is often mentioned during the course of the series , she appears only in the episode `` Leanne 's Saga , '' visiting Luanne in Arlen after her release from prison and briefly being courted by Bill Dauterive . Hoyt Platter ( voiced by Johnny Knoxville ) -- Hoyt is Luanne 's father , Peggy 's twin brother and Leanne 's ex-husband . Despite Luanne 's beliefs , he never worked on an oil rig , but was in jail for most of Luanne 's life , with the oil rig story acting as a cover so Luanne would n't know her father was a convict . He appears in only one episode : `` Life : A Loser 's Manual '' . After being released from jail , Hoyt commits a robbery and tricks Lucky into taking the blame , but he eventually confesses and is sentenced to life in prison under a three - strikes law . The episode `` Leanne 's Saga '' reveals that Hoyt was planning on marrying a pharmacist girl before Leanne , then working as a stripper , entertained at his bachelor party . Maddy Platter ( voiced by Joanna Gleason ) -- Maddy Platter is Peggy 's and Hoyt 's mother and Bobby 's and Luanne 's grandmother . Mother Platter lives in Montana with her son Hoyt . She is an old - fashioned , tough - as - nails rancher type and loathes Peggy for deserting the family ranch and not marrying a local neighbor boy . Strangely , earlier episode flashbacks feature a totally different `` Peggy 's mother '' character , who is essentially an older version of Peggy - it is not made clear if one is her real mother and one is her stepmother , or if the `` Maddy '' mother character retconned the older version completely . Doc Platter -- Doc is Peggy 's father . He makes only a single major appearance when Peggy , Bobby and Hank visit the family ranch . He seems to be going somewhat senile and preachy , which Hank misinterprets as old - fashion Western - style wisdom . Junichiro ( voiced by David Carradine ) -- Junichiro is Hank 's elder half - Japanese half - brother who has lived in Japan all his life . Hank and Junichiro have the same father , due to Cotton 's affair with a Japanese nurse during his war days , and share many similarities in appearance and mannerisms ( this in spite of the fact that Hank actually shares more of his mother 's features ) ; one of these is that when he is shocked , like Hank , he yells `` BWAH ! '' Like Hank , Junichiro also has a narrow urethra and is an assistant manager at the company for which he works , making robots and robot accessories . Dusty Hill ( Himself ) -- The bassist / vocalist for the band ZZ Top and Hank 's cousin . In the episode `` Hank Gets Dusted , '' Cotton gives his prized Cadillac to Dusty without allowing Hank a chance to buy it . Dusty enters the car in a demolition derby in which it is badly damaged . Hank and Dusty make their peace after Dusty has the car repaired and installed at the Cadillac Ranch . Other gribbles ( edit ) Nancy Hicks - Gribble ( voiced by Ashley Gardner ) -- Nancy ( née Hicks ) is Dale 's wife , Joseph 's mother , and weather - girl - turned - anchor for local news station Channel 84 . She had a fourteen - year affair with John Redcorn , which produced her son , Joseph , although she eventually broke off the affair and became a faithful wife to Dale . Redcorn refused to come back to her out of respect for Dale . Her mother Bunny was similarly unfaithful to Nancy 's father , but did not reveal her own long - term affair until Nancy began suffering from stress - induced hair loss over her unresolved feelings for John Redcorn . Nancy is a former beauty queen , a fact which helped her get her job as a news anchor . Joseph John Gribble ( voiced by Brittany Murphy in 1997 - 2000 , Breckin Meyer in 2000 - 2009 ) -- Dale and Nancy 's 13 - year - old son and one of Bobby 's best friends . Despite Joseph 's obvious Native American features , his similarity in appearance to John Redcorn , and the fact that his middle name is `` John , '' neither he nor Dale is aware that Redcorn is his biological father ( Nancy refers to Dale having a `` Jamaican grandmother '' to explain Joseph 's dark complexion ) . Redcorn 's occasional and awkward attempts to get closer to Joseph ( against Nancy 's wishes ) lead Joseph to regard him as strange and creepy . Joseph starts out as an ordinary teen , but eventually grows weird and creepy -- not to mention dim - witted . Joseph begins to take after Dale more than John , Nancy or even any of his friends . Joseph has a half - sister named Kate ( by John Redcorn having another affair ) , who is very similar to Joseph in personality and interests but likewise does not realize that Redcorn is their father . Joseph is the only character of the series shown to physically mature , having grown six inches in height over the course of a summer , a more built physique , athletic prowess and having a deeper voice and a wispy mustache upon his reappearance . Bug Gribble ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Bug is Dale 's father , who had been estranged from Dale for many years for kissing Nancy at her and Dale 's wedding reception . Bug is actually gay and had been flirting with a Filipino caterer instead , and , upon sensing Dale 's imminent entry into the room , attempted to hide his orientation from his son by grabbing and kissing ' the nearest thing in a dress ' . This misunderstanding , and Bug 's inability to reveal his true sexuality to Dale , resulted in their estrangement . When Dale and Nancy renew their wedding vows 20 years afterward , Nancy arranges to invite Bug , and Dale initially suspects his odd behavior and his having a `` partner '' of meaning that Bug is an undercover government agent , but finally accepts the truth upon seeing Bug and his partner share a devoted kiss . Bug 's appearance in `` My Own Private Rodeo '' retcons his appearance in earlier episodes , where he bears a near - identicality to present - day Dale . Other Dauterives ( edit ) Gilbert Fontaine Dauterive ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Gilbert ( pronounced `` zhil - BEAR '' ) is Bill 's cousin . Though at one point shown to live on the family estate with his aunt and cousin in a Louisiana bayou in `` A Beer Can Named Desire '' , he and Bill eventually wind up as the last two living Dauterives . It is strongly implied that he is gay , and he even hits on Buck Strickland when Buck attempts to capitalize on the Dauterive family 's traditional barbecue sauce recipe in `` Blood and Sauce '' . Esmé Dauterive ( voiced by Meryl Streep ) - Esmé was Bill and Gilbert 's aunt , and matriarch of the Dauterive clan . She expressed deep concern over the family 's ever - shrinking headcount , lamenting that `` the Dauterive blood is down to a trickle '' . She happily received Bill upon his return for a visit and was not displeased to see him and his cousins ' widows taking mutual interest . She is only seen in `` A Beer Can Named Desire '' ; it is later revealed that she had died after a fever . Violetta Dauterive ( voiced by Natalie Maines ) -- Violetta was Bill and Gilbert 's cousin . She lived on the family estate in Louisiana with Esmé , Gilbert , and Rose and Lily , the widows of two other Dauterive cousins . Upon Bill 's visit she , Rose , and Lily , all having been without male companionship for too long , vied for Bill 's affections and attempted to seduce him , even despite Violetta 's own blood relation to him . Like Esmé , she is only seen in `` A Beer Can Named Desire '' ; it is later revealed that she had died in her sleep . Lenore Dauterive ( voiced by Ellen Barkin ) -- Lenore is Bill 's mean - spirited ex-wife . She is mentioned frequently throughout the course of the series , but only appears twice -- once being when Bill and Bobby watch Bill 's wedding video . She appears when Bill begins dating former Texas Governor Ann Richards to meddle with their relationship in `` Hank and the Great Glass Elevator '' , but with help from Richards , Bill is finally able to tell her off and move past her toxic influence . Eric Dauterive ( voiced by Stephen Root ) -- Bill 's implicitly - deceased father , who was said to be an abusive man and a heavy drinker , and is largely responsible for Bill 's emotional instability . Among the abuses Bill recalls from his father are having been spanked every day between the ages of 9 and 16 , being called a girl and made to wear `` pretty , pretty dresses '' , and being locked in a rabbit hutch . Other Boomhauers ( edit ) Patch Boomhauer ( voiced by Brad Pitt ) -- Patch is Boomhauer 's sleazy , womanizing younger brother . He appears in `` Patch Boomhauer '' , apparently engaged to marry Boomhauer 's old flame , Katherine - much to Boomhauer 's mounting displeasure , as he himself has unresolved feelings for Katherine , and Patch 's continued philandering angers him for her sake . The wedding is later called off after Patch hires strippers for his bachelor party and frames Boomhauer for trying to break up the engagement . Patch makes a final cameo in `` Lucky 's Wedding Suit '' as one of the guests at Luanne and Lucky 's wedding . Patch , like Boomhauer , speaks in a fast - paced Southern gibberish . Dr. and Mrs. Boomhauer ( voiced by Mike Judge ) - Boomhauer 's parents . Mrs. Boomhauer is shown to speak like Boomhauer in `` Peggy 's Turtle Song '' . In `` Three Coaches and a Bobby '' , Boomhauer mentions that his parents had won the lottery and moved to Florida . `` Mee - Maw '' Boomhauer ( voiced by Mike Judge ) - Boomhauer 's elderly grandmother . She is seen in `` Dang Ol ' Love '' , when Boomhauer , infatuated with Marlene , goes to Mee - Maw to ask for a family - heirloom wedding ring as well as `` Lucky 's Wedding Suit '' , where she is seen sitting with the other guests as well as dancing with Patch for a brief moment . Mee - Maw speaks in the same characteristic gibberish that the rest of the Boomhauers share . Souphanousinphones ( edit ) Kohng Koy `` Kahn '' Souphanousinphone ( voiced by Toby Huss ) -- Kahn is Hank 's materialistic , Laotian next - door neighbor and main antagonist . He believes he is better than his neighbors , often referring to them as `` hillbillies '' or `` rednecks '' . He frequently boasts of his superiority to the others and dreams of being far more successful than Ted Wassanasong . Despite his arrogant attitude , Kahn seeks approval and friendship from his down - to - earth neighbors , who are accepting and tolerant of his ways . He previously worked for a defense contractor that manufactured composite ceramic armor , but was fired for spilling company secrets . After a string of job failures ( due to his attitude ) he found a new job forcing him to commute . Upon recollection of the story of how Minh and Kahn met , it is revealed that he was a former rebel and playboy whom Minh chose over the straight - laced intellectual her father set her up with . In one episode , Kahn shows that he is a trained martial artist while getting into a fight with a few rednecks . In the episode `` Just Another Manic Kahn - Day '' , it is revealed that Kahn has bipolar disorder ( which was also mentioned in the earlier episode `` Lost in Myspace '' ) . It is revealed in the episode `` Three Days of the Kahndo '' that Kahn has a brother also living in the US with a family of his own . Minh Souphanousinphone ( voiced by Lauren Tom ) -- Kahn 's wife . Minh is a housewife who enjoys making rude comments about the neighbors , particularly Peggy . She sometimes has a snobbish attitude toward the neighbors , but is overall a more understanding parent and better neighbor than Kahn . She is a crack shot , with championship - level skills , and at one point joined Dale 's gun club , exerting a positive effect on its members . She is highly competitive , going so far as to cheat on The New York Times crossword puzzle . Like her husband , Minh grew up in Laos , where her father was a powerful general in the army who was not happy with her decision to marry Kahn . She once told Nancy Gribble that she did n't grow up oppressed , rather because of her father 's high ranking position in the army , she `` was peasants ' worse nightmare '' , pointing to being a bully in her youth . She once unsuccessfully tried to teach Bobby the Laotian language . Kahn `` Connie '' Souphanousinphone , Jr. ( voiced by Lauren Tom ) -- Connie is the American - born daughter of Kahn and Minh . She is one of Bobby 's best friends and for a time his girlfriend . She is a violin player , `` A '' student , and general overachiever pressured by her mother and father , who hold her to very high standards . Though it is implied that she works hard because of her overbearing parents , in reality , she does it for herself . Connie is named after her egomaniacal father because he wanted a son . Doggie Kahn -- Doggie Kahn ( often referred to simply as `` Doggie '' ) is their West Highland White Terrier . Tid Pao Souphanousinphone ( voiced by Lucy Liu ) -- Tid Pao is Connie 's criminally - inclined cousin from Los Angeles and the main antagonist in `` Bad Girls , Bad Girls , Whatcha Gonna Do '' , who was sent to stay at Kahn 's for a semester because she stole drugs from a street gang . She attended Tom Landry Middle School in the meantime . She seduced Bobby and tricked him into creating a meth lab by pretending to help him with building a candy machine for his group science project , and persuaded him to steal propane tanks from Strickland Propane to complete it . Tid Pao was caught by Connie and she was sent away by Kahn to Wisconsin to work on her last uncle 's dairy farm at the end of the episode because of her criminally - inclined nature . There her uncle told her she was on her last chance as he was the last relative left in America . Any more trouble would see her shipped off to live with her grandmother in Laos . Laoma Souphanousinphone ( voiced by Amy Hill ) -- Laoma is Kahn 's mother and the only person on the show who addresses him by his full name . She is kind and hardworking and enjoys housekeeping . She is disliked by Minh because of her criticism of Minh 's housework skills . The status - conscious Kahn is horrified when Laoma , bored and unwanted by her daughter - in - law , becomes the Hills ' housemaid , and even more horrified when she begins a love affair with Bill Dauterive . Laoma has not been seen since her first episode , mainly because the creators nixed the original plan for her and Bill to become a regular couple , preferring for Bill to remain his usual single and miserable self . General Gum ( voiced by James Sie ) -- Usually referred to as `` The General , '' ( his full name is Gum Nga Hexumalayasabrath ) he appeared only in the episodes `` Pour Some Sugar on Kahn '' ( in which he visits the family ) and `` Father of the Bribe '' ( in which Minh recalls her courtship by Kahn ) . He is Minh 's father and greatly dislikes Kahn . He served under several Laotian dictators and was put on trial for war crimes at The Hague . Strickland Propane ( edit ) Buck Strickland ( voiced by Stephen Root ) -- Buck is the slightly overweight , balding , over-the - hill owner of Strickland Propane , and Hank 's boss . His physical appearance greatly resembles Lyndon Johnson , particularly his hairline , and he has a habit of hosting employee discussions in his bathroom -- a habit of Johnson . Originally hailing from Arkansas , Buck was historically known for his modest start in business and general business smarts . These attributes have since been worn away by life and been replaced with many habits which often come in the way of his business decisions . Buck is a compulsive gambler to the point where he will use company profits to continue gaming , even betting in underground events . Also like LBJ , Buck is a chauvinist , alcoholic , and adulterer . It is often implied that Hank reveres Buck and that , in Hank 's eyes , the two have a close relationship . Compared to Hank who is the ultimate model of a good employee , Buck 's vices require Hank to keep an extremely close eye . Buck refers to Hank as his `` Golden Goose '' implying Hank is the only reason his business remains afloat and thus he would never fire him . Hank has used the threat of quitting to capitulate Buck 's transition from things Hank found unsavory . His health is questionable as he has suffered numerous infarctions and has had several cardiovascular surgeries including valve replacements . Despite his less than desirable traits , he has an ethical side although he planted evidence on Hank for murder rather than let his wife be arrested . Joe Jack ( voiced by Toby Huss ) -- Joe Jack is a fuel - truck driver and co-worker with Hank at Strickland Propane . He has a drinking problem , as seen when he is a member of the Propaniacs . Joe Jack has a habit of calling people he speaks to `` honey '' , regardless of their gender or level of familiarity with him . Enrique ( voiced by Eloy Casados from 1997 -- 1998 , Danny Trejo from 2002 -- 2009 ) -- Enrique is a good - natured Mexican - American truck driver at Strickland Propane . Originally he spoke with a very weak accent . In the episode `` Enrique - cilable Differences , '' Enrique forcibly befriends Hank after a nasty fight with his wife . Enrique ends up moving in with the Hills for a short time eventually developing a pathological attachment to the Hill family , but quickly patches things up with his wife after a fed - up Hank kicks him out . Enrique nearly lost his house due to rent increases when property values in his neighborhood skyrocket when Peggy began selling working class housing to upper - middle class Millennials . To solve the problem , Peggy helped the neighborhood value decline when she fabricated the area as uncool by making it appear as if typical middle - class families were moving in prompting the millennials to leave . Afterwards he applied and became a homeowner . While a hard worker , he has poor fiscal habits , often spending money on lavish outdoor parties to celebrate any seemingly significant event such as his daughter 's Quinceañera or becoming a homeowner . Donna ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- There are actually two separate Donnas who have both worked as Strickland accountants , and are often referred to as `` Donna from Accounting '' . The first Donna appears , albeit infrequently , as an overweight , dark - skinned woman , most notably in `` Meet the Propaniacs '' . In `` Are You There , God ? It 's Me , Margaret Hill '' , Buck mentions having discovered stolen office supplies in her bedroom ( presumably during an extramarital encounter ) , and orders Hank to `` find us a new Donna '' . The `` new Donna '' is a tall , curvy white woman who first appears in `` The Miseducation of Bobby Hill '' . In `` 24 Hour Propane People '' she mentions a husband ; in `` You Gotta Believe ( In Moderation ) '' , Dale notes her `` recent divorce '' . In `` Lost in MySpace '' , her most significant episode , she is briefly promoted to assistant manager alongside Hank , which did n't settle in well with him . She often uses MySpace during work hours and ignored Hank when he asked her for a down to business approach . In turn , Donna is briefly fired when some of her MySpace friends mistook Buck for Hank and brutally beat him up . She sought revenge against Hank by making rude comments about him and Strickland . After sifting through the blogs , he confronts Donna for her behavior at Goobersmooches and eventually makes amends with her . After being rehired as an accountant , Donna takes down the blogs and rearranges it to a down to business approach like Hank wanted . Roger `` Buddha '' Sack ( voiced by Chris Rock in the first appearance , Phil LaMarr in later appearances ) -- He first appeared in `` Traffic Jam '' as a comedian and traffic school instructor . His abrasive and insulting style of humor infuriates Hank , as well as the dean of the traffic school , who terminates his employment at the traffic school for not teaching traffic safety as he was hired to do . Hank later gets Roger a job at Strickland Propane . Grateful to Hank for saving him from unemployment , Roger 's attitude mellows afterward . Elizabeth `` Miz Liz '' Strickland ( voiced by Kathleen Turner ) -- Elizabeth is the deep - voiced , long suffering wife of Buck Strickland , first seen in `` Hanky Panky '' . In `` Hanky Panky '' , the first half of a two - part episode , Miz Liz confronts Buck at an awards dinner while he is there with his mistress . She files for divorce from Buck and subsequently takes control of Strickland Propane . This forces Buck to move in with Debbie . She promotes Hank to manager and attempts to seduce Hank in a propane - powered hot tub . However , the interest was not reciprocated . She brags to Buck about this , Buck , in turn , surprises Hank with a loaded shotgun expressing his jealousy . She and Buck reconcile in the second half `` High Anxiety '' , but later on , in `` The Good Buck '' , Buck claims that Miz Liz has left for good , stating that `` she could handle my drinkin ' binges , and my gamblin ' , and even turn a blind eye to my extramarital escapades , but not when they happen all once ! ... and on her birthday ! '' Debbie Grund ( voiced by Reese Witherspoon ) -- Debbie was an employee of Strickland Propane and was Buck Strickland 's mistress and the main antagonist in the episode `` Hanky Panky '' . As revenge for Buck ending their relationship , she plotted to murder him but accidentally killed herself with Buck 's shotgun while attempting to climb into the dumpster she was using as a hiding place . Tom Landry middle school ( edit ) Carl Moss ( voiced by Dennis Burkley ) -- Carl is the principal of Tom Landry Middle School , one of Hank 's high school classmates , and played Center for their football team . His primary concerns are tight budgets , maintaining discipline and the schools zero tolerance policy for `` everything '' . He tends to follow procedure to avoid trouble , even when it conflicts with his friendship with Hank . A highly changed person , Hank will often remind Carl of how he used to be and insinuate that Carl sold out for a position of power . He frequently rejects staff demands for better teaching aids , citing budget cuts ; he once referred to wood being used in shop class as a `` fancy teaching aid '' . Often the center of various scandals at the school , he permitted installation of soda dispensing vending machines solely for raising funds for staff vacations and purposely placed lazy students into special education classes to avoid state mandated exams ( whose grades would heavily affect school funding ) . Once when one of Dale 's plots to get rid of Moss came to nothing before they got started , Bill mentioned that Moss could n't hide behind inflated test scores forever . Coach Kleehammer ( voiced by Toby Huss ) -- Coach Kleehammer is the football coach at Tom Landry Middle School . He has a difficult time relating to things outside of football and often uses football - related expressions in everyday speech . Kleehammer is portrayed as something of a sexist , having displayed a very negative attitude towards women 's sports . Stuart Dooley ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- Stuart ( often referred to simply as Dooley ) is Bobby 's deep - voiced , laconic classmate . He always sardonically intones something obvious after witnessing an event ( for example , to Bobby after witnessing Mega Lo Mart exploding , `` Your Dad got blown up . '' ) He also is something of a rebel , and was seen pulling Peggy 's pants down , and smoking at one point . His style of speech is similar to Butt - Head from Mike Judge 's previous show , Beavis and Butt - Head , albeit without Butt - Head 's trademark giggling . Clark Peters ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- The overweight bully at Tom Landry Middle School . He has a blond ponytail and speaks as though he has a perpetual head cold ( Minh once referred to him as `` that creepy booger - nosed kid '' ) . He often targets Bobby and sometimes forces him to do homework for him . Randy Miller ( voiced by Cheryl Holliday in 1997 -- 1999 , David Herman in 2000 -- 2009 ) -- Randy is the quintessential `` nerd '' who loves to tattle on people and then see them being punished . Bobby , Connie , and Joseph do not like him very much , though Bobby once stopped Dooley from beating him up . He is very proud of his father being a successful patent lawyer . Although once a somewhst prominent character , he largely vanished after the fifth season . Chane Wassonasong ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- Chane is a smart but obnoxious and rude classmate of Bobby and Connie . Connie 's parents are constantly trying to fix her up with Chane , also Laotian - American , as they see him as a very preferable alternative to Bobby ( and because Chane is the son of prominent Laotian - American Ted Wassonasong , with whom they are constantly trying to curry favor ) Emily ( voiced by Ashley Johnson ) -- She is a sixth grade blonde pony - tailed hall monitor who takes her position quite seriously . She often serves as the gatekeeper of Principal Moss ' office . Ramon Alejandro ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- A classmate of Bobby 's of Hispanic descent , he is among the more popular students and is very popular with the girls . Lori ( voiced by Jillian Bowen ) - A classmate of Bobby and Joseph . Joseph once dated her , having made out in closets throughout the school on several occasions . Very late into the series , Lori insisted that she and Joseph go `` all the way '' in their relationship , but Joseph broke up with her before it could happen . Arlen vfw ( edit ) Sgt . `` Topsy '' Toppington ( voiced by Stephen Root ) -- Toppington ( nearly always referred to as `` Topsy '' ) is an old wartime buddy of Cotton Hill . He often acts as an accomplice to Cotton 's schemes . He could inflate his cheeks in a manner similar to Dizzy Gillespie , and according to Cotton , he was legally blind and had to have all his teeth pulled out because they were badly decayed . In `` Death Buys a Timeshare , '' his death is confirmed as Cotton is left his estate . Topsy was apparently cremated and his remains flushed down a toilet once used by General George S. Patton , as his name can be seen along with all of Cotton 's war buddies above the toilet . Stinkey ( voiced by Edward Asner ) -- Stinkey is one of Cotton Hill 's wartime friends who was overweight and had suffered from diabetes , he died at some point later in the series as it is mentioned by Cotton and his name is among the veterans ' ashes flushed down the toilet that General Patton used . Cotton spoke his name as he lay dying in the VA hospital . Irwin Linker ( voiced by Jack Carter ) -- Irwin is one of Cotton Hill 's wartime friends who is often seen with an oxygen tank . He was one of the few to not be named Stinky , Fatty , or Brooklyn . Ted `` Pops '' Popazito ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) -- One of Cotton 's war buddies who lived next to Bill for eighteen years . He often criticized Hank and his friends for using modern tools for housework . In `` Movin ' On Up , '' he died of a heart attack on his lawn mower and his house was rented by Luanne and some college friends . Other recurring characters ( edit ) John Redcorn ( voiced by Victor Aaron in 1997 , Jonathan Joss in 1998 -- 2009 ) -- John is Nancy 's Native American former `` healer '' and adulterous lover , and the biological father of Joseph . He is a former roadie for Winger and lead singer of Big Mountain Fudgecake . In Season 9 , he began writing and performing his own children 's music . He works out of his trailer as a masseur , though his clients are generally only women . It is implied that he has a history of having sex with them , as Hank is horrified when Peggy goes to see him , and John Redcorn even states to him , `` Hank , I consider you a friend . I would never heal your wife the way I heal the wives of others . '' He is also active in American Indian rights campaigns , and Dale once helped him with a lawsuit that netted him twelve acres of land from the Federal government . However he was manipulated into building a casino on the property which was later found to be prohibited in Texas whose tribes forfeit gaming rights for federal recognition and his property was permitted for hazardous dumping to pay the debt . Because Dale had been so helpful , Redcorn felt extremely guilty over what he did with Nancy , and ended his affair by encouraging Nancy and Dale to strengthen their marriage . He eventually got back together with an ex-lover and became a dedicated husband and father to the children he had with her . Ted Wassonasong and Cindy Wassonasong ( voiced by Mike Judge and Lauren Tom respectively ) -- Ted and Cindy are affluent Laotian - American acquaintances of the Souphanousinphones . Kahn and Minh envy and resent them , but go to great lengths to gain their favor , such as inviting them over for dinner . They live in the upscale , gated community of Arlen Heights , and are prominent members of Nine Rivers Country Club . Ted and Cindy tolerate the Souphanousinphones but , in reality , look down upon them . They joined the Episcopal Church despite being Buddhist because it was `` good for business . '' Ted is also blatantly hypocritical . He referred to Kahn as a `` Banana '' ( an ethnic slur to identify an Asian American apparently lost in touch with their ethnic identity ; more comfortable with Western society ) even though Ted possesses far greater degree of luxury commodities , and lost most of his accent . He also helped pass a city ordinance banning the use of trans fats in only to be immediately found consuming the very foods he helped prohibit . Octavio ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- Octavio is a Hispanic quasi-mercenary who does various bizarre favors for Dale when paid enough money , such as breaking into the Hill 's home in the middle of the night to look for Dale 's kidney ( earlier in the episode , Hank , who was legally Dale for three days while Dale was in hospital to give his kidney to NHRA drag racer John Force , was forced to help Octavio bash his own car with re-bar to try and claim motor accident insurance , a scheme he had cook up with Dale ) . On his chest is a large Rob Zombie tattoo which he once tried to pass off as a tattoo of Jesus in order to join Luanne 's Bible study group because she was conducting lessons in her pool while wearing a two piece bikini . His appearance was modelled after actor Danny Trejo ( who actually voices Enrique on the show ) . His last appearance was a non-speaking cameo in Just Another Manic - Kahn Day . M.F. ( Milton Farnsworth ) Thatherton ( voiced by Burt Reynolds in the first appearance , Toby Huss in later appearances ) -- M.F. is a former employee of Strickland Propane and another antagonist who strikes out on his own and opens up the crooked Thatherton Fuels company across the street from Strickland . He dresses like an old school rich cowboy with a ten - gallon hat and cowboy boots . An untrustworthy type , Thatherton is a sometime foil to Hank Hill and / or Buck . His sins are similar to Buck Strickland 's ( womanizing , gambling , using people ) , but more pronounced . Thatherton openly considers customers as little more than moneymakers and hires centerfold models or Hooters girls to bait potential propane customers . Hank , who also despises him , was forced to work for Thatherton for a week due to Buck losing at a game of cards . Whenever his name is mentioned , any of the Hills remark angrily , `` Thatherton ! '' Reverend Thomason ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) -- A reverend at Arlen First Methodist Church . He was replaced by Reverend Karen Stroup upon retiring to start an online ministry . Reverend Karen Stroup ( voiced by Mary Tyler Moore in 1999 , Ashley Gardner in 2000 -- 2010 ) -- The first female minister of Arlen First Methodist Church . She is originally from Minnesota , but is assigned to Arlen after Reverend Thomason left to start an online ministry . She and Bill finally become a couple , yet he broke up with her when she moved in and it felt like everything was moving too fast . The congregation also objected to the relationship . She did n't take it well but there has been no talk about their relationship since that episode . Jimmy Whichard ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Jimmy is the town imbecile , and the main antagonist in `` Life in the Fast Lane - Bobby 's Saga '' . He has had several jobs , including concession manager at the racetrack and outsider artist . Dale notes that he may have given himself brain damage from staring into the sun for too long , although `` he ca n't have been too bright to do it in the first place . '' When Peggy was scammed by an internet test that `` proved '' she was a genius , she only believed it to be a scam upon learning that Jimmy was also proclaimed a genius . Chuck Mangione ( voiced by Himself ) -- Chuck is a famous jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn player , and his hit song `` Feels So Good '' is played frequently on the show . He shamelessly promotes Mega-Lo Mart until he grows tired of going to every new store opening ( he told Dale that he did n't read the contract properly , stating that Mega-Lo Mart opened 400 new stores per year and it left him no time to tour , record or be with his family ) . This forced him to disappear where Dale discovers he has become a hermit , living within the Arlen Mega-Lo Mart in a `` Toilet Paper Castle '' and stealing stocked items at night when the store is closed . When he tells Dale that he disappeared to `` stick it to the man '' , Dale decides to keep his secret and Mangione goes on living in the store undetected . Monsignor Martinez ( voiced by Mike Judge ) -- The Monsignor is the gun - toting priest hero of the fictional TV series Los Dias y Las Noches de Monsignor Martinez , a favorite of many of the principal characters . Clips of his program are often inserted into episodes as part of a running gag . In one of the episodes , Hank mentions that Martinez is an undercover cop . The clips of his episodes which appear on the series usually feature him just about to kill one of his nemeses while solemnly uttering his catchphrase , `` Vaya con Dios '' ; often preceding a melodramatic explosion . In the 8th - season episode `` Flirting with the Master , '' the actor who plays Martinez invites Peggy to Mexico City to tutor his children , and she mistakes his interest for romantic passion . A live - action pilot was filmed featuring the character , but never aired because FOX did n't think it would have been a good idea to have a show about a Catholic priest shooting people . Lane Pratley ( voiced by Dwight Yoakam in the first appearance , Dave Thomas in later appearances ) -- Lane is a sleazy car dealer who owns `` Pratley Ford '' and `` Pratley Hyundai , '' and as he says , `` I got my eye on Pratley Cadillac -- my daddy ai n't doing so good . '' Lane once owned a women 's roller derby team that Peggy and Luanne skated for , before Peggy organized the skaters into a buyout and quit . Mark Buckley ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Buckley was the slacker boyfriend of Luanne . He was killed in a propane explosion by his own negligence while working at Mega-Lo Mart in the second season finale , having dragged a propane tank by the valve instead of its handles resulting in leak . The character did return once ( as an angel ) on the episode `` Wings of the Dope , '' where Kahn buys Buckley 's trampoline for his backyard and Luanne ( who has been stressed over beauty school finals ) begins seeing Buckley 's angel . Officer Brown ( voiced by Fred Willard ) -- Officer Brown is a local police officer in Arlen who is not averse to tampering with evidence and taking bribes from illegal food operations , as explained in episodes 20 and 11 ( respectively ) of season 12 . In the episode `` Cops and Roberts , '' Principal Moss states that `` Officer Brown may be a disgraced cop who tampered with evidence ... but this here used to be a man '' . His appearance is modeled after his voice actor . Brown ( as well as other Arlen police officers ) were seen to be ' starstruck ' by fictional ex-Dallas Cowboy player Willie Lane ( and his 1978 Super Bowl ring ) and refused to arrest him for felonies against Hank and Kahn after finding out who he was in the episode `` New Cowboy on the Block '' . Jack ( voiced by Brian Doyle - Murray ) -- Jack is Hank 's mentally unstable barber . Eventually , his distress affects his ability to style hair , causing Hank great embarrassment . Jack was almost forced out of business when a trendy salon named Hottyz opened across the street , but he was able to secure Luanne and Bill 's services after Hottyz fired them when they learned Bill was not the homosexual hairstylist he 'd been posing as . Eustace Miller ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Eustace is a wimpy , mustachioed patent lawyer and father of Bobby 's classmate Randy . Bob Jenkins ( voiced by Henry Gibson ) -- Bob is a veteran reporter for The Arlen Bystander and is Peggy 's main rival there . His left eye was scraped out of his skull because he had a brain tumor . When Peggy thinks the `` Waffle House '' beat is beneath her , Bob takes it over and breaks the story of Dale as `` The Smoking Bandit . '' In `` Bystand Me '' ( his debut episode ) , he tells Peggy that whenever he gets writer 's block , he hires a prostitute . Miss Kremzer ( voiced by Jennifer Coolidge ) -- The teacher at the beauty school Luanne went to . She is very condescending towards Luanne in her first appearance . After Hank 's speech that gets Kremzer to change her grade for Luanne , she acts sympathetic along with the other students , but is right back to her previously - displayed bad attitude in subsequent episodes . Sharona Johnson ( voiced by Dawnn Lewis ) -- A girl that goes to the same beauty school that Luanne went to , Sharona is hardworking and intelligent but is also very arrogant and puts down Luanne constantly . Chris Sizemore ( voiced by Chris Elliott ) -- A real estate agent that Peggy once worked for after she wrote a scathing article about him in the Bystander for which she was consequently fired . Gary Kasner ( voiced by Carl Reiner ) -- An elderly Jewish man who serves as Tillie Hill 's new love interest following her separation from Cotton . He served on a submarine during Korea , but tells Bobby he did n't see any action during the conflict . Hank was initially not happy with his mother 's decision to pursue a relationship again , but Hank changed his mind when Gary threatened to kick Cotton 's ass if he kept talking bad about Tillie . In the `` Honeymooners '' episode , it is revealed that Tillie had left Gary and married her new boyfriend , Chuck . Tom Chick ( voiced by Phil Hendrie ) -- The manager of the Channel 84 news division . Nguc Phong ( voiced by James Sie ) -- A Laotian who is one of Ted Wassonasong 's friends . David `` The Flyin ' Hawaiian '' Kalaiki - Ali'i ( voiced by Brendan Fraser ) -- David is the star football player for Arlen High School in the episode `` Peggy Makes The Big Leagues . '' He has a carefree attitude towards school , figuring he can coast by on his football skills ( as most of the Arlen High teachers cut him slack due to his importance on the team ) , but he runs afoul of Peggy . Due to the No Pass No Play policy , David is prevented from playing football until he raises his grades , earning Peggy the ire of the local booster club . The club and school employees fabricate evidence that David was Learning disabled which he admitted was untrue although his grammar , handwriting and mathematical reasoning are poor . Realizing his chances for playing in professional sports are statistically low , he agrees to be tutored by Peggy to have something to fall back on . Mrs. Kalaiki - Ali'i ( voiced by Amy Hill ) -- A Hawaiian insurance agent Hank visits when Kahn backs into Hank 's truck with his van . A later episode revolved around her son David who was a star football player at Arlen High and was doing poorly in his classes . Fred Ebberd ( voiced by Chelcie Ross ) -- A member of the city council who also works at a movie theater . He appeared in only two episodes , but is mentioned by Hank in several others . Hank mentions voting for him and having no regrets about it even though he has expressed disappointment with his performance . Anthony Page ( voiced by David Herman ) - An ultra-liberal social worker from Los Angeles . Physically frail , as he considers carpal tunnel a disability ( nicknamed `` Twig Boy '' ) . In the pilot episode , he is assigned to investigate the allegation that Hank is beating Bobby . He appears in a later episode as Leon 's advocate when Hank fired him for drug - abuse . Carl the Restaurateur ( voiced by Dennis Burkley ) - Owns and operates the Showbiz Deli in the episode Love Hurts and So Does Art . He indicates in this episode that before switching the menu to New York style deli food , his restaurant had served Italian food . Carl is not a stickler for quality in his cuisine , noting that he orders chopped chicken liver in a large drum . His restaurant is not popular and often Bobby Hill is the only customer . He also seems to be a lazy cook , noting , `` Did you know you have to heat up Italian food ? '' . After the apparent failure of the Showbiz Deli , we encounter Carl again in Bad Girls , Bad Girls , Whatcha Gonna Do ? , again having switched his menu , this time to sushi , another food that can be served raw . In this later episode , it appears that Carl 's business is dong much better , as the scenes of the sushi restaurant show many customers inside . He is not to be confused with the similarly named school principal Carl Moss , who was also voiced by Burkley . Other characters ( edit ) Jody `` Ray Roy '' Strickland ( voiced by Diedrich Bader ) -- Jody , the illegitimate son of Buck Strickland , lives in Tennessee . Buck meets him at the National Propane Gas Convention . Affectionately dubbed `` Ray Roy '' by Buck when he can not remember his real name , he gladly accepts the nickname . Like his father , Jody also runs a propane company named Strickland Propane that 's based in Gatlinburg , Tennessee . Also like Buck , Jody is a compulsive gambler , chauvinist , alcoholic , cheat , and womanizer . Wesley Cherish ( voiced by Andy Richter ) -- Wesley is a new neighbor that moved to Arlen from Fort Worth in the episode Straight as an Arrow . Wesley 's wife is Annette . They have six children ( only two of which have been named , boys Robin and Carey , one of which has ADHD , and the other hyperglycemia ) . The children are home schooled by Annette . Wesley does not allow his children to play video games or watch TV ( although they do have a TV , which is mainly used as an end table ) and are not allowed to participate in `` predatory sports '' such as football , basketball and tag . Tammi Duvall ( voiced by Renée Zellweger ) -- Tammi is a prostitute who was from Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( referred to as The `` OKC '' ) in the episode `` Ho Yeah ! '' . She was hired at Strickland Propane and went to lunch with Peggy . The pair become fast friends , and Tammi has expressed her desire to get her GED . Peggy decided to tutor Tammi , and because Tammi does not have a place to live , she is welcomed to stay in the den , much to Hank 's objections . Tammi has gone out with Barry , Lane Pratley , and Miles Burton , all the while getting Peggy to dress like a prostitute also . She has read Congo , the book that Peggy has given her , and she has been giving Hank money , and has given him a cowboy - style hat with a big feather . When she was arguing with a man named Donald , Hank decides to intervene and Tammi explains that Donald took her money , making Hank demand that Donald returns the money . Frightened , Donald surrenders the cash back to Tammi . Later , a man named Alabaster Jones , the `` main mack '' of Oklahoma City , confronts Hank and introduces himself as Tammi 's pimp . Alabaster accuses Hank of `` trickin ' Tammi out all over town . '' Hank denies it but remembers all of the things Tammi has been doing and realizes that Tammi is a prostitute and Alabaster , thinking Hank has been acting as Tammi 's pimp , tells Hank that either Tammi goes back to being his ho , or Hank becomes his new ho . As Hank has confronted her in the public library , Tammi tells the truth , and Hank has told Tammi that she has to leave . In the car on the way home , Tammi thanked Hank and Peggy for all they have done for her . But , unfortunately , Hank is rear - ended by Alabaster , who wanted Tammi . Hank tries to outrun him , to no avail . When Tammi requests that Hank stops the car so she can exit and return with Alabaster to Oklahoma City , Hank slams on the brakes . He steps out of the car and tells Alabaster to do likewise . Hank then hands Alabaster all of the cash Tammi gave him and states that Tammi is now his `` ho . '' Alabaster takes the money and tries to get Peggy , but Hank refused and after Alabaster drives off , Tammi decides to go straight . Alabaster Jones ( voiced by Snoop Dogg ) -- Alabaster is a pimp and the main antagonist in `` Ho Yeah ! '' . He came from Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( referred to as The `` OKC '' ) in the episode and confronted Hank , accusing Hank of `` trickin ' Tammi out all over town . '' Hank denies it but remembers all of the things Tammi has been doing and realizes that Tammi is a prostitute and Alabaster , thinking Hank has been acting as Tammi 's pimp , tells Hank that either Tammi goes back to being his ho , or Hank becomes his new ho . Alabaster deliberately rear - ended Hank , wanting Tammi . Hank tries to outrun him , to no avail . When Tammi requests that Hank stops the car so she can exit and return with Alabaster to Oklahoma City , Hank slams on the brakes . He steps out of the car and tells Alabaster to do likewise . Hank then hands Alabaster all of the cash Tammi gave him and states that Tammi is now his `` ho '' , making Alabaster nervous as Hank is bigger than Alabaster . Alabaster takes the money and tries to get Peggy , but Hank refused , telling Alabaster that Peggy is his wife , and Alabaster drives off . Cane Skretteburg ( voiced by Tré Cool ) -- Cane Skretteburg is the lead singer of a punk rock garage band and one of the main antagonists in the episode `` The Man Who Shot Kane Skretteburg '' . Hank confronts this character with his band ( voiced by Green Day ) because their music was too loud . Later in the episode they have three paintball wars , the first two Hank , Boomhauer , Bill and Dale lose but win the last one . Cane and his band later appear in the episode `` Master of Puppets '' . Spongy - Real name unknown . He is a homeless panhandler first seen in `` The Texas Panhandler '' . While he claims he used to live in a facility he has n't since the 80 's `` Ever since Ronald Reagan kicked me out of my mental hospital . '' Jane Cooper ( voiced by Kathy Bates ) -- Jane Cooper is an Arlen Policewoman obsessed with Hank Hill and one of the main antagonists in the episode `` Lupe 's Revenge . '' She repeatedly pulls Hank over throughout the episode , makes flirtatious overtures to him , and attempts to dismiss a ticket due to her feelings for him . When Peggy Hill `` accidentally '' picks up a Mexican child as one of the classmates she was taking on school trip across the border , she harasses Peggy Hill during her attempt to return the child . Collete Davis ( voiced by Christina Applegate ) -- Collete is the Owner of Hottyz in the episode `` My Hair Lady '' and a trendsetting hairstylist responsible for bringing the messy ponytail to Arlen . She hired both Luanne Platter and Bill Dauterive to work at her salon shortly after Luanne quit college . Both become popular stylists until Bill admits to not being gay . Collete fires them both despite an impassioned speech by Luanne about acceptance and is not seen again until appearing in a non-speaking role during the episode `` Lucky 's Wedding Suit . '' Henry Winkler ( voiced by and guest starred as himself ) -- Henry Winkler is the main antagonist in the episode `` A Rover Runs Through It '' . He bought the land that was next to the ranch , wanting to take over Montana so that he and everyone else in Hollywood can modernize it . Hank tried to reason with Henry to let the cattle through to get to their grazing spot in the mountains , but Henry refused , saying that the cattle will pollute the river where he fishes . When Peggy , Bobby , Hank , and Peggy 's two brothers led the cattle through the town , using the main street as a temporary trail for the cattle , Henry gives back the land . At the end of the episode , he revealed his true intentions to let the cattle cruise through to the grazing spot when he and Hank are now fishing in the river . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` King of the Hill '' . Fox.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` King of the Hill '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External links ( edit ) King of the Hill on IMDb King of the Hill Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Hank Hill Peggy Hill Bobby Hill Cotton Hill Dale Gribble Bill Dauterive Boomhauer John Redcorn Guest stars Episodes `` And They Call It Bobby Love '' `` Wo n't You Pimai Neighbor ? '' `` Bobby Goes Nuts '' `` My Own Private Rodeo '' `` Lucky 's Wedding Suit '' `` Death Picks Cotton '' `` To Sirloin with Love '' Media Home video Soundtrack Fox animation Current The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) 1990s The Critic ( 1995 ) King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Futurama ( 1999 -- 2008 ) The PJs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2000s American Dad ! 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Major Lazer Stone Quackers Related The Simpsons shorts ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Night of the Hurricane ( 2011 ) Fox cartoons Animation Domination High - Def 20th Century Fox Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_King_of_the_Hill_characters&oldid=835695496 '' Categories : King of the Hill characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of characters in American television animation Hidden categories : Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2013 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 06 : 39 . 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who played lucky on king of the hill

Elroy `` Lucky '' Kleinschmidt ( voiced by Tom Petty ) -- Lucky is Luanne 's itinerant , but generally benign redneck husband , and is the father of Luanne 's child . It is often hard for Lucky to hold down a job ( he has no credit or Social Security number ) . He lives on the remainder of the $53,000 `` settlement monies '' he received after `` slipping on pee - pee at the Costco '' having had a portion of his spine fused . He was nicknamed `` Lucky '' after the settlement windfall . After he spent a majority of his money customizing his truck , his finances dwindled down to nine thousand dollars but regained another $53,000 when an ambulance chasing lawyer paid off Lucky to avoid a lawsuit . Peggy tried very hard to break him and Luanne apart , but after Luanne 's pregnancy was revealed , she and Hank reconciled the two , giving them a shotgun wedding at Lucky 's request . He is also one of the guitarists for John Redcorn 's band `` Big Mountain Fudgecake '' . Although dimwitted in some aspects , Lucky has learned some facets such as basic math through life experience as opposed to formal education , and was astute enough to deduce that his father - in - law spent time in jail whereas Luanne believed the story that he works on an oil rig . He yearned to receive his GED but only to prove he was good enough to marry Luanne .

Rob Schneider - wikipedia Rob Schneider Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American actor and comedian . For the Louisiana musician , see Robert Schneider . For the Texas musician , see Bob Schneider . Rob Schneider Schneider performing in November 2001 Robert Michael Schneider ( 1963 - 10 - 31 ) October 31 , 1963 ( age 53 ) San Francisco , California , U.S. Occupation Actor comedian director screenwriter Years active 1987 -- present Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) London King ( m . 1988 ; div. 1990 ) Helena Schneider ( m . 2002 ; div. 2005 ) Patricia Azarcoya Arce ( m . 2011 ) Children 3 ( including Elle King ) Relatives John Schneider ( brother ) Website www.robschneider.com Robert Michael Schneider ( born October 31 , 1963 ) is an American actor , comedian , screenwriter , and director . A stand - up comic and veteran of the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live , he went on to a successful career in feature films , including starring roles in the comedy films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo , The Hot Chick , The Benchwarmers , and Grown Ups . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Saturday Night Live 2.2. 1 Recurring SNL characters 2.3 Feature films , sitcoms , and endorsements 2.4 Criticism 3 Personal life 4 Anti-vaccination activism 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.1. 1 Voice - overs in film 5.2 Web series 5.3 Television series 5.4 Video games 6 References 7 External links Early life Schneider was born in San Francisco , California , and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica . His parents are Pilar ( née Monroe ) , a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president , and Marvin Schneider , a real estate broker . His father was Jewish and his mother was Catholic . Schneider 's maternal grandmother was a Filipina who met and married his grandfather , a white American army private , while he was stationed in the Philippines . His mixed background is a common theme in his comedy acts . His older brother , John , is a producer . Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982 . Career Early career This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Schneider started his stand - up comedy career while still in high school , opening for San Francisco favorites Head On , a band managed by his older brother John . After high school , he played Bay Area nightclubs such as the Holy City Zoo and The Other Cafe , and was a regular guest on local radio programs . After opening a show by comedian Dennis Miller in 1987 , Schneider won a slot on HBO 's 13th Annual Young Comedians special , which was hosted by Miller . Schneider 's appearance on the HBO special led to a position as a writer for the late night NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live . Saturday Night Live Schneider was hired at Saturday Night Live in 1988 . Schneider swiftly graduated from writer and featured player to full cast member . From 1990 to 1994 at SNL , he played such roles as `` Tiny Elvis '' and `` Orgasm Guy '' . His best known recurring character was Richard Laymer , an office worker whose desk was stuck beside the photocopier , and who addressed each of his fellow employees with an endless stream of annoying nicknames . Schneider is featured in the video release The Bad Boys of Saturday Night Live , along with colleagues Adam Sandler , Chris Rock , David Spade , and Chris Farley . Recurring SNL characters The Richmeister , an office worker who annoys people by giving them nicknames as they make copies . Carlo , from the Il Cantore Restaurant sketches The Sensitive Naked Man , a nude man who gives advice to other characters Feature films , sitcoms , and endorsements After leaving SNL , Schneider played supporting roles in a series of movies including Surf Ninjas , Judge Dredd , The Beverly Hillbillies , Demolition Man and Down Periscope . He also appeared in a recurring part on the TV series Coach . In 1996 , he co-starred in the NBC sit - com Men Behaving Badly , an American take on the hit British series of the same name . The U.S. version ran for two seasons . Schneider starred in the 1999 feature film Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo , a tale of a fish - tank cleaner who incurs a massive debt and is forced to become a `` man - whore . '' This was followed by The Animal , about a man given animal powers by a mad scientist ; The Hot Chick , wherein the mind of a petty thief played by Schneider is mystically switched into the body of a pretty , but mean - spirited high school cheerleader ( Rachel McAdams ) ; and the sequel Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo . The latter movie was not well received by critics or moviegoers , and as a result , Schneider won a 2005 Worst Actor Razzie Award for his role in the film . In 2006 , Schneider co-starred in the baseball - themed family comedy The Benchwarmers , along with his fellow SNL alumnus David Spade as well as Jon Heder . Other film roles include Schneider 's appearance with Jim Henson 's Muppets in the 1999 film Muppets from Space , and his role as a San Francisco hobo in the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days . Schneider 's directorial debut , the comedy Big Stan , was released in some overseas markets during the fall of 2008 , with a U.S. release in early 2009 . In the film , he starred as a con artist who is arrested for perpetrating real - estate scams . He is sentenced to prison , so he takes a crash - course in martial arts to survive incarceration . Schneider has also appeared in numerous comedies starring his SNL comrade Adam Sandler , most recently in 2010 's Grown Ups . The comedic characters Schneider plays in these films include an overly enthusiastic Cajun man who proclaims the catch - phrase , `` You can do it ! '' ; an amiable Middle Eastern delivery boy ; a prison inmate ; and Sandler 's one - eyed Hawaiian sidekick , Ula . Schneider has uttered the line `` You can do it ! '' as a running gag in Sandler 's films The Waterboy , Little Nicky , 50 First Dates , The Longest Yard , and Bedtime Stories , as well as in a deleted scene from Click . ( A sample of Schneider saying the phrase also turns up in the song `` Original Prankster '' by The Offspring . ) Returning the favor , Sandler appeared in a cameo to spout the same line in Schneider 's The Animal , wherein , as a reference , Adam Sandler utters : `` Yeah ! You can do it ! '' Sandler also showed up briefly in Schneider 's The Hot Chick . Schneider narrated Sandler 's 2002 animated movie Eight Crazy Nights , and voiced the part of a Chinese waiter . Schneider also had an uncredited cameo as a Canadian - Japanese wedding - chapel minister in the 2007 Sandler - Kevin James comedy I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry , and played a Palestinian cab driver who serves as the title character 's nemesis in the 2008 Sandler film You Do n't Mess with the Zohan . Schneider played a variety of roles in the 2005 TV special Back to Norm , starring another former SNL player Norm Macdonald , and appeared on episodes of the popular TV shows Seinfeld and Ally McBeal . Schneider hosted the Sports Illustrated : Swimsuit ' 97 TV special , and the 2005 Teen Choice Awards , and was a frequent guest on NBC 's late - night variety program The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . ( In Schneider 's appearance with Leno on the July 24 , 2007 episode of The Tonight Show , he showed up in drag as actress Lindsay Lohan after Lohan cancelled following a controversial arrest for driving under the influence . Besides his efforts in movies and television , Schneider released his first comedy album Registered Offender in July 2010 . Registered Offender is composed of audio sketches and songs , with Schneider himself doing all of the character voices on the recording . He also revived his stand - up comedy career in 2010 with an international tour of theaters , clubs and casinos . Schneider appeared in the music video for country singer Neal McCoy 's `` Billy 's Got His Beer Goggles On '' , as the song 's title character . McCoy and Schneider met while the two went on a USO tour in support of U.S. troops two months after the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . Schneider starred as the title character in the CBS - TV situation comedy Rob , which was loosely based on his real life . The series was canceled by CBS in May 2012 . Since 2015 , he has produced , directed and starred in Real Rob , a sitcom that follows his life and includes his real - life wife Patricia and daughter Miranda . Netflix has released one season of 8 episodes so far . Schneider is the official celebrity spokesperson for the Taiwan Tourism Bureau and the Ten Ren Tea company in Taipei . Schneider was spokesperson for State Farm Insurance , but was dropped in 2014 due to his anti-vaccination views . In May 2016 , Schneider was featured as a special guest on the Let 's Play webseries Game Grumps , commentating over Midway 's Mortal Kombat Trilogy . Criticism In a January 2005 Oscar preview , movie reviewer Patrick Goldstein commented that that year 's Best Picture nominees were `` ignored , unloved and turned down flat by most of the same studios that ... bankroll hundreds of sequels , including a follow - up to Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo , a film that was sadly overlooked at Oscar time because apparently nobody had the foresight to invent a category for Best Running Penis Joke Delivered by a Third - Rate Comic . '' Schneider retaliated by placing an ad in the Los Angeles Times two weeks later , commenting that Goldstein was unqualified to opine this because he had never won the Pulitzer Prize , or any other journalistic award , because , he remarked , `` they have n't invented a category for Best Third - Rate , Unfunny Pompous Reporter Who 's Never Been Acknowledged by His Peers . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times intervened by saying that , `` Schneider can dish it out , but he ca n't take it . '' Then responded , '' He 's not so good at dishing it out either . '' Ebert went on to point out on his site that Goldstein won a National Headliner Award , a Los Angeles Press Club Award , a RockCritics.com award , and the Publicists ' Guild award for lifetime achievement . Schneider later publicly admitted that he later found out that Goldstein won the Lifetime Achievement Publicist Guild Award and apologized . He then remarked , `` My only regret is that he ( Goldstein ) got a little famous out of it . '' Personal life Schneider has a daughter with former model London King , musician Elle King , who was born in 1989 . In 1996 , Schneider established the Rob Schneider Music Foundation . The foundation returned music education to Pacifica 's elementary schools by paying the teachers ' salaries and providing funds for instruments and other equipment . Prior to Schneider 's efforts , the school system did not have music education programs for many years . Schneider once co-owned the DNA Lounge , a San Francisco nightclub . On April 23 , 2011 , Schneider married television producer Patricia Azarcoya Arce , in Beverly Hills , California . Their first child , Miranda Scarlett Schneider , was born in 2012 . The couple welcomed their second daughter , Madeline Robbie Schneider , in September 2016 . In 2013 , Schneider switched political parties from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party , explaining : `` The state of California is a mess , and the super majority of Democrats is not working . I 've been a lifelong Democrat and I have to switch over because it no longer serves the people of this great state . '' Anti-vaccination activism Schneider has been an outspoken critic of childhood vaccinations , promoting the refuted claim made by multiple celebrities that they are dangerous and cause autism , which is contrary to the scientific consensus on the subject . In an interview with News10 in Sacramento , Schneider opined that `` The efficacy of these shots have not been proven ... And the toxicity of these things -- we 're having more and more side effects . We 're having more and more autism . '' He also views the actions from the state to mandate vaccinations as government overreach : `` It 's illegal . You ca n't make people do procedures that they do n't want . The parents have to be the ones who make the decisions for what 's best for our kids . It ca n't be the government saying that . It 's against the Nuremberg Laws . '' Schneider 's statements have been discredited as lacking any factual basis . Schneider has actively fought the passage of two California laws , California Assembly Bill 2109 and California Senate Bill 277 , which both intended to make childhood vaccination exemptions harder to obtain . On September 28 , 2012 , Schneider and California State Assemblyman Tim Donnelly spoke at the `` Medical Freedom Rally , '' where they urged California Governor Jerry Brown to veto Assembly Bill 2109 , which would have made it more difficult for parents to utilize philosophical reasons for exemptions from mandatory childhood vaccinations . While the bill was not vetoed , Governor Brown added a signing message instructing the Department of Health to add a religious exemption and to make sure the process is not overly burdensome to parents . In 2015 , Schneider fought against California Senate Bill 277 , which removed exemptions to mandatory vaccinations due to personal beliefs , even leaving a phone message to California state Assemblywoman and bill co-author Lorena Gonzalez saying that he would spend money against her in her next re-election . Gonzalez , in an interview with The Washington Times , said that she found the message to be disturbing , but upon calling back , she said `` he was actually much nicer to me , but let 's be honest ... that is 20 mins of my life I 'll never get back arguing that vaccines do n't cause autism with Deuce Bigalow , male gigolo . # vaccinateyourkids . '' Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes Martians Go Home Voyeur Martian 1991 Necessary Roughness Chuck Neiderman Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York Cedric the Bellhop 1993 Surf Ninjas Iggy 1993 Demolition Man Erwin Uncredited 1993 Beverly Hillbillies , The The Beverly Hillbillies Woodrow Tyler 1995 Judge Dredd Fergee Down Periscope Lt. Martin Pascal Adventures of Pinocchio , The The Adventures of Pinocchio Volpe 1998 Knock Off Tommy Hendricks 1998 Susan 's Plan Steve 1998 Waterboy , The The Waterboy Townie 1999 Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo Deuce Bigalow 1999 Big Daddy Nazo 1999 Muppets from Space TV Producer 2000 Little Nicky The Townie Animal , The The Animal Marvin Mange 2002 Mr. Deeds Nazo , the Italian Delivery Man 2002 Hot Chick , The The Hot Chick Clive / Jessica 50 First Dates Ula Around the World in 80 Days Hobo 2005 Longest Yard , The The Longest Yard Punky 2005 Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo Deuce Bigalow 2006 Grandma 's Boy Yuri 2006 Benchwarmers , The The Benchwarmers Gus 2006 Click Prince Habeeboo Uncredited 2006 Little Man Dinosaur Rex Uncredited 2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry Asian Minister Uncredited 2007 Big Stan Stan Minton Director 2008 American Crude Bill 2008 You Do n't Mess with the Zohan Salim 2008 Bedtime Stories Indian Horse Seller / Scammer Cameo role ( uncredited ) 2009 Wild Cherry Father of High School Girl 2009 American Virgin Ed Curtzman Grown Ups Rob Hilliard The Chosen One Paul Zadzik Director 2011 You May Not Kiss the Bride Ernesto 2013 The Little Penguin Pororo 's Racing Adventure Toto 2013 InAPPropriate Comedy Psychologist / J.D. 2013 Frog Kingdom 2015 The Ridiculous 6 Ramon 2017 Sandy Wexler Firuz Voice - overs in film Year Title Role Notes Refs 2002 Eight Crazy Nights Chinese Waiter , Narrator 2006 Shark Bait Nerissa 2011 Top Cat : The Movie Lou Strickland U.S. dub 2012 Noah 's Ark : The New Beginning Zed 2012 The Outback Johnny 2012 Wings Dodo 2012 The Reef 2 : High Tide Nerissa 2012 Dino Time Dodger 2014 Jungle Shuffle Chuy 2014 Shelby Shelby 2014 Wings : Sky Force Heroes Fred 2015 Back to the Jurassic Dodger 2015 OMG , I 'm a Robot ! Robo Joseph 2015 Pups United Benny 2016 Norm of the North Norm 2016 The Adventures of Panda Warrior Patrick Web series Year Title Role Notes 2016 Game Grumps Himself 1 episode Television series Year Title Role Notes 227 Jeremy 1 episode 1990 - 1991 Coach Leonard Kraleman 2 episodes 1990 - 1994 Saturday Night Live Cast member 1996 - 1997 Men Behaving Badly Jamie Coleman 1998 Ally McBeal Ross Fitzsimmons 1 episode 2007 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Lindsay Lohan 1 episode 2012 Rob Rob 2012 Betty White 's Off Their Rockers Himself 2013 Inside Amy Schumer Rich 2014 Hot in Cleveland Chill 2015 -- present Real Rob Rob Netflix series Video games Year Title Role Notes A Fork in the Tale Delivery Guy Voice References ^ Jump up to : Chumley , Cheryl K. ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Hollywood star Rob Schneider turns Republican , citing Democratic ' disaster ' '' . Washington Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Schneider Biography ( 1963 -- ) '' . filmreference.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shister , Gail ( August 5 , 1996 ) . `` SCHNEIDER GETS NO TIME OFF FOR GOOD BEHAVIOR '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pfefferman , Naomi . `` InterfaithFamily.com '' . InterfaithFamily.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gray Streeter , Leslie ( December 11 , 2002 ) . `` HOW ROB SCHNEIDER BECAME THE HOT CHICK '' . Palm Beach Post . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Obnoxious Recurring SNL Characters '' . Jump up ^ Awards for Rob Schneider on IMDb Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ( VIDEO ) ' Real Rob ' Trailer : Rob Schneider Goes All Hollywood On Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Real Rob ' : Rob Schneider 's Comedy Series Coming to Netflix '' . Hollywood Reporter . September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Schneider honored for helping boost travel to Taiwan '' . focustaiwan.tw . ^ Jump up to : Baum , Gary ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` How Hollywood Stars , Trump and Scientologists Inflame the Vaccine Wars : `` It 's Spurious but Effective '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Meredith ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` State Farm dumps pitchman Rob Schneider over anti-vaccine views '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick ( January 26 , 2005 ) . `` This Year , the Safe Bets Are Off '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( August 11 , 2005 ) . `` Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Condran , Ed ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Elle King to bring fiery blues attitude to Philadelphia '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Elle King Is Swaggering Out Of Her Father 's Shadow '' . Stereogum . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RSMF - About '' . Robschneidermusicfoundation.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DNA Lounge : Ancient History : 1906 -- 1998 '' . December 13 , 2000 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ PEP.ph ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Schneider marries for the third time PEP.ph : The Number One Site for Philippine Showbiz '' . PEP.ph . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ People Magazine Online . `` Rob Schneider is married ! '' . Jump up ^ 11.19. 12 Print ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive Details : Rob Schneider and Wife Welcome Baby ! '' . Toofab.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen and Elizabeth Leonard ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Schneider Welcomes Daughter Madeline Robbie '' . People.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daley , Matthew F. ; Glanz , Jason M. ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Straight Talk about Vaccination '' . Scientific American . 305 ( 3 ) : 32 -- 34 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0911 - 32 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hart , Benjamin ( July 1 , 2012 ) . `` Rob Schneider Links Autism To Vaccines , Rails Against Big Government ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kluger , Jeffrey ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Schneider Please Shut Up '' . Time.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . It 's actually worth watching the entire jaw - dropping display , because Schneider somehow manages to thread the extraordinary needle of being wrong on every single point he makes . Jump up ^ Medical Freedom ( February 21 , 2012 ) . Rob Schneider and Tim Donnelly -- via Vimeo . Jump up ^ Brown , Jerry ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` AB2109 signing message '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Massimino , Micaela ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` AM Alert : Rob Schneider , Tim Donnelly Team Up On Vaccinations '' . The Sacramento Bee -- Capitol Alert . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasmar , Jessica ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Rob Schneider , anti-vaccine actor , leaves ' disturbing message ' for lawmaker '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schneider , Raymonde , Willis , in ' Wild Cherry ' -- EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jungle Shuffle '' . iTunes . Apple . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Pups-United-DVD-Digital-Schneider/dp/B01127XNJE Jump up ^ http://www.inspiredbysavannah.com/2015/10/pups-united-fun-filled-movie-sure-to.html Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate 's ' Kung Fu Panda ' Knockoff Looks Even Worse Than It Sounds '' . May 23 , 2016 . External Links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rob Schneider Official website Rob Schneider on IMDb VIAF : 85869141 LCCN : no95059267 ISNI : 0000 0001 1867 5274 GND : 1019001186 SUDOC : 07901044X BNF : cb14022526p ( data ) MusicBrainz : f18bb7de - 8885 - 4ed3 - 8e37 - 09c04db1a8de IATH : w6gx533z Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob_Schneider&oldid=799970733 '' Categories : 1963 births American people of Jewish descent 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from California American male actors of Filipino descent American male comedians American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors People from Pacifica , California Male actors from San Francisco Living people California Republicans American sketch comedians Comedians from California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from June 2008 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 22 : 22 . 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where does you can do it come from

Schneider has also appeared in numerous comedies starring his SNL comrade Adam Sandler , most recently in 2010 's Grown Ups . The comedic characters Schneider plays in these films include an overly enthusiastic Cajun man who proclaims the catch - phrase , `` You can do it ! '' ; an amiable Middle Eastern delivery boy ; a prison inmate ; and Sandler 's one - eyed Hawaiian sidekick , Ula . Schneider has uttered the line `` You can do it ! '' as a running gag in Sandler 's films The Waterboy , Little Nicky , 50 First Dates , The Longest Yard , and Bedtime Stories , as well as in a deleted scene from Click . ( A sample of Schneider saying the phrase also turns up in the song `` Original Prankster '' by The Offspring . ) Returning the favor , Sandler appeared in a cameo to spout the same line in Schneider 's The Animal , wherein , as a reference , Adam Sandler utters : `` Yeah ! You can do it ! '' Sandler also showed up briefly in Schneider 's The Hot Chick . Schneider narrated Sandler 's 2002 animated movie Eight Crazy Nights , and voiced the part of a Chinese waiter . Schneider also had an uncredited cameo as a Canadian - Japanese wedding - chapel minister in the 2007 Sandler - Kevin James comedy I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry , and played a Palestinian cab driver who serves as the title character 's nemesis in the 2008 Sandler film You Do n't Mess with the Zohan .

Draft lottery ( 1969 ) - wikipedia Draft lottery ( 1969 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Representative Alexander Pirnie ( R - NY ) drawing the first number . On December 1 , 1969 , the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950 . These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription from just before World War II to 1973 . The lottery numbers assigned in December 1969 were used during calendar year 1970 both to call for induction and to call for physical examination , a preliminary call covering more men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 2 Origins and consequences 3 Modification 4 References 5 External links Method ( edit ) The days of the year ( including February 29 ) were written on slips of paper . These pieces of paper were then placed in separate plastic capsules that were mixed in a shoebox and then dumped into a deep glass jar . Capsules were drawn from the jar one at a time . The first number drawn was 258 ( September 14 ) , so all registrants with that birthday were assigned lottery number 1 . The second number drawn corresponded to April 24 , and so forth . All men of draft age ( born 1944 to 1950 ) who shared a birth date would be called to serve at once . The first 195 birthdates drawn were later called to serve in the order they were drawn ; the last of these was September 24 . Also on December 1 , 1969 , a second lottery was held with the 26 letters of the alphabet . Among men with the same birthdate , the order of induction was determined by the ranks of the first letters of their last , first , and middle names . Anyone with initials `` JJJ '' would have been first within the shared birthdate , followed by `` JGJ '' , `` JDJ '' , and `` JXJ '' ; anyone with initials `` VVV '' would have been last . SSS Draft scatterplot of the days of the year ( horizontal ) and their lottery numbers ( vertical ) . December birthdays ( far right ) were assigned many low numbers ( bottom ) , representing early induction , and few high numbers ( top ) . People soon noticed that the lottery numbers were not distributed uniformly over the year . In particular , November and December births , or dates 306 to 366 , were assigned mainly to lower draft numbers representing earlier calls to serve ( see figure ) . This led to complaints that the lottery was not random as the legislation required . Analysis of the procedure suggested that mixing 366 capsules in the shoe box did not mix them sufficiently before dumping them into the jar . ( `` The capsules were put in a box month by month , January through December , and subsequent mixing efforts were insufficient to overcome this sequencing . '' ) Only five days in December -- Dec. 2 , 12 , 15 , 17 and 19 -- were higher than the last call number of 195 ; had the days been evenly distributed , 14 days in December would have been expected to remain uncalled . From January to December , the rank of the average draft pick numbers were 5 4 1 3 2 6 8 9 10 7 11 12 . A Monte Carlo simulation found that the probability of a random order of months being this close to the 1 -- 12 sequence expected for unsorted slips was 0.09 % . Draft lotteries were conducted again in 1970 ( for those born in 1951 ) and from 1971 to 1975 ( for 1952 to 1956 births ) . The draft numbers issued in 1972 were never used the next year to call for induction into service , because the last call was December 7 and authority to induct expired on June 30 , 1973 . The 1972 to 1975 lottery numbers were used to call some men born 1953 to 1956 for physical exams . The highest number called for a physical was 215 ( for tables 1970 through 1976 ) . Origins and consequences ( edit ) Previously in the United States , during the War of 1812 , President Madison established a commission to recommend the best ways to raise military manpower ; to keep the draft or to institute a volunteer army . After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress , it was decided that an all - volunteer force was affordable , feasible , and would enhance the nation 's security . President Richard Nixon issued an executive order prescribing regulations for random selection by the United States Selective Service on November 26 , 1969 . The 1970s were a time of turmoil in the United States , beginning with the Civil Rights Movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement . The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam war and the draft . It strengthened the anti-war movement , and all over the United States people decried discrimination by the draft system `` against low - education , low - income , underprivileged members of society '' . The draft lottery had social and economic consequences because it generated resistance to military service and the resisters , draft evaders or `` draft dodgers '' , were generally young , well - educated , healthy men . The fear of military service in Vietnam influenced many young men born in the late 1940s to join the National Guard . These young men were aware that the National Guard would be unlikely to send its soldiers to Vietnam . Many men were unable to join the National Guard , even though they had passed their physicals , because many state National Guards had long waiting lists just to enlist . Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment , either showing their disapproval by burning their draft cards or draft letters , or simply not presenting themselves for the military service test . Others left the country , commonly moving to Canada . The number of American citizens who moved to Canada during the Vietnam war because of the draft is estimated to be around 125,000 ; it is believed that about half returned to the United States after the Nixon era ( when the war was also over ) ( 1975 ) . Modification ( edit ) Lottery procedure was improved the next year although public discontent continued to grow until `` authority to induct expired on June 30 , 1973 '' . In 1970 , covering 1951 birthdates for use during 1971 ( sometimes called the 1971 draft ) , scientists at the National Bureau of Standards prepared 78 random permutations of the numbers 1 to 366 using random numbers selected from published tables . From the 78 permutations , 25 were selected at random and transcribed to calendars using 1 = January 1 , 2 = January 2 , ... 365 = December 31 . Those calendars were sealed in envelopes. 25 more permutations were selected and sealed in 25 more envelopes without transcription to calendars . The two sets of 25 envelopes were furnished to the Selective Service System . On June 2 , an official picked two envelopes , thus one calendar and one raw permutation . The 365 birthdates ( for 1951 ) were written down , placed in capsules , and put in a drum in the order dictated by the selected calendar . Similarly , the numbers from 1 to 365 were written down and placed into capsules in the order dictated by the raw permutation . On July 1 , the drawing date , one drum was rotated for an hour and the other for a half - hour ( its rotating mechanism failed ) . Pairs of capsules were then drawn , one from each drum , one with a 1951 birthdate and one with a number 1 to 366 . The first date and number drawn were September 16 and 139 , so all men born September 16 , 1951 , were assigned draft number 139 . The 11th draws were the date July 9 and the number 1 , so men born July 9 were assigned draft number 1 and drafted first . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selective Service System . `` 1970 Draft Lottery Results drawn December 1 , 1969 sorted by date '' . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . See also sorted by numeric order . ^ Jump up to : Norton Starr ( 1997 ) . `` Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Journal of Statistics Education 5.2 ( 1997 ) . -- The online edition includes instructions for getting the data online and a lesson plan for statistics class using the 1970 and 1971 draft lottery data . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vietnam Lotteries '' . Selective Service System . June 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henk Tijms . `` Understanding Probability '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Chambers , John W. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Jump up ^ 91st U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To amend the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ... '' ( pdf ) . United States Government Printing Office . ( Pub. L. 91 -- 124 , 83 Stat. 220 , enacted November 26 , 1969 ) Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Richard Nixon : `` Executive Order 11497 - Amending the Selective Service Regulations to Prescribe Random Selection , '' November 26 , 1969 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Fisher , Anthony C. ( 1969 ) . `` The Cost of the Draft and the Cost of Ending the Draft '' . American Economic Review . 59 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Rosenblatt , J.R. ; Filliben , J.J. ( 1971 ) . `` Randomization and the Draft Lottery '' . Science . 171 : 306 -- 08 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 171.3968. 306 . External links ( edit ) Landscaper.net ( 2009 ) . The Military Draft and 1969 Draft Lottery for the Vietnam War . Last modified 2009 - 03 - 24 . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- contemporary news stories , images of Official Orders ( call to physical exam , call to report ) , lottery results , Draft Board classifications , Vietnam troop levels , induction statistics 1917 -- 73 . David Lane ( 2003 ) . Introduction to Graphs : Clearing Up the Draft with Graphs . Connexions. 18 July 2003 . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- list of draft ranks , additional analysis . Selective Service System ( 2009 ) . The Vietnam Lotteries . SSS : History and Records . Last updated 2015 - 09 - 19 . Norton Starr ( 1997 ) . `` Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Journal of Statistics Education 5.2 ( 1997 ) . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- The online edition includes instructions for getting the data online and a lesson plan for statistics class using the 1970 and 1971 draft lottery data . Fienberg , S.E. ( 1971 ) . `` Randomization and Social Affairs : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Science . 171 ( 3968 ) : 255 -- 261 . PMID 17736218 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 171.3968. 255 . Rosenbaum , David E. ( 4 January 1970 ) . `` Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random '' . New York Times . p. 66 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft_lottery_(1969)&oldid=807281858 '' Categories : Vietnam War Conscription in the United States 1969 in military history 1969 in the United States 1969 establishments in the United States 1973 disestablishments in the United States Lotteries Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 00 : 55 . About Wikipedia

when did they start the draft for the vietnam war

On December 1 , 1969 , the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950 . These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription from just before World War II to 1973 .

Synovial joint - wikipedia Synovial joint Jump to : navigation , search Synovial joint Structure of synovial joint Types of synovial joints . Clockwise from top - right : Ball and socket joint , Condyloid joint , Plane joint , Saddle joint , Hinge joint and Pivot joint . Details Identifiers Latin junctura synovialis TA A03. 0.00. 020 FMA 7501 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A synovial joint , also known as diarthrosis , joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones , constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity , and surrounds the bones ' articulating surfaces . The synovial cavity / joint is filled with synovial fluid . The joint capsule is made up of an outer layer , the articular capsule , which keeps the bones together structurally , and an inner layer , the synovial membrane , which seals in the synovial fluid . They are the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal . As with most other joints , synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Blood supply 1.2 Types 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 References Structure ( edit ) Synovial joints contain the following structures : Synovial cavity : all diarthroses have the characteristic space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid Joint capsule : the fibrous capsule , continuous with the periosteum of articulating bones , surrounds the diarthrosis and unites the articulating bones ; the joint capsule consists of two layers - ( 1 ) the outer fibrous membrane that may contain ligaments and ( 2 ) the inner synovial membrane that secretes the lubricating , shock absorbing , and joint - nourishing synovial fluid ; the joint capsule is highly innervated , but without blood and lymph vessels , and receives nutrition from the surrounding blood supply via either diffusion ( a slow process ) or by convection , a far more efficient process achieved through exercise . Articular cartilage : the bones of a synovial joint are covered by this layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the epiphyses of joint end of bone with a smooth , slippery surface that does not bind them together ; articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement . Many , but not all , synovial joints also contain additional structures : Articular discs or menisci - the fibrocartilage pads between opposing surfaces in a joint Articular fat pads - adipose tissue pads that protect the articular cartilage , as seen in the infrapatellar fat pad in the knee Tendons - cords of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers Accessory ligaments ( extracapsular and intracapsular ) - the fibers of some fibrous membranes are arranged in parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains to prevent extreme movements that may damage the articulation Bursae - saclike structures that are situated strategically to alleviate friction in some joints ( shoulder and knee ) that are filled with fluid that is similar to synovial fluid The bone surrounding the joint on the proximal side is sometimes called the plafond , especially in the talocrural joint . A damage to this occurs in a Gosselin fracture . Blood supply ( edit ) The blood supply of a synovial joint is derived from the arteries sharing in the anastomosis around the joint . Types ( edit ) There are six types of synovial joints . Some are relatively immobile , but are more stable . Others have multiple degrees of freedom , but at the expense of greater risk of injury . In ascending order of mobility , they are : Name Example Description Plane joints ( or gliding joint ) carpals of the wrist , acromioclavicular joint These joints allow only gliding or sliding movements , are multi-axial such as the articulation between vertebrae . Hinge joints elbow ( between the humerus and the ulna ) These joints act as a door hinge does , allowing flexion and extension in just one plane Pivot joints atlanto - axial joint , proximal radioulnar joint , and distal radioulnar joint One bone rotates about another Condyloid joints ( or ellipsoidal joints ) wrist joint ( radiocarpal joint ) A condyloid joint is a modified ball and socket joint that allow primary movement within two perpendicular axes , passive or secondary movement may occur on a third axes . Some classifications make a distinction between condyloid and ellipsoid joints ; these joints allow flexion , extension , abduction , and adduction movements ( circumduction ) . Saddle joints Carpometacarpal or trapeziometacarpal joint of thumb ( between the metacarpal and carpal - trapezium ) , sternoclavicular joint Saddle joints , where the two surfcaces are reciprocally concavoconvex in shape , which resemble a saddle , permit the same movements as the condyloid joints but allow greater movement Ball and socket joints `` universal Joint '' shoulder ( glenohumeral ) and hip joints These allow for all movements except gliding Compound joints / modified hinge joints knee joint condylar joint ( condyles of femur join with condyles of tibia ) and saddle joint ( lower end of femur joins with patella ) Function ( edit ) Main article : Anatomical terms of motion The movements possible with synovial joints are : abduction : movement away from the mid-line of the body adduction : movement toward the mid-line of the body extension : straightening limbs at a joint flexion : bending the limbs at a joint rotation : a circular movement around a fixed point Clinical significance ( edit ) The joint space equals the distance between the involved bones of the joint . A joint space narrowing is a sign of either ( or both ) osteoarthritis and inflammatory degeneration . The normal joint space is at least 2 mm in the hip ( at the superior acetabulum ) , at least 3 mm in the knee , and 4 -- 5 mm in the shoulder joint . For the temporomandibular joint , a joint space of between 1.5 and 4 mm is regarded as normal . Joint space narrowing is therefore a component of several radiographic classifications of osteoarthritis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Drake et al. ( 2009 ) Gray 's Anatomy for Students , 2nd Edition , Skeletal system , p. 21 Jump up ^ Tortora & Derrickson ( ) Principles of Anatomy & Physiology , 12th Edition , Pub : Wiley & Sons ^ Jump up to : Umich 2010 couse , Module - Introduction to Joints Jump up ^ Rogers , Kara ( 2010 ) Bone and Muscle : Structure , Force , and Motion p. 157 Jump up ^ Sharkey , John ( 2008 ) The Concise Book of Neuromuscular Therapy p. 33 Jump up ^ Moini ( 2011 ) Introduction to Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant pp. 231 - 2 Jump up ^ The Biophysical Foundations Of Human Movement ( 2005 ) By Bruce Abernethy pp. 23 , 331 Jump up ^ Jacobson , Jon A. ; Girish , Gandikota ; Jiang , Yebin ; Sabb , Brian J. ( 2008 ) . `` Radiographic Evaluation of Arthritis : Degenerative Joint Disease and Variations '' . Radiology. 248 ( 3 ) : 737 -- 747 . doi : 10.1148 / radiol. 2483062112 . ISSN 0033 - 8419 . Jump up ^ Lequesne , M ( 2004 ) . `` The normal hip joint space : variations in width , shape , and architecture on 223 pelvic radiographs '' . Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases . 63 ( 9 ) : 1145 -- 1151 . doi : 10.1136 / ard. 2003.018424 . ISSN 0003 - 4967 . Jump up ^ Page 6 in : Roland W. Moskowitz ( 2007 ) . Osteoarthritis : Diagnosis and Medical / surgical Management , LWW Doody 's all reviewed collection . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 9780781767071 . Jump up ^ `` Glenohumeral joint space '' . radref.org. , in turn citing : Petersson , Claes J. ; Redlund - Johnell , Inga ( 2009 ) . `` Joint Space in Normal Gleno - Humeral Radiographs '' . Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 54 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 276 . doi : 10.3109 / 17453678308996569 . ISSN 0001 - 6470 . Jump up ^ Massilla Mani , F. ; Sivasubramanian , S. Satha ( 2016 ) . `` A study of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis using computed tomographic imaging '' . Biomedical Journal . 39 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 206 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bj. 2016.06. 003 . ISSN 2319 - 4170 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synovial joints . ( hide ) Joints Types Fibrous Gomphosis Suture Syndesmosis Interosseous membrane Cartilaginous Synchondrosis Symphysis synovial : Plane joint 1 ° Hinge joint Pivot joint 2 ° Condyloid joint Saddle joint 3 ° Ball and socket joint synostosis by range of motion : Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis Terminology Kinesiology Anatomical terms of motion Agonist / Antagonist Motions general : Flexion / Extension Adduction / Abduction Internal rotation / External rotation Elevation / Depression specialized / upper limbs : Protraction / Retraction Supination / Pronation specialized / lower limbs : Plantarflexion / Dorsiflexion Eversion / Inversion Components capsular : Joint capsule Synovial membrane Fibrous membrane Synovial fluid Synovial bursa Articular disk / Meniscus extracapsular : Ligament Enthesis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synovial_joint&oldid=811876502 '' Categories : Joints Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Euskara فارسی Français עברית Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint is composed of

A synovial joint , also known as diarthrosis , joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones , constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity , and surrounds the bones ' articulating surfaces . The synovial cavity / joint is filled with synovial fluid . The joint capsule is made up of an outer layer , the articular capsule , which keeps the bones together structurally , and an inner layer , the synovial membrane , which seals in the synovial fluid .

A Monster Calls ( film ) - wikipedia A Monster Calls ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Monster Calls Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Belén Atienza Mitch Horwits Jonathan King Screenplay by Patrick Ness Based on A Monster Calls by Patrick Ness from an idea by Siobhan Dowd Starring Sigourney Weaver Felicity Jones Toby Kebbell Lewis MacDougall Liam Neeson Music by Fernando Velázquez Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Jaume Martí Production companies Apaches Entertainment Telecinco Cinema Peliculas La Trini Participant Media River Road Entertainment Distributed by Focus Features ( United States ) Universal Pictures ( Spain ) Summit Entertainment ( International ) Release date September 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 10 ) ( TIFF ) October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) ( Spain ) December 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) ( United States ) January 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 108 minutes Country Spain United States Language English Budget $43 million Box office $47.2 million A Monster Calls is a 2016 dark fantasy drama film directed by J.A. Bayona and written by Patrick Ness , based on his novel of the same name . The film stars Sigourney Weaver , Felicity Jones , Toby Kebbell , Lewis MacDougall , and Liam Neeson , and tells the story of Conor ( MacDougall ) , a child whose mother ( Jones ) is terminally ill ; one night , he is visited by a giant tree - like monster ( Neeson ) , who states that he will come back and tell Conor three stories . A Monster Calls premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10 , 2016 . It was then released in Spain on October 7 , 2016 , and in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 2017 . In the United States , the film began a limited release in on December 23 , 2016 , followed by a wide release on January 6 , 2017 . It received positive reviews , being praised for its themes , directing , performances and visual effects . The film was a box - office disappointment however , grossing $47.2 million worldwide from a budget of $43 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Twelve - year - old Conor O'Malley must face his mother 's terminal cancer , his strict grandmother , his estranged father , and his school bully , Harry . One night at 12 : 07 a.m. , Conor is visited by the tree - like Monster , who tells Conor it has come to tell him three true stories , after which Conor must tell the Monster his own story : the truth behind his nightmare , which Conor refuses to do . First story An old king who has lost his entire family ( his sons being killed in fierce battles and his wife committing suicide because of this ) , save a young grandson , remarries a beautiful young woman . He dies before the prince comes of age , and many believe the queen poisoned the king . Not wanting to hand the kingdom over to the prince in a year , she plots to marry the prince and remain queen . The prince runs away with a farm girl he loves . They stop and sleep under a yew tree ( the Monster ) , but in the morning he finds the young woman murdered . The prince tells the villagers that the queen , a witch , must have done it , and they rally to overthrow her . Before the commoners can reach the queen , the Monster carries her away to a far - off land where she lives out the rest of her life in peace . Though she was indeed a witch , she did not kill the farm girl or the king , who actually died of old age . The prince had murdered the farm girl himself in order to inspire his people to back him into overthrowing the queen . After the queen was taken to safety by the Monster , the prince continued to rule the kingdom in the grandfather 's place . Second story An apothecary follows old traditions and beliefs , using herbs and brews to cure ailments . His business becomes less popular as a local parson tells his congregation not to accept the apothecary 's old ways . When the parson 's two daughters become sick , the parson asks the apothecary to save their lives after all other resources are exhausted . When the apothecary asks why he should help a man who has turned people away from his skills and denied him the yew tree , his best source of healing ingredients , the parson promises to give him the tree and deliver the parishioners to him as customers . Yet the apothecary says that he can not help , and the girls die . The Monster awakens from the yew tree to destroy the parson 's house and raze it to the ground as punishment . While the apothecary was a greedy man , he was a healer and would have saved lives , including the girls ' , if the parson had allowed him his way of life . The parson was a man of belief , but was willing to discard his beliefs when they were in the way . The healing traditions followed by the apothecary require belief in order to work ; without the parson 's , the apothecary was unable to treat the two girls . Belief is half the cure . Third story A man was invisible because no one ever saw him . Tired of this , he summoned the Monster to ensure people would notice him . After people do notice him however , the man finds himself more alone than before . Fourth story Conor must confront his nightmare to tell the fourth story . His mother has been pulled to the edge of a cliff by a sudden collapse of the ground , and Conor must hold her hand to save her from falling . Eventually , his grip fails and his mother falls . The Monster forces Conor to confess the truth : Conor loosened his grip on purpose . While he could have held on longer , he let go in order to stop the pain of having to hold on . Through the Monster , Conor ultimately understands that although he does not want his mother to die , it is something he must accept , and he must not feel guilty for wanting it to be over so he does not have to feel pain anymore . After this , Conor returns , with the Monster by his side , to comfort his mother one last time , and she dies at 12 : 07 . He returns home with his grandmother , with whom he has reached an understanding , and she gives Conor the room that used to be his mother 's . In the room , he finds his mother 's old art book , which depicts the stories that were told to him by the Monster , and a drawing of his mother as a child with the Monster . Cast ( edit ) Lewis MacDougall as Conor O'Malley Max Golds as 5 - year - old Conor Sigourney Weaver as Mrs. Clayton , Conor 's strict grandmother who has a tense relationship with him . Felicity Jones as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Clayton , Conor 's mother who is diagnosed with an unspecified terminal illness . Toby Kebbell as Liam O'Malley , Conor 's father who is divorced from Lizzie and now lives in the United States . Liam Neeson as the `` Monster '' ( voice and motion capture ) , a giant humanoid yew tree . Neeson also appears uncredited in a photograph as Conor 's grandfather . Tom Holland , who worked with Bayona on The Impossible , served as the stand - in for the Monster during one week of production . James Melville as Harry , a school bully who frequently targets Conor . Geraldine Chaplin as the head teacher of Conor 's school . Production ( edit ) Focus Features bought the rights to the book in March 2014 . Patrick Ness , the book 's author , served as the film 's screenwriter , with J.A. Bayona hired as director . On April 23 , 2014 , Felicity Jones joined the film to play the boy 's mother . On May 8 , Liam Neeson was cast to voice the Monster , and on August 18 , Sigourney Weaver joined to play the boy 's grandmother . On August 19 , Toby Kebbell was also cast in the film . On September 3 , author Ness tweeted that Lewis MacDougall had been set for the lead role in the film . On September 30 , Geraldine Chaplin joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on September 30 , 2014 , in Spain and Britain . On October 9 , the filming began on location in Preston , Lancashire , Rivington Pike ( Chorley / Horwich ) , Blackpool Pleasure Beach and Marsden , West Yorkshire Liam Neeson , who voices the titular tree creature , was not on set throughout the shooting process , and completed his motion - capture performance during a two - week period beforehand , with MacDougall in the room . Tom Holland worked on set as The Monster with Neeson absent . Release ( edit ) Originally scheduled for an October 2016 release , the film was delayed in order to avoid competition from Jack Reacher : Never Go Back , Boo ! A Madea Halloween , Ouija : Origin of Evil , and Keeping Up with the Joneses . It was rescheduled for a limited roll out on December 23 , 2016 , followed by a wide release on January 6 , 2017 . The film was released in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 2017 , by Entertainment One and Lionsgate , and in India on January 6 , 2017 , by B4U Relativity . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) A Monster Calls grossed $3.7 million in the United States and Canada and $43.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $47.2 million , against a production budget of $43 million . In North America , the film had its wide release alongside the opening of Underworld : Blood Wars and the wide expansions of Hidden Figures and Lion , and was initially expected to gross around $10 million from 1,523 theaters over the weekend . However , after making just $659,000 on its first day , weekend projections were lowered to $2 million , which it ended up grossing , finishing 13th at the box office . In its second weekend of wide release it grossed $537,262 ( a drop of 74.2 % ) and in its third week made just $19,080 ( a drop of 96.4 % ) after being pulled from all but 42 theaters , one of the biggest third week theater drops in history . Critical response ( edit ) The aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 88 % based on 232 reviews , and an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Monster Calls deftly balances dark themes and fantastical elements to deliver an engrossing and uncommonly moving entry in the crowded coming - of - age genre '' . At Metacritic , the film has an average score of 76 out of 100 based on 40 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards February 6 , 2017 Best Supporting Actress Sigourney Weaver Nominated Best Intergenerational Film A Monster Calls Nominated Camerimage November 19 , 2016 Golden Frog Award for Best Cinematography Óscar Faura Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards December 11 , 2016 Best Young Performer Lewis MacDougall Nominated Best Visual Effects A Monster Calls Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society December 19 , 2016 Best Supporting Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Empire Awards March 19 , 2017 Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy A Monster Calls Won Best Male Newcomer Lewis MacDougall Nominated Evening Standard British Film Awards December 8 , 2016 Breakthrough of the Year Lewis MacDougall Nominated Gaudí Awards January 29 , 2017 Best Film A Monster Calls Won Best Non-Catalan Language Film A Monster Calls Won Best Director J.A. Bayona Won Best Production Director Sandra Hermida Won Best Art Direction Eugenio Caballero Won Best Film Editing Jaume Martí and Bernat Vilaplana Won Best Cinematography Óscar Faura Won Best Art Direction Eugenio Caballero Won Best Sound Peter Glossop , Marc Orts and Oriol Tarragó Won Best Special Effects Felix Bergés and Pau Costa Won Golden Tomato Awards January 12 , 2017 Best British Movie 2016 A Monster Calls 2nd Place Best Kids / Family Movie 2016 A Monster Calls 3rd Place Goya Awards February 4 , 2017 Best Film A Monster Calls Nominated Best Director J.A. Bayona Won Best Supporting Actress Sigourney Weaver Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Patrick Ness Nominated Best Original Score Fernando Velázquez Won Best Cinematography Óscar Faura Won Best Editing Jaume Martí and Bernat Vilaplana Won Best Production Supervision Sandra Hermida Muniz Won Best Art Direction Eugenio Caballero Won Best Makeup and Hairstyles Marese Langan and David Martí Won Best Sound Peter Glossop , Marc Orts and Oriol Tarragó Won Best Special Effects Felix Bergés and Pau Costa Won London Film Critics ' Circle January 22 , 2017 Young British / Irish Performer of the Year Lewis MacDougall Won Premios Feroz January 23 , 2017 Best Drama Film A Monster Calls Nominated Best Director J.A. Bayona Nominated Best Screenplay Patrick Ness Nominated Best Main Actor Lewis MacDougall Nominated Best Original Soundtrack Fernando Velázquez Won Best Trailer A Monster Calls Nominated Best Film Poster A Monster Calls Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 12 , 2016 Best Visual Effects A Monster Calls Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Fantasy Film A Monster Calls Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Lewis MacDougall Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association December 18 , 2016 Best Visual Effects A Monster Calls Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 5 , 2016 Best Youth Performance Lewis MacDougall Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Patrick Ness Nominated Best Voice Performance Liam Neeson Won Best Motion Capture Performance Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Monster Calls ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Monster Calls '' . Toronto International Film Festival . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Kit Simpson ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Ness Explains Why ' A Monster Calls ' Is Going To Make You Cry '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Strange Role Spider - Man Star Tom Holland Plays in ' A Monster Calls ' '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Focus Features Makes $20 Million Deal For ' A Monster Calls ' Movie '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Dates ' A Monster Calls ' For October 2016 '' . Deadline.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Felicity Jones To Star In Juan Antonio Bayona 's ' A Monster Calls ' '' . deadline.com. 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Cannes : Liam Neeson Joins ' A Monster Calls ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sigourney Weaver Joins High - Profile ' A Monster Calls ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Fantastic Four ' Actor Toby Kebbell in Talks to Join ' A Monster Calls ' '' . variety.com . Jump up ^ Espina , Alfonso ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Lewis MacDougall to Lead Adaptation of Patrick Ness ' ' A Monster Calls ' '' . upandcomers.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three Join ' A Monster Calls ' '' . deadline.com . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Monster Calls ' Begins Production '' . participantmedia.com . September 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on A Monster Calls , Starring Liam Neeson '' . comingsoon.net . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood film begins filming in Preston '' . lep.co.uk . October 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashley Lee ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Monster Calls ' Speaks to Both Kids and Adults , Says Sigourney Weaver '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Features Sets A Monster Calls for October 14 , 2016 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Monster Calls ' A Week Later In October '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Focus Features ' ' A Monster Calls ' Dials Up Christmas Weekend Release '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Kenji ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` A Monster Calls UK Release Date Set for January , The Tree Awakens on First Poster '' . Final Reel . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Monster Calls India Trailer '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures ' is likely to draw crowds as ' Rogue One ' stays on top of the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' Does n't Want To Fall To ' Hidden Figures ' As Winter Storm Helena Closes Theaters '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Uni / Blumhouse 's ' Split ' Is A Hit With High $39 M To $40 M+ ; ' Xander Cage ' Falls Down '' . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Theater Drops '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Monster Calls Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` A Monster Calls '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camerimage 2016 Main Competition Line - up ! '' . Camerimage . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Local critics : ' Moonlight ' , ' Manchester ' best of 2016 '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , William ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Evening Standard British Film Awards - The Longlist '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guardonades - IX Premis Gaudí '' . Academia del Cinema . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rolfe , Pamela ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Juan Antonio Bayona 's ' A Monster Calls ' Leads Goya Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Moonlight ' and ' Love and Friendship ' Lead London Film Critics ' Circle Nominations '' . Variety . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La lista completa de ganadores de los premios Feroz 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . El Huffinton Post . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Society 's 2016 Award Winners '' . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 StLFCA Annual Award Nominations '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 WAFCA Awards Nominations '' . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Monster Calls on IMDb A Monster Calls at the TCM Movie Database A Monster Calls at Metacritic A Monster Calls at Rotten Tomatoes A Monster Calls at AllMovie J.A. Bayona Films directed The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Television Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) Empire Award for Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Wanted ( 2009 ) Star Trek ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) Thor ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) A Monster Calls ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Monster_Calls_(film)&oldid=815687732 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films American films American drama films American fantasy films Spanish films Spanish drama films Spanish fantasy films Films based on American novels Films based on British novels Films based on fantasy novels Films directed by J.A. Bayona Performance capture in film Participant Media films Focus Features films Universal Pictures films Entertainment One films Films with live action and animation Films about death Giant monster films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 12 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who plays the mother in a monster calls

A Monster Calls is a 2016 dark fantasy drama film directed by J.A. Bayona and written by Patrick Ness , based on his novel of the same name . The film stars Sigourney Weaver , Felicity Jones , Toby Kebbell , Lewis MacDougall , and Liam Neeson , and tells the story of Conor ( MacDougall ) , a child whose mother ( Jones ) is terminally ill ; one night , he is visited by a giant tree - like monster ( Neeson ) , who states that he will come back and tell Conor three stories .

16 Days of Activism Against Gender - Based Violence - wikipedia 16 Days of Activism Against Gender - Based Violence Jump to : navigation , search Women from Lord House Settlement community March in the opening parade for 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Based Violence . Photo : UN Women / Marni Gilbert 16 Days of Activism Against Gender - Based Violence is an international campaign to challenge violence against women and girls . The campaign runs every year from 25 November , the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women , to 10 December , Human Rights Day . It was initiated in 1991 by the first Women 's Global Leadership Institute , held by the Center for Women 's Global Leadership ( CWGL ) at Rutgers University . Currently , more than 3,700 organizations from approximately 164 countries participate in the campaign annually . Contents ( hide ) 1 Significant Dates 2 Themes 3 References 4 External links Significant Dates ( edit ) November 25 - International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women November 29 - International Women Human Rights Defenders Day December 1 - World AIDS Day December 5 - International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development December 6 - Anniversary of the Montreal Massacre , which is observed as the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women in Canada December 10 - International Human Rights Day and the anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Themes ( edit ) Every year , the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender - Based Violence Campaign either introduces a new theme , or continues an old theme . The theme focuses on one particular area of gender inequality and works to bring attention to these issues and make changes that will have an impact . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership sends out a `` Take Action Kit '' every year , detailing how participants can get involved and campaign in order to make a change . The first campaign theme in 1991 was entitled Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights , and women from around the world came together with the Center for Women 's Global Leadership at the first International Women 's Leadership Institute . The theme was used again in 1992 . In 1993 , the third campaign 's second theme was Democracy in the Family , Democracy of Families , Democracy for Every Body . The 1994 theme brought back the first theme , but with a minor change . It was entitled Awareness , Accountability , Action : Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights . The 1995 theme , Vienna , Cairo , Copenhagen , and Beijing : Bringing Women 's Human Rights Home , focused on four major conferences , including the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing ( September , 1995 ) , which was `` the third major UN conference since the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna ( 1993 ) , '' and `` ... follows the International Conference on Population and Development ( Cairo , 1994 ) , and the World Summit on Social Development ( Copenhagen , 1995 ) . '' As a follow up to the 1995 themes and major conferences within recent years , the 1996 theme was Bringing Women 's Human Rights Home : Realizing Our Visions . The 1997 Campaign was Demand Human Rights in the Home and the World , which was working towards the 1998 Global Campaign for Women 's Human Rights . The theme for the campaign in 1998 was Building a Culture of Respect for Human Rights . The 1999 campaign theme was entitled Fulfilling the Promise of Freedom from Violence . In 2000 , the theme was Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the Campaign , in which participants would review the accomplishments of the last 10 years of the campaign and build upon those achievements . The Center also asked participants to send in documentation of their work in order to initiate a project to document the efforts of the campaign . The campaign theme in 2001 was Racism and Sexism : No More Violence . The campaign theme in 2002 was Creating a Culture that Says No to Violence Against Women . The 2003 campaign , Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights : Maintaining the Momentum Ten Years After Vienna ( 1993 - 2003 ) , was focused on reviewing changes that had occurred in the 10 years since the Vienna Declaration that was a result of the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna ( 1993 ) and the UN General Assembly 's adoption of the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women ( 2003 ) . The 2004 - 2005 campaign was entitled For the Health of Women , for the Health of the World : No More Violence , particularly focused on the `` intersection of violence against women and the HIV / AIDS pandemic . '' 16 Days of Activism to raise awareness of the various forms of violence against women The 2006 campaign , Celebrate 16 Years of 16 Days : Advance Human Rights < -- > End Violence Against Women , celebrated not only those who had contributed to the campaign , but those who had given their lives or suffered violence during their fight against gender inequality . The 2007 campaign was entitled Demanding Implementation , Challenging Obstacles : End Violence Against Women . The 2008 campaign title was Human Rights for Women < -- > Human Rights for All : UDHR60 , which celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The 2009 theme was Commit , Act , Demand : We CAN End Violence Against Women ! The theme in 2010 marked the 20th year of the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence Campaign , and was entitled Structures of Violence : Defining the Intersections of Militarism and Violence Against Women . From 2011 to 2014 , the theme of the campaign was From Peace in the Home to Peace in the World : Let 's Challenge Militarism and End Violence Against Women ! In 2015 and 2016 , the theme of the campaign was From Peace in the Home to Peace in the World : Make Education Safe for All ! References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 16 days of activism '' . UN Women www.unwomen.org . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WHO 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence '' . www.who.int . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Annual Themes '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Jump up ^ `` 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence - Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Second Annual Campaign of 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Third Annual 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence Campaign '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Awareness , Accountability , Action : Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence 1995 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sixth Annual Campaign : 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence 1996 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Demand Human Rights in the Home and in the World '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Building a Culture of Respect for Human Rights '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Fulfilling the Promise of Freedom from Violence '' ( PDF ) . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the Campaign '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Racism and Sexism : No More Violence '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence Themes '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Jump up ^ `` Violence Against Women Violates Human Rights : Maintaining the Momentum Ten Years After Vienna ( 1993 - 2003 ) '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` For the Health of Women , For the Health of the World : No More Violence '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Celebrate 16 Years of 16 Days '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Demanding Implementation , Challenging Obstacles : End Violence Against Women '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence : 2008 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Commit , Act , Demand : We CAN End Violence Against Women '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Theme Announcement ( 2010 ) '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . Jump up ^ `` 16 Days Campaign Analytical Summary 2014 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 16 Days against Gender - based Violence '' . www.usaid.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Take Action Kit - 2015 '' . The Center for Women 's Global Leadership . External links ( edit ) 16 Days at CWGL UN Women 's 16 Days Take Back the Tech campaign Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16_Days_of_Activism_against_Gender-based_Violence&oldid=805066595 '' Categories : Human rights November observances December observances Gender - related violence Violence against women Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 21 : 02 . About Wikipedia

when does the 16 days of activism campaign start

16 Days of Activism Against Gender - Based Violence is an international campaign to challenge violence against women and girls . The campaign runs every year from 25 November , the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women , to 10 December , Human Rights Day . It was initiated in 1991 by the first Women 's Global Leadership Institute , held by the Center for Women 's Global Leadership ( CWGL ) at Rutgers University .

Bud Roberts - Wikipedia Bud Roberts Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Bud Roberts '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bud J. Roberts , Jr . Patrick Labyorteaux as then - Lieutenant Commander Bud Roberts Jr . First appearance A New Life ( JAG ) Last appearance Rogue ( NCIS ) Portrayed by Patrick Labyorteaux Information Occupation Judge Advocate , USN Family Bud `` Big Bud '' Roberts , Sr. ( father ) Michael `` Mikey '' Roberts ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Harriet Sims Children 5 Rank Captain Alma mater George Mason University School of Law Captain Bud J. Roberts Jr. , JAGC , USN is a fictional character in the JAG TV series played by Patrick Labyorteaux . The character has also appeared twice on NCIS Contents ( hide ) 1 Character arc 1.1 On NCIS 2 Dates of rank 3 Awards and decorations 4 Nuclear Football 5 References Character arc ( edit ) Son of a retired Master Chief , Roberts joined the Navy , and as an Ensign was assigned to sea duty aboard the USS Seahawk as the Public Affairs officer under Captain Ross . It was during this role as the PAO aboard the Seahawk , that he first met Lt. Harmon Rabb , and his partner Lt. ( j.g. ) Caitlin Pike , when they arrived to investigate a murder ; this got him interested in a career in law , and it was later Lt. ( j.g. ) Meg Austin who recommended him for transfer to JAG prior to her own transfer from JAG staff . He attended law school in the evenings at George Mason University School of Law and , upon scoring top grades in his finals , was assigned extra legal responsibilities and acted as a trial counsel for special courts - martial . Sarah MacKenzie and his wife Harriet Sims are the only people Roberts will allow to view his law school grades . He , his younger brother Mikey ( Michael Bellisario ) and sister Winifred ( Winnie ) had a somewhat strained relationship with their father , who raised them himself after the death of their mother , due to his physical and sometimes abusive methods of disciplining them . Bud 's last meeting with LCDR Rabb prior to his transfer to JAG Headquarters was in the first - season episode `` Skeleton Crew , '' when Rabb had been dispatched to investigate the murder of a former Academy classmate ( and a love interest ) . Roberts is well liked and well respected by everyone at JAG headquarters , and is often considered one of the better trial lawyers there . His success rate in the courtroom is often contributed to by his opponents ' underestimation of him and his abilities . Harm had once said of him , `` Watch out for his ' Aw , shucks , I have a lot to learn ' routine '' , alluding to Roberts ' ability to appear less intelligent than he actually was . After returning to JAG headquarters following the loss of his right leg from a landmine , Bud was assigned to working Disability cases ; he proved his worth to JAG when he investigated and successfully turned in a refusal of benefits when he noticed a sailor damaging his eyes with self - inflicted laser burns . Shortly thereafter , Bud returned to full limited duty in the court room . Though not the physical type , Bud has been known to become so when the situation demands it ; he once caught a punch thrown by his father , and was able to subdue the larger man without difficulty . The incident where his jaw was broken when he stepped between two simultaneous punches from Rabb and the Australian officer Lt. Cmdr Mic Brumby outside of an Australian courtroom had more to do with the physical limitations of the human body than lack of physical prowess . At the time of the taping , actor Patrick Labyorteaux had earlier suffered an accident that had broken his jaw , causing it to be wired shut and producers opted to write it into the storyline . LtJG Roberts married Ensign Harriet Sims in 1998 . Together , they had five children : A.J. Roberts ( named in the honor of RAdm A.J. Chegwidden , however not taking his proper first and middle names Albert Jethro . ) Sarah Roberts ( named in the honor of Lt. Col Sarah MacKenzie ) . Unfortunately , the child died due to complications in childbirth . James Kirk Roberts ( named in the honor of Capt James T. Kirk ) . Bud was a big Star Trek fan . Unnamed twins ( a boy and a girl ) born towards the end of the series ( the girl is called Nikki in episode `` Straits of Malacca '' ) . Lieutenant Roberts was assigned as Judge Advocate on the USS Seahawk during the beginning of the War on Terrorism in 2002 . He lost a leg trying to save a boy from a field of landmines in Afghanistan that year . He was transferred back to JAG HQ after his operation and proving that he was still able to meet the fitness requirements of the U.S. Navy . Roberts was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander in 2004 in `` Hail and Farewell '' Part 1 , which was the final act of command of the Judge Advocate General , Rear Admiral A.J. Chegwidden , at his dining out . Bud had already been passed over for promotion twice , meaning that if he were to be passed over a third time , he would have been involuntarily separated from the Navy . In the series ' final episode , LCDR Roberts chose to remain at JAG HQ after being offered billets by Captain Rabb and Lt. Col MacKenzie . On NCIS ( edit ) Bud Roberts also appears in the first season of the JAG spin - off NCIS , during his tenure on JAG , where Special Agent Gibbs hopes Roberts will help `` lawyer '' him past a prohibition on the use of the DNA profiles stored by the Department of Defense . He then reappears after an absence of more than eleven years in the fourteenth season , having been promoted to Captain and still assigned to JAG Headquarters , where he meets up with Timothy McGee and assisted the NCIS MCRT in the investigation of the homicide of a fellow JAG officer . McGee asks him about Harm and Mac , but Roberts is interrupted by the arrival of NCIS Special Agent Alexandra Quinn before he can reveal the results of the series ' infamous final coin toss . Bud Roberts and AJ Chegwidden ( played by John M. Jackson ) are thus far the only two characters from the regular JAG cast who have appeared in NCIS as the same character they played in the parent show . Dates of rank ( edit ) Rank Date Ensign Original rank from the Pilot episode Lieutenant Junior Grade sometime between episode 1.22 Skeleton Crew ( unaired ) and episode 2.01 We the People ( original air date January 3 , 1997 ) Lieutenant in episode 4.19 The Adversaries ( original air date April 13 , 1999 ) Lieutenant Commander in episode 9.23 Hail and Farewell ( Part 1 ) ( original air date May 21 , 2004 ) Commander ( off - camera - not in episodes ) Presumably five or six years after his previous promotion in relation to Time In Rank / Eligibility to be promoted . Captain prior to his appearance in NCIS 's fourteenth season . ( original air date September 20 , 2016 ) Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Bud Roberts , as seen in the NCIS episode `` Rogue '' . The names are given in order of precedence , according to SECNAVINST 1650.1 F and the U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations ( NAVPERS 1566.5 G ) . Purple Heart Meritorious Service Medal Joint Service Commendation Medal Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal with one star Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal Joint Meritorious Unit Award Navy Unit Commendation with one star National Defense Service Medal with one star Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Humanitarian Service Medal Sea Service Deployment Ribbon Bud was awarded the Purple Heart after stepping on a landmine , and losing his right leg . Nuclear football ( edit ) In one episode , Lieutenant Roberts was selected to carry the nuclear football . He had trepidations about this duty , as he was worried that he would be responsible for the deaths of many innocent people . While he was on duty as the Military Aide to the White House , the President whose `` nuclear football '' he was guarding ( George W. Bush ) attended a conference . During this conference , Bud had to go to the bathroom . When he reemerges , the President is gone . Bud then runs the three miles to the White House with the 40 pound nuclear football . This closely resembles a real event , when President Bill Clinton once left a meeting in such haste that he left behind his military aide , who then ran to the White House . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wedding Bell Blues '' . JAG . Season 3 . Episode 23 . May 12 , 1998 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Enemy Below '' . JAG . Season 7 . Episode 24 . May 21 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Hung Out to Dry '' . NCIS . Season 1 . Episode 2 . September 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue '' . NCIS . Season 14 . Episode 1 . September 20 , 2016 . ( hide ) JAG Characters Harmon Rabb Sarah MacKenzie Caitlin Pike Bud Roberts A.J. Chegwidden Harriet Sims Sturgis Turner Gordon Cresswell Meg Austin Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Notable episodes `` Ice Queen '' Related series NCIS NCIS : Los Angeles NCIS : New Orleans Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bud_Roberts&oldid=804361440 '' Categories : JAG characters Fictional American people of European descent Fictional amputees Fictional characters introduced in 1995 Fictional lawyers Fictional lieutenants Fictional lieutenant commanders Fictional military captains Fictional navy personnel Fictional United States Navy personnel Fictional War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) veterans Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from August 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with topics of unclear notability from August 2012 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 14 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did bud lose his leg in jag

Lieutenant Roberts was assigned as Judge Advocate on the USS Seahawk during the beginning of the War on Terrorism in 2002 . He lost a leg trying to save a boy from a field of landmines in Afghanistan that year . He was transferred back to JAG HQ after his operation and proving that he was still able to meet the fitness requirements of the U.S. Navy .

List of 7th Heaven characters - wikipedia List of 7th Heaven characters This is a list of characters from The WB / The CW ( 1996 -- 2007 ) family drama , 7th Heaven . Camden Family original cast Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Camden family 2.1 Eric Camden 2.2 Annie Camden 2.3 Matt Camden 2.4 Simon Camden 2.5 Mary Camden 2.6 Lucy Camden - Kinkirk 2.7 Ruthie Camden 2.8 Sam and David Camden 2.9 Happy 3 Extended family 3.1 The Glass Family 3.2 The Riveras 3.3 The Kinkirks 3.4 The Jacksons 3.5 The Hastings 3.6 The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's Parents ) 4 Other recurring characters 4.1 The Hamiltons 4.2 Chandler Hampton 4.3 Shana Sullivan 4.4 Robbie Palmer 4.5 Peter Petrowski 4.6 Roxanne Richardson 4.7 Cecilia Smith 4.8 Martin Brewer 4.9 Chief of Police Michaels 4.10 Meredith Davies 4.11 Sandy Jameson 4.12 Rose Taylor 5 Minor recurring characters 6 References Overview ( edit ) Character Actor Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Eric Camden Stephen Collins Main Annie Camden Catherine Hicks Main Matt Camden Barry Watson Main Recurring Main Special Guest Simon Camden David Gallagher Main Recurring Main Mary Camden Jessica Biel Main Recurring Special Guest Special Guest Lucy Camden Beverley Mitchell Main Ruthie Camden Mackenzie Rosman Main Happy the Dog Happy Main Sam and David Camden Lorenzo and Nikolas Brino Main John Hamilton Chaz Lamar Shepherd Recurring Main Shana Sullivan Maureen Flannigan Recurring Main Guest Robbie Palmer Adam LaVorgna Recurring Main Ben Kinkirk Geoff Stults Recurring Main Recurring Recurring Kevin Kinkirk George Stults Recurring Main Roxanne Richardson Rachel Blanchard Main Cecilia Smith Ashlee Simpson Main Chandler Hampton Jeremy London Main Martin Brewer Tyler Hoechlin Main Peter Petrowski Scotty Leavenworth Recurring Main Guest Rose Taylor Sarah Thompson Recurring Main Meredith Davies Megan Henning Recurring Main Sandy Jameson Haylie Duff Main Camden family ( edit ) The Camdens are made up of Eric and Annie and their seven children : Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . Eric Camden ( edit ) Stephen Collins as Rev. Eric Camden Rev. Eric Camden ( played by Stephen Collins ) was raised in Binghamton , New York by his parents , Colonel John Camden and Ruth Lynch . Based on the episode `` Halloween '' ( season 1 ) , it appears that Eric was born in 1954 ( which would make him 42 years old at the time ) . According to the episode `` One Hundred '' ( season 5 ) , his birthday is in January . Eric attended college for five years and graduated from Cobell Seminary . Shortly thereafter , he married and began a family with Annie Jackson . He has one sister , Julie Camden - Hastings , who ends up marrying the doctor that delivered Eric and Annie 's oldest ( Matt ) , as well as the youngest ( Sam and David ) children . After his heart - bypass operation , he decides to leave the ministry and even stop attending church . He renews his faith and returns to church in time to marry Kevin and Lucy ( near the end of season 7 ) . Annie Camden ( edit ) Catherine Hicks as Annie Camden Annie Camden ( née Jackson ) ( played by Catherine Hicks ) is the wife of Eric and mother of Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . She has a half - sister named Lily , through her father , Charles Jackson . Her mother is Jenny Jackson . During her college education , Annie studied everything from art to business and economics , and in later seasons returned to school to earn a degree in early childhood education . Though she has chosen to be a stay - at - home mother , Annie is a jack of all trades . She balances a family of nine on a minister 's pay , is a plumber , builder , seamstress , cook , and much more . She also serves , from time to time , as the treasurer for the church . Annie is the backbone of her family . The mother of seven , she is often the one who the children come to talk to , often over milk and cookies . She tries , with her husband , to instill strong morals in her children . She is noted as hoping Ruthie will not follow in her footsteps or of her two other daughters and marry too young . She hopes Ruthie will take the time to travel first . Annie is the only daughter of her parents . Her mother , Jenny , dies early in the first season from cancer , a death that strikes Annie hard . Harder yet is her father 's quick bounce to a relationship with Ginger . During one episode , Annie leaves the church after her father brings Ginger to service . Mary chases her and is struck by a car . Annie accepts Ginger slowly and Ginger and her father wed . Her father suffers from Alzheimer 's disease and Annie spends more and more time with him in Arizona before he dies . Annie is quoted in later seasons as saying that she likes Ginger a lot more now that her parents are back together . In an early season , Annie learned of an illegitimate daughter her father had with his high school girlfriend . She eventually meets this half - sister , Lily , and the two form a relationship over time . In 2009 , she was included in Yahoo ! 's Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the decade 1996 -- 2007 . Matt Camden ( edit ) Matthew `` Matt '' Camden ( played by Barry Watson ) ( born 1980 ) is Annie and Eric 's firstborn . In the beginning of the series , Matt is a junior in high school . Matt sacrifices his school time to help others ; if they wished to remain anonymous , he would respect that and not even tell his father . During high school , he bounces from job to job , including tutor and Dairy Shack delivery driver . He is not always a star student , but he manages to graduate at the top of his class and get accepted for a White House internship in Washington , D.C. with First Lady Hillary Clinton . He returns to Glenoak for college , rooming with friend and fellow `` P.K. '' John Hamilton . Matt 's new uncle , Dr. Hank Hastings ( who had actually delivered him ) , helps him get a job in the hospital cafeteria ; during his time there , he decides to become a doctor . He ends up working at a women 's clinic with Hank , beginning by helping save the life of a woman who could not get anyone but Matt to take her symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy seriously . He meets Sarah Glass ( played by Sarah Danielle Madison ) , a fellow medical student , just when he really wished to meet the one who would be the love of his life . Their first date ends with them getting married . Because Sarah is the daughter of a rabbi ( played by Richard Lewis ) who wants his daughter to marry a Jewish man , they initially keep their marriage a secret . They eventually have a large family wedding presided over jointly by their proud fathers , who almost called off the wedding feuding over Matt , who plans to convert to Judaism . Matt and Sarah move to New York to attend medical school , and while there have been problems , they have remained happy together . Near the series ' end , they graduate from medical school and announce that they are expecting twin boys , who are born the following summer . It is also shown throughout the series that he knows American Sign Language , a result of his relationship with Heather , making him bilingual . Simon Camden ( edit ) David Gallagher as Simon Camden Simon Camden ( played by David Gallagher ) ( born 1986 ) is the fourth child and second son . In the early part of the series , he is known to his siblings as `` The Bank of Simon '' because he always seems to have money , and he loves to make money . His other interests have included golf , magic , and cars . During the pilot episode , Simon 's most fervent wish is for a dog . When asked to say grace before the family had dinner , he even includes a dog request in his prayer . Although his parents do not think he is mature enough for the responsibility of a pet , Annie goes to the pound `` just to look '' and falls in love with a dog who was scheduled to be euthanized . This dog became the Camdens ' beloved `` Happy . '' He meets a girl named Deena in sixth grade , and finds out that Eric consoled her family years ago when she was diagnosed with leukemia . They date for the majority of middle school , but break up on the last day of eighth grade , though they remain friends . High school is a rough transition for Simon , despite help from his bubbly , popular big sister Lucy . He dates a girl named Cecilia Smith ( Ashlee Simpson ) , and they even consider furthering their relationship sexually , but decide against it . The summer before his senior year , Simon accidentally hits and kills a boy named Paul Smith , who was Ruthie 's age . Since Paul was on a bicycle with no helmet and later proven to be under the influence of drugs , the death is ruled accidental and Simon is not brought up on criminal charges . However , Simon ca n't stop blaming himself for the accident and also fears retaliation from Paul 's older brother . He passes the CHSPE and leaves school early to start college . While in college , partly as a way to cope with his guilty feelings and low self - esteem , he breaks the family 's edict of not having premarital sex . Simon has three serious girlfriends over the course of the show : Deena , Cecilia and Rose . Simon later gets involved with a girl that he knew from college named Sandy , who has a son named Aaron , fathered by Martin Brewer . Simon provides emotional and , at one point , maybe even physical support for Sandy and her son . After a scare involving his girlfriend Georgia being pregnant ( it is later revealed that she only made the claim so Simon would stay with her ) , he meets Rose . Rose and Simon fall deeply in love , get engaged , and plan a wedding . They finally get to the wedding day , but they decide to not get married because neither is ready for marriage , and Rose still has feelings for an ex-boyfriend . Near the end of the series , Sandy and her son Aaron show up to the party after the non-wedding , and Sandy says she needs to talk to him . However , it is not revealed what Sandy wanted to tell Simon , but it is assumed that it is about Aaron 's paternity ; it had been hinted that Simon was in fact Aaron 's father . Season 11 , confirmed he is not the father . Simon eventually goes on to marry someone else or get engaged ( as hinted by Ruthie in season 11 ) , but it is unknown who , although we do find out that he graduates from college . Mary Camden ( edit ) Jessica Biel as Mary Camden Mary Camden - Rivera ( played by Jessica Biel ) ( born 1982 ) is the eldest daughter of Eric and Annie . By the time she is 14 , Mary is an aspiring athlete with an immense love for basketball . As the months progress , she seems to rise in both ability and confidence ( so much so that she wants to play in the WNBA someday ) until she is hit by a car before the end of her freshman year , critically injuring her knee . She has a series of different boyfriends . She dates Wilson West , a guy she meets at the park while with Ruthie , who becomes her first love . He later reveals to Mary that he had sex with a sixteen - year - old girl , and got her pregnant . The girl died in childbirth , leaving Wilson with a son , Billy ( actually named Wilson Jr . ) . By her senior year , she and her basketball teammates allow their grades to slip , which causes their coach to impose a lockout on them . After a secret meeting , the team decides to enact their frustrations by vandalizing the school gym . They are caught at the scene of the crime , and are arrested . Through a special program for first offenders , Mary is able to evade serious punishment by doing community service , which is where she meets Robbie Palmer . When she gets her driver 's license , she ca n't parallel park but , on Lucy 's advice , cries about it and the driving instructor compassionately gives her a passing grade . Mary has a dream of playing pro for the Lakers , and thinks that when her coach rings her up that this is the dream coming true , but it 's actually training disabled people for the Special Olympics . Mary decides not to go to college since she lost her scholarship , but work instead . She can not hold down a job , being fired everywhere , from The Pool Hall to Pete 's Pizza . While working at Pete 's , she meets Frankie and Johnny , a young , drug - addicted married couple who have a baby girl named Mercy . Eric and Annie learn that Mary has been caught drinking while babysitting her cousin , Erica , pulled over by a cop , and given a warning , and that she has numerous debts to credit card companies , insurance companies , and to her family . Not wanting Mary to hit rock bottom , Eric and Annie decide it is best that she go to Buffalo because they ca n't give her the attention she needs . She lives with her grandparents , works at a homeless shelter in the fall , and starts college in the winter . Her departure causes some people in the church community to think that Mary had an unplanned pregnancy , but Eric quickly refutes the rumor . She leaves home angry at her entire family , whom she sees as betraying her , and refuses to speak to her father . In time , she calms down and plans to return home for the summer , as she and Robbie start dating again . While in New York , she discovers that Wilson is also living there . Instead of staying in Glenoak for the summer like she originally planned , she breaks up with Robbie and moves back to New York and starts dating Wilson . After getting advice from the Colonel , she decides to get a job in public service . When she ca n't become a police officer because she is not old enough , she applies for a position as a firefighter , and , after the Colonel pulls some strings , she gets into the firefighter program . When she starts training , she meets Ben Kinkirk , who is also in training . He comes over to her place and they kiss , which Wilson walks in on . The two break up and she returns home to California for a time , but on a trip to New York with Lucy , she reveals that she is moving back to New York to train to be a flight attendant . She begins dating a pilot , Jack , who is the same age as her father , though this does not last . She moves to Florida for a time to get away from her family . While in Florida , Mary runs into Carlos Rivera , a man she had met while volunteering at a homeless shelter years earlier , and who the Camdens took in during the holiday season . Carlos and Mary get married shortly after Lucy , and they reveal her pregnancy and the marriage to her family at that time . Her parents visit at the birth of her son , Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' , named in honor of her and Carlos ' late grandfathers . They eventually divorce and Carlos takes Charlie back to Puerto Rico when Mary gives her parental rights up . It is announced by Carlos when he attends Simon 's wedding that the two are back together and that Mary is expecting twin girls . Though Mary is not at Simon 's wedding , she is able to still see her family the next day , as she finally graduates from college the same day as Matt and Sarah . During the following summer , Mary gives birth to twin daughters . Lucy Camden - Kinkirk ( edit ) Lucy Camden - Kinkirk ( played by Beverley Mitchell ) ( born 1983 ) is the third Camden child , and second daughter . Lucy is known ( in the earlier seasons ) for the many boyfriends she has , as well as being overly dramatic . Until season 4 , she is often seen as `` less than '' her sister Mary and her emotions often get her into trouble . By the time she reaches her junior year in high school , however , Lucy becomes much more settled and switches positions with Mary , becoming the good kid . Her first boyfriend is Jimmy Moon . She has one `` normal '' relationship with him , but they break up . In the beginning of season two , she is crying all summer and says that Jimmy is dating Ashley . At one point , she gets arrested for being in the area where Jimmy is dealing drugs . Later , Jimmy is shown when he had some problems with drugs , and the last time is when Lucy had a case as juror ( though nobody told her what it was about ; because she knew the defendant personally , she was dismissed ) . In school , she has lots of friends and is popular -- including being nominated for homecoming queen in her senior year . She has a very good relationship with her friend Mike , who is placed in a mental hospital and is otherwise ostracized . Although Mike likes Lucy , it never quite works out . Later Lucy becomes engaged to Mike 's friend , Jeremy , but they eventually break it off . In season seven , she marries Kevin Kinkirk and has a daughter named Savannah ( Leigh ) ( season 9 ) . They live in the apartment above the garage at the Camdens ' house up until Savannah is a few months old . She also becomes pregnant with twin boys , which she loses in a miscarriage that deeply upsets her emotional state -- though she eventually recovers . At the end of the summer , she tells Kevin that she does n't want to have any more children . She is a working mother ( working as an associate pastor ) , while her husband Kevin is a stay - at - home dad . However , Kevin is offered a job as a police sheriff in `` Crossroads '' . Later on , Lucy helps a young woman named Sandy with her pregnancy , and they soon become friends . In the end , Lucy continues as a minister , friend , mother and wife . She is offered another position in a different town as a minister , and announces that she is pregnant once again with twin daughters . Ruthie Camden ( edit ) Ruthie Camden ( played by Mackenzie Rosman ) ( born 1991 ) is the youngest daughter . She is named in honor of her paternal grandmother . During her youth , she is portrayed as the rather precocious family sneak who loves horses . She ages rapidly over the show 's run , beginning pre-Kindergarten during the first season and ending the series graduating high school a year early at age 17 . One of her teachers tries to call her `` Ruth '' as she assumes it is her given name , but Ruthie says her given name is `` Ruthie '' . In later seasons , she tells Robbie she has never had a nickname . She and Simon have lots of fun together as children , and become very close as they move toward maturity . Ruthie is the only one to briefly attend a private school , but she leaves it in protest that her friend Yasmine is being denied admission because she is a Muslim . During her freshman year she develops feelings for Camden houseguest Martin Brewer and even tells him she loves him -- but quickly covers by adding `` as a brother . '' In her sophomore year of high school she begins to wear makeup and dates older boys in the hope that this would lead to a relationship with Martin . In season ten 's `` Love and Obsession '' , she dreams everything from Martin telling her that a paternity test had proved that Simon , not Martin , is Aaron 's father ; to there being no Aaron at all because Martin had never met Sandy . When her former boyfriend and first love Peter returns during this time , she realizes that she had moved on from him . After ignoring Sandy for most of her pregnancy , Martin is present for Aaron 's birth , as are both of Aaron 's grandfathers - to - be . Upon Aaron 's birth Martin leaves Glenoak for college ; he now lives near his son . This leaves Ruthie heartbroken , but by the time Martin finally admits to her that he loves her , she is in love with new Camden houseguest T - Bone . Ruthie and T - Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other 's names . Well Ruthie gets T - Bone name but T - Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthies initials R.C. After an argument they break up . Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly . Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T - Bone and then Ruthie and T - Bone get back together . Ruthie decides to graduate from high school early and that she and T - Bone want to travel the world together . After her graduation , Ruthie with T - Bone join the whole family , and the other current Camden house guests , for an RV road trip that includes a stop at Simon 's college graduation and that after that Ruthie and T - Bone plan to go travel the world together . Sam and David Camden ( edit ) Samuel `` Sam '' and David Camden ( born 1999 ) are fraternal twin boys and the youngest of the Camden children . They were originally played by all four Brino quadruplets ; Lorenzo , Myrinda , Nikolas , and Zachary , but once the quads started aging and showing differences between them , Lorenzo and Nikolas became the official actors for Sam and David . Sam and David are born during episode fourteen of season three ( `` In Praise of Women '' ) . This episode was The WB 's most watched hour . They were partly named after the R&B duo Sam and Dave . Happy ( edit ) Happy the Dog debuts in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want '' , in which Simon begs his parents for a dog , and also prays to God about it . One day , he is up in his attic and he hears a faint bark . He then looks out the window and a dog is sitting in the front yard . Later ( in the two - part season two finale ) , the daughter of Happy 's previous owners sees their dog ( they called her Whitey ) on TV and wants her back . The father comes to the Camdens threatening legal action if `` Happy '' / `` Whitey '' is not returned . Simon and Ruthie try to dye Happy 's fur with food coloring in an attempt to make her look like a different dog . At the end ( of part two ) , Happy runs away to return to the Camdens , and Whitey 's family agrees that after two years with the Camdens , this beloved pet belonged with them and would not be `` happy '' anywhere else . Extended family ( edit ) The Glass family ( edit ) Dr. Sarah Glass - Camden ( portrayed by Sarah Danielle Madison ) is the only child of Richard and Rosina Glass and the wife of Matt Camden . She first appears in the season six episode `` I Really Do '' as one of Matt 's co-workers in the free women 's clinic where both Matt and Hank work . Matt has a blind date , but he is called in to go to work instead at the last minute , and ends up talking to Sarah all night . Sarah asks Matt out for coffee and they grow quite close . She is an only child with a Rabbi for a father . Sarah reveals that she is independently wealthy , along with many other `` intimate '' details . The next night , they go out for dinner after introducing each other to their parents . They marry that night , but when they try to tell her parents , they end up only admitting they `` got engaged '' . Ruthie is the only person to find out about the marriage ( and keeps it a secret until the season ten episode `` Secrets '' ) . The Camdens have dinner at the Glass house , in an attempt by Matt and Sarah to bring the families closer . After both fathers do all they can to stop it , Matt and Sarah marry for the second time . Matt and Sarah attend medical school at Columbia University in New York City , returning to Glenoak when they can , sometimes together , sometimes separately . Their marriage hits some shaky patches , especially as Matt keeps encountering his ex-girlfriend Heather . At first , Matt and Sarah do not reveal to anyone at the hospital that they are married , and Sarah decides that even married , she will be known professionally as Dr. Glass . In the season ten finale , the Glass - Camdens graduate and announce that they are expecting twin boys in the summer . Rabbi Richard Glass ( Richard Lewis ) is Sarah 's father . He did not approve of Matt at first because he is not Jewish . When the Camdens have dinner at his home , he tries to make them feel comfortable by joking around with them . At the same time , he is very serious about Judaism and the laws surrounding it . Despite his and Eric 's religious differences , they have become good friends following their children 's marriage . Rosina Glass ( Laraine Newman ) is Sarah 's mother . Unlike her husband Rosina liked Matt and helped Sarah plan her wedding to Matt . She is more easy going and relaxed than her husband . The riveras ( edit ) Carlos Rivera ( Carlos Ponce ) becomes Mary 's husband in season eight after a guest appearance five seasons earlier in the episode `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' . ( While Jessica Biel was absent from the show , her character of Mary continues with the help of Carlos . ) Mary and Carlos even have a son , Charles `` Charlie '' Miguel . Although Mary files for divorce from Carlos and even signs away custody of her son ( in the two - part season nine finale ) , by the season ten finale they are back together and expecting twin girls , and Mary is graduating college . In the beginning of season 11 , it is mentioned that Mary gave birth to her twins over the summer and is teaching at a high school and coaching a girls high school basketball team in New York , where she and Carlos live with their three children . Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' Rivera is Mary and Carlos 's baby boy named after Carlos ' & Mary 's grandfathers who have died . The kinkirks ( edit ) Kevin Kinkirk ( George Stults ) is first introduced as a police officer in a New York airport , and soon revealed to be Ben 's older brother . Kevin and Lucy set up a date as soon as they met , and like each other so much they decide to pursue a long distance relationship . Kevin eventually transfers to the Glenoak police force , and moves in with the Camdens . Around season seven , he took over Matt 's role as the big brother of the Camden family . He reveals to Lucy that he was once married before , when he and an ex-girlfriend had a pregnancy scare . Kevin and Lucy eventually get engaged and marry each other , living together in the apartment over the garage and then moving into the house directly behind the Camdens at the end of season nine `` Kevin Loves Lucy . '' Kevin has a daughter with Lucy named Savannah . Kevin is almost shot at and decides to be a stay at home dad . He convinces Lucy to adopt a Great Dane named Sampson , but Lucy also makes the decision to adopt a tiny Yorkshire terrier named Delilah . It is revealed that Kevin and Lucy were expecting twin boys ; however , Lucy has a miscarriage over the summer . In the series finale , Lucy tells him that she is pregnant again . Savannah Kinkirk ( Alyssa & Hannah Yadrick ) ( born in season nine episode `` Paper or Plastic ? '' ) is Kevin and Lucy 's first child . She is named after Savannah , Georgia , where Kevin and Lucy went on their honeymoon . Savannah was born in an elevator with Matt and Kevin helping with the delivery . Ben Kinkirk ( Geoff Stults ) is Kevin 's younger brother . They are two years apart . He is introduced as Mary 's fellow firefighter trainee in Buffalo ( in the season six episode `` Relationships '' ) . Ben becomes interested in Mary while she is pondering Wilson 's marriage proposal . Ben attends Kevin and Lucy 's wedding in the episode `` We Do . '' The last time he appears is in season 11 's `` Pain in the Neck '' , where he attempts to flirt with Ms. Margo , the teacher who made a move on Eric . Patty - Mary Kinkirk ( Natalie Ramsey ) is Ben and Kevin 's younger sister . She first appears in season six 's `` Letting Go '' . She is introduced as a student in San Francisco . The jacksons ( edit ) Jenny Jackson ( Alice Hirson ) is Annie 's mother . She is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want , '' when she came to Glenoak to tell Annie that she had Leukemia . In the episode , In the Blink of an Eye , after spending her final days living life to its fullest , ( i.e. shopping for the family , drinking wine , flying first class , not watching her cholesterol ) she dies in her sleep while staying with the Camdens . She tells Annie goodbye and disappears in her room . Her post-funeral and memorial occurred in No Funerals and a Wedding . While Annie is asleep before she gives birth to the twins , Jenny appears to her in a dream , encouraging and reassuring her ( in season three , episode 14 `` In Praise of Women '' ) . Her final appearance was made in the season eleven episode `` Christmas '' , where she tries to help Eric after he is suddenly transported to heaven . She shows Eric a pin that was given to her by Charles after Annie was born , and Annie ends up finding it in Eric 's hand when he comes home . Charles Jackson ( Graham Jarvis ) is Annie 's father , who is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want . '' In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' he almost tells Simon that his moon rocks are not real , and then receives them later and declares that he is lucky to have them . He has another daughter named Lily , whom he fathered from a previous relationship . He quickly takes off after Jenny 's funeral , in `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' because he does not want to fall apart . He ends up turning back from the airport and sits at the cemetery for a few hours before finally returning to the Camdens ' house to apologize to Annie . He later appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where he introduces his new girlfriend , Ginger , to the Camdens . This angers Annie , but the problem is solved ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' ) . He later marries Ginger , and is diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease shortly afterwards . When Lily is getting married , Charles plans on walking her down the aisle , much to the dismay of Annie , but ends up having a heart attack and dying . Ginger Jackson ( Beverly Garland ) is Charles Jackson 's second wife , whom he meets three months after Jenny 's death . She first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where she is introduced to the Camden family as his girlfriend . However , Annie quickly develops a hatred of her , and refuses to accept the relationship . She makes peace with Annie in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 . '' She marries Charles in the season three episode `` And the Home of the Brave '' , where they both acknowledge the so - called `` baggage '' of their past . She is the first person to tell Annie about her father 's Alzheimer 's , as well as the one to inform Eric of his death . The Hastings ( edit ) Julie Camden - Hastings ( Deborah Raffin ) is the younger sister of Eric . She flies in from New York to be with the Camdens for Thanksgiving . While she is there , she tries to hide the fact that she is an alcoholic . When Simon is playing `` Batman '' , he takes the key to the liquor cabinet , pretending it is the key to Gotham City . Julie tries to get the key back , but when he would not give it to her , she attacks him . Annie runs in and throws her out of the house . Instead of sending her to a hospital , Eric locks her in his bedroom while she starts to go through detoxification . She eventually checks herself into a rehab center . After living in the center for a few months , she goes back to New York to live with her parents , the Colonel and Ruth . She returns to Glenoak two years later to get a fresh start . Back in New York , everyone knows that she used to be an alcoholic and she is fired as a principal because of her drinking . While in Glenoak , she gets a job as a teacher and falls in love with Hank Hastings , the doctor who almost killed Matt during delivery . The two elope in Eric 's church . Julie becomes pregnant and wants to leave Hank because she feels that he was cheating on her with one of his female patients , which is not true . Julie goes into labor at the Camdens ' house and Hank delivers the child in Eric and Annie 's bedroom . She gives birth to a girl , whom she and Hank name Erica , after Eric and Annie . When Julie and Hank need a babysitter , they take the risk of allowing Mary , who had been quite irresponsible , to babysit . Later , when they can not get a hold of Mary , they rush back and discover that their place is a mess , the phone is off the hook , a liquor bottle is on the table , and Mary 's friends ' baby , Mercy , was left with Mary while she was supposed to be babysitting Erica . Julie later wants to leave Hank again when she discovers that he had left his job at the hospital to be the head of a Women 's Clinic without discussing it with her first . Eric locks them in a room at the clinic and tells them that they could not come out until they had worked out their problems . They reconcile and Hank learns that Julie is pregnant again . She gives birth to a baby boy . Both she and Hank attend Lucy 's wedding . Dr. Hank Hastings ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) is Julie 's husband . He was Annie 's doctor when she was pregnant with Matt , which resulted in his premature delivery . Both Annie and Eric are upset that he never apologized for his actions , but he then explains that what happened with them made him go back to medical school in order to be a better doctor . He unexpectedly delivers Sam and David , and the family is shown to have forgiven him . He starts dating Eric 's younger sister Julie , and they get married after discovering that she 's pregnant . Erica Hastings is Julie 's daughter . She is born at the Camdens ' home , in Eric and Annie 's bed , which was given to her parents because of that . Feeling that they want to thank Eric and Annie they name her after them : `` Eric '' , and the `` A '' after Annie . The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's parents ) ( edit ) John `` The Colonel '' Camden ( Peter Graves ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's father , who used to be in the Marines . Whenever he visits his son 's home to visit the grandchildren , he expects military discipline , order and organization , even from his son . He was a Colonel in the Korean War and was evacuated for an unknown reason in 1953 . He met Ruth the same year and they were expecting Eric and had to get married . He first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' , when he and Ruth go on their annual visit to the Camdens , where they always bring candy that their grandkids dislike . During their visit , they go to a hardware store with Annie , Mary , and Lucy . The cashier , Emma , has rings that are a replica of Annie 's stolen ones . She suspects this , but then excuses this thought . The Colonel visits Eric at the church and is forced to put a cigar away because of a church rule . He suspects someone is in the room , and sure enough , a homeless orphan named George was hiding there . The Colonel and Ruth adopt him after Eric lets them . He later appears in `` It 's About George '' , where George 's biological father Will Grayson is found to be alive and wants his son back . He does not want this to happen , so he is willing to sue . Eric informs his father that he would lose and that Will legally has every right to take George with him , but George refuses to move in with Will and runs away . Eric later creates a compromise and he reluctantly accepts . He also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where he and Ruth scare him , but later apologize . He thought that Julie hated him and that he lost all of his children . Julie later confronts him and tells him that she loves him . He and Ruth buy Eric an RV the final episode , though he is not shown . Apart from his annual visits he also makes occasional surprise visits . In `` Lead , Follow or Get Out of The Way '' , he arrives to help Eric with his major news coverage of his service and in the process helps Mary who is contemplating quitting basketball , Simon , who is training to be a magician ( despite the Colonel 's dislike for it ) , and Lucy who is slacking in school , and starts to connect with her . Ruth Camden ( Barbara Rush ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's mother . She first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' on an annual trip to visit Eric and Annie . She gives Lucy the first letter that The Colonel gave to her and both Mary and Lucy read it . She and The Colonel later adopt George at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' she hears that George 's biological father Will is alive and plans to legally take his son back . She gets upset and blames Julie for this , but then apologizes . She also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where she and The Colonel scare him , but later apologize . George Grayson Camden ( Sam Saletta ) is a homeless orphan who went from one foster home to the next until he is found in Eric 's office . George informs them that his parents are dead . At first , Eric and Annie want to adopt him , but The Colonel and Ruth become his adopted parents , thereby becoming Eric and Julie 's brother . In `` It 's About George '' he meets his real father Will Grayson . It turns out that Will faked his death and plans to legally take George with him . Ruth and The Colonel refuse to give George up and plan to take legal action to keep their son . Eric explains to them that the judge would grant custody of George to his biological father and because Will never signed the adoption papers he has every right to take George . He gets upset about being legally forced to live with Will . George refuses to leave his adopted family behind . He runs away and declares that would rather live at the orphanage . His dad later moves in with him , at The Colonel and Ruth 's in Buffalo , New York . In `` Tit for Tat '' , it is revealed that he followed in The Colonel 's footsteps and joined the army , serving in Iraq . It was also revealed that he married Jane , who had stayed at the Camden 's . Other recurring characters ( edit ) The Hamiltons ( edit ) Reverend Morgan Hamilton ( Dorian Harewood ) is a minister at Trinity Church and a close friend of Eric 's . He first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where he attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . In `` The Color of God '' , his church building is burnt to the ground by racists , and he and his family are invited to stay at the Camdens ' . He speaks at Eric 's church , where his entire congregation attends the week after the church was burnt . He is sad and angry , but is relieved when the Glenoak Community Church gives him funding to rebuild . He later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where he rounds up all of the athletes who had stole items from the Varsity Cafe and brings them to the courthouse . This causes the manager of the restaurant to drop the charges . He later appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes camping with his wife , Eric and Annie . He and Eric secretly call Sgt . Michaels to check the house and make sure everything is okay . John Hamilton ( 1996 -- 2001 ) ( Chaz Lamar Shepherd ) is the oldest of the Hamilton children . He first appears in `` The Color of God . '' When his father 's church is burned down , he stays in Matt 's room . At first , the two are not very fond of each other , but this later changes . He later appears in the episode `` America 's Most Wanted '' where he is an eyewitness to Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he brings a date to the Camdens ' while his parents and Eric and Annie are out of town , joining the wild party that Mary and Keesha 's friends are throwing . He later becomes Matt 's roommate . He later married to a woman named Priscilla Carter at the end of season five , his last appearance on the show . Patricia Hamilton ( Olivia Brown ) first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where she attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . Patricia is Morgan 's wife , and she is in her second marriage . When her church is burnt down she feels scared until she finds out that the church would have a new security system with volunteer cops . They later have some marital problems , but it is quickly solved . She talks with Annie in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' about the carjacking . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' where she goes camping with her husband , Eric , and Annie . During the camping trip , her ex-husband calls like usual , which drives Morgan crazy . Keesha Hamilton ( Gabrielle Union ) is the second oldest Hamilton child . She first appears in `` The Color of God '' where she stays in Lucy and Mary 's room after her family 's church is burnt down . She later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where she is an eye - witness of Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where she attends a party that she is partially responsible for . She is a friend of Mary and Lucy 's in a few episodes . Nigel Hamilton ( David Netter ) is the third Hamilton child . He is a friend of Simon 's , and first appears in `` The Color of God . '' Someone makes a racist comment to him , in which Simon responds with violence , resulting in a suspension . He appears in `` What Will People Say ? '' , where he witnesses Simon 's embarrassing moment , where his `` love letter '' was intercepted by a bully . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes to a movie with Simon , Ruthie , Lynn , Lucy , and Jimmy . He and Simon get in trouble for throwing popcorn . Lynn Hamilton ( Camille Winbush ) is the youngest of the Hamiltons , and is Ruthie 's friend who first appears in `` The Color of God . '' In `` Happy 's Valentine , '' she attends a movie with Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , Lucy , and Jimmy . She and Ruthie fall asleep while the movie is going on . Chandler Hampton ( edit ) Chandler Hampton ( Jeremy London ) is the minister who fills in for Eric Camden while he is away having his heart bypass and recovering . He is later asked to stay on as an associate to assist Eric in his busy schedule . Eric meets Chandler 's twin brother in one episode and mistakes him for Chandler . He becomes friends with Roxanne Richardson ( Rachel Blanchard ) . He later takes in a young boy , with the intention of adopting . Shana Sullivan ( edit ) Shana Sullivan ( 1998 -- 2002 ) ( Maureen Flannigan ) is one of Matt 's major girlfriends , who eventually decides to go to New York University . The resulting long - distance relationship between Matt and Shana fails . Shana and Matt eventually break up because Shana meets somebody else named Brett and Matt admits that he is in love with Heather . Robbie Palmer ( edit ) Robbie Palmer ( 1999 -- 2002 ) ( Adam LaVorgna ) is Mary 's , and then later Lucy 's , boyfriend . He had been with some friends who were drinking underage and they were all arrested . Being a first time offender , he is able to avoid serious punishment by doing community service . While doing community service , he meets Mary . The two have dates at the Camden house under Eric and Annie 's supervision , because they feel they can not trust Robbie . After a while , Robbie convinces Eric and Annie to let him take Mary to the coffee shop , where his parents met , for Valentine 's Day . The coffee shop turns out to be a motel . Mary punches him and leaves . He comes back a few months later to try to win back Mary . The two get back together , get engaged , and plan to move in together . However , Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , Cheryl , sees him and Mary together and realizes that he had been two - timing her . She tells Mary and Mary breaks up with him because she needs to figure out her life . Robbie comes back a few months later with Cheryl , asking if Eric would marry the two of them because she was pregnant , which is not true , and the two are living together in Cheryl 's apartment . Eric later finds Robbie living on the streets , and Robbie tells him that the only reason he was going to marry Cheryl was because she was pregnant , and when he found out she was n't , he left , but had nowhere to go . Eric invites Robbie to stay in the Camden house , which does not go over very well with the rest of the family . But in time , everyone came to treat Robbie like a member of the family . He and Mary started dating again and she planned to come home from New York for the summer to be with him . However , her old boyfriend , Wilson West , comes to beg Mary to stay in New York with him . She chooses to be with Wilson , and leaves Robbie heartbroken . While on the rebound from Mary , Robbie starts to date Lucy , who is on the rebound from her ex-fiancé , Jeremy . They date only a short time before they realize that being together is awkward . Robbie then begins to date Joy Reyes . Mary and Lucy become jealous of Joy and each try to win him back . Joy breaks up with Robbie , and again , he is left heartbroken . He dates Roxanne Richardson , whom he had known since grade seven , for a short while before leaving the Camden house to live in Florida and take care of his sick mother . Robbie has an older brother , Ronald , and a younger brother , Rick . Peter Petrowski ( edit ) Peter Petrowski ( 2002 -- 2006 ) ( Scotty Leavenworth ) is a neighbor to the Camdens ; the son of Vic and Paris . Peter is Ruthie 's boyfriend in middle school . His father , Vic , was an alcoholic who left his mother when he was young . In the episode `` Smoking '' it is revealed that Peter smokes . He decides to stop smoking later in the episode because he knows Ruthie does n't like that he smokes . His father returns sober in the episode `` The Prodigal Father '' and both Peter and his mother forgive him . When Peter is caught drinking , Vic is very upset with him and gives him a lecture on how he does n't want Peter to make the same mistakes that he himself made . Eventually Peter 's mother and father get back together , despite the fact that Peter had previously hoped that his mother would marry Chandler , who she had been dating before the return of her ex-husband . It is revealed ( in the season nine premiere ) that Peter moves away with his parents the summer before Ruthie starts high school . Ruthie is n't greatly upset about it as she was more upset with Martin for not driving her to school on her first day . He is not seen again until the episode `` Leaps of Faith '' when Peter 's parents , who are having another baby , ask Reverend Camden to marry them . He appears one last time in the episode `` Highway to Cell '' , when Reverend Camden gives Ruthie 's cell number to Vic and Vic convinces Peter to call Ruthie . They communicate for a short while through cellphone and even planned to study in Scotland together , but Peter failed a class so his parents did n't allow him to . They once again drift apart . Roxanne Richardson ( edit ) Roxanne Richardson ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Rachel Blanchard ) is Kevin 's partner , the object of much of Lucy 's jealousy but later become close friends with Lucy and they set up girls nights out where Lucy tells Roxanne what 's going on in her life with her husband . She was an old crush of Robbie , and Chandler 's girlfriend . Later on , Roxanne reveals that she will be going to Iraq . Cecilia Smith ( edit ) Cecilia Smith ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Ashlee Simpson ) is Simon 's girlfriend , who then dates Martin . She later dumps Martin , who loved her but she was not sure she felt the same . Another reason ( which is not very clearly shown ) might be that she thought Simon was returning -- whereas he only came for vacations -- and they might get back together ( because it would no longer be a long - distance relationship ) . When Simon comes home ( at the end of season eight ) , it was vaguely revealed that their relationship did not work out , because over the summer Cecilia went away to college , and it was only when Simon begins dating and having sex with Georgia ( in season nine ) that it is revealed that they had broken up . Cecilia becomes very close to the Camdens while dating Simon , and even when he leaves to go to college she still spends a lot of time with his family , babysitting the twins , helping out around the house and often being there for meals , this escalates when Annie is away looking after her sick father , she is there so often that Annie becomes jealous of her role in the family , with the twins loving her and saying she is `` more fun than Mommy '' . Annie and Cecilia discuss this and Annie resolves her jealousy when she realizes Cecilia is just trying to help , and she continues to be part of the ' extended Camden family ' until she leaves for college . Martin Brewer ( edit ) Martin Brewer ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( Tyler Hoechlin ) is the only son of the Marine , Bill Brewer . His mother died when he was young and , until he was 16 , he lived with his Aunt Betsy , when his dad was deployed . During his sophomore year in high school , the Brewers moved to Glenoak . Martin walks into the Camdens ' life by chance and joins the already - growing over-glut of teen boys there . He follows Ruthie and her then - boyfriend Peter to the Camden house and everyone assumes that he is a friend of Simon 's , except Simon thinks that he is there to see his dad . While Martin 's aunt , an aspiring fashion designer , wants the two of them to move to New York , Eric manages to convince her to let Martin stay with them so as not to uproot him again . Martin 's favorite sport is baseball and has been scouted by both colleges and professional baseball teams . One team even offers him a contract during his sophomore year in high school ( which he eventually turns down to complete his education ) . Martin lives with the Camdens for two years before his father 's tour in Iraq finally ends and he returns home . He also has fixed , rigid beliefs about sexuality and is staunchly conservative , which pleases most of the Camdens , except Simon . When Martin snoops into Simon 's private affairs , Martin harps at Simon about the evils of non-marital sex when he finds out that Simon is sexually active . Prior to his senior year in high school , while visiting Simon , Martin is not practicing what he preached about pre-marital sex , and has sex one time with a girl named Sandy Jameson . The event results in Sandy getting pregnant . Martin graduates a semester early and , with the assistance of Eric and his high school baseball coach , starts college . He now lives near Sandy and their son . While Martin is not in the season ten finale , Sandy makes an appearance after the failed wedding of Simon and Rose . It ends with Sandy telling Simon she needs to speak with him ( Much speculation surrounded this , that it was in fact Simon 's baby ) . Ruthie falls in love with Martin in the meantime . Finally , near the end of the series , Martin declares his love for Ruthie , but then Ruthie had to choose between Martin and T - Bone . At the end , despite all they have been through , she decides to go with T - Bone , leaving Martin heartbroken . Chief of police Michaels ( edit ) Chief of Police Michaels ( Christopher Michael ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as a Sergeant who assists lost Simon , Ruthie , and Happy ; he takes them home , but when they find the house empty , he escorts them to Mary 's basketball game , where most of the family converge despite Mary 's initial wish . He returns in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' to investigate the Camdens ' carjacking . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , Eric and Morgan call him from a camping trip to check on the kids at the house . He catches his son with beer and sends him home thereby ending the wild party . He then notifies Matt that Happy was hit by a car , and he takes her to Abbott Animal Hospital . He also informs Eric when Simon got in the car accident . He is Kevin 's boss when he is a police officer . He is later promoted to detective , then to captain . In `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' he and Officer McGuire rush over to the Camdens ' after Ruthie calls `` 911 '' , because Simon was hiding in his room . Near the series ' end he is promoted to Police Chief of Glenoak . He and Eric are friends and occasionally work together ; he refers people to Eric for counseling , Eric accompanies him on death notifications , etc . Meredith Davies ( edit ) Meredith Davies ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( Megan Henning ) is Martin 's ex-girlfriend , who ends their relationship after he told her about Sandy and the baby . Meredith and her siblings were taken in by Cecilia 's parents , but were never legally adopted by them due to the meddling of their birth mother . After she and Martin breakup , Meredith 's younger sister tells everyone at school that Martin got Ruthie pregnant . After discovering this , Meredith quickly denies the rumor , explaining to her sister that Martin got Sandy pregnant . Sandy Jameson ( edit ) Sandy Jameson ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( Haylie Duff ) was introduced in the season 10 premiere as Simon 's fiancée Rose 's best friend , to whom Martin lost his virginity the previous summer . In the season opener , Sandy reveals she might be pregnant . This is later confirmed , and she gives birth to a baby boy named Aaron ( after Martin 's grandfather ) . In the season 10 finale , she had to speak with Simon , possibly about the baby 's paternity . In season 11 , she meets Jonathan , a doctor , and he proposes . Together , they decide to get married , but having gone on the RV vacation , it is unknown whether or not they get married and stay together . Rose Taylor ( edit ) Rosanna `` Rose '' Taylor ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( Sarah Thompson ) was introduced ( in the season nine finale `` Mi Familia Part 1 '' ) as Simon 's current girlfriend . The two are not necessarily serious but she seems eager to engage and marry , pressuring Simon into proposing . When at first he refuses , she takes it as disinterest in her and backs away , provoking him to commit to marrying her . By season ten they are engaged , and she makes wedding plans . The initial plan was for the two to engage at the end of their current school year and wed at the end of the following year , but she pressures him into moving the engagement date forward . During Rose 's time on the show , she becomes a very disliked person by all except for Sandy Jameson , who was her one friend there . Rose is known for being selfish , rude , inconsiderate , and thoughtless , rubbing Eric and Annie the wrong way more than anyone . By 2006 , Simon and Rose change plans to marry in May , something they both wanted to be ready for , but still held insecurities and doubts . Annie , however , decides that they could not marry , and when an ex-boyfriend of Rose 's surfaces in March , she sees an opportunity . Though most had come to accept Simon dating Rose , no one knew her at all , and it was this boyfriend who convinces Rose that she is not being a good person . In the episode Invitation to Disaster , she has a sit - down confession with Annie , explaining that she has been unaware of how she was acting and that her relationship with her parents and never really being disciplined or close to them at all is part of the reason . This provokes Annie to see her in a different light , and while she and Annie take on a mother / daughter relationship , no one else is crazy about them marrying . It is her ex-boyfriend Humberto who makes her realize that she is not ready to marry and that he still has feelings for her . So although they had gotten to the wedding day , they end up parting ways amicably . It is unknown whether they still keep in touch . Minor recurring characters ( edit ) Gladys Bink ( Eileen Brennan ) first appears in the pilot episode , where Eric pays her to pretend that she had lost a lung , breathing on an oxygen tank , and trying to still smoke cigarettes . This trick makes Matt quit smoking . Later , she appears in `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , where Matt helps her with a few things around the house . But because he does not come help her get her money down from a high shelf , she takes a hard fall and Matt and Eric visit her in the hospital . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' she visits Mary at the hospital and persuades Annie 's father to solve the problem by using her `` ways '' ( i.e. lying ) . She has been a member of the Glenoak Community Church for many years , and has a reputation of being an excellent fundraiser . At the end of season seven , she is diagnosed with cancer and Chandler moves into her guest house to help her out . Chandler is the minister who married Gladys to her third husband Fred , though without the blessing of Fred 's mother . She is the show 's most - recurring character . Beau Brewer ( Costas Mandylor ) is Martin Brewer 's father , who served 2 tours in Iraq . When he comes home for three days , he does not speak to Martin until the last day , uneasy because it might be their last conversation . The season ten premiere discloses that he started up a landscaping business . Betsy Brewer ( Keri Lynn Pratt ) is Martin 's aunt whom he stays with in Glenoak while his Marine dad is deployed in Iraq . Heather Cain ( Andrea Ferrell ) is a deaf girl whom Matt sees at the airport ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) . He goes over to her house and meets her and her mother , Donna ( Meg Wittner ) . On their first date the next night , Heather runs out of the party after being teased . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Eric `` lures '' Matt to a cafe where deaf people work and eat . Matt meets Heather there . They eventually apologize and say they want to get to know each other . In season two , she goes away to school in Philadelphia and breaks up with Matt . In season three , she returns and says she 's getting married , but in the finale she runs off with Matt on her wedding day after learning that her fiancé cheated on her . In season four , she transfers to Crawford College and sees that Matt is in a relationship with Shana Sullivan . In the season finale she tells Matt she still loves him and he breaks up with Shana . Matt and Heather decide to elope , but ( in the season five premiere ) it 's revealed that she left him at the altar . She later tells Matt she has another boyfriend , but they eventually break up and she moves to New York . In season eight , Matt meets her on a flight to Glenoak and she says she 's divorced and going back to Glenoak to start over , and they have dinner together as friends . Cheryl ( Barret Swatek ) is Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , whom he almost marries . Cheryl also dates Matt for a short while . Corey Conway ( Alicia Leigh Willis ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as Mary 's basketball teammate . Mary is of the few people to stand by her friend when it is revealed that she left her last school because she had a baby at 14 . Corey ended up dating Mary 's longtime flame Wilson West , also a teenage single parent . In the season nine episode `` Fathers , '' we learn that they have married and become a blended family . Lou Dalton ( Alan Fudge ) works for Glenoak Community Church . He first appears in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' objecting to Eric 's plan to hire an ex-convict as the new organist when Mrs. Hinkle retires . At series ' end he resigns as head deacon and moves away from Glenoak . Daniel ( Aaron Staton ) is Sandy 's school friend , introduced in `` Turn , Turn , Turn , '' who later tells Sandy he 's in love with her . Upset , Sandy calls Eric for advice . In `` You Take the High Road , '' Sandy desperately tries to break up with him . Frankie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Mary 's friend and co-worker at Pete 's Pizza . At Mary 's age , she 's already married to Johnny -- who verbally and physically abuses her -- and raising their daughter Mercy , but still drinking , smoking , and doing other drugs . After Frankie and Johnny get busted for marijuana , Eric forbids Mary to have anything to do with them outside of work , but she is unable to comply . Frankie eventually leaves town without her family . Odile Hinkle ( Peg Phillips ) is Mrs. Bink 's neighbor and best friend . In `` We The People '' , Mrs. Hinkle provides a rest - stop for erstwhile newspaper - couriers Simon and Ruthie , then literally rides to their rescue . In `` Says Who ? '' , Mrs. Hinkle disappears , moving to a seniors ' residence without informing anyone , leaving Mrs. Bink and Eric to investigate her disappearance . At one time , she was the organist for Glenoak Community Church , but eventually retires from that position , leaving Eric to find someone else as a replacement . Georgia Huffington ( Rheagan Wallace ) is Simon 's ex-girlfriend / lover . She is portrayed as the first girl that Simon had sex with . They get married when she tells Simon that she 's pregnant , but it is quickly revealed to be a lie . Simon ends their relationship shortly afterwards . Jane ( Sarah Mason ) is a homeless girl who stays at the Camdens ' . After her father left her mother , her mother 's new live - in boyfriend , whom she meets via the Internet , threatens to harm Jane , causing her to flee . Despite not actually being pregnant , she seeks refuge at the home for teenage mothers , but Lucy turns her down , but she and her friend Margaret are soon invited to move into the Camdens ' garage apartment . In `` Broken Hearts and Promises , '' she gets a job at the Dairy Shack . `` You Take the High Road '' reveals that she used to be married to a soldier , but left him after he started hitting her . In ( `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' ) , with help from Kevin when her first husband does not show up for their divorce hearing . She latter gets the divorce papers and In `` Tit for Tat , '' she marries Eric 's adopted brother George after the conflict of her first marriage fixed and her divorce goes through . While arguing with T - Bone about his mother coming to see him , she blurts out Eric 's heart problems on the Promenade . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she and T - Bone insist that a salesman donates a bed for Eric and Annie . In the series finale , she announces that her mom is in rehab ( her parents used to smoke pot ) and her mom 's boyfriend is in jail for breaking his probation . Jeff ( Ryan Bittle ) first appears in the pilot episode . He is Matt 's best friend since age six , and Mary 's crush since age ten . While jogging with Lucy , Mary runs into him and he asks her if she wants help with her foul shot ; Matt spies on him while the two shoot baskets . In `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' Jeff asks Mary to go to a party , then an R - rated movie , neither of which she is allowed to attend . In `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' Jeff attends Mary 's grandmother 's memorial service at the Camdens ' . Mary starts to dislike him as he has become clingy . Later , Lucy tells him that she is sorry that they broke up , even though Mary had not dumped him . When Jeff asks Mary to go steady she refuses as she would rather be his friend then date him . They then end up as friends . Johnny ( Nathan West ) is Pete 's nephew and Frankie 's husband , who leaves his infant daughter , Mercy , at the Camden 's doorstop after Frankie leaves him . He ends up deciding to be a single parent . Jordan ( Wade Carpenter ) briefly dates both Mary and Lucy . He is first seen playing basketball with Mary before the show focuses on his relationship with Lucy . When a teacher catches Lucy slapping Jordan , Mary explains that they were rehearsing a scene from Gone With the Wind . When Lucy discovers that Jordan and Mary intend to attend a co-ed sleepover for the basketball teams , she gets jealous and tries to seduce Jordan , but Matt catches them kissing and escorts her home before anything more serious can happen . In the season three finale , Jordan says he still loves Mary but does not want to hurt Lucy ( who overhears ) . Jordan and Mary 's renewed relationship creates a sibling rift ; later that day the girls and their boyfriends engage in a kissing contest until Aunt Julie orders the boys to leave ; Jordan disappears after this . `` We do n't speak of him '' , Mary tells Simon in season four , but when the unpleasant subject does insist on coming up , he 's referred to as `` Big Lips '' , such as in `` Simon 's Home Video '' . Mac ( Kyle Searles ) is Martin 's best friend . Cecilia sets him up with Pam early on . Ruthie has a crush on him during season nine , but does little about it as he is two years older . In season 11 , he rents an apartment with Jane and Margaret and falls in love with the latter . He and Margaret later begin dating . Margaret ( Andrea Morris ) is Jane 's very shy friend . She gets highly emotional when Annie calls the paramedics because she thinks something is wrong with Eric . She gets a job at the Dairy Shack in `` Broken Hearts and Promises . '' She reveals to T - Bone ( in `` You Take the High Road '' ) that Jane called his mother and she is coming to see him . She later reveals her past in `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' : Her father abused her mother and she ended up going from home to home . Unwilling to be abused for saying the wrong thing , she became shy . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she helps Sam and David prepare the song `` This Land is Our Land '' for Eric , Annie , and Ruthie 's homecoming , and reveals her ambition to teach Pre-K . In the series finale , she is offered a college scholarship , but she turns it down and goes on the Camdens ' road trip . Ms. Margo ( Rachel Boston ) is Sam and David 's teacher who first appears in `` A Pain in the Neck . '' When she feels attracted to Eric , Sam and David tell her that he is their grandfather . This is soon resolved , and Ms. Margo asks Eric and the twins out to dinner ; Eric resists her advances and starts homeschooling his sons . When Ben hits on her the same day , she turns up at the Camdens ' , to Eric 's annoyance . Mercy is Frankie and Johnny 's daughter . Jimmy Moon ( Matthew Linville ) ( introduced in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) is Lucy 's first boyfriend . In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye '' , he and Lucy go on their first date by watching a French film in the Camdens ' living room . However , Eric messes this up by playing country songs . In `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' , he wants to break up with Lucy because of a school class president election . He later withdraws , followed by Lucy , because they want to stay together . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , he takes Lucy , Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , and Lynn to the movies . He and Lucy see a separate movie ( a French film ) for their first Valentine 's together . His grades in science start to drop , and so Lucy told Mary to tutor him in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line '' . Lucy regrets this , because she thought that Mary was going to steal her boyfriend . The issue is resolved at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' , he meets the Colonel and Grandma Ruth Camden , who he declares to be the scariest people he ever met . He breaks up with Lucy ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) after she changes her hair color . The next year , Lucy gets jealous of anyone with Jimmy Moon . She finally gets to decide between her old boyfriend and her new one , but does not get either of them . He later gets caught up in marijuana , and eventually is the defendant in a crime that Lucy is assigned to have jury duty on . He is arrested for possession of marijuana ( in season three 's episode `` Paranoia '' ) , and Lucy is also arrested while observing him . Andrew Nayloss ( Will Estes ) is the boy that Lucy does not like at first , but then he moves away and has a child and Lucy is heartbroken . Renee Nicholson ( Ashlee Levitch ) is introduced ( in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) as a girl that Matt meets at the library two weeks prior , and befriends her . She is expecting a daughter with Lou . When Matt goes over to her house to talk to her , he falls asleep on her couch and does not get back until 5 : 15 a.m. , resulting in his being grounded for three weeks . She later joins the Glenoak Community Church choir , and sings a solo on Sunday . She goes into labor in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' . Pete ( James Keane ) is Johnny 's uncle and the owner of Pete 's Pizza . Paris Petrowski ( Shannon Kenny ) is Peter Petrowski 's mother . Paris dated once Ben Kinkirk , Lucy 's brother - in - law . Later she goes out with Chandler and it seems they will stay together , until her ex-husband appears . She decides to give him another chance and they move away . Later on it is told that she is pregnant and she and her ex are married again . Mike Pierce ( Jeremy Lelliott ) is Lucy 's ex-boyfriend who tries to commit suicide from a drug and alcohol combination and as a result , his mother becomes severely depressed and despondent until he helps talk her out of it with Lucy 's help . Dr. Jonathan Sanders ( Nick Zano ) is a doctor whom Sandy dates ( in season 11 ) . He then proposes to her , to which she says `` yes . '' This causes a conflict between Sandy and Martin . George Smith ( Brad Maule ) is Cecilia 's father . He never marries his wife , and never tells Cecilia this fact . After twenty years , Eric marries them in his office . He and his wife eventually become foster parents to the Davis children . He owns a cleaning business , which Simon and Cecelia both work at . Deena Stewart ( Nicole Cherié Saletta ) is Simon 's first girlfriend . She eventually moves back east with her family . In the season five episode `` Chances '' , she comes back , and she and Simon start dating again for a while . Stanley Sunday ( Keith David ) is a homeless man seen in the promenade . He is first seen at the hospital , where he goes in for testing . Lucy is supposed to visit him , but she can not make it , and Eric goes in her place . Stanley ends up convincing Eric to give him his coat , although Eric is hesitant . He appears in the next episode where Kevin goes to him to get some information about what Eric did at the hospital . Stanley convinces Kevin to give up his sweatshirt , shoes and pants . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' Stanley encounters Eric just as he is leaving to go home and asks him if he asked God to let him live . In `` Christmas ! '' it is revealed that Stanley is one of Eric 's guardian angels . He is there when Eric was brought to heaven . In the series finale , he joins Eric and the family on their RV . Theodore `` T - Bone '' Jr . ( Colton James ) is a 16 - year - old who works as the ticket vendor at the movie theater in the promenade . He is introduced in And Tonight 's Specials Are ... when he had pizza with Lucy , which upset Kevin . Two months prior to his stay at the Camdens , T - Bone breaks into Glenoak Community Church to sleep and use the bathroom , since his father is dead , and his mother ran away . Upon staying at the Camdens , T - Bone told Eric that he vaguely knows about what is going on with his health . In `` You Take the High Road '' he stays at Kevin and Lucy 's while Eric and Annie are on a trip to see Ruthie in Scotland . In `` Thanks and Giving '' , he and Jane insist that a salesman donate a bed for Eric and Annie . They both like it , not knowing it was donated . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' , he reveals that he likes Ruthie and kisses her . Eric and Annie are glad that Ruthie has found a possible boyfriend , of whom they approve of . In `` Can I Just Get Something to Eat '' he works with Ruthie on a research project about Darfur . In `` Deacon Blues , '' he and Ruthie discuss the topic of having sex . Kevin tells him not to do it , and when Annie finds out , they are stopped . In `` Tit for Tat '' Ruthie and T - Bome decided to get tattoos of each other 's names and the do buthe only a small one on his ankle of Ruthies initials . He tells Ruthie that he has a fear of sharp objects and that 's why he could n't get more. Ruthie gets his name on her lower back . After an argument Ruthin and Ruthie and T - Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other 's names . Well Ruthie gets T - Bone name but T - Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthies initials R.C. After an argument they break up . Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly . Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T - Bone and then Ruthie and T - Bone get back together . T - bone 's earlier - mentioned father , who is supposedly dead , shows up ( in Season 11 ) and convinces T - bone to go on a road trip with him . T - bone graduates from high school , and goes on the road trip with the Camden family to meet up with his dad . After the road trip with the family T - Bone and Ruthie plain on traveling the world together . Umberto ( Fidel Gomez ) is Rose 's ex-boyfriend who almost marries Rose . He keeps on trying to get Rose back while she is preparing to marry Simon . George `` Vic '' Vickery ( Bryan Callen ) is Peter 's father , who is a recovering alcoholic . He works as a college art teacher . Vincent ( Thomas Dekker ) is Ruthie 's boyfriend after Peter . He broke up with her twice . Rick Palmer ( Lance Bass ) is Robbie 's younger brother . He goes on a date with a Lucy and they end up making out on a street corner and Eric sees them . Brett ( Matt Farnsworth ) is Shana 's roommate and eventual boyfriend . He first appears in `` Loves Me , Loves Me Not '' . He kisses her after Shana and Matt have a fight . He follows Shana out to Glenoak when she came back for the summer . Wilson West ( Andrew Keegan ) first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 . '' He meets Mary when she is at the park with Ruthie , and asks her out . At first , Eric tries to do anything he can to prevent their date , but he later finds out that he knows his father . Wilson takes Mary to Eddie 's Pool Hall , where they play pinball and pool . Michael Towner and a couple of his friends harass him , which ends his date with Mary . He comes to church the following Sunday where he apologizes to Mary . He has a son called Billy , whose mother died in childbirth before Mary met them both . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Mary 's parents find out about Wilson being a father . Mary dates Wilson a number of times , including when she is sent to Buffalo , to live with her grandparents , they are serious and for a time discuss marriage and Billy wants to call Mary mom , but they break up when Wilson catches her kissing Ben . Wilson eventually decides to move back to Glenoak after meeting and eventually marrying Corey Conway , one of Mary 's old basketball teammates who has a daughter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - The CW Gives Full Season Orders to New Comedy `` The Game '' and `` 7th Heaven '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2006 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` 7th Heaven '' . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Adair , Aly ( February 27 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Favorite TV Moms '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . hide 7th Heaven Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Related Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_7th_Heaven_characters&oldid=843964236 '' Categories : Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Македонски Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 17 : 15 . About Wikipedia

who does mary camden marry in 7th heaven

While in New York , she discovers that Wilson is also living there . Instead of staying in Glenoak for the summer like she originally planned , she breaks up with Robbie and moves back to New York and starts dating Wilson . After getting advice from the Colonel , she decides to get a job in public service . When she ca n't become a police officer because she is not old enough , she applies for a position as a firefighter , and , after the Colonel pulls some strings , she gets into the firefighter program . When she starts training , she meets Ben Kinkirk , who is also in training . He comes over to her place and they kiss , which Wilson walks in on . The two break up and she returns home to California for a time , but on a trip to New York with Lucy , she reveals that she is moving back to New York to train to be a flight attendant . She begins dating a pilot , Jack , who is the same age as her father , though this does not last . She moves to Florida for a time to get away from her family . While in Florida , Mary runs into Carlos Rivera , a man she had met while volunteering at a homeless shelter years earlier , and who the Camdens took in during the holiday season . Carlos and Mary get married shortly after Lucy , and they reveal her pregnancy and the marriage to her family at that time . Her parents visit at the birth of her son , Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' , named in honor of her and Carlos ' late grandfathers . They eventually divorce and Carlos takes Charlie back to Puerto Rico when Mary gives her parental rights up . It is announced by Carlos when he attends Simon 's wedding that the two are back together and that Mary is expecting twin girls . Though Mary is not at Simon 's wedding , she is able to still see her family the next day , as she finally graduates from college the same day as Matt and Sarah . During the following summer , Mary gives birth to twin daughters .

John Barry ( composer ) - wikipedia John Barry ( composer ) Jump to : navigation , search John Barry OBE John Barry at the Royal Albert Hall , London , September 2006 Background information Birth name John Barry Prendergast ( 1933 - 11 - 03 ) 3 November 1933 York , Yorkshire , England 30 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) ( aged 77 ) Oyster Bay , New York , U.S. Genres Film score Occupation ( s ) Composer , conductor Instruments Keyboards drums harmonica Years active 1959 -- 2006 John Barry Prendergast , OBE ( / ˈbæri / ; 3 November 1933 -- 30 January 2011 ) was an English composer and conductor of film music . He composed the scores for 11 of the James Bond films between 1963 and 1987 , and also arranged and performed the `` James Bond Theme '' to the first film in the series , 1962 's Dr. No . He wrote the Grammy - and Academy Award - winning scores to the films Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa , as well as the theme for the British television cult series The Persuaders ! , in a career spanning over 50 years . In 1999 , he was appointed OBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music . Born in York , Barry spent his early years working in cinemas owned by his father . During his national service with the British Army in Cyprus , Barry began performing as a musician after learning to play the trumpet . Upon completing his national service , he formed his own band in 1957 , The John Barry Seven . He later developed an interest in composing and arranging music , making his début for television in 1958 . He came to the notice of the makers of the first James Bond film Dr. No , who were dissatisfied with a theme for James Bond given to them by Monty Norman . This started a successful association between Barry and Eon Productions that lasted for 25 years . He received many awards for his work , including five Academy Awards ; two for Born Free , and one each for The Lion in Winter ( for which he also won the first BAFTA Award for Best Film Music ) , Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa ( both of which also won him Grammy Awards ) . He also received ten Golden Globe Award nominations , winning once for Best Original Score for Out of Africa in 1986 . Barry completed his last film score , Enigma , in 2001 and recorded the successful album Eternal Echoes the same year . He then concentrated chiefly on live performances and co-wrote the music to the musical Brighton Rock in 2004 alongside Don Black . In 2001 , Barry became a Fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors , and , in 2005 , he was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Barry was married four times and had four children . He moved to the United States in 1975 and lived there for the remainder of his life until his death in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Career 1.3 James Bond series 1.4 Personal life and death 2 Awards and nominations 2.1 Accolades 3 Discography 3.1 Bond films 3.2 Other film scores 3.3 Television themes 3.4 Musicals 3.5 Other works 3.6 Singles 3.7 Sampled by other artists 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life and education ( edit ) Barry was born John Barry Prendergast , in York , England , and was the son of an English mother and an Irish father . His mother was a classical pianist . His father , John Xavier `` Jack '' Prendergast , from Cork , was a projectionist during the silent film era , who later owned a chain of cinemas across northern England . As a result of his father 's work , Barry was raised in and around cinemas in northern England and he later stated that this childhood background influenced his musical tastes and interests . Barry was educated at St Peter 's School , York , and also received composition lessons from Francis Jackson , Organist of York Minster . Career ( edit ) Serving in the British Army , Barry spent his national service playing the trumpet . During his army service , he took a correspondence course ( with jazz composer Bill Russo ) ; he also worked as an arranger for the Jack Parnell and Ted Heath 's Orchestra , and formed his own band in 1957 , the John Barry Seven , with whom he had some hit records on EMI 's Columbia label . These included `` Hit and Miss '' , the theme tune he composed for the BBC 's Juke Box Jury programme , a cover of the Johnny Smith song `` Walk Do n't Run '' , and a cover of the theme for the United Artists western The Magnificent Seven . By 1959 Barry was gaining commissions to arrange music for other acts , starting with a young trio on Decca , coincidentally called the Three Barry Sisters , though unrelated both to Barry and the more famous Barry Sisters duo in America . The career breakthrough for Barry was the BBC television series Drumbeat , when he appeared with the John Barry Seven . He was employed by EMI from 1959 until 1962 arranging orchestral accompaniment for the company 's singers , including Adam Faith ; he also composed songs ( along with Les Vandyke ) and scores for films in which Faith was featured . When Faith made his first film , Beat Girl ( 1960 ) , Barry composed , arranged and conducted the score , his first . His music was later released as the UK 's first soundtrack album . Barry also composed the music for another Faith film , Never Let Go ( also 1960 ) , orchestrated the score for Mix Me a Person ( 1962 ) , and composed , arranged and conducted the score for The Amorous Prawn ( also 1962 ) . In 1962 , Barry transferred to Ember Records , where he produced albums as well as arranging them . These achievements caught the attention of the producers of a new film called Dr. No ( 1962 ) who were dissatisfied with a theme for James Bond given to them by Monty Norman . Barry was hired and the result was one of the most famous signature tunes in film history , the `` James Bond Theme '' . ( Credit goes to Monty Norman , see here . ) When the producers of the Bond series engaged Lionel Bart to score the next James Bond film From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) , they discovered that Bart could neither read nor write music . Though Bart wrote a title song for the film , the producers remembered Barry 's arrangement of the James Bond Theme and his composing and arranging for several films with Adam Faith . Lionel Bart also recommended Barry to producer Stanley Baker for his film Zulu ( 1964 ) . Bart and Barry worked together in the film Man in the Middle . This was the turning point for Barry , and he subsequently won five Academy Awards and four Grammy Awards , with scores for , among others , Born Free ( 1966 ) , The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) , Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) for which he did not receive an on - screen credit . and Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) . Barry was often cited as having had a distinct style which concentrated on lush strings and extensive use of brass . However he was also an innovator , being one of the first to employ synthesizers in a film score ( On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , also 1969 ) , and to make wide use of pop artists and songs in Midnight Cowboy . Because Barry provided not just the main title theme but the complete soundtrack score , his music often enhanced the critical reception of a film , notably in Midnight Cowboy , the first remake of King Kong ( 1976 ) , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , and Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) . Barry would often watch films and would note down with pen and paper what worked or what did not . Barry composed the theme for the TV series The Persuaders ! ( 1971 ) , also known as The Unlucky Heroes , in which Tony Curtis and Roger Moore were paired as rich playboys solving crimes . The instrumental recording features the Cimbalom ( which Barry also used for The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) and other themes ) and Moog synthesizers . The theme was a hit single in many European countries ( including France , Germany , and the Benelux states ) , contributing to the cult status of the series in Europe , and the record featured Barry 's The Girl with the Sun in Her Hair on the B side , an instrumental piece featured in a long running TV advert for Sunsilk shampoo . Barry also wrote the scores to a number of musicals , including the 1965 Passion Flower Hotel ( lyrics by Trevor Peacock ) , the successful 1974 West End show Billy ( lyrics by Don Black ) , and two major Broadway flops , Lolita , My Love ( 1971 ) , with Alan Jay Lerner as lyricist , and The Little Prince and the Aviator ( 1981 ) , again with lyricist Don Black . In 2001 , the University of York conferred an honorary degree on Barry , and in 2002 he was named an Honorary Freeman of the City of York . During 2006 , Barry was the executive producer on an album entitled Here 's to the Heroes by the Australian ensemble The Ten Tenors . The album features a number of songs Barry wrote in collaboration with his lyricist friend , Don Black . Barry and Black also composed one of the songs on Shirley Bassey 's 2009 album , The Performance . The song , entitled `` Our Time Is Now '' , is the first written by the duo for Bassey since `` Diamonds Are Forever '' . James Bond series ( edit ) After the success of Dr. No , Barry was hired to compose and perform eleven of the next fourteen James Bond films ( Monty Norman is legally recognised as the composer of the `` James Bond Theme '' ) . In his tenure with the film series , Barry 's music , variously brassy and moody , achieved very wide appeal . For From Russia with Love he composed `` 007 '' , an alternative James Bond signature theme , which is featured in four other Bond films ( Thunderball , You Only Live Twice , Diamonds Are Forever and Moonraker ) . The theme `` Stalking '' , for the teaser sequence of From Russia with Love , was covered by colleague Marvin Hamlisch for The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) . ( The music and lyrics for From Russia with Love 's title song were written by Lionel Bart , whose musical theatre credits included Oliver ! ) Barry also contributed indirectly to the soundtrack of the spoof version of Casino Royale ( 1967 ) : his Born Free theme appears briefly in the opening sequence . In Goldfinger ( 1964 ) , he perfected the `` Bond sound '' , a heady mixture of brass , jazz elements and sensuous melodies . There is even an element of Barry 's jazz roots in the big - band track `` Into Miami '' , which follows the title credits and accompanies the film 's iconic image of the camera lens zooming toward the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami Beach . A side note is that Jimmy Page , worked as a session guitarist at the time , and was a part of the recording sessions for the `` Goldfinger '' soundtrack . For Bond films , session musicians such as Page were relegated to the instrumental / score version of songs , while the main musicians ( on Goldfinger : Vic Flick ) were given the main film theme song to record ( featured at the beginning of the movie ) . Leaving Page as a background acoustic contributor to Flick on the instrumental version of the song . Barry 's love for the Russian romantic composers is often reflected in his music ; in his Bond scores he unites this with brass - heavy jazz writing . His use of strings , lyricism , half - diminished chords , and complex key shifting provides melancholy contrast - often heard in variations of the title songs as integrally infused with the plot development . As Barry matured , the Bond scores became more lushly melodic ( along with other scores of his such as Out of Africa ) , as in Moonraker ( 1979 ) and Octopussy ( 1983 ) . Barry 's score for A View to a Kill was traditional , but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart . Both A View to a Kill and The Living Daylights theme by a-ha blended the pop music style of the bands with Barry 's orchestration . In 2006 , a-ha's Pal Waaktaar complimented Barry 's contributions : `` I loved the stuff he added to the track , I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement . That 's when for me it started to sound like a Bond thing . '' Barry 's last score for the Bond series was The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) , Timothy Dalton 's first film in the series with Barry making a cameo appearance as a conductor in the film . Barry was intended to score Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) but was recovering from throat surgery at the time and it was considered unsafe to fly him to London to complete the score . The score was completed by Michael Kamen . David Arnold , a British composer , saw the result of two years ' work in 1997 with the release of Shaken and Stirred : The David Arnold James Bond Project , an album of new versions of the themes from various James Bond films . Arnold thanks Barry in the sleeve notes , referring to him as `` the Guvnor '' . Almost all of the tracks were John Barry compositions , and the revision of his work met with his approval -- he contacted Barbara Broccoli , producer of the then upcoming Tomorrow Never Dies , to recommend Arnold as the film 's composer . Arnold also went on to score four subsequent Bond films : The World Is Not Enough , Die Another Day , Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace . Sole compositional credit for the `` James Bond Theme '' is attributed to Monty Norman , who was contracted as composer for Dr. No . Some 30 years later , in 2001 , the disputed authorship of the theme was examined legally in the High Court in London after Norman sued The Sunday Times for publishing an article in 1997 in which Barry was named as the true composer ; Barry testified for the defence . In court , Barry testified that he had been handed a musical manuscript of a work by Norman ( meant to become the theme ) and that he was to arrange it musically , and that he composed additional music and arranged the `` James Bond Theme '' . The court was also told that Norman received sole credit because of his prior contract with the producers . Barry said that a deal was struck whereby he would receive a flat fee of £ 250 and Norman would receive the songwriting credit . Barry said that he had accepted the deal with United Artists Head of Music Noel Rogers because it would help his career . Despite these claims the jury ruled unanimously in favour of Norman . On 7 September 2006 , John Barry publicly defended his authorship of the theme on the Steve Wright show on BBC Radio 2 . Personal life and death ( edit ) Barry was married four times . His first three marriages , to Barbara Pickard ( 1959 -- 63 ) , Jane Birkin ( 1965 -- 68 ) , and Jane Sidey ( 1969 -- 78 ) all ended in divorce . He was married to his fourth wife , Laurie , from January 1978 until his death . The couple had a son , Jonpatrick . Barry had three daughters , Suzanne ( Susie ) with his first wife , Barbara , Kate with his second wife , Jane , and Sian from a relationship with Ulla Larson between the first two marriages . Suzy Barry , who is married to BBC business journalist Simon Jack , is the mother of his two granddaughters , Phoebe and Florence Ingleby . In 1975 Barry moved to California . A British judge later accused him of emigrating to avoid paying £ 134,000 due the Inland Revenue . The matter was resolved in the late 1980s and Barry was able to return to the UK . He subsequently lived for many years in the United States , mainly in Oyster Bay , New York , in Centre Island on Long Island , from 1980 . Barry suffered a rupture of the oesophagus in 1988 , following a toxic reaction to a health tonic he had consumed . The incident rendered him unable to work for two years and left him vulnerable to pneumonia . Barry died of a heart attack on 30 January 2011 at his Oyster Bay home , aged 77 . A memorial concert took place on 20 June 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall in London where the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , Shirley Bassey , Rumer , David Arnold , Wynne Evans and others performed Barry 's music . Sir George Martin , Sir Michael Parkinson , Don Black , Timothy Dalton and others also contributed to the celebration of his life and work . The event was sponsored by the Royal College of Music through a grant by the Broccoli Foundation . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) In 1999 Barry was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) at Buckingham Palace for services to music , and received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award in 2005 . In 2005 , the American Film Institute ranked Barry 's score for Out of Africa No. 15 on their list of the greatest film scores . His scores for the following films were also nominated : Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Born Free ( 1966 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Accolades ( edit ) Award Year Project Outcome Academy Awards 1966 Born Free Best Original Score Won `` Born Free '' ( from Born Free ) Best Original Song Won 1968 The Lion in Winter Best Original Score for a Motion Picture ( not a Musical ) Won 1971 Mary , Queen of Scots Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated 1985 Out of Africa Best Original Score Won 1990 Dances with Wolves Best Original Score Won 1992 Chaplin Best Original Score Nominated BAFTA Awards 1968 The Lion in Winter Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music Won 1986 Out of Africa Best Score Nominated 1991 Dances with Wolves Best Original Film Score Nominated 2005 BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award Won Golden Globe Awards 1966 `` Born Free '' ( from Born Free ) Best Original Song Nominated 1968 The Lion in Winter Best Original Score Nominated 1971 Mary , Queen of Scots Best Original Score Nominated `` Sail the Summer Winds '' ( from The Dove ) Best Original Song Nominated 1977 `` Down Deep Inside '' ( from The Deep ) Best Original Song Nominated 1981 Somewhere in Time Best Original Score Nominated 1985 Out of Africa Best Original Score Won `` A View to a Kill '' ( from A View to a Kill ) Best Original Song Nominated 1990 Dances with Wolves Best Original Score Nominated 1992 Chaplin Best Original Score Nominated Grammy Award 1969 Best Instrumental Theme for Midnight Cowboy 1985 Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Big Band for The Cotton Club 1985 Best Instrumental Composition for Out of Africa 1991 Best Instrumental Composition for Dances with Wolves Emmy Award nominations 1964 Outstanding Achievement in Composing Original Music for Television for Elizabeth Taylor in London ( a 1963 television special ) 1977 Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) for Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years Golden Raspberry Award 1981 Worst Musical Score for The Legend of the Lone Ranger Max Steiner Lifetime Achievement Award ( presented by the City of Vienna ) 2009 Lifetime Achievement Award from World Soundtrack Academy ( presented at the Ghent Film Festival ) Barry was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1998 . Discography ( edit ) Bond films ( edit ) Barry worked on the soundtracks for the following James Bond films ( title song collaborators in brackets ) : Dr. No ( 1962 ) -- James Bond Theme ( composed by Monty Norman ) as arranged by Barry used on main and end titles , and key points such as Bond 's arrival in Jamaica From Russia with Love ( lyrics by Lionel Bart ) ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( lyrics by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse ) , ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( lyrics by Don Black ) ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( lyrics by Leslie Bricusse ) ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( lyrics by Don Black ) ( 1971 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( lyrics by Don Black ) ( 1974 ) Moonraker ( lyrics by Hal David ) ( 1979 ) Octopussy ( lyrics by Tim Rice ) ( 1983 ) A View to a Kill ( music and lyrics by Duran Duran ) ( 1985 ) The Living Daylights ( music and lyrics by Paul Waaktaar - Savoy ) ( 1987 ) Other film scores ( edit ) Beat Girl ( 1960 ) Never Let Go ( 1960 ) The Cool Mikado ( 1962 ) The Amorous Prawn ( 1962 ) The L - Shaped Room ( 1962 ) Man in the Middle ( 1963 ) A Jolly Bad Fellow ( 1964 ) Séance on a Wet Afternoon ( 1964 ) Zulu ( 1964 ) Boy and Bicycle ( 1965 ) Mister Moses ( 1965 ) US Four in the Morning ( 1965 ) The Party 's Over ( 1965 ) The Knack ... and How to Get It ( 1965 ) King Rat ( 1965 ) US The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) Born Free ( 1966 ) The Chase ( 1966 ) US The Wrong Box ( 1966 ) The Quiller Memorandum ( 1966 ) The Whisperers ( 1967 ) Dutchman ( 1967 ) Boom ! ( 1968 ) Petulia ( 1968 ) US Deadfall ( 1968 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) The Appointment ( 1969 ) US Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) US Monte Walsh ( 1970 ) US The Last Valley ( 1970 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) US Murphy 's War ( 1971 ) Walkabout ( 1971 ) Mary , Queen of Scots ( 1971 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( 1972 ) Follow Me ! ( 1972 ) A Doll 's House ( 1973 ) The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) The Dove ( 1974 ) US The Day of the Locust ( 1975 ) US King Kong ( 1976 ) US Italy Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) US The Deep ( 1977 ) First Love ( 1977 ) US The White Buffalo ( 1977 ) US Game of Death ( 1978 ) The Betsy ( 1978 ) Starcrash ( 1978 ) US Hanover Street ( 1979 ) The Black Hole ( 1979 ) US Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) US Touched by Love ( 1980 ) US Canada Inside Moves ( 1980 ) US Night Games ( 1980 ) US Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Modern Romance ( 1981 ) US The Legend of the Lone Ranger ( 1981 ) US Body Heat ( 1981 ) US Frances ( 1982 ) US Murder by Phone ( 1982 ) Hammett ( 1982 ) US The Golden Seal ( 1983 ) High Road to China ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) US Until September ( 1984 ) US Mike 's Murder ( 1984 ) US Jagged Edge ( 1985 ) US Out of Africa ( 1985 ) US Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) US A Killing Affair ( 1986 ) US Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) US The Golden Child ( 1986 ) ( only partially used in final cut ) US Hearts of Fire ( 1987 ) US Masquerade ( 1988 ) US Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) US The Commitments ( 1991 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) ( Rejected score ) Year of the Comet ( 1992 ) ( rejected score ) Ruby Cairo ( 1993 ) US My Life ( 1993 ) US Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) US The Specialist ( 1994 ) US Cry , The Beloved Country ( 1995 ) Across the Sea of Time ( 1995 ) US The Scarlet Letter ( 1995 ) US Swept from the Sea ( 1997 ) US Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) US Playing by Heart ( 1998 ) US The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) ( rejected score ) Goodbye Lover ( 1999 ) ( rejected score ) Enigma ( 2001 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) ( rejected score ) Television themes ( edit ) Juke Box Jury ( 1959 -- 1967 ) Dateline London ( 1962 ) Elizabeth Taylor in London ( Grammy award nomination ) ( 1963 ) Impromptu ( 1964 ) Sophia Loren in Rome ( 1964 ) The Newcomers ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Vendetta ( 1966 ) The Persuaders ! ( 1971 -- 1972 ) The Adventurer ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Orson Welles ' Great Mysteries ( 1973 ) The Glass Menagerie ( 1973 ) Born Free ( 1974 ) Love Among the Ruins ( 1975 ) Eleanor and Franklin ( 1976 ) Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years ( 1977 ) The War Between the Tates ( 1977 ) Young Joe , the Forgotten Kennedy ( 1977 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) The Corn is Green ( 1979 ) Willa ( 1979 ) Svengali ( 1983 ) USA Today : The Television Show ( 1988 ) Musicals ( edit ) Passion Flower Hotel ( 1965 ) Lolita , My Love ( 1971 ) , a musical comedy ( text by Alan Jay Lerner ) based on Vladimir Nabokov 's novel Lolita Billy ( 1974 ) The Little Prince and the Aviator ( 1981 ) Brighton Rock ( 2004 ) Other works ( edit ) Stringbeat ( 1961 ) Americans ( 1975 ) The Beyondness of Things ( 1999 ) Eternal Echoes ( 2001 ) The Seasons ( no release date set ) Singles ( edit ) ( Excludes co-composed hits , e.g. Duran Duran 's A View to a Kill ) `` Hit and Miss '' as The John Barry Seven plus Four , UK # 10 ( first charted 1960 ) `` Beat for Beatniks '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 40 ( 1960 ) `` Never Let Go '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 49 ( 1960 ) `` Blueberry Hill '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 34 ( 1960 ) `` Walk Do n't Run '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 11 ( 1960 ) `` Black Stockings '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 27 ( 1960 ) `` The Magnificent Seven '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 45 ( 1961 ) `` Cutty Sark '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 35 ( 1962 ) `` The James Bond Theme '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 13 ( 1962 ) `` From Russia with Love '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 39 ( 1963 ) `` Theme from ' The Persuaders ' '' as John Barry , UK # 13 ( 1971 ) His four highest - charting hits all spent more than 10 weeks in the UK top 50 . Sampled by other artists ( edit ) Barry 's work began to be sampled in the 1990s by artists such as Dr. Dre and Wu - Tang Clan , with his `` James Bond Theme '' being sampled by performers as diverse as Bonobo , Gang Starr and Junior Reid . Fatboy Slim used the opening guitars from `` Beat Girl ( Main Title ) '' for `` Rockafeller Skank '' from his album , You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 1998 ) . The Sneaker Pimps also sampled `` Golden Girl '' on their single `` 6 Underground '' ( 1996 ) . Additionally , `` You Only Live Twice '' was heavily sampled on `` Millennium '' from Robbie Williams ' second album , I 've Been Expecting You . Barry was set to compose Thomas and the Magic Railroad but left due to scheduling conflicts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Sunday Times Magazine ( London ) . 18 December 2011 . p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' James Bond Theme ' composer John Barry dies of heart attack '' . One India . 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film composer Barry dies aged 77 '' . The Irish Times . Dublin. 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sweeting , Adam ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` John Barry Obituary '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Sheena ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` John Barry Obituary '' . Yorkshire Post . Leeds . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Barry '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2010 ... WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ `` John Barry The Gstaad Memorandum '' . Film score monthly . November 1996 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Pete Frame The restless generation : how rock music changed the face of 1950s Britain 0952954079 2007 - Page 414 `` Meanwhile , Barry was winning commissions to arrange music for other acts , starting with a young trio on Decca , the unrelated ( to him ) Barry Sisters . Together , they cut two singles , Tall Paul and Jo Jo The Dog - faced Boy , which had been consecutive American hits for Annette Funicello . Neither excited retail interest - and nor did any of the three singles he made with Larry Page '' Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Firth , Simon Music for Pleasure : Essays in the Sociology of Pop ' Routledge , 1988 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Cody , Joshua ( 3 November 1933 ) . `` The Ensemble Sospeso -- John Barry '' . Sospeso.com . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall , Dr Sheldon Zulu : With Some Guts Behind It : The Making of the Epic Movie 2005 Tomahawk Press Jump up ^ `` Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) '' . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of York to award nine honorary degrees '' . University of York . 21 June 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Movie music legend John Barry dies aged 77 '' . Mirror.co.uk. 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Fiona . `` Album review : Dame Shirley Bassey '' . The Scotsman 2 November 2009 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : `` John Barry '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/jimmy-page-before-led-zeppelin-20-great-sixties-session-songs-20151129/shirley-bassey-goldfinger-1964-20151111 Jump up ^ Barry , John in Burlingame , Jon . ( 2014 ) The Music of James Bond , Reprint Edition , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Madden , Karl . `` The Melancholy Touch : Romantic Shades of John Barry 's Bond '' Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . in James Bond in World and Popular Culture : The Films Are Not Enough . Eds . Robert G. Weiner , B. Lynn Whitfield , and Jack Becker . Newcastle : Cambridge Scholars , 1st Edition 2010 , 116 -- 126 , 2nd Edition 2011 , 121 -- 131 . Print . Jump up ^ Waaktaar , Pal ( interviewee ) ( 2006 ) . James Bond 's Greatest Hits ( Television ) . UK : North One Television . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry -- The Man with the Midas Touch '' . Johnbarry.org.uk. 1 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Macnee , Patrick ( Narrator ) . The Bond Sound : The Music of 007 ( DVD ( Documentary ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Monty Norman v . The Sunday Times : The `` James Bond Theme '' Lawsuit `` . The John Barry Resource . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Neil . `` £ 30,000 damages for composer of 007 theme tune '' , The Telegraph , 20 March 2001 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : `` Bond theme writer wins damages '' . BBC News . 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry on the Bond Theme '' . MI6-HQ.com. 9 September 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Centre Island - Long Island New York - Long Island Exchange '' . Longislandexchange.com . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon . `` John Barry Dies at 77 '' , Variety , 31 January 2011 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank . `` John Barry , Oscar - winning Composer , Dies '' , Newsday , 31 January 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Composer John Barry remembered at memorial concert '' . BBC . 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bond composer John Barry dies aged 77 '' . BBC . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : The Memorial Concert '' . MI6-HQ.com . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Bond composer John Barry dies at 77 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 1986 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 1991 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fellowship Award winners '' . BAFTA . Archived from the original on 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners Search -- John Barry '' . Grammy. 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime Emmy Award Database '' . Emmy . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry '' . whosampled.com . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Fiegel , Eddi . John Barry : A Sixties Theme : From James Bond to Midnight Cowboy ( Faber & Faber : London , UK , 2012 ) Leonard , Geoff , Pete Walker and Gareth Bramley . John Barry -- The Man with the Midas Touch ( Redcliffe Press : Bristol , UK , 2008 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Barry ( composer ) . John Barry Website John Barry at the Songwriters Hall of Fame John Barry on IMDb John Barry at Find a Grave Appearance on Desert Island Discs 13 June 1999 John Barry discography at MusicBrainz John Barry Memorial Concert -- Remembering Chet on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- The James Bond Theme on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- Goldfinger on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- We Have All The Time in the World on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- Complete Radio Broadcast on YouTube James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Awards for John Berry Academy Award for Best Original Score 1930s Louis Silvers ( 1934 ) Max Steiner ( 1935 ) Leo F. Forbstein ( 1936 ) Charles Previn ( 1937 ) Erich Wolfgang Korngold / Alfred Newman ( 1938 ) Herbert Stothart / Richard Hageman , W. Franke Harling , John Leipold , Leo Shuken ( 1939 ) 1940s Leigh Harline , Paul J. Smith , Ned Washington / Alfred Newman ( 1940 ) Bernard Herrmann / Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace ( 1941 ) Max Steiner / Ray Heindorf and Heinz Roemheld ( 1942 ) Alfred Newman / Ray Heindorf ( 1943 ) Max Steiner / Morris Stoloff and Carmen Dragon ( 1944 ) Miklós Rózsa / Georgie Stoll ( 1945 ) Hugo Friedhofer / Morris Stoloff ( 1946 ) Miklós Rózsa / Alfred Newman ( 1947 ) Brian Easdale / Johnny Green and Roger Edens ( 1948 ) Aaron Copland / Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton ( 1949 ) 1950s Franz Waxman / Adolph Deutsch and Roger Edens ( 1950 ) Franz Waxman / Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin ( 1951 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Alfred Newman ( 1952 ) Bronisław Kaper / Alfred Newman ( 1953 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin ( 1954 ) Alfred Newman / Robert Russell Bennett , Jay Blackton and Adolph Deutsch ( 1955 ) Victor Young / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1956 ) Malcolm Arnold ( 1957 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Andre Previn ( 1958 ) Miklós Rózsa / Andre Previn and Ken Darby ( 1959 ) 1960s Ernest Gold / Morris Stoloff and Harry Sukman ( 1960 ) Henry Mancini / Saul Chaplin , Johnny Green , Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal ( 1961 ) Maurice Jarre / Ray Heindorf ( 1962 ) John Addison / Andre Previn ( 1963 ) Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman / Andre Previn ( 1964 ) Maurice Jarre / Irwin Kostal ( 1965 ) John Barry / Ken Thorne ( 1966 ) Elmer Bernstein / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1967 ) John Barry / Johnny Green ( 1968 ) Burt Bacharach / Lennie Hayton and Lionel Newman ( 1969 ) 1970s Francis Lai / The Beatles ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr ) ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand / John Williams ( 1971 ) Charlie Chaplin , Raymond Rasch and Larry Russell / Ralph Burns ( 1972 ) Marvin Hamlisch / Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola / Nelson Riddle ( 1974 ) John Williams / Leonard Rosenman ( 1975 ) Jerry Goldsmith / Leonard Rosenman ( 1976 ) John Williams / Jonathan Tunick ( 1977 ) Giorgio Moroder / Joe Renzetti ( 1978 ) Georges Delerue / Ralph Burns ( 1979 ) 1980s Michael Gore ( 1980 ) Vangelis ( 1981 ) John Williams / Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse ( 1982 ) Bill Conti / Michel Legrand , Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1983 ) Maurice Jarre / Prince ( 1984 ) John Barry ( 1985 ) Herbie Hancock ( 1986 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto , David Byrne and Cong Su ( 1987 ) Dave Grusin ( 1988 ) Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s John Barry ( 1990 ) Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Alan Menken ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) Luis Enríquez Bacalov / Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared / Rachel Portman ( 1996 ) James Horner / Anne Dudley ( 1997 ) Nicola Piovani / Stephen Warbeck ( 1998 ) John Corigliano ( 1999 ) 2000s Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Howard Shore ( 2001 ) Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Jan A.P. Kaczmarek ( 2004 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Music John Barry ( 1968 ) Mikis Theodorakis ( 1969 ) Burt Bacharach ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand ( 1971 ) Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Alan Price ( 1973 ) Richard Rodney Bennett ( 1974 ) John Williams ( 1975 ) Bernard Herrmann ( 1976 ) John Addison ( 1977 ) John Williams ( 1978 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1979 ) John Williams ( 1980 ) Carl Davis ( 1981 ) John Williams ( 1982 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1983 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1984 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1985 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1987 ) John Williams ( 1988 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1989 ) Andrea and Ennio Morricone ( 1990 ) Jean - Claude Petit ( 1991 ) David Hirschfelder ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Don Was ( 1994 ) Luis Bacalov ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Nellee Hooper ( 1997 ) David Hirschfelder ( 1998 ) Thomas Newman ( 1999 ) Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Craig Armstrong and Marius de Vries ( 2001 ) Philip Glass ( 2002 ) T Bone Burnett and Gabriel Yared ( 2003 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Christopher Gunning ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Thomas Newman ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) BAFTA Fellowship recipients 1971 -- 2000 Alfred Hitchcock ( 1971 ) Freddie Young ( 1972 ) Grace Wyndham Goldie ( 1973 ) David Lean ( 1974 ) Jacques Cousteau ( 1975 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1976 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1976 ) Denis Forman ( 1977 ) Fred Zinnemann ( 1978 ) Lew Grade ( 1979 ) Huw Wheldon ( 1979 ) David Attenborough ( 1980 ) John Huston ( 1980 ) Abel Gance ( 1981 ) Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger ( 1981 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1982 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1983 ) Hugh Greene ( 1984 ) Sam Spiegel ( 1984 ) Jeremy Isaacs ( 1985 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1986 ) Federico Fellini ( 1987 ) Ingmar Bergman ( 1988 ) Alec Guinness ( 1989 ) Paul Fox ( 1990 ) Louis Malle ( 1991 ) John Gielgud ( 1992 ) David Plowright ( 1992 ) Sydney Samuelson ( 1993 ) Colin Young ( 1993 ) Michael Grade ( 1994 ) Billy Wilder ( 1995 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1996 ) Ronald Neame ( 1996 ) John Schlesinger ( 1996 ) Maggie Smith ( 1996 ) Woody Allen ( 1997 ) Steven Bochco ( 1997 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Oswald Morris ( 1997 ) Harold Pinter ( 1997 ) David Rose ( 1997 ) Sean Connery ( 1998 ) Bill Cotton ( 1998 ) Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise ( 1999 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1999 ) Michael Caine ( 2000 ) Stanley Kubrick ( 2000 ) Peter Bazalgette ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Albert Finney ( 2001 ) John Thaw ( 2001 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Warren Beatty ( 2002 ) Merchant Ivory Productions ( 2002 ) Andrew Davies ( 2002 ) John Mills ( 2002 ) Saul Zaentz ( 2003 ) David Jason ( 2003 ) John Boorman ( 2004 ) Roger Graef ( 2004 ) John Barry ( 2005 ) David Frost ( 2005 ) David Puttnam ( 2006 ) Ken Loach ( 2006 ) Anne V. Coates ( 2007 ) Richard Curtis ( 2007 ) Will Wright ( 2007 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2008 ) Bruce Forsyth ( 2008 ) Dawn French & Jennifer Saunders ( 2009 ) Terry Gilliam ( 2009 ) Nolan Bushnell ( 2009 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2010 ) Shigeru Miyamoto ( 2010 ) Melvyn Bragg ( 2010 ) Christopher Lee ( 2011 ) Peter Molyneux ( 2011 ) Trevor McDonald ( 2011 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2012 ) Rolf Harris ( 2012 ) Alan Parker ( 2013 ) Gabe Newell ( 2013 ) Michael Palin ( 2013 ) Helen Mirren ( 2014 ) Rockstar Games ( 2014 ) Julie Walters ( 2014 ) Mike Leigh ( 2015 ) David Braben ( 2015 ) Jon Snow ( 2015 ) Sidney Poitier ( 2016 ) John Carmack ( 2016 ) Ray Galton & Alan Simpson ( 2016 ) Mel Brooks ( 2017 ) Joanna Lumley ( 2017 ) Ridley Scott ( 2018 ) Tim Schafer ( 2018 ) Kate Adie ( 2018 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1940s Life with Father -- Max Steiner ( 1947 ) The Red Shoes -- Brian Easdale ( 1948 ) The Inspector General -- Johnny Green ( 1949 ) 1950s Sunset Boulevard -- Franz Waxman ( 1950 ) September Affair -- Victor Young ( 1951 ) High Noon -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1952 ) On the Beach -- Ernest Gold ( 1959 ) 1960s The Alamo -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) To Kill a Mockingbird -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1962 ) ( 1963 ) The Fall of the Roman Empire -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago -- Maurice Jarre ( 1965 ) Hawaii -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1966 ) Camelot -- Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) The Shoes of the Fisherman -- Alex North ( 1968 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid -- Burt Bacharach ( 1969 ) 1970s Love Story -- Francis Lai ( 1970 ) Shaft -- Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) The Godfather -- Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Jonathan Livingston Seagull -- Neil Diamond ( 1973 ) The Little Prince -- Alan Jay Lerner , Frederick Loewe ( 1974 ) Jaws -- John Williams ( 1975 ) A Star is Born -- Kenneth Ascher , Paul Williams ( 1976 ) Star Wars -- John Williams ( 1977 ) Midnight Express -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1978 ) Apocalypse Now -- Carmine Coppola , Francis Ford Coppola ( 1979 ) 1980s The Stunt Man -- Dominic Frontiere ( 1980 ) ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -- John Williams ( 1982 ) Flashdance -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) A Passage to India -- Maurice Jarre ( 1984 ) Out of Africa -- John Barry ( 1985 ) The Mission -- Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor -- David Byrne , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Cong Su ( 1987 ) Gorillas in the Mist -- Maurice Jarre ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid -- Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s The Sheltering Sky -- Richard Horowitz , Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast -- Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Aladdin -- Alan Menken ( 1992 ) Heaven & Earth -- Kitarō ( 1993 ) The Lion King -- Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) A Walk in the Clouds -- Maurice Jarre ( 1995 ) The English Patient -- Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Titanic -- James Horner ( 1997 ) The Truman Show -- Burkhard Dallwitz , Philip Glass ( 1998 ) 1900 -- Ennio Morricone ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator -- Lisa Gerrard , Hans Zimmer ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! -- Craig Armstrong ( 2001 ) Frida -- Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Howard Shore ( 2003 ) The Aviator -- Howard Shore ( 2004 ) Memoirs of a Geisha -- John Williams ( 2005 ) The Painted Veil -- Alexandre Desplat ( 2006 ) Atonement -- Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire -- A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Up -- Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s The Social Network -- Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) The Artist -- Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Life of Pi -- Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) All Is Lost -- Alex Ebert ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything -- Jóhann Jóhannsson ( 2014 ) The Hateful Eight -- Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) La La Land -- Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water - Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Music Bernard Herrmann ( 1973 ) Miklós Rózsa ( 1974 / 75 ) David Raksin ( 1976 ) John Williams / John Williams ( 1977 ) John Williams ( 1978 ) Miklós Rózsa ( 1979 ) John Barry ( 1980 ) John Williams ( 1981 ) John Williams ( 1982 ) James Horner ( 1983 ) Jerry Goldsmith ( 1984 ) Bruce Broughton ( 1985 ) Alan Menken ( 1986 ) Alan Silvestri ( 1987 ) Christopher Young ( 1988 ) Alan Silvestri ( 1989 / 90 ) Loek Dikker ( 1991 ) Angelo Badalamenti ( 1992 ) Danny Elfman ( 1993 ) Howard Shore ( 1994 ) John Ottman ( 1995 ) Danny Elfman ( 1996 ) Danny Elfman ( 1997 ) John Carpenter ( 1998 ) Danny Elfman ( 1999 ) James Horner ( 2000 ) John Williams ( 2001 ) Danny Elfman ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Alan Silvestri ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) John Ottman ( 2006 ) Alan Menken ( 2007 ) James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer ( 2008 ) James Horner ( 2009 ) Hans Zimmer ( 2010 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2011 ) Danny Elfman ( 2012 ) Frank Ilfman ( 2013 ) Hans Zimmer ( 2014 ) John Williams ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Note : The years are listed as per convention , usually the year of film release ; the ceremonies are usually held the next year . BIBSYS : 7614 BNE : XX1095081 BNF : cb138911904 ( data ) GND : 121846482 ISNI : 0000 0003 6865 189X LCCN : n82020007 MusicBrainz : 661e20c8 - 3d82 - 4da2 - 94a2 - 97d9e11691c0 NDL : 001153112 NKC : xx0008135 NLA : 35802952 SELIBR : 213532 SNAC : w6rb7brr SUDOC : 080783775 VIAF : 76499379 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Barry_(composer)&oldid=843177118 '' Categories : 1933 births 2011 deaths BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songwriters Easy listening artists English composers English expatriates in the United States English film score composers English male composers English musical theatre composers English people of Irish descent English songwriters Grammy Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners James Bond Male film score composers Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at St Peter 's School , York People from Centre Island , New York People from Oyster Bay , New York People from York Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 11 : 59 . 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who wrote the music for dances with wolves

John Barry Prendergast , OBE ( / ˈbæri / ; 3 November 1933 -- 30 January 2011 ) was an English composer and conductor of film music . He composed the scores for 11 of the James Bond films between 1963 and 1987 , and also arranged and performed the `` James Bond Theme '' to the first film in the series , 1962 's Dr. No . He wrote the Grammy - and Academy Award - winning scores to the films Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa , as well as the theme for the British television cult series The Persuaders ! , in a career spanning over 50 years . In 1999 , he was appointed OBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music .

Balaam - wikipedia Balaam This article is about the prophet . For other uses , see Balaam ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Balaam and the angel , painting from Gustav Jaeger , 1836 . Balaam / ˈbeɪlæm / ( Hebrew : בִּלְעָם ‬ , Standard Bilʻam Tiberian Bileʻām ) is a diviner in the Torah , his story begins in Chapter 22 in the Book of Numbers ( Hebrew : במדבר ‬ ) . Every ancient reference to Balaam considers him a non-Israelite , a prophet , and the son of Beor , though Beor is not clearly identified . Though some sources may only describe the positive blessings he delivers upon the Israelites , he is reviled as a `` wicked man '' in both Torah and its commentaries , as well as in the New Testament . Balaam refused to speak what God did not speak and would not curse the Israelites , even though King Balak of Moab offered him money to do so ( Numbers 22 -- 24 ) . But Balaam 's error and the source of his wickedness came from sabotaging the Israelites as they entered the Promised Land . According to Revelation 2 : 14 , Balaam told King Balak how to get the Israelites to commit sin by enticing them with sexual immorality and food sacrificed to idols . The Israelites fell into transgression due to these traps and God sent a deadly plague to them as a result ( Numbers 31 : 16 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Balaam and Balak 2 Prophecies 3 Balaam in rabbinic literature 4 Balaam in the New Testament , Josephus , and Philo 5 Balaam in the Quran 6 Balaam and the Deir Alla inscription 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Balaam and Balak ( edit ) The main story of Balaam occurs during the sojourn of the Israelites in the plains of Moab , east of the Jordan River , at the close of 40 years of wandering , shortly before the death of Moses and the crossing of the Jordan . The Israelites have already defeated two kings in Transjordan : Sihon , king of the Amorites , and Og , king of Bashan . Balak , king of Moab , consequently becomes alarmed , and sends elders of Midian and his Moabite messengers , to Balaam , son of Beor , to induce him to come and curse Israel . Balaam 's location , Pethor , is simply given as `` which is by the river of the land of the children of his people '' in the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint , though the Samaritan Pentateuch , Vulgate , and Peshitta all identify his land as Ammon . Balaam and the angel . Nuremberg Chronicle ( 1493 ) The Prophet Balaam and the Angel Balaam sends back word that he can only do what YHWH commands , and God has , via a nocturnal dream , told him not to go . Balak consequently sends higher - ranking priests and offers Balaam honours ; Balaam continues to press God , and God finally permits him to go but with instructions to say only what he commands . Balaam then sets out in the morning with the princes of Moab . God becomes angry that he went , and sends the Angel of the Lord ( Numbers 22 : 22 ) to prevent him . At first , the angel is seen only by the donkey Balaam is riding , which tries to avoid the angel . After Balaam starts punishing the donkey for refusing to move , it is miraculously given the power to speak to Balaam ( Numbers 22 : 28 ) , and it complains about Balaam 's treatment . At this point , Balaam is allowed to see the angel , who informs him that the donkey is the only reason the angel did not kill Balaam . Balaam immediately repents , but is told to go on . Balak meets with Balaam at Kirjat Huzoth , and they go to the `` high places of Baal '' , and offer sacrifices on seven altars , leading to Balaam being given a prophecy by Yahweh , which he speaks to Balak . However , the prophecy blesses Israel ; Balak remonstrates , but Balaam reminds him that he can only speak the words put in his mouth , so Balak takes him to another `` high place '' at Pisgah , to try again . Building another seven altars here , and making sacrifices on each , Balaam provides another prophecy blessing Israel . Balaam finally gets taken by a now very frustrated Balak to Peor , and , after the seven sacrifices there , decides not to `` seek enchantments '' but instead looks upon the Israelites from the peak . The Spirit of God comes upon Balaam and he delivers a third positive prophecy concerning Israel . Balak 's anger rises to the point where he threatens Balaam , but Balaam merely offers a prediction of fate . Balaam then looks upon the Kenites , and Amalekites and offers two more predictions of their fates . Balak and Balaam then go to their respective homes . Later , Numbers 25 : 1 - 9 describes how Israel engaged in sexual immorality and idolatry with the women of Moab , resulting in God 's anger and a deadly plague . Numbers 31 : 16 attributes this to the advice of Balaam : `` Behold , these caused the children of Israel , through the counsel of Balaam , to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor , and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD . '' Book of Deuteronomy 23 : 3 -- 6 summarises these incidents , and further states that the Ammonites were associated with the Moabites . Joshua , in his farewell speech , also makes reference to it . With God 's protection taken from him , Balaam is later listed among the Midianites who were killed in revenge for the `` matter of Peor '' . Joshua 13 : 22 records that Balaam died `` by the sword '' during a battle for the Reubenite occupation of Moabite land . Revelation also states that Balaam `` taught Balak to cast a stumbling block before the children of Israel . '' Prophecies ( edit ) Balaam and the Ass , by Rembrandt van Rijn , 1626 . All the prophecies which Balaam makes take the form of ( Hebrew ) poems : The first , Numbers 23 : 7 -- 10 , prophesies the unique exaltation of the Kingdom of Israel , and its countless numbers . The second , Numbers 23 : 18 -- 24 , celebrates the moral virtue of Israel , its monarchy , and military conquests . The third , Numbers 24 : 3 -- 9 , celebrates the glory and conquests of Israel 's monarchy . The fourth , Numbers 24 : 14 -- 19 , prophesies the coming of a king who will conquer Edom and Moab . The fifth , Numbers 24 : 20 , concerns the ruins of Amalek . The sixth , Numbers 24 : 21 -- 22 , concerns the destruction of the Kenites by Assyria . The seventh , Numbers 24 : 23 -- 24 , concerns `` ships of Kittim '' coming from the west to attack Assyria and Eber . The poems fall into three groups . The first group consists of two poems which characteristically start immediately . The third group of three poems also start immediately , but are much shorter . The second group , however , consists of two poems which both start : Balaam the son of Beor hath said , and the man whose eyes are open hath said : He hath said , which heard the words of God , which saw the vision of the Almighty , falling into a trance , but having his eyes open ... Of these , the first and third groups are considered , according to the Documentary Hypothesis , to originate within the Elohist text , whereas the second group is considered to belong to the Jahwist . Thus the Elohist describes Balaam giving two blessings , making sacrifices on seven altars , at the high places of Baal , before each , then deciding not to `` seek enchantments '' after the third set of sacrifices , but to `` set his face upon the wilderness , '' which Balak views as a third blessing , and so Balaam then gives the three final predictions of fate . Conversely , in the Jahwist source , Balaam arrives , the spirit of God comes upon him , and he simply delivers a blessing and a prophecy , in succession . The poems themselves are considered to predate the Jahwist and Elohist , and simply to have been embedded by them in their works . While the Elohist took off whatever introduction was present in the poems they chose , the Jahwist left it on . An archaeological discovery in 1967 uncovered references to a Book of Balaam , from which these poems may have originally been taken . The first four poems are commonly regarded as ancient lyrics of the early monarchy of Israel and Judah , although several critics suspect that they have been edited either from less edifying oracles or from oracles which did not refer to Israel . Agag , mentioned in the third poem , is described as a great king , which does not correspond to the king of the Amalekites who was named Agag , and described in I Samuel 15 , since that description considers Amalek to be small and obscure . While it is the Masoretic text of the poem that uses the word Agag , the Septuagint , other Greek versions , and the Samaritan Pentateuch , all have Gog ( i.e. , king Gyges of Lydia , 716 BC to 678 BC ) , implying a very late date for the poem . These names are consequently thought to be textual corruptions , and Og has been suggested as the original . The final three poems do not refer either to Israel or to Moab , and are thus considered unusual , since they seem to have little relevance to the narrative . It is thought that they may have been added to bring the number of poems either up to five , if inserted into the Elohist source , or up to seven , if only inserted once JE was constructed . While the sixth poem refers to Assyria , it is uncertain whether it is an historical reference to ancient Ninevah , or a prophecy , which some religious commentators consider refers to the Seleucid kingdom of Syria , which also took the name Assyria . The seventh is also ambiguous , and may either be a reference to the Sea Peoples , or , again in the view of some religious commentators , to the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great . In the view of textual criticism the narrative , excepting the episode involving the donkey , is simply a framework invented in order to be able to insert much older poems . Balaam in rabbinic literature ( edit ) In rabbinic literature Balaam is represented as one of seven gentile prophets ; the other six being Beor ( Balaam 's father ) , Job , and Job 's four friends ( Talmud , B.B. 15b ) . In this literature , Balaam gradually acquired a position among the non-Jews , which was exalted as much as that of Moses among the Jews ( Midrash Numbers Rabbah 20 ) ; at first being a mere interpreter of dreams , but later becoming a magician , until finally the spirit of prophecy descended upon him ( ib. 7 ) . According to a negative view of Balaam in the Talmud , Balaam possessed the gift of being able to ascertain the exact moment during which God is wroth -- a gift bestowed upon no other creature . Balaam 's intention was to curse the Israelites at this moment of wrath , and thus cause God himself to destroy them ; but God purposely restrained His anger in order to baffle the wicked prophet and to save the nation from extermination ( Talmud , Berachot 7a ) . The Talmud also recounts a more positive view of Balaam , stating that when the Law was given to Israel , a mighty voice shook the foundations of the earth , so much so that all kings trembled , and in their consternation turned to Balaam , inquiring whether this upheaval of nature portended a second deluge ; the prophet assured them that what they heard was the voice of God , giving the sacred law to the Israelites ( Talmud , Zeb . 116a ) . According to Jewish legend , Balaam was made this powerful in order to prevent the non-Jewish tribes from saying : `` If we had only had our own Moses , we would be as pious as the Jews . '' The wicked Balaam is included in the list of persons born circumcised along with Moses in the book Abbot De-Rabbi Natan . In rabbinical literature the epithet rasha , translating as the wicked one , is often attached to the name of Balaam ( Talmud Berachot l.c. ; Taanit 20a ; Midrash Numbers Rabbah 20 : 14 ) . Balaam is pictured as blind in one eye and lame in one foot ( Talmud Sanhedrin 105a ) ; and his disciples ( followers ) are distinguished by three morally corrupt qualities : an evil eye a haughty bearing an avaricious spirit Due to his behavior with the Midianites , the Rabbis interpret Balaam as responsible for the behavior during the Heresy of Peor , which they consider to have been unchastity , and consequently the death of 24,000 victims of the plague which God sent as punishment . When Balaam saw that he could not curse the children of Israel , the Rabbis assert that he advised Balak , as a last resort , to tempt the Hebrew nation to immoral acts and , through these , to the worship of Baal - peor . The God of the Hebrews , adds Balaam , according to the Rabbis , hates lewdness ; and severe chastisement must follow ( San . 106a ; Yer . ib . x . 28d ; Num . R. l.c. ) . The Rabbis , playing on the name Balaam , call him `` Belo ' Am '' ( without people ; that is , without a share with the people in the world to come ) , or `` Billa ' ' Am '' ( one that ruined a people ) ; and this hostility against his memory finds its climax in the dictum that whenever one discovers a feature of wickedness or disgrace in his life , one should preach about it ( Sanh . 106b ) . In the process of killing Balaam ( Num . xxxi. 8 ) , all four legal methods of execution -- stoning , burning , decapitating , and strangling -- were employed ( Sanh . l.c. ) . He met his death at the age of thirty - three ( ib . ) ; and it is stated that he had no portion in the world to come ( Sanh . x . 2 ; 90a ) . The book devotes a special section to the history of the prophet discussing why God has taken away the power of prophecy from the Gentiles ( Tan. , Balak , 1 ) . Moses is expressly mentioned as the author of this episode in the Pentateuch ( B.B. 14b ). J. Sr. H.M. `` Ahithophel of the house of Israel and Balaam of the heathen nations were the two great sages of the world who , failing to show gratitude to God for their wisdom , perished in dishonor . To them the prophetic word finds application : ' Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom , ' Jer . ix. 23 '' ( Num . R. xxii . ) . In ( Sanhedrin 106b ) and ( Giṭtin 57a ) Balaam may be likened to Jesus . Some have theorized that Balaam became used as a pseudonym for Jesus in Jewish literature . Balaam in the New Testament , josephus , and Philo ( edit ) In the New Testament , Balaam is cited as a type of avarice ; for example in Book of Revelation 2 : 14 we read of false teachers at Pergamum who held the `` teaching of Balaam , who taught Balak to cast a stumbling - block before the children of Israel , to eat things sacrificed to idols , and to commit fornication . '' Balaam has attracted much interest , alike from Jews , Christians , and Muslims . Josephus paraphrases the story more so , and speaks of Balaam as the best prophet of his time , but with a disposition ill - adapted to resist temptation . Philo describes him as a great magician in the Life of Moses ; elsewhere he speaks of `` the sophist Balaam , being , '' i.e. symbolizing `` a vain crowd of contrary and warring opinions '' and again as `` a vain people '' -- both phrases being based on a mistaken etymology of the name Balaam . A man also named Balaam also figures as an example of a false prophet motivated by greed or avarice in both 2 Peter 2 : 15 and in Jude 1 : 11 . This Balaam is listed as the son of Bezer , which is usually identified as Beor . Some authors claim that Bezer was the Aramaic pronunciation of Beor , while others hold that Peter was attempting to play off the Hebrew word basar or `` flesh '' to insult Balaam . Later Jewish tradition similarly played with Balaam 's name to call him corrupt and imply bestiality . Still other authors hold that Bezer and Beor are distinct , while still identifying the Balaams of the Old and New Testaments , claiming that Beor is Balaam 's father and Bezer is Balaam 's home town . Balaam in the quran ( edit ) Musa Mūsa ٰمُوسَى Moses Ten Commandments Tawrat Ṣuḥuf Mūsā Biblical and Quranic narratives Prophets and messengers in Islam Golden calf Asiya Balaam Samiri Ulu'l azm prophets Islam portal Regarding the Islamic view of Balaam , no clear reference is made to Balaam in the Qur'an . However , the commentators argue that he is the one to whom the following text is referring : Relate to them the story of the man to whom We sent Our signs , but he passed them by : so Satan followed him up , and he went astray . If it had been Our will , We should have elevated him with Our signs ; but he inclined to the earth , and followed his own vain desires . His similitude is that of a dog : if you attack him , he lolls out his tongue , or if you leave him alone , he ( still ) lolls out his tongue . That is the similitude of those who reject Our signs ; So relate the story ; perchance they may reflect . -- Qur'an , sura 7 ( Al - A'raf ) , ayat 175 -- 176 The Muslim commentators explain that Balaam was a Canaanite who had been given knowledge of some of the books of God . His people asked him to curse Moses ( Musa ) and those who were with him , but he said , `` How can I curse one who has angels with him ? '' They continued to press him , however , until he cursed the Israelites , and , as a consequence , they remained 40 years in the Wilderness of the Wanderings . Then , when he had cursed Moses , his tongue came out and fell upon his breast , and he began to pant like a dog . The story as told by Tabari is somewhat more Biblical . Balaam had the knowledge of the Most Sacred Name of God , and whatever he asked of God was granted to him . The story of Balaam and the ass , then follows at length . When it came to the actual cursing , God `` turned his tongue '' so that the cursing fell upon his own people and the blessing upon Israel . Then his tongue came out and hung down on his breast . Finally , he advised his people to adorn and beautify their women and to send them out to ensnare the Israelites . The story of the plague at Baal - peor and of Cozbi and Zimri follows . According to another story which al - Tabari gives , Balaam was a renegade Israelite who knew the Most Sacred Name , and to gain the things of this world , went over to the Canaanites . Al - Tha'labi adds that Balaam was descended from Lot . He gives , too , the story of Balaam 's dream , his being forbidden by God to curse Israel . Another version is that Balak , the king of Bal'a , compelled Balaam to use the Most Sacred Name against Israel . The curse fell automatically , and Moses , having learned from whence it came , entreated God to take from Balaam his knowledge of the Name and his faith . This being done , they went out from him in the form of a white dove . Balaam and the Deir Alla inscription ( edit ) Further information : Deir Alla Inscription In 1967 , at Deir Alla , Jordan , archaeologists found an inscription with a story relating visions of the seer of the gods Bala'am , son of Be'or , who may be the same Bala'am mentioned in Numbers 22 -- 24 and in other passages of the Bible . This Bala'am differs from the one in Numbers in that rather than being a prophet of Yahweh he is associated with Ashtar , a god named Shgr , and Shadday gods and goddesses . The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies describes it as `` the oldest example of a book in a West Semitic language written with the alphabet , and the oldest piece of Aramaic literature . '' The inscription is datable to ca . 840 -- 760 BCE ; it was painted in red and black inks , apparently to emphasize the text , on fragments of a plastered wall : 119 pieces of inked plaster were recovered . According to the story in the inscription , Balaam wakes up weeping and tells his people that the gods appeared to him in the night telling him about a goddess threatening to destroy the land . She is to cover the sky and reduce the world to complete darkness . Meindert Dijkstra suggests that `` the reticence of OT scholarship to take account of the text may be attributable to its damaged state , the difficulty of reconstructing and reading it , and the many questions it raises of script , language , literary form and religious content . '' See also ( edit ) Balak ( parsha ) Biblical archaeology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mangold , Max . `` A Pronouncing and Phonetic Dictionary of Biblical Names '' . University of Tubingen . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ II Peter 2 : 15 , Jude 11 , Revelation 2 : 14 Jump up ^ Numbers 22 : 2 Jump up ^ Numbers 22 : 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Revelation 2 : 14 Jump up ^ See Critical View Nearly all modern expositors agree that the section xxii. -- xxiv . belongs to the composite document JE `` Balaam '' . Jewishencyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan , Translated from the Hebrew by Judah Goldin , Yale Judaica Series 10 , Chapter 2 , p 23 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Encyclopedia '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bilam & Jesus '' . Oztorah.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bileam and Jesus , in `` Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Jüdische Theologie , '' Volume 6 , pp. 31 -- 37 Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia , under the category of : Balaam Jump up ^ Schäfer , Peter . Jesus in the Talmud . Princeton University Press ( 2007 ) , Pages : 86 - 174 Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews , iv. 6 , § 2 Jump up ^ Philo , De Vita Moysis , i . 48 : `` a man renowned above all men for his skill as a diviner and a prophet , who foretold to the various nations important events , abundance and rain , or droughts and famine , inundations or pestilence . '' Jump up ^ Who 's Who of the Bible : Everything you need to know about everyone named in the Bible by Martin H. Manser and Debra Reid , Lion Books , 3 Jan 2013 , p. 53 Jump up ^ The Proper Names of the Bible ; Their Orthography , Pronunciation , and Signification , Etc by John Farrar , John Mason , 1839 , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : A Dictionary of the Bible , Comprising Its Antiquities , Biography , Geography , and Natural History by William George Smith , S.S. Scranton & Company , 1896 , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Jude and 2 Peter ( Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament ) by Gene Green , Baker Academic , 1 Nov 2008 , p. 289 Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ `` Annales , '' ed . De Goeje , i . 508 et seq . Jump up ^ Num . xxv. 14 , 15 . Jump up ^ ' i'a ' al - Anbiyya , pp. 206 et seq. , Cairo ed. , 1298 . Jump up ^ Thomas L. Thompson ( 2000 ) . `` Problems of Genre and Historicity with Palestine 's Descriptions '' . In André Lemaire , Magne Saebo . Supplements to Vetus Testamentum , Volume 80 . Brill . p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 9004115989 . Jump up ^ Allan Millard ( 2006 ) . `` Authors , Books and Readers in the Ancient World '' . In J.W. Rogerson , Judith M. Lieu . The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies . Oxford University Press . p. 554 . ISBN 978 - 0199254255 . Jump up ^ J. Hoftijzer and G. van der Kooij , Aramaic Texts from Deir ' Alla Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 19 ( Leiden ) 1976 . Jump up ^ Meindert Dijkstra , `` Is Balaam Also among the Prophets ? '' Journal of Biblical Literature 114. 1 ( Spring 1995 , pp. 43 -- 64 ) , p. 44 . References ( edit ) Ausloos , Hans , On an Obedient Prophet and a Fickle God . The Narrative of Balaam in Numbers 22 -- 24 , in Old Testament Essays 20 ( 2007 ) 84 - 104 Hoftijzer , Jacob . `` The Prophet Balaam in a 6th Century Aramaic Inscription . '' Biblical Archaeologist 39.1 ( March 1976 ) , pp. 11 -- 17 ( electronic edition 2001 ) . McCarter , P. Kyle . `` The Balaam Texts from Deir Allā : The First Combination . '' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , no . 239 ( Summer 1980 ) , pp. 49 -- 60 . Olrik , Axel ( Kirsten Wolf and Jody Jensen , trs . ) . Principles for Oral Narrative Research . Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1921 ( tr. 1992 ) . Shenk , Robert . `` The Coherence of the Biblical Story of Balaam . '' Literature and Belief 13 ( 1993 ) , 31 - 51 . Van Kooten , George H. and Jacques van Ruiten ( edd . ) . Prestige of the Pagan Prophet Balaam in Judaism , Early Christianity and Islam . Leiden : Brill , 2008 . Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Balaam '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balaam . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Balaam . Bibliography on Balaam Biblical Hebrew Poetry -- Reconstructing the Original Oral , Aural and Visual Experience The Oracles of Balaam ( poetic portions of Numbers 23 : 7 -- 24 : 24 ) Reconstructed The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ( ISBE ) , James Orr , M.A. , D.D. , General Editor -- 1915 ( online ) Easton 's Bible Dictionary , M.G. Easton M.A. , D.D. , published by Thomas Nelson , 1897 . ( online ) Hitchcock Bible Names Dictionary ( online ) Nave Topical Bible , Orville J. Nave , AM. , D.D. , LL. D. ( online ) Smith 's Bible Dictionary ( 1896 ) ( online ) Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . People and things in the Quran hide Characters Non-humans Allāh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran , such as Karīm ( Generous ) Beings in Paradise Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thá ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender palm tree ) Nakhl ( date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Texts Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ' Umrah al - Qaza Yawm ad - Dār Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) LCCN : n82220567 NLA : 53004671 VIAF : 123915857 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balaam&oldid=839686081 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible Angelic visionaries Biblical figures in rabbinic literature Biblical people in Islam Book of Numbers Moses Torah people Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Wolof 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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who did the donkey talk to in the bible

Balaam sends back word that he can only do what YHWH commands , and God has , via a nocturnal dream , told him not to go . Balak consequently sends higher - ranking priests and offers Balaam honours ; Balaam continues to press God , and God finally permits him to go but with instructions to say only what he commands . Balaam then sets out in the morning with the princes of Moab . God becomes angry that he went , and sends the Angel of the Lord ( Numbers 22 : 22 ) to prevent him . At first , the angel is seen only by the donkey Balaam is riding , which tries to avoid the angel . After Balaam starts punishing the donkey for refusing to move , it is miraculously given the power to speak to Balaam ( Numbers 22 : 28 ) , and it complains about Balaam 's treatment . At this point , Balaam is allowed to see the angel , who informs him that the donkey is the only reason the angel did not kill Balaam . Balaam immediately repents , but is told to go on .

Here Comes the Sun - wikipedia Here Comes the Sun Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by the Beatles . For other uses , see Here Comes the Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` Here Comes the Sun '' Song by the Beatles from the album Abbey Road Published Harrisongs Released 26 September 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) Recorded 7 July -- 19 August 1969 Genre Folk pop pop rock Length 3 : 06 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Here Comes the Sun '' is a song written by George Harrison that was first released on the Beatles ' 1969 album Abbey Road . Along with `` Something '' and `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , it is one of Harrison 's best - known compositions from the Beatles era . The song was written at the country house of his friend Eric Clapton , where Harrison had chosen to play truant for the day , to avoid attending a meeting at the Beatles ' Apple Corps organisation . The lyrics reflect the composer 's relief at both the arrival of spring and the temporary respite he was experiencing from the band 's business affairs . The Beatles recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' at London 's EMI Studios in the summer of 1969 . Led by Harrison 's acoustic guitar , the recording also features Moog synthesizer , which he had introduced to the Beatles ' sound after acquiring an early model of the instrument in California . Reflecting the continued influence of Indian classical music on Harrison 's writing , the composition includes a series of unusual time changes . `` Here Comes the Sun '' has received acclaim from music critics . Combined with his other contribution to Abbey Road , `` Something '' , it gained for Harrison the level of recognition as a songwriter that had previously been reserved for his bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . Harrison played the song during many of his relatively rare live performances as a solo artist , including at the Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 and , with Paul Simon , during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in 1976 . Richie Havens and Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel each had hit singles with `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 1970s . Nina Simone , George Benson , Booker T. & the M.G. 's , Peter Tosh and Joe Brown are among the many other artists who have covered the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Musical structure 3 Recording 4 Release and reception 5 Cultural references and legacy 6 Cover versions 6.1 Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 6.2 Other artists 7 Personnel 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' is one of Harrison 's best - known Beatles compositions alongside `` Something '' and `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . The early months of 1969 were a difficult period for Harrison : he had quit the band temporarily , he was arrested for marijuana possession , and he had his tonsils removed . Harrison states in his autobiography , I , Me , Mine : `` Here Comes the Sun '' was written at the time when Apple was getting like school , where we had to go and be businessmen : ' Sign this ' and ' sign that . ' Anyway , it seems as if winter in England goes on forever , by the time spring comes you really deserve it . So one day I decided I was going to sag off Apple and I went over to Eric Clapton 's house . The relief of not having to go see all those dopey accountants was wonderful , and I walked around the garden with one of Eric 's acoustic guitars and wrote `` Here Comes the Sun '' . As Clapton states in his autobiography , the house in question is known as Hurtwood Edge . When interviewed in the Martin Scorsese documentary George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Clapton said he believed the month was April . Data from two meteorological stations in the London area show that April 1969 set a record for sunlight hours for the 1960s . The Greenwich station recorded 189 hours for April , a high that was not beaten until 1984 . The Greenwich data also show that February and March were much colder than the norm for the 1960s , which would account for Harrison 's reference to a `` long , cold , lonely winter '' . Musical structure ( edit ) The song is in the key of A major . The main refrain uses a IV ( D chord ) to V - of - V ( B chord ) progression ( the reverse of that used in `` Eight Days a Week '' and `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' ) . The melody in the verse and refrain basically follows the pentatonic scale from E up to C ♯ ( scale steps 5 , 6 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) . One feature is the increasing syncopation in the vocal parts . Another feature is the guitar flat - picking that embellishes the E7 ( V7 ) chord from 2 : 03 to 2 : 11 , creating tension for resolution on the tonic A chord at `` Little darlin ' `` . The bridge involves a ♭ III - ♭ VII - IV - I - V7 triple descending 4th ( or Tri-Plagal ) progression ( with an extra V7 ) as the vocals move from `` Sun '' ( ♭ III or C chord ) to `` sun '' ( ♭ VII or G chord ) to `` sun '' ( IV or D chord ) to `` comes '' ( I or A chord ) and the additional 4th descent to a V7 ( E7 ) chord . The lyric here ( `` Sun , sun , sun , here it comes '' ) has been described as taking `` on the quality of a meditator 's mantra '' . The song also features extreme 4 / 4 ( in the verse ) and a sequence of 11 / 8 + 4 / 4 + 7 / 8 ( which can also be transcribed as 11 / 8 + 15 / 8 ) in the bridge , phrasing interludes which Harrison drew from Indian music influences . In the second verse ( 0 : 59 -- 1 : 13 ) the Moog synthesizer doubles the solo guitar line and in the third verse the Moog adds an obbligato line an octave above . The last four bars ( 2 : 54 -- 3 : 04 ) juxtapose the guitar break with a repeat of the bridge . Recording ( edit ) Harrison , Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr recorded the rhythm track in 13 takes on 7 July 1969 . John Lennon did not contribute to the song as he was recovering from a car crash . Towards the end of the session Harrison spent an hour re-recording his acoustic guitar part . He capoed his guitar on the 7th fret , resulting in the final key of A major ( in fact , slightly above A major due to the track being varispeeded by less than a semitone ) . He also used the same technique on his 1965 song `` If I Needed Someone '' , which shares a similar melodic pattern . The following day he taped his lead vocals , and he and McCartney recorded their backing vocals twice to give a fuller sound . A harmonium and handclaps were added on 16 July . Harrison added an electric guitar run through a Leslie speaker on 6 August , and the orchestral parts ( George Martin 's score for two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes and two clarinets ) were added on 15 August . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was completed four days later with the addition of Harrison 's Moog synthesizer part . The master tapes reveal that Harrison recorded a guitar solo that was not included in the final mix at that time . Release and reception ( edit ) Abbey Road was released on 26 September 1969 with `` Here Comes the Sun '' sequenced as the opening track on side two of the LP . Along with `` Something '' , which was issued as a single from the album , the song established Harrison as a composer to match Lennon and McCartney . According to author Alan Clayson , Harrison 's two Abbey Road compositions received `` the most widespread syndication '' of all the tracks on the album , partly through the number of cover versions they attracted . Nine years later , Harrison recorded `` Here Comes the Moon '' as a lyrical successor to the song . In Japan , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was issued on a single in 1970 , as the B - side to McCartney 's Abbey Road track `` Oh ! Darling '' . While the Beatles never released the track on a single in Britain , new rules implemented to the UK Singles Chart in 2007 allowed any song to enter the charts based on download sales . This allowed several songs recorded by the Beatles to list on the charts when the group 's back catalogue became available for download on iTunes in 2010 , including `` Here Comes the Sun '' , which peaked at number 58 on 27 November that year . Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Mikal Gilmore likened `` Here Comes the Sun '' to the McCartney - written `` Let It Be '' and Lennon 's `` Imagine '' , as Harrison 's `` graceful anthem of hope amid difficult realities '' . While expressing regret at having underestimated Harrison as a songwriter , Martin described `` Here Comes the Sun '' as being `` in some ways one of the best songs ever written '' . Cultural references and legacy ( edit ) In 1977 , astronomer and science populariser Carl Sagan attempted to have `` Here Comes the Sun '' included on a disc of music accompanying the Voyager space mission . Titled the Voyager Golden Record , copies of the disc were put on board both spacecraft in the Voyager program in order to provide any entity that recovered them with a representative sample of human civilization . Writing in his book Murmurs of Earth , Sagan recalls that the Beatles favoured the idea , but `` ( they ) did not own the copyright , and the legal status of the piece seemed too murky to risk . '' When the probes were launched in 1977 , the song was not included . The track has appeared in many critics ' lists of the Beatles ' best recordings . Among these , the NME placed it at number 4 in the magazine 's 2015 list of `` the 100 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . In a similar poll compiled by Mojo in 2006 , where the song appeared at number 21 , Danny Eccleston described it as `` perhaps the best song -- outside ' Jerusalem ' -- that religion can claim credit for '' , adding : `` Those who professed surprise at Harrison 's immediate elevation to Most Successful Solo Beatle status ( in 1970 ) clearly were n't listening to this . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' appeared at number 28 on Rolling Stone 's 2010 list , where the editors commented : `` Along with ' Something , ' it gave notice that the Beatles now had three formidable composers . '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' was played as the entrance music for Ivanka Trump at the 2016 Republican National Convention . The George Harrison estate complained about the song being used to support Donald Trump 's presidential campaign , saying it was `` offensive and against the wishes of the George Harrison estate '' . The Harrison family later tweeted : `` If it had been Beware of Darkness , then we MAY have approved it ! # TrumpYourself . '' Cover versions ( edit ) Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( edit ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' Single by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel from the album Love 's a Prima Donna B - side `` Lay Me Down '' Released 30 July 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 30 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Pop , rock Length 2 : 55 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) Steve Harley Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel singles chronology `` White , White Dove '' ( 1976 ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( 1976 ) `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' ( 1976 ) `` White , White Dove '' ( 1976 ) `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( 1976 ) `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' ( 1976 ) In 1976 , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by the British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel , and released as the lead single from their fifth studio album , Love 's a Prima Donna . The lineup on their version was Steve Harley on vocals and guitar , Jim Cregan on lead guitar and backing vocals , Jo Partridge on guitar and backing vocals , George Ford on bass guitar and backing vocals , Duncan Mackay on keyboards , and Stuart Elliott on drums . Additional backing vocals were provided by Yvonne Keeley , John G. Perry and Tony Rivers , while Lindsey Elliott played percussion . `` Here Comes the Sun '' was the first cover version that Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel had chosen to record . The song peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number 7 in Ireland . It was the band 's last top 40 single . Other artists ( edit ) In August 1971 , Harrison performed the song at the Concert for Bangladesh , accompanied by Pete Ham of the group Badfinger . He also played it during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in November 1976 , as a duet with Paul Simon . A live version from his 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton appears on Harrison 's Live in Japan double album . Booker T. & the M.G. 's included the song on their 1970 Abbey Road tribute album , McLemore Avenue . That same year , `` Here Comes the Sun '' was covered by Peter Tosh and released as a single , although it was not widely available until its inclusion on Ca n't Blame the Youth in 2004 . We Five released a version on their 1970 album Catch the Wind . American folk singer Richie Havens had a US hit with his 1971 version , which peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Nina Simone recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' as the title track to her 1971 covers album . Sandy Farina covered `` Here Comes the Sun '' on the Martin - produced soundtrack to the 1978 film Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . In 1980 , on their album Flaming Schoolgirls , the Runaways recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Dave Edmunds , Debbie Gibson and Raffi sang a live cover version in a Japanese television special aired in 1990 . On their 1994 debut album , Who Is , This Is ? , ska - punk band Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a version of the song . Linda Eder released a version of `` Here Comes the Sun '' in 2002 on her Gold album . On 29 November that year , Joe Brown performed the song at the Concert for George tribute , which was organised by Clapton and held at the Royal Albert Hall in London . Brown 's performance was included on the subsequent live album from the event and in David Leland 's concert film . Sheryl Crow sang `` Here Comes the Sun '' in the 2007 animated film Bee Movie . Swedish heavy metal band Ghost released a version of the song as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of their 2010 album Opus Eponymous . Marina Prior recorded the song for her 2012 album Both Sides Now . Malaysian singer Yuna recorded her version for the 2012 film Savages . It can be heard in the ending credits . Naya Rivera and Demi Lovato performed the song , as Santana Lopez and Dani respectively , in Glee 's fifth season episode `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' . Their duet version appears on the album Glee Sings the Beatles , released in September 2013 . Writing for MTV , Jocelyn Vena commented that the two singers sang `` in perfect harmony over a plucky guitar . '' Idolator also pointed out `` their beautiful harmonies '' as a highlight . Paul Simon has often performed `` Here Comes the Sun '' in concert , as a tribute to Harrison . In September 2014 , Simon played the song live on the TBS television show Conan as part of the show 's `` George Harrison Week '' initiative . Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald , the lineup on the Beatles ' recording was as follows . The Beatles George Harrison -- lead and backing vocals , acoustic and electric guitars , harmonium , Moog synthesizer , handclaps Paul McCartney -- backing vocal , bass , handclaps Ringo Starr -- drums , handclaps Orchestra Uncredited -- four violas , four cellos , double bass , two piccolos , two flutes , two alto flutes , two clarinets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens : Roots , Freedom , Bob Dylan & The Beatles ! '' . The Immortal Jukebox. 2016 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2002 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Rowley , David . All Together Now , the ABC of the Beatles songs and albums . Troubador , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan . `` Notes on ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , p. 555 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Lost Solo Discovered '' . andpop.com. 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` New George Harrison guitar solo uncovered '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 297 , 300 . Jump up ^ Woffinden 1981 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 355 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2009 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` The Beatles Songs : ' Here Comes the Sun ' -- The history of this classic Beatles song '' . oldies.about.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sagan et al. 1978 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 28 . ' Here Comes the Sun ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Paul ; Bixby , Scott ( 23 July 2016 ) . `` ' The greatest asset Trump has ' : Ivanka gets rave reviews for Cleveland speech '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` George Harrison Estate Addresses RNC 's Use Of ' Here Comes The Sun ' To Introduce Ivanka Trump '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel -- Love 's A Prima Donna at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` STEVE HARLEY & COCKNEY REBEL full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Tony ( 24 April 1976 ) . `` Harley blows big chance '' . New Musical Express . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Lavezzoli 2006 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Booker T. & the MG 's McLemore Avenue '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` We Five , Catch the Wind '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Havens -- Chart history '' . Billboard charts . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Here Comes the Sun -- Nina Simone '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Earth ' 90 : Children and the Environment B.A.M. Majestic Theater Brooklyn , NY Jun 2 , 1990 ) : '' . concertvault.com . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voodoo Glow Skulls , `` Who Is , This Is ? '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kanis , Jon ( December 2012 ) . `` I 'll See You in My Dreams : Looking Back at the Concert for George '' . San Diego Troubadour . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Various Artists A Concert for George ( Video ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Naya Rivera Harmonize On ' Glee ' Duet '' . MTV . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Bianca ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` Demi Lovato & Naya Rivera Cover The Beatles ' ' Here Comes The Sun ' : Hear The ' Glee ' Track '' . Idolator . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker , Erin ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Paul Simon Performs ' Here Comes The Sun ' for George Harrison Week on ' Conan ' '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehr , Bob ( January 2012 ) . `` He 's Going to Graceland '' . Mojo . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Watch Paul Simon Perform the Beatles ' ' Here Comes the Sun ' on ' Conan ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . George Harrison . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 . The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Fretbase.com. 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Harrison , George ( 2002 ) ( 1980 ) . I , Me , Mine . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5900 - 4 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Inglis , Ian ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of George Harrison . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 . Lavezzoli , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 2819 - 3 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Pedler , Dominic ( 2003 ) . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 6 . Sagan , Carl ; Drake , Frank D. ; Lomberg , Jon ; Sagan , Linda Salzman ; Druyan , Ann ; Ferris , Timothy ( 1978 ) . Murmurs of Earth : The Voyager Interstellar Record . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 41047 - 5 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Woffinden , Bob ( 1981 ) . The Beatles Apart . London : Proteus . ISBN 0 - 906071 - 89 - 5 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3133 - 9171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Abbey Road Review from AllMusic Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles ' official website Abbey Road Songs Side one `` Come Together '' `` Something '' `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' `` Oh ! Darling '' `` Octopus 's Garden '' `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' Side two `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Because '' `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' `` Sun King '' `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' `` Polythene Pam '' `` She Came In Through the Bathroom Window '' `` Golden Slumbers '' `` Carry That Weight '' `` The End '' `` Her Majesty '' Non-album single `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' `` Old Brown Shoe '' Outtakes `` Come and Get It '' `` Ai n't She Sweet '' Related articles Abbey Road , London The Beatles discography Break - up of the Beatles Iain Macmillan McLemore Avenue The Other Side of Abbey Road Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Steve Harley / Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Steve Harley Barry Wickens Robbie Gladwell James Lascelles Kuma Harada Adam Houghton Jean - Paul Crocker Paul Jeffreys Milton Reame - James Jim Cregan George Ford Duncan Mackay Stuart Elliott Lincoln Anderson Studio albums ( Cockney Rebel ) The Human Menagerie ( 1973 ) The Psychomodo ( 1974 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1975 ) Timeless Flight ( 1976 ) Love 's a Prima Donna ( 1976 ) The Quality of Mercy ( 2005 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley ) Hobo with a Grin ( 1978 ) The Candidate ( 1979 ) Yes You Can ( 1992 ) Poetic Justice ( 1996 ) Stranger Comes to Town ( 2010 ) Live albums Face to Face : A Live Recording ( 1977 ) Stripped to the Bare Bones ( 1999 ) Acoustic and Pure : Live ( 2003 ) Anytime ! ( A Live Set ) ( as The Steve Harley Band , 2004 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Compilations A Closer Look ( 1975 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 1980 ) The Collection ( 1983 ) Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) Mr Soft ( 1988 ) Live at the BBC ( 1995 ) More Than Somewhat -- The Very Best of Steve Harley ( 1998 ) The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( 1999 ) Best of the ' 70s ( 2000 ) The Cockney Rebel - A Steve Harley Anthology ( 2006 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 2008 ) Cavaliers : An Anthology 1973 - 1974 ( 2012 ) Original Album Series ( 2014 ) Singles ( Cockney Rebel ) `` Sebastian '' `` Judy Teen '' `` Hideaway '' `` Psychomodo '' `` Mr. Soft '' `` Tumbling Down '' Singles ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' `` Black or White '' `` White , White Dove '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( live ) '' `` I Ca n't Even Touch You '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Last Goodbye '' Singles ( Steve Harley ) `` Big Big Deal '' `` Roll the Dice '' `` Someone 's Coming '' `` Freedom 's Prisoner '' `` Ballerina ( Prima Donna ) '' `` Heartbeat Like Thunder '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( with Sarah Brightman ) `` Whatever You Believe '' ( as Anderson , Harley & Batt ) `` When I 'm with You '' `` Star for a Week ( Dino ) '' `` A Friend for Life '' `` Faith & Virtue '' `` For Sale . Baby Shoes . Never Worn '' `` Ordinary People '' Video Live from London ( 1985 ) The Come Back , All is Forgiven Tour : Live ( 1989 ) Live at the Isle of Wight Festival ( 2005 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Related articles Discography The Alan Parsons Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_the_Sun&oldid=798336168 '' Categories : 1960s ballads Pop ballads Music published by Harrisongs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by George Harrison The Beatles songs Nina Simone songs Steve Harley songs We Five songs 1969 songs 1970 singles 1971 singles 1976 singles Apple Records singles EMI Records singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use British English from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 09 : 02 . 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what movie has the song here comes the sun

Sandy Farina covered `` Here Comes the Sun '' on the Martin - produced soundtrack to the 1978 film Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . In 1980 , on their album Flaming Schoolgirls , the Runaways recorded `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Dave Edmunds , Debbie Gibson and Raffi sang a live cover version in a Japanese television special aired in 1990 . On their 1994 debut album , Who Is , This Is ? , ska - punk band Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a version of the song .

Vedas - wikipedia Vedas Jump to : navigation , search `` Veda '' and `` Vedic '' redirect here . For other uses , see Veda ( disambiguation ) and Vedic ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Hindu scriptures and texts Shruti Smriti Vedas ( show ) Rigveda Samaveda Yajurveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishads Upanishads ( show ) Rig vedic Aitareya Kaushitaki Sama vedic Chandogya Kena Yajur vedic Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Atharva vedic Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Other scriptures ( show ) Bhagavad Gita Agamas Related Hindu texts Vedangas ( show ) Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Puranas ( show ) Brahma puranas Brahma Brahmānda Brahmavaivarta Markandeya Bhavishya Vaishnava puranas Vishnu Bhagavata Naradiya Garuda Padma Vamana Kurma Matsya Shaiva puranas Shiva Linga Skanda Vayu Agni Itihasa ( show ) Ramayana Mahabharata Shastras and sutras ( show ) Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Vedantasara Stotra Timeline ( show ) Chronology of Hindu texts The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism . Above : A page from the Atharvaveda . The Vedas ( / ˈveɪdəz / ; Sanskrit : वेद veda , `` knowledge '' ) are a large body of knowledge texts originating in the ancient Indian subcontinent . Composed in Vedic Sanskrit , the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism . Hindus consider the Vedas to be apauruṣeya , which means `` not of a man , superhuman '' and `` impersonal , authorless '' . Vedas are also called śruti ( `` what is heard '' ) literature , distinguishing them from other religious texts , which are called smṛti ( `` what is remembered '' ) . The Veda , for orthodox Indian theologians , are considered revelations seen by ancient sages after intense meditation , and texts that have been more carefully preserved since ancient times . In the Hindu Epic the Mahabharata , the creation of Vedas is credited to Brahma . The Vedic hymns themselves assert that they were skillfully created by Rishis ( sages ) , after inspired creativity , just as a carpenter builds a chariot . There are four Vedas : the Rigveda , the Yajurveda , the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda . Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types -- the Samhitas ( mantras and benedictions ) , the Aranyakas ( text on rituals , ceremonies , sacrifices and symbolic - sacrifices ) , the Brahmanas ( commentaries on rituals , ceremonies and sacrifices ) , and the Upanishads ( texts discussing meditation , philosophy and spiritual knowledge ) . Some scholars add a fifth category -- the Upasanas ( worship ) . The various Indian philosophies and denominations have taken differing positions on the Vedas . Schools of Indian philosophy which cite the Vedas as their scriptural authority are classified as `` orthodox '' ( āstika ) . Other śramaṇa traditions , such as Lokayata , Carvaka , Ajivika , Buddhism and Jainism , which did not regard the Vedas as authorities , are referred to as `` heterodox '' or `` non-orthodox '' ( nāstika ) schools . Despite their differences , just like the texts of the śramaṇa traditions , the layers of texts in the Vedas discuss similar ideas and concepts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and usage 2 Chronology 2.1 Ancient universities 3 Categories of Vedic texts 3.1 Vedic Sanskrit corpus 3.2 Shruti literature 4 Vedic schools or recensions 5 Four Vedas 5.1 Rigveda 5.2 Samaveda 5.3 Yajurveda 5.4 Atharvaveda 5.5 Embedded Vedic texts 5.5. 1 Brahmanas 5.5. 2 Aranyakas and Upanishads 6 Post-Vedic literature 6.1 Vedanga 6.2 Parisista 6.3 Upaveda 6.4 `` Fifth '' and other Vedas 6.5 Puranas 7 Western Indology 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology and usage The Sanskrit word véda `` knowledge , wisdom '' is derived from the root vid - `` to know '' . This is reconstructed as being derived from the Proto - Indo - European root * u̯eid - , meaning `` see '' or `` know '' . The noun is from Proto - Indo - European * u̯eidos , cognate to Greek ( ϝ ) εἶδος `` aspect '' , `` form '' . Not to be confused is the homonymous 1st and 3rd person singular perfect tense véda , cognate to Greek ( ϝ ) οἶδα ( w ) oida `` I know '' . Root cognates are Greek ἰδέα , English wit , etc. , Latin videō `` I see '' , etc . The Sanskrit term veda as a common noun means `` knowledge '' . The term in some contexts , such as hymn 10.93. 11 of the Rigveda , means `` obtaining or finding wealth , property '' , while in some others it means `` a bunch of grass together '' as in a broom or for ritual fire . A related word Vedena appears in hymn 8.19. 5 of the Rigveda . It was translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith as `` ritual lore '' , as `` studying the Veda '' by the 14th century Indian scholar Sayana , as `` bundle of grass '' by Max Müller , and as `` with the Veda '' by H.H. Wilson . Vedas are called Maṛai or Vaymoli in parts of South India . Marai literally means `` hidden , a secret , mystery '' . In some south Indian communities such as Iyengars , the word Veda includes the Tamil writings of the Alvar saints , such as Divya Prabandham , for example Tiruvaymoli . Chronology Main article : Vedic period The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts . The Samhitas date to roughly 1700 -- 1100 BC , and the `` circum - Vedic '' texts , as well as the redaction of the Samhitas , date to c. 1000 - 500 BC , resulting in a Vedic period , spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BC , or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age . The Vedic period reaches its peak only after the composition of the mantra texts , with the establishment of the various shakhas all over Northern India which annotated the mantra samhitas with Brahmana discussions of their meaning , and reaches its end in the age of Buddha and Panini and the rise of the Mahajanapadas ( archaeologically , Northern Black Polished Ware ) . Michael Witzel gives a time span of c. 1500 to c. 500 - 400 BC . Witzel makes special reference to the Near Eastern Mitanni material of the 14th century BC the only epigraphic record of Indo - Aryan contemporary to the Rigvedic period . He gives 150 BC ( Patañjali ) as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature , and 1200 BC ( the early Iron Age ) as terminus post quem for the Atharvaveda . Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition , preserved with precision with the help of elaborate mnemonic techniques . A literary tradition is traceable in post-Vedic times , after the rise of Buddhism in the Maurya period , perhaps earliest in the Kanva recension of the Yajurveda about the 1st century BC ; however oral tradition of transmission remained active . Witzel suggests the possibility of written Vedic texts towards the end of 1st millennium BCE . Some scholars such as Jack Goody state that `` the Vedas are not the product of an oral society '' , basing this view by comparing inconsistencies in the transmitted versions of literature from various oral societies such as the Greek , Serbia and other cultures , then noting that the Vedic literature is too consistent and vast to have been composed and transmitted orally across generations , without being written down . However , adds Goody , the Vedic texts likely involved both a written and oral tradition , calling it a `` parallel products of a literate society '' . Due to the ephemeral nature of the manuscript material ( birch bark or palm leaves ) , surviving manuscripts rarely surpass an age of a few hundred years . The Sampurnanand Sanskrit University has a Rigveda manuscript from the 14th century ; however , there are a number of older Veda manuscripts in Nepal that are dated from the 11th century onwards . Ancient universities The Vedas , Vedic rituals and its ancillary sciences called the Vedangas , were part of the curriculum at ancient universities such as at Taxila , Nalanda and Vikramashila . Categories of Vedic texts Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari The term `` Vedic texts '' is used in two distinct meanings : Texts composed in Vedic Sanskrit during the Vedic period ( Iron Age India ) Any text considered as `` connected to the Vedas '' or a `` corollary of the Vedas '' Vedic Sanskrit corpus The corpus of Vedic Sanskrit texts includes : The Samhitas ( Sanskrit saṃhitā , `` collection '' ) , are collections of metric texts ( `` mantras '' ) . There are four `` Vedic '' Samhitas : the Rig - Veda , Sama - Veda , Yajur - Veda , and Atharva - Veda , most of which are available in several recensions ( śākhā ) . In some contexts , the term Veda is used to refer to these Samhitas . This is the oldest layer of Vedic texts , apart from the Rigvedic hymns , which were probably essentially complete by 1200 BC , dating to c. the 12th to 10th centuries BC . The complete corpus of Vedic mantras as collected in Bloomfield 's Vedic Concordance ( 1907 ) consists of some 89,000 padas ( metrical feet ) , of which 72,000 occur in the four Samhitas . The Brahmanas are prose texts that comment and explain the solemn rituals as well as expound on their meaning and many connected themes . Each of the Brahmanas is associated with one of the Samhitas or its recensions . The Brahmanas may either form separate texts or can be partly integrated into the text of the Samhitas . They may also include the Aranyakas and Upanishads . The Aranyakas , `` wilderness texts '' or `` forest treaties '' , were composed by people who meditated in the woods as recluses and are the third part of the Vedas . The texts contain discussions and interpretations of ceremonies , from ritualistic to symbolic meta - ritualistic points of view . It is frequently read in secondary literature . Older Mukhya Upanishads ( Bṛhadāraṇyaka , Chandogya , Kaṭha , Kena , Aitareya , and others ) . The Vedas ( sruti ) are different from Vedic era texts such as Shrauta Sutras and Gryha Sutras , which are smriti texts . Together , the Vedas and these Sutras form part of the Vedic Sanskrit corpus . While production of Brahmanas and Aranyakas ceased with the end of the Vedic period , additional Upanishads were composed after the end of the Vedic period . The Brahmanas , Aranyakas , and Upanishads , among other things , interpret and discuss the Samhitas in philosophical and metaphorical ways to explore abstract concepts such as the Absolute ( Brahman ) , and the soul or the self ( Atman ) , introducing Vedanta philosophy , one of the major trends of later Hinduism . In other parts , they show evolution of ideas , such as from actual sacrifice to symbolic sacrifice , and of spirituality in the Upanishads . This has inspired later Hindu scholars such as Adi Shankara to classify each Veda into karma - kanda ( कर्म खण्ड , action / ritual - related sections ) and jnana - kanda ( ज्ञान खण्ड , knowledge / spirituality - related sections ) . Shruti literature Main article : Śruti The texts considered `` Vedic '' in the sense of `` corollaries of the Vedas '' is less clearly defined , and may include numerous post-Vedic texts such as the later Upanishads and the Sutra literature . Texts not considered to be shruti are known as smriti ( Sanskrit : smṛti ; `` the remembered '' ) , or texts of remembered traditions . This indigenous system of categorization was adopted by Max Müller and , while it is subject to some debate , it is still widely used . As Axel Michaels explains : These classifications are often not tenable for linguistic and formal reasons : There is not only one collection at any one time , but rather several handed down in separate Vedic schools ; Upanişads ... are sometimes not to be distinguished from Āraṇyakas ... ; Brāhmaṇas contain older strata of language attributed to the Saṃhitās ; there are various dialects and locally prominent traditions of the Vedic schools . Nevertheless , it is advisable to stick to the division adopted by Max Müller because it follows the Indian tradition , conveys the historical sequence fairly accurately , and underlies the current editions , translations , and monographs on Vedic literature . '' The Upanishads are largely philosophical works , some in dialogue form . They are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and its diverse traditions . Of the Vedic corpus , they alone are widely known , and the central ideas of the Upanishads are at the spiritual core of Hindus . Vedic schools or recensions Main article : Shakha The four Vedas were transmitted in various śākhā s ( branches , schools ) . Each school likely represented an ancient community of a particular area , or kingdom . Each school followed its own canon . Multiple recensions are known for each of the Vedas . Thus , states Witzel as well as Renou , in the 2nd millennium BC , there was likely no canon of one broadly accepted Vedic texts , no Vedic `` Scripture '' , but only a canon of various texts accepted by each school . Some of these texts have survived , most lost or yet to be found . Rigveda that survives in modern times , for example , is in only one extremely well preserved school of Śåkalya , from a region called Videha , in modern north Bihar , south of Nepal . The Vedic canon in its entirety consists of texts from all the various Vedic schools taken together . Each of the four Vedas were shared by the numerous schools , but revised , interpolated and adapted locally , in and after the Vedic period , giving rise to various recensions of the text . Some texts were revised into the modern era , raising significant debate on parts of the text which are believed to have been corrupted at a later date . The Vedas each have an Index or Anukramani , the principal work of this kind being the general Index or Sarvānukramaṇī . Prodigious energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity . For example , memorization of the sacred Vedas included up to eleven forms of recitation of the same text . The texts were subsequently `` proof - read '' by comparing the different recited versions . Forms of recitation included the jaṭā - pāṭha ( literally `` mesh recitation '' ) in which every two adjacent words in the text were first recited in their original order , then repeated in the reverse order , and finally repeated in the original order . That these methods have been effective , is testified to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text , the Rigveda , as redacted into a single text during the Brahmana period , without any variant readings within that school . The Vedas were likely written down for the first time around 500 BC . However , all printed editions of the Vedas that survive in the modern times are likely the version existing in about the 16th century AD . Four Vedas Part of a series on Hindu scriptures Vedas and their Shakhas Rigveda ( show ) Shakala Bhashkala Samaveda ( show ) Ranayana Shatyamukhya Vyasa Bhaguri Olundi Goulgulvi Bhanumanoupamayava Karati Mashaka Argya Varshgagavya Kuthuma Shakugitre Jaiminiya Krishna Yajurveda ( show ) Taittiriya Samhita Maitrayani Samhita Karaka Katha Samhita Kapisthala Kahta Samhita Kathaka Shukla Yajurveda ( show ) Kanava Madhyandin Atharvaveda ( show ) Shaunaka Paippalada Stauda Mauda Jajala Jalada Kuntap Brahmavada Devadarsa Caranavaidya Hinduism portal The canonical division of the Vedas is fourfold ( turīya ) viz. , Rigveda ( RV ) Yajurveda ( YV , with the main division TS vs. VS ) Samaveda ( SV ) Atharvaveda ( AV ) Of these , the first three were the principal original division , also called `` trayī vidyā '' ; that is , `` the triple science '' of reciting hymns ( Rigveda ) , performing sacrifices ( Yajurveda ) , and chanting songs ( Samaveda ) . The Rigveda is the oldest work , which Witzel states are probably from the period of 1900 to 1100 BC . Witzel , also notes that it is the Vedic period itself , where incipient lists divide the Vedic texts into three ( trayī ) or four branches : Rig , Yajur , Sama and Atharva . Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types -- the Samhitas ( mantras and benedictions ) , the Aranyakas ( text on rituals , ceremonies such as newborn baby 's rites of passage , coming of age , marriages , retirement and cremation , sacrifices and symbolic - sacrifices ) , the Brahmanas ( commentaries on rituals , ceremonies and sacrifices ) , and the Upanishads ( text discussing meditation , philosophy and spiritual knowledge ) . The Upasanas ( short ritual worship - related sections ) are considered by some scholars as the fifth part . Witzel notes that the rituals , rites and ceremonies described in these ancient texts reconstruct to a large degree the Indo - European marriage rituals observed in a region spanning the Indian subcontinent , Persia and the European area , and some greater details are found in the Vedic era texts such as the Grhya Sūtras . Only one version of the Rigveda is known to have survived into the modern era . Several different versions of the Sama Veda and the Atharva Veda are known , and many different versions of the Yajur Veda have been found in different parts of South Asia . Rigveda Main article : Rigveda Nasadiya Sukta ( Hymn of non-Eternity ) : Who really knows ? Who can here proclaim it ? Whence , whence this creation sprang ? Gods came later , after the creation of this universe . Who then knows whence it has arisen ? Whether God 's will created it , or whether He was mute ; Only He who is its overseer in highest heaven knows , He only knows , or perhaps He does not know . -- Rig Veda 10.129. 6 - 7 The Rigveda Samhita is the oldest extant Indic text . It is a collection of 1,028 Vedic Sanskrit hymns and 10,600 verses in all , organized into ten books ( Sanskrit : mandalas ) . The hymns are dedicated to Rigvedic deities . The books were composed by poets from different priestly groups over a period of several centuries from roughly the second half of the 2nd millennium BC ( the early Vedic period ) , starting with the Punjab ( Sapta Sindhu ) region of the northwest Indian subcontinent . The Rigveda is structured based on clear principles -- the Veda begins with a small book addressed to Agni , Indra , and other gods , all arranged according to decreasing total number of hymns in each deity collection ; for each deity series , the hymns progress from longer to shorter ones , but the number of hymns per book increases . Finally , the meter too is systematically arranged from jagati and tristubh to anustubh and gayatri as the text progresses . In terms of substance , the nature of hymns shift from praise of deities in early books to Nasadiya Sukta with questions such as , `` what is the origin of the universe ? , do even gods know the answer ? '' , the virtue of Dāna ( charity ) in society , and other metaphysical issues in its hymns . There are similarities between the mythology , rituals and linguistics in Rigveda and those found in ancient central Asia , Iranian and Hindukush ( Afghanistan ) regions . Samaveda Main article : Samaveda The Samaveda Samhita consists of 1549 stanzas , taken almost entirely ( except for 75 mantras ) from the Rigveda . The Samaveda samhita has two major parts . The first part includes four melody collections ( gāna , गान ) and the second part three verse `` books '' ( ārcika , आर्चिक ) . A melody in the song books corresponds to a verse in the arcika books . Just as in the Rigveda , the early sections of Samaveda typically begin with hymns to Agni and Indra but shift to the abstract . Their meters shift also in a descending order . The songs in the later sections of the Samaveda have the least deviation from the hymns derived from the Rigveda . In the Samaveda , some of the Rigvedic verses are repeated . Including repetitions , there are a total of 1875 verses numbered in the Samaveda recension translated by Griffith . Two major recensions have survived , the Kauthuma / Ranayaniya and the Jaiminiya . Its purpose was liturgical , and they were the repertoire of the udgātṛ or `` singer '' priests . Yajurveda Main article : Yajurveda The Yajurveda Samhita consists of prose mantras . It is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while an individual performed ritual actions such as those before the yajna fire . The earliest and most ancient layer of Yajurveda samhita includes about 1,875 verses , that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in Rigveda . Unlike the Samaveda which is almost entirely based on Rigveda mantras and structured as songs , the Yajurveda samhitas are in prose and linguistically , they are different from earlier Vedic texts . The Yajur Veda has been the primary source of information about sacrifices during Vedic times and associated rituals . There are two major groups of texts in this Veda : the `` Black '' ( Krishna ) and the `` White '' ( Shukla ) . The term `` black '' implies `` the un-arranged , motley collection '' of verses in Yajurveda , in contrast to the `` white '' ( well arranged ) Yajurveda . The White Yajurveda separates the Samhita from its Brahmana ( the Shatapatha Brahmana ) , the Black Yajurveda intersperses the Samhita with Brahmana commentary . Of the Black Yajurveda , texts from four major schools have survived ( Maitrayani , Katha , Kapisthala - Katha , Taittiriya ) , while of the White Yajurveda , two ( Kanva and Madhyandina ) . The youngest layer of Yajurveda text is not related to rituals nor sacrifice , it includes the largest collection of primary Upanishads , influential to various schools of Hindu philosophy . Atharvaveda Main article : Atharvaveda The Artharvaveda Samhita is the text ' belonging to the Atharvan and Angirasa poets . It has about 760 hymns , and about 160 of the hymns are in common with the Rigveda . Most of the verses are metrical , but some sections are in prose . Two different versions of the text -- the Paippalāda and the Śaunakīya -- have survived into the modern times . The Atharvaveda was not considered as a Veda in the Vedic era , and was accepted as a Veda in late 1st millennium BC . It was compiled last , probably around 900 BC , although some of its material may go back to the time of the Rigveda , or earlier . The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the `` Veda of magical formulas '' , an epithet declared to be incorrect by other scholars . The Samhita layer of the text likely represents a developing 2nd millennium BC tradition of magico - religious rites to address superstitious anxiety , spells to remove maladies believed to be caused by demons , and herbs - and nature - derived potions as medicine . The text , states Kenneth Zysk , is one of oldest surviving record of the evolutionary practices in religious medicine and reveals the `` earliest forms of folk healing of Indo - European antiquity '' . Many books of the Atharvaveda Samhita are dedicated to rituals without magic , such as to philosophical speculations and to theosophy . The Atharva veda has been a primary source for information about Vedic culture , the customs and beliefs , the aspirations and frustrations of everyday Vedic life , as well as those associated with kings and governance . The text also includes hymns dealing with the two major rituals of passage -- marriage and cremation . The Atharva Veda also dedicates significant portion of the text asking the meaning of a ritual . Embedded Vedic texts Brahmanas Further information : Brahmanas The Brahmanas are commentaries , explanation of proper methods and meaning of Vedic Samhita rituals in the four Vedas . They also incorporate myths , legends and in some cases philosophy . Each regional Vedic shakha ( school ) has its own operating manual - like Brahmana text , most of which have been lost . A total of 19 Brahmana texts have survived into modern times : two associated with the Rigveda , six with the Yajurveda , ten with the Samaveda and one with the Atharvaveda . The oldest dated to about 900 BC , while the youngest Brahmanas ( such as the Shatapatha Brahmana ) , were complete by about 700 BC . According to Jan Gonda , the final codification of the Brahmanas took place in pre-Buddhist times ( ca . 600 BC ) . The substance of the Brahmana text varies with each Veda . For example , the first chapter of the Chandogya Brahmana , one of the oldest Brahmanas , includes eight ritual suktas ( hymns ) for the ceremony of marriage and rituals at the birth of a child . The first hymn is a recitation that accompanies offering a Yajna oblation to Agni ( fire ) on the occasion of a marriage , and the hymn prays for prosperity of the couple getting married . The second hymn wishes for their long life , kind relatives , and a numerous progeny . The third hymn is a mutual marriage pledge , between the bride and groom , by which the two bind themselves to each other . The sixth through last hymns of the first chapter in Chandogya Brahmana are ritual celebrations on the birth of a child and wishes for health , wealth , and prosperity with a profusion of cows and artha . However , these verses are incomplete expositions , and their complete context emerges only with the Samhita layer of text . Aranyakas and Upanishads Further information : Vedanta , Upanishads , and Aranyakas The Aranyakas layer of the Vedas include rituals , discussion of symbolic meta - rituals , as well as philosophical speculations . Aranyakas , however , neither are homogeneous in content nor in structure . They are a medley of instructions and ideas , and some include chapters of Upanishads within them . Two theories have been proposed on the origin of the word Aranyakas . One theory holds that these texts were meant to be studied in a forest , while the other holds that the name came from these being the manuals of allegorical interpretation of sacrifices , for those in Vanaprastha ( retired , forest - dwelling ) stage of their life , according to the historic age - based Ashrama system of human life . The Upanishads reflect the last composed layer of texts in the Vedas . They are commonly referred to as Vedānta , variously interpreted to mean either the `` last chapters , parts of the Vedas '' or `` the object , the highest purpose of the Veda '' . The concepts of Brahman ( Ultimate Reality ) and Ātman ( Soul , Self ) are central ideas in all the Upanishads , and `` Know your Ātman '' their thematic focus . The Upanishads are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and its diverse traditions . Of the Vedic corpus , they alone are widely known , and the central ideas of the Upanishads have influenced the diverse traditions of Hinduism . Aranyakas are sometimes identified as karma - kanda ( ritualistic section ) , while the Upanishads are identified as jnana - kanda ( spirituality section ) . In an alternate classification , the early part of Vedas are called Samhitas and the commentary are called the Brahmanas which together are identified as the ceremonial karma - kanda , while Aranyakas and Upanishads are referred to as the jnana - kanda . Post-Vedic literature Vedanga Main article : Vedanga The Vedangas developed towards the end of the vedic period , around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BC . These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedas , composed centuries earlier , became too archaic to the people of that time . The Vedangas were sciences that focused on helping understand and interpret the Vedas that had been composed many centuries earlier . The six subjects of Vedanga are phonetics ( Śikṣā ) , poetic meter ( Chandas ) , grammar ( Vyākaraṇa ) , etymology and linguistics ( Nirukta ) , rituals and rites of passage ( Kalpa ) , time keeping and astronomy ( Jyotiṣa ) . Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas , but its insights into meters , structure of sound and language , grammar , linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies , arts , culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy . The Kalpa Vedanga studies , for example , gave rise to the Dharma - sutras , which later expanded into Dharma - shastras . Pariśiṣṭa Main article : Parisista Pariśiṣṭa `` supplement , appendix '' is the term applied to various ancillary works of Vedic literature , dealing mainly with details of ritual and elaborations of the texts logically and chronologically prior to them : the Samhitas , Brahmanas , Aranyakas and Sutras . Naturally classified with the Veda to which each pertains , Parisista works exist for each of the four Vedas . However , only the literature associated with the Atharvaveda is extensive . The Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa is a very late text associated with the Rigveda canon . The Gobhila Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa is a short metrical text of two chapters , with 113 and 95 verses respectively . The Kātiya Pariśiṣṭas , ascribed to Kātyāyana , consist of 18 works enumerated self - referentially in the fifth of the series ( the Caraṇavyūha ) and the Kātyāyana Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa . The Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda has 3 parisistas The Āpastamba Hautra Pariśiṣṭa , which is also found as the second praśna of the Satyasāḍha Śrauta Sūtra ' , the Vārāha Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa For the Atharvaveda , there are 79 works , collected as 72 distinctly named parisistas . Upaveda The term upaveda ( `` applied knowledge '' ) is used in traditional literature to designate the subjects of certain technical works . Lists of what subjects are included in this class differ among sources . The Charanavyuha mentions four Upavedas : Archery ( Dhanurveda ) , associated with the Rigveda Architecture ( Sthapatyaveda ) , associated with the Yajurveda . Music and sacred dance ( Gāndharvaveda ) , associated with the Samaveda Medicine ( Āyurveda ) , associated with the Atharvaveda . `` Fifth '' and other Vedas Some post-Vedic texts , including the Mahabharata , the Natyasastra and certain Puranas , refer to themselves as the `` fifth Veda '' . The earliest reference to such a `` fifth Veda '' is found in the Chandogya Upanishad in hymn 7.1. 2 . Let drama and dance ( Nātya , नाट्य ) be the fifth vedic scripture . Combined with an epic story , tending to virtue , wealth , joy and spiritual freedom , it must contain the significance of every scripture , and forward every art . Thus , from all the Vedas , Brahma framed the Nātya Veda . From the Rig Veda he drew forth the words , from the Sama Veda the melody , from the Yajur Veda gesture , and from the Atharva Veda the sentiment . -- First chapter of Nātyaśāstra , Abhinaya Darpana `` Divya Prabandha '' , for example Tiruvaymoli , is a term for canonical Tamil texts considered as Vernacular Veda by some South Indian Hindus . Other texts such as the Bhagavad Gita or the Vedanta Sutras are considered shruti or `` Vedic '' by some Hindu denominations but not universally within Hinduism . The Bhakti movement , and Gaudiya Vaishnavism in particular extended the term veda to include the Sanskrit Epics and Vaishnavite devotional texts such as the Pancaratra . Puranas Main article : Puranas The Puranas is a vast genre of encyclopedic Indian literature about a wide range of topics particularly myths , legends and other traditional lore . Several of these texts are named after major Hindu deities such as Vishnu , Shiva and Devi . There are 18 Maha Puranas ( Great Puranas ) and 18 Upa Puranas ( Minor Puranas ) , with over 400,000 verses . The Puranas have been influential in the Hindu culture . They are considered Vaidika ( congruent with Vedic literature ) . The Bhagavata Purana has been among the most celebrated and popular text in the Puranic genre , and is of non-dualistic tenor . The Puranic literature wove with the Bhakti movement in India , and both Dvaita and Advaita scholars have commented on the underlying Vedanta themes in the Maha Puranas . Western indology Further information : Sanskrit in the West The study of Sanskrit in the West began in the 17th century . In the early 19th century , Arthur Schopenhauer drew attention to Vedic texts , specifically the Upanishads . The importance of Vedic Sanskrit for Indo - European studies was also recognized in the early 19th century . English translations of the Samhitas were published in the later 19th century , in the Sacred Books of the East series edited by Müller between 1879 and 1910 . Ralph T.H. Griffith also presented English translations of the four Samhitas , published 1889 to 1899 . Voltaire regarded Vedas to be exceptional , he remarked that : The Veda was the most precious gift for which the West had ever been indebted to the East . Rigveda manuscripts were selected for inscription in UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register in 2007 . See also Hindu philosophy Historical Vedic religion Pyramid Texts Shakha Vedic chant Notes Jump up ^ `` As a skilled craftsman makes a car , a singer I , Mighty One ! this hymn for thee have fashioned. If thou , O Agni , God , accept it gladly , may we obtain thereby the heavenly Waters '' . -- Rigveda 5.2. 11 , Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith Jump up ^ Elisa Freschi ( 2012 ) : The Vedas are not deontic authorities in absolute sense and may be disobeyed , but are recognized as an deontological epistemic authority by a Hindu orthodox school ; ( Note : This differentiation between epistemic and deontic authority is true for all Indian religions ) Jump up ^ The early Buddhist texts are also generally believed to be of oral tradition , with the first Pali Canon written many centuries after the death of the Buddha . References Jump up ^ Stuart B Flexner ( 1987 ) , Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary , Random House , ISBN 978 - 0394500508 Jump up ^ see e.g. Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957 , p. 3 ; Witzel , Michael , `` Vedas and Upaniṣads '' , in : Flood 2003 , p. 68 ; MacDonell 2004 , pp. 29 -- 39 ; Sanskrit literature ( 2003 ) in Philip 's Encyclopedia . Accessed 2007 - 08 - 09 Jump up ^ Sanujit Ghose ( 2011 ) . `` Religious Developments in Ancient India '' in Ancient History Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Vaman Shivaram Apte , The Practical Sanskrit - English Dictionary , see apauruSeya Jump up ^ D Sharma , Classical Indian Philosophy : A Reader , Columbia University Press , ISBN , pages 196 - 197 Jump up ^ Jan Westerhoff ( 2009 ) , Nagarjuna 's Madhyamaka : A Philosophical Introduction , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195384963 , page 290 Jump up ^ Warren Lee Todd ( 2013 ) , The Ethics of Śaṅkara and Śāntideva : A Selfless Response to an Illusory World , ISBN 978 - 1409466819 , page 128 Jump up ^ Apte 1965 , p. 887 Jump up ^ Sheldon Pollock ( 2011 ) , Boundaries , Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia ( Editor : Federico Squarcini ) , Anthem , ISBN 978 - 0857284303 , pages 41 - 58 ^ Jump up to : Hartmut Scharfe ( 2002 ) , Handbook of Oriental Studies , BRILL Academic , ISBN 978 - 9004125568 , pages 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Seer of the Fifth Veda : Kr̥ṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa in the Mahābhārata Bruce M. Sullivan , Motilal Banarsidass , pages 85 - 86 Jump up ^ `` The Rig Veda / Mandala 5 / Hymn 2 '' . ^ Jump up to : Gavin Flood ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0521438780 , pages 35 - 39 Jump up ^ Bloomfield , M. The Atharvaveda and the Gopatha - Brahmana , ( Grundriss der Indo - Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde II. 1. b . ) Strassburg 1899 ; Gonda , J. A history of Indian literature : I. 1 Vedic literature ( Samhitas and Brahmanas ) ; I. 2 The Ritual Sutras . Wiesbaden 1975 , 1977 ^ Jump up to : A Bhattacharya ( 2006 ) , Hindu Dharma : Introduction to Scriptures and Theology , ISBN 978 - 0595384556 , pages 8 - 14 ; George M. Williams ( 2003 ) , Handbook of Hindu Mythology , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195332612 , page 285 ^ Jump up to : Jan Gonda ( 1975 ) , Vedic Literature : ( Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas ) , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3447016032 ^ Jump up to : A Bhattacharya ( 2006 ) , Hindu Dharma : Introduction to Scriptures and Theology , ISBN 978 - 0595384556 , pages 8 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Barbara A. Holdrege ( 1995 ) , Veda and Torah : Transcending the Textuality of Scripture , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791416402 , pages 351 - 357 Jump up ^ Elisa Freschi ( 2012 ) , Duty , Language and Exegesis in Prabhakara Mimamsa , BRILL , ISBN 978 - 9004222601 , page 62 ^ Jump up to : Flood 1996 , p. 82 Jump up ^ `` astika '' and `` nastika '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online , 20 Apr. 2016 Jump up ^ Monier - Williams 2006 , p. 1015 ; Apte 1965 , p. 856 Jump up ^ see e.g. Pokorny 's 1959 Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch s.v. u̯ ( e ) id - 2 ; Rix ' Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben , u̯ei̯d - . Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Monier ( 1899 ) . A Sanskrit - English dictionary : etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo - European languages . Oxford : Clarendon Press. , page 1015 Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Monier ( 1899 ) . A Sanskrit - English dictionary : etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo - European languages . Oxford : Clarendon Press. , page 1017 ( 2nd Column ) Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Monier ( 1899 ) . A Sanskrit - English dictionary : etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo - European languages . Oxford : Clarendon Press. , page 1017 ( 3rd Column ) Jump up ^ Sanskrit : यः समिधा य आहुती यो वेदेन ददाश मर्तो अग्नये । यो नमसा स्वध्वरः ॥ ५ ॥ , ऋग्वेद : सूक्तं ८. १९ , Wikisource Jump up ^ K.F. Geldner , Der Rig - Veda , Harvard Oriental Series 33 - 37 , Cambridge 1951 Jump up ^ HH Wilson , Rig - veda Sanhita Sixth Ashtaka , First Adhayaya , Sukta VII ( 8.19. 5 ) , page 291 , Trubner London Jump up ^ Vasudha Narayanan ( 1994 ) , The Vernacular Veda : Revelation , Recitation , and Ritual , University of South Carolina Press , ISBN 978 - 0872499652 , pages 194 ^ Jump up to : John Carman ( 1989 ) , The Tamil Veda : Pillan 's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 - 0226093055 , pages 259 - 261 ^ Jump up to : Vasudha Narayanan ( 1994 ) , The Vernacular Veda : Revelation , Recitation , and Ritual , University of South Carolina Press , ISBN 978 - 0872499652 , pages 43 , 117 - 119 Jump up ^ Sagarika Dutt ( 2006 ) . India in a Globalized World . Manchester University Press . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 607 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gabriel J. Gomes ( 2012 ) . Discovering World Religions . iUniverse . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4697 - 1037 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lucas F. Johnston , Whitney Bauman ( 2014 ) . Science and Religion : One Planet , Many Possibilities . Routledge . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Gavin Flood sums up mainstream estimates , according to which the Rigveda was compiled from as early as 1500 BC over a period of several centuries . Flood 1996 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Witzel , Michael , `` Vedas and Upaniṣads '' , in : Flood 2003 , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Donald S. Lopez Jr. ( 1995 ) . `` Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna '' . Numen . Brill Academic . 42 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 47 . JSTOR 3270278 . Jump up ^ Witzel , Michael , `` Vedas and Upaniṣads '' , in : Flood 2003 , p. 69 ; For oral composition and oral transmission for `` many hundreds of years '' before being written down , see : Avari 2007 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Jack Goody ( 1987 ) . The Interface Between the Written and the Oral . Cambridge University Press . pp. 110 -- 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 33794 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brodd , Jefferey ( 2003 ) , World Religions , Winona , MN : Saint Mary 's Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 725 - 5 Jump up ^ Jamison , Stephanie W. ; Brereton , Joel P. ( 2014 ) . The Rigveda . vol. 1 . Oxford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972078 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural Heritage of Nepal '' . Nepal - German Manuscript Preservation Project . University of Hamburg . Archived from the original on 18 September 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Buswell , Robert E. ; Lopez , Jr. , Donald S. ( 2013 ) . The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400848058 . Entry on `` Nālandā '' . Jump up ^ Frazier , Jessica , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Continuum companion to Hindu studies . London : Continuum . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9966 - 0 . Jump up ^ Walton , Linda ( 2015 ) . `` Educational institutions '' in The Cambridge World History Vol. 5 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19074 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sukumar Dutt ( 1988 ) ( First published in 1962 ) . Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India : Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture . George Allen and Unwin Ltd , London . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0498 - 8 . pg. 332 - 333 Jump up ^ according to ISKCON , Hindu Sacred Texts , `` Hindus themselves often use the term to describe anything connected to the Vedas and their corollaries ( e.g. Vedic culture ) '' . Jump up ^ 37,575 are Rigvedic . Of the remaining , 34,857 appear in the other three Samhitas , and 16,405 are known only from Brahmanas , Upanishads or Sutras Jump up ^ Klaus Klostermaier ( 1994 ) , A Survey of Hinduism , Second Edition , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791421093 , pages 67 - 69 ^ Jump up to : Brahmana Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Jan Gonda ( 1975 ) , Vedic Literature : ( Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas ) , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3447016032 , page 424 - 426 ^ Jump up to : Michaels 2004 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Witzel , Michael , `` Vedas and Upaniṣads '' , in : Flood 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ For a table of all Vedic texts see Witzel , Michael , `` Vedas and Upaniṣads '' , in : Flood 2003 , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ The Vedic Sanskrit corpus is incorporated in A Vedic Word Concordance ( Vaidika - Padānukrama - Koṣa ) prepared from 1930 under Vishva Bandhu , and published in five volumes in 1935 - 1965 . Its scope extends to about 400 texts , including the entire Vedic Sanskrit corpus besides some `` sub-Vedic '' texts . Volume I : Samhitas , Volume II : Brahmanas and Aranyakas , Volume III : Upanishads , Volume IV : Vedangas ; A revised edition , extending to about 1800 pages , was published in 1973 - 1976 . Jump up ^ Flood 2003 , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Edward Roer ( Translator ) , Shankara 's Introduction at Google Books to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad at pages 1 - 5 ; Quote - `` The Vedas are divided in two parts , the first is the karma - kanda , the ceremonial part , also ( called ) purva - kanda , and treats on ceremonies ; the second part is the jnana kanda , the part which contains knowledge , also named uttara - kanda or posterior part , and unfolds the knowledge of Brahma or the universal soul . '' ^ Jump up to : Wendy Doniger ( 1990 ) , Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism , 1st Edition , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 - 0226618470 , pages 2 - 3 ; Quote : `` The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy ; they alone of the Vedic corpus are widely known and quoted by most well - educated Hindus , and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank - and - file Hindus . '' Jump up ^ Wiman Dissanayake ( 1993 ) , Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice ( Editors : Thomas P. Kasulis et al . ) , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791410806 , page 39 ; Quote : `` The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman , or the inner self and the cosmic self . '' ; Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown ( 2009 ) , World Religions , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 1592578467 , pages 208 - 210 Jump up ^ Patrick Olivelle ( 2014 ) , The Early Upanisads , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195352429 , page 3 ; Quote : `` Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth ( shruti ) , in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu . Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism '' . ^ Jump up to : Flood 1996 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Witzel , M. , `` The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu '' , Harvard University , in Witzel 1997 , pp. 261 -- 264 ^ Jump up to : Jamison and Witzel ( 1992 ) , Vedic Hinduism , Harvard University , page 6 Jump up ^ J. Muir ( 1868 ) , Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India - their religion and institutions at Google Books , 2nd Edition , page 12 Jump up ^ Albert Friedrich Weber , Indische Studien , herausg . von at Google Books , Volume 10 , pp 1 - 9 with footnotes ( in German ) ; For a translation , Original Sanskrit Texts at Google Books , page 14 Jump up ^ For an example , see Sarvānukramaṇī Vivaraṇa Univ of Pennsylvania rare texts collection Jump up ^ R̥gveda - sarvānukramaṇī Śaunakakr̥tāʼnuvākānukramaṇī ca , Maharṣi - Kātyayāna - viracitā , OCLC 11549595 Jump up ^ ( Staal 1986 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Filliozat 2004 , p. 139 ) Jump up ^ Avari 2007 , pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Michael Witzel , `` Vedas and Upaniṣads '' , in : Flood 2003 , p. 69 , Quote : `` ... almost all printed editions depend on the late manuscripts that are hardly older than 500 years '' Jump up ^ Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957 , p. 3 ; Witzel , Michael , `` Vedas and Upaniṣads '' , in : Flood 2003 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Witzel , M. , `` The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu '' in Witzel 1997 , pp. 257 -- 348 Jump up ^ MacDonell 2004 , pp. 29 -- 39 Jump up ^ Jamison and Witzel ( 1992 ) , Vedic Hinduism , Harvard University , page 21 Jump up ^ Witzel , M. , `` The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu '' in Witzel 1997 , p. 286 ^ Jump up to : Original Sanskrit : Rigveda 10.129 Wikisource ; Translation 1 : Max Müller ( 1859 ) . A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature . Williams and Norgate , London . pp. 559 -- 565 . Translation 2 : Kenneth Kramer ( 1986 ) . World Scriptures : An Introduction to Comparative Religions . Paulist Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2781 - 4 . Translation 3 : David Christian ( 2011 ) . Maps of Time : An Introduction to Big History . University of California Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 95067 - 2 . Jump up ^ see e.g. Avari 2007 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ For 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses and division into ten mandalas , see : Avari 2007 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ For characterization of content and mentions of deities including Agni , Indra , Varuna , Soma , Surya , etc. see : Avari 2007 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ see e.g. Avari 2007 , p. 77 Max Müller gave 1700 -- 1100 BC , Michael Witzel gives 1450 - 1350 BC as terminus ad quem . Jump up ^ Original text translated in English : The Rig Veda , Mandala 10 , Hymn 117 , Ralph T.H. Griffith ( Translator ) ; C Chatterjee ( 1995 ) , Values in the Indian Ethos : An Overview , Journal of Human Values , Vol 1 , No 1 , pages 3 - 12 Jump up ^ For example , Hymn 1.164. 34 , `` What is the ultimate limit of the earth ? '' , `` What is the center of the universe ? '' , `` What is the semen of the cosmic horse ? '' , `` What is the ultimate source of human speech ? '' Hymn 1.164. 34 , `` Who gave blood , soul , spirit to the earth ? '' , `` How could the unstructured universe give origin to this structured world ? '' Hymn 1.164. 5 , `` Where does the sun hide in the night ? '' , `` Where do gods live ? '' Hymn 1.164. 6 , `` What , where is the unborn support for the born universe ? '' ; Hymn 1.164. 20 ( a hymn that is widely cited in the Upanishads as the parable of the Body and the Soul ) : `` Two birds with fair wings , inseparable companions ; Have found refuge in the same sheltering tree . One incessantly eats from the fig tree ; the other , not eating , just looks on . '' ; Sources : ( a ) Antonio de Nicholas ( 2003 ) , Meditations Through the Rig Veda : Four - Dimensional Man , ISBN 978 - 0595269259 , pages 64 - 69 ; Jan Gonda , A History of Indian Literature : Veda and Upanishads , Volume 1 , Part 1 , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3447016032 , pages 134 - 135 ; Rigveda Book 1 , Hymn 164 Wikisource Jump up ^ Michael Witzel , The Rigvedic religious system and its central Asian and Hindukush antecedents , in The Vedas - Texts , Language and Ritual , Editors : Griffiths and Houben ( 2004 ) , Brill Academic , ISBN 978 - 9069801490 , pages 581 - 627 Jump up ^ ( from sāman , the term for a melody applied to a metrical hymn or a song of praise , Apte 1965 , p. 981 . ^ Jump up to : Witzel , M. , `` The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu '' in Witzel 1997 , pp. 269 -- 270 Jump up ^ M Bloomfield , Rig - veda Repetitions , p. 402 , at Google Books , pages 402 - 464 Jump up ^ For 1875 total verses , see the numbering given in Ralph T.H. Griffith . Griffith 's introduction mentions the recension history for his text . Repetitions may be found by consulting the cross-index in Griffith pp. 491 - 99 . Jump up ^ Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus ( 2011 ) , Sound and Communication : An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism , Walter de Gruyter , ISBN 978 - 3110181593 , page 381 ^ Jump up to : Michael Witzel ( 2003 ) , `` Vedas and Upaniṣads '' , in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism ( Editor : Gavin Flood ) , Blackwell , ISBN 0 - 631215352 , pages 76 - 77 Jump up ^ Antonio de Nicholas ( 2003 ) , Meditations Through the Rig Veda : Four - Dimensional Man , ISBN 978 - 0595269259 , pages 273 - 274 Jump up ^ Witzel , M. , `` The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu '' in Witzel 1997 , pp. 270 -- 271 Jump up ^ Witzel , M. , `` The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu '' in Witzel 1997 , pp. 272 -- 274 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , pages 217 - 219 Jump up ^ Michaels 2004 , p. 52 Table 3 Jump up ^ CL Prabhakar ( 1972 ) , The Recensions of the Sukla Yajurveda , Archív Orientální , Volume 40 , Issue 1 , pages 347 - 353 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen , The Philosophy of the Upanishads , Motilal Banarsidass ( 2011 Edition ) , ISBN 978 - 8120816206 , page 23 Jump up ^ Patrick Olivelle ( 1998 ) , Upaniṣhads , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 282292 - 6 , pages 1 - 17 ^ Jump up to : Michaels 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Frits Staal ( 2009 ) , Discovering the Vedas : Origins , Mantras , Rituals , Insights , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0143099864 , pages 136 - 137 Jump up ^ Frits Staal ( 2009 ) , Discovering the Vedas : Origins , Mantras , Rituals , Insights , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0143099864 , page 135 Jump up ^ Alex Wayman ( 1997 ) , Untying the Knots in Buddhism , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120813212 , pages 52 - 53 Jump up ^ `` The latest of the four Vedas , the Atharva - Veda , is , as we have seen , largely composed of magical texts and charms , but here and there we find cosmological hymns which anticipate the Upanishads , -- hymns to Skambha , the ' Support ' , who is seen as the first principle which is both the material and efficient cause of the universe , to Prāna , the ' Breath of Life ' , to Vāc , the ' Word ' , and so on . '' Zaehner 1966 , p. vii . Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Laurie Patton ( 2004 ) , Veda and Upanishad , in The Hindu World ( Editors : Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby ) , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415215277 , page 38 ^ Jump up to : Jan Gonda ( 1975 ) , Vedic Literature : Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas , Vol 1 , Fasc. 1 , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3447016032 , pages 277 - 280 , Quote : `` It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas '' . Jump up ^ Kenneth Zysk ( 2012 ) , Understanding Mantras ( Editor : Harvey Alper ) , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120807464 , pages 123 - 129 Jump up ^ On magic spells and charms , such as those to gain better health : Atharva Veda 2.32 Bhaishagykni , Charm to secure perfect health Maurice Bloomfield ( Translator ) , Sacred Books of the East , Vol. 42 , Oxford University Press ; see also chapters 3.11 , 3.31 , 4.10 , 5.30 , 19.26 ; On finding a good husband : Atharva Veda 4.2. 36 Strijaratani Maurice Bloomfield ( Translator ) , Sacred Books of the East , Vol. 42 , Oxford University Press ; Atharvaveda dedicates over 30 chapters to love relationships , sexuality and for conceiving a child , see e.g. chapters 1.14 , 2.30 , 3.25 , 6.60 , 6.78 , 6.82 , 6.130 - 6.132 ; On peaceful social and family relationships : Atharva Veda 6.3. 30 Maurice Bloomfield ( Translator ) , Sacred Books of the East , Vol. 42 , Oxford University Press ; Jump up ^ Kenneth Zysk ( 1993 ) , Religious Medicine : The History and Evolution of Indian Medicine , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1560000761 , pages x-xii Jump up ^ Witzel , M. , `` The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu '' in Witzel 1997 , pp. 275 -- 276 ^ Jump up to : Klaus Klostermaier ( 1994 ) , A Survey of Hinduism , Second Edition , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791421093 , pages 67 - 69 Jump up ^ Moriz Winternitz ( 2010 ) , A History of Indian Literature , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120802643 , pages 175 - 176 Jump up ^ Michael Witzel , `` Tracing the Vedic dialects '' in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo - Aryennes ed . Caillat , Paris , 1989 , 97 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Biswas et al ( 1989 ) , Cosmic Perspectives , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0521343541 , pages 42 - 43 Jump up ^ Klaus Klostermaier ( 1994 ) , A Survey of Hinduism , Second Edition , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791421093 , page 67 ^ Jump up to : Max Müller , Chandogya Upanishad , The Upanishads , Part I , Oxford University Press , page LXXXVII with footnote 2 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , page 63 Jump up ^ The Development of the Female Mind in India , p. 27 , at Google Books , The Calcutta Review , Volume 60 , page 27 Jump up ^ Jan Gonda ( 1975 ) , Vedic Literature : ( Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas ) , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3447016032 , pages 319 - 322 , 368 - 383 with footnotes Jump up ^ AB Keith ( 2007 ) , The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120806443 , pages 489 - 490 Jump up ^ Max Müller , The Upanishads , Part 1 , Oxford University Press , page LXXXVI footnote 1 Jump up ^ Mahadevan 1956 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : PT Raju ( 1985 ) , Structural Depths of Indian Thought , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0887061394 , pages 35 - 36 Jump up ^ WD Strappini , The Upanishads , p. 258 , at Google Books , The Month and Catholic Review , Vol. 23 , Issue 42 Jump up ^ Wiman Dissanayake ( 1993 ) , Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice ( Editors : Thomas P. Kasulis et al ) , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791410806 , page 39 ; Quote : `` The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman , or the inner self and the cosmic self . '' ; Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown ( 2009 ) , World Religions , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 1592578467 , pages 208 - 210 Jump up ^ Patrick Olivelle ( 2014 ) , The Early Upanisads , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195352429 , page 3 ; Quote : `` Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth ( shruti ) , in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu . Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism '' . Jump up ^ See Shankara 's Introduction at Google Books to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad at pages 1 - 5 ; Quote - `` The Vedas are divided in two parts , the first is the karma - kanda , the ceremonial part , also ( called ) purva - kanda , and treats on ceremonies ; the second part is the jnana kanda , the part which contains knowledge , also named uttara - kanda or posterior part , and unfolds the knowledge of Brahma or the universal soul . '' ( Translator : Edward Roer ) Jump up ^ Stephen Knapp ( 2005 ) , The Heart of Hinduism : The Eastern Path to Freedom , Empowerment and Illumination , ISBN 978 - 0595350759 , pages 10 - 11 ^ Jump up to : Patrick Olivelle 1999 , pp. xxiii . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) , `` Vedanga '' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 1 : A-M , Rosen Publishing , ISBN 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 , pages 744 - 745 Jump up ^ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011 , pp. 391 - 394 with footnotes , 416 - 419 . Jump up ^ Harold G. Coward 1990 , pp. 105 - 110 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . p. 161 . Jump up ^ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011 , pp. 472 - 532 . Jump up ^ Harold G. Coward 1990 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad ( 2009 ) . A Historical - developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals . Concept . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 595 - 7 . Jump up ^ BR Modak , The Ancillary Literature of the Atharva - Veda , New Delhi , Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan , 1993 , ISBN 81 - 215 - 0607 - 7 Jump up ^ Monier - Williams 2006 , p. 207 . ( 1 ) Accessed 5 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Apte 1965 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ `` Upaveda '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AYURVEDA : ( A BRIEF HISTORY ) '' . US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health . Anc Sci Life . 1981 Jul - Sep ; 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . PMC 3336651 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Frawley , David ; Ranade , Subhash ( 2001 ) . Ayurveda , Nature 's Medicine . Lotus Press . p. 11 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Kuritz ( 1988 ) , The Making of Theatre History , Prentice Hall , ISBN 978 - 0135478615 , page 68 Jump up ^ Sullivan 1994 , p. 385 Jump up ^ Sanskrit original : Chandogya Upanishad , Wikisource ; English translation : Chandogya Upanishad 7.1. 2 , G Jha ( Translator ) , Oriental Book Agency , page 368 Jump up ^ `` Natyashastra '' ( PDF ) . Sanskrit Documents . Jump up ^ Coormaraswamy and Duggirala ( 1917 ) . `` The Mirror of Gesture '' . Harvard University Press . pp. 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Goswami , Satsvarupa ( 1976 ) , Readings in Vedic Literature : The Tradition Speaks for Itself , S.l. : Assoc Publishing Group , pp. 240 pages , ISBN 0 - 912776 - 88 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Greg Bailey ( 2001 ) , Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy ( Editor : Oliver Leaman ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415172813 , pages 437 - 439 Jump up ^ Ludo Rocher ( 1986 ) , The Puranas , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3447025225 , pages 1 - 5 , 12 - 21 Jump up ^ Nair , Shantha N. ( 2008 ) . Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom : The Universal Hindu Vision and Its Edifice . Hindology Books . p. 266 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 223 - 1020 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ludo Rocher ( 1986 ) , The Puranas , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3447025225 , pages 12 - 13 , 134 - 156 , 203 - 210 Jump up ^ Greg Bailey ( 2001 ) , Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy ( Editor : Oliver Leaman ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415172813 , pages 442 - 443 Jump up ^ Dominic Goodall ( 1996 ) , Hindu Scriptures , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0520207783 , page xxxix Jump up ^ Thompson , Richard L. ( 2007 ) . The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana ' Mysteries of the Sacred Universe . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1919 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dominic Goodall ( 1996 ) , Hindu Scriptures , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0520207783 , page xli Jump up ^ BN Krishnamurti Sharma ( 2008 ) , A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120815759 , pages 128 - 131 Jump up ^ Müller , Friedrich Max ( author ) & Stone , Jon R. ( author , editor ) ( 2002 ) . The essential Max Müller : on language , mythology , and religion . Illustrated edition . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 29309 - 3 . Source : ( 2 ) ( accessed : Friday May 7 , 2010 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` A Critical Study of the Contribution of the Arya Samaj to Indian Education '' , p. 68 . by Pandit , Saraswati S Jump up ^ `` Lectures on the science of language , delivered at the Royal institution of Great Britain in 1861 ( and 1863 ) , Volume 1 '' , by Max Müller , p. 148 Jump up ^ `` Rig Veda in UNESCO Memory of the World Register '' . Bibliography Apte , Vaman Shivram ( 1965 ) , The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary ( 4th revised & enlarged ed . ) , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0567 - 4 . Avari , Burjor ( 2007 ) , India : The Ancient Past , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35616 - 9 Harold G. Coward ( 1990 ) . Karl Potter , ed . The Philosophy of the Grammarians , in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. 5 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0426 - 5 . Filliozat , Pierre - Sylvain ( 2004 ) , `` Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics : An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature '' , in Chemla , Karine ; Cohen , Robert S. ; Renn , Jürgen ; et al. , History of Science , History of Text ( Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science ) , Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands , ISBN 9781402023200 Flood , Gavin ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 43878 - 0 Flood , Gavin , ed. ( 2003 ) , The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism , Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3251 - 5 Holdrege , Barbara A. ( 1995 ) . Veda and Torah . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 1639 - 9 . MacDonell , Arthur Anthony ( 1900 ) , A History of Sanskrit Literature , New York : D. Appleton and Co , OCLC 713426994 ( full text online ) Mahadevan , T.M. P ( 1952 ) , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ; Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia ; Dhirendra Mohan Datta , eds. , History of Philosophy , Eastern and Western , George Allen & Unwin , OCLC 929704391 Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism : Past and Present , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 08953 - 1 Monier - Williams , Monier , ed. ( 1851 ) , Dictionary , English and Sanskrit , London : Honourable East - India Company , OCLC 5333096 ( reprinted 2006 as ISBN 1 - 881338 - 58 - 4 ) Muir , John ( 1861 ) . Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India . Williams and Norgate . Müller , Max ( 1891 ) . Chips from a German Workshop . New York : C. Scribner 's sons ... Patrick Olivelle ( 1999 ) . Dharmasutras : The Law Codes of Ancient India . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283882 - 7 . Radhakrishnan , Sarvepalli ; Moore , Charles A. , eds. ( 1957 ) , A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy ( 12th Princeton Paperback ed . ) , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 01958 - 4 Staal , Frits ( 1986 ) , The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science , Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen , North Holland Publishing Company Smith , Brian K. ( 1992 ) , `` Canonical Authority and Social Classification : Veda and ' Varṇa ' in Ancient Indian Texts '' , History of Religions , The University of Chicago Press , pp. 103 -- 125 , doi : 10.2307 / 1062753 Sullivan , B.M. ( Summer 1994 ) , `` The Religious Authority of the Mahabharata : Vyasa and Brahma in the Hindu Scriptural Tradition '' , Journal of the American Academy of Religion , 62 ( 1 ) : 377 -- 401 , doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / LXII. 2.377 Annette Wilke ; Oliver Moebus ( 2011 ) . Sound and Communication : An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 018159 - 3 . Witzel , Michael ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) , Inside the Texts , Beyond the Texts . New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas , Harvard Oriental Series , Opera Minora vol. 2 , Cambridge : Harvard University Press CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Zaehner , R.C. ( 1966 ) , Hindu Scriptures , London : Everyman 's Library Further reading Overviews J. Gonda , Vedic Literature : Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas , A History of Indian literature . Vol. 1 , Veda and Upanishads , Wiesnaden : Harrasssowitz ( 1975 ) , ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 01603 - 2 . J.A. Santucci , An Outline of Vedic Literature , Scholars Press for the American Academy of Religion , ( 1976 ) . S. Shrava , A Comprehensive History of Vedic Literature -- Brahmana and Aranyaka Works , Pranava Prakashan ( 1977 ) . Concordances M. Bloomfield , A Vedic Concordance ( 1907 ) Vishva Bandhu , Bhim Dev , S. Bhaskaran Nair ( eds . ) , Vaidika - Padānukrama - Koṣa : A Vedic Word - Concordance , Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute , Hoshiarpur , 1963 -- 1965 , revised edition 1973 - 1976 . Conference proceedings Griffiths , Arlo and Houben , Jan E.M. ( eds . ) , The Vedas : texts , language & ritual : proceedings of the Third International Vedic Workshop , Leiden 2002 , Groningen Oriental Studies 20 , Groningen : Forsten , ( 2004 ) , ISBN 90 - 6980 - 149 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vedas . Look up Veda or Vedic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Vedas Sketch of the Historical Grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas , Edward Vernon Arnold , Journal of the American Oriental Society On the History and the Present State of Vedic Tradition in Nepal , Michael Witzel GRETIL etexts A Vedic Concordance , Maurice Bloomfield , Harvard University ( an alphabetic index to every line , every stanza of the Vedas published before 1906 ) An Enlarged Electronic Version of Bloomfield 's A Vedic Concordance , Harvard University The Vedas at sacred-texts.com Hinduism topics Glossary Philosophy Concepts Brahman Om Ishvara Atman Maya Karma Samsara Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Niti Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Dāna Damah Dayā Akrodha Schools Astika : Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Dvaita Advaita Vishishtadvaita Nastika : Charvaka Texts Classification Śruti Smriti Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Aitareya Kaushitaki Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Maitri Shvetashvatara Chandogya Kena Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Vedanga Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Other Bhagavad Gita Agamas Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Puranas Minor Upanishads Artha Shastra Dharma Shastra Manusmriti Nāradasmṛti Yājñavalkya Smṛti Sutras Stotras Subhashita Tantras Yoga Vasistha Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Ishvara Devi Deva Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Shakti Durga Kali Ganesha Kartikeya Rama Krishna Hanuman Prajapati Rudra Indra Agni Dyaus Bhumi Varuna Vayu Practices Worship Temple Murti Puja Bhakti Japa Bhajana Naivedhya Yajna Homa Tapa Dhyana Tirthadana Sanskaras Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Varnashrama Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Ashrama Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sanyassa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Raksha Bandhan Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami ( Dasara ) Ganesh Chaturthi Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Pongal Makar Sankranti New Year Bihu Gudi Padwa Pahela Baishakh Puthandu Vaisakhi Vishu Ugadi Kumbha Mela Ratha Yatra Teej Vasant Panchami Others Other Svādhyāya Namaste Related Hindu Denominations Law Calendar Criticism Gurus , saints , philosophers Hindu studies Iconography Mythology Nationalism Hindutva Persecution Pilgrimage sites Glossary Hinduism by country Portal Poetry of different cultures and languages Albanian American Anglo - Welsh Arabic Assamese Australian Bengali Biblical Byzantine Bulgarian Canadian Chinese ( Cantonese ) Cornish English Finnish French Greek Guernésiais Gujarati Hindi Hebrew Indian Indian epic Irish Italian Japanese Javanese Jèrriais Kannada Kashmiri Korean Latin Latin American Latino Manx Marathi Malayalam Nepali Old English Old Norse Ottoman Pakistani Pashto Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Rajasthani Russian Sanskrit Classical Vedic Scottish Serbian epic Sindhi Slovak Spanish Tamil Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Vietnamese Welsh LCCN : sh85142464 NDL : 00560570 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&oldid=816706289 '' Categories : Vedas Hindu texts Sanskrit texts Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from March 2015 Use dmy dates from March 2015 Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles prone to spam from July 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 03 : 56 . 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briefly describe the content or focus of the vedas

There are four Vedas : the Rigveda , the Yajurveda , the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda . Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types -- the Samhitas ( mantras and benedictions ) , the Aranyakas ( text on rituals , ceremonies , sacrifices and symbolic - sacrifices ) , the Brahmanas ( commentaries on rituals , ceremonies and sacrifices ) , and the Upanishads ( texts discussing meditation , philosophy and spiritual knowledge ) . Some scholars add a fifth category -- the Upasanas ( worship ) .

Crazy Rap - wikipedia Crazy Rap Jump to : navigation , search `` Crazy Rap '' Single by Afroman from the album Sell Your Dope and The Good Times Released September 6 , 2001 Genre Dirty rap , comedy hip hop Length 5 : 53 ( original album version ) 3 : 11 ( radio edit / Now 51 version ) Label T - Bones Songwriter ( s ) Joseph `` Afroman '' Foreman Producer ( s ) Joseph `` Afroman '' Foreman / The Savalas Brothers Afroman singles chronology `` Because I Got High '' ( 2001 ) `` Crazy Rap '' ( 2001 ) `` Because I Got High '' ( 2001 ) `` Crazy Rap '' ( 2001 ) `` Crazy Rap '' , also known as `` Colt 45 and 2 Zig Zags '' or simply `` Colt 45 '' , is a dirty rap single recorded by rapper Afroman . It was featured on his third album , Sell Your Dope , and was later included on his greatest hits album , The Good Times . It is often referred to as `` Colt 45 '' , as the hook states `` Colt 45 and two zig - zags , baby that 's all we need '' . The song failed to replicate the success of its predecessor but it nonetheless still charted across Europe , reaching the top 10 in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Music video 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) `` Crazy Rap '' `` Crazy Rap '' ( Accapella ) `` Crazy Rap '' ( Afrolicious Mix ) `` Outro '' Music video ( edit ) The video takes place in front of a liquor store in Los Angeles , and shows Afroman telling his story to his friends , while dancing and crip walking to the beat with them , and others who join in . It also shows him in the various situations he describes , such as riding in a car , being chased by a klansman , and in the bed with multiple women . The last line is a homage to `` Rapper 's Delight '' . This is a remade version of the song which was first featured on Afroman 's debut album My Fro - losophy , which was released independently without a record label . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 99 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 41 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 39 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 52 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 76 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Week Commencing 11 February 2002 '' ARIA Top 100 Singles . National Library of Australia . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Afroman '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Afroman -- Crazy Rap '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afroman : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Afroman Studio albums The Good Times Independent albums Because I Got High Sell Your Dope Afroholic ... The Even Better Times Jobe Bells 4R0 : 20 The Hungry Hustlerz : Starvation Is Motivation Drunk ' n ' High A Colt 45 Christmas Waiting to Inhale Greatest Hitz Live Frobama : Head of State EPs One Hit Wonder EP Singles `` Crazy Rap '' `` Because I Got High '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Rap&oldid=814403524 '' Categories : 2001 singles Afroman songs Songs about cannabis Dirty rap songs 2000 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australiapandora Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did the song colt 45 come out

`` Crazy Rap '' Single by Afroman from the album Sell Your Dope and The Good Times Released September 6 , 2001 Genre Dirty rap , comedy hip hop Length 5 : 53 ( original album version ) 3 : 11 ( radio edit / Now 51 version ) Label T - Bones Songwriter ( s ) Joseph `` Afroman '' Foreman Producer ( s ) Joseph `` Afroman '' Foreman / The Savalas Brothers Afroman singles chronology `` Because I Got High '' ( 2001 ) `` Crazy Rap '' ( 2001 ) `` Because I Got High '' ( 2001 ) `` Crazy Rap '' ( 2001 )

Milan central railway station - wikipedia Milan central railway station Jump to : navigation , search For the district of Milan , see Stazione di Milano Centrale . Milano Centrale Inside the station Location Piazza Duca d'Aosta 20124 Milan Italy Coordinates 45 ° 29 ′ 10 '' N 09 ° 12 ′ 13 '' E  /  45.48611 ° N 9.20361 ° E  / 45.48611 ; 9.20361 Coordinates : 45 ° 29 ′ 10 '' N 09 ° 12 ′ 13 '' E  /  45.48611 ° N 9.20361 ° E  / 45.48611 ; 9.20361 Owned by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana Operated by Grandi Stazioni Line ( s ) Milan -- Bologna ( high - speed ) Milan -- Bologna ( traditional ) Milan -- Turin ( high - speed ) Milan -- Turin ( traditional ) Milan -- Genoa Milan -- Venice Milan -- Chiasso ( -- Zürich ) Milan -- Domodossola ( -- Brig ) Milan -- Lecco Tracks 24 Connections Milan Metro ATM trams ATM buses and trolleybuses Airport buses Construction Architect Ulisse Stacchini History Opened 1 July 1931 ; 86 years ago ( 1931 - 07 - 01 ) Electrified 1938 ( 1938 ) Traffic Passengers 120 million per year Location Milano Centrale Location within Milan Milan Central or Milano Centrale is the main railway station of the city of Milan , Italy and one of the main railway stations in Europe . The station is a terminus and located at the northern end of central Milan . It was officially inaugurated in 1931 to replace the old central station ( built 1864 ) , which was a transit station but with a limited number of tracks and space , so could not handle the increased traffic caused by the opening of the Simplon tunnel in 1906 . Milano Centrale has high speed connections to Turin in the west , Venice via Verona in the east and on the north - south mainline to Bologna , Rome , Naples and Salerno . The Simplon and Gotthard railway lines connect Milano Centrale to Bern and Geneva via Domodossola and Zürich via Chiasso in Switzerland . Destinations of inter-city and regional railways radiate from Milano Centrale to Ventimiglia ( border of France ) , Genova , Turin , Domodossola ( border of Swiss Canton of Valais / Wallis ) , Tirano ( border of Swiss Canton of Graubünden / Grisons ) , Bergamo , Verona , Mantova , Bologna and La Spezia . The Milan suburban railway service , however , does not use Milano Centrale but the other mainline stations : Porta Garibaldi ( northwest ) , Cadorna ( west ) and Rogoredo ( east ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Train services 2.1 Domestic ( High - speed ) 2.2 Domestic 2.3 Cross-border ( Night train ) 2.4 Cross-border 2.5 Platforms 2.6 Unusual track layout 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The first Milano Centrale railway station from Giornale dell'Ingegnere e Architetto , January 1865 , vol. 13 , Annex A view of the arrival hall The roof of the central section Lateral view of the gallery . Photo by Paolo Monti , 1969 The first Milano Centrale station opened in 1864 in the area now occupied by the Piazza della Repubblica , south of the modern station . It was designed by French architect Louis - Jules Bouchot ( 1817 -- 1907 ) and its architectural style was reminiscent of Parisian buildings of that period . The station was designed to replace Porta Tosa station ( opened in 1846 as the terminus of the line to Treviglio and eventually Venice ) and Porta Nuova station ( opened in 1850 as the second terminus on the line to Monza , which was eventually extended to Chiasso ) and was interconnected with all lines , either existing or under construction , surrounding Milan . It remained in operation until 30 June 1931 , when the current station was opened . There is now no trace of the old station left . King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy laid the cornerstone of the new station on April 28 , 1906 , before a blueprint for the station had even been chosen . The last , real , contest for its construction was won in 1912 by architect Ulisse Stacchini , whose design was modeled after Union Station in Washington , DC , and the construction of the new station began . The purported style was an eclectic mix called `` Assyrian - Lombard . '' Due to the Italian economic crisis during World War I , construction proceeded very slowly , and the project , rather simple at the beginning , kept changing and became more and more complex and majestic . This happened especially when Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister , and wanted the station to represent the power of the Fascist regime . The major changes were the new platform types and the introduction of the great steel canopies by Alberto Fava ; 341 m ( 1,119 ft ) long and covering an area of 66,500 square metres ( 716,000 sq ft ) . Construction resumed in earnest in 1925 and on July 1 , 1931 , the station was officially opened in the presence of Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano . Its façade is 200 metres ( 660 ft ) wide and its vault is 72 metres ( 236 ft ) high , a record when it was built . It has 24 platforms . Each day about 330,000 passengers use the station , totaling about 120 million per year . The station has no definite architectural style , but is a blend of many different styles , especially Liberty and Art Deco , but not limited to those . It is adorned with numerous sculptures . `` The ' incongruous envelope of stone ' ( Attilio Pracchi ) of this gigantic and monumental building dominates Piazza Duca d'Aosta . '' On September 25 , 2006 , officials announced a € 100 million project , already in progress , to refurbish the station . Of the total cost , € 20 million has been allocated to restore `` certain areas of high artistic value '' while the remaining € 80 million will be used for more general improvements to the station to make it more functional with the current railway services . The project includes moving the ticket office and installing new elevators and escalators for increased accessibility . There remains unrestored and inaccessible areas to the public within the station including a waiting room with swastikas on the floor designed to receive Hitler . Train services ( edit ) The station has 24 tracks . Every day about 320,000 passengers pass through the station using about 500 trains , for an annual total of 120 million passengers . The station is served by national and international routes , with both long - distance and regional lines . Daily international destinations include Bern , Lugano , Geneva , Zürich , Paris , Vienna , Barcelona and Munich . The station is also connected to Milan - Malpensa Airport through the Malpensa Express airport train . The following services call at the station ( incomplete ) : Domestic ( High - speed ) ( edit ) High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciarossa ) Turin - Salerno : Turin Porta Nuova - Turin Porta Susa - Milan Centrale - Milan Rogoredo - Bologna Centrale - Florence S.M. Novella - Rome Tiburtina - Rome Termini - Naples Centrale - Salerno High speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciarossa ) Milan - Bari : Milan - Bologna - Ancona - Pescara - Foggia -- Bari High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciarossa ) Milan - Venice : Milan - Brescia - Peschiera del Garda - Verona - Vicenza - Padua - Venice High - speed train ( Italo NTV ) Turin - Salerno : Turin - Milan - Bologna - Florence - Rome - Naples - Salerno High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciabianca ) Turin - Venice : Turin - Novara - Milan - Brescia - Verona - Vicenza - Padua - Venice - ( Trieste ) High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciabianca ) Milan - Lecce : Milan - Piacenza - Parma - Reggio d'Emilia - Modena - Bologna - Rimini - Pesaro - Ancona - Pescara - Termoli - Foggia - Bari - Brindisi - Lecce High - speed train ( Trenitalia Frecciabianca ) Milan - Bari / Taranto : Milan - Modena - Bologna - Rimini - Ancona - Pescara - Foggia - Bari - Taranto Domestic ( edit ) For regional ( Regio ) trains to Monza and Como from Milano Centrale , refer to the ' cross-border ' services . There is no train service of Milan Suburbano at the Centrale station . Airport train ( Trenord Malpensa Express ) Milan - Malpensa Airport : Milan - ( Busto Arsizio ) - Malpensa Airport Intercity train ( Trenitalia Intercity ) Milan - Lecce : Milan - Piacenza - Parma - Modena - Bologna - Rimini - Ancona - Pescara - Foggia - Trani - Bari - Fasano - Brindisi - Lecce Intercity train ( Trenitalia Intercity ) Milan - Taranto : Milan - Lodi - Piacenza - Parma - Reggio Emilia - Modena - Bologna - Faenza - Cesena - Rimini - Riccione - Pesaro - Senigalla - Ancona - Giulianova - Pescara - Termoli - Foggia - Trani - Bisceglie - Bari - Taranto Intercity train ( Trenitalia Intercity ) Milan - Livorno : Milan - Pavia - Tortona - Genova Piazza Principe - Genova Brignole - Santa Margherita Ligure - Portofino - Rapallo - Chiavari - Sestri Levante - Levanto - Monterosso - La Spezia Centrale - Massa Centro - Viareggio - Pisa Centrale - Livorno Centrale Intercity train ( Trenitalia Intercity ) Milan - Ventimiglia : Milan - Pavia - Genova - San Remo - Ventimiglia Night train ( Trenitalia Intercity Notte ) Milan - Lecce : Milan - Piacenza - Parma - Reggio d'Emilia - Modena - Bologna - Cesana - Rimini - Ancona - Pescara - Foggia - Bari - Trani - Brindisi - Lecce Regional train ( Trenitalia Regionale Veloce ) Turin - Milan : Turin - Vercelli - Novara - Milan Regional train ( Trenitalia Regional ) Milan - Alessandria : Milan - Pavia - Voghera - Tortona - Alessandria Regional train ( Trenord Regio ) Milan - Verona : Milan - Brescia - Peschiera del Garda - Verona Regional train ( Trenord Regio ) Milan - Tirano : Milan - Lecco - Sondrio - Tirano Regional train ( Trenord Regio ) Milan - Mantua : Milan - Lodi - Codgono - Cremona - Piadana - Mantova Regional train ( Trenord Regio ) Milan - Bergamo : Milan - Treviglio - Bergamo Historic train ( Fondazione FS / Trenitalia Storico ) Milan - Varallo : Milan - Novara - Varallo Sesia Cross-border ( night train ) ( edit ) ( CH for Switzerland , D for Germany , A for Austria , F for France , MN for Monaco ) On 11 December 2016 , ÖBB will take over Deutsche Bahn 's night trains . The Munich - Milan service will be withdrawn . Night train ( Thello EuroNight ) Paris - Venice : Venice - Padua - Verona - Milan ( Centrale ) - Milan ( Rho - Fiera for Expo 2015 ) - Dijon ( F ) - Paris ( F ) Night train ( DB City Night Line ) Milan - Munich / Vienna : Milan - Brescia - Peschiera del Garda - Verona ^ - ( Rovereto / Rofreit ) - ( Trento / Trient ) - Bolzano / Bozen - ( Brennero / Brenner ) - Innsbruck ( A ) - Jenbach ( A ) - Kufstein ( A ) - Munich ( D ) ^ Train connects at Verona with ÖBB EuroNight Rome - Vienna : DB CityNightLine splits into two trains ( first half couples with ÖBB Rome - Vienna and leaves for Vienna or Rome ; second half continues to Munich or Milan ) . Vienna - Rome splits into two trains ( first half continues to Rome or Vienna ; second half couples with DB CityNightLine for Milan or Munich ) . Cross-border ( edit ) After the opening of Gotthard Base Tunnel , train services between Milan and Switzerland will increase in frequency from 11 December 2016 . All SBB - CFF - FSS Eurocity will save 35 minutes of total journey time between Bellinzona and Arth - Goldau . From December 2017 , a new cross-border service Milan - Frankfurt ( DB - SBB Eurocity ) via Zürich will be operational . Regional train ( TiLo Regio ) Milan - Bellinzona : Milan - Monza - Como ( San Giovanni ) - Chiasso ( CH ) - Lugano ( CH ) - Bellinzona ( CH ) Intercity train ( SBB - CFF - FSS EuroCity ) Geneva - Milan / Venice : Geneva / Genf ( CH ) - Lausanne ( CH ) - Brig ( CH ) - Domodossola - Milan - ( Brescia ) - ( Verona ) - ( Padua ) - ( Venice ) Intercity train ( SBB - CFF - FSS EuroCity ) Basel - Milan : Basel SBB ( CH ) - Bern / Berne ( CH ) - Thun ( CH ) - Brig ( CH ) - Domodossola - Stresa - Busto Arsizio - Milan Intercity train ( SBB - CFF - FSS EuroCity ) Zürich - Milan : Zürich ( CH ) - Zug ( CH ) - Arth - Goldau ( CH ) - Bellinzona ( CH ) - Lugano ( CH ) - Chiasso ( CH ) - Como ( San Giovanni ) - Monza - Milan Intercity train ( SBB - CFF - FSS EuroCity ) Luzern - Milan : Luzern ( CH ) - Arth - Goldau ( CH ) - Bellinzona ( CH ) - Lugano ( CH ) - Chiasso ( CH ) - Como ( San Giovanni ) - Monza - Milan Intercity train ( Thello EuroCity ) Milan - Marseilles : Milan - Genoa - San Remo - Menton ( F ) - Monaco Monte Carlo ( MN ) - Nice ( F ) - Cannes ( F ) - Marseille ( F ) Preceding station Trenitalia Following station Torino Porta Susa toward Torino Porta Nuova Frecciarossa Roma Termini toward Salerno Terminus Frecciarossa Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana toward Bari Centrale Novara toward Turin Porta Nuova Frecciabianca Brescia toward Trieste Centrale Terminus Frecciabianca Brescia toward Udine Terminus Frecciabianca Piacenza toward Lecce Terminus Frecciabianca Piacenza toward Taranto Gallarate toward Basel SBB EuroCity Terminus Gallarate toward Geneva Cornavin EuroCity Brescia toward Venice Santa Lucia Dijon toward Paris - Gare de Lyon Thello Brescia toward Venice Pavia toward Marseille - St - Charles Thello Terminus Terminus Intercity Notte Piacenza toward Lecce Terminus Intercity Notte Bologna Centrale toward Lecce Rho Fiera Milano toward Torino Porta Nuova Treno regionale Terminus Preceding station Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori Following station Torino Porta Susa toward Torino Porta Nuova Italo Milano Rogoredo toward Salerno Preceding station Trenord Following station Milano Porta Garibaldi toward Malpensa Aeroporto Terminal 2 Treno regionale Terminus Terminus Treno regionale Milano Lambrate toward Verona Porta Nuova Terminus Treno regionale Milano Lambrate toward Bergamo Platforms ( edit ) ( hide ) Trenord Malpensa Express Legend Malpensa Aeroporto Terminal 2 Malpensa Aeroporto Terminal 1 Ferno - Lonate Pozzolo Busto Arsizio Nord Castellanza Rescaldina Saronno Milano Nord Bovisa Milano Cadorna Milano Porta Garibaldi Milano Centrale The station , along with Roma Termini and Firenze Santa Maria Novella , has security gates which prevent access to the platforms without a ticket . Each platform is usually dedicated to some particular route . The current organization is as follows , although temporary changes may occur . Platforms 1 - 3 : Chiasso / Domodossola / Milan - Turin ( ES * AV ) Platforms 4 - 6 : Turin / Cisalpino Milan -- Como -- Arth Goldau -- Basel / Zürich Platforms 7 - 13 : Venice / Udine Platforms 14 - 17 : Bologna -- Florence -- Rome -- Naples Platforms 18 - 23 : Genoa - Livorno / Ventimiglia / Parma / Cremona - Mantua / Milan - Treviglio - Bergamo Platform 24 : Operations Unusual track layout ( edit ) On the northern side of the railway yard there used to be a loop curve so that trains could turn around and reverse back into the station . The trains could so be displaced from the left side of the station to the right side and vice versa without crossing all the tracks . The tracks on the loop curve are partially broken up . Gallery ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Trains portal Architecture portal Milan portal History of rail transport in Italy List of railway stations in Lombardy Rail transport in Italy Railway stations in Milan Railway stations in Italy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ see also Milano Repubblica railway station Jump up ^ http://milan.today/en/interesting/milano-centrale-history-across-generations ^ Jump up to : Daverio , Philippe . Lombardy . Milan : RCS Libri , 2015 . p 47 . Jump up ^ http://milan.today/en/interesting/milano-centrale-history-across-generations Jump up ^ Touring Club Guida di Milano , p. 471 Jump up ^ `` 100mln Euros to requalify Milan Railway Central Station '' . AGI. 2006 - 09 - 25 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` International Destinations '' . Ferrovie dello Stato . Archived from the original on 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Can easily be seen on Google Earth and most old maps External links ( edit ) official page at Grandistazioni website Winchester , Clarence , ed. ( 1936 ) , `` Milan Central station '' , Railway Wonders of the World , pp. 546 -- 552 illustrated contemporary description of the station Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milano Centrale railway station . Grandi Stazioni S.p.A. Shareholders Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane Eurostazioni Railway stations in Italy Bari Centrale Bologna Centrale Firenze Santa Maria Novella Genova Brignole Genova Piazza Principe Milano Centrale Napoli Centrale Palermo Centrale Roma Termini Torino Porta Nuova Venezia Mestre Venezia Santa Lucia Verona Porta Nuova Railway stations in Czech Republic Praha hl. n Karlovy Vary hor. n . Mariánské Lázně Railway stations in Milan Grandi Stazioni Centrale Centostazioni Lambrate Porta Garibaldi Rogoredo RFI Certosa Dateo Greco Pirelli Lancetti Porta Genova Porta Romana Porta Venezia Porta Vittoria Repubblica Romolo San Cristoforo Villapizzone FERROVIENORD Affori Bovisa Bruzzano Cadorna Domodossola Quarto Oggiaro Defunct Bovisa FS Bullona ( 2003 ) Centrale vecchia ( 1931 ) Lambrate vecchia ( 1931 ) Porta Nuova I ( 1850 ) Porta Nuova II ( 1864 ) Porta Nuova III `` Varesine '' ( 1963 ) Porta Tosa ( 1864 ) Urban rail transport in Milan Milan Metro List of Milan Metro stations AnsaldoBreda Meneghino Suburban railway List of Milan suburban railway stations Milan Passante railway ATM ( Azienda Trasporti Milanesi ) Trenord Railway stations in Milan Trams in Milan Trolleybuses in Milan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_Central_railway_station&oldid=838941288 '' Categories : Railway stations in Milan Railway stations opened in 1931 Art Nouveau architecture in Milan Art Nouveau railway stations Buildings and structures completed in 1931 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 08 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the main train station in milan

Milan Central or Milano Centrale is the main railway station of the city of Milan , Italy and one of the main railway stations in Europe . The station is a terminus and located at the northern end of central Milan . It was officially inaugurated in 1931 to replace the old central station ( built 1864 ) , which was a transit station but with a limited number of tracks and space , so could not handle the increased traffic caused by the opening of the Simplon tunnel in 1906 .

United States Department of the Treasury - wikipedia United States Department of the Treasury Jump to : navigation , search `` OFR '' redirects here . For other uses , see OFR ( disambiguation ) . United States Department of the Treasury Seal of the U.S. Department of the Treasury Flag of the U.S. Department of the Treasury Treasury Building Agency overview Formed September 2 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 09 - 02 ) Preceding agency Board of Treasury Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Treasury Building 1500 Pennsylvania Avenue , NW Washington , D.C. , U.S 38 ° 53 ′ 54 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 3 '' W  /  38.89833 ° N 77.03417 ° W  / 38.89833 ; - 77.03417 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 54 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 3 '' W  /  38.89833 ° N 77.03417 ° W  / 38.89833 ; - 77.03417 Employees 86,049 ( 2014 ) Annual budget `` $14 billion ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Agency executives Steven Mnuchin , Secretary Vacant , Deputy Secretary Jovita Carranza , Treasurer Child agencies Internal Revenue Service United States Mint Bureau of Engraving and Printing Several others Website treasury.gov The Department of the Treasury is an executive department and the treasury of the United States federal government . Established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue , its responsibilities include : producing currency and coinage , collecting taxes and paying bills of the US government , managing the federal finances , supervising banks and thrifts , and advising on fiscal policy . The Department is administered by the Secretary of the Treasury , who is a member of the Cabinet . On February 13 , 2017 , the Senate confirmed Steven Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury . The first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton , who was sworn into office on September 11 , 1789 . Hamilton was asked by President George Washington to serve after first having asked Robert Morris ( who declined , recommending Hamilton instead ) . Hamilton almost single - handedly worked out the nation 's early financial system , and for several years was a major presence in Washington 's administration as well . His portrait is on the obverse of the U.S. ten - dollar bill while the Treasury Department building is shown on the reverse . Besides the Secretary , one of the best - known Treasury officials is the Treasurer of the United States whose signature , along with the Treasury Secretary 's , appears on all Federal Reserve notes . The Treasury prints and mints all paper currency and coins in circulation through the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the United States Mint . The Department also collects all federal taxes through the Internal Revenue Service , and manages U.S. government debt instruments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Revolutionary Period 1.2 Hamilton and the Establishment of the Department of the Treasury 1.3 2003 Reorganization 2 Responsibilities 2.1 Mission 2.2 Basic functions 3 Organization 3.1 Structure 3.2 Bureaus 3.3 Budget and staffing 4 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links History ( edit ) Revolutionary period ( edit ) The history of the Department of the Treasury began in the turmoil of the American Revolution , when the Continental Congress at Philadelphia deliberated the crucial issue of financing a war of independence against Great Britain . The Congress had no power to levy and collect taxes , nor was there a tangible basis for securing funds from foreign investors or governments . The delegates resolved to issue paper money in the form of bills of credit , promising redemption in coin on faith in the revolutionary cause . On June 22 , 1775 -- only a few days after the Battle of Bunker Hill , Congress issued $2 million in bills ; on July 25 , 28 citizens of Philadelphia were employed by the Congress to sign and number the currency . On July 29 , 1775 , the Second Continental Congress assigned the responsibility for the administration of the revolutionary government 's finances to Joint Continental Treasurers , George Clymer and Michael Hillegas . The Congress stipulated that each of the colonies contribute to the Continental government 's funds . To ensure proper and efficient handling of the growing national debt in the face of weak economic and political ties between the colonies , the Congress , on February 17 , 1776 , designated a committee of five to superintend the Treasury , settle the accounts , and report periodically to the Congress . On April 1 , a Treasury Office of Accounts , consisting of an Auditor General and clerks , was established to facilitate the settlement of claims and to keep the public accounts for the government of the United Colonies . With the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 , the new - born republic as a sovereign nation was able to secure loans from abroad . Despite the infusion of foreign and domestic loans to pay for a war of independence , the United Colonies were unable to establish a well - organized agency for financial administration . Michael Hillegas was first called Treasurer of the United States on May 14 , 1777 . The Treasury Office was reorganized three times between 1778 and 1781 . The $241.5 million of paper Continental Dollars devalued rapidly . By May 1781 , the dollar collapsed at a rate of from 500 to 1000 to 1 against hard currency . Protests against the worthless money swept the colonies and angry Americans coined the expression `` not worth a Continental '' . Robert Morris was designated Superintendent of Finance in 1781 and restored stability to the nation 's finances . Morris , a wealthy colonial merchant , was nicknamed `` the Financier '' because of his reputation for procuring funds or goods on a moment 's notice . His staff included a Comptroller , a Treasurer , a Register , and auditors , who managed the country 's finances through 1784 , when Morris resigned because of ill health . The Treasury Board of three Commissioners continued to oversee the finances of the confederation of former colonies until September 1789 . Hamilton and the establishment of the Department of the Treasury ( edit ) The First Congress of the United States was called to convene in New York on March 4 , 1789 , marking the beginning of government under the Constitution . On September 2 , 1789 , Congress created a permanent institution for the management of government finances : Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That there shall be a Department of Treasury , in which shall be the following officers , namely : a Secretary of the Treasury , to be deemed head of the department ; a Comptroller , an Auditor , a Treasurer , a Register , and an Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury , which assistant shall be appointed by the said Secretary . Alexander Hamilton took the oath of office as the first Secretary of the Treasury on September 11 , 1789 . Hamilton had served as George Washington 's aide - de-camp during the Revolution , and was of great importance in the ratification of the Constitution . Because of his financial and managerial acumen , Hamilton was a logical choice for solving the problem of the new nation 's heavy war debt . Hamilton 's first official act was to submit a report to Congress in which he laid the foundation for the nation 's financial health . To the surprise of many legislators , he insisted upon federal assumption and dollar - for - dollar repayment of the country 's war debt of $75 million in order to revitalize the public credit : `` ( T ) he debt of the United States ' was the price of liberty . The faith of America has been repeatedly pledged for it , and with solemnities that give peculiar force to the obligation . '' Hamilton foresaw the development of industry and trade in the United States , and suggested that government revenues be based upon customs duties . His sound financial policies also inspired investment in the Bank of the United States , which acted as the government 's fiscal agent . 2003 reorganization ( edit ) Treasury Building Congress transferred several agencies that had previously been under the aegis of the Treasury department to other departments as a consequence of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . Effective January 24 , 2003 , the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( ATF ) , which had been a bureau of the Department since 1972 , was extensively reorganized under the provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . The law enforcement functions of ATF , including the regulation of legitimate traffic in firearms and explosives , were transferred to the Department of Justice as the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives ( BATFE ) . The regulatory and tax collection functions of ATF related to legitimate traffic in alcohol and tobacco remained with the Treasury at its new Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) . Effective March 1 , 2003 , the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center , the United States Customs Service , and the United States Secret Service were transferred to the newly created Department of Homeland Security ( `` DHS '' ) . Responsibilities ( edit ) Treasury Department official , surrounded by packages of newly minted currency , counting and wrapping dollar bills . Washington , D.C. , 1907 . Mission ( edit ) The mission of the Department of the Treasury is to `` maintain a strong economy and create economic and job opportunities by promoting the conditions that enable economic growth and stability at home and abroad , strengthen national security by combating threats and protecting the integrity of the financial system , and manage the U.S. Government 's finances and resources effectively '' . Basic functions ( edit ) The basic functions of the Department of the Treasury mainly include : Producing all currency and coinage of the U.S. ; Collecting taxes , duties and money paid to and due to the U.S. : Paying all bills of the U.S. ; Managing the federal finances ; Managing government accounts and the United States public debt ; Supervising national banks and thrift institutions ; Advising on domestic and international financial , monetary , economic , trade and tax policy ( fiscal policy being the sum of these ) ; Enforcing federal finance and tax laws ; Investigating and prosecuting tax evaders ; Publishing statistical reports . With respect to the estimation of revenues for the executive branch , Treasury serves a purpose parallel to that of the Office of Management and Budget for the estimation of spending for the executive branch , the Joint Committee on Taxation for the estimation of revenues for Congress , and the Congressional Budget Office for the estimation of spending for Congress . From 1830 until 1901 , the responsibility of overseeing weights and measures was carried out by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures , which was part of the U.S. Treasury Department . After 1901 , the responsibility was assigned to the agency that subsequently became known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology . Organization of the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . The Office of Foreign Assets Control and the main branch of the Treasury Department Federal Credit Union are located in the Freedman 's Bank Building in Washington , D.C. Organization ( edit ) The Department of the Treasury is organized into two major components : the Departmental offices and the operating bureaus . The Departmental Offices are primarily responsible for the formulation of policy and management of the Department as a whole , while the operating bureaus carry out the specific operations assigned to the Department . Structure ( edit ) Seal on United States Department of the Treasury on the Building Secretary of the Treasury Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Treasurer of the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing United States Mint Under Secretary for Domestic Finance Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions Office of Financial Institutions Assistant Secretary for Financial Markets Office of Financial Markets Fiscal Assistant Secretary Office of Fiscal Service Bureau of the Fiscal Service Assistant Secretary for Financial Stability Office of Financial Stability Under Secretary for International Affairs Assistant Secretary for International Markets and Development Assistant Secretary for International Affairs Office of Environment and Energy Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence ( Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence ) Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis Office of Intelligence and Analysis Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Office of Foreign Assets Control Treasury Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture Assistant Secretary for Management / Chief Financial Officer / Performance Improvement Officer Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs / Director of policy planning Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Commissioner of Internal Revenue Internal Revenue Service Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Office of the General Counsel Office of the Inspector General Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration ( TIGTA ) Bureaus ( edit ) Bureau Description The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) is responsible for enforcing and administering laws covering the production , use , and distribution of alcohol and tobacco products . TTB also collects excise taxes for firearms and ammunition . The Bureau of Engraving & Printing ( BEP ) The Bureau of Engraving & Printing ( BEP ) designs and manufactures U.S. currency , securities , and other official certificates and awards . The Bureau of the Fiscal Service The Bureau of the Fiscal Service was formed from the consolidation of the Financial Management Service and the Bureau of the Public Debt . Its mission is to promote the financial integrity and operational efficiency of the U.S. government through exceptional accounting , financing , collections , payments , and shared services . The Community Development Financial Institution ( CDFI ) Fund The Community Development Financial Institution ( CDFI ) Fund was created to expand the availability of credit , investment capital , and financial services in distressed urban and rural communities . The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ( FinCEN ) The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ( FinCEN ) supports law enforcement investigative efforts and fosters interagency and global cooperation against domestic and international financial crimes . It also provides U.S. policy makers with strategic analyses of domestic and worldwide trends and patterns . The Inspector General The Inspector General conducts independent audits , investigations and reviews to help the Treasury Department accomplish its mission ; improve its programs and operations ; promote economy , efficiency and effectiveness ; and prevent and detect fraud and abuse . The Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration ( TIGTA ) The Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration ( TIGTA ) provides leadership and coordination and recommends policy for activities designed to promote economy , efficiency , and effectiveness in the administration of the internal revenue laws . TIGTA also recommends policies to prevent and detect fraud and abuse in the programs and operations of the IRS and related entities . The Internal Revenue Service The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) is the largest of Treasury 's bureaus . It is responsible for determining , assessing , and collecting internal revenue in the United States . The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) charters , regulates , and supervises national banks to ensure a safe , sound , and competitive banking system that supports the citizens , communities , and economy of the United States . The U.S. Mint The U.S. Mint designs and manufactures domestic , bullion and foreign coins as well as commemorative medals and other numismatic items . The Mint also distributes U.S. coins to the Federal Reserve banks as well as maintains physical custody and protection of the nation 's silver and gold assets . Budget and staffing ( edit ) The Treasury Department was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2015 of $22.6 billion . The budget authorization is broken down as follows : Program Funding ( in millions ) Employees ( in FTEs ) Management and Finance Department Administration $311 1,320 Office of the Inspector General $35 213 Inspector General for Tax Administration $157 837 Special Inspector General for TARP $34 192 Community Development Financial Institutions Fund $225 73 Financial Crimes Enforcement Network $108 346 Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau $101 517 Bureau of the Fiscal Services $348 2,350 Tax Administration Internal Revenue Service $12,476 92,009 International Programs International Programs $2,610 0 Non-Appropriated Bureaus Office of Fiscal Stability $184 86 Small Business Lending Programs $17 25 State Small Business Credit Initiative $7 12 Financial Stability Oversight Council $20 26 Office of Financial Research $92 249 Bureau of Engraving and Printing $749 1,944 United States Mint $3,571 1,874 Office of the Comptroller of the Currency $1,104 3,997 TOTAL $22,583 106,080 Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the Treasury earned a D by scoring 68 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Federal Reserve System MicroLoan Program Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 17 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework Treasury Information System Architecture Framework Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An Act to Establish the Treasury Department '' ( PDF ) . September 2 , 1789 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Appointment as Secretary of the Treasury '' . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 12 , 1 Statue. 65 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ US Treasury website Organization Jump up ^ Records of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , National Archives website , ( Record Group 167 ) , 1830 -- 1987 . Jump up ^ Treasury Order 101 - 05 , U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . 10 January 2011 . Updated 26 April 2011 . Accessed 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DF Org Chart , `` The Office of Domestic Finance '' . U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . October 2011 . Accessed 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ International Affairs , `` About International Affairs '' . U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . 14 February 2012 . Accessed 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Environment and Energy '' . www.treasury.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Terrorism and Financial Intelligence , `` About Terrorism and Financial Intelligence '' . U.S. Dept. of the Treasury . July 2 , 2012 . Accessed November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2015 Department of the Treasury Budget in Brief , pg 9 , United States Department of the Treasury , Accessed 2015 - 07 - 06 Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 , March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved 21 March 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of the Treasury . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Treasury . Official website Department of the Treasury in the Federal Register Map of Major Foreign Holders Of Treasury Securities 2009 Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of Finances -- These annual reports also contain the reports of the many departments of the Treasury , including the Bureau of the Mint , Bureau of Engraving and Printing , Bureau of Customs , Office of the Comptroller of the Currency , Secret Service , and the Internal Revenue Service . United States Department of the Treasury at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 26 , 1996 ) Act to establish the Treasury Department . 1st Congress , 1st Session , Ch. 12 , 1 Stat. 65 Agencies under the United States Department of the Treasury Headquarters : Treasury Building Steven Mnuchin , Secretary of the Treasury Vacant , Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Community Development Financial Institutions Fund Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Office of Tax Policy Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs Office of East Asia Office of South and Southeast Asia Nations Office of Europe & Eurasia Office of the Western Hemisphere Office of International Monetary Policy Office of Banking and Securities Office of International Debt Policy Office of Development Policy Office of Financing Operations Office of African Nations Office of the Middle East and North Africa Office of International Trade Office of International Investment Office of Trade Finance Office of Technical Assistance Office of Risk and Research Analysis Exchange Stabilization Fund Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance Advanced Counterfeit Deterrence Federal Financing Bank Office of Debt Management Office of Financial Institutions Office of Financial Markets Office of Financial Stability Office of Fiscal Service Bureau of the Fiscal Service Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes Office of Intelligence and Analysis Office of Foreign Assets Control Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Treasury Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture Treasurer of the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing United States Mint Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Patriot Act Titles I -- II -- III -- IV -- V -- VI -- VII -- VIII -- IX -- X Statute Legislative and Judicial History History of the Patriot Act Acts modified Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Electronic Communications Privacy Act Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Money Laundering Control Act Bank Secrecy Act Right to Financial Privacy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Victims of Crime Act of 1984 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act People George W. Bush John Ashcroft Alberto Gonzales Patrick Leahy Orrin Hatch Jon Kyl Dianne Feinstein Viet D. Dinh Joe Biden Michael Chertoff Barack Obama Eric Holder Jim Dempsey Chuck Schumer Lamar Smith Bob Graham Jay Rockefeller Arlen Specter Mike Oxley Dick Armey Paul Sarbanes Trent Lott Tom Daschle Russ Feingold Ellen Huvelle Ron Paul Lisa Murkowski Ron Wyden Dennis Kucinich Larry Craig John E. Sununu Richard Durbin Bernie Sanders Jerrold Nadler John Conyers , Jr . Butch Otter Government organizations Federal Bureau of Investigation Department of Justice Select Committee on Intelligence Department of the Treasury FinCEN Department of State National Institute of Standards and Technology Customs Service U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Non-government organizations American Civil Liberties Union American Library Association Center for Democracy and Technology Center for Public Integrity Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Privacy Information Center Humanitarian Law Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury&oldid=808080244 '' Categories : United States Department of the Treasury United States federal executive departments 1789 establishments in the United States Finance ministries Financial regulatory authorities of the United States Ministries established in 1789 Robert Mills buildings Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2012 Coordinates not on Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 19 : 23 . 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who handles the money in the us government

The Department of the Treasury is an executive department and the treasury of the United States federal government . Established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue , its responsibilities include : producing currency and coinage , collecting taxes and paying bills of the US government , managing the federal finances , supervising banks and thrifts , and advising on fiscal policy . The Department is administered by the Secretary of the Treasury , who is a member of the Cabinet . On February 13 , 2017 , the Senate confirmed Steven Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury .

Constantinople - wikipedia Constantinople Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical city from 330 to 1453 . For its predecessor in Greek and early Roman times , see Byzantium . For Constantinople during the Ottoman era and the modern city , see Istanbul . For other uses , see Constantinople ( disambiguation ) . Constantinople Κωνσταντινούπολις or Κωνσταντινούπολη ( in Greek ) Constantinopolis ( in Latin ) Map of Constantinople Shown within Turkey Alternate name Byzantion ( earlier Greek name ) , Miklagard / Miklagarth ( Old Norse ) , Tsarigrad ( Slavic ) , Basileuousa ( `` Queen of Cities '' ) , Megalopolis ( `` the Great City '' ) Location Istanbul , Istanbul Province , Turkey Region Thrace Coordinates 41 ° 00 ′ 49 '' N 28 ° 57 ′ 18 '' E  /  41.01361 ° N 28.95500 ° E  / 41.01361 ; 28.95500 Coordinates : 41 ° 00 ′ 49 '' N 28 ° 57 ′ 18 '' E  /  41.01361 ° N 28.95500 ° E  / 41.01361 ; 28.95500 Type Imperial city Area 6 km ( 2.3 sq mi ) enclosed within Constantinian Walls 14 km ( 5.4 sq mi ) enclosed within Theodosian Walls History Builder Constantine the Great Founded AD 330 Periods Late Antiquity to Late Middle Ages Cultures Roman , Byzantine Timeline of Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire 330 - 1204 AD ; 1261 - 1453 AD 330 AD : Founding of Constantinople ca . 404 / 05 - 413 AD : Construction of the Theodosian Walls 474 AD : Great Fire of Constantinople 532 AD : Nika Riots and Fire of Constantinople 537 AD : Completion of the Hagia Sophia by Justinian I 626 AD : First Siege of Constantinople 674 - 78 AD : First Arab Siege of Constantinople 717 - 18 AD : Great Siege of Constantinople / Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 1204 AD : Sack of Constantinople 1261 AD : Liberation of Constantinople 1453 AD : Fall of Constantinople Constantinople ( Greek : Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis or Κωνσταντινούπολη Konstantinoúpoli ; Latin : Constantinopolis ; Ottoman Turkish : قسطنطینية ‎ , translit . Ḳosṭanṭīnīye ) was the capital city of the Roman / Byzantine ( 330 -- 1204 and 1261 -- 1453 ) , and also of the brief Latin ( 1204 -- 1261 ) , and the later Ottoman ( 1453 -- 1923 ) empires . It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great , after whom it was named , and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD . From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century , Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe and it was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom 's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross . After the final loss of its provinces in the early 15th century , the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs , along with Morea in Greece , and the city eventually fell to the Ottomans after a month - long siege in 1453 . Aerial view of Byzantine Constantinople and the Propontis ( Sea of Marmara ) Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences . Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples , the defences of Constantinople proved invulnerable for nearly nine hundred years before the city was taken in 1204 by the Crusader armies of the Fourth Crusade , and after it was liberated in 1261 by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos , a second and final time in 1453 when it was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II . The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I , and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts . Later , in the 5th century , the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian Walls , which consisted of a double wall lying about 2 km ( 1.2 miles ) to the west of the first wall and a moat with palisades in front . This formidable complex of defences was one of the most sophisticated of Antiquity . The city was built intentionally to rival Rome , and it was claimed that several elevations within its walls matched the ' seven hills ' of Rome . Because it was located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara the land area that needed defensive walls was reduced , and this helped it to present an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces , domes , and towers , the result of the prosperity that was engendered by its being the gateway between two continents ( Europe and Asia ) and two seas ( the Mediterranean and the Black Sea ) . The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces , such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia , which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate , the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived , the Galata Tower , the Hippodrome , the Golden Gate of the Land Walls , and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares . The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453 , including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts . Constantinople never truly recovered from the devastation of the Fourth Crusade and the decades of misrule by the Latins . Although the city partially recovered in the early years after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty , the advent of the Ottomans and the subsequent loss of the Imperial territories until it became an enclave inside the fledgling Ottoman Empire rendered the city severely depopulated when it fell to the Ottoman Turks , whereafter it replaced Edirne ( Adrianople ) as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 1.1 Before Constantinople 1.2 Names of Constantinople 1.3 Modern names of the city 2 History 2.1 c. 657 BC -- 324 AD : Byzantium and earlier settlements 2.2 324 -- 337 : Foundation of Constantinople 2.3 337 -- 529 : Constantinople during the Migration Period 2.4 527 -- 565 : Constantinople in the Age of Justinian 2.5 Survival , 565 -- 717 : Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages 2.6 717 -- 1025 : Constantinople during the Macedonian Renaissance 2.6. 1 Iconoclast controversy in Constantinople 2.7 1025 -- 1081 : Constantinople after Basil II 2.8 1081 -- 1185 : Constantinople under the Comneni 2.9 1185 -- 1261 : Constantinople during the Imperial Exile 2.10 1261 -- 1453 : Palaiologan Era and the Fall of Constantinople 2.11 1453 -- 1922 : Ottoman Kostantiniyye 3 Importance 3.1 Culture 3.2 International status 3.3 Architecture 3.4 Religion 3.5 Popular culture 4 See also 4.1 People from Constantinople 4.2 Secular buildings and monuments 4.3 Churches , monasteries and mosques 4.4 Miscellaneous 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Names ( edit ) Before Constantinople ( edit ) According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History , the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was Lygos , a settlement of likely Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th century BC . The site , according to the founding myth of the city , was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city - state of Megara founded Byzantium ( Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) in around 657 BC , across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus . The origins of the name of Byzantion , more commonly known by the later Latin Byzantium , are not entirely clear , though some suggest it is of Thraco - Illyrian origin . The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists , Byzas . The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men , Byzas and Antes , though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion . The city was briefly renamed Augusta Antonina in the early 3rd century by the Emperor Septimius Severus ( 193 -- 211 ) , having razed the city to the ground in 196 AD for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt , in honour of his son Antoninus , the later Emperor Caracalla . The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned , and the city reverted to Byzantium / Byzantion after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or , at the latest , the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235 . Names of Constantinople ( edit ) Main article : Names of Constantinople This huge keystone found in Çemberlitaş , Fatih may have belonged to a triumphal arch at the Forum of Constantine ; the forum was built by Constantine I in the quarter of modern - day Çemberlitaş . The Column of Constantine , built by Constantine I in 330 AD to commemorate the establishment of Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman Empire Byzantium took on the name of Konstantinoupolis ( `` city of Constantine '' , Constantinople ) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I , who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 AD and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma ( Νέα Ῥώμη ) ' New Rome ' . During this time , the city was also called ' Second Rome ' , ' Eastern Rome ' , and Roma Constantinopolitana . As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West , and its wealth , population , and influence grew , the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames . As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th -- 13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin , Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as Basileuousa ( Queen of Cities ) and Megalopolis ( the Great City ) and was , in colloquial speech , commonly referred to as just Polis ( η πόλη ) ' the City ' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike . In the language of other peoples , Constantinople was referred to just as reverently . The medieval Vikings , who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe ( Varangians ) used the Old Norse name Miklagarðr ( from mikill ' big ' and garðr ' city ' ) , and later Miklagard and Miklagarth . In Arabic , the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al - kubra ( Great City of the Romans ) and in Persian as Takht - e Rum ( Throne of the Romans ) . In East and South Slavic languages , including in medieval Russia , Constantinople was referred to as Tsargrad ( Царьград ) or Carigrad , ' City of the Caesar ( Emperor ) ' , from the Slavonic words tsar ( ' Caesar ' or ' King ' ) and grad ( ' city ' ) . This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as Βασιλέως Πόλις ( Vasileos Polis ) , ' the city of the emperor ( king ) ' . Modern names of the city ( edit ) The modern Turkish name for the city , İstanbul , derives from the Greek phrase eis tin polin ( εἰς τὴν πόλιν ) , meaning `` into the city '' or `` to the city '' . This name was used in Turkish alongside Kostantiniyye , the more formal adaptation of the original Constantinople , during the period of Ottoman rule , while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century . In 1928 , the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script . After that , as part of the 1920s Turkification movement , Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities , instead of other transliterations to Latin script that had been used in the Ottoman times . In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages . The name `` Constantinople '' is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders , the Orthodox patriarch based in the city , referred to as `` His Most Divine All - Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch . '' In Greece today , the city is still called Konstantinoúpolis / Konstantinoúpoli ( Κωνσταντινούπολη / Κωνσταντινούπολις ) or simply just `` the City '' ( Η Πόλη / Η Πόλις ) . History ( edit ) C. 657 BC -- 324 AD : Byzantium and earlier settlements ( edit ) Main article : Byzantium Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I ( 272 -- 337 AD ) in 324 on the site of an already - existing city , Byzantium , which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion , in around 657 BC , by colonists of the city - state of Megara . This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople , but the first known settlements was that of Lygos , referred to in Pliny 's Natural Histories , Apart from this , little is known about this initial settlement , except that it was abandoned by the time the Megarian colonists settled the site anew . The site , according to the founding myth of the city , was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city - state of Megara founded Byzantium ( Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) in around 657 BC , ( 14 ) across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus . The city maintained independence as a city - state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire , who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait . Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece , a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent , yet subordinate , city under the Athenians , and later to the Spartans after 411 BC . A farsighted treaty with the emergent power of Rome in c. 150 BC which stipulated tribute in exchange for independent status allowed it to enter Roman rule unscathed . This treaty would pay dividends retrospectively as Byzantium would maintain this independent status , and prosper under peace and stability in the Pax Romana , for nearly three centuries until the late 2nd century AD . Byzantium was never a major influential city - state like that of Athens , Corinth , and Sparta , but the city enjoyed relative peace and steady growth as a prosperous trading city lent by its remarkable position . The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean , and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour . Already then , in Greek and early Roman times , Byzantium was famous for its strategic geographic position that made it difficult to besiege and capture , and its position at the crossroads of the Asiatic - European trade route over land and as the gateway between the Mediterranean and Black Seas made it too valuable a settlement to abandon , as Emperor Septimius Severus later realized when he razed the city to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger 's claimancy . It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed `` a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia '' . He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign , in which it would be briefly renamed Augusta Antonina , fortifying it with a new city wall in his name , the Severan Wall . 324 -- 337 : foundation of Constantinople ( edit ) Emperor Constantine I presents a representation of the city of Constantinople as tribute to an enthroned Mary and Christ Child in this church mosaic . Hagia Sophia , c. 1000 Another coin struck by Constantine I in 330 -- 333 AD to commemorate the foundation of Constantinople and to also reaffirm Rome as the traditional centre of the Roman Empire . Coin struck by Constantine I to commemorate the founding of Constantinople Constantine had altogether more colourful plans . Having restored the unity of the Empire , and , being in the course of major governmental reforms as well as of sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church , he was well aware that Rome was an unsatisfactory capital . Rome was too far from the frontiers , and hence from the armies and the imperial courts , and it offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians . Yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years , and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location . Nevertheless , Constantine identified the site of Byzantium as the right place : a place where an emperor could sit , readily defended , with easy access to the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers , his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia , his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire . Constantinople was built over 6 years , and consecrated on 11 May 330 . Constantine divided the expanded city , like Rome , into 14 regions , and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis . Yet , at first , Constantine 's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome . It possessed a proconsul , rather than an urban prefect . It had no praetors , tribunes , or quaestors . Although it did have senators , they held the title clarus , not clarissimus , like those of Rome . It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply , police , statues , temples , sewers , aqueducts , or other public works . The new programme of building was carried out in great haste : columns , marbles , doors , and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city . In similar fashion , many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets . The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that , as in Rome , free distributions of food would be made to the citizens . At the time , the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day , doled out from 117 distribution points around the city . Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium , naming it the Augustaeum . The new senate - house ( or Curia ) was housed in a basilica on the east side . On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance , the Chalke , and its ceremonial suite known as the Palace of Daphne . Nearby was the vast Hippodrome for chariot - races , seating over 80,000 spectators , and the famed Baths of Zeuxippus . At the western entrance to the Augustaeum was the Milion , a vaulted monument from which distances were measured across the Eastern Roman Empire . From the Augustaeum led a great street , the Mese ( Greek : Μέση ( Οδός ) lit . `` Middle ( Street ) '' ) , lined with colonnades . As it descended the First Hill of the city and climbed the Second Hill , it passed on the left the Praetorium or law - court . Then it passed through the oval Forum of Constantine where there was a second Senate - house and a high column with a statue of Constantine himself in the guise of Helios , crowned with a halo of seven rays and looking toward the rising sun . From there , the Mese passed on and through the Forum Tauri and then the Forum Bovis , and finally up the Seventh Hill ( or Xerolophus ) and through to the Golden Gate in the Constantinian Wall . After the construction of the Theodosian Walls in the early 5th century , it was extended to the new Golden Gate , reaching a total length of seven Roman miles . 337 -- 529 : Constantinople during the migration period ( edit ) Theodosius I was the last Roman emperor who ruled over an undivided empire ( detail from the Obelisk at the Hippodrome of Constantinople ) . The importance of Constantinople increased , but it was gradual . From the death of Constantine in 337 to the accession of Theodosius I , emperors had been resident only in the years 337 - 8 , 347 -- 51 , 358 -- 61 , 368 -- 69 . Its status as a capital was recognized by the appointment of the first known Urban Prefect of the City Honoratus , who held office from 11 December 359 until 361 . The urban prefects had concurrent jurisdiction over three provinces each in the adjacent dioceses of Thrace ( in which the city was located ) , Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100 - mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome . The emperor Valens , who hated the city and spent only one year there , nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate , probably for use when reviewing troops . All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon . Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint ( today preserved at the Topkapı Palace ) , put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus , and turned the ruined temple of Aphrodite into a coach house for the Praetorian Prefect ; Arcadius built a new forum named after himself on the Mese , near the walls of Constantine . After the shock of the Battle of Adrianople in 378 , in which the emperor Valens with the flower of the Roman armies was destroyed by the Visigoths within a few days ' march , the city looked to its defences , and in 413 -- 414 Theodosius II built the 18 - metre ( 60 - foot ) - tall triple - wall fortifications , which were not to be breached until the coming of gunpowder . Theodosius also founded a University near the Forum of Taurus , on 27 February 425 . Uldin , a prince of the Huns , appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace , but he was deserted by many of his followers , who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river . Subsequent to this , new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved . After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire , Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire . Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces . They remained in their palace in the Great City and sent generals to command their armies . The wealth of the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia flowed into Constantinople . 527 -- 565 : Constantinople in the Age of Justinian ( edit ) Map of Constantinople ( 1422 ) by Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti is the oldest surviving map of the city , and the only one that predates the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453 The current Hagia Sophia was commissioned by Emperor Justinian I after the previous one was destroyed in the Nika riots of 532 . It was converted into a mosque in 1453 when the Ottoman Empire commenced and became a museum in 1935 The emperor Justinian I ( 527 -- 565 ) was known for his successes in war , for his legal reforms and for his public works . It was from Constantinople that his expedition for the reconquest of the former Diocese of Africa set sail on or about 21 June 533 . Before their departure , the ship of the commander Belisarius was anchored in front of the Imperial palace , and the Patriarch offered prayers for the success of the enterprise . After the victory , in 534 , the Temple treasure of Jerusalem , looted by the Romans in 70 AD and taken to Carthage by the Vandals after their sack of Rome in 455 , was brought to Constantinople and deposited for a time , perhaps in the Church of St. Polyeuctus , before being returned to Jerusalem in either the Church of the Resurrection or the New Church . Chariot - racing had been important in Rome for centuries . In Constantinople , the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political significance . It was where ( as a shadow of the popular elections of old Rome ) the people by acclamation showed their approval of a new emperor , and also where they openly criticized the government , or clamoured for the removal of unpopular ministers . In the time of Justinian , public order in Constantinople became a critical political issue . Throughout the late Roman and early Byzantine periods , Christianity was resolving fundamental questions of identity , and the dispute between the orthodox and the monophysites became the cause of serious disorder , expressed through allegiance to the horse - racing parties of the Blues and the Greens . The partisans of the Blues and the Greens were said to affect untrimmed facial hair , head hair shaved at the front and grown long at the back , and wide - sleeved tunics tight at the wrist ; and to form gangs to engage in night - time muggings and street violence . At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532 , known as the `` Nika '' riots ( from the battle - cry of `` Victory ! '' of those involved ) . Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine 's basilica of Hagia Sophia ( Holy Wisdom ) , the city 's principal church , which lay to the north of the Augustaeum . Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia . This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church , whose dome was said to be held aloft by God alone , and which was directly connected to the palace so that the imperial family could attend services without passing through the streets . The dedication took place on 26 December 537 in the presence of the emperor , who exclaimed , `` O Solomon , I have outdone thee ! '' Hagia Sophia was served by 600 people including 80 priests , and cost 20,000 pounds of gold to build . Justinian also had Anthemius and Isidore demolish and replace the original Church of the Holy Apostles built by Constantine with a new church under the same dedication . This was designed in the form of an equal - armed cross with five domes , and ornamented with beautiful mosaics . This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century . When the city fell to the Turks in 1453 , the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror . Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city 's built environment , legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within 100 feet ( 30 m ) of the sea front , in order to protect the view . During Justinian I 's reign , the city 's population reached about 500,000 people . However , the social fabric of Constantinople was also damaged by the onset of the Plague of Justinian between 541 -- 542 AD . It killed perhaps 40 % of the city 's inhabitants . Restored section of the fortifications that protected Constantinople during the medieval period Survival , 565 -- 717 : Constantinople during the Byzantine Dark Ages ( edit ) In the early 7th century , the Avars and later the Bulgars overwhelmed much of the Balkans , threatening Constantinople with attack from the west . Simultaneously , the Persian Sassanids overwhelmed the Prefecture of the East and penetrated deep into Anatolia . Heraclius , son of the exarch of Africa , set sail for the city and assumed the purple . He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage , but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay . The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618 when Heraclius realised that the city could no longer be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars : the population fell substantially as a result . While the city withstood a siege by the Sassanids and Avars in 626 , Heraclius campaigned deep into Persian territory and briefly restored the status quo in 628 , when the Persians surrendered all their conquests . However , further sieges followed the Arab conquests , first from 674 to 678 and then in 717 to 718 . The Theodosian Walls kept the city impregnable from the land , while a newly discovered incendiary substance known as Greek Fire allowed the Byzantine navy to destroy the Arab fleets and keep the city supplied . In the second siege , the second ruler of Bulgaria , Khan Tervel , rendered decisive help . He was called Saviour of Europe . 717 -- 1025 : Constantinople during the macedonian Renaissance ( edit ) Emperor Leo VI ( 886 -- 912 ) adoring Jesus Christ . Mosaic above the Imperial Gate in the Hagia Sophia . In the 730s Leo III carried out extensive repairs of the Theodosian walls , which had been damaged by frequent and violent attacks ; this work was financed by a special tax on all the subjects of the Empire . Theodora , widow of the Emperor Theophilus ( died 842 ) , acted as regent during the minority of her son Michael III , who was said to have been introduced to dissolute habits by her brother Bardas . When Michael assumed power in 856 , he became known for excessive drunkenness , appeared in the hippodrome as a charioteer and burlesqued the religious processions of the clergy . He removed Theodora from the Great Palace to the Carian Palace and later to the monastery of Gastria , but , after the death of Bardas , she was released to live in the palace of St Mamas ; she also had a rural residence at the Anthemian Palace , where Michael was assassinated in 867 . In 860 , an attack was made on the city by a new principality set up a few years earlier at Kiev by Askold and Dir , two Varangian chiefs : Two hundred small vessels passed through the Bosporus and plundered the monasteries and other properties on the suburban Prince 's Islands . Oryphas , the admiral of the Byzantine fleet , alerted the emperor Michael , who promptly put the invaders to flight ; but the suddenness and savagery of the onslaught made a deep impression on the citizens . In 980 , the emperor Basil II received an unusual gift from Prince Vladimir of Kiev : 6,000 Varangian warriors , which Basil formed into a new bodyguard known as the Varangian Guard . They were known for their ferocity , honour , and loyalty . It is said that , in 1038 , they were dispersed in winter quarters in the Thracesian theme when one of their number attempted to violate a countrywoman , but in the struggle she seized his sword and killed him ; instead of taking revenge , however , his comrades applauded her conduct , compensated her with all his possessions , and exposed his body without burial as if he had committed suicide . However , following the death of an Emperor , they became known also for plunder in the Imperial palaces . Later in the 11th Century the Varangian Guard became dominated by Anglo - Saxons who preferred this way of life to subjugation by the new Norman kings of England . The Book of the Eparch , which dates to the 10th century , gives a detailed picture of the city 's commercial life and its organization at that time . The corporations in which the tradesmen of Constantinople were organised were supervised by the Eparch , who regulated such matters as production , prices , import , and export . Each guild had its own monopoly , and tradesmen might not belong to more than one . It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office , then known by the Latin version of its title , had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome . In the 9th and 10th centuries , Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000 . Iconoclast controversy in Constantinople ( edit ) In the 8th and 9th centuries , the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire . The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images , and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke , an act that was fiercely resisted by the citizens . Constantine V convoked a church council in 754 , which condemned the worship of images , after which many treasures were broken , burned , or painted over with depictions of trees , birds or animals : One source refers to the church of the Holy Virgin at Blachernae as having been transformed into a `` fruit store and aviary '' . Following the death of her son Leo IV in 780 , the empress Irene restored the veneration of images through the agency of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 . The iconoclast controversy returned in the early 9th century , only to be resolved once more in 843 during the regency of Empress Theodora , who restored the icons . These controversies contributed to the deterioration of relations between the Western and the Eastern Churches . 1025 -- 1081 : Constantinople after Basil II ( edit ) In the late 11th century catastrophe struck with the unexpected and calamitous defeat of the imperial armies at the Battle of Manzikert in Armenia in 1071 . The Emperor Romanus Diogenes was captured . The peace terms demanded by Alp Arslan , sultan of the Seljuk Turks , were not excessive , and Romanus accepted them . On his release , however , Romanus found that enemies had placed their own candidate on the throne in his absence ; he surrendered to them and suffered death by torture , and the new ruler , Michael VII Ducas , refused to honour the treaty . In response , the Turks began to move into Anatolia in 1073 . The collapse of the old defensive system meant that they met no opposition , and the empire 's resources were distracted and squandered in a series of civil wars . Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia . By 1080 , a huge area had been lost to the Empire , and the Turks were within striking distance of Constantinople . 1081 -- 1185 : Constantinople under the Comneni ( edit ) The Byzantine Empire under Manuel I , c. 1180 12th century mosaic from the upper gallery of the Hagia Sophia , Constantinople . Emperor John II ( 1118 -- 1143 ) is shown on the left , with the Virgin Mary and infant Jesus in the centre , and John 's consort Empress Irene on the right . Under the Comnenian dynasty ( 1081 -- 1185 ) , Byzantium staged a remarkable recovery . In 1090 -- 91 , the nomadic Pechenegs reached the walls of Constantinople , where Emperor Alexius I with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army . In response to a call for aid from Alexius , the First Crusade assembled at Constantinople in 1096 , but declining to put itself under Byzantine command set out for Jerusalem on its own account . John II built the monastery of the Pantocrator ( Almighty ) with a hospital for the poor of 50 beds . With the restoration of firm central government , the empire became fabulously wealthy . The population was rising ( estimates for Constantinople in the 12th century vary from some 100,000 to 500,000 ) , and towns and cities across the realm flourished . Meanwhile , the volume of money in circulation dramatically increased . This was reflected in Constantinople by the construction of the Blachernae palace , the creation of brilliant new works of art , and general prosperity at this time : an increase in trade , made possible by the growth of the Italian city - states , may have helped the growth of the economy . It is certain that the Venetians and others were active traders in Constantinople , making a living out of shipping goods between the Crusader Kingdoms of Outremer and the West , while also trading extensively with Byzantium and Egypt . The Venetians had factories on the north side of the Golden Horn , and large numbers of westerners were present in the city throughout the 12th century . Toward the end of Manuel I Komnenos 's reign , the number of foreigners in the city reached about 60,000 -- 80,000 people out of a total population of about 400,000 people . In 1171 , Constantinople also contained a small community of 2,500 Jews . In 1182 , all Latin ( Western European ) inhabitants of Constantinople were massacred . In artistic terms , the 12th century was a very productive period . There was a revival in the mosaic art , for example : Mosaics became more realistic and vivid , with an increased emphasis on depicting three - dimensional forms . There was an increased demand for art , with more people having access to the necessary wealth to commission and pay for such work . According to N.H. Baynes ( Byzantium , An Introduction to East Roman Civilization ) : `` With its love of luxury and passion for colour , the art of this age delighted in the production of masterpieces that spread the fame of Byzantium throughout the whole of the Christian world . Beautiful silks from the workshops of Constantinople also portrayed in dazzling colour animals -- lions , elephants , eagles , and griffins -- confronting each other , or represented Emperors gorgeously arrayed on horseback or engaged in the chase . '' `` From the tenth to the twelfth century Byzantium was the main source of inspiration for the West . By their style , arrangement , and iconography the mosaics of St. Mark 's at Venice and of the cathedral at Torcello clearly reveal their Byzantine origin . Similarly those of the Palatine Chapel , the Martorana at Palermo , and the cathedral of Cefalù , together with the vast decoration of the cathedral at Monreale , demonstrate the influence of Byzantium on the Norman Court of Sicily in the twelfth century . Hispano - Moorish art was unquestionably derived from the Byzantine . Romanesque art owes much to the East , from which it borrowed not only its decorative forms but the plan of some of its buildings , as is proved , for instance , by the domed churches of south - western France . Princes of Kiev , Venetian doges , abbots of Monte Cassino , merchants of Amalfi , and the kings of Sicily all looked to Byzantium for artists or works of art . Such was the influence of Byzantine art in the twelfth century , that Russia , Venice , southern Italy and Sicily all virtually became provincial centres dedicated to its production . '' 1185 -- 1261 : Constantinople during the Imperial exile ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople , by Eugène Delacroix , 1840 . The Latin Empire , Empire of Nicaea , Empire of Trebizond , and the Despotate of Epirus . The borders are very uncertain On 25 July 1197 , Constantinople was struck by a severe fire which burned the Latin Quarter and the area around the Gate of the Droungarios ( Turkish : Odun Kapısı ) on the Golden Horn . Nevertheless , the destruction wrought by the 1197 fire paled in comparison with that brought by the Crusaders . In the course of a plot between Philip of Swabia , Boniface of Montferrat and the Doge of Venice , the Fourth Crusade was , despite papal excommunication , diverted in 1203 against Constantinople , ostensibly promoting the claims of Alexius , son of the deposed emperor Isaac . The reigning emperor Alexius III had made no preparation . The Crusaders occupied Galata , broke the defensive chain protecting the Golden Horn and entered the harbour , where on 27 July they breached the sea walls : Alexius III fled . But the new Alexius IV found the Treasury inadequate , and was unable to make good the rewards he had promised to his western allies . Tension between the citizens and the Latin soldiers increased . In January 1204 , the protovestiarius Alexius Murzuphlus provoked a riot , it is presumed , to intimidate Alexius IV , but whose only result was the destruction of the great statue of Athena , the work of Phidias , which stood in the principal forum facing west . In February , the people rose again : Alexius IV was imprisoned and executed , and Murzuphlus took the purple as Alexius V. He made some attempt to repair the walls and organise the citizenry , but there had been no opportunity to bring in troops from the provinces and the guards were demoralised by the revolution . An attack by the Crusaders on 6 April failed , but a second from the Golden Horn on 12 April succeeded , and the invaders poured in . Alexius V fled . The Senate met in Hagia Sophia and offered the crown to Theodore Lascaris , who had married into the Angelid family , but it was too late . He came out with the Patriarch to the Golden Milestone before the Great Palace and addressed the Varangian Guard . Then the two of them slipped away with many of the nobility and embarked for Asia . By the next day the Doge and the leading Franks were installed in the Great Palace , and the city was given over to pillage for three days . Sir Steven Runciman , historian of the Crusades , wrote that the sack of Constantinople is `` unparalleled in history '' . `` For nine centuries , '' he goes on , `` the great city had been the capital of Christian civilisation . It was filled with works of art that had survived from ancient Greece and with the masterpieces of its own exquisite craftsmen . The Venetians ... seized treasures and carried them off to adorn ... their town . But the Frenchmen and Flemings were filled with a lust for destruction . They rushed in a howling mob down the streets and through the houses , snatching up everything that glittered and destroying whatever they could not carry , pausing only to murder or to rape , or to break open the wine - cellars ... Neither monasteries nor churches nor libraries were spared . In Hagia Sophia itself , drunken soldiers could be seen tearing down the silken hangings and pulling the great silver iconostasis to pieces , while sacred books and icons were trampled under foot . While they drank merrily from the altar - vessels a prostitute set herself on the Patriarch 's throne and began to sing a ribald French song . Nuns were ravished in their convents . Palaces and hovels alike were entered and wrecked . Wounded women and children lay dying in the streets . For three days the ghastly scenes ... continued , till the huge and beautiful city was a shambles ... When ... order was restored , ... citizens were tortured to make them reveal the goods that they had contrived to hide . For the next half - century , Constantinople was the seat of the Latin Empire . Under the rulers of the Latin Empire , the city declined , both in population and the condition of its buildings . Alice - Mary Talbot cites an estimated population for Constantinople of 400,000 inhabitants ; after the destruction wrought by the Crusaders on the city , about one third were homeless , and numerous courtiers , nobility , and higher clergy , followed various leading personages into exile . `` As a result Constantinople became seriously depopulated , '' Talbot concludes . The Latins took over at least 20 churches and 13 monasteries , most prominently the Hagia Sophia , which became the cathedral of the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople . It is to these that E.H. Swift attributed the construction of a series of flying buttresses to shore up the walls of the church , which had been weakened over the centuries by earthquake tremors . However , this act of maintenance is an exception : for the most part , the Latin occupiers were too few to maintain all of the buildings , either secular and sacred , and many became targets for vandalism or dismantling . Bronze and lead were removed from the roofs of abandoned buildings and melted down and sold to provide money to the chronically under - funded Empire for defense and to support the court ; Deno John Geanokoplos writes that `` it may well be that a division is suggested here : Latin laymen stripped secular buildings , ecclesiastics , the churches . '' Buildings were not the only targets of officials looking to raise funds for the impoverished Latin Empire : the monumental sculptures which adorned the Hippodrome and fora of the city were pulled down and melted for coinage . `` Among the masterpieces destroyed , writes Talbot , `` were a Herakles attributed to the fourth - century B.C. sculptor Lysippos , and monumental figures of Hera , Paris , and Helen . '' The Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes reportedly saved several churches from being dismantled for their valuable building materials ; by sending money to the Latins `` to buy them off '' ( exonesamenos ) , he prevented the destruction of several churches . According to Talbot , these included the churches of Blachernae , Rouphinianai , and St. Michael at Anaplous . He also granted funds for the restoration of the Church of the Holy Apostles , which had been seriously damaged in an earthquake . The Byzantine nobility scattered , many going to Nicaea , where Theodore Lascaris set up an imperial court , or to Epirus , where Theodore Angelus did the same ; others fled to Trebizond , where one of the Comneni had already with Georgian support established an independent seat of empire . Nicaea and Epirus both vied for the imperial title , and tried to recover Constantinople . In 1261 , Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler , Baldwin II , by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos . 1261 -- 1453 : palaiologan era and the fall of Constantinople ( edit ) See also : Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty and Fall of Constantinople Mehmed the Conqueror enters Constantinople , painting by Fausto Zonaro Although Constantinople was retaken by Michael VIII Palaiologos , the Empire had lost many of its key economic resources , and struggled to survive . The palace of Blachernae in the north - west of the city became the main Imperial residence , with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline . When Michael VIII captured the city , its population was 35,000 people , but , by the end of his reign , he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people . The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it , and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital . In 1347 , the Black Death spread to Constantinople . In 1453 , when the Ottoman Turks captured the city , it contained approximately 50,000 people . Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 . The Ottomans were commanded by 22 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II . The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven - week siege that had begun on 6 April 1453 . 1453 -- 1922 : Ottoman Kostantiniyye ( edit ) Main article : Constantinople during the Ottoman era The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control . When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate , he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia , where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and ' be satisfied with the booty and captives ; as for all the buildings , they belonged to him ' . He ordered that an imam meet him there in order to chant the adhan thus transforming the Orthodox cathedral into a Muslim mosque , solidifying Islamic rule in Constantinople . Mehmed 's main concern with Constantinople had to do with rebuilding the city 's defenses and population . Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest , which included the repair of the walls , construction of the citadel , and building a new palace . Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims , Christians , and Jews should resettle the city ; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September . From all over the Islamic empire , prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city : these people were called `` Sürgün '' in Turkish ( Greek : σουργούνιδες ) . Two centuries later , Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins . Even today , many quarters of Istanbul , such as Aksaray , Çarşamba , bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants . However , many people escaped again from the city , and there were several outbreaks of plague , so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city . Importance ( edit ) Eagle and Snake , 6th century mosaic flooring Constantinople , Grand Imperial Palace . Culture ( edit ) Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire , mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea . It would remain the capital of the eastern , Greek - speaking empire for over a thousand years . At its peak , roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages , it was the richest and largest European city , exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean . Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and churches of the city , in particular , Hagia Sophia , or the Church of Holy Wisdom : A Russian 14th - century traveler , Stephen of Novgorod , wrote , `` As for Hagia Sophia , the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it . '' It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass - destruction in western Europe and north Africa : On the city 's fall , thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy , and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance , and the transition to the modern world . The cumulative influence of the city on the west , over the many centuries of its existence , is incalculable . In terms of technology , art and culture , as well as sheer size , Constantinople was without parallel anywhere in Europe for a thousand years . Armenians , Syrians , Slavs and Georgians were part of the Byzantine social hierarchy . International status ( edit ) Constantinople 's monumental center . The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century . The 18 - meter - tall walls built by Theodosius II were , in essence , impregnable to the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river , who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia . From the 5th century , the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall , a 60 - kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula . Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed . Constantinople 's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories , the Old and New Book of Tang , which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man . The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Byzantine architecture Interior view of the Hagia Sophia , currently a museum . The Byzantine Empire used Roman and Greek architectural models and styles to create its own unique type of architecture . The influence of Byzantine architecture and art can be seen in the copies taken from it throughout Europe . Particular examples include St Mark 's Basilica in Venice , the basilicas of Ravenna , and many churches throughout the Slavic East . Also , alone in Europe until the 13th - century Italian florin , the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage , the solidus of Diocletian becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages . Its city walls were much imitated ( for example , see Caernarfon Castle ) and its urban infrastructure was moreover a marvel throughout the Middle Ages , keeping alive the art , skill and technical expertise of the Roman Empire . In the Ottoman period Islamic architecture and symbolism were used . Religion ( edit ) Constantine 's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople , who eventually came to be known as the Ecumenical Patriarch , and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome . This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards . Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam , as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam . Popular culture ( edit ) Page depicting Constantinople in the Nuremberg Chronicle published in 1493 , forty years after the city 's fall to the Muslims Constantinople appears as a city of wondrous majesty , beauty , remoteness , and nostalgia in William Butler Yeats ' 1928 poem `` Sailing to Byzantium . '' Constantinople , as seen under the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II , makes several on - screen appearances in the television miniseries `` Attila '' as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire . Finnish author Mika Waltari wrote one of his most - acclaimed historical novels , Johannes Angelos ( published in English by name `` The Dark Angel '' ) on the fall of Constantinople . Robert Graves , author of I , Claudius , also wrote Count Belisarius , a historical novel about Belisarius . Graves set much of the novel in the Constantinople of Justinian I . Constantinople provides the setting of much of the action in Umberto Eco 's 2000 novel Baudolino . The name Constantinople was made easy to spell thanks to a novelty song , `` C-O-N-S-T-A-N-T-I-N-O-P-L-E , '' written by Harry Carlton and performed by Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra , in the 1920s . Constantinople 's change of name was the theme for a song made famous by The Four Lads and later covered by They Might Be Giants and many others , titled `` Istanbul ( Not Constantinople ) . '' `` Constantinople '' was one of the `` big words '' the Father knows toward the end of Dr. Seuss 's book , Hop on Pop . ( The other was Timbuktu . ) `` Constantinople '' was also the title of the opening edit of The Residents ' EP Duck Stab ! , released in 1978 . Queen 's Roger Meddows Taylor included the track `` Interlude in Constantinople '' on Side 2 of his debut album Fun in Space . A Montreal - based folk / classical / fusion band calls itself `` Constantinople . '' Constantinople under Justinian is the scene of the book A Flame in Byzantium ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 93026 - 7 ) by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro , released in 1987 . `` Constantinople '' is the title of a song by The Decemberists . Stephen Lawhead 's novel Byzantium ( 1996 ) is set in 9th - century Constantinople . Folk Metal band Turisas makes multiple references to Constantinople in their song `` Miklagard Overture , '' referring to it as `` Konstantinopolis , '' `` Tsargrad , '' and `` Miklagard . '' Constantinople makes an appearance in the MMORPG game Silkroad as a major capital , along with a major Chinese capital . Constantinople makes an appearance in the `` Rome Total War '' expansion `` Barbarian Invasion '' belonging to the Eastern Roman Empire . It would reappear in the same role for the spiritual sequel , Total War : Attila . Constantinople also makes an appearance in `` Medieval Total War . '' It is a starting province and city of the Byzantines . Constantinople makes an appearance in the game `` Age of Empires II : The Age of Kings '' in the fifth scenario of the Barbarossa campaign and again in the third scenario of the Attila the Hun campaign in the expansion pack `` Age of Empires II : The Conquerors Expansion . '' Constantinople is the main setting of the game `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , '' the fourth major title in the best - selling `` Assassin 's Creed '' series . Constantinople is also a setting of the Vampire : The Dark Ages role playing game by White Wolf . Constantinople is one of the territories featured in the Board Game Diplomacy . It is one of the default territories of Turkey . See also ( edit ) Constantinople apple quinces People from Constantinople ( edit ) List of people from Constantinople A fragment of the Milion ( Greek : Μίλ ( λ ) ιον ) , a mile - marker monument Secular buildings and monuments ( edit ) The final siege of Constantinople , contemporary 15th - century French miniature Augustaion Column of Justinian Basilica Cistern Baths of Zeuxippus Column of Marcian Forum of Constantine Column of Constantine Great Palace of Constantinople Bucoleon Palace Hippodrome of Constantinople Horses of Saint Mark Obelisk of Theodosius Serpent Column Walled Obelisk Milion Palace of Lausus Cistern of Philoxenos Palace of Blachernae Palace of the Porphyrogenitus Prison of Anemas Valens Aqueduct Walls of Constantinople Churches , monasteries and mosques ( edit ) Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque Bodrum Mosque Chora Church Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church of St. Polyeuctus Church of the Holy Apostles Eski Imaret Mosque Fenari Isa Mosque Gül Mosque Hagia Irene Hagia Sophia Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque Kalenderhane Mosque Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque Nea Ekklesia Pammakaristos Church Stoudios Monastery Vefa Kilise Mosque Zeyrek Mosque Unnamed Mosque established during Byzantine times for visiting Muslim dignitaries . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Ahmed Bican Yazıcıoğlu Byzantine calendar Byzantine silk Byzantium Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Eparch of Constantinople ( List of eparchs ) Fall of Constantinople Golden Horn Istanbul List of people from Constantinople Massacre of the Latins Nika riots Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae Sieges of Constantinople Third Rome Timeline of Istanbul history University of Constantinople Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Croke , Brian ( 2001 ) . Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle , p. 103 . University Press , Oxford . ISBN 0198150016 . Jump up ^ Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of John Malalas , '' Bk 18.86 Translated by E. Jeffreys , M. Jeffreys , and R. Scott . Australian Association of Byzantine Studies , 1986 vol 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of Theophones Confessor : Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284 - 813 . '' Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott . AM 6030 pg 316 , with this note : Theophanes ' precise date should be accepted . ^ Jump up to : `` Constantinople '' in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1991 , p. 508 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504652 - 8 Jump up ^ Pounds , Norman John Greville . An Historical Geography of Europe , 1500 -- 1840 , p. 124 . CUP Archive , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22379 - 2 . Jump up ^ Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of Byzantine State and Society . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Janin ( 1964 ) , passim Jump up ^ `` Preserving The Intellectual Heritage -- Preface '' . ^ Jump up to : Müller - Wiener ( 1977 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt . `` Largest cities through history . '' About.com . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , book IV , chapter XI : Archived 2017 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . `` On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes , ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn , on which is the town of Byzantium , a free state , formerly called Lygos ; it is 711 miles from Durazzo , ... '' Archived 2017 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Vailhé , S. ( 1908 ) . `` Constantinople '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . 4 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Room , Adrian ( 2006 ) . Placenames of the World : Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries , Cities , Territories , Natural Features , and Historic Sites ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2248 - 7 . Jump up ^ Janin , Raymond ( 1964 ) . Constantinople byzantine . Paris : Institut Français d'Études Byzantines . p. 10f . Jump up ^ Georgacas , Demetrius John ( 1947 ) . `` The Names of Constantinople '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association ( The Johns Hopkins University Press ) 78 : 347 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 283503 . JSTOR 283503 . Jump up ^ Harris , Johnathan ( 2007 ) . Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . New York : Continuum USA . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu ( 1993 / 94a ) : `` İstanbul'un adları '' ( `` The names of Istanbul '' ) . In : ' Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi ' , ed . Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı , Istanbul . Jump up ^ `` Augusta Antonina Turkey '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Georgacas , Demetrius John ( 1947 ) . `` The Names of Constantinople '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association ( The Johns Hopkins University Press ) 78 : 347 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 283503 . JSTOR 283503 . http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/articles/Georgacas_The_Names_of_Constantinople.pdf Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Istanbul '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Stanford and Ezel Shaw ( 1977 ) : History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Vol II , p. 386 ; Robinson ( 1965 ) , The First Turkish Republic , p. 298 Jump up ^ Tom Burham , The Dictionary of Misinformation , Ballantine , 1977 . Jump up ^ Room , Adrian , ( 1993 ) , Place Name changes 1900 -- 1991 , Metuchen , N.J. , & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2600 - 3 pp. 46 , 86 . Jump up ^ Britannica , Istanbul . Jump up ^ Pliny , IV , xi Jump up ^ Thucydides , I , 94 Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Harris , 2007 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , ix , p. 195 Jump up ^ Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as Constantinopolis ( see , e.g. , Michael Grant , The climax of Rome ( London 1968 ) , p. 133 ) , or `` Constantine 's City '' . According to the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum , vol. 164 ( Stuttgart 2005 ) , column 442 , there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city `` New Rome '' ( Nova Roma ) . It is possible that the Emperor called the city `` Second Rome '' ( Greek : Δευτέρα Ῥώμη , Deutéra Rhōmē ) by official decree , as reported by the 5th - century church historian Socrates of Constantinople : See Names of Constantinople . Jump up ^ A description can be found in the Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae . Jump up ^ Socrates II. 13 , cited by JB Bury , History of the Later Roman Empire , p. 74 . Jump up ^ JB Bury , History of the Later Roman Empire , p. 75 . et seqq . Jump up ^ Liber insularum Archipelagi , Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . Jump up ^ Margaret Barker , Times Literary Supplement 4 May 2007 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Procopius ' Secret History : see P Neville - Ure , Justinian and his Age , 1951 . Jump up ^ Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of the city , and is now a museum . Jump up ^ Source for quote : Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum , ed T Preger I 105 ( see A.A. Vasiliev , History of the Byzantine Empire , 1952 , vol I , p. 188 ) . Jump up ^ T. Madden , Crusades : The Illustrated History , 114 . Jump up ^ Justinian , Novellae 63 and 165 . Jump up ^ Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization : Constantine to Crusades Archived August 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Dr. Kenneth W. Harl . Jump up ^ Past pandemics that ravaged Europe , BBC News , November 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Possibly from the largest city in the world with 500,000 inhabitants to just 40,000 -- 70,000 : The Inheritance of Rome , Chris Wickham , Penguin Books Ltd. 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02098 - 0 ( p. 260 ) Jump up ^ `` Exposition , Dedicated to Khan Tervel '' . Programata . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ George Finlay , History of the Byzantine Empire , Dent , London , 1906 , pp. 156 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Finlay , 1906 , pp. 174 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Finlay , 1906 , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Enoksen , Lars Magnar. ( 1998 ) . Runor : historia , tydning , tolkning . Historiska Media , Falun . ISBN 91 - 88930 - 32 - 7 p. 135 . Jump up ^ JM Hussey , The Byzantine World , Hutchinson , London , 1967 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , pp. 343 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Silk Road Seattle -- Constantinople , Daniel C. Waugh . Jump up ^ The officer given the task was killed by the crowd , and in the end the image was removed rather than destroyed : It was to be restored by Irene and removed again by Leo V : Finlay 1906 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ `` The Pechenegs '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . , Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy . Jump up ^ There is an excellent source for these events : the writer and historian Anna Comnena in her work The Alexiad . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1952 , p. 472 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips , The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople , 144 . Jump up ^ J. Phillips , The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople , 155 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages : 950 -- 1250 . Cambridge University Press . 1986 . pp. 506 -- 508 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26645 - 1 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stilbes , Constantine ; Johannes M. Diethart ; Wolfram Hörandner ( 2005 ) . Constantinus Stilbes Poemata . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 16 line 184 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 71235 - 7 . Jump up ^ Diethart and Hörandner ( 2005 ) . p. 24 , line 387 Jump up ^ Steven Runciman , A History of the Crusades , Cambridge 1966 ( 1954 ) , vol 3 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Talbot , `` The Restoration of Constantinople under Michael VIII '' , Dumbarton Oaks Papers , 47 ( 1993 ) , p. 246 Jump up ^ Talbot , `` Restoration of Constantinople '' , p. 247 Jump up ^ Geanakoplos , Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West ( Harvard University Press , 1959 ) , p. 124 n . 26 ^ Jump up to : Talbot , `` Restoration of Constantinople '' , p. 248 Jump up ^ Geanakoplos , Emperor Michael , p. 124 Jump up ^ Hussey 1967 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ T. Madden , Crusades : The Illustrated History , 113 . Jump up ^ J. Norwich , Byzantium : The Decline and Fall , 217 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Death '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Channel 4 -- History . Jump up ^ D. Nicolle , Constantinople 1453 : The end of Byzantium , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Mansel , Philip . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire . Penguin History Travel , ISBN 0 - 14 - 026246 - 6 . Page 1 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard . Istanbul and the Civilization if the Ottoman Empire . 1 , University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Inalcik , Halil . `` The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City . '' Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23 , ( 1969 ) : 229 -- 249 . p. 236 Jump up ^ Meyendorff 1996 , pp. 29 . Jump up ^ Ball ( 2016 ) , pp 152 -- 153 ; see also endnote # 114 . ^ Jump up to : Hirth ( 2000 ) ( 1885 ) , East Asian History Sourcebook . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , 46 -- 48 ; see also footnote # 1 on p. 49 . Jump up ^ Yule ( 1915 ) , 46 -- 49 ; see footnote # 1 on p. 49 for discussion about the Byzantine diplomat sent to Damascus who was named in Chinese sources . Jump up ^ `` Game Informer 218 details ( Assassin 's Creed , Rayman Origins ) '' . NeoGAF . Jump up ^ Constantinople by Night by p . Boulle , J. Mosqueria - Asheim and L. Soulban , Copyright 1997 White Wolf Publishing , Inc . Jump up ^ ISLAMIC RITUAL PREACHING ( KHUTBAS ) IN A CONTESTED ARENA : SHI'IS AND SUNNIS , FATIMIDS AND ABBASIDS PAUL E. WALKER . University of Chicago . ANUARIO DE ESTUDIOS MEDIEVALES ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` AZIZ ( 365 - 386 / 975 - 996 ) , 15TH IMAM -- Ismaili.NET -- Heritage F.I.E.L.D '' . Jump up ^ `` Μεγάλη διαδικτυακή εγκυκλοπαίδεια της Κωνσταντινούπολης '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Borrut 2011 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ eds . Jeffreys & Haarer 2006 , p. 36 . References ( edit ) Ball , Warwick ( 2016 ) . Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition . London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 . Bury , J.B. ( 1958 ) . History of the Later Roman Empire : From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian . Dover Publications . Crowley , Roger ( 2005 ) . Constantinople : Their Last Great Siege , 1453 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22185 - 1 . Freely , John ( 1998 ) . Istanbul : The Imperial City . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 024461 - 8 . Freely , John ; Ahmet S. Cakmak ( 2004 ) . The Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77257 - 0 . Gibbon , Edward ( 2005 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Phoenix Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 1881 - 7 . Hanna - Riitta , Toivanen ( 2007 ) . The Influence of Constantinople on Middle Byzantine Architecture ( 843 -- 1204 ) . A typological and morphological approach at the provincial level . Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran toimituksia 202 ( Publications of the Finnish Society of Church History No. 202 ) . ISBN 978 - 952 - 5031 - 41 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan . Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . Bloomsbury , 2nd edition , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4742 - 5465 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan . Byzantium and the Crusades . Bloomsbury , 2nd edition , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78093 - 767 - 0 . Herrin , Judith ( 2008 ) . Byzantium : The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13151 - 1 . Hirth , Friedrich ( 2000 ) ( 1885 ) . Jerome S. Arkenberg , ed . `` East Asian History Sourcebook : Chinese Accounts of Rome , Byzantium and the Middle East , c. 91 B.C.E. -- 1643 C.E '' . Fordham.edu . Fordham University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Janin , Raymond ( 1964 ) . Constantinople Byzantine ( in French ) ( 2 ed . ) . Paris : Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines . Korolija Fontana - Giusti , Gordana ' The Urban Language of Early Constantinople : The Changing Roles of the Arts and Architecture in the Formation of the New Capital and the New Consciousness ' in Intercultural Transmission in the Medieval Mediterranean , ( 2012 ) , Stephanie L. Hathaway and David W. Kim ( eds ) , London : Continuum , pp 164 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 3908 - 5 . Mamboury , Ernest ( 1953 ) . The Tourists ' Istanbul . Istanbul : Çituri Biraderler Basımevi . Mansel , Philip ( 1998 ) . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire , 1453 -- 1924 . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 18708 - 8 . Meyendorff , John ( 1996 ) . Rome , Constantinople , Moscow : Historical and Theological Studies . Crestwood , NY : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press . ISBN 9780881411348 . Müller - Wiener , Wolfgang ( 1977 ) . Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls : Byzantion , Konstantinupolis , Istanbul bis zum Beginn d . 17 Jh ( in German ) . Tübingen : Wasmuth . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8030 - 1022 - 3 . Phillips , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople . Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 080 - 1 . Runciman , Steven ( 1990 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 080 - 1 . Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2630 - 6 . Yule , Henry ( 1915 ) . Henri Cordier ( ed . ) , Cathay and the Way Thither : Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China , Vol I : Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route . London : Hakluyt Society . Accessed 21 September 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Evans , Helen C. ; Wixom , William D ( 1997 ) . The glory of Byzantium : art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era , A.D. 843 -- 1261 . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 6507 - 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constantinople . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Constantinople . Constantinople , from History of the Later Roman Empire , by J.B. Bury History of Constantinople from the `` New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia . '' Monuments of Byzantium -- Pantokrator Monastery of Constantinople Constantinoupolis on the web Select internet resources on the history and culture Info on the name change from the Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture Welcome to Constantinople at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 15 , 2006 ) , documenting the monuments of Byzantine Constantinople Byzantium 1200 , a project aimed at creating computer reconstructions of the Byzantine monuments located in Istanbul in 1200 AD . Constantine and Constantinople How and why Constantinople was founded Hagia Sophia Mosaics The Deesis and other Mosaics of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian dynasty Valentinian dynasty Theodosian dynasty Leonid dynasty Justinian dynasty Heraclian dynasty Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian dynasty Nikephorian dynasty Amorian dynasty Macedonian dynasty Doukas dynasty Komnenos dynasty Angelos dynasty ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Latin Empire / Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond / others Palaiologos dynasty Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou sakelliou Chartoularios tou vestiariou Epi tou eidikou Protasekretis Epi ton deeseon Late Megas logothetes Mesazon Provincial Early Praetorian prefectures Dioceses Provinces Quaestura exercitus Exarchate of Ravenna Exarchate of Africa Middle Themata Kleisourai Bandon Catepanates Late Kephale Despotates Diplomacy Treaties Diplomats Military Army Battle tactics Military manuals Wars Battles Revolts Siege warfare Generals Mercenaries Early Late Roman army East Roman army Foederati Bucellarii Scholae Palatinae Excubitors Middle Themata Kleisourai Tourma Droungos Bandon Tagmata Domestic of the Schools Hetaireia Akritai Varangian Guard Late Komnenian army Pronoia Vestiaritai Palaiologan army Allagion Paramonai Grand Domestic Navy Karabisianoi Maritime themata Cibyrrhaeot Aegean Sea Samos Dromon Greek fire Droungarios of the Fleet Megas doux Admirals Naval battles Religion and law Religion Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Rite Ecumenical councils Saints Patriarchate of Constantinople Arianism Monophysitism Paulicianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Bogomilism Hesychasm Mount Athos Missionary activity Bulgaria Moravia Serbs Kievan Rus ' Jews Muslims Law Codex Theodosianus Corpus Juris Civilis Ecloga Basilika Hexabiblos Mutilation Culture and society Architecture Secular Sacred Cross-in - square Domes Constantinople Great Palace of Constantinople Blachernae Palace Hagia Sophia Hagia Irene Chora Church Pammakaristos Church City Walls Thessalonica Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Panagia Chalkeon Ravenna San Vitale Sant'Apollinare in Classe Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Other locations Daphni Monastery Hosios Loukas Nea Moni of Chios Saint Catherine 's Monastery Mystras Art Icons Enamel Glass Mosaics Painters Macedonian period art Komnenian renaissance Economy Agriculture Coinage Mints Trade silk Silk Road Varangians Dynatoi Literature Novel Acritic songs Digenes Akritas Alexander romance Historians Everyday life Calendar Cuisine Dance Dress Flags and insignia Hippodrome Music Octoechos People Byzantine Greeks Slavery Units of measurement Science Learning Encyclopedias Inventions Medicine Philosophy Neoplatonism Scholars University Impact Byzantine commonwealth Byzantine studies Museums Byzantinism Cyrillic script Neo-Byzantine architecture Greek scholars in the Renaissance Third Rome Megali Idea Byzantine Empire portal VIAF : 152797039 GND : 4073697 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantinople&oldid=816029449 '' Categories : Constantinople Holy cities Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Greek - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Greek - language external links Articles with Latin - language external links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ottoman Turkish - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Turkish - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2010 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Limburgs La . lojban . 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when did the center of the roman empire moved from rome to constantinople

Constantinople ( Greek : Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis or Κωνσταντινούπολη Konstantinoúpoli ; Latin : Constantinopolis ; Ottoman Turkish : قسطنطینية ‎ , translit . Ḳosṭanṭīnīye ) was the capital city of the Roman / Byzantine ( 330 -- 1204 and 1261 -- 1453 ) , and also of the brief Latin ( 1204 -- 1261 ) , and the later Ottoman ( 1453 -- 1923 ) empires . It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great , after whom it was named , and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD .

Day of the Dead - wikipedia Day of the Dead Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mexican holiday . For other uses , see Day of the Dead ( disambiguation ) . Day of the Dead Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta , México DF Observed by Mexico , and regions with large Hispanic populations Type Cultural Syncretic Christian Significance Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died Celebrations Creation of altars to remember the dead , traditional dishes for Day of the Dead Begins October 31 Ends November 2 Date October 31 Next time 31 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) Frequency Annual Related to All Saints ' Day The Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos in Anglophone countries , a back - translation of its original name , Día de Muertos . It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday . Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century , the celebration took place at the beginning of summer . Gradually , it was associated with October 31 , November 1 , and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide : All Saints ' Eve , All Saints ' Day , and All Souls ' Day . Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas , honoring the deceased using calaveras , aztec marigolds , and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed , and visiting graves with these as gifts . Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves . Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The holiday has spread throughout the world , being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead . It has become a national symbol and as such is taught ( for educational purposes ) in the nation 's schools . Many families celebrate a traditional `` All Saints ' Day '' associated with the Catholic Church . Originally , the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico , where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions . The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity . They held the traditional ' All Saints ' Day ' in the same way as other Christians in the world . There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region , and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico , where the holiday was celebrated . In the early 21st century in northern Mexico , Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s ; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions . The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies ' observances of a time to honor the dead . The Spanish tradition , for instance , includes festivals and parades , as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observance in Mexico 1.1 Origins 1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Food 2 Observances outside Mexico 2.1 Americas 2.1. 1 Belize 2.1. 2 Bolivia 2.1. 3 Brazil 2.1. 4 Guatemala 2.1. 5 Ecuador 2.1. 6 Peru 2.1. 7 United States 2.1. 7.1 California 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 Goa , India 2.2. 2 The Philippines 2.3 Europe 2.4 Oceania 3 Similar traditions 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Further reading Observance in Mexico Origins Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the `` Alumbrada '' vigil in San Andrés Mixquic The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures . Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500 -- 3,000 years . The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar , about the beginning of August , and was celebrated for an entire month . The festivities were dedicated to the goddess known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' , corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina . By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico , practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1 , and to honor deceased adults on November 2 . November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ( `` Day of the Innocents '' ) but also as Día de los Angelitos ( `` Day of the Little Angels '' ) ; November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ( `` Day of the Dead '' ) . Beliefs This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frances Ann Day summarizes the three - day celebration , the Day of the Dead : `` On October 31 , All Hallows Eve , the children make a children 's altar to invite the angelitos ( spirits of dead children ) to come back for a visit . November 1 is All Saints Day , and the adult spirits will come to visit . November 2 is All Souls Day , when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives . The three - day fiesta is filled with marigolds , the flowers of the dead ; muertos ( the bread of the dead ) ; sugar skulls ; cardboard skeletons ; tissue paper decorations ; fruit and nuts ; incense , and other traditional foods and decorations . '' -- Frances Ann Day , Latina and Latino Voices in Literature People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages , as well as photos and memorabilia , of the departed . The intent is to encourage visits by the souls , so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them . Celebrations can take a humorous tone , as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed . Mexican cempasúchil ( marigold ) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead Cempasúchil , alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar Plans for the day are made throughout the year , including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead . During the three - day period families usually clean and decorate graves ; most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas ( altars ) , which often include orange Mexican marigolds ( Tagetes erecta ) called cempasúchil ( originally named cempoaxochitl , Nāhuatl for `` twenty flowers '' ) . In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto ( Flower of Dead ) . These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings . Toys are brought for dead children ( los angelitos , or `` the little angels '' ) , and bottles of tequila , mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults . Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased 's favorite candies on the grave . Some families have ofrendas in homes , usually with foods such as candied pumpkin , pan de muerto ( `` bread of dead '' ) , and sugar skulls ; and beverages such as atole . The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased . Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the `` spiritual essence '' of the ofrendas food , so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities , they believe it lacks nutritional value . Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey . In some parts of Mexico , such as the towns of Mixquic , Pátzcuaro and Janitzio , people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives . In many places , people have picnics at the grave site , as well . Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico , 1995 Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes ; these sometimes feature a Christian cross , statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pictures of deceased relatives and other people , scores of candles , and an ofrenda . Traditionally , families spend some time around the altar , praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased . In some locations , celebrants wear shells on their clothing , so when they dance , the noise will wake up the dead ; some will also dress up as the deceased . Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas , usually omitting the religious symbols . Government offices usually have at least a small altar , as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage . Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems , called calaveras ( skulls ) , mocking epitaphs of friends , describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes . This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future , `` and all of us were dead '' , proceeding to read the tombstones . Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures , with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada , a Mexican illustrator . Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla ( 1817 -- 1893 ) are also traditional on this day . Modern representations of La Catrina José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ( `` The Elegant Skull '' ) as a parody of a Mexican upper - class female . Posada 's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead , and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances . A common symbol of the holiday is the skull ( in Spanish calavera ) , which celebrants represent in masks , called calacas ( colloquial term for skeleton ) , and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls , which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead . Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead . Other holiday foods include pan de muerto , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits , often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones . The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal , often varying from town to town . For example , in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán , the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult . On November 1 of the year after a child 's death , the godparents set a table in the parents ' home with sweets , fruits , pan de muerto , a cross , a rosary ( used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them ) and candles . This is meant to celebrate the child 's life , in respect and appreciation for the parents . There is also dancing with colorful costumes , often with skull - shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town . At midnight on November 2 , the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas ( butterflies ) to Janitzio , an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery , to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there . In contrast , the town of Ocotepec , north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos , opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras ( small wax candles ) to show respect for the recently deceased . In return the visitors receive tamales and atole . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year . Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors . In some parts of the country ( especially the cities , where in recent years other customs have been displaced ) children in costumes roam the streets , knocking on people 's doors for a calaverita , a small gift of candies or money ; they also ask passersby for it . This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween 's trick - or - treating in the United States . Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck . Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them . They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda . Food During Day of the Dead festivities , food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) . Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes . Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead . Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun , topped with sugar , and often decorated with bone - shaped phalanges pieces . Calaveras , or sugar skulls , display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed . In addition to food , drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead . Historically , the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors . Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado , warm , thick , non-alcoholic masa drinks . Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) , known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico . It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice . The ruby - red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English - speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica ( water of Jamaica ) in Spanish . Observances outside Mexico See also : Festival of the Dead Americas Belize In Belize , Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity . The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means `` food for the souls '' in their language . Altars are constructed and decorated with food , drinks , candies , and candles put on them . Bolivia Día de las Ñatitas ( `` Day of the Skulls '' ) is a festival celebrated in La Paz , Bolivia , on May 5 . In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial . Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals . Traditionally , the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year . On November 9 , the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers , sometimes also dressing them in various garments , and making offerings of cigarettes , coca leaves , alcohol , and various other items in thanks for the year 's protection . The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing . Brazil The Brazilian public holiday of Finados ( Day of the Dead ) is celebrated on November 2 . Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations , people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers . The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead . Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous , African and European Catholic origins . Guatemala Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead , on November 1 , are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors . A big event also is the consumption of fiambre , which is made only for this day during the year . Ecuador In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society , though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples , who make up an estimated quarter of the population . Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day - long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones . Ceremonial foods include colada morada , a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize . This is typically consumed with guagua de pan , a bread shaped like a swaddled infant , though variations include many pigs -- the latter being traditional to the city of Loja . The bread , which is wheat flour - based today , but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era , can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste . These traditions have permeated mainstream society , as well , where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season . Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased , cleaning and bringing flowers , or preparing the traditional foods , too . Perú Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives . Sometimes people play music at the cemetery . United States An ánima for the dead Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco , California In many American communities with Mexican residents , Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico . In some of these communities , in states such as Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional . The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson , Arizona event since 1990 . The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals . People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned . Likewise , Old Town San Diego , California annually hosts a traditional two - day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery . In Missoula , Montana , celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts , riding novelty bicycles , and traveling on skis parade through town . The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston 's Jamaica Plain neighborhood . Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata , the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death . People bring offerings of flowers , photos , mementos , and food for their departed loved ones , which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar . A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event . The Smithsonian Institution , in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life , have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book : Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead . The project 's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead , such as the background beliefs and the offrenda ( the special altar commemorating one 's deceased loved one ) . The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content , such as further details ; additional photo galleries ; pop - up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades ; and video clips of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos - themed artwork , explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances , an animation short that explains the customs to children , virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish . California Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale , Oakland , California , 2016 Santa Ana , California is said to hold the `` largest event in Southern California '' honoring Día de Muertos , called the annual Noche de Altares , which began in 2002 . The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1 , 2015 . In other communities , interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements . For example , in Los Angeles , California , the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican - American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements , such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War , highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers . An updated , intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery . There , in a mixture of Native Californian art , Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip , conventional altars are set up side - by - side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone . Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists , while sly pranksters play on traditional themes . Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco . For example , the Galería de la Raza , SomArts Cultural Center , Mission Cultural Center , de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project . Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district . Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts . Also , the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October . Here , a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers , regional Mexican music , and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day . Asia Goa , india The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510 . The Almacho Dis ( Souls Day ) is commemorated on Nov 2 , following all Saints Day ( Nov. 1 ) . On this day , the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls . Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch ( bikareanchem jevonn ) where the poor are invited for lunch , from the village and treated with dignity and respect . The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls . Following mass on all souls day , the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves . The philippines While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture , the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands ( as part of the Spanish East Indies ) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . During the holiday ( observed every November 1 ) , Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves , which they repair and clean . Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones ' tombs , passing time with card games , eating , drinking , singing and dancing . Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased , who are normally offered candles , flowers , food , and even liquor . Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead , and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival . Europe In Christian Europe , Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions . All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead . Over many centuries , rites which had occurred in cultivated fields , where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest , to cemeteries . In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage , All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work , go to cemeteries with candles and flowers , and give presents to children , usually sweets and toys . In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) are made on this day . In Spain , the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed . In Belgium , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain , people bring flowers ( typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe ) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead . In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins . In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper . Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors . Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions . As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague , Czech Republic , since the late 20th century , some local citizens join in a Mexican - style Day of the Dead . A theatre group produces events featuring masks , candles , and sugar skulls . Oceania Mexican - style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia , Fiji , and Indonesia . Additionally , prominent celebrations are held in Wellington , New Zealand , complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts . Similar traditions Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members . Often included in these traditions are celebrations , food , and beverages , in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed . In some African cultures , visits to ancestors ' graves , the leaving of food and gifts , and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals . One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season . The Qingming Festival ( simplified Chinese : 清明 节 ; traditional Chinese : 清明 節 ; pinyin : qīng míng jié ) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar . Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar , it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones . In addition , in the Chinese tradition , the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month ( 鬼 月 ) , in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth . The Bon Festival ( O - bon ( お盆 ) , or only Bon ( 盆 ) ) , is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors . It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month , and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays . In Korea , Chuseok ( 추석 , 秋 夕 ; also called Hangawi ) is a major traditional holiday . People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined , and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning . They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants , clean the area around the tomb , and offer food , drink , and crops to their ancestors . During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ( `` Cow Pilgrimage '' ) , every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches , cloth , and paper decorations , in which are placed portraits of the deceased . As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife , an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom . The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween , with popular subjects including political commentary and satire . In popular culture Disneyland Resorts ' annual `` Halloween Time '' celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland . The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences . The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who , on the Day of the Dead , embarks on an afterlife adventure . In the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , the opening sequence featured a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City . At the time , no such parade took place in Mexico City ; one year later , due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture , the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual `` Día de Muertos '' parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29 , 2016 , which was attended by 250,000 people . The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode `` A Night to Remember '' focused on Dias de los Muertos . The 2017 Pixar film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday as a major element in its plot . See also Literary Calaverita Danse Macabre Samhain Skull art Thursday of the Dead Veneration of the dead Walpurgis Night References Notes Jump up ^ `` Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead '' . UNESCO . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . El Museo del Barrio . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Days of the Dead '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Frances Ann ( 2003 ) . Latina and Latino Voices in Literature . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0313323942 . Jump up ^ Lumaban , Weely A. ( October -- November 2008 ) . `` All Soul 's Day '' . The Bread Basket . Vol . V no . 3 . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 23 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Lee , Stacy ( 2002 ) . Mexico and the United States . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0761474021 . Jump up ^ Cazares , Eduardo ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Día de Muertos en Nuevo León '' . Diario Cultura . Diario Cultura.mx . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Gustavo . `` Hasta en el velorio , las penas con pan son menos '' . Milenio . ^ Jump up to : `` Dia de Todos los Santos : All Saints ' Day in Spain '' . don Quijote . Ideal Education Group S.L . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Carlos ( 2005 ) . `` History : Indigenous people would n't let ' Day of the Dead ' die '' . The Arizona Republic . Day of the Dead -- Día De Los Muertos . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , R.J. ( 2003 ) . John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani , ed . Death and Bereavement Around the World : Death and Bereavement in the Americas . Death , Value and Meaning Series , Vol. II . Amityville , New York : Baywood Publishing Company . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 89503 - 232 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Palfrey , Dale Hoyt ( 1995 ) . `` The Day of the Dead '' . Día de los Muertos Index . Access Mexico Connect . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Turim , Gayle ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats '' . History Stories . History Channel . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Godoy , Maria . `` Sugar Skulls , Tamales And More : Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar ? '' . NPR . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castella , Krystina ( October 2010 ) . `` Pan de Muerto Recipe '' . Epicurious . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica iced tea '' . Cooking in Mexico . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guidi , Ruxandra ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Las Natitas '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Fiona ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Bolivians Honor Skull - Toting Tradition '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All Saints day in Bolivia -- `` The skull festival '' `` . Bolivia Line ( May 2005 ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Betsy ; Wood , Joshua . `` Visit to cemetery in Guatemala '' . Expatexchange.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Gonzalo ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` Diversity in Remembering the Dead '' . InterPress Service News Agency . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perú : así se vivió Día de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima '' . Peru . peru.com . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Danno. `` Port Isabel 's Day of the Dead Celebration '' . Texas Travel . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . visitalbuquerque.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hedding , Judy . `` Day of the Dead '' . Phoenix . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White , Erin ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` All Souls Procession '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Old Town San Diego 's Dia de los Muertos '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saroff , Steve S. ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Missoula Day of the Dead Parade , November 2nd 2006 , 6pm . Intersection of Higgins and Broadway '' . Saroff Photography . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead ( Version 1.2 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum '' . Ustream . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . `` Day of the Dead '' . Theater of the Dead . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Smithsonian - UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival : A 2D and 3D Experience ! '' . Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Less - scary holiday : Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick - or - treating '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares ? Santa Ana 's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Making a night of Day of the Dead '' Los Angeles Times October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos ( Day of the Dead ) -- San Francisco '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Vicky ( October 27 , 2000 ) . `` Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Photograph of cemetery decorated with flowers '' ( GIF ) , UCAnews , Union of Catholic Asian News ( UCAN ) , November 2011 Jump up ^ `` All Saints Day celebrations in Italy '' . ITALY Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague , Radio Czech . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dead in Wellington , New Zealand '' . Scoop.co.nz . October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Igor ( 1971 ) . `` Ancestors as Elders '' . Africa . Cambridge University Press . 41 : 129 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 1159423 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Martin , Caroline ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Nepali Day of the Dead : An American citizen reporter visits the Gai Jatra festival '' . OhmyNews . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos '' . Disneyland . Disney . 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grim Fandango Remastered Review '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` El Tigre '' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with `` Book of Life '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade '' . BBC . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fotogalería : Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Galerías Archivo '' . Televisa News . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead . Andrade , Mary J. Day of the Dead A Passion for Life -- Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida . La Oferta Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791624 - 04 Anguiano , Mariana , et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México . Mexico City 1987 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1997 ) . `` Sugar , Colonialism , and Death : On the Origins of Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 39 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500020624 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` The Day of the Dead , Halloween , and the Quest for Mexican National Identity '' . Journal of American Folklore. 442 : 359 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 541045 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` Iconography in Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Ethnohistory . Duke University Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 218 . doi : 10.2307 / 483058 . Brandes , Stanley ( December 15 , 2006 ) . Skulls to the Living , Bread to the Dead . Blackwell Publishing . p. 232 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5247 - 8 . Cadafalch , Antoni . The Day of the Dead . Korero Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907621 - 01 - 7 Carmichael , Elizabeth ; Sayer , Chloe . The Skeleton at the Feast : The Day of the Dead in Mexico . Great Britain : The Bath Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2503 - 2 Conklin , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 66 : 38 -- 41 . Garcia - Rivera , Alex ( 1997 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 62 : 50 . Haley , Shawn D. ; Fukuda , Curt . Day of the Dead : When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca . Berhahn Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 083 - 3 Lane , Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich , Días de los Muertos / Days of the Dead . Chicago 1987 . Lomnitz , Claudio . Death and the Idea of Mexico . Zone Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 53 - 6 Matos Moctezuma , Eduardo , et al. `` Miccahuitl : El culto a la muerte , '' Special issue of Artes de México 145 ( 1971 ) Nutini , Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala : A Syncretic , Expressive , and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead . Princeton 1988 . Oliver Vega , Beatriz , et al . The Days of the Dead , a Mexican Tradition . Mexico City 1988 . Roy , Ann ( 1995 ) . `` A Crack Between the Worlds '' . Commonwealth . 122 : 13 -- 16 . UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage : representative list Africa Aka music Chopi timbila Garifuna culture Afounkaha Gbofe Gelede Gule Wamkulu Ifá Ijele Masquerade Kamablon re-roofing Kankurang Manden Charter Mbende Jerusarema Sosso Bala Ugandan barkcloth making Vimbuza healing dance Yaaral & Degal Zafimaniry woodcrafting Zambian Makishi Festival Arab States Ahellil Al - Sirah Al - Hilaliyyah Bedu culture at Petra and Wadi Rum Iraqi maqam Jemaa el - Fnaa Palestinian Hikaye Shashmaqam Song of Sana'a Taghribat Bani Hilal Tan - Tan Moussem Asia & Pacific Acupuncture & Moxibustion Ainu dance Akiu no Taue Odori Akyn Angklung `` Arirang '' Bakhshi music Batik Baul Beijing opera Boysun District Bunraku Cantonese opera Ca trù Chakkirako Cheoyongmu Chhau dance Chinese architecture Chinese block printing Chinese calligraphy Chinese paper cutting Chinese seal engraving Chinese shadow puppetry Daemokjang Daimokutate Dainichido Bugaku Darangen Epic Dragon Boat Festival Drametse Ngacham Epic of King Gesar Gagaku Gagok Ganggangsullae Gangneung Danoje Festival Gimjang Gióng Festival Gong culture Grand Song Guqin Guqin music Hayachine Kagura Hitachi Furyumono Hua'er Hudhud Chant Indonesian kris Jamdani Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut Jultagi Kabuki Kalbelia Kashan rug Katta Ashula Khoomei Koshikijima no Toshidon Kumiodori Kunqu Kutiyattam Ladakh chant Lakalaka Lenj boats Lhamo Longquan celadon Mak yong Mangal Shobhajatra Mazu belief Meshrep Mibu no Hana Taue Morin khuur Mosie ramie Mudiyett Muqam Naadam Namsadang Nori Nanyin Naqqāli Nhã nhạc Noh Oku - noto no Aenokoto Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals Pansori Pungmul Quan họ Radif Ramlila Ramman Royal Ballet of Cambodia Regong arts Royal Ancestral Ritual Sada Shin Noh Saman dance Sand drawing Sbek Toch Sekishu - Banshi Shiraz rug Taekkyeon Ta'zīye Urtiin Duu Vedic chanting Wayang Xi'an ensemble Xuan paper Yamahoko Yeongsanjae Yūki - tsumugi Yunjin Europe & N. America Albanian iso - polyphony Ashik Ashiqs of Azerbaijan Aubusson tapestry Azerbaijani rug weaving Azerbaijani tar Baltic song and dance celebrations Bećarac Busójárás Căluş Cante Alentejano Cantu a tenore Carnival of Aalst Carnival of Binche Castell Chovgan Christmas Tsars Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia & Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia Copper craftsmanship of Lahij Cremona violins Croatian lacemaking Daina Daredevils of Sassoun Doina Duduk Fado Falconry Falles of the Pyrenees Festivity of ' la Mare de Déu de la Salut ' of Algemesí Festivity of Saint Blaise Flamenco French timber framing scribing Fujara Georgian vocal polyphony Horezu ceramics Houtem Jaarmarkt Hrvatsko Zagorje toys Istrian scale Jem Karagöz and Hacivat Kelaghayi Keşkek Khachkar Kihnu culture Kırkpınar Klapa Kryždirbystė Kvevri wine La Patum Lefkaritika Licitar Ljelje / Kraljice Makishi Festival Maldovan Christmas Carols Maloya Manas Meddah Mediterranean diet Mesir Macunu Mugham Mystery Play of Elche Nestinarstvo Nijemo Kolo Nowruz Azerbaijani Indian Iranian Turkish Ojkanje Olonkho Opera dei Pupi Petrykivka decorative painting Procession of the Holy Blood Sama Semeiskie culture Seto Leelo Silbo Gomero Sinjska alka Slovácko Verbuňk Turkish Sohbet The Song of the Sibyl Suiti culture Sutartinės Táncház Turkish coffee Viennese cafes Wajãpi culture Za križen Zvončari Caribbean & Latin America Carnaval de Barranquilla Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella Candombe Carnaval de Negros y Blancos Carnaval de Oruro Círio de Nazaré Cocolo Costa Rican oxherding Dancing Devils of Yare Danza de los Voladores Danza de tijeras Frevo Garifuna culture Gióng Festival Harakmbut Huaconada Indigenous Day of the Dead Kallawaya culture Mexican cuisine Moore Town 's Maroon Heritage Palenque de San Basilio Panama hat Parachico Peña de Bernal Pirekua Popayán Holy Week processions Pütchipü'ü Quyllur Rit'i Rabinal Achí Samba de Roda South Pacific Colombian marimba Tango Taquile textiles La Tumba Francesa Vallenato Wajãpi culture Yaokwa Záparo culture Ghosts and Ghostlore List of ghosts Manifestations Haunted locations Haunted highways Haunted house Haunted trains Haunted ships Hungry ghost Phantom vehicle Poltergeist Residual haunting Vengeful ghost By continent and culture African South Africa Asian South Asian Bengali Burmese Chinese locations Ghost Festival Filipino locations India Japanese Onryō Korean Malay Thai locations Tibetan Vietnamese Europe France Slavic religion Romania United Kingdom Scotland North America Canada Caribbean Navajo Ghost sickness Ghost Dance Mexican locations Day of the Dead United States District of Columbia South America Colombia Oceania Maori Polynesian History Mesopotamian Ancient Egyptian culture Classical Antiquity Ghosts in English - speaking cultures Ghosts in Spanish - speaking cultures Parapsychology Apparitional experience Electronic voice phenomenon kaidan Ghost hunting Séance Mediumship Spirit photography Popular culture Films about ghosts India Stories about ghosts Halloween Samhain Paranormal television Court cases Booty v Barnaby Related Fear of ghosts Spectrophilia Spiritualism Spiritism The Ghost Club Halloween Main topics History Samhain Allhallowtide Symbols Activities Trick - or - treating Geography Christian observances Traditions Abstinence from meat Apple bobbing Cards Costumes Food Ghost tours Jack - o ' - lantern Lighting candles on graves Prayer for the dead Soul cake Events Bonfire Great Pumpkin Haunted attraction Pumpkin queen Media Television Films Books Music Albums Songs Related events Festival of the Dead Bon Festival Chuseok Día de Muertos Gai Jatra Pitri Paksha Qingming Festival Totensonntag Zhōng yuán jié Veneration of the dead Death anniversary Death customs Kaddish Yizkor Other events Allantide Beggars Night Devil 's Night Eid il - Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Day_of_the_Dead&oldid=828160750 '' Categories : Day of the Dead Folk festivals in Mexico Religious holidays Mexican culture Mexican - American culture Latin American culture Latin American folklore November observances Mexican folklore Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Halloween October observances Observances honoring the dead Religious festivals in Mexico Parades in Mexico Festivals in El Salvador Allhallowtide Autumn events in Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2017 Infobox holiday fixed day Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Ladino Latina Lumbaart മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 28 . 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what is the day of the dead festival in mexico

The Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO .

List of backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of backward compatible games for Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2017 . The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often / all the time 16xAF texture filtering will be automatically applied . Forced v - sync Variable refresh rate ( VRR ) compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles ( edit ) Title Publisher ( s ) Format Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 North America only . Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Black Electronic Arts XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 BloodRayne 2 Majesco Entertainment XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars : Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders 2 THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead to Rights Namco XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DiRT Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II : Hell on Earth Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via free downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harm 's Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters Neowave , The The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE ! Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami Digital Entertainment 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded PomPom Games XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 North America only . Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Red Faction II THQ XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault : Tenchu From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Ultimate Sith Edition DLC not available . Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Activision XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Chair Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` 4 Xbox 360 Games Getting Xbox One X Enhancements '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three more Xbox 360 classics will be enhanced for Xbox One X '' . Xbox Live 's Major Nelson . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Stephany Nunneley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed 1 and 2 now backwards compatible on Xbox One '' . vg247.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video game products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X Enhanced Backward - compatible Xbox Xbox 360 Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows DirectX Games for Windows -- Live Games Games for Windows Windows Games on Demand Xbox on Windows Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=819294655 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from December 2017 All articles to be merged Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 15 : 48 . 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will a xbox 360 game work in a xbox one

The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality .

Twilight ( 2008 film ) - wikipedia Twilight ( 2008 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Twilight Theatrical release poster Directed by Catherine Hardwicke Produced by Wyck Godfrey Greg Mooradian Mark Morgan Screenplay by Melissa Rosenberg Based on Twilight by Stephenie Meyer Starring Kristen Stewart Robert Pattinson Billy Burke Peter Facinelli Taylor Lautner Music by Carter Burwell Cinematography Elliot Davis Edited by Nancy Richardson Production company Temple Hill Entertainment Maverick Films Imprint Entertainment DMG Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date November 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) ( Los Angeles premiere ) November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes 126 minutes ( Extended cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $37 million Box office $393.6 million Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's novel of the same name . Directed by Catherine Hardwicke , the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson . It is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series . This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan ( a teenage girl ) and Edward Cullen ( a vampire ) , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires . The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written . Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project 's stagnant development . Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel 's storyline . Principal photography took 44 days and completed on May 2 , 2008 ; the film was primarily shot in Oregon . Twilight was theatrically released on November 21 , 2008 ; it grossed over US $ 393 million worldwide . It was released on DVD March 21 , 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year . The soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 . Following the film 's success , New Moon and Eclipse , the next two novels in the series , were produced as films the following year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adaptation from source material 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming and post-production 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 4.4 Video game 4.5 Accolades 5 Sequel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Bella Swan , a seventeen - year - old outcast , moves to Forks , a small town located by Washington 's Olympic Peninsula , to live with her father , Charlie , who is the police chief of town . Her mother , Renée , is remarried to a minor league baseball player , and they travel often to attend games . At her new high school , Bella makes several new friends , but she is also intrigued by the mysterious and aloof Cullen siblings . Bella sits next to Edward Cullen in biology class on her first day of school , but he seems to be repulsed by her . After a week of absence from school , Edward returns to school , and begins socializing with Bella normally . A few days later , Bella is nearly struck by a van in the school parking lot . Edward saves her by instantaneously covering a distance of over thirty feet , and putting himself between Bella and the van , stopping it with only his hand , and making a conspicuous dent on the van . He subsequently refuses to explain his actions to Bella , and warns her against befriending him . After much research , Bella concludes that Edward is seemingly human , but has mysterious powers resembling to a vampire . He eventually confirms this , but says he and the other Cullens only consume animal blood . The pair fall in love , and Edward introduces Bella to his vampire family . Carlisle Cullen , the family patriarch , is a doctor working at the hospital in Forks . His wife is Esme . Alice , Jasper , Emmett , and Rosalie , are their informally adopted children . Edward and Bella 's relationship is soon put in jeopardy , when three nomadic vampires -- James , Victoria , and Laurent -- arrive at Forks . James , a tracker vampire with incredible hunting instincts , is instantly intrigued by Edward 's protectiveness over a human , which incites him to hunt Bella for sport . Edward and the other Cullens put their lives on the line in an effort to protect Bella , but James tracks her to Phoenix , where she is hiding with Jasper and Alice . James lures Bella into a trap by falsely claiming that he is holding her mother hostage . James attacks Bella by biting her wrist , infecting her with vampire venom . After a ferocious battle , Edward subdues James just as the other members of the Cullen family arrive . Alice , Emmett , and Jasper kill James , decapitating and burning him , as Edward removes the venom from Bella 's wrist , preventing her from turning into a vampire . In the aftermath of the battle , Bella has suffered a broken leg , and ends up in the hospital , but her mother comes in to visit . Upon returning to Forks , Edward accompanies Bella to the high school prom , where he refuses to grant her request that he would transform her into a vampire . As the couple dance , they are unaware that James ' mate , Victoria , is secretly watching , plotting revenge for her lover 's death . Cast See also : List of Twilight cast members Main cast Kristen Stewart as Bella Swan , a seventeen - year - old girl who moves to the small town of Forks , Washington from Phoenix , Arizona and falls in love with Edward Cullen , a vampire . Her life is endangered after James , a sadistic vampire , decides to hunt her . Robert Pattinson as Edward Cullen , a 108 - year - old vampire who was changed in 1918 and still appears to be seventeen . He is Bella 's love interest and eventually falls in love with her . He has the ability to read minds , with the exception of Bella 's , along with superhuman speed . Secondary cast Peter Facinelli as Carlisle Cullen , a compassionate 300 - plus - year - old vampire who looks to be in his early 30s . He serves as the town 's physician and is the Cullen family patriarch . Elizabeth Reaser as Esme Cullen , Carlisle 's vampire wife and the matriarch of the Cullen family . Ashley Greene as Alice Cullen , Jasper Hale 's mate , a vampire who can see the future based on decisions that people make . Kellan Lutz as Emmett Cullen , physically the strongest vampire of the family . Nikki Reed as Rosalie Hale , Emmett Cullen 's mate , a vampire described as the most beautiful person in the world . She is hostile toward Bella throughout the film , worried that Edward 's relationship with a human puts their clan at risk . Jackson Rathbone as Jasper Hale , a Cullen family member who can manipulate emotions . He is the newest member of the Cullen family , and thus has the most difficulty maintaining their `` vegetarian '' diet of feeding only on animal rather than human blood . Billy Burke as Charlie Swan , Bella 's father and Forks ' Chief of Police . Cam Gigandet as James Witherdale , the leader of a group of nomadic vampires that intends to kill Bella . He is Victoria 's mate and a gifted tracker , due to his unparalleled senses . Rachelle Lefèvre as Victoria Sutherland , James ' mate who assists him in hunting Bella . Edi Gathegi as Laurent Da Revin , the most civilized member of James ' coven . Sarah Clarke as Renée Dwyer , Bella 's mother who lives in Arizona with her new husband , Phil . Taylor Lautner as Jacob Black , an old childhood friend of Bella and a member of the Quileute tribe . Christian Serratos as Angela Weber , one of Bella 's new friends in Forks . Michael Welch as Mike Newton , one of Bella 's new friends who vies for her attention . Anna Kendrick as Jessica Stanley , Bella 's first friend in Forks . Gregory Tyree Boyce as Tyler Crowley , another one of Bella 's classmates , also vying for Bella 's attention . He nearly hits Bella with his van . Justin Chon as Eric Yorkie , another one of Bella 's classmates who vies for her attention . Solomon Trimble as Sam Uley . Solomon Trimble was credited as `` Jacob 's friend '' in the film , but was widely recognized as playing the part of Sam . Krys Hyatt as Embry Call . She was recognized as playing the part of Embry in the Twilight film , though his role was uncredited . Gil Birmingham as Billy Black Matt Bushell as Phil Dwyer José Zúñiga as Mr. Molina Ned Bellamy as Waylon Forge Ayanna Berkshire as Cora Katie Powers as Waitress Trish Egan as Ms. Cope Production Development Stephenie Meyer 's paranormal romance novel Twilight was originally optioned by Paramount Pictures ' MTV Films in April 2004 , but the screenplay that was subsequently developed was substantially different from its source material . When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full - service studio in April 2007 , it began development of a film adaptation anew , having picked up the rights from Paramount ( who coincidentally had made an unrelated film with the same title in 1998 ) in a turnaround . The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer 's book and its sequels . Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film and Melissa Rosenberg was hired to write the script in mid-2007 . Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August , and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month . Rosenberg said Hardwicke `` was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas ... I 'd finish off scenes and send them to her , and get back her notes . '' Due to the impending Writers Guild of America strike , Rosenberg worked full - time to finish the screenplay before October 31 . In adapting the novel , she `` had to condense a great deal . '' Some characters from the novel were not featured in the screenplay , whereas some characters were combined into others . `` ( O ) ur intent all along was to stay true to the book '' , Rosenberg explained , `` and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters ' arcs and emotional journeys are the same . '' Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey Bella 's internal dialogue -- since the novel is told from her point of view -- and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre-production . Edward and Bella in the meadow Adaptation from source material The filmmakers behind Twilight worked to create a film that was as faithful to the novel as they thought possible when converting the story to another medium , with producer Greg Mooradian saying , `` It 's very important to distinguish that we 're making a separate piece of art that obviously is going to remain very , very faithful to the book ... But at the same time , we have a separate responsibility to make the best movie you can make . '' To ensure a faithful adaptation , Meyer was kept very involved in the production process , having been invited to visit the set during filming and even asked to give notes on the script and on a rough cut of the film . Of this process , she said , `` It was a really pleasant exchange ( between me and the filmmakers ) from the beginning , which I think is not very typical . They were really interested in my ideas '' , and , `` ... they kept me in the loop and with the script , they let me see it and said , ' What are your thoughts ? ' ... They let me have input on it and I think they took 90 percent of what I said and just incorporated it right in to the script . '' Meyer fought for one line in particular , one of the most well - known from the book about `` the lion and the lamb '' , to be kept verbatim in the film : `` I actually think the way Melissa ( Rosenberg ) wrote it sounded better for the movie ( ... ) but the problem is that line is actually tattooed on peoples ' bodies ( ... ) But I said , ' You know , if you take that one and change it , that 's a potential backlash situation . ' '' Meyer was even invited to create a written list of things that could not be changed for the film , such as giving the vampires fangs or killing characters who do not die in the book , that the studio agreed to follow . The consensus among critics is that the filmmakers succeeded in making a film that is very faithful to its source material , with one reviewer stating that , with a few exceptions , `` Twilight the movie is unerringly faithful to the source without being hamstrung by it . '' They could have filmed ( the script developed when the project was at Paramount ) and not called it Twilight because it had nothing to do with the book ... When Summit ( Entertainment ) came into the picture , they were so open to letting us make rules for them , like `` Okay , Bella can not be a track star . Bella can not have a gun or night vision goggles . And , no jet skis ... '' Twilight author Stephenie Meyer However , as is most often the case with film adaptations , differences do exist between the film and source material . Certain scenes from the book were cut from the film , such as a biology room scene where Bella 's class does blood typing . Hardwicke explains , `` Well ( the book is ) almost 500 pages -- you do have to do the sweetened condensed milk version of that ... We already have two scenes in biology : the first time they 're in there and then the second time when they connect . For a film , when you condense , you do n't want to keep going back to the same setting over and over . So that 's not in there . '' The settings of certain conversations in the book were also changed to make the scenes more `` visually dynamic '' on - screen , such as Bella 's revelation that she knows Edward is a vampire -- this happens in a meadow in the film instead of in Edward 's car as in the novel . A biology field trip scene is added to the film to condense the moments of Bella 's frustration at trying to explain how Edward saved her from being crushed by a van . The villainous vampires are introduced earlier in the film than in the novel . Rosenberg said that `` you do n't really see James and the other villains until to the last quarter of the book , which really wo n't work for a movie . You need that ominous tension right off the bat . We needed to see them and that impending danger from the start . And so I had to create back story for them , what they were up to , to flesh them out a bit as characters . '' Rosenberg also combined some of the human high school students , with Lauren Mallory and Jessica Stanley in the novel becoming the character of Jessica in the film , and a `` compilation of a couple of different human characters '' becoming Eric Yorkie . About these variances from the book , Mooradian stated , `` I think we did a really judicious job of distilling ( the book ) . Our greatest critic , Stephenie Meyer , loves the screenplay , and that tells me that we made all the right choices in terms of what to keep and what to lose . Invariably , you 're going to lose bits and pieces that certain members of the audience are going to desperately want to see , but there 's just a reality that we 're not making ' Twilight : The Book ' the movie . '' Casting When they told me Rob was probably the one , I looked him up and thought , `` Yeah , he can do a version of Edward . He 's definitely got that vampire thing going on . '' And then , when I was on set and I got to watch him go from being Rob to shifting into being Edward , and he actually looked like the Edward in my head , it was a really bizarre experience . ( ... ) He really had it nailed . Twilight author Stephenie Meyer Kristen Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test that `` captivated '' the director . Hardwicke had trouble finding an actor otherworldly enough to play vampire Edward Cullen . Then she got a call about a guy in London . `` I looked at a couple pictures and was like , ' I 'm not sure , ' ? '' Hardwicke says . `` He had been fired from his last job , he was unemployed , he was in debt . '' Pattinson flew to Los Angeles on his own dime to read with Stewart . Shiloh Fernandez , Jackson Rathbone , Ben Barnes , and Robert Pattinson were the final four up for the role of Edward . Hardwicke did not initially choose Robert Pattinson for the role of Edward Cullen , but after an audition at her home with Stewart , he was selected . Hardwicke said , `` Kristen was like , ' It 's got to be Rob ! ' She felt connected to him from the first moment . That electricity , or love at first sight , or whatever it is . '' Hardwicke gave him the part , but he had to make a promise . `` You 've got to realize that Kristen is 17 years old , '' Hardwicke told him , `` She 's underage . You 've got to focus , dude , or you 're going to be arrested . I made him swear on a stack of Bibles . '' Pattinson was unfamiliar with the novel series prior to his screen test but read the books later on . Meyer allowed him to view a manuscript of the unfinished Midnight Sun , which chronicles the events in Twilight from Edward 's point of view . Fan reaction to Pattinson 's casting as Edward was initially negative ; Rachelle Lefèvre remarked that `` ( e ) very woman had their own Edward ( that ) they had to let go of before they could open up to ( him ) , which they did . '' Meyer was `` excited '' and `` ecstatic '' in response to the casting of the two main characters . She had expressed interest in having Emily Browning and Henry Cavill cast as Bella and Edward , respectively , prior to pre-production . Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen . `` ( Hardwicke ) liked me , but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for '' , Facinelli said . For unknown reasons , that actor was not able to play the part and Facinelli was selected in his place . The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was the subject of fan criticism due to Greene being 7 inches ( 18 cm ) taller than her character as described in the novel . Meyer had also stated that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice . Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on Thirteen , which they wrote together , and Lords of Dogtown . Reed commented , `` I do n't want to say it 's a coincidence , because we do work well together , and we have a great history . I think we make good work , but it 's more that the people that hire ( Hardwicke ) to direct a film of theirs ( have ) most likely seen her other work . '' Kellan Lutz was in Africa shooting the HBO miniseries Generation Kill when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted . The role had already been cast by the time that production ended in December 2007 , but the actor who had been selected `` fell through '' ; Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon , where Hardwicke personally chose him . Rachelle Lefèvre was interested in pursuing a role in the film because Hardwicke was attached to the project as director ; there was also `` the potential to explore a character , hopefully , over three films '' ; and she wanted to portray a vampire . She `` thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive . '' Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley , but she `` fell totally in love with Angela '' after reading the novels and successfully took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber . The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick , who got the part after two mix - and - match auditions with various actors . Filming and post-production On a bed in Catherine Hardwicke 's house is where Pattinson kissed Stewart for the first time for the Twilight screen test . `` That bed made Pattinson who he is right now , '' says Reed . That 's also where Hardwicke auditioned Evan Rachel Wood , when she had her get into her bed with Nikki Reed for the film Thirteen . When asked about her lair , Hardwicke says , `` MTV came and did an episode in my house filming the bed . It 's legendary . '' Principal photography took 44 days , after more than a week of rehearsals , and completed on May 2 , 2008 . Similar to her directorial debut Thirteen , Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand - held cinematography to make the film `` feel real '' . Meyer visited the production set three times and was consulted on different aspects of the story ; she also has a brief cameo in the film . Cast members who portrayed vampires avoided sunlight to make their skin pale , though makeup was also applied for that effect , and wore contact lenses : `` We did the golden color because the Cullens have those golden eyes . And then , when we 're hungry , we have to pop the black ones in , '' Facinelli explained . They also participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera to make their bodily movements more elegant . Scenes were filmed primarily in Portland , Oregon . Stunt work was done mainly by the cast . The fight sequence between Gigandet and Pattinson 's characters in a ballet studio , which was filmed during the first week of production , involved a substantial amount of wire work because the vampires in the story have superhuman strength and speed . Gigandet incorporated mixed martial arts fighting moves in this sequence , which involved chicken and honey as substitutes for flesh . Bella , the protagonist , is unconscious during these events , and since the novel is told from her point of view , such action sequences are illustrative and unique to the film . Pattinson noted that maintaining one 's center of gravity is difficult when doing wire work `` because you have to really fight against it as well as letting it do what it needs to do . '' Lefèvre found the experience disorienting since forward motion was out of her control . Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself , scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School and Madison High School . Other scenes were filmed in St. Helens , and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena , California , in August . Twilight was originally scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on December 12 , 2008 , but its release date was changed to November 21 after Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was rescheduled for an opening in July 2009 . Two teaser trailers , as well as some additional scenes , were released for the film , as well as a final trailer , which was released on October 9 . A 15 - minute excerpt of Twilight was presented during the International Rome Film Festival in Italy . The film received a rating of PG - 13 from the Motion Picture Association of America for `` some violence and a scene of sensuality '' . Music Main article : Twilight ( soundtrack ) The score for Twilight was composed by Carter Burwell , with the rest of the soundtrack chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas . Meyer was consulted on the soundtrack , which includes music by Muse and Linkin Park , bands she listened to while writing the novels . The original soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 , by Chop Shop Records in conjunction with Atlantic Records . It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 . Release Box Office Twilight grossed over $7 million in ticket sales from midnight showings alone on November 21 , 2008 . The film is fifth overall on Fandango 's list of top advance ticket sales , outranked only by its sequel the following year , Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) , and Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) . It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day . For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , Twilight accumulated $69.6 million from 3,419 theaters at an average of $20,368 per theater . The film grossed $192,769,854 in the United States and Canada , and $199,846,771 in international territories for a total of $392,616,625 . Its opening weekend gross was the highest ever of a female - directed film , surpassing that of Deep Impact ( 1998 ) . Critical reception Twilight received mixed reviews from critics . Based on 209 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 48 % , with a weighted average score of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Having lost much of its bite transitioning to the big screen , Twilight will please its devoted fans , but do little for the uninitiated . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , it has an average score of 56 from the 37 reviews . New York Press critic Armond White called the film `` a genuine pop classic '' , and praised Hardwicke for turning `` Meyer 's book series into a Brontë-esque vision . '' Roger Ebert gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of four and wrote , `` I saw it at a sneak preview . Last time I saw a movie in that same theater , the audience welcomed it as an opportunity to catch up on gossip , texting , and laughing at private jokes . This time the audience was rapt with attention '' . In his review for the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan wrote , `` Twilight is unabashedly a romance . All the story 's inherent silliness aside , it is intent on conveying the magic of meeting that one special person you 've been waiting for . Maybe it is possible to be 13 and female for a few hours after all '' . USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Claudia Puig wrote , `` Meyer is said to have been involved in the production of Twilight , but her novel was substantially more absorbing than the unintentionally funny and quickly forgettable film '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` B '' rating and Owen Gleiberman praised Hardwicke 's direction : `` She has reconjured Meyer 's novel as a cloudburst mood piece filled with stormy skies , rippling hormones , and understated visual effects '' . Home Media Wikinews has related news : `` Twilight '' DVD sells 3 million copies in first day The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21 , 2009 , through midnight release parties , and sold over 3 million units in its first day . It was released on April 6 , 2009 in the UK . Bonus features include about 10 to 12 extended or deleted scenes , montages and music videos , behind - the - scenes interviews , a `` making - of '' segment , and commentary featuring Hardwicke , Stewart , and Pattinson . The Blu - ray disc edition of the film was released on March 21 , 2009 , in select locations , but was made more widely available at further retailers on May 5 , 2009 . As of July 2012 , the film has sold 11,242,519 units , earning $201,190,019 . The film and the next two installments of the Twilight Saga will be rereleased as a triple feature with extended cuts on January 13 , 2015 . Video game Main article : Scene it ? Twilight A movie trivia video game developed by Screenlife and published by Konami for the Wii , Nintendo DS , PC and iPhone was released alongside the second film . Accolades Since its release , Twilight has received numerous nominations and awards . In January 2009 , Carter Burwell was nominated for Film Composer of the Year by the International Film Music Critics Association . Robert Pattinson won Bravo TV 's A-List Award for A-List Breakout . At the 2009 MTV Movie Awards , Pattinson , who was nominated alongside Taylor Lautner , also won an award for Male Breakthrough Performance , `` Decode '' was nominated for Best Song from a Movie , Twilight won an award for Best Movie , Kristen Stewart won for Best Female performance , Stewart and Pattinson were awarded Best Kiss , and Pattinson and Cam Gigandet won an award for Best Fight . Christian Serratos won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film : Supporting Young Actress . For the 2009 Teen Choice Awards , held on August 9 , the film and its actors received a combined total of 12 nominations , nine of which the film won . At the 2009 Scream Awards , the film was nominated for nine awards , four of which it won . The film won two ALMA Awards for makeup and hairstyling . It also won the Public Choice Award at the World Soundtrack Awards , where Carter Burwell was also nominated for Composer of the Year . Catherine Hardwicke received a Young Hollywood Award for her directing . In addition , the film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film at the 35th Saturn Awards and two Grammy Awards . Sequel Main article : The Twilight Saga : New Moon MTV reported in February 2008 that Summit Entertainment intended to create a series of at least three films based on Meyer 's books . The studio had optioned New Moon , the second book in the series , by October 2008 , and confirmed their plans to make a film based on it November 22 , 2008 . Because Catherine Hardwicke had wanted more preparation time than Summit 's schedule for the production and release of the sequel would provide , Chris Weitz was selected to direct it in December 2008 . See also Twilight portal Film portal Apotamkin , Bella 's Google hit for the cold ones Vampire film References Jump up ^ bbfc ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` TWILIGHT rated 12A by the BBFC '' . bbfc . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) . `` ' Twilight ' : Inside the First Stephenie Meyer Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` ' Twilight ' reshoots : Why is Catherine Hardwicke filming again ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Graham ( 2008 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Twilight Finishes Principle ( sic ) Photography '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Finds Its Latest Victims : Nikki Reed , Rachelle Lefevre Added To Cast '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling DVDs of 2009 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Exclusive : Paramore To Contribute Two New Songs To Film 's Soundtrack '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Gives The Green Light To Anna Kendrick , Justin Chon For Book - Turned - Movie '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gregory Ellwood ( 2008 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Set Visit : ' Twilight ' Shines on Pattinson '' . MSN . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Sona Charaipotra . `` Exclusive Interview : Peter Facinelli on ' Twilight ' '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 19 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Film 's First Family Revealed : Peter Facinelli , Elizabeth Reaser Lead Cullen Clan '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck & Stacy Jenel Smith ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Tyson Beckford Enjoying Men 's `` Supermodel '' Success / `` Reno 911 's Lennon Delivers the State of the State '' . Creators . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . External link in work = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Full Cast & Crew '' . Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Twilight ' to film one or two days in LaPush '' . Peninusula Daily News . 2008 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Role in Twilight lets student shine '' . Daily Vanguard . 2008 - 03 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Premiere : Robert Pattinson Loses His Hearing , Taylor Lautner Gets an Indecent Proposal '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Murray . `` Twilight : Taylor Lautner and Solomon Trimble Interviews '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Solomon Trimble Keeps His Possibilities Open '' . Media Blvd . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hardwicke , Catherine ( 2009 ) . Twilight : Director 's Notebook . New York : Little , Brown and Company . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 07052 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Christina Radish ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Twilight 's Author and Director Talk About Bringing The Film To Life '' . MediaBlvd Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 2007 - 06 - 07 ) . `` New Summit unveils new projects '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Steven Zeitchik ( 2007 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Pattinson bites into ' Twilight ' role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ; Borys Kit ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Stewart enters ' Twilight ' zone '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Hardwicke to direct Meyer 's ' Twilight ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Sona Charaipotra . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Twilight ' Screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 09 - 16 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg Was Inspired By ' Brokeback Mountain ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ryan Rotten ( 2008 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Twilight 's Melissa Rosenberg '' . ShockTillYouDrop.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 09 - 02 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Catherine Hardwicke Gets Swept Up By Bella And Edward 's ' Obsessive Love ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 06 - 17 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : How Faithful Will The Movie Be To The Book ? We Visit The Set To Find Out '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Murray ( 2008 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Interview with ' Twilight ' Author Stephenie Meyer '' . About.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Author Stephenie Meyer Recalls Robert Pattinson Spat , Seeing Movie The First Time '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` The Love That Dare Not Bare Its Fangs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Twilight Review : Swooningly True to the Book '' . Time . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ty Burr ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Undying love '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Twilight ' Countdown : Catherine Hardwicke talks about the meadow and making Robert Pattinson ' dazzle ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 2008 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( 27 February 2011 ) . `` Not Your Grandma 's ' Red Riding Hood ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ben , Jackson & Shiloh all auditioned for Robert Pattinson 's Edward Cullen role '' . OK !. 20 August 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela Chelin . `` ' Twilight 's Robert Pattinson and Rachelle Lefevre '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Set Visit Confirms Edward And Bella 's Chemistry , Offers A ' Midnight Sun ' Preview '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stephenie Meyer . `` Twilight the Movie '' . StephenieMeyer.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Emily Browning Addresses Her ' Twilight ' Notoriety '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 03 - 19 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Star Ashley Greene Responds To Books ' Fans Who Think She And Her Hair Are n't Short Enough '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Nikki Reed Hopes To Make Us Understand What 's Beneath Rosalie 's Beautiful , Hard Exterior '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Kellan Lutz Recalls How He Almost Was n't Cast As Belligerent ' Goofball ' Emmett '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 28 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Star Rachelle Lefevre Addresses ' OMG ! ' Fans , Blog Haters From Book - Turned - Movie 's Set '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Christian Serratos Says Playing Angela Was A Day At The Beach '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 21 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Anna Kendrick Says It Was ' Easy To Get Googly Eyed ' At Robert Pattinson '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( 2008 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Kellan Lutz And His High Profile Projects '' . MediaBlvd Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mike Russell ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) . `` ' Twilight ' taps teen - vampire romance '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pamela Chelin ( July 2008 ) . `` The ' Twilight ' Phenomenon : The Director and Author at Comic - Con 2008 '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Author Stephenie Meyer 's Cameo : More Details Emerge From Book - Turned - Movie 's Set '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela Chelin . `` ' Twilight 's Bad Boy Vampire : Cam Gigandet '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filippachi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Erin Cadwallader ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ) . `` It 's TWILIGHT at Comic - Con ! '' . IESB.net . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 07 - 29 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : 10 Things Comic - Con Taught Us About ' Twilight ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Paige Dickerson ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) . `` ' Twilight ' to film one or two days in LaPush '' . Peninsula Daily News . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sarah Skidmore ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Teen vampire - love story ` Twilight ' being filmed in Oregon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Darryl Swan ( 2008 - 04 - 02 ) . `` ' Twilight ' descends on St. Helens '' . South Country Spotlight . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sabrina Rojas Weiss ( 2008 - 08 - 25 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Cast Heads Back To The Set To Shoot New Scenes '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Anne Thompson ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) . `` ' Twilight ' moves into ' Potter 's ' place '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Twilight Trailer Tonight '' . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Final ' Twilight ' Trailer , Shot By Shot : Romance , Violence ... And Prom ! '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Sneak Peek To Premiere At International Rome Film Festival '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MPAA Rating for Twilight '' . ShockTillYouDrop.com. 2008 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mikael Carlsson ( 2008 - 06 - 10 ) . `` '' Twilight '' Assigned to Carter Burwell `` . Film Music Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Carter Burwell . `` Projects - Twilight '' . carterburwell.com/ CarterBurwell.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( 2008 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Are Pop - Punks Paramore A Good Fit For ' Twilight ' ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Erica Futterman ( 2008 - 08 - 08 ) . `` '' Twilight '' Author Stephenie Meyer on Her Musical Muses , Upcoming Movie and Mermaid Dreams `` . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Soundtrack To Include Muse , Linkin Park And , Of Course , Robert Pattinson '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Katie Hasty ( 2008 - 11 - 12 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Bumps AC / DC From Atop Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` ' Twilight ' shining bright at box office '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Day Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight ( 2008 ) Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 24 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday Finale : Director Catherine Hardwicke Raves About Film 's Success -- ' Unbelievable ! ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight ( 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ White , Armond ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Twilight : Bronte Never Dies '' , New York Press . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ White , Armond ( 2008 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Better - Than List 2008 '' , New York Press . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2008 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Twilight '' , Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Twilight '' , Los Angeles Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Archived February 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Twilight '' , USA Today . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Twilight '' , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Home Entertainment 's Saturday Release of Twilight Unleashes With Over 3 Million Units Sold '' ( Press release ) . Summit Entertainment . 2009 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight DVD Date , Art '' . Shock Till You Drop. 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight - 2 Disc Special Edition '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 11 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Director Catherine Hardwicke Reveals DVD Details '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 12 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Director Catherine Hardwicke Talks About Edward And Bella 's Chemistry , Potential Sequels '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ HD Room ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Twilight Blu - ray Mystery Solved '' . The HD Room . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA announces its 2008 winners for scoring excellence '' . International Film Music Critics Association . 2009 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A-List Award Nominess '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . FilmoFilia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 30th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Young Artist Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Right Celebrity. `` 2009 Teen Choice Awards Nominations , Winners ! '' . Right Celebrity . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` SCREAM 2009 Awards Nominees and Winners - Star Trek , True Blood Earn SCREAM Awards Nominations '' . Movies.about.com. 2010 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 ALMA Awards Winners '' . Awards-Night.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` World Soundtrack Awards for 2009 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Young Hollywood Awards for 2009 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards for 2009 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2010 : Twilight , Slumdog Millionaire , Up '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Steven Zeitchik ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Summit 's ' Twilight ' a franchise with bite '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Denise Martin ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) . `` ' Twilight ' sequel ' New Moon ' gets the greenlight from Summit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Summit announces ' Twilight ' sequel '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Josh Horowitz ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Director Catherine Hardwicke Will Not Direct ' New Moon ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Anne Thompson ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) . `` No Hardwicke for ' Twilight ' sequel '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 13 ) . `` BREAKING : Chris Weitz Named ' New Moon ' Director , While Taylor Lautner Comes Up Short '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Who Is ' New Moon ' Director Chris Weitz ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . 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where did they film the first twilight movie

Scenes were filmed primarily in Portland , Oregon . Stunt work was done mainly by the cast . The fight sequence between Gigandet and Pattinson 's characters in a ballet studio , which was filmed during the first week of production , involved a substantial amount of wire work because the vampires in the story have superhuman strength and speed . Gigandet incorporated mixed martial arts fighting moves in this sequence , which involved chicken and honey as substitutes for flesh . Bella , the protagonist , is unconscious during these events , and since the novel is told from her point of view , such action sequences are illustrative and unique to the film . Pattinson noted that maintaining one 's center of gravity is difficult when doing wire work `` because you have to really fight against it as well as letting it do what it needs to do . '' Lefèvre found the experience disorienting since forward motion was out of her control .

Evil Queen ( Disney ) - wikipedia Evil Queen ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Evil Queen Disney 's Hollywood Studios ' artwork Reflection of Evil showing the character in both of her forms from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs First appearance Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant ( design ) Art Babbit ( animation ) Brothers Grimm ( original fairy tale ) Portrayed by Anne Francine ( musical ) Jane Curtin ( 50th anniversary TV special ) Various ( Disney 's World on Ice ) Kathy Najimy ( Descendants ) Voiced by Lucille La Verne ( original film ) Eleanor Audley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) June Foray ( Disney on Parade ) Janet Waldo ( 1974 ) Eda Reiss Merin ( 1990 ) Louise Chamis ( 1992 -- 2001 ) Susanne Blakeslee ( 2001 -- present ) Information Aliases Evil Queen , Wicked Queen , Queen Grimhilde , Witch , Wicked Witch , Old Witch , Witch Queen , Queen - witch , Old Hag , Snow White 's stepmother Occupation Sorceress / witch Queen dowager / regnant Spouse ( s ) The King ( deceased ) Children Snow White ( stepdaughter ) Evie ( daughter ; in Descendants only ) Nationality Bavarian The Evil Queen , also known as the Wicked Queen or just the Queen , and sometimes instead identified by her given name as Queen Grimhilde , is the primary antagonist in Disney 's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and a villain character in the extended Disney 's Snow White franchise . She is based on the Evil Queen character from the European fairy tale `` Snow White '' . In the film , similar to the Brothers Grimm story , the Evil Queen is cold , cruel , and extremely vain , and obsessively desires to remain the `` fairest in the land '' . She becomes madly envious over the beauty of her stepdaughter , Princess Snow White , as well as the attentions of the Prince from another land ; such love triangle element is one of Disney 's changes to the story . This leads her to plot the death of Snow White and ultimately on the path to her own demise , which in the film is indirectly caused by the Seven Dwarfs . The film 's version of the Queen character uses her dark magic powers to actually transform herself into an old woman instead of just taking a disguise like in the Grimms ' story ; this appearance of hers is commonly referred to as the Wicked Witch or alternatively as the Old Hag or just the Witch . The Queen dies in the film , but lives on in a variety of non-canonical Disney works . The film 's version of the Queen was created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant , and originally animated by Art Babbit and voiced by Lucille La Verne . Inspiration for her design came from the characters of Queen Hash - a-Motep from She and Princess Kriemhild from Die Nibelungen . The Queen has since been voiced by Eleanor Audley , June Foray , Janet Waldo , Eda Reiss Merin , Louise Chamis and Susanne Blakeslee , and was portrayed live by Anne Francine ( musical ) , Jane Curtin ( 50th anniversary TV special ) , and Olivia Wilde ( Disney Dream Portraits ) , Kathy Najimy ( Descendants ) , and in an alternative version , by Lana Parrilla ( Once Upon a Time ) . This version of the classic fairy tale character has been very well received by film critics and the public , and is considered one of Disney 's most iconic and menacing villains . Besides in the film , the Evil Queen has made numerous appearances in Disney attractions and productions , including not only these directly related to the tale of Snow White , such as Fantasmic ! , The Kingdom Keepers and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , sometimes appearing in them alongside Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty . The film 's version of the Queen has also become a popular archetype that influenced a number of artists and non-Disney works . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1.1 Storyline 1.2 Conception , design and portrayal 1.3 Abandoned concepts 2 Other appearances 2.1 Attractions 2.2 Film and television 2.3 Books 2.4 Theatrical shows 2.5 Games 2.6 Comics 2.7 Merchandise 3 In Once Upon a Time 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception and popularity 4.2 Cultural impact 4.3 Homage cameos and parodies 5 See also 6 References In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( edit ) Main article : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) Storyline ( edit ) The Queen in her secret lair in an illustration by the Brothers Hildebrandt In `` another land , far away , '' `` many , many years ago , '' about the time of fairy tales of castles , knights , fair maidens , romance , magic and witches , '' a mysterious and icily beautiful woman with magical powers ( a 1938 promotional brochure suggests she is able to work her witchcraft having sold `` herself body and soul to the bad spirits '' of the Harz mountains ) has gained her royal position by seducing and marrying the widowed King , giving her rule over his kingdom before he died . `` From that time on the cruel Queen ruled all alone , her every word was law , and all trembled in mortal fear of her anger . '' The vain Queen owned a magical mirror with which she could look upon whatever she wished . The Magic Mirror shows a haunted , smokey face of her familiar demon which replies to the Queen 's requests . She regularly asks the mirror who is the fairest in the realm ( `` Magic mirror on the wall , who is the fairest one of all ? '' which is often misquoted as `` Mirror mirror on the wall , who is the fairest of them all '' ) , and the mirror would always reply that she is . One day , however , the mirror tells her that there is a new fairest woman in the land , her 14 - year - old stepdaughter , Princess Snow White . She became obsessively jealous of the princess ' emerging beauty , therefore turning her into a scullery maid in her own home . After observing the handsome Prince from another kingdom singing a love song to Snow White , the proud Queen , in a jealous rage , commands her faithful Huntsman , Humbert , to take the princess deep into the forest and kill her . He is ordered to bring back her heart in a box to prove that he had done so . But Humbert can not bear to kill the young princess upon realizing that she is impervious to harm , so he tells Snow White of the Queen 's plot and tells her to run away and never to come back . To escape the penalty , he comes back with a pig 's heart and gives it to the Queen . When she questions her mirror , it again replies that Snow White is the fairest in the land , and that she is living at the cottage of the Seven Dwarfs , revealing that the box contains the heart of a pig . The Dwarfs are fearful of the Queen 's black magic but decide to take in Snow White anyway . The Witch ( right ) offering a poisoned apple to Snow White in Gustaf Tenggren 's inspirational art for the film Furious that Humbert tricked her , the Queen decides that first Snow White shall die by her own hand and at any cost . She goes down the dungeon to her secret room where she practices her dark magic , complete with a pet raven that `` knows all her secrets , '' and in desperation uses her spellbook and cauldron to mix a potion that transforms her into a hag . Her beauty is shrouded in ugliness and age , though presumably reversible . She then conjures a poison apple , which will cause `` the Sleeping Death '' , and proceeds to leave the castle via a moat boat . She is sure that no one would know or perform the counter-curse to her spell , and believes the Dwarfs would bury her rival alive , thinking her dead . The Queen comes to the cottage , followed by two vicious vultures , and finds Snow White baking a pie for Grumpy the dwarf . Somehow Snow White 's animal friends realize that the old hag is the Queen . After an unsuccessful attempt to warn Snow White by attacking the Queen , they go to warn the Dwarfs of the Queen 's arrival . The Queen tricks the princess into letting her inside the cottage and eating the bewitched apple , telling her that it is a magic wishing apple . Snow White takes a bite and falls to the floor , apparently dead . The Queen rejoices in her victory , but is soon discovered by the angry Seven Dwarfs , who grab pickaxes and chase her deep into the forest as a great storm begins . She climbs up into the mountains , where she gets trapped upon a precipice that overlooks a seemingly bottomless canyon . She tries to push down a large boulder to crush the approaching Dwarfs . Before she can do so , a lightning bolt strikes between her and the boulder , destroying the precipice and sending the Queen ( along with the boulder ) down the cliff to her death , screaming while she falls to the jagged rocks below ( this scream was reused in Sleeping Beauty when Maleficent is stabbed in the heart by the Sword of Truth ) . As the Dwarfs look wide - eyed over the cliff 's edge , they can not see her , but the vultures descend into the chasm . The Queen 's dark reign is over , and her castle is then taken over and the revived Snow White and the Prince who broke the spell . ( A 1936 pre-release Good Housekeeping novelization by Dorothy Ann Blank , a member of the film 's story team , affirms that the Queen in fact dies : `` Far below , in a chasm as dark as her own wicked soul , lay the body of the hateful Queen . No magic would ever bring her to life again . '' ) Conception , design and portrayal ( edit ) Early concepts for the film called for a `` fat , batty , cartoon type , self - satisfied '' Queen . However , Walt Disney became concerned that such an approach would make the character seem less plausible . Sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen , he advised that attention be paid exclusively to `` scenes in which only Snow White , the Dwarfs , and their bird and animal friends appear . '' Disney further developed the main plot himself ( Ollie Johnston said the film 's story was based on the idea that the Queen 's character was going to murder `` another drawing '' and Disney decided to make it appear believable ) , finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen , whom he envisioned as a mixture of Lady Macbeth and the Big Bad Wolf , and decided to set on `` a high collar stately beautiful type '' whose `` beauty is sinister , mature , plenty of curves -- she becomes ugly and menacing when scheming . '' According to the 1993 Disney Classics series of trading cards , `` she is really two characters , the beautiful evil Queen and the grotesquely evil witch . '' Statue of Uta von Ballenstedt at the Naumburg Cathedral in Naumburg Joan Crawford c. 1930 The Queen 's appearance was inspired by the `` ageless ice goddess '' character of Queen Ayesha ( `` She who must be obeyed '' ) from the 1935 film She , played by Helen Gahagan . The Queen was originally to be named Grimhilde ( but who is never actually named in the film ) , was also modeled in part on Princess Kriemhild in the 1924 film Die Nibelungen . It is also possible that the Queen 's looks may have been inspired by the faces of Joan Crawford and Gale Sondergaard ; her costume and figure may have been inspired by a column statue at the Naumburg Cathedral depicting Uta von Ballenstedt , the wife of Eckard II , Margrave of Meissen who was widely regarded as the most beautiful woman of Medieval Germany . Also noted was her resemblance to two 1930s American movie stars from Europe , Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich . The Queen and Snow White were refined by Grim Natwick and Norm Ferguson , who would often override Walt Disney 's instructions . As in the case of other characters for the film , the Queen 's appearance had to be approved by Albert Hurter before being finalised . One pre-final version of the queen had her wear a looser hood and a different crown and the edge of her cape was fur trimmed , as it can be seen in Gustaf Tenggren 's pictures . None of Art Babbit 's lead animation work on the character was rotoscoped and the animators were noted to prefer to draw the Queen over Snow White `` because she was more real and complex as a woman , more erotic , and driven to desperate acts by her magic mirror . '' The character , however , turned out to be especially problematic for the animators , as she had to be `` regally beautiful , with confined but graceful movements , '' and `` the experiments on her lovely cruel mouth and eyes alone represent drawings enough to fill a paper house . '' The sequence of her transformation in particular was the film 's toughest to visualise using trick effects , especially since Disney insisted on showing how the Queen felt as she changed . Alcázar of Segovia in 2011 According to a description in her card in the Disney Villains set , `` the Witch 's ugliness symbolises the evil disguised by the Queen 's beauty . '' Her castle might have been inspired by Spain 's Alcázar of Segovia and the throne she is uses has a peacock motif to symbolise her extreme vanity . The Queen is clad mostly in black and other `` negative '' dark colors , providing a contrast to Snow White 's bright colorful wardrobe , and has `` shiny black hair '' under her hood . Her royal costume was painted with specially developed paints made to look like satin for her collar and like velvet for her robe . The Queen 's music tracks were created with low celio notes , basses , and bassoons ; the scribblings in her book of spells were written in Italian . Notably , the Queen was the first character to ever speak in an animated feature film . She was voiced by Lucille La Verne , who achieved her voice change for the role of the Witch by removing her false teeth . Joe Grant , who contributed the design for her Witch form , noticed La Verne 's changing attitude and posture when voicing the Queen and Witch , and sketched these poses and her body language down for animation reference . He also said he based the Witch 's concept art on a woman who lived across the street from him . The character 's foreign dubbing voice actresses included Jiřina Petrovická in Czechoslovakia , Clara Pontoppidan , Kirsten Rolffes , Lise Ringheim in Denmark , Rauni Luoma and Seela Sella in Finland , Claude Gensac in France , Dagny Servaes in Germany , Ilus Vay in Hungary , Tina Lattanzi and Dina Romano in Italy , Tanie Kitabayashi in Japan , Blanca de Castejón and Cristina Montt in Mexico , Zinaida Sharko in Russia , and Helena Brodin , Hjördis Petterson and Lil Terselius in Sweden . The Queen was also the first character to meet death in a Disney film . As part of elimination of the original story 's more gruesome aspects , and to make Snow White seem more a `` nice girl '' , the Wicked Queen is no longer cannibalistic and her destruction was made `` just as certain but more merciful '' than in the original story , where she is forced to dance to her death in red - hot iron shoes on her feet as an invited guest at Snow White 's wedding . Snow White 's role in the Queen 's demise is removed , and the Queen `` dies more neatly and quickly , '' as justice is served without resorting to killing or torture . She also invites her own downfall while pushing the boulder , and her fate is only suggested rather than shown . One of the Witch 's animators was Ward Kimball , whom Walt Disney also let to draw the two vultures watching her fall `` to make it a little easier '' for him , as Kimball has been reassigned after his own sequence was cut from the film , since Disney thought these additional dwarfs gag scenes would distract from `` the real drama '' of the tension between Snow White and her wicked stepmother that was supposed to drive the film . Abandoned concepts ( edit ) A gargoyle ornament in the Queen 's dungeon in Snow White 's Scary Adventures The original outline of the story featured the Queen 's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb , an element taken from the Grimms ' version of the tale ( the Dwarfs would arrive in time to remove it ) . The envious Queen would also decide to take possession of Snow White 's attractive young suitor , the 18 - year - old Prince ( described in a press kit as `` every woman 's dream man '' ) for herself , offering him an opportunity to share the throne with her through a marriage . With the Prince refusing to marry her , the Queen would have him captured by her guards and taken to her dungeon to be suspended in chains in a torture chamber . She would later visit him there and used her sorcery to taunt him by bringing the dungeon 's skeletons ( also chained to the walls ) to life and making them dance , identifying one skeleton as `` Prince Oswald '' , only for the Prince to defy her again . She then has him given to the torturers , described as `` the Nubians '' , and `` exits with a dirty laugh . '' According to production story - meeting notes from October 1934 , `` Queen wants to marry Prince , but he refuses to acknowledge ' that she is the fairest in the land , ' since he has seen Snow White . '' It is written in story notes that the Queen has magical power only over her own domain , which is the castle . Another note states about their meeting in the dungeon : `` This is a sequence of gruesome comedy ― of dancing skeletons ― fantastic shadows ― witchcraft and deviltry . '' The name Prince Oswald was an inside joke reference to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . The Queen was originally intended to have seven black panthers guarding the entrance to her secret room with the Mirror ; a concept art of the Queen walking a pet panther can be seen in The Walt Disney Family Museum and at Disney California Adventure . The books Snow White : Magic Mirror Book and The Complete Story of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs reveal that the Huntsman was afraid to disobey a command to kill Snow White because the Queen 's might feed him to her panthers or shrink him magically `` to the size of a walnut '' . In one 1937 novelization , the Queen vows the Huntsman would pay dearly for allowing her stepdaughter to escape , but first she would deal with Snow White herself . In another version , the Huntsman would too be dragged to the dungeon when the Queen finds out that he has betrayed her , and the Queen might smash her own Mirror in anger . Later , after transforming herself , she decides to punish the Prince for having scorned her . She informs the Prince of her plan to have the Dwarfs bury Snow White alive and then leaves him to his death , still chained and trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water to slowly drown . She then makes her way to the Dwarfs ' cottage with the poisoned apple , while birds and forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen 's minions and find his horse as would race to try and save Snow White . This plotline described above was not used in the final film , although it was carried out to the drawing and cel stage , and several inspirational sketch pictures of the dungeon scenes were drawn by Ferdinand Hovarth . It is said that Disney `` knew that the Queen would have to look scary without being too scary . '' Some skeletons are briefly featured in the finished film in the other parts of the dungeon , except in Australia 's censored original theatrical release version . Similar motifs and scenes were later used in Sleeping Beauty and Aladdin . Elements of this sub-plot have also made their way into some other Disney 's Snow White fiction and visitor attractions . Other appearances ( edit ) Attractions ( edit ) The Queen 's castle at Fantasyland The Queen is a primary character in the Disneyland rides Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( first opened in 1955 ) , where she is seen more than any other character in all four versions of the ride , recreating a number of scenes from the film , sometimes including the torture chamber from an abandoned concept , with `` a few skeletons of her past victims . '' In one new scene , she turns into a hag while standing in front of the mirror ( back to the visitors ) and intoning : `` Magic Mirror on the wall , with this disguise I 'll fool them all ! '' She also appears in her hag form at the roller coaster Seven Dwarfs Mine Train , first opened in 2014 . The Evil Queen scowling by the light of an apple during Hong Kong Disneyland 's , Villains Night Out ! parade , premiering in 2016 . The Evil Queen with the wizard Jafar from Aladdin during Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party in 2012 The Queen in her lair with magic books and a figure of the demon Chernabog from Fantasia at Share A Dream Come True Parade in 2008 In the Disney Villains Mix and Mingle and Mickey 's Boo - to - You Halloween Parade shows during Magic Kingdom 's Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party , the Queen is one of the villains led by Maleficent that appear during the Cinderella Castle Forecourt Stage . Susanne Blakeslee voiced the Queen at 2001 's Share A Dream Come True Parade , where she could be seen transform herself into a hag . The Wicked Queen is one of the `` favourite '' villains included in Magic Kingdom Park 's special pre-parade procession `` It 's Good to be Bad '' a night before the annual Main Street Electrical Parade . One event featured a giant interactive mirror and included the Queen and two other `` Divas of Evil '' , Maleficent and Cruella de Vil . She also prominently appears at Villains Unleashed party , a separately ticketed event at Disney 's Hollywood Studios that was introduced in 2014 . In the interactive gallery Walt Disney : One Man 's Dream , the Queen appears alongside Maleficent and Judge Frollo in the villains ' act of the show , where she seems to be the leader of the trio . On the cruise ship Disney Fantasy , the Queen , appearing with her raven , is one of the seven suspects ( and sometimes the culprit ) in the interactive gallery Midship Detective Agency 's story `` The Case of The Plundered Paintings '' . Film and television ( edit ) The Queen is featured in some Disney television specials like Our Unsung Villains ( 1956 ) and Disney 's Greatest Villains ( 1977 ) . Segments of the Queen 's appearance are also shown in Disney 's Halloween Treat ( 1982 ) and in A Disney Halloween ( 1983 ) . She makes small cameo appearances in the animated series Disney 's House of Mouse , voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ( where she is seen sitting with Lady Tremaine in her queen form , and with Madam Mim and Witch Hazel in her witch form ) and in the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) and Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) , shown there in her witch form . In the live - action television special Disney 's Golden Anniversary of Snow White ( 1987 ) , the Queen is played by Jane Curtin in a parodic scenario . She casts a spell on Grumpy in an attempt to get him to persuade the other Dwarfs to retire and destroy the original film after the 50 years . After the failure of this , her Mirror convinces her to finally quit `` this whole curse business '' and focus on her current career as a television horror host . The Queen ( voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ) is the main villain in the 2005 direct - to - video animated film Once Upon a Halloween , but appears only in the Witch version despite misleading cover art ( furthermore , only her shadow is shown ) . In it , the Queen plots to conquer Halloween and asks her cauldron to show several villains to which one of them helps her in her plan . The cauldron also explains its origins as it is one of the cauldrons formerly owned by the three witches from The Black Cauldron . Eventually , the cauldron turns against the Wicked Queen and makes her vanish into nothingness . In Mike Disa 's and Evan Spiliotopoulos ' abandoned pitch for the DisneyToons ' Snow White prequel film The Seven Dwarfs , a beautiful girl named Narcissa appears to aid the dwarfs against an evil wizard , who would be eventually revealed as her father whom she would betray and trap him inside a mirror . Narcissa steals the ancient magic secrets of the Olden Dwarfs , marries and then murders Snow White 's father , and `` begins her reign as the Evil Queen , with the damned soul of her own father forever encased in the Magic Mirror as her slave . Thus , the dwarfs must live in hiding to protect their families from the Queen 's vengeance . '' Three computer - animated sequels to The Seven Dwarfs `` were to follow the title characters return home to families and friends after the Evil Queen 's death in Snow White . '' In a 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie titled Descendants , the aged Evil Queen ( played by Kathy Najimy ) is among a host of other villains who have been imprisoned on a forbidden Isle of the Lost , and her daughter Evie ( played by Sofia Carson ) is among their offspring who are allowed to return into the kingdom to attend school alongside the offspring of iconic Disney heroes ( Evie 's father is unidentified . ) . The Evil Queen is portrayed as Maleficent 's closest confident and best friend . Its title image features the iconic red apple of the Evil Queen , which was also prominently featured in a teaser trailer . Carson was cast to return as Evie in Descendants 2 . In Justin Merz 's and Evan Daugherty 's script for the live - action spin - off Rose Red , currently in development , Snow White 's sister Rose Red is going to `` join Grumpy and the fellow Dwarves on a journey to find the Evil Queen and break her curse . '' Books ( edit ) In the 1949 audiobook release , the Queen ( voiced by Eleanor Audley ) wears a yellow dress and a red cape . She tells the Huntsman to take Snow White to the forest and leave her there to die . In the end of the book , after being chased by the dwarfs , the Queen dies when she slips while climbing the mountain and falls into the sea . The novel Fairest of All : A Tale of the Wicked Queen by Serena Valentino , published by Disney Press in 2009 , tells a story much more sympathetic to the Queen than most other Disney media . The book shows how the Queen became the villain from the film , much in the style of The Killing Joke , with the Magic Mirror , here possessed by the spirit of her abusive father , having been a corrupting influence . According to the book , her mother was a witch and the King died in a war against another kingdom prior to the events of the film . After her husband 's death , the Queen slowly descends into madness . By the end of novel , Snow White gets the mirror and the Queen becomes the spirit inside the mirror after her death in the film . The Queen is one of the Overtakers , villains of The Kingdom Keepers novel series . She was introduced in 2011 in the fourth book of the saga , Power Play , alongside Cruella De Vil . Like Maleficent , she is very powerful and is able to cast almost any spell with a flick of her finger ; she can also transform herself and other characters . In Power Play , when Maleficent and Chernabog are captured by the Keepers , the Queen becomes the new leader of the Overtakers . One chapter in Todd Strasser 's 1993 Disney 's the Villains Collection / Stories from the Films is dedicated to Snow White and the Queen . She is also a subject of one of the illustrated books in the Disney Princess series My Side of the Story , titled Snow White / The Queen ( 2004 ) , which portrays her as a misunderstood positive character . Melissa de la Cruz wrote the Descendants prequel novel Isle of the Lost . In that book , it is revealed that the Evil Queen once tried to overthrow Maleficent as the ruler of the Isle . Theatrical shows ( edit ) The Queen with her magic cauldron during Fantasmic ! show in 2013 As in the film , the Queen character is featured in 1979 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs musical version , played by Anne Francine . In the Disney on Ice reenactment of the movie in 1986 - 1987 , and then in 1994 -- 1997 and again in 2000 -- 2001 , she was voiced by Louise Chamis and played by various skaters beginning with Melanie Scott in 1986 - 1987 , and including Elena Koteneva , who was substituted by Davina Lee - Gooding in 1995 . Francine also played her in the 1980 stage play and television program Snow White Live and Chamis voiced her in Disneyland 's Snow White -- An Enchanting Musical in 2004 and 2006 . The Evil Queen was also featured in Disney Live 's Three Classic Fairy Tales in the section based on the film . In the night - time fireworks and visual hydrotechnic show Fantasmic ! , first played in 1992 , the Queen , voiced by Louise Chamis , is the main villain and the leader of all the Disney Villains . She is introduced in the second act , when her Magic Mirror ( voiced by Tony Jay ) tells her that there are now three princesses ( Snow White , Ariel and Belle ) fairer than her . Enraged , the Queen transforms herself into a hag and uses the Mirror and her cauldron to summon various `` all the forces of evil '' in the form of a collection of Disney villains to come to her aid . They include Maleficent , who transforms into a dragon . ( In the Tokyo DisneySea version , she also traps Mickey inside her mirror . ) At the climax of the show , Mickey is able to defeat the dragon and vanquish all the villains with a magic sword . The Witch is the last to die , transforming back into the Queen before she is destroyed . In the Disney Dream cruise ship show Villains Tonight ! , first played in 2010 , Hades calls forth Disney 's most powerful villains for help to regain his evil . The Queen , changing from the Witch form , denies his invitation since Hades also invited Maleficent , her rival for Hades ' affections and for the status of `` the most evil in the land '' . The Queen claims not to be Hades ' girlfriend , but they just had `` an interesting weekend '' on Castaway Cay . In the end , the Queen and Maleficent put their differences aside as all villains should stick together and advise Hades to find evil within himself , and not from others . Games ( edit ) The Witch is an antagonist in the unreleased Snow White game for the Atari 2600 . In 2001 's Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs for the Game Boy Color , the players need to solve a puzzle minigame for the Queen to consult her mirror , and later guide a deer to warn the Dwarfs and then lead the Dwarfs in pursuit of the Witch before he can go to her castle . The Queen is one of the four Disney Villains that appear in 1999 video game Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , voiced by Louise Chamis . Jiminy Cricket and the player venture into the worlds of the stories to restore the happy endings . In the altered ( and game 's final ) story , where there is no Prince , the Queen ( appearing in both of her forms ) has built a lair resembling her poisoned apple inside the scary wood , and has put Snow White to eternal sleep in her dungeon and intends to do the same to the Seven Dwarfs . The player needs to correctly mix ingredients for several potions including the True Love Potion to magically summon the Prince and save the day . It is followed by the fight with the Queen where she tries to get away and the player has to reflect her magic ball spells , until she retreats to her lair . There , while asking her mirror , she suddenly transforms into a hag and the mirror breaks . In 2010 's video game Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep , the Queen ( voiced by Kyoko Satomi in Japanese and Susanne Blakeslee in English ) appears in the Dwarf Woodlands world . She recruits the protagonist Terra to kill Snow White and bring back her heart in return for allowing him to use the Magic Mirror to locate Master Xehanort . Terra , like the huntsman , ultimately does not go through with this , and the Queen , learning of his betrayal , forces the Mirror to consume him , but Terra manages to fight the Mirror off and the Queen reluctantly gives him the information he looks for . She later appears briefly in Ventus 's scenario , where she crosses paths with him on her way to poison Snow White . She drops the poisoned apple , which Ventus returns to her . She notices Ventus 's Keyblade and muses that Terra threatened her with a similar weapon . She is then only briefly mentioned in Aqua 's storyline , when the Magic Mirror tells Aqua that the Queen is dead and he is no longer under her control . In 2013 's free - to - play mobile game Snow White : Queen 's Return ( also known as Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return ) , an uncanonical continuation of the film , the Queen has survived the fall at the climax of the film because there was a lake at the bottom of the abbyss . She then reverted to her youthful form and , seeking revenge , cast an evil curse on Snow White as well as the dwarfs and their entire forest . The game 's updates were supposed to allow the players to `` meet ( and defeat ) '' the Queen , adding quests involving a search for her hideout to `` help the Dwarfs rid the enchanted forest of the evil queen , '' but the story was ultimately left unresolved as the game was discontinued in May 2014 . A 2014 weekly challenge in Disney Infinity : Toy Box included `` Mirror Mirror '' obstacle course that pit Snow White against the Evil Queen in a race for the poisonous apple . Downloadable Queen - themed avatar costumes were made available for the users of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles . A webcam browser game Become Your Inner Villain hosted on Disneyland Resort 's Facebook page enables the player turn into one of four villains including the Evil Queen . Her dungeon and laboratory ( complete with the Mirror ) are featured in the online game Aaah - Choo . In the 1990 video game Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse , an old witch named Mizrabel takes the of the Evil Queen after draining the youth from Minnie Mouse . In 2012 's Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion , the previously defeated Mizrabel returns to transform into various Disney villains , including the Queen , before setting on Maleficent . In 2013 's HD remake of Castle of Illusion , Mizrabel looks like a cross between the Queen and Maleficent in her youthful form and professes her ambition to be `` the fairest of them all '' . The Evil Queen is also featured in a number of traditional games , albeit usually as a mere obstacle for the players . She is , however , playable in some of them , such as Snow White and the Severn Dwarfs Game in the Disneykins franchise and Disney Villains Collector 's Edition Monopoly . Jim Razzi 's 1985 children 's gamebook Snow White in the Enchanted Forest ( Choose Your Own Adventure : Walt Disney # 1 ) features the Prince - like character 's confrontations with evil Queen as she is searching for Snow White , who is hiding with the Dwarfs , to `` put an end to her , once and for all ! '' In it , she has much greater powers than in the film , including being able to instantly change between her hag and queen forms at will , magically disappear in a cloud of smoke , change herself into an animal and back , and turn others into animals with magic beams from her hands . Comics ( edit ) The 1937 -- 1938 film tie - in serial comic strip `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' written by Merrill De Maris , one of the writers of the film , is centred primarily around the relationship between Snow White and the Queen . It further explores the source of the Queen 's descent into a murderous envy , as she learns that the Prince came to her castle seeking the most beautiful woman in all the world and is shocked when he says he meant Snow White . Like in the abandoned film concept , the Queen ( here actually named Grimhilde ) has the Prince arrested . In her Witch form , she later tells the captive Prince that she is going to get rid of Snow White and make him hers , while the Prince is defiant and calls her a `` miserable hag '' . This scene is followed by his escape from prison , in much less dramatic circumstances than the film 's drowning concept . The film was also adapted into an other comics including in 1969 , 1983 , and 1991 . There is a number of comics set in the film 's world . One early comic Pamuk Prenses ile Sevimli Prens ( 1942 ) tells of the further adventures of Snow White and Prince Charming , the Witch returns to put a spell on the latter . In one American 1944 sequel comic , the dead Queen 's castle is taken over by her brother , the Wicked Prince . Later comics usually feature the Queen in her Witch incarnation , often with her still trying to eliminate either Snow White ( `` The Seven Dwarfs and Thumper '' , `` No Ritmo Da Bruxa '' , `` A Maçã Superenfeitiçada '' , `` Kerstverhaal '' ) or the dwarfs ( `` The Enchanted Mountain '' , `` Halloween '' ) . Such stories include Jack Bradbury 's stand - alone 1958 comics Mystery of the Missing Magic and A New Adventure of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . In the comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - Queen '' , the Witch shrinks all the dwarfs except of Dopey who manages to save his brothers . In `` A Pirate 's Tale '' ( aka `` The Pirate '' ) , the greedy old Witch transforms herself into a rat as she plans to steal a treasure and turn the dwarfs into cheese and eat them , but Dopey destroys her with a cat . Usually under the alias the Witch , she often comes back to interact ( usually to antagonize , but sometimes also to occasionally cooperating with protagonistic characters ) with other Disney characters . She has appeared in the comics of April , May and June , the Beagle Boys , Br'er Rabbit , Chip ' n Dale , Donald Duck & Mickey Mouse , Goofy , Huey , Dewey , and Louie , Jiminy Cricket , José Carioca , Mickey & Minnie Mouse , Li'l Bad Wolf , Tinker Bell , the Three Little Pigs , and the fellow witches such as Madam Mim from The Sword in the Stone , Witch Hazel from Trick or Treat , and Magica De Spell ( especially in Brazilian comics ) . She also starred in the 1970s - 1980 's comic book series The Big Bad Wolf & The Wicked Witch , including `` Mirror Mirror '' , `` Witch Switch '' , `` The Apple Caper '' , `` The High - Hopping Wolf '' , `` Double Trouble '' , and `` Getting the Boot '' . Several comics include the Witch kidnapping another Disney character , either to be her slave or to exchange them for something , until they are rescued . Example of this include her abducting , besides Snow White ( `` Diamond Dust Dilemma '' , `` The Weather Witch '' ) , such characters as Chip ' n ' Dale ( `` Witch Convention '' , ) , Tinker Bell ( `` Pixie Dust Dilemma '' `` The Big Bust - out '' ) , and Dumbo characters ( `` Dumbo '' . `` The Chips Are Flying '' , `` A Witch in Time '' ) . The Witch also captures Dumbo in `` Dumbo l'échappe belle '' , but is defeated by Mickey and Br'er Bear and imprisoned by the Dwarfs . In `` The Gingerbread House '' , the Witch captures the Wicked Witch of the West 's children Witch Child and Warlock whom Magica De Spell was tasked to look after . Another recurring motif is the Witch 's attempts to turn characters into gold , for example Pinocchio ( `` The Magic Brew '' ) or all the forest animals ( `` Get Rich Witch '' ) . She may also simply try to steal the treasures , from either the Dwarfs ( `` Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs '' , `` Verjongingsdrank '' ) or other characters ( `` Black Magic Menace '' , `` Pursuit of Plunder '' ) . In the prequel story Battle of Wits and Witches , the Queen turns into the hag to steal a diamond from the Dwarfs but is foile by Mickey and Goofy . She also repeatedly attempts to ruin Christmas , like in `` The Golden Christmas Tree '' , where she lures Huey , Dewey and Louie to her lair use their tear drops in a magic potion to destroy all the Christmas trees in the world , and in `` Delivery Problems '' where she plots to put Santa Claus ' reindeer to sleep . In the Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories parody of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , `` The Wizard of Bahs '' by Vic Lockman and Strobl , the Witch is unexpectedly turned into an old tree trunk by Daisy Duck while her castle turns to sand . In `` The Captured Castle '' , the Witch captures Cinderella 's castle , and in `` It 's Snow Joke '' she turns Dale 's snow dragon alive . In `` The Magic Spell '' Chip ' n ' Dale steal her flying powder . The Witch 's Magic Wand is obtained by Goofy in `` Magic - Mender '' and stolen by the Big Bad Wolf in `` The Magic Wand '' . In `` The Haunted House Caper '' , the Witch turns Donald Duck 's into a haunted one , a story continued in `` 13 Blackcat Road '' . In O Sindicato Das Bruxas , José Carioca fights against her syndicate of witches . In `` The Washed - up Witch '' , where she ends up deprived of her powers and accepting Scrooge McDuck 's offer to become his private secretary . In `` The Sitter Solution '' , Mickey hires the Witch as a babysitter for Morty and Ferdie . Many stories , notably usually featuring the Queen in her youthful form , have been first published in Italian Disney digest comic series , in particular in Topolino . They include `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Evil Witch '' ( I Sette Nani e la Strega Malvagia ) , `` Snow White and the Broken Mirror '' ( Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Spell of the Queen '' ( I Sette Nani e l'incantesimo della regina ) , `` Snow White and the Castle of Four Winds '' ( Biancaneve al castello dei quattro venti ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Heroic Antieve '' ( I Sette Nani e l'eroica antivigilia ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Brew of Seven Herbs '' ( I Sette Nani e l'infuso delle sette erbe aka `` The Seven Herbs Spell ! '' ) , `` Snow White and the Silver Rose '' ( Biancaneve e la rosa d'argento ) , and `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Joker Wizard '' ( I Sette Nani e il mago burlone ) , among others . For instance , `` Snow White and the Shattered Mirror '' ( Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto ) , has the old Witch , terminally ill , discover she has only one day to live , but she refuses to accept her destiny and finds a way to conquer death . In `` Goofy the Magician and the Seven Dwarfs '' ( Pippo mago ei Sette Nani ) , the Queen 's four goon henchmen attack the dwarfs and steal their treasure but then decide to keep it for themselves and Grimhilde seeks help from the wizard Abracadabro to stop their run ; eventually , it is the Prince who defeats the robbers . `` Donald Fracasse : ( Paperin Fracassa ) is a parody of the adventure film Captain Fracasse in which Snow White is blinded by the Queen and Donald Duck needs to heal her . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and Christmas in Danger '' ( I Sette Nani e il Natale in pericolo ) the Queen goes to steal a comet stardust as the last ingredient for her spell to destroy Snow White . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Covenant of the Queen '' ( I Sette Nani e il patto della regina ) , she conjures the demon Shadow Lord Oren and makes a pact with him to take the soul of Snow White . She once again attempts to eliminate Snow White with the help of seven evil dwarfs , but in doing so she burns ends up burning all of her vital energy and Oren takes her with him . `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Christmas Fairy '' ( I Sette Nani e la fatina di Natale ) presents a scenario in which the Queen successfully casts a forever - sleep enchantement on Snow White , but while trying to zap Dopey she accidentally falls victim of her own witchcraft and the Christmas fairy , freed from her prison , saves Snow White . In Italian comics , the Queen is usually wearing a red robe . She is also often shown using a crystal ball to spy on the good characters . Many of the Topolino Snow White comics were the works of Romano Scarpa . His 1986 comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and King Arbor 's Crystal '' ( I Sette Nani e il cristallo di Re Arbor ) provides explanation how the Queen would have survived her apparent death in the film ( as some branches and bushes eased the fall and she was rescued by her loyal guards ) and why she could not change back to her normal self ( as her castle was burned down by the Huntsman and her book of magic is gone ) . In this story , Grimhilde ( Grimilde ) enlists the aid of her great admirer and past suitor , the evil King Arbor of Vegetalia , in a plot to use a magic crystal device to swap her old body with Snow White 's . The intrigue is foiled by the dwarves who destroy the crystal , and the resigned Arbor allows the Witch to live with her , saying he will try to remember she was `` the most beautiful among queens '' . The uneasy relationship between Grimhilde and Abor continued in the comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Fountainhead '' ( I Sette nani e la fonte meravigliosa ) , in which she desperately attempts to regain her youth , but instead only turns into a childlike version of her Witch form for a short time . Other comics by Romano Scarpa have the Queen in her youthful form . In the three - part `` Snow White and the Green Flame '' ( Biancaneve e verde fiamma ) , the Queen flies on a broom to the great gathering of witches , who declare that her inability to deal with just a little girl and few dwarfs has disgraced them all and she should be punished for this according to the laws of Hell . The Queen begs the High Witch for mercy and is given a magic wand with the power of transformation , but if she would not succeed this time she will be turned into a magic broom for a more `` honorable '' witch to fly . The Queen uses the wand to gain trust of Snow White and turn her a figurine , than takes the princess ' form to ambush the dwarfs and do the same with them , and waits for the Prince 's arrival to kill him . Only Dopey escapes and eventually manages to outwit the Queen , using her want to restore his friends and transform her into a figurine , which later turns into a broom when her sentence is carried over . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Throne of Diamonds '' ( I Sette Nani e il trono di diamanti ) , Jiminy Cricket is deeply enamored by the Queen 's beauty and attempts to convince her to become good , but the Queen refuses to be redeemed and orders her soldiers to steal the throne the Dwarfs make for Snow White in a plot to turn her rival into an old woman . Eventually , the Queen is defeated by another witch Tardona and Snow White is saved . `` Snow White and the Chained Fairy '' ( I Sette Nani e la fata incatenata ) , sees the dwarfs struggle to free the fairy Fawn who was captured by the Queen in an underground cavern for saving Snow White when Grimhilde flew to strike down the princess with a thunderbolt . She takes on many forms trying to thwart them in various ways , and one - by - one the dwarfs sacrifice their lives , until only Dopey remains but he manages to get hold of magical water that brings back all of them to life . The freed fairy 's magic makes the cavern collapse down on the helpless Queen to make sure she will never hurt anyone again . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Birtch Ring '' ( I Sette Nani e l'anello di betulla by Romano Scarpa ) , the Queen learns about the eight Dwarf named Ginger ( Zenzero ) , who has left the his companions to go in search of fortune traveling the world , and transforms into a pixie named Fagottina to send him home and sow discord among his brothers . The Queen also transforms into a pixie , named Fogliolina , in `` Snow White and Easter in the Woods '' ( Biancaneve e la Pasqua nel bosco ) , where , after her attempt to kill Snow White with magic is foiled by woodland creatures , she is so enraged that she calls upon the infernal powers to `` take her '' and her castle burns into flames and crumbles around her . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Wolf 's Cliff '' ( I Sette Nani e la balza del lupo ) , she sends three of her bandit minions ( Bragia , Sghembo and Schidione ) to kidnap Snow White . `` Snow White and the Bewitched Dress '' ( Biancaneve e l'abito stregato ) has the Queen magically disguise herself as an old gypsy to give Snow White a cursed dress and capture her , then start her work on the spell to rid of the dwarfs and all the forest creatures . But Dopey infiltrates her castle , frees Snow White , and locks up the Queen in her laboratory set ablaze , after which the whole castle is consumed by fire and explodes after the dwarf and the princess escape . The Queen also appears as one of the villains in the 2005 Disney manga series Kilala Princess by Rika Tanaka and Nao Kodaka , where the protagonists Rei and Kilala Reno find themselves in the world of Snow White , and meet and befriend the princess . They go the Queen 's castle to ask the Magic Mirror how to find Kilala 's friend Erika , but discover the Queen is still alive ( and even commanding the two vultures , as well as wolves ) as she appears and demands Kilala 's magical tiara . The children try to flee but are attacked by wolves and locked up in the dungeon , where the Queen transforms into the Witch and prepares to turn Kilala into an ugly creature . Snow White appears and agrees to sacrifice herself to save them , but Kilala stops her at last moment before she can eat a poison apple ; Rei then attacks the Queen , who falls into her cauldron , turns into a vulture , and flies away in a defeat . Merchandise ( edit ) The character was also featured in a wide variety of Disney merchandise , such as in the Designer Villains `` stylized and fashion - forward '' series of limited edition dolls and make - up products , or the Wickedly Beautiful entry in the Beautifully Disney collection of cosmetic products . Various other such merchandise include many dolls , figurines / statuettes , costumes , clothing items , watches / clocks / mirrors , key chains / blanks , mugs , other tableware , bags / purses / suitcases , containers , prints / posters / cards / stickers , pins / buttons / magnets , holiday ornaments , plush toys , puzzles , other beauty products , and so forth . In one issue of Disney Adventures in 1997 , the Evil Queen appeared on the cover attempting to woo Will Smith . One hand - made figure costing $2,000 was the most expensive out of 200,000 items being sold at the Disney World shopping village in 1985 . During an auction in 1988 , an animation cel from the iconic scene of the Queen holding her heart box sold for a record - setting price of $30,000 . In 1997 , another cel from the same scene sold for $21,275 and a cel of the Witch offering an apple to Snow White realized $13,800 . Another cel showing the Queen reading her spellbook sold for $8,050 in an earlier in auction in 1995 . In 2015 , a Hag cell was sold on an aution for $48,000 . In Once Upon a Time ( edit ) Main article : Regina Mills An almost entirely alternate take on the character of the Evil Queen is Regina Mills , the main antagonist in the first season of the 2011 ABC live - action TV series Once Upon a Time where she is played by Lana Parrilla . Regina is the mayor of the idyllic town of Storybrooke , Maine , but is secretly the Evil Queen of legend , having cursed many beloved fairytale characters to live in a land without magic , where they will never get their happy endings . The show is not directly based on the Disney animated films , but is inspired by them and makes many references to them . One of its episodes is titled `` The Evil Queen '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception and popularity ( edit ) The Disney version of the character was very well received by film critics , even as some were disturbed ( columnist Dorothy Kilgallen for instance urged Disney to not make future villains as scary as the Witch ) . Stephen Hunter included her being `` cool '' among the `` wonderful truths about Snow White . '' Janet Maslin wrote the film 's Snow White `` exists only to be victimized by her wicked stepmother - a far more interesting character . The image of the wicked Queen ( initially conceived as a raven - haired glamour girl , and the epitome of late - 1930s sophistication ) who drinks an aging potion and then shrivels , sprouting warts and claws , turning before our eyes from a sexy , voluptous creature into a freightening old crone , must leave as powerful an impression on the audience as Snow White 's chirpy feminity . '' Similarly , Roger Ebert wrote Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was `` not so much about Snow White as it was about the Seven Dwarfs and the Evil Queen , '' opining this was the reason it has remained `` the ultimate animated masterpiece '' by 2001 instead of having been forgotten soon after its premiere in 1937 . Morgan McMichaels dressed as the Queen in 2015 Feminism academic Camille Paglia said that she used to be transfixed by this `` temperamental diva bitch '' , due to the contrast with the ideal of womanhood that she had been presented to as a child : `` Mary , this silent mother ; and here was the witch queen who has this weird dialogue in the mirror and it did n't have to be charitable and it did n't have to be nice . I thought she was fabulous . '' Likewise , Lana Parrilla , who later herself played the Evil Queen in Once Upon A Time , said that whenever she watched Disney 's Snow White as a young girl she rooted for and `` loved the evil queen ― every time the evil queen came on , I was like ' OK ! ' She was just so fascinating to me . '' Author Deborah Lipp wrote : `` As I 've said before and will doubtless say again , given a choice of being Snow White ( helpless , sweet , voiceless ) and the Wicked Queen , with the cool castle and the magic and the minions , give me my Magic Mirror now ! '' Film director John Waters said he too rooted for the evil queen to win , and Chay Yew said that if he were a Disney character , he would be the evil queen from Snow White . Once Upon the Time co-creator Adam Horowitz said that his earliest Disney memory was seeing a re-release of Disney 's Snow White when he was `` terrified by the Evil Queen while also being unable to look away and that stuck with me through the years . '' Similarly , fashion designer and Angelina Jolie 's Maleficent collaborator Stella McCartney said : `` My favorite Disney film was Snow White . I remember growing up watching ( it ) and being completely freaked out by that scene where the evil queen becomes the old witch and she makes the poison apple . '' Film maker and actor Terry Gilliam listed the film 's Queen among his eight favourite villains , commenting how `` truly strange '' is that `` vanity and beauty are what she 's all about , yet the identity she assumes when she becomes the old beggar woman is practically the ugliest in all the kingdom . '' Fairy tale lecturer Jack Zipes alike noted that `` it is somewhat strange that the queen believes the mirror , for the picture of Snow White reveals that she is a pretty pubescent red - cheeked ordinary girl while the queen is a stunning beautiful mature woman who might easily win a beauty contest . '' Jim Lentz , Director of Animation Art at Heritage Auctions , said in 2015 : `` The Evil Queen is , to this day , one of the great villains of cinema , and she was at her terrifying best when she became the Old Hag and set off to destroy Snow White . '' According to film maker and actor Brad Bird , back in 1937 `` they had to re-upholster the seats in a very large movie palace in New York because little kids were peeing on the seats when the witch came on in Snow White . '' The Queen ranked as tenth in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time , being the highest - ranked animated villain . When Walt Disney Parks and Resorts held their 2011 Disney Villains popularity poll for Wicked Gooey Apple Awards ( named after the Queen 's poison apple ) , the Evil Queen came first and won in three out of five categories : `` Sinister Stylings '' ( for the most fashionable villain ) , `` Curses ! Foiled Again ! '' ( for the villain who received the best comeuppance ) , and the ultimate `` Unfairest of Them All '' ( for the most evil villain ) . Jeff Kurtti 's 2005 book Disney Villains : The Top Secret Files ranks her as `` the greatest villain of them all '' . In 2013 , the Queen was among the 20 terrifying kids ' movie characters by Digital Spy , commenting that `` Julia Roberts and Charlize Theron may have taken a stab at this role in two competing 2012 blockbusters , but they did n't get anywhere near the kind of creepiness of Disney 's evil Queen , '' as well as among ten scariest Disney villains of all time by entertainment.ie . In 2014 , E ! ranked `` the original head bitch in charge '' as the seventh top Disney Villain , while WatchMojo.com ranked her as the ninth top Disney animated villain and the fifth greatest female movie villain of all time . Nerdist put the Disney Villainesses `` starting in 1937 with the Evil Queen '' at top spot in a 2015 ranking of `` most bad ass '' female villains in pop culture , while Gay Times ranked her third among the `` top five wicked women of Disney '' and MTV listed her as one of the nine Disney Villains who were `` way better than the good guys . '' That same year , Moviepilot included her among the seven most terryfying and evil Disney Villains as `` she may be the prettiest woman in the list , but sadly , that beautiful facade covers an ugly and wicked soul , '' while Gulf News , ranking her as the second greatest Disney Villain , commented she `` still stands today - 78 years after the release of the first movie , '' as the most evil personality that Disney has ever created . Moviepilot also proposed `` Disney could give Snow White the Maleficent treatment and make a version telling the story through the Evil Queen 's perspective , '' suggesting she should be played by Megan Fox . In 2016 , The Frisky described her and Maleficent as `` two of the best - realized female villains in movie history . '' Cultural impact ( edit ) French model and TV host Solweig Rediger - Lizlow dressed as the Queen at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival According to Maria Tatar , an academic specializing in children 's literature , the film turned `` the evil queen into a figure of gripping narrative energy and makes Snow White ( the character ) so dull that she requires a supporting cast of seven to enliven her scenes . Ultimately it is the stepmother 's disruptive , disturbing , and divisive presence that invests the film with a degree of fascination that has facilitated its widespread circulation and that has allowed it to take such powerful hold in our own culture . '' Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peter credited the Queen 's character 's influence in changing the popular visual image of witches in film and other fiction as specifically female , more often young and attractive than old and ugly , and dressed in a characteristically defining costume . A part of Maila Nurmi 's inspiration for her character of Vampira came from Nurmi being fascinated by the Queen after watching Disney 's Snow White at the age of 14 . When she was cast for the 1939 's The Wizard of Oz as the Wicked Witch of the West , Gale Sondergaard ( who herself has earlier served as one of inspirations for Disney ) insisted on playing a glamorous vision of the character , similar to the Disney 's interpretation of the Queen from Snow White ; when Sondergaard 's idea was rejected by producers Mervyn LeRoy and Arthur Freed in favor of making the Wicked Witch ugly , she withdrew from the project and Margaret Hamilton was cast instead . Still , the similarities between the two films , including the porteayals on their respective witch characters , were such that The Wizard of Oz was at one point advertised as `` Snow White with live actors . '' The Queen inspired main antagonist characters in the otherwise unrelated titles , such as the stepmother queen in the Russian animated film The Wild Swans ( 1962 ) , the Witch Queen in the Spanish film Tom Thumb and Little Red Riding Hood ( 1962 ) , the goddess Venus in the anime version of Unico , Queen Admira in the American film The Hugga Bunch ( 1985 ) , and the queen of the witches in the video game Curse of Enchantia ( 1992 ) . Lady Macbeth in Orson Welles ' 1948 Macbeth resembles the Queen in her costume , make - up , and even the manner of her death ; Lady Macbeth was also visually based on the Queen in a 1982 comic book adaptation . The evil Queen Bavmorda from 1988 's film Willow bears a resemblance too , so much that Cinefantastique editor Frederick S. Clarke described her as `` simply Snow White 's Wicked Queen , right down to her hooded costume . '' Robin Wood has drawn a connection between the looks of the Witch and of the Emperor in the Star Wars franchise ( which eventually also became a Disney property ) . According to the designer Steve Brown , the Queen 's old Witch form served as an inspiration for the main character Witch Queen in his 1985 video game Cauldron . Brigitte Nielsen said she has also based her role as the Black Witch ( who also kidnaps a prince character out of jealously for a princess ) in the 1992 Italian film Fantaghirò 2 on Disney 's `` Grimilde '' ( an Italian name for the Queen in the comics ) . The Wicked Queen with several other Disney villains , including Maleficent and the Queen of Hearts An official Disney.com blog Oh My Disney stated the Evil Queen has been `` the original Disney villain , and we 're really not exaggerating . '' According to The Daily Telegraph , La Verne 's role as the Queen `` was credited as the model for such future villains as Ursula in The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) and Scar in The Lion King ( 1994 ) . '' Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty inherited a number of characteristics from the Queen , including the cowl , high collar , billowing cloak , arched eyebrows , cruel lips , and raven familiar . An abandoned concept from Snow White was that the Queen kidnap the Prince and lock him in her dungeon ; similarly , in Sleeping Beauty , Maleficent kidnaps Prince Philip . Lady Bane , a vain evil sorceress from Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears , too bears a similarity to the Evil Queen in her costume and character . Four wicked witches of the East , West , North and South , resembling the Witch from Disney 's Snow White , are also the villains Mickey has to kill to save Disneyland in 1988 's Mickey Mouse : The Computer Game . The first names for the magic - wielding antagonist couple The Glooms in Disney XD 's own series The 7D ( 2014 ) ― set in a timeframe before the Seven Dwarfs first met Snow White ― might have been inspired by the Evil Queen character 's alternate name `` Grimhilde '' , with the bumbling warlock husband named `` Grim '' and the determined witch wife named `` Hildy '' . The Queen 's character design from the film was also used in some other Snow White adaptations , such as for the Queen in the Turkish film Pamuk Prenses ve Yedi Cüceler ( 1970 ) . Queen Naga in Italian erotic comic books Biancaneve was at first loosely based on the Disney version , as was its Snow White 's character . Susan Sarandon 's character of Queen Narissa in Disney 's own Enchanted ( 2007 ) , had her characteristics , powers , and physical features were inspired by the Queen from the film and by Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty . Early on into the project , Enchanted was actually supposed to be a direct - to - video animated sequel to Disney 's Snow White ( with a working title of `` Snow White 2 '' ) in which Narissa ( back then often misspelled as `` Noriss '' ) was the evil Queen 's sister who would kidnap six of the dwarfs to lure Snow White , the Prince , and their 13 - year - old daughter Rose aided by Dopey , into a trap . When Filmation announced their own animated sequel to the fairy tale , the studio was sued by Disney until Filmation promised their characters would not resemble the ones from the Disney film ; the settlement stated there could not be a `` wicked witch '' character in the film which instead was made to feature the Queen 's brother in a vendetta to avenge her death ( the title was also changed , from Snow White in the Land of Doom to Happily Ever After ) . The Queen 's castle was used prominently in the advertising of the film ( acting as the backdrop of the film 's poster ) . Later Disney fairy tales , including Cinderella , Sleeping Beauty , The Little Mermaid , Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin , feature similarly fantastical castles and palaces , and often these buildings act as centrepieces or backdrops for the movies ' posters . A fairy tale castle stands at the centre of each Disney theme park , and the image of the castle is used in the logo for Buena Vista International . Homage cameos and parodies ( edit ) The `` Disney Villainess Squad '' cosplayers at WonderCon 2010 The character has also made several parodic cameo and homage appearances in non-Disney media . In the 1945 radio program This Is My Best , the Queen uttered a curse so dreadful that the Magic Mirror shattered into a thousand pieces and where the Queen once stood was nothing but a heap of ashes from which black spiders crawled and scuffled off into the night . In Woody Allen 's live - action film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) , Alvy mentions that when he saw Disney 's Snow White , he was attracted to the Queen while all the other children had a crush on Snow White . This is followed by an animated sequence of the Wicked Queen , resembling Annie and voiced by Diane Keaton , talking to the cartoon version of the daydreaming Alvy , but turns out that even the Queen scolds him ; Alvy attributes it to her having her period mood , to which the Queen reminds him she is just a cartoon character . The Queen was referenced when she appeared as a villain in an issue of Italian horror comic book series Dylan Dog in 1988 . In The Simpsons episode `` Four Great Women and a Manicure '' ( 2009 ) , the Queen escapes the dwarves after poisoning Snow White , only to be lynched by a mob of angry woodland creatures . In the U.S. Acres two - part cartoon `` Snow Wade and the 77 Dwarves '' , Lanolin appears as the Wicked Queen with a costume is based off the Disney version . In the Family Guy 2009 episode `` Road to the Multiverse '' , Herbert appears as the disguised Queen . The Muppet Show character Miss Piggy is the Queen in the 2010 parody comic book miniseries Muppet Snow White . Cassie Scerbo played the Evil Queen in the 2013 YouTube parody music video Cell Block Tango . The Queen also appears in Counting Scars , Oh My Disney 's Halloween 2014 parody music video of OneRepublic 's `` Counting Stars '' . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to the Evil Queen . The Queen from `` Snow White '' in the original fairy tale , and in other derivative works Disney portal Cartoon portal Fictional characters portal Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reflection of Evil Ink & Paint Cel Release at Disney 's Hollywood Studios `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jim Razzi , Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , page 41 . Jump up ^ Grant , John ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of Walt Disney 's animated characters . Hyperion Books . p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villain Resumes Oh My Disney '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snow White Archive ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Vintage Snow White `` Collector Print Primer Cards '' `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 UK Snow White Pressbook '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : The Good Housekeeping Serial '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 15 Film Misquotes '' . Listverse . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do you feel lucky , punk ? ' : Famous movie quotes you always get wrong revealed Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Holliss , Brian Sibley , Walt Disney 's Masterpiece Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , pages 14 , 81 . Jump up ^ Glenn Dakin , Disney Villains : The Essential Guide , page 6 . Jump up ^ Heidi Breuer , Crafting the Witch : Gendering Magic in Medieval and Early Modern England , page 134 . Jump up ^ Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Observer - Reporter , July 29 , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Muljadi , Disney Theatrical Animated Features , page 14 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Disney News Magazine ( 50th Anniversary - 1987 ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : John Hanson Saunders , The Evolution of Snow White : A Close Textual Analysis of Three Versions of the Snow White Fairy Tale , page 117 . Jump up ^ `` Villain Stories Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Barrier , Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age , page 128 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonderful World of WALT : Walt Disney and the Villain Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villains : Queen '' . Disney.go.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` D23 ′ s Dateline Disney : 1935 ( Evil Queen ) `` Disney D23 '' . D23.disney.go.com . December 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Well Do You Know ... Snow White ? Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Golden Anniversary : Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Gladstone 1987 . Jump up ^ Ryan Gilbey , Jonathan Ross , The Ultimate Film : The UK 's 100 Most Popular Films , page 19 . ^ Jump up to : Axel Nissen , Actresses of a Certain Character : Forty Familiar Hollywood Faces from the Thirties to the Fifties , page 197 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Peter . `` Naumburg : Cathedral immortalizes'most beautiful woman of the Middle Ages ' -- Travel '' . Stripes . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Naumburg Founder Statues on Stamps '' . Stamporama . September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas Brode , Multiculturalism and the Mouse , page 172 . Jump up ^ Biggest opening day in film history is coming up , Beaver County Times , April 15 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 `` Popular Science '' Snow White Article `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Gladstone Comic Book ( 50th Anniversary - 1987 ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruno Girveau ( editor ) , Once Upon a Time ― Walt Disney : The Sources of inspiration for the Disney Studios ( Prestel , London , 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 3 - 7913 - 3770 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Mayerson . `` Mayerson on Animation '' . Mayersononanimation.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jack Zipes , The Enchanted Screen : The Unknown History of Fairy - Tale Films , pages 115 , 122 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Photoplay Snow White Article '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1958 Buena Vista Snow White Pressbook '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Stokstad , Medieval Castles , page 92 . Jump up ^ Patricia Schultz , 1,000 Places to See Before You Die , page 270 . Jump up ^ Anna Ruiz , Vibrant Andalusia : The Spice of Life in Southern Spain , page 148 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guest Contributor ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` The Evolution of Snow White Racialicious -- the intersection of race and pop culture '' . Racialicious . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1987 Animator Magazine No. 20 '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ From Screen to Theme : A Guide to Disney Animated Film References Found ... -- Brent Dodge -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com . February 2010 . ISBN 9781608444083 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Mind - Blowing Facts About Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Oh My Disney '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : John Canemaker , Before the Animation Begins : The Life and Times of Disney inspirational Sketch Artists ( Hyperion , New York , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6152 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney cast an evil end for the voice of Snow White '' . Dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Not Just Your Average Joe : Disney Legend Joe Grant '' . Awn.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 1944 RKO Radio Pictures Snow White pressbook , page 5 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White '' Ready Xmas , The Pittsburgh Press , October 13 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Feminists decry fairy tale films , The Tuscaloosa News , August 6 , 1980 . Jump up ^ ' Snow White ' as young as ever , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , July 17 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Starlog 's CineMagic Magazine ( 50th Annivesary - 1987 ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fairest ... And The Scariest Of Them All : A Doomed Love Triangle '' . Kennetti.fi . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : David Koenig , Mouse Under Glass : Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks , page 28 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs -- Disney 's fabulous folly -- Page 5 Animator Mag -- Library '' . Animatormag.com . August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : Dark Secrets of the Dungeon '' . Kennetti.fi . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Holliss , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and the Making of the Classic Film , page 14 . Jump up ^ Ollie Johnston , Frank Thomas , The Disney Villain , age 54 . Jump up ^ Rudy Behlmer , America 's Favorite Movies : Behind the Scenes , page 44 . Jump up ^ 1937 Fan . `` Whistle While We Blog '' . 1937fan.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White book page '' ( JPG ) . 4.bp.blogspot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : The Rescue of the Prince '' . Kennetti.fi . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Complete Story of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( Harry N. Abrams , New York , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1515 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kay Stone , Some Day Your Witch Will Come , page 71 . Jump up ^ Laurence A. Rickels , The Devil Notebooks , page 274 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villains ' Lairs Are Creepy and Impressive Oh My Disney '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maureen Furniss , Art in Motion : Animation Aesthetics , page 119 . Jump up ^ Eurodisney Pocket Guide , page 64 . Jump up ^ Tison Pugh , The Disney Middle Ages : A Fairy - Tale and Fantasy Past , page 64 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : Disney 's new Seven Dwarfs Mine Train '' . Azcentral.com. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World Halloween Party changes '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big thrills , little chills at Disney Halloween bash USA Travel '' . Toronto Sun . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney celebrates 100 years of magic '' . Deseret News . October 28 , 2001 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Side `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Creating Your Dream with Disney Event Group `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mauney , Matt ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Villain - themed event coming to Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney guests enjoy Chiquita Apple Bites '' . Freshplaza.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take a Sneak Peek at the ' Villains Unleashed ' Guest List at Disney 's Hollywood Studios `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Andrea ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` I Dream of Disney '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent Terrace , Television Specials : 5,336 Entertainment Programs , 1936 -- 2012 , 2d ed. , page 132 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Disa and The Seven Dwarfs : How the Snow White prequel became a Dopey movie Animated Views '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs prequel once planned by Disney Metro News '' . Metro.co.uk. April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kathy Najimy to Play Evil Queen in Disney Channel 's ' Descendants ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Disneys Lost The Plot With Descendants Angsty Teen Children Of Classic Villains '' . Hitfix.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Descendants ' Casts Newcomer Sofia Carson as Evil Queen 's Daughter ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap. April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Creating Original Live - Action Movie About Offspring of Disneys Villains '' . GeekNation . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E Releases '' . Disneychannelmedianet.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Descendants Teaser Trailer '' . Disney.com.au . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney To Develop Live - Action Film About Snow White 's Sister Rose Red '' . Geeksofdoom.com. April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fairest of All Disney Publishing Worldwide '' . Books.disney.com . August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Disney Princess : My Side of the Story -- Snow White / The Queen -- Book # 2 : Daphne Skinner , Atelier Philippe Harchy , John Kurtz : 0725961034641 : Amazon.com : Books . Amazon.com . ASIN 0786834641 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Descendants News : Melissa De La Cruz Writing PREQUEL , Get A SNEAK PEEK Of Kristen Chenoweth as Maleficent ( SEE PIC ) : The Eye : Fashion & Style '' . Fashionnstyle.com . July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Radio City back on track with live fairy tales , The Spokesman - Review , October 25 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Snow White on Ice '' . The Montreal Gazette . September 6 , 1986 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glenmont Native A Prince in Fine ' Snow White on Ice ' '' . Schenectady Gazette . September 10 , 1986 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White , 7 Dwarfs Deliver a Magical Show '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . January 22 , 1987 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Evil Queen wicked on Ice '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . February 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent Terrace , Television Specials : 5,336 Entertainment Programs , 1936 -- 2012 , 2d ed. , page 337 . Jump up ^ `` Parent Reviews - fayettevillekidsguide.com - Your resource for Parenting , Kids , Birthday party ideas , Family vacations , Events , Family Event , Activities for kids , Summer camps , Kids restaurants , Child care , Day care in Fayetteville , Arkansas '' . Fayettevillekidsguide.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Live ! Three Classic Fairy Tales - Muscogee Moms '' . Muscogee Moms . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Disney Villains You Can See at Walt Disney World Resort `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Children Under Construction : Critical Essays on Play as Curriculum -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 2010 . ISBN 9781433106231 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Atari 2600 - Snow White ( Atari ) '' . AtariAge . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Disney iOS Games '' . Arcadesushi.com . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White : The Queen 's Return -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming update : What to expect ? Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile game '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring Witch Rock Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . `` Finding and Restoring Queen 's Alchemy Lab Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tijdlijnfoto 's -- Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return '' . Facebook . April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity '' . Infinity.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Interactive Support -- Disney Universe -- Downloadable Costumes : Villains Pack ( PlayStation ® 3 , Xbox 360 ® ) '' . Help.disney.com . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Snow White Evil Queen : Home & Kitchen '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Become your Inner Villain ! `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs -- Aaah Choo ! Disney Games '' . Games.disney.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion - Test Nintendo 3DS - Nintendo Master '' . Nintendo-master.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Tek Toothbrush ' Snow White ' Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 Parker Brothers Snow White Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 Milton Bradley Snow White Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs Game Board Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Board Game '' . BoardGameGeek.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Délivrez Minnie ! '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 21 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Castle Labyrinth '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Name the Characters Word Puzzle '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` En nu naar het kasteel ! '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Disneykin Snow White Game from Royal Gelatin '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villains Collector 's Edition Monopoly ® Game Board Games '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG001 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG018 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG019 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG020 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : The 1937 Merrill De Maris Comic Book '' . Kennetti.fi . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Branca de Neve '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1969 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blanche Neige et les sept nains '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pamuk Prenses ile Sevimli Prens '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 30 , 1942 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EsquiloScans '' . EsquiloScans . December 20 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The wicked prince '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1944 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Snow White 's Christmas Surprise '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Christmas Spell '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Snow White 's Sinister Christmas Gift '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1944 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No Ritmo Da Bruxa '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1974 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Maçã Superenfeitiçada '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1977 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kerstverhaal '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Enchanted Mountain '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery of the Missing Magic '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A New Adventure of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - queen '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - Queen '' 1958 Sunday Comic `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Pirate '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Seven Dwarfs 1949 Four Color Comic ( A Pirate 's Tale ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasyland '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Castle for Christmas '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Enchanted Forest '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Matter of Luck '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Snake Skin Belt '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1971 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Mal Me Quer , Bem Me Quer '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Assalto Cheio De História '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 23 , 1986 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Le cauchemard de Halloween '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` 75 jaar '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bad Deed Club 's Annual Picnic '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bewitched Dolls '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Wee Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Undercover Candy Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Crime Convention '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 9 , 1968 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Seven Dwarfs ' Diamond Mine Job '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1973 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bad Guys At The Ball '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 27 , 2004 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Kite Tail '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Hoodwinked Helper '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Ranchin ' Rabbit '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1969 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House Guests '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Too Few Clues '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Too Many Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Dull Kinda Danger '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Shock Treatment '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1953 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Magic Beanstalk '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The House Guest '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Outwitting the Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1979 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Bewitched Tree '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Fly Guys '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Vacationland '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Lost Jingle - Jangle '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1981 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Witch Tricks '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` L'incredibile avventura di Topolino '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 25 , 1985 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e l'incredibile naniversario '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 7 , 1988 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Hotel Transylvania '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 15 , 2004 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Party Monsters '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 4 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` La voce del popolo '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e la saga burocratica '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` February Foolery '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1957 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Pickpocket '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Case of the Weird Web '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Black Pearl Ring '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1971 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Spaghetti and Goofballs '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He Went Thataway '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Qui , Quo , Qua e il `` meeting '' dei miti `` . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` La buona stella di Paperino '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 16 , 1989 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Paperino in : `` La storia ( in ) finita '' `` . Coa.inducks.org . December 29 , 1991 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glitter Bug '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e la dimensione F '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 17 , 1991 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Inimiga Do Natal '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 12 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Youth Machine '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e l'enigma di Cartunia '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 19 , 1995 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Haunting '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1956 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . ( ( cite web url = https://coa.inducks.org/story.php?c=W+WDC+269-04 title = A Wolf at the Door publisher = Coa.inducks.org date = February 1 , 1963 accessdate = August 27 , 2016 ) ) Jump up ^ `` The Grounded Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Guardian Pixie '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1976 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonderful Magic Lamp '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Broom Boom '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Clan Bake '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Bait '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` As Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1972 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Presidente Das Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 13 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Feitiço Virou Contra A Feiticeira '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 16 , 1973 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bruxo Não Entra '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1976 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` As Feiticeiras '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1977 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Má Magali '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Organized Grime '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1964 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Toimituksen noitanurkka '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 2 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Um Amor De Presente '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Feitiço Das Manchas Na Cara '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Paramales A Você '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1983 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Bandido Do Ano '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1983 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Tremendo Som '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1985 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror Mirror '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Switch '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1979 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The High - Hopping Wolf '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Double Trouble '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting the Boot '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dust Dilemma '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Weather Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Convention '' . Coa.inducks.org. 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Jump up ^ James E. Daniels ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` J.E. Daniels ' Animated Topics & Headlines : Disney Comics Crossover '' . Jedaniels-adventures.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sitter Solution '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The evil queen '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 25 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'incantesimo della regina '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve al castello dei quattro venti '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'eroica antivigilia '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 7 nani e l'infuso delle 7 erbe '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biancaneve e la rosa d'argento '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il mago burlone '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 15 , 1967 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pippo mago ei Sette Nani '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il Natale in pericolo '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 17 , 1989 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il patto della regina '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il patto della Regina '' . Digilander.iol.it . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la Fatina di Natale '' . Digilander.iol.it . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la fatina di Natale '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Snow White and the Green Flame Ruby '' by Romano Scarpa ( 1953 ) `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 Nani e il cristallo di Re Arbor '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il cristallo di re Arbor '' . Artnet.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luca Boschi . `` Sul set di Romano Scarpa '' . Lo Spazio Bianco . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 Nani e la fonte meravigliosa '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Overview of Romano Scarpa 's Snow White Comics '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e verde fiamma '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 14 , 1994 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e verde fiamma , l'esordio di Romano Scarpa su Topolino '' . Fumettologica . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il trono di diamanti '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la fata incatenata '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'anello di betulla '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 nani e l'anello di betulla Archives - Romano Scarpa '' . Romano Scarpa . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e la Pasqua nel bosco '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 22 , 1962 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la balza del lupo '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e l'abito stregato '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 29 , 1964 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellman , Victoria ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Little Mermaid 's Ursula gets new tiny waistline Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beautifully Disney Collections By Disney '' . Disneyparksmerchandise.com . 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Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . line feed character in title = at position 34 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Horrors ! Disney 's wicked queen reigns supreme on a collector 's a Bradford Exchange Recommendation '' . Lawrence Journal - World . July 11 , 1993 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Limited Edition Disney Villains Porcelain Evil Queen Art Plate Le 1000 : Commemorative Plates : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Hallmark Disney Especially Evil DYG9716 Evil Queen -- Queen of Goblet : Mugs : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Store Exclusive Designer Villains Mug Set of 6 ; Queen of Hearts , Maleficent , Ursula , Mother Gothel , Evil Queen , Cruella De Vil Graphic Design : Ariel Mug : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and Evil Queen Carriage Ring Tote by Harveys Bags & Totes '' . Disney Store . 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Jump up ^ Disney 's ' Snow White ' is the ultimate animated masterpiece , The Victoria Advocate , October 14 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Mark Nation and Samuel Wells , Faithfulness and Fortitude : Conversations with the Theological Ethics of Stanley Hauerwas , page 280 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Lee ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Once Upon A Time ' Star Lana Parrilla Reveals Her Favorite Fairy Tale Characters '' . Latina . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deborah Lipp , The Study of Witchcraft : A Guidebook to Advanced Wicca , page 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin . `` John Waters talks ( and talks ) about his subversive career '' . PopMatters . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mapa on the spot '' , The Advocate , February 18 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` A Chat with the Creators of Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stella McCartney on Disney Villains and Angelina Jolie -- The Cut '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ An interview in the February 1982 issue of Heavy Metal . Jump up ^ Jerry Beck ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Snow White , Bugs Bunny and The Beatles ' `` Yellow Submarine - Animation Scoop '' . Animation Scoop . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Disgusting Reason A Movie Theater Had To Renovate After Showing Snow White '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute ( June 4 , 2003 ) . `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . Afi.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Queen Reigns Supreme with Three Wicked Gooey Apple Awards `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Grimhilde 20 terrifying kids ' movie characters '' . Digital Spy . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MovieNews We look at the Ten Scariest Disney villains of all time '' . Eentertainment.ie . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Will These 5 Disney Classics Get the Live - Action Treatment ? Find out HERE '' . MoviePilot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Time to Cast Those Meddling Disney Villains for Future Live - Actions ! '' . MoviePilot.com . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Frisky ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Linguists Have Nailed The Exact Problem With Disney 's Princess Movies '' . The Frisky . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Hard Facts of the Grimms ' Fairy Tales , page 234 . Jump up ^ Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peter , Witchcraft in Europe : 1100 -- 1700 : A Documentary History , University of Pennsylvania Press 2001 , page 30 . Jump up ^ David J. Skal , The Monster Show : A Cultural History of Horror , page 240 . Jump up ^ William Stillman and Jay Scarfone , The Wizardry of Oz : The Artistry and Magic of The 1939 MGM Classic ( Applause Theatre Book Publishers , United States , 2004 ) . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 624 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jack Zipes ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Enchanted Screen : The Unknown History of Fairy - Tale Films '' . Books.google.com . p. 96 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Traumas Infantiles . `` Caperucita y Pulgarcito contra los monstruos ( 1962 ) '' . Cinecutre.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Magic and the Supernatural in the Modern Visual and Performing Arts '' . Books.google.com. April 23 , 2015 . p. 181 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hugga Bunch Movie '' . Crowncombo.com . March 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Raya & Redondo . `` DeLaC Aventuras - Curse of Enchantia '' . Delac.es . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deborah Cartmell , Imelda Whelehan , Adaptations : From Text to Screen , Screen to Text , page 32 . Jump up ^ ' Macbeth ' now a comic , The Bulletin , September 16 , 1982 . Jump up ^ ' Willow ' packed with special effects , The Nevada Daily Mail , July 15 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Cinefantastique 19 , page 109 . Jump up ^ Robin Wood , Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan ... and Beyond : A Revised and Expanded Edition of the Classic Text ( New York : Columbia University Press , 2003 ) , p. 154 , ISBN 0 - 231 - 12966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Retro Gamer 35 , page 50 . Jump up ^ `` la cattiva : inseguo sempre la TV '' . Archiviostorico.corriere.it . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Villain Spotlight Series : Evil Queen '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robin Allan , Walt Disney and Europe ( Indiana University Press , Indiana , 1999 ) . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21353 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse : The Computer Game -- Commodore Amiga -- Manual '' . gamesdbase.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sinemanın gerçek cadısı -- Radikal Radikal İki '' . Radikal.com.tr . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve '' . Elvifrance.fr . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Groovy Age of Horror -- BIANCANEVE , Pt. 3 '' . Groovyageofhorror.tumblr.com . February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` Enchanted princess steps out of cartoon , into Manhattan '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Olivier Mouroux . `` Animated Movies '' . Famillemouroux.free.fr . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Did Snow White Live ' Happily Ever After ' ? , The Daily Gazette , January 1 , 1990 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE REVISITED : THE QUEEN 'S DEAD , BUT CONFLICT ISN 'T BANISHED '' . Dayton Daily News , May 28 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Hall script by Woody Allen '' . Dailyscript.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.comics.org/issue/44258/ Jump up ^ `` May is Massive on Fox '' . FoxFlash . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Snider on `` Muppet Snow White '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Disney 's Villains Perform Their Version Of Chicago 's Cell Block Tango '' . CinemaBlend.com . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We 're Counting Scars This Halloween '' . Disney Blogs . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) Disney Villains Star In OneRepublic Parody Of ' Counting Stars ' - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . 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the evil queen's name in snow white

The Evil Queen , also known as the Wicked Queen or just the Queen , and sometimes instead identified by her given name as Queen Grimhilde , is the primary antagonist in Disney 's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and a villain character in the extended Disney 's Snow White franchise . She is based on the Evil Queen character from the European fairy tale `` Snow White '' .

East India company - wikipedia East India company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . The company eventually came to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent with its private armies , primarily composed of Indian sepoys , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , in 1623 the company closed their factory . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . In response , a combined bounty of £ 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Macaulayism and the British education system have been blamed for producing a generation of Indians not proud of their distinct heritage . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The arms was as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and ( ( ship Ocean 1788 EIC ship 2 ) ) , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) 's ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition . '' . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . < / ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R. ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Christophe Jaffrelot , Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics : 1925 to the 1990s . New York : Viking Press , 1996 ; page 343 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British East Africa Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company ( sv ) Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=800630076 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 18 : 50 . 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who was the ruler of india when east india company was set up

The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control .

List of popes - wikipedia List of popes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Catholic Church . For popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church , see List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria . For popes of the Legio Maria , see List of Legio Maria Popes . For Palmarian popes , see Palmarian Catholic Church § Popes . For a graphical representation of this list , see List of Popes ( graphical ) . Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St Peter 's ( their names in Latin and the year of their burial ) This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading `` I Sommi Pontefici Romani '' ( The Supreme Pontiffs of Rome ) , excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes . Published every year by the Roman Curia , the Annuario Pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes , stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession , in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII , Pope Benedict V and some mid-11th - century popes . The 2001 edition of the Annuario Pontificio introduced `` almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes , from St Peter to John Paul II '' . The corrections concerned dates , especially in the first two centuries , birthplaces and the family name of one pope . The term pope ( Latin : papa `` father '' ) is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( for example Coptic Pope ) . This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church . The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition , including Summus Pontifex , Pontifex Maximus , and Servus servorum Dei . Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives , is not incapable of modification . Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously . His list ends in 1049 with Pope Leo IX as number 154 . Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century . Antipope Christopher was considered legitimate for a long time . Pope - elect Stephen was considered legitimate under the name Stephen II until the 1961 edition , when his name was erased . Although these changes are no longer controversial , a number of modern lists still include this `` first Pope Stephen II '' . It is probable that this is because they are based on the 1913 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia , which is in the public domain . A significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints , including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes , and others are in the sainthood process . Of the first 31 popes , 28 died as martyrs ( see List of murdered popes ) . Contents 1 Chronological list 1.1 1st millennium 1.1. 1 1st century 1.1. 2 2nd century 1.1. 3 3rd century 1.1. 4 4th century 1.1. 5 5th century 1.1. 6 6th century 1.1. 7 7th century 1.1. 8 8th century 1.1. 9 9th century 1.1. 10 10th century 1.2 2nd millennium 1.2. 1 11th century 1.2. 2 12th century 1.2. 3 13th century 1.2. 4 14th century 1.2. 5 15th century 1.2. 6 16th century 1.2. 7 17th century 1.2. 8 18th century 1.2. 9 19th century 1.2. 10 20th century 1.3 3rd millennium 1.3. 1 21st century 1.4 Religious orders 2 Notes on numbering of popes 3 See also 3.1 Lists 3.2 Related topics 4 References 4.1 Specific 4.2 General 5 External links Chronological list 1st millennium 1st century Popes of the 1st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 1 April 30 -- 29 June 67 ( 7004136030000000000 ♠ 37 years , 89 days ) St Peter PETRUS Šimʻōn Kêpâ ( Simon Peter ) AD 1 Bethsaida , Galilea , Roman Empire 29 / 66 Jew . Apostle of Jesus from whom he received the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven , according to Matthew 16 : 18 -- 19 . Executed by crucifixion upside - down ; feast day ( Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ) 29 June , ( Chair of Saint Peter ) 22 February . He is recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ . Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 29 June . The St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City is named after him . 29 June 67 -- 23 September 76 ( 7003337400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 86 days ) St Linus Papa LINUS Linus ( Lin ) 10 AD Volterra , Italia , Roman Empire 57 / 66 First Roman pope . Feast day 23 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 23 September 76 -- 26 April 88 ( 7003423300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 216 days ) St Anacletus ( Cletus ) Papa ANACLETUS ( Cletus ) Anákletos ( Klétos ) ( Anaclet or Clet ) 25 AD Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 51 / 63 First Greek pope . Martyred ; feast day 26 April . Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus . 26 April 88 -- 23 November 99 ( 7003422800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 211 days ) St Clement I Papa CLEMENS Clemens ( Clement ) ca . 35 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 64 ( † 66 ) Roman . Feast day 23 November . Issued 1 Clement which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 November . First Pope to abdicate 5 23 November 99 -- 27 October 105 ( 7003216400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 338 days ) St Evaristus Papa EVARISTUS Eváristos ( Evarist ) ca . 30 AD Bethlehem , Judea , Roman Empire 69 / 75 Jew . Said to have divided Rome into parishes , assigning a priest to each . Feast day of 26 October . 2nd century Popes of the 2nd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 6 27 October 105 -- 3 May 115 ( 7003347500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 188 days ) St Alexander I Papa ALEXANDER Alexander ca . 75 AD Rome , Roman Empire 30 / 40 Roman . Inaugurated the custom of blessing houses with holy water . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 March . 7 3 May 115 -- 3 April 125 ( 7003362300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 335 days ) St Sixtus I Papa XYSTUS Xystus ( Sixt ) 42 AD Rome , Roman Empire 73 / 83 Roman . Feast day of 6 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 8 3 April 125 -- 5 January 136 ( 7003392900000000000 ♠ 10 years , 277 days ) St Telesphorus Papa TELESPHORUS Telesfóros ( Telesfore ) ca . 67 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 58 / 69 Greek . Feast day of 5 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 22 February . Church Father St. Irenaeus called him a great martyr . 9 5 January 136 -- 11 January 140 ( 7003146700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 6 days ) St Hyginus Papa HYGINUS Ygínos ( Hygin ) ca 74 Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 58 / 62 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 11 January . 10 11 January 140 -- 11 July 155 ( 7003566000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 181 days ) St Pius I Papa PIUS Pius ( Pie ) ca . 81 AD Aquileia , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 74 Roman . Martyred by sword ; feast day 11 July . Decreed that Easter should only be celebrated on a Sunday . 11 11 July 155 -- 20 April 166 ( 7003393600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 283 days ) St Anicetus Papa ANICETUS Aníketos ( Anicet ) ca . 92 AD Emesa , Syria , Roman Empire 63 / 74 Greek . First pope from Syria . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 17 April . Decreed that priests are not allowed to have long hair . 12 20 April 166 -- 22 April 174 ( 7003292400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 2 days ) St Soter Papa SOTERIUS Soterius ( Soter ) ca . 119 AD Fondi , Aquileia , Roman Empire 46 / 55 Roman . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 22 April . Declared that marriage was valid as a sacrament blessed by a priest ; formally inaugurated Easter as an annual festival in Rome . 13 22 April 174 -- 26 May 189 ( 7003551300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 34 days ) St Eleuterus Papa ELEUTHERIUS Eléutheros ( Eleutery ) ca . 130 AD Nicopolis , Epirus , Roman Empire 45 / 59 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 6 May . 14 26 May 189 -- 28 July 199 ( 7003371500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 63 days ) St Victor I Papa VICTOR Victor ca . 120 AD Africa , Roman Empire 34 / 44 Roman . Known for excommunicating Theodotus of Byzantium . Quartodecimanism controversy . 15 28 July 199 -- 20 December 217 ( 7003671900000000000 ♠ 18 years , 145 days ) St Zephyrinus Papa ZEPHYRINUS Zephyrinus ( Zefyrin ) ca . 160 AD Rome , Roman Empire 39 / 57 Roman . Combated against the adoptionist heresies of the followers of Theodotus the Byzantium who were ruled by Theodotus , the Money Changer and Asclepiodotus . Although not physically martyred ( murdered ) , he is called a martyr for the suffering he endured . - c. 199 -- c. 200 ( 7002365000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 0 days ) Natalius Antipapa NATALIUS Natalius ( Natale ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to pope Zephyrinus . Later reconciled ( see above ) . 3rd century Popes of the 3rd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 16 20 December 217 -- 14 October 222 ( 7003175900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 298 days ) St Callixtus I Papa CALLIXTUS Callixtus ( Callixt ) ca . 155 AD Rome , Roman Empire 62 / 67 Roman . Martyred ; feast day 14 October . - 217 -- 235 ( 7003657400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 0 days ) St Hippolytus Antipapa HIPPOLYTUS Ippólytos ( Hippolyt ) ca 170 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 65 Roman Greek . In opposition to Pope Callistus I , Urban I and Pontian . Later reconciled with Pope Pontian ( see above ) . 17 14 October 222 -- 23 May 230 ( 7003277800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 221 days ) St Urban I Papa URBANUS Urbanus ( Urban ) ca . 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 55 Roman . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 May . 18 21 August 230 -- 28 September 235 ( 7003186400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 38 days ) St Pontian Papa PONTIANUS Pontianus ( Pontian ) ca . 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 55 / 60 Roman . First to abdicate after exile to Sardinia by Emperor Maximinus Thrax . The Liberian Catalogue records his death on 28 September 235 , the earliest exact date in papal history . 19 21 November 235 -- 3 January 236 ( 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 days ) St Anterus Papa ANTERUS Antherós ( Anter ) ca . 180 AD Petilia , Italia , Roman Empire 55 / 56 Greek . Feast day 3 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 20 10 January 236 -- 20 January 250 ( 7003512400000000000 ♠ 14 years , 10 days ) St Fabian Papa FABIANUS Fabianus ( Fabian ) ca . 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 36 / 50 Roman . Divided the communities of Rome into seven districts , each supervised by a deacon . Feast day 20 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 21 6 March 251 -- 25 June 253 ( 7002842000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 111 days ) St Cornelius Papa CORNELIUS Cornelius ( Cornelly ) ca . 180 AD Rome , Roman Empire 71 / 73 Roman . Died as a martyr through extreme hardship ; feast day 16 September . - March 251 -- 258 ( 7003255700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 0 days ) Novatian Antipapa NOVATIANUS Novatianus ( Novatian ) ca . 200 / 20 AD Rome , Roman Empire 31 ( 51 ) / 38 ( 58 ) Roman . Founder of Novatianism . In opposition to Pope Cornelius , Lucius I , Stephen I and Sixtus II . 22 25 June 253 -- 5 March 254 ( 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days ) St Lucius I Papa LUCIUS Lucius ( Luces ) ca . 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 48 / 49 Roman . Feast day 5 March . 23 12 March 254 -- 2 August 257 ( 7003123900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 143 days ) St Stephen I Papa STEPHANUS Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 205 AD Rome , Roman Empire 54 / 57 Greek Roman . Martyred by beheading ; feast day 2 August . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with the same feast day . 24 30 August 257 -- 6 August 258 ( 7002341000000000000 ♠ 341 days ) St Sixtus II Papa XYSTUS Secundus Síxtos ( Sixt ) ca . 215 AD Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 42 / 43 Greek . Martyred by beheading . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 25 22 July 259 -- 26 December 268 ( 7003344500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 157 days ) St Dionysius Papa DIONYSIUS Dionýsios ( Dennis ) ca . 200 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 68 Greek . Feast day 26 December . 26 5 January 269 -- 30 December 274 ( 7003218500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 359 days ) St Felix I Papa FELIX Felix ca . 206 AD Rome , Roman Empire 63 / 68 Roman . 27 4 January 275 -- 7 December 283 ( 7003325900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 337 days ) St Eutychian Papa EUTYCHIANUS Eutychianus ( Eutychian ) ca . 240 AD Luni , Italia , Roman Empire 35 / 43 Roman . 28 17 December 283 -- 22 April 296 ( 7003451000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 127 days ) St Caius Papa CAIUS Gaíos ( Cay or Gay ) ca . 245 AD Salona , Dalmatia , Roman Empire 38 / 51 Greek . First pope from Croatia . Martyred by beheading ( according to legend ) . Feast day 22 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 11 August . 29 30 June 296 -- 26 April 304 ( 7003285600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 301 days ) St Marcellinus Papa MARCELLINUS Marcellinus ( Marcellin ) ca . 250 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 54 Roman . Feast day 26 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 4th century Popes of the 4th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 30 27 May 308 -- 16 January 309 ( 7002234000000000000 ♠ 234 days ) St Marcellus I Papa MARCELLUS Marcellus ( Marcel ) ca . 255 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 54 Roman . Banished from Rome under Maxentius ( 309 ) . 31 18 April 309 -- 17 August 309 ( 7002121000000000000 ♠ 121 days ) St Eusebius Papa EUSEBIUS Eusébios ( Eusebe ) ca . 255 AD Sardinia , Roman Empire 54 / 54 ( † 55 ) Greek . Banished by the emperor Maxentius , and died in exile . 32 2 July 311 -- 10 January 314 ( 7002923000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 192 days ) St Miltiades ( Melchiades ) Papa MILTIADES Miltiades ( or Melchiades ) ( Miltiade or Melchiade ) ca . 270 AD Africa , Roman Empire 41 / 44 Roman . First pope after the end of the persecution of Christians through the Edict of Milan ( 313 AD ) issued by Constantine the Great . Presided over the Lateran council of 313 . 33 31 January 314 -- 31 December 335 ( 7003800400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 334 days ) St Sylvester I Papa SILVESTER Silvester ( Sylvester ) ca . 285 AD Sant'Angelo a Scala , Apulia et Calabria , Roman Empire 29 / 50 Roman . Feast day 31 December . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 2 January . First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) . Under him was built : the Basilica of St. John Lateran , Santa Croce in Gerusalemme and Old St. Peter 's Basilica . Donation of Constantine . 34 18 January 336 -- 7 October 336 ( 7002263000000000000 ♠ 263 days ) ( 290 - 7 October 336 ) St Mark Papa MARCUS Marcus ( Mark ) ca . 290 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 46 Roman . One of Mark 's undertakings was to compile stories of the lives of martyrs and bishops before his time . There is some reason to believe he founded two churches in the area of Rome . One of them is still known to this day as the Church of San Marco , although it is greatly changed since his time . The other church was at the Catacomb of Balbina , a cemetery . Emperor Constantine gave gifts of land and furnishing for both buildings . Feast day 7 October . 35 6 February 337 -- 12 April 352 ( 7003554400000000000 ♠ 15 years , 66 days ) St Julius I Papa IULIUS Iulius ( Jules ) ca . 280 AD Rome , Roman Empire 57 / 72 Roman . Arian controversy . Credited with splitting the birth of Christ into two distinct celebrations : The Epiphany stayed on the traditional date , and the Nativity was added on 25 December . 36 17 May 352 -- 24 September 366 ( 7003524300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 130 days ) Liberius Papa LIBERIUS Liberius ( Libery ) ca . 310 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 56 Roman . Earliest pope not canonized by the Roman Catholic Church . Revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 27 August . - 355 -- 22 November 365 ( 7003365300000000000 ♠ 10 years , 0 days ) St Felix II Antipapa FELIX secundus Felix Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Liberius . Installed by Roman Emperor Constantius II . 37 1 October 366 -- 11 December 384 ( 7003664600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 71 days ) St Damasus I Papa DAMASUS Damasus ( Damas ) ca . 305 AD Egitania , Lusitania , Roman Empire 60 / 78 Roman . And the first pope from Portugal . Patron of Jerome , commissioned the Vulgate translation of the Bible . Council of Rome ( 382 ) . - 1 October 366 -- 16 November 367 ( 7002411000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 46 days ) Ursicinus Antipapa URSICINUS Ursinus ( or Ursicinus ) ( Ursin or Ursicin ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Damasus I. Banished to Gallia by the emperor Valentinian II after a war between two sects and died after 384 . 38 17 December 384 -- 26 November 399 ( 7003545700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 344 days ) St Siricius Papa SIRICIUS Sicirius ( Sirice ) ca . 334 AD Rome , Roman Empire 50 / 65 Roman . His famous letters -- the earliest surviving texts of papal decretals -- focus particularly on religious discipline and include decisions on baptism , consecration , ordination , penance , and continence . Siricius ' important decretal of 386 ( written to Bishop Himerius of Tarragona ) , commanding celibacy for priests , was the first decree on this subject . 39 27 November 399 -- 19 December 401 ( 7002753000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 22 days ) St Anastasius I Papa ANASTASIUS Anastasius ( Anastase ) ca . 340 AD Rome , Roman Empire 59 / 61 Roman . Instructed priests to stand and bow their heads as they read from the Gospels . 5th century Popes of the 5th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 40 21 December 401 -- 12 March 417 ( 7003556000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 81 days ) St Innocent I Papa INNOCENTIUS Innocentius ( Innocent ) ca . 378 AD Albano , Latium et Campania , Roman Empire 41 / 57 Roman . Visigoth Sack of Rome ( 410 ) under Alaric . 41 18 March 417 -- 26 December 418 ( 7002648000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 283 days ) St Zosimus Papa ZOSIMUS Zósimos ( Zosim ) ca . 370 AD Mesoraca , Lucania et Bruttii , Roman Empire 47 / 48 Greek . - 27 December 418 -- 3 April 419 ( 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 days ) Eulalius Antipapa EULALIUS Eulalius ( Eulale ) ca . 380 AD Rome , Roman Empire 38 / 39 ( † 42 ) Roman . In opposition to Pope Boniface I. Elected on the eve of the election of Boniface , first benefited from the support of the emperor Honorius , but lost it quickly . Exiled in Campania , and died in 423 . 42 28 December 418 -- 4 September 422 ( 7003134600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 250 days ) St Boniface I Papa BONIFACIUS Bonifacius ( Boniface ) ca . 377 AD Rome , Roman Empire 43 / 47 Roman . 43 10 September 422 -- 27 July 432 ( 7003360800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 321 days ) St Celestine I Papa COELESTINUS Kelestínos ( Celestine ) ca . 380 AD Campania , Roman Empire 42 / 52 Greek . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 8 April . 44 31 July 432 -- 18 August 440 ( 7003294000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 18 days ) St Sixtus III Papa XYXTUS Tertius Xystus ( Sixt ) ca . 390 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 50 Roman . 45 29 September 440 -- 10 November 461 ( 7003771200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 42 days ) St Leo I ( Leo the Great ) Papa LEO MAGNUS Leo ( Leon ) ca . 390 AD Etruria , Roman Empire 50 / 71 Roman . Convinced Attila the Hun to turn back his invasion of Italy . Wrote the Tome which was instrumental in the Council of Chalcedon and in defining the hypostatic union . Feast day 10 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 February . 46 19 November 461 -- 29 February 468 ( 7003229300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 102 days ) St Hilarius Papa HILARIUS Ilários ( Hilary ) ca . 400 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 46 / 53 Greek . 47 3 March 468 -- 10 March 483 ( 7003548500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 7 days ) St Simplicius Papa SIMPLICIUS Simplicius ( Simplice ) ca . 430 AD Tivoli , Western Roman Empire 38 / 53 Roman . Papacy during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent overtaking of Rome and Italy in general by Odoacer . 48 13 March 483 -- 1 March 492 ( 7003327600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 354 days ) St Felix III ( Felix II ) Papa FELIX Tertius ( Secundus ) Felix Anicius ( Felix ) ca . 440 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 43 / 52 Roman . Sometimes called Felix II . Great - great - grandfather of pope Gregory I . 49 1 March 492 -- 21 November 496 ( 7003172600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 265 days ) St Gelasius I Papa GELASIUS Gelásios ( Gelase ) ca . 410 AD Kabylie , Africa , Western Roman Empire 82 / 86 Greek . The last pope to have been born on the continent of Africa . The first pope called the `` Vicar of Christ '' . 50 24 November 496 -- 19 November 498 ( 7002725000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 360 days ) Anastasius II Papa ANASTASIUS Secundus Anastasius ( Anastase ) ca . 445 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 51 / 53 Roman . Tried to end the Acacian schism but it resulted in the Laurentian schism . 51 22 November 498 -- 19 July 514 ( 7003571700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 239 days ) St Symmachus Papa SYMMACHUS Sýmmakhos ( Symmack ) ca . 460 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 38 / 54 Greek . - 22 November 498 -- August 506 / 8 ( 7003280800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 252 days ) Laurence Antipapa LAURENTIUS Laurentius ( Laurence ) ca . 460 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 38 / 46 ( † 48 ) Roman . In opposition to Pope Symmachus . Elected on the same day as Symachus , King Theodoric settled in favor of his adversary . Took control of Rome in 501 and remained pope in fact until 506 / 08 , year of his death . 6th century Popes of the 6th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 52 20 July 514 -- 6 August 523 ( 7003330400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 17 days ) St Hormisdas Papa HORMISDAS Hormisdas ( Hormisda ) ca . 450 AD Frosinone , Latium et Campania , Western Roman Empire 39 / 48 Roman . Father of Pope Silverius . Acacian schism . 53 13 August 523 -- 18 May 526 ( 7003100900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 278 days ) St John I Papa IOANNES Ioannes ( John ) ca . 470 AD Siena , Etruria , Western Roman Empire 53 / 56 Roman . 54 12 July 526 -- 22 September 530 ( 7003153300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 72 days ) St Felix IV ( Felix III ) Papa FELIX Quartus ( Tertius ) Felix ca . 490 AD Samnium , Kingdom of Odoacer 36 / 40 Roman . Sometimes called Felix III . Built Santi Cosma e Damiano . 55 22 September 530 -- 17 October 532 ( 7002756000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 25 days ) Boniface II Papa BONIFACIUS Secundus Bonifacius ( Boniface ) ca . 490 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 40 / 42 Roman . Changed the numbering of the years in the Julian Calendar from Ab Urbe Condita to Anno Domini . - 22 September 530 -- 14 October 530 ( 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 days ) Dioscorus Antipapa DIOSCORUS Dióskoros ( Dioscore ) Alexandria , Aégyptos , Eastern Roman Empire - Greek . In opposition to Pope Boniface II . Candidate of the Byzantine party , elected by the majority of the cardinals and recognized by Constantinople , he died less than a month after his election . 56 2 January 533 -- 8 May 535 ( 7002856000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 126 days ) John II Papa IOANNES Secundus Mercurius ( Mercury ) Rome , Western Roman Empire 63 / 65 Roman . First pope not to use his personal name . This was because of the Roman god , Mercury . 57 13 May 535 -- 22 April 536 ( 7002356000000000000 ♠ 356 days ) St Agapetus I Papa AGAPITUS Agapitus ( Agapet ) ca . 570 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 45 / 46 Roman . Feast days 22 April and 20 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 17 April . 58 8 June 536 -- 11 March 537 ( 7002276000000000000 ♠ 276 days ) St Silverius Papa SILVERIUS Silverius ( Silvery ) ca . 480 AD Ceccano , Ostrogothic Kingdom 56 / 57 Roman . Exiled ; feast day 20 June , son of Pope Hormisdas . 59 29 March 537 -- 7 June 555 ( 7003664400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 70 days ) Vigilius Papa VIGILIUS Vigilius ( Vigile ) ca . 500 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 37 / 55 Roman . 60 16 April 556 -- 4 March 561 ( 7003178300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 322 days ) Pelagius I Papa PELAGIUS Pelagius ( Pelage ) ca . 505 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 51 / 56 Roman . Credited with the construction of the basilica of Santi Apostoli . 61 17 July 561 -- 13 July 574 ( 7003474400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 361 days ) John III Papa IOANNES Tertius Catelinus ( Catelin ) ca 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 41 / 54 Roman . 62 2 June 575 -- 30 July 579 ( 7003151900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 58 days ) Benedict I Papa BENEDICTUS Benedictus ( Benedict ) ca . 525 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 50 / 54 Roman . 63 26 November 579 -- 7 February 590 ( 7003372600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 73 days ) Pelagius II Papa PELAGIUS Secundus Pelagius ( Pelage ) ca . 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 59 / 70 Roman . Ordered the construction of the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura . 64 3 September 590 -- 12 March 604 ( 7003493800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 191 days ) St Gregory I ( Gregory the Great ) Papa GREGORIUS MAGNUS Gegorius Anicius ( Gregory ) O.S.B. ca. , 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 64 Last imperial Roman Pope . Great - great - grandson of pope Felix III . The first formally to employ the titles Servus servorum Dei and Pontifex Maximus . Established the Gregorian chant . Feast day 3 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 12 March . Known as `` the Father of Christian Worship '' . Known as `` St. Gregory the Dialogist '' in Eastern Orthodoxy . 7th century Popes of the 7th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 65 13 September 604 -- 22 February 606 ( 7002527000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 162 days ) Sabinian Papa SABINIANUS Sabinianós ( Sabinian ) ca . 530 AD Blera , Eastern Roman Empire 74 / 76 Greek . For the next two centuries the Roman popes were all controlled by the Eastern Roman Empire . 66 19 February 607 -- 12 November 607 ( 7002266000000000000 ♠ 266 days ) Boniface III Papa BONIFACIUS Tertius Bonifátios ( Boniface ) ca. , 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 67 / 67 Greek ( actually Hellenistic Roman ) . 67 15 September 608 -- 8 May 615 ( 7003242600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 235 days ) St Boniface IV Papa BONIFACIUS Quartus Bonifátios ( Boniface ) O.S.B. ca . 570 AD Marsica , Eastern Roman Empire 48 / 55 Greek . First pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 68 13 November 615 -- 8 November 618 ( 7003109100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 360 days ) St Adeodatus I ( Deusdedit ) Papa ADEODATUS sive DEUSDEDIT Adeodátos ( or Theódotos ) ( Adeodat or Deusdedit ) ca . 575 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 45 / 48 Greek . Sometimes called Deusdedit , as a result Pope Adeodatus II is sometimes called Pope Adeodatus without a number . The first pope to use lead seals on papal documents , which in time came to be called Papal bulls . 69 23 December 619 -- 25 October 625 ( 7003213300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 306 days ) Boniface V Papa BONIFACIUS Quintus Bonifátios ( Boniface ) ca . 575 AD Naples , Eastern Roman Empire 44 / 50 Greek . 70 27 October 625 -- 12 October 638 ( 7003473300000000000 ♠ 12 years , 350 days ) Honorius I Papa HONORIUS Onórios ( Honory ) ca . 585 AD Campania , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 53 Greek . Named a heretic and anathematized by the Third Council of Constantinople. ( 680 ) 71 28 May 640 -- 2 August 640 ( 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 days ) Severinus Papa SEVERINUS Severínos ( Severin ) ca . 585 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 55 Greek . 72 24 December 640 -- 12 October 642 ( 7002657000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 292 days ) John IV Papa IOANNES Quartus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 587 AD Zadar , Dalmatia , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 42 Greek . Second pope from Croatia . 73 24 November 642 -- 14 May 649 ( 7003236300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 171 days ) Theodore I Papa THEODORUS Theódoros ( Theodore ) ca . 610 AD Jerusalem , Eastern Roman Empire 32 / 39 Greek . The last pope from Palestine . Planned the Lateran Council of 649 , but died before it could open . 74 5 July 649 -- 12 November 655 ( 7003232100000000000 ♠ 6 years , 130 days ) St Martin I Papa MARTINUS Martínos ( Martin ) ca . 590 AD Near Todi , Umbria , Eastern Roman Empire 59 / 65 Greek . Last pope recognized as a martyr . Feast day of 12 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 14 April . 75 10 August 654 -- 2 June 657 ( 7003102700000000000 ♠ 2 years , 296 days ) St Eugene I Papa EUGENIUS Eugénios ( Eugene ) ca . 615 AD Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 39 / 42 Greek . 76 30 July 657 -- 27 January 672 ( 7003529400000000000 ♠ 14 years , 181 days ) St Vitalian Papa VITALIANUS Vitalianós ( Vitalian ) ca . 600 Segni , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 72 Greek . 77 11 April 672 -- 17 June 676 ( 7003152800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 67 days ) Adeodatus II Papa ADEODATUS Secundus Adeodátos ( Adeodat ) O.S.B. ca . 621 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 51 / 55 Greek . Sometimes called Pope Adeodatus ( without a number ) in reference to Pope Adeodatus I sometimes being called Pope Deusdedit . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 78 2 November 676 -- 11 April 678 ( 7002525000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 160 days ) Donus Papa DONUS Dónos ( Don ) ca . 610 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 66 / 68 Greek . 79 27 June 678 -- 10 January 681 ( 7002928000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 197 days ) St Agatho Papa AGATHO Agáthon ( Agaton ) ca . 577 Palermo , Eastern Roman Empire 101 / 104 Greek . The oldest pope in history . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 20 February . 80 17 August 682 -- 3 July 683 ( 7002320000000000000 ♠ 320 days ) St Leo II Papa LEO Secundus Léon ( Leon ) ca . 611 Aidone , Eastern Roman Empire 71 / 72 Greek . Feast day 3 July . 81 26 June 684 -- 8 May 685 ( 7002316000000000000 ♠ 316 days ) St Benedict II Papa BENEDICTUS Secundus Benédiktos Sávellis ( Benedict ) ca . 635Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 49 / 50 Greek . Feast day 7 May . 82 23 July 685 -- 2 August 686 ( 7002375000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 10 days ) John V Papa IOANNES Quintus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 635 Syria , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 51 Greek . 83 21 October 686 -- 21 September 687 ( 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 days ) Conon Papa CONON Kónon ( Conon ) ca . 630 Thrace , Eastern Roman Empire 56 / 57 Greek . 84 15 December 687 -- 8 September 701 ( 7003501500000000000 ♠ 13 years , 267 days ) St Sergius I Papa SERGIUS Sérgios ( Serge ) ca . 650 Palermo , Eastern Roman Empire 37 / 51 Greek . Introduced the singing of the Lamb of God at mass . 8th century Popes of the 8th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 85 30 October 701 -- 11 January 705 ( 7003116900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 73 days ) John VI Papa IOANNES Sextus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 650 Ephesus , Eastern Roman Empire 46 / 50 Greek . The only pope came from Asia Minor . 86 1 March 705 -- 18 October 707 ( 7002961000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 231 days ) John VII Papa IOANNES Septimus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 655 Rossano , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 57 Greek. The second pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . 87 15 January 708 -- 4 February 708 ( 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days ) Sisinnius Papa SISINNIUS Sisínios ( Sisinny ) ca . 650 Syria , Rashidun Caliphate 58 / 58 Greek . 88 25 March 708 -- 9 April 715 ( 7003257100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 15 days ) Constantine Papa COSTANTINUS sive CONSTANTINUS Konstantínos ( Constantine ) ca . 664 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 44 / 51 Greek . Last pope to visit Greece while in office , until John Paul II in 2001 . 89 19 May 715 -- 11 February 731 ( 7003574700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 268 days ) St Gregory II Papa GREGORIUS Secundus Grigórios ( Gregory ) ca . 669 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 46 / 62 Greek . Feast day 11 February . Held the Synod of Rome ( 721 ) . 90 18 March 731 -- 28 November 741 ( 7003390800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 255 days ) St Gregory III Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Grigórios ( Gregory ) ca . 669 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 41 / 51 Greek . The last pope from Syria . The third pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Was previously the last pope to have been born outside Europe until the election of Francis in 2013 . 91 3 December 741 -- 22 March 752 ( 7003376200000000000 ♠ 10 years , 110 days ) St Zachary Papa ZACHARIAS Zacharías ( Zachary ) ca . 679 Santa Severina , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 62 / 73 Greek . Feast day 15 March . Built the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva . ( never con - secrated ) 22 March 752 -- 25 March 752 ( 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 days ) ( Never took office as pope ) Pope - elect Stephen ( Stephen II ) Papa Electus STEPHANUS ( STEPHANUS Secundus ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 52 / 52 Greek . Sometimes known as Stephen II . Died three days after his election ; never receiving episcopal consecration . Some lists still include him . The Vatican sanctioned his addition in the sixteenth century ; removed in 1961 . He is no longer considered a pope by the Catholic Church . 92 26 March 752 -- 26 April 757 ( 7003185700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 31 days ) Stephen II ( Stephen III ) Papa STEPHANUS Secundus ( Tertius ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 714 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 38 / 43 Greek . Sometimes called Stephen III . The Donation of Pepin . Brother of Paul I . 93 29 May 757 -- 28 June 767 ( 7003368200000000000 ♠ 10 years , 30 days ) St Paul I Papa PAULUS Pávlos ( Paul ) ca . 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 67 Greek . Brother of Stephen II . 94 7 August 768 -- 24 January 772 ( 7003126500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 170 days ) Stephen III ( Stephen IV ) Papa STEPHANUS Tertius ( Quartus ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 723 Syracuse , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 45 / 49 Greek . Sometimes called Stephen IV . The Lateran Council ( 769 ) . 95 1 February 772 -- 26 December 795 ( 7003872900000000000 ♠ 23 years , 328 days ) Adrian I Papa HADRIANUS Adriános ( Adrian ) a . 700 / 12 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 60 ( 72 ) / 83 ( 95 ) Greek . 96 26 December 795 -- 12 June 816 ( 7003747400000000000 ♠ 20 years , 169 days ) St Leo III Papa LEO Tertius Léon ca . 750 Rome , Papal States 45 / 66 Greek . Crowned Charlemagne Imperator Augustus on Christmas Day , 800 , thereby initiating what would become the office of Holy Roman Emperor requiring the imprimatur of the pope for its legitimacy . 9th century Popes of the 9th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 97 22 June 816 -- 24 January 817 ( 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 days ) Stephen IV ( Stephen V ) Papa STEPHANUS Quartus ( Quintus ) Stefanos ca . 770 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Early Italian . Sometimes called Stephen V . 98 25 January 817 -- 11 February 824 ( 7003257300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days ) St Paschal I Papa PASCHALIS Paschális ca . 775 Rome , Papal States 42 / 49 Italian . Credited with finding the body of Saint Cecilia in the Catacomb of Callixtus , building the basilica of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and the church of Santa Maria in Domnica . 99 8 May 824 -- 27 August 827 ( 7003120600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 111 days ) Eugene II Papa EUGENIUS Secundus Evgénios ( sometimes `` Evgénios '' ) ca . 780 Rome , Papal States 44 / 47 Italian . 100 31 August 827 -- 10 October 827 ( 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 days ) Valentine Papa VALENTINUS Valentínos ca . 780 Rome , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 101 20 December 827 -- 25 January 844 ( 7003588000000000000 ♠ 16 years , 36 days ) Gregory IV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Gregorio ca. / 790 Rome , Papal States 37 / 54 Italian . Rebuilt the atrium of St. Peter 's Basilica and in the newly decorated chapel transferred the body of Gregory I . 102 25 January 844 -- 27 January 847 ( 7003109800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 2 days ) Sergius II Papa SERGIUS Secundus Sergorio ca . 790 Rome , Papal States 54 / 57 Italian . 103 10 April 847 -- 17 July 855 ( 7003302000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 98 days ) St Leo IV Papa LEO Quartus Leone O.S.B. ca . 790 Rome , Papal States 57 / 65 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 104 29 September 855 -- 7 April 858 ( 7002921000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 190 days ) Benedict III Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Benedetto ca . 810 Rome , Papal States 45 / 48 Italian . 105 24 April 858 -- 13 November 867 ( 7003349000000000000 ♠ 9 years , 203 days ) St Nicholas I ( Nicholas the Great ) Papa NICOLAUS MAGNUS Niccolò ca . 800 Rome , Papal States 39 / 48 Italian . Encouraged missionary activity . 106 14 December 867 -- 14 December 872 ( 7003182700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days ) Adrian II Papa HADRIANUS Secundus Adriano ca . 792 Rome , Papal States 75 / 80 Italian . 107 14 December 872 -- 16 December 882 ( 7003365400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 2 days ) John VIII Papa IOANNES Octavus Giovanni ca . 820 Rome , Papal States 52 / 62 Italian . First pope to be assassinated . 108 16 December 882 -- 15 May 884 ( 7002516000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 151 days ) Marinus I Papa MARINUS Marino ca . 830 Gallese , Papal States 52 / 54 Italian . Sometimes also known as and called `` Martin II . '' 109 17 May 884 -- 15 September 885 ( 7002486000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 121 days ) St Adrian III Papa HADRIANUS Tertius Adriano ca . 830 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Feast day 8 July . Maybe the pope Adrian I was his ancestor . 110 14 September 885 -- 4 September 891 ( 7003218100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days ) Stephen V ( Stephen VI ) Papa STEPHANUS Quintus ( Sextus ) Stefano ca . 840 Rome , Papal States 45 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VI . 111 6 October 891 -- 4 April 896 ( 7003164200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 181 days ) Formosus Papa FORMOSUS Formoso ca . 805 / 16 Ostia , Papal States 75 ( 85 ) / 80 ( 91 ) Italian . Posthumously ritually executed following the Cadaver Synod . 112 11 April 896 -- 26 April 896 ( 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 days ) Boniface VI Papa BONIFATIUS Sextus Bonifacio ca . 806 Rome , Papal States 90 / 90 Italian . 113 22 May 896 -- 14 August 897 ( 7002449000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 84 days ) Stephen VI ( Stephen VII ) Papa STEPHANUS Sextus ( Septimus ) Stefano ca . 850 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VII . Held the infamous Cadaver Synod . 114 14 August 897 -- November 897 ( 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 days ) Romanus Papa ROMANUS Romano ca . 850 Gallese , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 115 December 897 - 20 December 897 ( 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 days ) Theodore II Papa THEODORUS Secundus Teodoro ca . 840 Rome , Papal States 57 / 57 Italian . 116 18 January 898 -- 5 January 900 ( 7002717000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 352 days ) John IX Papa IOANNES Nonus Giovanni O.S.B. ca . 840 Tivoli , Papal States 58 / 60 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 117 1 February 900 -- 30 July 903 ( 7003127400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 179 days ) Benedict IV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Benedetto ca . 840 Rome , Papal States 60 / 63 Italian . 10th century Popes of the 10th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 118 30 July 903 -- December 903 ( 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 days ) Leo V Papa LEO Quintus Leone ca . 845 Ardea , Papal States 58 / 58 ( † 59 ) Italian . Deposed and murdered . 119 29 January 904 -- 14 April 911 ( 7003263200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 75 days ) Sergius III Papa SERGIUS Tertius Sergio c. 860 Rome , Papal States 44 / 51 Italian . `` Saeculum obscurum '' begins . The first pope to be depicted with the Papal Tiara . 120 14 April 911 -- June 913 ( 7002779000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 48 days ) Anastasius III Papa ANASTASIUS Tertius Anastasio ca . 865 Rome , Papal States 46 / 48 Italian . 121 7 July 913 -- 5 February 914 ( 7002213000000000000 ♠ 213 days ) Lando Papa LANDO Lando ca . 865 Sabina , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . 122 March 914 -- 28 May 928 ( 7003520200000000000 ♠ 14 years , 88 days ) John X Papa IOANNES Decimus Giovanni ca . 860 Tossignano , Romagna ( formally part of the Papal States ) 54 / 68 Italian . 123 28 May 928 -- December 928 ( 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 days ) Leo VI Papa LEO Sextus Leone ca . 880 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 124 3 February 929 -- 13 February 931 ( 7002740000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 10 days ) Stephen VII ( Stephen VIII ) Papa STEPHANUS Septimus ( Octavus ) Stefano ca . 880 Rome , Papal States 49 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VIII . 125 15 March 931 -- December 935 ( 7003172200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 261 days ) John XI Papa IOANNES Undecimus Giovanni ca . 910 Rome , Papal States 21 / 25 Italian . Probably , according to the Liber Pontificalis and Liutprand of Cremona , the son of Pope Sergius III , and not of Alberic I of Spoleto , who was Marozia 's husband . 126 3 January 936 -- 13 July 939 ( 7003128700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 191 days ) Leo VII Papa LEO Septimus Leone O.S.B. ca . 885 Rome , Papal States 41 / 44 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 127 14 July 939 -- 30 October 942 ( 7003120400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 108 days ) Stephen VIII ( Stephen IX ) Papa STEPHANUS Octavus ( Nonus ) Stefano ca . 900 Rome , Papal States 39 / 42 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen IX . 128 30 October 942 -- 1 May 946 ( 7003127900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 183 days ) Marinus II Papa MARINUS Secundus Marino ca . 900 Rome , Papal States 42 / 46 Italian . 129 10 May 946 -- 8 November 955 ( 7003346900000000000 ♠ 9 years , 182 days ) Agapetus II Papa AGAPITUS Secundus Agapito ca . 905 Rome , Papal States 41 / 50 Italian . 130 16 December 955 -- 6 December 963 ( 7003327800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 356 days ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 18 / 26 Italian . Third Pope not to use his personal name , after John II and John III . Deposed in 963 by Emperor Otto invalidly ; end of the `` Saeculum obscurum '' . - 6 December 963 -- 26 February 964 ( 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 days ) Leo VIII Antipapa LEO Octavus Leone ca . 915 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . Appointed antipope by Emperor Otto in 963 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V. He became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed . ) ) 130 26 February 964 -- 14 May 964 ( 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 days ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano dei Conti di Tuscolo ca . 937 Rome , Papal States 27 / 27 Italian . Murdered in 964 . 131 22 May 964 -- 23 June 964 ( 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 days ) Benedict V Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Benedetto ca . 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 49 ( † 50 ) Italian . Elected by the people of Rome , in opposition to the Antipope Leo VIII who was appointed by Emperor Otto ; he accepted his own deposition in 964 leaving Leo VIII as the sole pope . 132 23 June 964 -- 1 March 965 ( 7002251000000000000 ♠ 251 days ) Leo VIII Papa LEO Octavus Leone ca . 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed , after being antipope from 963 to 964 , in opposition to Pope John XII and Pope Benedict V. An appointee of the Holy Roman Emperor , Otto I , his pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum . 133 1 October 965 -- 6 September 972 ( 7003253200000000000 ♠ 6 years , 341 days ) John XIII Papa IOANNES Tertius Decimus Giovanni dei Crescenzi ca . 930 Rome , Papal States 45 / 52 Italian . Chronicled after his death as `` the Good '' . 134 19 January 973 -- 8 June 974 ( 7002505000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 140 days ) Benedict VI Papa BENEDICTUS Sextus Benedetto ca . 925 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . Deposed and murdered . 135 October 974 -- 10 July 983 ( 7003320400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 282 days ) Benedict VII Papa BENEDICTUS Septimus Benedetto ca . 930 Rome , Papal States 44 / 53 Italian . 136 December 983 -- 20 August 984 ( 7002263000000000000 ♠ 263 days ) John XIV Papa IOANNES Quartus Decimus Pietro Canepanova ca . 940 Pavia , Kingdom of Italy , Holy Roman Empire 43 / 44 Italian . Fourth Pope not to use his personal name , after John II , John III and John XII . 137 20 August 985 -- 1 April 996 ( 7003387700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 225 days ) John XV Papa IOANNES Quintus Decimus Giovanni di Gallina Alba ca . 950 Rome , Papal States 35 / 46 Italian . The first pope to formally canonize a saint . 138 3 May 996 -- 18 February 999 ( 7003102100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 291 days ) Gregory V Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Bruno von Kärnten ( Bruno of Carinthia ) ca . 972 Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 24 / 27 The first German Pope and fifth not to use his personal name . Henceforth , this decision became tradition among future popes . 139 2 April 999 -- 12 May 1003 ( 7003150000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 40 days ) Sylvester II Papa SILVESTER Secundus Gerbert d'Aurillac ca . 940 / 42 Belliac , France 52 ( 54 ) / 56 ( 58 ) The first French pope . 2nd millennium 11th century Popes of the 11th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 140 16 May 1003 -- 6 November 1003 ( 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 days ) John XVII Papa IOANNES Septimus Decimus Siccone Secchi ca . 955 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 141 25 December 1003 -- 18 July 1009 ( 7003203200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 205 days ) John XVIII Papa IOANNES Duodevi - cesimus Giovanni Fasano ca . 965 Rapagnano , Papal States 43 / 49 Italian . 142 31 July 1009 -- 12 May 1012 ( 7003101600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 286 days ) Sergius IV Papa SERGIUS Quartus Pietro Boccadiporco , O.S.B. Rome , Papal States 44 / 47 Italian . 143 18 May 1012 -- 9 April 1024 ( 7003434400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 327 days ) Benedict VIII Papa BENEDICTUS Octavus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo ca . 980 Rome , Papal States 32 / 44 Italian . 144 14 May 1024 -- 6 October 1032 ( 7003306700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 145 days ) John XIX Papa IOANNES Undevices - imus Romano dei Conti di Tuscolo ca . 975 Rome , Papal States 49 / 57 Italian . Brother of Benedict VIII . 145 21 October 1032 -- 31 December 1044 ( 7003445400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 71 days ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 20 / 32 ( † 43 ) Italian ; 1st Term . 146 13 January 1045 -- 10 March 1045 ( 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 days ) Sylvester III Papa SILVESTER Tertius Giovanni dei Crescenzi Ottaviani ca . 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 45 ( † 63 ) Italian . Validity of election questioned ; considered Anti-Pope ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 147 10 March 1045 -- 1 May 1045 ( 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 days ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 33 / 33 ( † 43 ) Italian . 2nd Term ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 148 5 May 1045 -- 20 December 1046 ( 7002594000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 229 days ) Gregory VI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Giovanni Graziano Pierleoni ca . 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 46 ( † 48 ) Italian . Deposed at the Council of Sutri . 149 24 December 1046 -- 9 October 1047 ( 7002289000000000000 ♠ 289 days ) Clement II Papa CLEMENS Secundus Suidger von Morsleben - Hornburg ca . 967 Hornburg , Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 79 / 80 German . Appointed by Henry III at the Council of Sutri ; crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor . 150 8 November 1047 -- 17 July 1048 ( 7002252000000000000 ♠ 252 days ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 35 / 36 ( † 43 ) Italian . 3rd Term ; deposed and excommunicated . 151 16 July 1048 -- 9 August 1048 ( 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 days ) Damasus II Papa DAMASUS Secundus Poppo de ' Curagnoni ca . 1000 Pildenau , Duchy of Bavaria , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 48 German . 152 12 February 1049 -- 19 April 1054 ( 7003189200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 66 days ) St Leo IX Papa LEO Nonus Bruno von Count of Dagsbourg 21 July 1002 Eguisheim , Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 47 / 51 German . In 1054 , mutual excommunications of Leo IX and Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius began the East -- West Schism . The anathematizations were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras in 1965 . 153 13 April 1055 -- 28 July 1057 ( 7002837000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 106 days ) Victor II Papa VICTOR Secundus Gebhard II von Calw - Dollnstein - Hirschberg ca . 1018 Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 39 German . 154 2 August 1057 -- 29 March 1058 ( 7002239000000000000 ♠ 239 days ) Stephen IX ( Stephen X ) Papa STEPHANUS Nonus ( Decimus ) Frederich , Herzog von Lothringen , O.S.B. ca . 1020 Duchy of Lorraine , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 38 German . Sometimes called Stephen X . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 155 6 December 1058 -- 27 July 1061 ( 7002964000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 233 days ) Nicholas II Papa NICOLAUS Secundus Gerard de Bourgogne ca . 980 Château de Chevron , County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 78 / 81 French . In 1059 the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of pope electors in the document In nomine Domini . ( Papal conclave ) . 156 30 September 1061 -- 21 April 1073 ( 7003422100000000000 ♠ 11 years , 203 days ) Alexander II Papa ALEXANDER Secundus Anselmo da Baggio ca . 1018 Baggio , Milan , Holy Roman Empire 46 / 58 Italian . Authorised the Norman conquest of England in 1066 . 157 22 April 1073 -- 25 May 1085 ( 7003441600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 33 days ) St Gregory VII Papa GREGORIUS Septimus Ildebrando Aldo - brandeschi di Soana O.S.B. ca . 1015 Sovana , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Initiated the Gregorian Reforms . Restricted the use of the title `` Papa '' to the Bishop of Rome . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Political struggle with German Emperor Henry IV , who had to go to Canossa ( 1077 ) . 158 24 May 1086 -- 16 September 1087 ( 7002480000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 115 days ) Bl . Victor III Papa VICTOR Tertius Dauferio o Desiderio O.S.B. ca . 1026 Benevento , Duchy of Benevento 60 / 61 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Called the Synod of Benevento ( 1087 ) condemning lay investiture . 159 12 March 1088 -- 29 July 1099 ( 7003415600000000000 ♠ 11 years , 139 days ) Bl . Urban II Papa URBANUS Secundus Odon de Lagery , O.S.B. ca . 1042 Châtillon - sur - Marne , County of Champagne , France 46 / 57 French . Preached and started the First Crusade . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 160 13 August 1099 -- 21 January 1118 ( 7003673500000000000 ♠ 18 years , 161 days ) Paschal II Papa PASCHALIS Secundus Raniero Ranieri O.S.B. ca . 1050 Bleda , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 68 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Ordered the building of the basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati . 12th century Popes of the 12th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 161 24 January 1118 -- 29 January 1119 ( 7002370000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 5 days ) Gelasius II Papa GELASIUS Secundus Giovanni dei Caetani , O.S.B. ca . 1061 Gaeta , Duchy of Gaeta 57 / 58 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 162 2 February 1119 -- 13 December 1124 ( 7003214100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 315 days ) Callixtus II Papa CALLISTUS Secundus Gui de Bourgogne , Comte de Bourgogne c. 1060 Quingey , Franche - Comté 59 / 64 French . Opened the First Council of the Lateran in 1123 163 21 December 1124 -- 13 February 1130 ( 7003188000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 54 days ) Honorius II Papa HONORIUS Secundus Lamberto Scannabecchi da Fiagnano , Can. Reg . 9 February 1060 Fiagnano , Romagna , Holy Roman Empire 64 / 70 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Maria di San Reno . Approved the new military order of the Knights Templar in 1128 . 164 14 February 1130 -- 24 September 1143 ( 7003497000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 222 days ) Innocent II Papa INNOCENTIUS Secundus Gregorio Papareschi , Can. Reg . ca . 1082 Rome , Papal States 48 / 61 Italian . Canon Regular of Lateran ; Convened the Second Council of the Lateran , 1139 165 26 September 1143 -- 8 March 1144 ( 7002164000000000000 ♠ 164 days ) Celestine II Papa COELESTINUS Secundus Guido da Castello ca . 1085 Città di Castello , Papal States 58 / 59 Italian . 166 12 March 1144 -- 15 February 1145 ( 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 days ) Lucius II Papa LUCIUS Secundus Gherardo Caccianemici dall'Orso , Can. Reg . ca . 1095 Bologna , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 50 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Frediano di Lucca . 167 15 February 1145 -- 8 July 1153 ( 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days ) Bl . Eugene III Papa EUGENIUS Tertius Pietro dei Paganelli di Montemagno , O. Cist . ca . 1080 Montemagno , Republic of Pisa 44 / 52 Italian . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Announced the Second Crusade . 168 12 July 1153 -- 3 December 1154 ( 7002509000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 144 days ) Anastasius IV Papa ANASTASIUS Quartus Corrado della Suburra ca . 1073 Rome , Papal States 80 / 81 Italian . 169 4 December 1154 -- 1 September 1159 ( 7003173200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 271 days ) Adrian IV Papa HADRIANUS Quartus Nicholas Breakspear , Can. Reg . ca . 1100 Abbots Langley , Hertfordshire , Kingdom of England 54 / 59 First and only English pope ; purportedly granted Ireland to Henry II , King of England . Canon Regular of St. Rufus Monastery . 170 7 September 1159 -- 30 August 1181 ( 7003802800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 357 days ) Alexander III Papa ALEXANDER Tertius Rolando Bandinelli ca . 1100 Siena , Republic of Siena 59 / 81 Italian . Convened the Third Council of the Lateran , 1179 . 171 1 September 1181 -- 25 November 1185 ( 7003154600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 85 days ) Lucius III Papa LUCIUS Tertius Ubaldo Allucignoli ca . 1097 Lucca , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 84 / 88 Italian . 172 25 November 1185 -- 20 October 1187 ( 7002694000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 329 days ) Urban III Papa URBANUS Tertius Uberto Crivelli ca . 1100 / 05 Cuggiono , Holy Roman Empire 67 / 67 Italian . 173 21 October 1187 -- 17 December 1187 ( 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 days ) Gregory VIII Papa GREGORIUS Octavus Alberto de Morra , Can. Reg . ca . 1105 / 08 Benevento , Papal States 79 ( 82 ) / 79 ( 82 ) Italian . Canon Regular Premostratense . Proposed the Third Crusade . 174 19 December 1187 -- 20 March 1191 ( 7003118700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 91 days ) Clement III Papa CLEMENS Tertius Paolo Scolari ca . 1130 Rome , Papal States 57 / 61 Italian . 175 30 March 1191 -- 8 January 1198 ( 7003247600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 284 days ) Celestine III Papa COELESTINUS Tertius Giacinto Bobone Orsini ca . 1106 Rome , Papal States 85 / 92 Motto : Perfice gressus meos in semitis tuis ( `` Going in Thy path '' ) 176 8 January 1198 -- 16 July 1216 ( 7003676400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 190 days ) Innocent III Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Lotario dei Conti di Segni 1161 Gavignano , Papal States 37 / 55 Italian . Convened the Fourth Council of the Lateran , 1215 . Initiated the Fourth Crusade but later distanced himself from it and threatened participants with excommunication when it became clear that the leadership abandoned a focus on conquest of the Holy Land and instead intended to sack Christian cities. Endorsed the Franciscan Order . 13th century Popes of the 13th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 177 18 July 1216 -- 18 March 1227 ( 7003389500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 243 days ) Honorius III Papa HONORIUS Tertius Cencio Savelli ca . 1148 / 50 Rome , Papal States 66 ( 68 ) / 77 ( 79 ) Italian . Initiated the Fifth Crusade . Approved several religious and tertiary orders . 178 19 March 1227 -- 22 August 1241 ( 7003527000000000000 ♠ 14 years , 156 days ) Gregory IX Papa GREGORIUS Nonus Ugolino dei Conti di Segni , O.F.S ca . 1145 / 70 Anagni , Papal States 57 ( 82 ) / 71 ( 96 ) Italian . Canonized Elisabeth of Hungary ( 1235 ) . Initiated the Inquisition in France and endorsed the Northern Crusades . 179 25 October 1241 -- 10 November 1241 ( 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 days ) Celestine IV Papa COELESTINUS Quartus Goffredo Castiglioni ca . 1180 / 87 Milan , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 54 ( 61 ) / 54 ( 61 ) Italian . Died before coronation . 180 25 June 1243 -- 7 December 1254 ( 7003418300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 165 days ) Innocent IV Papa INNOCENTIUS Quartus Sinibaldo Fieschi c. 1195 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Convened the First Council of Lyons ( 1245 ) . Issued the bull Ad extirpanda that permitted the torture of heretics ( 1252 ) . 181 12 December 1254 -- 25 May 1261 ( 7003235600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 164 days ) Alexander IV Papa ALEXANDER Quartus Rinaldo dei Conti di Jenne c. 1199 Jenne , Papal States 55 / 62 Italian . Established an Inquisition in France . 182 29 August 1261 -- 2 October 1264 ( 7003113000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 34 days ) Urban IV Papa URBANUS Quartus Jacques Pantaléon c. 1195 Troyes , County of Champagne , France 66 / 69 French . Instituted the feast of Corpus Christi ( 1264 ) . 183 5 February 1265 -- 29 November 1268 ( 7003139300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 298 days ) Clement IV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Gui Faucoi 23 November 1190 Saint - Gilles , Languedoc , France 62 / 66 French . -- 29 November 1268 -- 1 September 1271 ( 2 years , 90 days ) Interregnum Almost three - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 184 1 September 1271 -- 10 January 1276 ( 7003159200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 131 days ) Bl . Gregory X Papa GREGORIUS Decimus Tebaldo Visconti , O.F.S ca . 1210 Piacenza , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 51 / 66 Italian . Convened the Second Council of Lyons ( 1274 ) . Responsible for regulation all papal conclaves until the 20th century . 185 21 January 1276 -- 22 June 1276 ( 7002153000000000000 ♠ 153 days ) Bl . Innocent V Papa INNOCENTIUS Quintus Pierre de Tarentaise , O.P. c. 1224 / 5 County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 52 / 52 French . Member of the Dominican Order . 186 11 July 1276 -- 18 August 1276 ( 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 days ) Adrian V Papa HADRIANUS Quintus Ottobuono Fieschi c. 1216 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 60 / 60 Italian . Annulled Gregory X 's papal bull on the regulations of papal conclaves . 187 8 September 1276 -- 20 May 1277 ( 7002254000000000000 ♠ 254 days ) John XXI Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Primus Pedro Julião ( a.k.a. Petrus Hispanus and Pedro Hispano ) ca . 1215 Lisbon , Portugal 60 / 70 Portuguese . Due to a confusion over the numbering of popes named John in the 13th century , there was no John XX . There has never been a John XX , because the 20th pope of this name formerly when elected , decided to skip the number XX and be counted as John XXI instead . He wanted to correct what in his time was believed to be an error in the counting of his predecessors John XV to XIX 188 25 November 1277 -- 22 August 1280 ( 7003100100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 271 days ) Nicholas III Papa NICOLAUS Tertius Giovanni Gaetano Orsini ca . 1216 Rome , Papal States 61 / 64 Italian . Planned the Sicilian Vespers . 189 22 February 1281 -- 28 March 1285 ( 7003149500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 34 days ) Martin IV Papa MARTINUS Quartus Simon de Brion ca . 1210 Meinpicien , Touraine , France 71 / 75 Italian . 190 2 April 1285 -- 3 April 1287 ( 7002731000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 1 day ) Honorius IV Papa HONORIUS Quartus Giacomo Savelli ca . 1210 Rome , Papal States 75 / 77 Italian . 191 22 February 1288 -- 4 April 1292 ( 7003150300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 42 days ) Nicholas IV Papa NICOLAUS Quartus Girolamo Masci , O.F.M. 30 September 1227 Lisciano , Papal States 60 / 64 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . -- 4 April 1292 -- 5 July 1294 ( 2 years , 94 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 192 5 July 1294 -- 13 December 1294 ( 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 days ) St Celestine V Papa COELESTINUS Quintus Pietro Angelerio , O.S.B. ca . 1207 / 09 Sant'Angelo Limosano , Kingdom of Sicily 85 ( 87 ) / ( 85 ) 87 ( † 87 / 9 ) Italian . One of the few popes who resigned voluntarily . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Founded the Celestines . Resigned from office and rumored to have been murdered in prison by Boniface VIII . 193 24 December 1294 -- 11 October 1303 ( 7003321200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 291 days ) Boniface VIII Papa BONIFATIUS Octavus Benedetto Caetani c. 1230 / 36 Anagni , Papal States 59 ( 64 ) / 68 ( 73 ) Italian . Formalized the Jubilee in 1300 . Issued Unam Sanctam ( 1302 ) which proclaimed papal supremacy and pushing it to its historical extreme . 14th century Popes of the 14th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 194 22 October 1303 -- 7 July 1304 ( 7002259000000000000 ♠ 259 days ) Bl . Benedict XI Papa BENEDICTUS Undecimus Niccolò Boccasini , O.P. ca . 1240 Treviso 63 / 64 Motto : Illustra faciem Tuam super servum Tuum ( `` Let Your Face shine upon Your servant '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Reverted Boniface VIII 's Unam Sanctam . 195 5 June 1305 -- 20 April 1314 ( 7003324100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 319 days ) Clement V Papa CLEMENS Quintus Raymond Bertrand de Gouth / de Goth / de Got ca . 1264 Villandraut , Gascony , France 41 / 50 French . Pope at Avignon . Convened the Council of Vienne ( 1311 -- 1312 ) . Initiated the persecution of the Knights Templar with the bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae under pressure from King Philip IV of France . -- 20 April 1314 -- 7 August 1316 ( 2 years , 111 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 196 7 August 1316 -- 4 December 1334 ( 7003669300000000000 ♠ 18 years , 119 days ) John XXII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Secundus Jacques d'Euse ; Jacques Duèse ca . 1244 / 49 Cahors , Quercy , France 67 ( 72 ) / 85 ( 90 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Controversial for his views on the Beatific Vision . 197 20 December 1334 -- 25 April 1342 ( 7003268300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 126 days ) Benedict XII Papa BENEDICTUS Duodecimus Jacques Fournier , O. Cist . ca . 1280 / 85 Saverdun , County of Foix , France 49 ( 54 ) / 57 ( 62 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Known for issuing the Apostolic constitution Benedictus Deus ( 1336 ) . 198 7 May 1342 -- 6 December 1352 ( 7003386600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 213 days ) Clement VI Papa CLEMENS Sextus Pierre Roger , O.S.B. ca . 1291 Maumont , Limousin , France 51 / 61 French . Pope at Avignon . Reigned during the Black Death and absolved those who died of it of their sins . 199 18 December 1352 -- 12 September 1362 ( 7003355500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 268 days ) Innocent VI Papa INNOCENTIUS Sextus Étienne Aubert ca . 1282 Les Monts , Limousin , France 70 / 80 French . Pope at Avignon . Through his exertions the Treaty of Brétigny ( 1360 ) was brought about . 200 28 September 1362 -- 19 December 1370 ( 7003300400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 82 days ) Bl . Urban V Papa URBANUS Quintus Guillaume ( de ) Grimoard , O.S.B. ca . 1309 / 10 Grizac , Languedoc , France 52 ( 53 ) / 60 ( 61 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Reformed areas of education and sent missionary movements across Europe and Asia . His pontificate witnessed the Alexandrian and Savoyard crusades . 201 30 December 1370 -- 27 March 1378 ( 7003264400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 87 days ) Gregory XI Papa GREGORIUS Undecimus Pierre Roger de Beaufort c. 1329 Maumont , Limousin , France 41 / 49 French . Pope at Avignon ; returns to Rome . The last French pope . 202 8 April 1378 -- 15 October 1389 ( 7003420800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 190 days ) Urban VI Papa URBANUS Sextus Bartolomeo Prignano ca . 1318 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 60 / 71 Italian . Western Schism . Last pontiff to be elected outside the College of Cardinals . 203 2 November 1389 -- 1 October 1404 ( 7003544600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 334 days ) Boniface IX Papa BONIFATIUS Nonus Pietro Cybo Tomacelli ca . 1348 / 50 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 33 ( 35 ) / 48 ( 50 ) Italian . Western Schism . 15th century This pope resigned his office . The exact birth date of Innocent VIII and almost all popes prior to Eugene IV is unknown , therefore the lowest probable age has been assumed for this table . Popes of the 15th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 204 17 October 1404 -- 6 November 1406 ( 7002750000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 20 days ) Innocent VII Papa INNOCENTIUS Septimus Cosimo Gentile Migliorati 1336 / 39 Sulmona , Kingdom of Naples 65 ( 68 ) / 67 ( 71 ) Italian . Western Schism . 205 30 November 1406 -- 4 July 1415 ( 7003313800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 216 days ) Gregory XII Papa GREGORIUS Duodecimus Angelo Correr 13 May 1324 Venice , Republic of Venice 82 / 91 ( † 93 ) Italian . Western Schism ; abdicated during the Council of Constance , which had been called by his opponent John XXIII . Last pope to resign until Pope Benedict XVI . -- 4 July 1415 -- 11 November 1417 ( 2 years , 161 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . 206 11 November 1417 -- 20 February 1431 ( 7003484900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 101 days ) Martin V Papa MARTINUS Quintus Oddone Colonna , O.F.S January / February 1369 Genazzano , Papal States 48 / 62 Italian . Convened the Council of Basel ( 1431 ) . Initiated the Hussite Wars . 207 3 March 1431 -- 23 February 1447 ( 7003583600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 357 days ) Eugene IV Papa EUGENIUS Quartus Gabriele Condulmer , O.S.A. 1383 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 63 Italian . Member of the Augustinian Order . Nephew of Martin V. Crowned Sigismund emperor at Rome in 1433 . Transferred the Council of Basel to Ferrara . It was later transferred again , to Florence , because of the Bubonic plague . 208 6 March 1447 -- 24 March 1455 ( 7003294000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 18 days ) Nicholas V Papa NICOLAUS Quintus Tommaso Parentucelli , O.P. 13 November 1397 Sarzana , Republic of Genoa 49 / 57 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Held the Jubilee of 1450 . Crowned Frederick III emperor at Rome ( 1452 ) . Issued the Papal Bull Dum Diversas allowing Portugal 's right to conquer and subjugate Saracens and pagans ( 1452 ) . Created a library in the Vatican which would eventually become the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana . 209 8 April 1455 -- 6 August 1458 ( 7003121600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 120 days ) Callixtus III Papa CALLISTUS Tertius Alfonso de Borja 31 December 1378 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 76 / 79 The first Spanish pope . Ordered the Feast of the Transfiguration to be celebrated on 6 August . Ordered the retrial of Joan of Arc , in which she was vindicated . 210 19 August 1458 -- 15 August 1464 ( 7003218800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 362 days ) Pius II Papa PIUS Secundus Enea Silvio Piccolomini 18 October 1405Corsignano , Republic of Siena 52 / 58 Italian . Displayed a great interest in urban planning . Founded Pienza near Siena as the ideal city in 1462 . Known for his work on the Commentaries . 211 30 August 1464 -- 26 July 1471 ( 7003252100000000000 ♠ 6 years , 330 days ) Paul II Papa PAULUS Secundus Pietro Barbo 23 February 1417 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 54 Italian . The nephew of Eugene IV . Built the Palazzo San Marco ( now Palazzo Venezia ) . Approved the introduction of printing in the Papal States . 212 9 August 1471 -- 12 August 1484 ( 7003475200000000000 ♠ 13 years , 3 days ) Sixtus IV Papa XYSTUS Quartus Francesco della Rovere , O.F.M. 21 July 1414 Celle Ligure , Republic of Genoa 57 / 70 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . Commissioned the Sistine Chapel . Authorized an Inquisition targeting converted Jewish Christians in Spain at the request of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand . 213 29 August 1484 -- 25 July 1492 ( 7003288700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 331 days ) Innocent VIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Octavus Giovanni Battista Cybo 1432 Genoa , Republic of Genoa 51 / 59 Italian . Appointed Tomás de Torquemada . Endorsed the prosecution of witchcraft in the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus ( 1484 ) . 214 11 August 1492 -- 18 August 1503 ( 7003402300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 7 days ) Alexander VI Papa ALEXANDER Sextus Roderic Llançol i de Borja 1 January 1431 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 61 / 72 Spanish ; Nephew of Callixtus III ; father to Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia . Divided the extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in the bull Inter caetera ( 1493 ) . No Alexander V due to the antipope . 16th century Popes of the 16th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 215 22 September 1503 -- 18 October 1503 ( 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 days ) Pius III Papa PIUS Tertius Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini 29 May 1439 Siena , Republic of Siena 64 / 64 Italian . Nephew of Pius II . Founded the Piccolomini Library adjoining the Siena Cathedral . 216 31 October 1503 -- 21 February 1513 ( 7003340100000000000 ♠ 9 years , 113 days ) Julius II Papa IULIUS Secundus Giuliano della Rovere , O.F.M. 5 December 1443 Albisola , Republic of Genoa 59 / 69 Italian . Nephew of Sixtus IV ; convened the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( 1512 ) . Took control of all the Papal States for the first time . Commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling . Proposed plans for rebuilding St Peter 's Basilica . 217 9 March 1513 -- 1 December 1521 ( 7003318900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 267 days ) Leo X Papa LEO Decimus Giovanni di Lorenzo de ' Medici 11 December 1475 Florence , Republic of Florence 37 / 45 Italian . Son of Lorenzo the Magnificent . Closed the Fifth Council of the Lateran . Remembered for granting indulgences to those who donated to rebuild St. Peter 's Basilica ; excommunicated Martin Luther ( 1521 ) . Extended the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal . 218 9 January 1522 -- 14 September 1523 ( 7002613000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 248 days ) Adrian VI Papa HADRIANUS Sextus Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens 2 March 1459 Utrecht , Bishopric of Utrecht , Holy Roman Empire ( now Netherlands ) 62 / 64 Motto : Patere et sustine ( `` Respect and wait '' ) The only Dutch pope ; last non-Italian to be elected pope until John Paul II in 1978 . Tutor of Emperor Charles V. Retained his baptismal name as his regnal name . 219 26 November 1523 -- 25 September 1534 ( 7003395600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 303 days ) Clement VII Papa CLEMENS Septimus Giulio di Giuliano de ' Medici 26 May 1478 Florence , Republic of Florence 45 / 56 Motto : Candor illæsus ( `` Unharmed candor '' ) Italian ; Cousin of Leo X . Rome plundered by imperial troops ( 1527 ) . Forbade the divorce of Henry VIII ; crowned Charles V as emperor at Bologna ( 1530 ) . His niece was married to the future Henry II of France . Ordered Michelangelo 's painting of The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel . 220 13 October 1534 -- 10 November 1549 ( 7003550700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 28 days ) Paul III Papa PAULUS Tertius Alessandro Farnese 29 February 1468 Canino , Lazio , Papal States 66 / 81 Italian . Opened the Council of Trent ( 1545 ) . His illegitimate son became the first Duke of Parma . Decreed the second and final excommunication of Henry VIII . Appointed Michelangelo to supervise construction of St. Peter 's Basilica ( 1546 ) . 221 7 February 1550 -- 29 March 1555 ( 7003187600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 50 days ) Julius III Papa IULIUS Tertius Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte 10 September 1487 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 62 / 67 Italian . Established the Collegium Germanicum ( 1552 ) . Reconvened the Council of Trent . The Innocenzo Scandal . 222 9 April 1555 -- 1 May 1555 ( 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 days ) Marcellus II Papa MARCELLUS Secundus Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi 6 May 1501 Montefano , Marche , Papal States 53 / 53 Italian . The last to use his birth name as the regnal name . Instituted immediate economies in Vatican expenditures . The Missa Papae Marcelli composed in his honour . 223 23 May 1555 -- 18 August 1559 ( 7003154800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 87 days ) Paul IV Papa PAULUS Quartus Giovanni Pietro Carafa , C.R. 28 June 1476 Capriglia Irpina , Campania , Kingdom of Naples 78 / 83 Motto : Dominus mihi adjutor ( `` The Lord is my helper '' ) Italian . Member of the Theatines . Established the Roman Ghetto in Cum Nimis Absurdum ( 1555 ) and established the Index of Forbidden Books . Ordered Michelangelo to repaint the nudes of The Last Judgment modestly . 224 26 December 1559 -- 9 December 1565 ( 7003217500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 348 days ) Pius IV Papa PIUS Quartus Giovanni Angelo Medici 31 March 1499 Milan , Duchy of Milan 60 / 66 Italian . Reopened and closed the Council of Trent . Ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome . Instituted the Tridentine Creed . 225 7 January 1566 -- 1 May 1572 ( 7003230600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 115 days ) St Pius V Papa PIUS Quintus Antonio Ghislieri , O.P. 17 January 1504 Bosco , Piedmont , Duchy of Milan 61 / 68 Motto : Utinam dirigantur viæ meæ ad custodiendas ( `` It binds us to keep '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Excommunicated Elizabeth I ( 1570 ) . Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) ; instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory . Issued the 1570 Roman Missal . 226 13 May 1572 -- 10 April 1585 ( 7003471500000000000 ♠ 12 years , 332 days ) Gregory XIII Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Decimus Ugo Boncompagni 7 January 1502 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 70 / 83 Motto : Aperuit et clausit ( `` Opened and closed '' ) Italian . Reformed the calendar ( 1582 ) ; built the Gregorian Chapel in the Vatican . The first pope to bestow the Immaculate Conception as Patroness to the Philippine Islands through the bull Ilius Fulti Præsido ( 1579 ) . Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations . 227 24 April 1585 -- 27 August 1590 ( 7003195100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 125 days ) Sixtus V Papa XYSTUS Quintus Felice Peretti di Montalto , O.F.M. Conv . 13 December 1521 Grottammare , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Known for fixing and completing building works to major basilicas in Rome . Limited the College of Cardinals to 70 in number ; doubled the number of curial congregations . 228 15 September 1590 -- 27 September 1590 ( 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 days ) Urban VII Papa URBANUS Septimus Giovanni Battista Castagna 4 August 1521 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 69 / 69 Italian ; Supported by the Spanish . Shortest - reigning pope ; died before coronation . Set the first known worldwide smoking ban , banning smoking in and near all churches . 229 5 December 1590 -- 16 October 1591 ( 7002315000000000000 ♠ 315 days ) Gregory XIV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Decimus Niccolò Sfondrati 11 February 1535 Somma Lombardo , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 55 / 56 Italian . Modified the constitution Effraenatam of Sixtus V so that the penalty for abortion did not apply until the foetus became animated ( 1591 ) . Made gambling on papal elections punishable by excommunication . 230 29 October 1591 -- 30 December 1591 ( 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 days ) Innocent IX Papa INNOCENTIUS Nonus Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti 20 July 1519 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 72 / 72 Italian . Supported the cause of Philip II and the Catholic League against Henry IV in the French Wars of Religion . Prohibited the alienation of church property . 231 30 January 1592 -- 3 March 1605 ( 7003478100000000000 ♠ 13 years , 32 days ) Clement VIII Papa CLEMENS Octavus Ippolito Aldobrandini 24 February 1536 Fano , Marche , Papal States 55 / 69 Italian . Initiated an alliance of European Christian powers to partake in the war with the Ottoman Empire known as The Long War ( 1595 ) . Convened the Congregatio de Auxiliis which addressed doctrinal disputes between the Dominicans and Jesuits regarding free will and divine grace . 17th century Popes of the 17th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 232 1 April 1605 -- 27 April 1605 ( 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 days ) Leo XI Papa LEO Undecimus Alessandro Ottaviano de ' Medici 2 June 1535 Florence , Duchy of Florence 69 / 69 Italian . The nephew of Leo X . Called `` Papa Lampo '' ( Lightning Pope ) for his brief pontificate . 233 16 May 1605 -- 28 January 1621 ( 7003573600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 257 days ) Paul V Papa PAULUS Quintus Camillo Borghese 17 September 1550 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 52 / 68 Motto : Absit nisi in te gloriari ( `` May it be absent , except to glory in you '' ) Italian . Known for various building projects which included the facade of St Peter 's Basilica . Established the Bank of the Holy Spirit ( 1605 ) ; restored the Aqua Traiana . 234 9 February 1621 -- 8 July 1623 ( 7002879000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 149 days ) Gregory XV Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Decimus Alessandro Ludovisi 9 January 1554 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Established the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ( 1622 ) . Issued the bull Aeterni Patris ( 1621 ) which imposed conclaves to be by secret ballot . Issued the constitution Omnipotentis Dei against magicians and witches ( 1623 ) . 235 6 August 1623 -- 29 July 1644 ( 7003766300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 358 days ) Urban VIII Papa URBANUS Octavus Maffeo Barberini 5 April 1568 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 55 / 76 Italian . Trial against Galileo Galilei . The last pope to expand papal territory by force of arms . Issued a 1624 bull that made the use of tobacco in holy places punishable by excommunication . 236 15 September 1644 -- 7 January 1655 ( 7003376600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 114 days ) Innocent X Papa INNOCENTIUS Decimus Giovanni Battista Pamphilj 6 May 1574 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 70 / 80 Motto : Alleviatæ sunt aquæ super terram ( `` Water on earth '' ) Italian . The great - great - great - grandson of Alexander VI . Erected the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in Piazza Navona . Promulgated the apostolic constitution Cum occasione ( 1653 ) which condemned five doctrines of Jansenism as heresy . 237 7 April 1655 -- 22 May 1667 ( 7003442800000000000 ♠ 12 years , 45 days ) Alexander VII Papa ALEXANDER Septimus Fabio Chigi 13 February 1599 Siena , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 56 / 68 Italian . Great - nephew of Paul V. Commissioned St. Peter 's Square . Issued the constitution Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum that set the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception almost identical to that of Pius IX centuries later . 238 20 June 1667 -- 9 December 1669 ( 7002903000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 172 days ) Clement IX Papa CLEMENS Nonus Giulio Rospigliosi 28 January 1600 Pistoia , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 67 / 69 Motto : Aliis non sibi Clemens ( `` Clement to others , not to himself '' ) Italian . Commissioned the colonnade of St. Peter 's Square . Mediated in the peace of Aachen ( 1668 ) . 239 29 April 1670 -- 22 July 1676 ( 7003227600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 84 days ) Clement X Papa CLEMENS Decimus Emilio Bonaventura Altieri 13 July 1590 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 79 / 86 Bonum auget malum minuit ( `` He increases good and diminishes evil '' ) Italian . Canonized the first saint from the Americas : St. Rose of Lima ( 1671 ) . Decorated the bridge of Sant ' Angelo with the ten statues of angels and the two fountains that adorn the piazza of St. Peter 's . Established regulations for the removal of relics of saints from cemeteries . 240 21 September 1676 -- 12 August 1689 ( 12 years , 325 days ) Bl . Innocent XI Papa INNOCENTIUS Undecimus Benedetto Odescalchi 16 May 1611 Como , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 65 / 78 Motto : Avarus non Implebitur ( `` The covetous man is not satisfied '' ) Italian . Condemned the doctrine of mental reservation ( 1679 ) and initiated the Holy League . Extended the Holy Name of Mary as a universal feast ( 1684 ) . Admired for positive contributions to catechesis . 241 6 October 1689 -- 1 February 1691 ( 7002483000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 118 days ) Alexander VIII Papa ALEXANDER Octavus Pietro Vito Ottoboni 22 April 1610 Venice , Republic of Venice 79 / 80 Italian . Condemned the so - called philosophical sin ( 1690 ) . 242 12 July 1691 -- 27 September 1700 ( 7003336400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 77 days ) Innocent XII Papa INNOCENTIUS Duodecimus Antonio Pignatelli , O.F.S 13 March 1615 Spinazzola , Apulia , Kingdom of Naples 76 / 85 Italian . Issued the bull Romanum decet Pontificem to stop nepotism ( 1692 ) . Erected various charitable and educational institutions . 243 23 November 1700 -- 19 March 1721 ( 7003742100000000000 ♠ 20 years , 116 days ) Clement XI Papa CLEMENS Undecimus Giovanni Francesco Albani 23 July 1649 Urbino , Marche , Papal States 51 / 71 Italian . The `` Chinese Rites '' controversy . Patronized the first archaeological excavations in the Roman catacombs and made the feast of the Immaculate Conception universal . 18th century Popes of the 18th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 244 8 May 1721 -- 7 March 1724 ( 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 304 days ) Innocent XIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Decimus Michelangelo dei Conti 13 May 1655 Poli , Lazio , Papal States 65 / 68 Italian . Prohibited the Jesuits from prosecuting their mission in China ordering that no new members should be received into the order . 245 29 May 1724 -- 21 February 1730 ( 7003209400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 268 days ) S.D. Benedict XIII Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Decimus Pietro Francesco Orsini , O.P. 2 February 1649 Gravina in Puglia , Bari , Kingdom of Naples 75 / 81 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order ; third and last member of the Orsini family to be pope . Originally called Benedict XIV due to the antipope but reverted to XIII . Repealed the worldwide tobacco smoking ban set by Urban VII and Urban VIII . 246 12 July 1730 -- 6 February 1740 ( 7003349600000000000 ♠ 9 years , 209 days ) Clement XII Papa CLEMENS Duodecimus Lorenzo Corsini , O.F.S 7 April 1652 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 78 / 87 Motto : Dabis discernere inter malum et bonum ( `` You shall deign to distinguish between good and evil '' ) Italian . ( Completed the new façade of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran ( 1735 ) . Commissioned the Trevi Fountain in Rome ( 1732 ) . Condemned Freemasonry in In eminenti apostolatus ( 1738 ) . Last pope to be elected at an old age until Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 . 247 17 August 1740 -- 3 May 1758 ( 7003646800000000000 ♠ 17 years , 259 days ) Benedict XIV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Decimus Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini 31 March 1675 Bologna , Papal States 65 / 83 Motto : Curabuntur omnes ( `` All will be healed '' ) Italian . Reformed the education of priests and the calendar of feasts . Completed the Trevi Fountain and affirmed the teachings of Thomas Aquinas ; founded academies of art , religion and science . 248 6 July 1758 -- 2 February 1769 ( 7003386400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 211 days ) Clement XIII Papa CLEMENS Tertius Decimus Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico 7 March 1693 Venice , Republic of Venice 65 / 75 Italian . Provided the famous fig leaves on nude male statues in the Vatican . Defended the Society of Jesus in `` Apostolicum pascendi '' ( 1765 ) . 249 19 May 1769 -- 22 September 1774 ( 7003195200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 126 days ) Clement XIV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Decimus Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli , O.F.M. Conv . 31 October 1705 Sant ' Arcangelo di Romagna , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Suppressed the Society of Jesus in the brief `` Dominus ac Redemptor '' ( 1773 ) . 250 15 February 1775 -- 29 August 1799 ( 7003896100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 195 days ) Pius VI Papa PIUS Sextus Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi 25 December 1717 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Motto : Floret in domo domini ( `` It blossoms in the house of God '' ) Italian . Condemned the French Revolution ; expelled from the Papal States by French troops from 1798 until his death . The last pope to be a patron of Renaissance art . -- 29 August 1799 -- 14 March 1800 ( 228 days ) Interregnum Six - month period without a valid pope elected . This was due to unique logistical problems ( the old pope died a prisoner and the conclave was in Venice ) and a deadlock among cardinals voting . 251 14 March 1800 -- 20 August 1823 ( 7003855900000000000 ♠ 23 years , 159 days ) S.D. Pius VII Papa PIUS Septimus Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti , O.S.B. 14 August 1742 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Present at Napoleon 's coronation as Emperor of the French . Briefly expelled from the Papal States by the French between 1809 and 1814 . 19th century Popes of the 19th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 252 28 September 1823 -- 10 February 1829 ( 7003196200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 135 days ) Leo XII Papa LEO Duodecimus Count Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga 22 August 1760 Genga , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Placed the Catholic educational system under the control of the Jesuits through Quod divina sapientia ( 1824 ) . Condemned the Bible societies . 253 31 March 1829 -- 30 November 1830 ( 7002609000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 244 days ) Pius VIII Papa PIUS Octavus Francesco Saverio Castiglioni 20 November 1761 Cingoli , Marche , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Accepted Louis Philippe I as King of the French . Condemned the masonic secret societies and modernist biblical translations in the brief Litteris altero ( 1830 ) . 254 2 February 1831 -- 1 June 1846 ( 7003559800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 119 days ) Gregory XVI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Decimus Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari , O.S.B. Cam . 18 September 1765 Belluno , Veneto , Republic of Venice 65 / 80 Italian . Member of the Camaldolese Order ; last non-bishop to be elected to the papacy . Opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States . 255 16 June 1846 -- 7 February 1878 ( 7004115590000000000 ♠ 31 years , 236 days ) Bl . Pius IX Papa PIUS Nonus Count Giovanni Maria Mastai - Ferretti , O.F.S. 13 May 1792 Senigallia , Marche , Papal States 54 / 85 Italian . Opened the First Vatican Council ; lost the Papal States to Italy . Defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception and defined papal infallibility . Issued the controversial Syllabus of Errors . Second longest serving pope in history after Saint Peter . 256 20 February 1878 -- 20 July 1903 ( 7003928000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 150 days ) Leo XIII Papa LEO Tertius Decimus Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci , O.F.S. 2 March 1810 Carpineto Romano , Lazio , Italy 67 / 93 Italian . Issued the encyclical Rerum novarum ; supported Christian democracy against Communism . Had the fourth - longest reign after Pius IX , Saint Peter and John Paul II . Promoted the rosary and the scapular and approved two new Marian scapulars ; first pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix . 20th century Popes of the 20th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 257 4 August 1903 -- 20 August 1914 ( 7003403400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 16 days ) St Pius X Papa PIUS Decimus Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto , O.F.S. 2 June 1835 Riese , Treviso , Italy 68 / 79 Motto : Instaurare Omnia in Christo ( `` Restore all things in Christ '' ) Italian . Encouraged and expanded reception of the Eucharist . Combatted Modernism ; issued the oath against it . Advocated the Gregorian Chant and reformed the Roman Breviary . 258 3 September 1914 -- 22 January 1922 ( 7003269800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 141 days ) Benedict XV Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Decimus Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista Della Chiesa , O.F.S. 21 November 1854 Pegli , Genoa , Italy 59 / 67 Motto : In te , Domine , speravi : non confundar in aeternum . ( `` In thee , o Lord , have I trusted : let me not be confounded for evermore . '' ) Italian . Credited for intervening for peace during World War I. Issued the 1917 Code of Canon Law ; supported the missionaries in Maximum Illud . Remembered by Benedict XVI as a `` prophet of peace '' . 259 6 February 1922 -- 10 February 1939 ( 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days ) Pius XI Papa PIUS Undecimus Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti , O.F.S. 31 May 1857 Desio , Milan , Italy 64 / 81 Motto : Pax Christi in Regno Christi ( `` The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ '' ) Italian . Signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy ( 1929 ) establishing Vatican City as a sovereign state . Inaugurated Vatican Radio ( 1931 ) . Re-founded the Pontifical Academy of Sciences ( 1936 ) . Created the feast of Christ the King . Opposed Communism and Nazism . 260 2 March 1939 -- 9 October 1958 ( 7003716100000000000 ♠ 19 years , 221 days ) Ven . Pius XII Papa PIUS Duodecimus Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli , O.F.S. 2 March 1876 Rome , Italy 63 / 82 Motto : Opus Justitiae Pax ( `` The work of justice ( shall be ) peace '' ) Italian . Invoked papal infallibility in the encyclical Munificentissimus Deus ; defined the dogma of the Assumption . Eliminated the Italian majority of cardinals . Credited with intervening for peace during World War II ; controversial for his reactions to the Holocaust . 261 28 October 1958 -- 3 June 1963 ( 7003167900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 218 days ) St John XXIII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Tertius Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , O.F.S. 25 November 1881 Sotto il Monte , Bergamo , Italy 76 / 81 Motto : Obedientia et Pax ( `` Obedience and peace '' ) Italian . Opened the Second Vatican Council ; called `` Good Pope John '' . Issued the encyclical Pacem in terris ( 1963 ) on peace and nuclear disarmament ; intervened for peace during the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) . 262 21 June 1963 -- 6 August 1978 ( 7003552500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 46 days ) Bl . Paul VI Papa PAULUS Sextus Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini 26 September 1897 Concesio , Brescia , Italy 65 / 80 Motto : Cum Ipso in Monte ( `` With Him on the mount '' ) Italian . Last pope to be crowned in a coronation with the tiara . First pope to travel to the United States and Australia ; first pope since 1809 to travel outside Italy . Closed the Second Vatican Council . Issued the encyclical Humanae vitae ( 1968 ) condemning artificial contraception . 263 26 August 1978 -- 28 September 1978 ( 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 days ) S.D. John Paul I Papa IOANNES PAULUS Primus Albino Luciani 17 October 1912 Forno di Canale , Belluno , Italy 65 / 65 Motto : Humilitas ( `` Humility '' ) Italian . Abolished the coronation opting for the Papal Inauguration . First pope to use ' the First ' in papal name ; first with two names for two immediate predecessors . Last pope to use the Sedia Gestatoria . 264 16 October 1978 -- 2 April 2005 ( 7003966500000000000 ♠ 26 years , 168 days ) St John Paul II ( John Paul the Great ) Papa IOANNES PAULUS Secundus Karol Józef Wojtyła 20 May 1920 Wadowice , 2nd Polish Republic 58 / 84 Motto : Totus Tuus ( `` Totally yours '' ) First Polish pope and first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI ( 1522 -- 1523 ) . Traveled extensively , visiting 129 countries during his pontificate . Third longest reign after Pius IX and Saint Peter . Founded World Youth Day ( 1984 ) and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences ( 1994 ) . Canonized more saints than all his predecessors . Youngest individual to start his papacy since Pius IX ( 1846 ) . 3rd millennium 21st century Popes of the 21st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 265 19 April 2005 -- 28 February 2013 ( 7003287200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 315 days ) Benedict XVI Papa BENEDICTUS Decimus Sextus Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger 16 April 1927 ( age 90 ) Marktl am Inn , Bavaria , Germany 78 / 85 Motto : Cooperatores Veritatis ( `` Cooperators of the truth '' ) German . Oldest to become pope since Clement XII ( 1730 ) . Elevated the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position and promoted the use of Latin ; re-introduced several disused papal garments . Established the Anglican Ordinariate ( 2009 ) . First pope to renounce the papacy on his own initiative since Celestine V ( 1294 ) , retaining regnal name with title of Pope Emeritus . 266 13 March 2013 -- present ( 7003166600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 205 days ) Francis Papa FRANCISCUS Jorge Mario Bergoglio , S.J. 17 December 1936 ( age 80 ) Flores , Buenos Aires , Argentina 76 / - Motto : Miserando atque Eligendo ( `` Lowly but chosen '' , literally ' by having mercy , by choosing him ' ) Italian Argentinian . First pope to be born outside Europe since Gregory III ( 731 -- 741 ) and the first from the Americas ; first pope from the Southern Hemisphere . First pope from a religious institute since Gregory XVI ( 1831 -- 1846 ) ; first Jesuit pope . First to use a new and non-composed regnal name since Lando ( 913 -- 914 ) . Religious orders 38 popes have been members of religious orders . These have included : Benedictines ( 18 ) : Gregory I , Boniface IV , Adeodatus II , Leo IV , John IX , Leo VII , Sergius IV , Stephen IX , Gregory VII , Victor III , Urban II , Paschal II , Gelasius II , Celestine V , Clement VI , Urban V , Pius VII and including Camaldolese ( 1 ) : Gregory XVI Augustinians ( 6 ) : Eugene IV and including Canons Regular ( 5 ) : Honorius II , Innocent II , Lucius II , Gregory VIII , Adrian IV Dominicans ( 5 ) : Innocent V , Benedict XI , Nicholas V , Pius V , Benedict XIII Franciscans ( 5 ) : Nicholas IV , Sixtus IV , Julius II and including Conventual Franciscans ( 2 ) : Sixtus V , Clement XIV Cistercians ( 2 ) : Eugene III , Benedict XII Theatines ( 1 ) : Paul IV Jesuits ( 1 ) : Francis 12 popes have been members of third orders , also called `` tertiaries '' or `` Third Order Secular , '' and all of them of the Secular Franciscans : Gregory IX , Gregory X , Martin V , Innocent XII , Clement XII , Pius IX , Leo XIII , Pius X , Benedict XV , Pius XI , Pius XII , John XXIII Notes on numbering of popes A number of anomalies in the list given above need further explanation : Felix II ( 356 -- 357 ) , Boniface VII ( 974 , 984 -- 985 ) , John XVI ( 997 -- 998 ) , Benedict X ( 1058 -- 1059 ) and Alexander V ( 1409 -- 1410 ) are not listed because they are all considered antipopes . The numbering of popes named Felix has been amended to omit antipope Felix II ; however , most lists still call the last two Felixes Felix III and Felix IV . Additionally , there was an antipope Felix V . There has never been a pope John XX as a result of confusion of the numbering system in the 11th century . Pope - elect Stephen , who died before being consecrated , has not been on the Vatican 's official list of popes since 1961 , but appears on lists dating from before 1960 . The numbering of following popes called Stephen are nowadays given as Pope Stephen II ( 752 -- 757 ) to Pope Stephen IX ( 1057 -- 1058 ) , rather than Stephen III to Stephen X . When Simon de Brion became pope in 1281 , he chose to be called Martin . At that time , Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and Martin III respectively , and so , erroneously , Simon de Brion became Pope Martin IV . Pope Donus II , said to have reigned about 974 , never existed . The belief resulted from the confusion of the title dominus ( lord ) with a proper name . Pope Joan also never existed ; however , legends about her may have originated from stories about the pornocracy . The status of Antipope John XXIII was uncertain for hundreds of years , and was finally settled in 1958 when Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli announced his own name as John XXIII . Baldassare Cossa , who was Antipope John XXIII , served as a Cardinal of the reunited church before his death in 1419 and his remains are found in the Florence Baptistery . Those who believe in Sedevacantism say that there have been no legitimate popes since Pius XII . This is because they consider all popes since the Second Vatican Council to be heretics . See also Lists List of canonised popes List of murdered popes List of popes by length of reign List of popes by nationality List of popes from the Borgia family List of popes from the Conti family List of popes from the Medici family List of popes sorted alphabetically List of sexually active popes List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State Related topics Annuario Pontificio History of the papacy Index of Vatican City - related articles Legends surrounding the papacy Liber Pontificalis Oldest popes Papal name Pope John ( numbering ) Prophecy of the Popes Book : Popes Pope portal Catholicism portal Christianity portal References Specific ^ Annuario Pontificio 2012 ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 8722 - 0 ) , p. 12 * ^ `` Corrections Made to Official List of Popes '' . ZENIT. 5 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . ^ `` Papal Primacy of honour : titles and insignia '' . Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ( et al . ) ; Bromiley ( English translation ) , Geoffrey William , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Pope , Papacy '' . Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon ( The encyclopedia of Christianity ) . 4 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 272 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . ^ The fourth pope Discussed in the article on Clement I ^ Mcbrien , Richard P. ( 31 October 2006 ) . The Pocket Guide to the Popes . HarperCollins . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113773 - 0 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` The Chronography of 354 AD . Part 13 : Bishops of Rome '' . pp. from Theosodr Mommsen , MGH Chronica Minora I ( 1892 ) , pp. 73 -- 6 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` OCA - St Liberius the Pope of Rome '' . Ocafs.oca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ `` Saint Siricius '' . ^ `` Papal Timeline '' . 2005 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Deno John Geanakoplos ( 15 September 1989 ) . Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine ( Palaeologan ) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 263 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11884 - 6 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . ^ `` Blessed Eugene III '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . ^ For the dates of death of Clement III and the election of Celestine III see Katrin Baaken : Zu Wahl , Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III . Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985 , pp. 203 -- 211 ^ Philip Hughes , `` Innocent III & the Latin East , '' History of the Church , vol. 2 , p. 371 , Sheed & Ward , 1948 . ^ `` Pope Adrian VI ( 1522 - 1523 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement VII ( 1523 - 1534 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Paul IV ( 1555 - 1559 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Pius V ( 1566 - 1572 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Gregory XIII ( 1572 - 1585 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ John Henry Blunt ( 1874 ) . `` Jansenists '' . Dictionary of Sects , Heresies , Ecclesiastical Parties , and Schools of Religious Thought . Rivingtons . pp. 234 -- 240 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ `` Pope Alexander VII ( 1655 - 1667 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Innocent X ( 1644 - 1655 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement IX ( 1667 - 1669 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement X ( 1670 - 1676 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Innocent XI ( 1676 - 1689 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement XII ( 1730 - 1740 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Benedict XIV ( 1740 - 1758 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ `` The Wind was too Strong '' . Rome Art Lover . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . ^ Bottum , Joseph ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` John Paul the Great '' . The Weekly Standard . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . ^ Brown , Andrew ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` Benedict , the placeholder pope who leaves a battered , weakened church '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . ^ Pianigiani , Gaia ; Povoledo , Elisabetta ( 27 February 2013 ) . `` Benedict XVI to Keep His Name and Become Pope Emeritus '' . The New York Times . ^ Scarisbrick , Veronica ( 22 March 2013 ) . `` Pope Francis : `` Miserando atque eligendo '' ... `` . Vatican Radio . The Holy See . Vatican Radio . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Antipope '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Chronological Lists of Popes '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Pope Martin IV '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Popess Joan '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Weaver , MJ. , and Appleby , RS. , Being Right : Conservative Catholics in America , Indiana University Press , 1 Jan 1995 , p. 257 . ^ Flinn , FK. , Encyclopedia of Catholicism , 2007 , p. 566 . General The Early Papacy : To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451 , Adrian Fortescue , Ignatius Press , 2008 . The Oxford Dictionary of Popes , John N.D. Kelly , Oxford University Press , 1986 . Catholicism , Henri de Lubac , Ignatius Press , 1988 . Rome and the Eastern Churches , Aidan Nichols , Ignatius Press , 2010 . I Papi . Venti secoli di storia , Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo , Libreria Editrice Vaticana , 2002 . Rome Sweet Home , Scott Hahn , Ignatius Press , 1993 . Enciclopedia dei Papi , AA. VV. , Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana , 2000 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Popes . 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who is considered to be the first pope

Popes of the 1st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 1 April 30 -- 29 June 67 ( 7004136030000000000 ♠ 37 years , 89 days ) St Peter PETRUS Šimʻōn Kêpâ ( Simon Peter ) AD 1 Bethsaida , Galilea , Roman Empire 29 / 66 Jew . Apostle of Jesus from whom he received the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven , according to Matthew 16 : 18 -- 19 . Executed by crucifixion upside - down ; feast day ( Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ) 29 June , ( Chair of Saint Peter ) 22 February . He is recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ . Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 29 June . The St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City is named after him . 29 June 67 -- 23 September 76 ( 7003337400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 86 days ) St Linus Papa LINUS Linus ( Lin ) 10 AD Volterra , Italia , Roman Empire 57 / 66 First Roman pope . Feast day 23 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 23 September 76 -- 26 April 88 ( 7003423300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 216 days ) St Anacletus ( Cletus ) Papa ANACLETUS ( Cletus ) Anákletos ( Klétos ) ( Anaclet or Clet ) 25 AD Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 51 / 63 First Greek pope . Martyred ; feast day 26 April . Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus . 26 April 88 -- 23 November 99 ( 7003422800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 211 days ) St Clement I Papa CLEMENS Clemens ( Clement ) ca . 35 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 64 ( † 66 ) Roman . Feast day 23 November . Issued 1 Clement which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 November . First Pope to abdicate 5 23 November 99 -- 27 October 105 ( 7003216400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 338 days ) St Evaristus Papa EVARISTUS Eváristos ( Evarist ) ca . 30 AD Bethlehem , Judea , Roman Empire 69 / 75 Jew . Said to have divided Rome into parishes , assigning a priest to each . Feast day of 26 October .

Red River of the south - wikipedia Red River of the south Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Red River . Red River Red River looking east , north of Bonham , Texas : Texas is to the right , Oklahoma is on the left , and the border between the two states runs along the south ( right ) bank of the river . Map of the Red River watershed Native name Bah'hatteno Other name ( s ) Rivière Rouge ( former French name ) Country United States States Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas and Louisiana Physical characteristics Main source Harmon County , Oklahoma 1,535 ft ( 468 m ) 34 ° 34 ′ 35 '' N 99 ° 57 ′ 54 '' W  /  34.57639 ° N 99.96500 ° W  / 34.57639 ; - 99.96500 River mouth Atchafalaya River 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Coordinates : 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Length 1,360 mi ( 2,190 km ) Discharge Location : mouth ; max and min at Alexandria , LA Minimum rate : 1,472 cu ft / s ( 41.7 m / s ) Average rate : 57,000 cu ft / s ( 1,600 m / s ) Maximum rate : 233,000 cu ft / s ( 6,600 m / s ) Basin features Basin size 65,595 sq mi ( 169,890 km ) The Red River , or sometimes the Red River of the South , is a major river in the southern United States of America . The river was named for the red - bed country of its watershed . It is one of several rivers with that name . Although it was once a tributary of the Mississippi River , the Red River is now a tributary of the Atchafalaya River , a distributary of the Mississippi that flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico . It is connected to the Mississippi River by the Old River Control Structure . The south bank of the Red River formed part of the US - Mexico border from the Adams - Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . The Red River is the second - largest river basin in the southern Great Plains . It rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east , where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma . It forms a short border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas , turning south near Fulton , Arkansas , and flowing into Louisiana , where it flows into the Atchafalaya River . The total length of the river is 1,360 miles ( 2,190 km ) , with a mean flow of over 57,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,600 m / s ) at the mouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Course 1.2 Tributaries 2 Watershed 3 History 3.1 Native Americans 3.2 European - American exploration and settlement 3.3 Great Raft 3.4 Greer County debate 3.5 2015 Louisiana flood 4 Recreation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Course ( edit ) The Red River rises near the edge of the northwestern dip slope of the Llano Estacado mesa in two forks in northern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma . The North Fork Red River meets the southern and largest fork near the Texas - Oklahoma border . The southern fork , which is about 120 miles ( 190 km ) long , is generally called the Prairie Dog Town Fork . It is formed in Randall County , Texas , near the county seat of Canyon , by the confluence of intermittent Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek . ( The names mean `` Hard Wood '' and `` White Land '' , respectively , in Spanish . ) State Highway No. 78 Bridge at the Red River between Oklahoma and Texas , photographed on the Oklahoma side Crossing the Red River at the Texas - Oklahoma border from I - 35 The Red River took a new channel near Natchitoches , Louisiana , and left behind Cane River Lake . The Red River turns and flows southeast through Palo Duro Canyon in Palo Duro Canyon State Park at an elevation of 3,440 feet ( 1,050 m ) , then past Newlin , Texas , to meet the Oklahoma state line . Past that point , it is generally considered the main stem of the Red River . Near Elmer , Oklahoma , the North Fork finally joins , and the river proceeds to follow a winding course east through one of the most arid parts of the Great Plains , receiving the Wichita River as it passes the city of Wichita Falls . Near Denison , the river exits the eastern end of Lake Texoma , a reservoir formed by the Denison Dam . The lake is also fed by the Washita River from the north . Point bars , abandoned meander loops , oxbow lakes in Lafayette and Miller counties , Arkansas After the river flows out of the southeastern end of the lake , it runs generally east towards Arkansas and receives Muddy Boggy Creek before turning southward near Texarkana . Soon after , the river crosses south into Louisiana . The sister cities of Shreveport and Bossier City were developed on either bank of the river , as were the downriver cities of Alexandria and Pineville . Where it is joined by the Ouachita River , its largest tributary , the river later broadens into a complex network of marshlands surrounding the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers . Its waters eventually discharge into the Atchafalaya River and flow eastward or southward into the Gulf of Mexico . In 1946 , the Red River flood spilled over into Pineville because of insufficient levee height and strength . However , the taller and stronger levee held in Alexandria . Willie E. Kees Jr. , the newly elected mayor of Pineville , worked to gain support for the Corps of Engineers to increase the height of the levee on the eastern side of the river to equal that in Alexandria . Tributaries ( edit ) Tributaries include the Little Red River , Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River , Salt Fork Red River , North Fork Red River , Pease River , Washita River , Kiamichi River , Little Wichita River , Little River , Sulphur River , Loggy Bayou ( through Lake Bistineau and Dorcheat Bayou ) as well as the Ouachita River ( also known as the Black River at that point ) not far ( at Acme , Louisiana ) from the mouth . Watershed ( edit ) The Red River 's watershed covers 65,590 square miles ( 169,900 km ) and is the southernmost major river system in the Great Plains . Its drainage basin is mostly in the states of Texas and Oklahoma , but also covers parts of Arkansas and Louisiana . Its basin is characterized by flat , fertile agricultural land , with only a few major cities . The drainage basin of the Red River is very arid and receives little precipitation . As a result , much of the river above the Texas - Oklahoma border is intermittent , and until the river is past its great bend south in Arkansas , the flow varies widely . Most of the agriculture in the basin is sustained by groundwater , which is recharged with rainfall and riverflow . The lower course of the river flows through a series of marshes and swamps , where its flow is dramatically moderated . History ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) Native American cultures along the river were diverse , developing specialized adaptations to the many different environments . By the time of European contact , the eastern Piney Woods were dominated by the numerous historic tribes of the Caddoan Confederacy . They found plentiful game and fish , and also had good land for cultivating staple crops . The middle part of the Red River was dominated by Wichita and Tonkawa . This area was prairie , where Native Americans constructed portable and temporary tepees for housing . They practiced limited farming and followed game in seasonal , nomadic hunting cycles . The Plains division of the Lipan Apache dominated the western Red River area until the 18th century , when they were displaced by invading Comanche from the north . European - American Exploration and settlement ( edit ) Crossing the Red River near Granite , Oklahoma , 1921 . In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Red River Expedition to explore parts of the new lands of the Louisiana Purchase by traveling up the Red River . He said it was `` in truth , next to the Missouri , the most interesting water of the Mississippi '' , in a letter to William Dunbar . Having threaded the maze of bayous at the river 's confluence , and the `` Great Raft '' of lodged driftwood , the expedition , was stopped by the Spanish near what is now New Boston , Texas . In 1806 , Lieutenant Zebulon Pike , under orders to ascertain the source of the Red River , ascended the Arkansas River , made his way downstream on what turned out to be the Rio Grande , and was sent home by the Spanish authorities . A more successful exploration of the river 's upper reaches to both its sources was the 1852 expedition under Capt . Randolph Barnes Marcy , assisted by Brevet Capt . George B. McClellan . The latter was important as a general in the American Civil War . In April 1815 , Captain Henry Miller Shreve was the first person to bring a steamboat , the Enterprise , up the Red River . Fulton and Livingston , who claimed the exclusive right to navigate Louisiana waters by steamboat , sued Shreve in the District Court of New Orleans . The judge ruled that the monopoly claimed by the plaintiffs was illegal . That decision , along with a similar outcome in Gibbons v. Ogden freed navigation on every river , lake or harbor in the United States from interference by monopolies . When John Quincy Adams became Secretary of State in 1817 , one of his highest priorities was to negotiate the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase with Spain . He negotiated with the Spanish Minister to the United States , Luis de Onis , and finally concluded Adams - Onis Treaty , also known as the Treaty of 1819 . The treaty defined the south bank of the river as the boundary between the United States and Spain . That boundary continued to be recognized when Mexico gained its independence from Spain , then again when Texas became independent from Mexico . It remained so until the United States Congress consented to the Red River Boundary Compact adopted by the states of Oklahoma and Texas , which set the jurisdictional boundary between Texas and Oklahoma at the vegetation line on the south bank , but left title of adjacent property owners at the south bank . In Louisiana , the area of present - day Natchitoches Parish was settled by French Creole and mixed - race Louisiana Creole people , starting before 1800 . The Cane River National Heritage Area marks this area of influence , with plantations and churches founded by Louisiana Creoles . Some of the sites are designated as destinations on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail , designed in the 21st century . For nearly 100 years after the American Civil War , some of the plantations were the center of a large African American and Creole community life , whose people lived and worked in this area for generations . The area along the lower Red River of Grant Parish , Louisiana , and neighboring parishes were a mixture of hill country and cotton plantations , with white planters and subsistence farmers , and numerous African American slaves working the plantations in the ante bellum years . It was an area of heated social tensions and insurgency during and after the Reconstruction era . Grant was a new parish created by the Reconstruction legislature , which was trying to increase Republican Party representation . In 1873 , Grant Parish was the site of the Colfax massacre , caused by the political tension and violence arising from the disputed 1872 gubernatorial election and efforts by local whites to keep white supremacy . White militias , organized from nearby parishes , killed more than 100 freedmen , some of whom had surrendered as prisoners . In 1874 , such militias organized as the White League in Grant Parish , and other chapters were soon founded across the state . The Coushatta Massacre was attributed to the White League , which attacked Republican officeholders to run them out of office . The paramilitary groups intimidated and terrorized freedmen to keep them from the polls , and by the late 1870s , conservative Democrats had retaken political control of the state . Great Raft ( edit ) Main article : Great Raft Red River , Texas In the early 19th century , settlers found that much of the river 's length in Louisiana was unnavigable because of a collection of fallen trees that formed a `` Great Raft '' over 160 miles ( 260 km ) long . Captain Henry Miller Shreve began clearing the log jam in 1839 . The log jam was not completely cleared until the 1870s , when dynamite became available . The river was thereafter navigable , but north of Natchitoches it was restricted to small craft . Removal of the raft further connected the Red and Atchafalaya rivers , accelerating the development of the Atchafalaya River channel . In the 20th century , the interest group known as the Red River Valley Association was formed to lobby the United States Congress to make the river fully navigable between Alexandria and Shreveport , Louisiana . Leading supporters of the longstanding project were Louisiana Democratic senators Allen J. Ellender , J. Bennett Johnston and Russell B. Long , the Fourth District Congressman Joe Waggonner , and the late Shreveport Mayor Calhoun Allen . With the completion of the project , a lock system constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers allowed navigation of barge traffic as far north as Shreveport . Greer County debate ( edit ) Specialists debate whether the North Fork or the Prairie Dog Town Fork is the true stem . Because of a cartographic error , the land between the north and south forks was claimed by both the state of Texas and the United States federal government . Randolph B. Marcy 's expedition followed the Prairie Dog Town Fork in 1852 . Originally called Greer County , Texas , the US Supreme Court ruled that it belonged to the United States , which at the time oversaw the Oklahoma Territory . That territory was later incorporated into the state of Oklahoma , whose southern border now follows the south fork . Today , the southern Prairie Dog Town Fork is considered the main fork , though the North Fork is as long and normally has a greater water flow . 2015 Louisiana flood ( edit ) In June 2015 , the Red River flooded parts of northeast Texas , southwest Arkansas , and Louisiana , from New Boston , Texas , to just south of Alexandria , Louisiana . Recreation ( edit ) Red River LA 2 Bridge , not the Jimmie Davis Bridge , atop the Red River between Bossier and Caddo parishes near Shreveport Popular pedestrian walkway along the Red River in Alexandria , Louisiana In 1943 , Denison Dam was built on the Red River to form Lake Texoma , a large reservoir of 89,000 acres ( 360 km ) , some 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Dallas . Other reservoirs on the river 's tributaries serve as flood control . See also ( edit ) List of Arkansas rivers List of longest main - stem rivers in the United States List of Louisiana rivers List of Oklahoma rivers List of Texas rivers Great Raft North Fork Red River Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River Red River Bridge War Red River Campaign , 1864 , during the American Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 Adams -- Onís Treaty Red River Shootout , the annual college football game between the University of Texas Longhorns and the University of Oklahoma Sooners . Little Red River ( Texas ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caddo name . Meredith , Howard . `` Caddo ( Kadohadacho ) . '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Oklahoma Historical Society 's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved 9 Sept 2012 ) Jump up ^ Tyson , Carl N. The Red River in Southwestern History . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1659 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Benke , Arthur ; Colbert Cushing ( 2005 ) . River of North America . Academic Press . p. 1144 . ISBN 9780120882533 . Jump up ^ John Miller Morris , El Llano Estacado : Exploration and Imagination on the High Plains , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Piazza , Bryan P ( 2014 ) . The Atchafalaya River Basin : History and Ecology of an American Wetland . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 039 - 3 . Jump up ^ Frederick Marcel Spletstoser ( 2005 ) . Talk of the Town : The Rise of Alexandria , Louisiana , and the Daily Town Talk . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2934 - 8 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jefferson to Dunbar , 25 May 1805 , quoted in T. Lindsay Baker , ed. , The Texas Red River country : the official surveys of the headwaters , 1876 , 1998 : `` Foreword '' , v , and in D.L. Flores , `` The Ecology of the Red River in 1806 : Peter Custis and Early '' The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 88 ,. 1 , ( July 1984 ) . Jump up ^ R.B. Marcy , Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana : in the year 1852 ... with Reports on the Natural History of the Country , Washington , 1853 . ^ Jump up to : Harbour , Emma Estill . `` A Brief History of the Red River County since 1803 . Chronicles of Oklahoma . Vol. 16 . No. 1 . March 1938 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/with-homes-underwater-in-louisiana-recovery-teams-head-out/ar-BBkYtRO?ocid=mailsignout Jump up ^ `` Bridgehunter.com Red River of the South '' . bridgehunter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Red River of the South . Randolph Marcy , Exploration of the Red River , 1852 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History Red River from the Handbook of Texas Online U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Red River Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Red River Compact Commission . `` U.S. Supreme Court Ruling Leaves Texas High And Dry . '' Geology Red River Valley - Engineering Geology Mapping Program PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Red River Valley Autin , W.J. , and C.E. Pearson , 1993 , Quaternary Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Lower Red River Valley : Friends of the Pleistocene South Central Cell 11 th Annual Field Conference Alexandria , Louisiana March 26 - 28 , 1993 . Friends of the Pleistocene South Central Cell and Louisiana Geological Survey , Baton Rouge , Louisiana . 183 p . VIAF : 247749245 GND : 4267240 - 5 BNF : cb12011209j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_River_of_the_South&oldid=815139038 '' Categories : Red River of the South Tributaries of the Mississippi River Rivers of Arkansas Rivers of Louisiana Rivers of Oklahoma Rivers of Texas Borders of Texas Borders of Oklahoma Borders of Arkansas Rivers of Desha County , Arkansas Rivers of Arkansas County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Lincoln County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Jefferson County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Pulaski County , Arkansas Rivers of Perry County , Arkansas Rivers of Faulkner County , Arkansas Rivers of Conway County , Arkansas Rivers of Yell County , Arkansas Rivers of Logan County , Arkansas Rivers of Pope County , Arkansas Rivers of Johnson County , Arkansas Rivers of Franklin County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Sebastian County , Arkansas Rivers of Crawford County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Randall County , Texas Bodies of water of Wichita County , Texas Bodies of water of Red River County , Texas Bodies of water of Avoyelles Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Bossier Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Caddo Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Concordia Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Grant Parish , Louisiana Rivers of Natchitoches Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Rapides Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Red River Parish , Louisiana Cane River National Heritage Area Natchitoches , Louisiana Shreveport , Louisiana Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 07 . 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where does the red river begin and end

Red River Red River looking east , north of Bonham , Texas : Texas is to the right , Oklahoma is on the left , and the border between the two states runs along the south ( right ) bank of the river . Map of the Red River watershed Native name Bah'hatteno Other name ( s ) Rivière Rouge ( former French name ) Country United States States Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas and Louisiana Physical characteristics Main source Harmon County , Oklahoma 1,535 ft ( 468 m ) 34 ° 34 ′ 35 '' N 99 ° 57 ′ 54 '' W  /  34.57639 ° N 99.96500 ° W  / 34.57639 ; - 99.96500 River mouth Atchafalaya River 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Coordinates : 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Length 1,360 mi ( 2,190 km ) Discharge Location : mouth ; max and min at Alexandria , LA Minimum rate : 1,472 cu ft / s ( 41.7 m / s ) Average rate : 57,000 cu ft / s ( 1,600 m / s ) Maximum rate : 233,000 cu ft / s ( 6,600 m / s ) Basin features Basin size 65,595 sq mi ( 169,890 km )

Sachin Tendulkar - Wikipedia Sachin Tendulkar Jump to : navigation , search `` Tendulkar '' redirects here . For other people with the same surname , see Tendulkar ( surname ) . For the film based on the life of Sachin Tendulkar , see Sachin : A Billion Dreams . Sachin Tendulkar M , BR , AC Tendulkar with the ICC Cricket World Cup Full name Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar ( 1973 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1973 ( age 44 ) Bombay ( now Mumbai ) , Maharashtra Nickname God of Cricket , Little Master , Master Blaster Height 5 ft 5 in ( 165 cm ) Batting Right - handed Bowling Right - arm medium , leg break , off break Role Batsman International information National side India ( 1989 -- 2013 ) Test debut ( cap 187 ) 15 November 1989 v Pakistan Last Test 14 November 2013 v West Indies ODI debut ( cap 74 ) 18 December 1989 v Pakistan Last ODI 18 March 2012 v Pakistan ODI shirt no . 10 Only T20I ( cap 11 ) 1 December 2006 v South Africa Domestic team information Years Team Cricket Club of India 1988 -- 2013 Mumbai 1992 Yorkshire 2008 -- 2013 Mumbai Indians ( squad no . 10 ) 2014 Marylebone Cricket Club Career statistics Competition Test ODI FC LA Matches 200 463 310 551 Runs scored 15,921 18,426 25,396 21,999 Batting average 53.78 44.83 57.84 45.54 100s / 50s 51 / 68 49 / 96 81 / 116 60 / 114 Top score 248 * 200 * 248 * 200 * Balls bowled 4,240 8,054 7,605 10,230 Wickets 46 154 71 201 Bowling average 54.17 44.48 61.74 42.17 5 wickets in innings 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 n / a 0 n / a Best bowling 3 / 10 5 / 32 3 / 10 5 / 32 Catches / stumpings 115 / -- 140 / -- 186 / -- 175 / -- Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha ( nominated ) In office 27 April 2012 -- Source : ESPNcricinfo , 15 November 2013 Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar ( / ˌsətʃɪn tɛnˈduːlkər / ( listen ) ; born 24 April 1973 ) is a former Indian cricketer and a former captain , widely regarded as the greatest batsman of all time . The highest run scorer of all time in International cricket , Tendulkar took up cricket at the age of eleven , made his Test debut on 15 November 1989 against Pakistan in Karachi at the age of sixteen , and went on to represent Mumbai domestically and India internationally for close to twenty - four years . He is the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries , the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International , the holder of the record for the most number of runs in both ODI and Test cricket , and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in international cricket . In 2002 , halfway through his career , Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time , behind Don Bradman , and the second greatest ODI batsman of all time , behind Viv Richards . Later in his career , Tendulkar was a part of the Indian team that won the 2011 World Cup , his first win in six World Cup appearances for India . He had previously been named `` Player of the Tournament '' at the 2003 edition of the tournament , held in South Africa . In 2013 , he was the only Indian cricketer included in an all - time Test World XI named to mark the 150th anniversary of Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . Tendulkar received the Arjuna Award in 1994 for his outstanding sporting achievement , the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award in 1997 , India 's highest sporting honour , and the Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan awards in 1999 and 2008 , respectively , India 's fourth and second highest civilian awards . After a few hours of his final match on 16 November 2013 , the Prime Minister 's Office announced the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian award . He is the youngest recipient to date and the first ever sportsperson to receive the award . He also won the 2010 Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for cricketer of the year at the ICC awards . In 2012 , Tendulkar was nominated to the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . He was also the first sportsperson and the first person without an aviation background to be awarded the honorary rank of group captain by the Indian Air Force . In 2012 , he was named an Honorary Member of the Order of Australia . In December 2012 , Tendulkar announced his retirement from ODIs . He retired from Twenty20 cricket in October 2013 and subsequently retired from all forms of cricket on 16 November 2013 after playing his 200th Test match , against the West Indies in Mumbai 's Wankhede Stadium . Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in total , scoring 34,357 runs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Early domestic career 2.1 Yorkshire 3 International career 3.1 Early career 3.2 Rise through the ranks 3.3 Captaincy 3.4 Mike Denness incident 3.5 Injuries and decline amid surpassing Bradman 's haul 3.6 Decline phase of career 3.7 2003 Cricket World Cup 3.8 2003 Tour of Australia 3.9 2007 Cricket World Cup 3.10 Return to old form and consistency 3.11 2007 -- 08 tour of Australia 3.12 Home series against South Africa 3.13 Sri Lanka Series 3.14 Return to form and breaking Brian Lara 's record 3.15 ODI and Test Series against England 3.16 2009 -- 2010 3.17 2011 World Cup and after 3.17. 1 100th international century 3.17. 2 Return To Ranji Trophy 3.18 Retirement 4 Indian Premier League and Champions League 5 Playing style 6 Fan following 7 Achievements and awards 7.1 National honours 7.2 Other honours 8 Personal life 8.1 Family 8.2 Beliefs 8.3 Business interests 8.4 Commercial endorsements 8.5 Rajya Sabha nomination 8.6 Philanthropy 8.7 Autobiography 9 Biographies 9.1 Books 9.2 Films 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Early years Tendulkar was born at Nirmal Nursing Home in Dadar , Bombay on 24 April 1973 . His father , Ramesh Tendulkar , was a well - known Marathi novelist and his mother , Rajni , worked in the insurance industry . Ramesh named Tendulkar after his favourite music director , Sachin Dev Burman . Tendulkar has three elder siblings : two half - brothers Nitin and Ajit , and a half - sister Savita . They were Ramesh 's children from his first marriage . Tendulkar played as a youngster with his brother , Ajit , for Sahitya Sahawas society 's cricket team at Bandra East . Ajit is credited by Sachin for playing a pivotal role in his life . Ramakant Achrekar was impressed with Tendulkar 's talent and advised him to shift his schooling to Sharadashram Vidyamandir ( English ) High School , a school at Dadar which had a dominant cricket team and had produced many notable cricketers . Prior to this , Tendulkar had attended the Indian Education Society 's New English School in Bandra ( East ) . He was also coached under the guidance of Achrekar at Shivaji Park in the mornings and evenings . Tendulkar would practice for hours on end in the nets . If he became exhausted , Achrekar would put a one - rupee coin on the top of the stumps , and the bowler who dismissed Tendulkar would get the coin . If Tendulkar passed the whole session without getting dismissed , the coach would give him the coin . Tendulkar now considers the 13 coins he won then as some of his most prized possessions . He moved in with his aunt and uncle , who lived near Shivaji Park , during this period , due to his hectic schedule . Sachin Tendulkar and his wife Anjali Meanwhile , at school , he developed a reputation as a child prodigy . He had become a common conversation point in local cricketing circles , where there were suggestions already that he would become one of the greats . Sachin consistently featured in the school team in the Matunga Gujarati Seva Mandal ( MGSM ) Shield . Besides school cricket , he also played club cricket , initially representing John Bright Cricket Club in Bombay 's premier club cricket tournament , the Kanga League , and later went on to play for the Cricket Club of India . In 1987 , at the age of 14 , he attended the MRF Pace Foundation in Madras ( now Chennai ) to train as a fast bowler , but Australian fast bowler Dennis Lillee , who took a world record 355 Test wickets , was unimpressed , suggesting that Tendulkar focus on his batting instead . On 20 January 1987 , he also turned out as substitute for Imran Khan 's side in an exhibition game at Brabourne Stadium in Bombay , to mark the golden jubilee of Cricket Club of India . A couple of months later , former Indian batsman Sunil Gavaskar gave him a pair of his own ultra light pads and consoled him to not get disheartened for not getting the Bombay Cricket Association 's `` Best junior cricket award '' ( He was 14 years that time ) . `` It was the greatest source of encouragement for me , '' Tendulkar said nearly 20 years later after surpassing Gavaskar 's world record of 34 Test centuries . Sachin served as a ball boy in the 1987 Cricket World Cup when India played against England in the semifinal in Bombay . In his season in 1988 , Tendulkar scored a century in every innings he played . He was involved in an unbroken 664 - run partnership in a Lord Harris Shield inter-school game against St. Xavier 's High School in 1988 with his friend and teammate Vinod Kambli , who would also go on to represent India . The destructive pair reduced one bowler to tears and made the rest of the opposition unwilling to continue the game . Tendulkar scored 326 ( not out ) in this innings and scored over a thousand runs in the tournament . This was a record partnership in any form of cricket until 2006 , when it was broken by two under - 13 batsmen in a match held at Hyderabad in India . Early domestic career On 14 November 1987 , Tendulkar was selected to represent Bombay in the Ranji Trophy , India 's premier domestic First - class cricket tournament , for the 1987 -- 88 season . However , he was not selected for the final eleven in any of the matches , though he was often used as a substitute fielder . He narrowly missed out on playing alongside his idol Gavaskar , who had retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup . A year later , on 11 December 1988 , aged 15 years and 232 days , Tendulkar made his debut for Bombay against Gujarat at home and scored 100 not out in that match , making him the youngest Indian to score a century on debut in first - class cricket . He was handpicked to play for the team by the then Bombay captain Dilip Vengsarkar after watching him easily negotiating India 's best fast bowler at the time , Kapil Dev , in the Wankhede Stadium nets , where the Indian team had come to play against the touring New Zealand team . He followed this by scoring a century in his first Deodhar and Duleep Trophies , which are also Indian domestic tournaments . Tendulkar ( left ) with former Vice president of BCCI , late Dnyaneshwar Agashe ( center ) and Sourav Ganguly ( right ) Tendulkar finished the 1988 -- 89 season as Bombay 's highest run - scorer . He scored 583 runs at an average of 67.77 , and was the sixth highest run - scorer overall He also made an unbeaten century in the Irani Trophy match against Delhi at the start of the 1989 -- 90 season , playing for the Rest of India . Sachin was picked for a young Indian team to tour England twice , under the Star Cricket Club banner in 1988 and 1989 . In the famous 1990 -- 91 Ranji Trophy final , in which Haryana defeated Bombay by two runs after leading in the first innings , Tendulkar 's 96 from 75 deliveries was a key to giving Bombay a chance of victory as it attempted to chase 355 from only 70 overs on the final day . His first double century ( 204 * ) was for Mumbai while playing against the visiting Australian team at the Brabourne Stadium in 1998 . He is the only player to score a century on debut in all three of his domestic first - class tournaments ( the Ranji , Irani , and Duleep Trophies ) . Another double century was an innings of 233 * against Tamil Nadu in the semi-finals of the 2000 Ranji Trophy , which he regards as one of the best innings of his career . Yorkshire In 1992 , at the age of 19 , Tendulkar became the first overseas - born player to represent Yorkshire , which prior to Tendulkar joining the team , never selected players even from other English counties . Selected for Yorkshire as a replacement for the injured Australian fast bowler Craig McDermott , Tendulkar played 16 first - class matches for the county and scored 1070 runs at an average of 46.52 . International career Early career Raj Singh Dungarpur is credited for the selection of Tendulkar for the Indian tour of Pakistan in late 1989 , after one first class season . The Indian selection committee had shown interest in selecting Tendulkar for the tour of the West Indies held earlier that year , but eventually did not select him , as they did not want him to be exposed to the dominant fast bowlers of the West Indies so early in his career . Tendulkar made his Test debut against Pakistan in Karachi in November 1989 aged 16 years and 205 days . He made 15 runs , being bowled by Waqar Younis , who also made his debut in that match , but was noted for how he handled numerous blows to his body at the hands of the Pakistani pace attack . In the fourth and final Test in Sialkot , he was hit on the nose by a bouncer bowled by Younis , but he declined medical assistance and continued to bat even as he gushed blood from it . In a 20 - over exhibition game in Peshawar , held in parallel with the bilateral series , Tendulkar made 53 runs off 18 balls , including an over in which he scored 27 runs ( 6 , 4 , 0 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) off leg - spinner Abdul Qadir . This was later called `` one of the best innings I have seen '' by the then Indian captain Krishnamachari Srikkanth . In all , he scored 215 runs at an average of 35.83 in the Test series , and was dismissed without scoring a run in the only One Day International ( ODI ) he played . Thus Sachin Tendulkar became the youngest player to debut for India in Tests at the age of 16 years and 205 days and also the youngest player to debut for India in ODIs at the age of 16 years and 238 days . The series was followed by a tour of New Zealand in which he scored 117 runs at an average of 29.25 in Tests including an innings of 88 in the second Test . He was dismissed without scoring in one of the two one - day games he played , and scored 36 in the other . On his next tour , a summer tour to England of 1990 , on 14 August , he became the second youngest cricketer to score a Test century as he made 119 not out in the second Test at Old Trafford in Manchester , an innings which contributed to a draw and saved India from certain defeat in the match . Wisden described his innings as `` a disciplined display of immense maturity '' and also wrote : He looked the embodiment of India 's famous opener , Gavaskar , and indeed was wearing a pair of his pads . While he displayed a full repertoire of strokes in compiling his maiden Test hundred , most remarkable were his off - side shots from the back foot . Though only 5ft 5in tall , he was still able to control without difficulty short deliveries from the English pacemen . Tendulkar further enhanced his reputation as a future great during the 1991 -- 92 tour of Australia held before the 1992 Cricket World Cup , that included an unbeaten 148 in the third Test at Sydney , making him the youngest batsman to score a century in Australia . He then scored 114 on a fast , bouncing pitch in the final Test at Perth against a pace attack comprising Merv Hughes , Bruce Reid and Craig McDermott . Hughes commented to Allan Border at the time that `` This little prick 's going to get more runs than you , AB . '' Rise through the ranks Tendulkar 's performance through the years 1994 -- 1999 coincided with his physical peak , in his early twenties . He opened the batting at Auckland against New Zealand in 1994 , making 82 runs off 49 balls . He scored his first ODI century on 9 September 1994 against Australia in Sri Lanka at Colombo . It took him 78 ODIs to score his first century . Tendulkar waits at the bowler 's end . Tendulkar 's rise continued when he was the leading run scorer at the 1996 World Cup , scoring two centuries . He was the only Indian batsman to perform well in the semi-final against Sri Lanka . Tendulkar fell amid a batting collapse and the match referee , Clive Lloyd , awarded Sri Lanka the match after the crowd began rioting and throwing litter onto the field . After the World Cup , in the same year against Pakistan at Sharjah , Indian captain Mohammed Azharuddin was going through a lean patch . Tendulkar and Navjot Singh Sidhu both made centuries to set a then record partnership for the second wicket . After getting out , Tendulkar found Azharuddin in two minds about whether he should bat . Tendulkar convinced Azharuddin to bat and Azharuddin subsequently unleashed 24 runs off one over . India went on to win that match . It enabled India to post a score in excess of 300 runs for the first time in an ODI . This was the beginning of a period at the top of the batting world , culminating in the Australian tour of India in early 1998 , with Tendulkar scoring three consecutive centuries . The focus was on the clash between Tendulkar , the world 's most dominating batsman and Shane Warne , the world 's leading spinner , both at the peak of their careers , clashing in a Test series . In the lead - up to the series , Tendulkar simulated scenarios in the nets with Laxman Sivaramakrishnan , the former India leg spinner , donning the role of Warne . In their tour opener , Australia faced the then Ranji Champions Mumbai at the Brabourne Stadium in a three - day first class match . Tendulkar made an unbeaten 204 as Shane Warne conceded 111 runs in 16 overs and Australia lost the match within three days . He also had a role with the ball in the five - match ODI series in India following the Tests , including a five wicket haul in an ODI in Kochi . Set 310 runs to win , Australia were cruising at 203 for 3 in the 31st over when Tendulkar turned the match for India , taking the wickets of Michael Bevan , Steve Waugh , Darren Lehmann , Tom Moody and Damien Martyn for 32 runs in 10 overs . The Test match success was followed by two consecutive centuries in April 1998 in a Triangular cricket tournament in Sharjah -- the first in a must - win game to take India to the finals and then again in the finals , both against Australia . These twin knocks were also known as the Desert Storm innings . Following the series , Warne ruefully joked that he was having nightmares about his Indian nemesis . Tendulkar 's contribution in the ICC 1998 quarterfinal at Dhaka paved the way for India 's entry into the semifinals , when he took four Australian wickets after scoring 141 runs in 128 balls . The inaugural Asian Test Championship took place in February and March 1999 , involving India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . In the first match , between India and Pakistan in Eden Gardens , Tendulkar was run out for nine after colliding with Pakistan bowler Shoaib Akhtar . Around 100,000 people came to support India during the initial four days of the tournament , breaking a 63 - year - old record for aggregate Test attendance record . The crowd 's reaction to Tendulkar 's dismissal was to throw objects at Akhtar , and the players were taken off the field . The match resumed after Tendulkar and the president of the ICC appealed to the crowd ; however , further rioting meant that the match was finished in front of a crowd of 200 people . Tendulkar scored his 19th Test century in the second Test and the match resulted in a draw with Sri Lanka . India did not progress to the final , which was won by Pakistan , and refused to participate the next time the championship was held due to increasing political tensions between India and Pakistan . In the Test against Pakistan at Chepauk in 1999 , the first of a two - Test series , Sachin scored 136 in the fourth innings with India chasing 271 for victory . However , he was out when India needed 17 more runs to win , triggering a batting collapse , and India lost the match by 12 runs . The worst was yet to come as Professor Ramesh Tendulkar , Sachin 's father , died in the middle of the 1999 Cricket World Cup . Tendulkar flew back to India to attend the final rituals of his father , missing the match against Zimbabwe . However , he returned to the World Cup scoring a century ( 140 not out off 101 balls ) in his very next match against Kenya in Bristol . He dedicated this century to his father . Captaincy Tendulkar 's record as captain Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Win % Test 25 9 12 0 -- 16 % ODI 73 23 43 -- 6 31.50 % Tendulkar 's two tenures as captain of the Indian cricket team were not very successful . When Tendulkar took over as captain in 1996 , it was with huge hopes and expectations . However , by 1997 the team was performing poorly . Azharuddin was credited with saying `` Nahin jeetega ! Chote ki naseeb main jeet nahin hai ! '' , which translates into : `` He wo n't win ! It 's not in the small one 's destiny ! '' . Tendulkar , succeeding Azharuddin as captain for his second term , led India on a tour of Australia , where the visitors were beaten 3 -- 0 by the newly crowned world champions . Tendulkar , however , won the player of the series award as well as player of the match in one of the games . After another Test series defeat , this time by a 0 -- 2 margin at home against South Africa , Tendulkar resigned , and Sourav Ganguly took over as captain in 2000 . During the Indian team 's 2007 tour of England , the desire of Rahul Dravid to resign from the captaincy became known . The BCCI President Sharad Pawar offered the captaincy to Tendulkar , who instead recommended Mahendra Singh Dhoni to take over the reins . Pawar later revealed this conversation , crediting Tendulkar for first forwarding the name of Dhoni , who since achieved much success as captain . Mike Denness incident Main article : Mike Denness and Indian cricket team incident In India 's 2001 tour of South Africa in the second test match between India and South Africa at St George 's Park , Port Elizabeth , match referee Mike Denness fined four Indian players for excessive appealing , as well as fined the Indian captain Sourav Ganguly for not controlling his team . Tendulkar was given a suspended ban of one game by Denness in light of alleged ball tampering . Television cameras picked up images that suggested Tendulkar may have been involved in cleaning the seam of the cricket ball . This can , under some conditions , amount to altering the condition of the ball . Denness found Sachin Tendulkar guilty of ball tampering charges and handed him a one Test match ban . The incident escalated to include sports journalists accusing Denness of racism , and led to Denness being barred from entering the venue of the third Test match . The ICC revoked the status of the match as a Test as the teams rejected the appointed referee . The charges against Tendulkar and Sehwag 's ban for excessive appealing triggered a massive backlash from the Indian public . Injuries and decline amid surpassing Bradman 's haul Sachin Tendulkar continued performing well in Test cricket in 2001 and 2002 , with some pivotal performances with both bat and ball . Tendulkar took three wickets on the final day of the famous Kolkata Test against Australia in 2001 . Tendulkar took the key wickets of Matthew Hayden and Adam Gilchrist , who were centurions in the previous Test. He also take a wicket of Shane Warne. This three wicket change the result of test match from draw to win of India . In the five - match ODI series that followed , he took his 100th wicket in ODIs , claiming the wicket of then Australian captain Steve Waugh in the final match at the Fatorda Stadium in Goa . In the 2002 series in the West Indies , Tendulkar started well , scoring 79 in the first Test . In the second Test at Port of Spain , Sachin Tendulkar scored 117 in the first innings , his 29th Test century in his 93rd Test match , to equal Sir Donald Bradman 's record of 29 Test hundreds. He was awarded by Sports car `` Ferrari '' by Michael Schumacher for achieving this feat . Decline phase of career Then , in a hitherto unprecedented sequence , he scored 0 , 0 , 8 and 0 in the next four innings . He returned to form in the last Test scoring 41 and 86 , one half century . However , India lost the series . In this period , in the third Test match against England in August 2002 , Sachin scored his 30th Test century to surpass Bradman 's haul , in his 99th Test match . 2003 cricket World Cup Tendulkar made 673 runs in 11 matches in the 2003 Cricket World Cup , helping India reach the final . While Australia retained the trophy that they had won in 1999 , Tendulkar was given the Man of the Tournament award . He continued to score heavily in ODI cricket that year , with two hundreds in a tri-series involving New Zealand and Australia . As a part - time bowler , he dismissed an exhausted centurion , Matthew Hayden in the tri-series final . 2003 tour of Australia The drawn series as India toured Australia in 2003 -- 04 saw Tendulkar making his mark in the last Test of the series , with 241 not out from 436 ball by 33 four at strike rate of 55.27 in Sydney , putting India in a virtually unbeatable position. He spend 613 minut at crease. India have a first inning score of 705 / 7 . He followed up the innings with an unbeaten 60 in the second innings of the Test . Prior to this Test match , he had had an unusually horrible run of form , failing in all six innings in the preceding three Tests . It was no aberration that 2003 was his worst year in Test cricket , with an average of 17.25 and just one fifty . Tendulkar scored an unbeaten 194 against Pakistan at Multan in the following series . Indian captain Rahul Dravid declared before Tendulkar reached 200 ; had he done so it would have been the fourth time he had passed the landmark in Tests . Tendulkar said that he was disappointed and that the declaration had taken him by surprise . Many former cricketers commented that Dravid 's declaration was in bad taste . After the match , which India won , Dravid said that the matter had been discussed internally and put to rest . A tennis elbow injury then took its toll on Tendulkar , leaving him out of the side for most of the year , coming back only for the last two Tests when Australia toured India in 2004 . He played a part in India 's victory in Mumbai in that series with a fast 55 , though Australia took the series 2 -- 1 . On 10 December 2005 at Feroz Shah Kotla , Tendulkar scored his record - breaking 35th Test century , against the Sri Lankans . After this , Tendulkar endured the longest spell of his career without a Test century : 17 innings elapsed before he scored 101 against Bangladesh in May 2007 . Tendulkar scored his 39th ODI hundred on 6 February 2006 in a match against Pakistan . He followed with a 42 in the second One - Day International against Pakistan on 11 February 2006 , and then a 95 in hostile , seaming conditions on 13 February 2006 in Lahore , which set up an Indian victory . On 19 March 2006 , after being dismissed for only one run against England in the first innings of the third Test in his home ground , Wankhede , Tendulkar was booed off the ground by a section of the crowd , the first time that he had ever faced such flak . Tendulkar ended the three - Test series without a half - century to his credit , and the need for a shoulder operation raised more questions about his longevity . Tendulkar 's comeback came in the DLF cup in Malaysia and he was the only Indian batsman to shine . In his comeback match , against West Indies on 14 September 2006 , Tendulkar responded to his critics who believed that his career was inexorably sliding with his 40th ODI century . Though he scored 141 not out , West Indies won the rain - affected match by the D / L method . 2007 cricket World Cup During the preparation for the 2007 World Cup , Tendulkar 's attitude was criticised by Indian team coach Greg Chappell . Chappell reportedly felt that Tendulkar would be more useful down the order , while the latter felt that he would be better off opening the innings , the role he had played for most of his career . Chappell also believed that Tendulkar 's repeated failures were hurting the team 's chances . In a rare show of emotion , Tendulkar hit out at the comments attributed to Chappell by pointing out that no coach had ever suggested his attitude towards cricket was incorrect . On 7 April 2007 , the Board of Control for Cricket in India issued a notice to Tendulkar asking for an explanation for his comments made to the media . Chappell subsequently resigned as coach but said that this affair had no bearing on his decision and that he and Tendulkar were on good terms . At the World Cup in the West Indies , Tendulkar and the Indian cricket team led by Rahul Dravid had a dismal campaign . Tendulkar , who was pushed to bat lower down the order had scores of 7 against Bangladesh , 57 not out against Bermuda and 0 against Sri Lanka . As a result , former Australian captain Ian Chappell , brother of Greg , called for Tendulkar to retire in his newspaper column . Return to old form and consistency See also : List of batsmen who have scored over 10000 One Day International cricket runs In the subsequent Test series against Bangladesh , Tendulkar returned to his opening slot and was chosen as the Man of the Series . He continued by scoring 99 and 93 in the first two matches of the Future Cup against South Africa . During the second match , he also became the first to score 15,000 runs in ODIs . He was the leading run scorer and was adjudged the Man of the Series . Tendulkar celebrates upon reaching his 38th Test century against Australia in the 2nd Test at the SCG in 2008 , where he finished not out on 154 On the second day of the Nottingham Test on 28 July 2007 , Tendulkar became the third cricketer to complete 11,000 Test runs . In the subsequent one - day series against England , Tendulkar was the leading run scorer from India with an average of 53.42 . In the ODI Series against Australia in October 2007 Tendulkar was the leading Indian run scorer with 278 runs . Tendulkar was dismissed seven times in 2007 between 90 and 100 , including three times at 99 , leading some to suggestions that he struggles to cope with nervousness in this phase of his innings . Tendulkar has got out 27 times in the 90s during his international career . In a five - ODI series against Pakistan , he was caught by Kamran Akmal off the bowling of Umar Gul for 99 in the second match at Mohali , and in the fourth match of that series , he got out in the 90s for a second time , scoring 97 before dragging a delivery from Gul on to his stumps . 2007 -- 08 tour of Australia In the Border - Gavaskar Trophy , 2007 -- 08 , Tendulkar showed exceptional form , becoming the leading run scorer with 493 runs in four Tests , despite consistently failing in the second innings . Sachin scored 62 runs in the first innings of the first Test at the MCG in Melbourne , but could not prevent a heavy 337 - run win for Australia . In the controversial New Years ' Test at Sydney , Tendulkar scored an unbeaten 154 , even though India lost the Test . This was his third century at the SCG and his 38th Test century overall , earning him an average of 326 at the ground at the time of completing the innings . In the third Test at the WACA cricket ground in Perth , Sachin was instrumental in India 's first innings score of 330 , scoring a well - compiled 71 . India went on to record a historic triumph at the WACA , ending Australia 's run of 16 consecutive wins . In the fourth Test at the Adelaide Oval , which ended in a draw , he scored 153 in the first innings , being involved in a crucial 126 run stand with V.V.S. Laxman for the fifth wicket to lead India to a score of 282 for 5 from 156 for 4 . He secured the Man of the Match award . In the One - Day International Commonwealth Bank Tri-Series involving India , Sri Lanka and Australia , Tendulkar became the only batsman to complete 16,000 runs in ODIs . He achieved this feat against Sri Lanka on 5 February 2008 at the Gabba in Brisbane . He started the series wth scores of 10 , 35 , 44 and 32 . His form dipped a bit in the middle of the tournament , but Tendulkar came back strongly in India 's must - win game against Sri Lanka at the Bellerive Oval in Hobart , scoring 63 off 54 balls . He finished the series with a match winning 117 not out off 120 balls in the first final , and 91 runs in the second final . Home series against South Africa Sachin Tendulkar 's Test cricket record Matches Runs Best Average 100s 50s Home 94 7216 217 52.67 22 32 Away 106 8705 248 * 54.74 29 36 South Africa toured in March and April 2008 for a three - Test series . Tendulkar scored a five - ball duck in his only innings of the series ; he sustained a groin strain in the match and as a result was forced not only to miss the second and third Tests , but also the tri-series involving Bangladesh , the 2008 Asia Cup , and the first half of the inaugural season of the IPL . Sri Lanka series Before the Indian cricket team 's tour of Sri Lanka in July 2008 , Tendulkar needed 177 runs to go past Brian Lara 's record of Test 11,953 runs . However , he failed in all six innings , scoring a total of 95 runs . India lost the series and his average of 15.83 was his worst in a Test series with at least three matches . Return to form and breaking Brian Lara 's record In the following ODI series against Sri Lanka , Tendulkar was sidelined due to injury . However , during the following Australia tour of India , he returned to fitness and form , scoring 13 and 49 in the first Test before making 88 in the first innings of the second Test , breaking the record for most number of Test runs held by Brian Lara . He also reached the 12,000 run mark when he was on 61 . He described the achievement as the biggest in 19 years of his career on the day he achieved the record . He made a fifty in the third Test and 109 in the fourth , as India won the series 2 -- 0 and regained the Border - Gavaskar Trophy . ODI and Test series against England Tendulkar was again out of the first three ODIs of a seven - match ODI series at home against England due to an injury , but he made 11 in the fourth ODI and 50 in the fifth , before the series was called off due to the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks , the scoreline being 5 -- 0 to India . England returned for a two - match Test series in December 2008 , and the first Test , which was originally planned to be held in Mumbai , was shifted to Chennai following the terror attacks . Chasing 387 for victory in that match , Tendulkar scored 103 not out and shared a 163 - run unbroken fifth wicket partnership with Yuvraj Singh . This was his third century in the fourth innings of a Test match , and the first which resulted in a win . He dedicated this century to the victims of the Mumbai terror attacks . Tendulkar scored poorly in the second Test at Mohali , which ended in a draw . India won the series 1 -- 0 . 2009 -- 2010 See also : List of highest individual scores in ODIs In early 2009 , India revisited Sri Lanka for five ODIs , as the Pakistan series had been cancelled due to the security situation in Pakistan and the attacks in Mumbai . Tendulkar scored 5 , 6 and 7 in the first three matches , being dismissed leg before wicket in all of them , and did not play in the remaining two matches . India 's next assignment was an away series against New Zealand , consisting of three Tests and five ODIs . In the ODI series , Tendulkar made an unbeaten 163 in the third match before stomach cramps forced him to end his innings . India made 392 , won the match and eventually won the series 3 -- 1 . Tendulkar made 160 in the first Test , his 42nd Test century , and India won . He made 49 and 64 in the second Test and 62 and 9 in the third , in which play was halted on the last day due to rain with India needing only two wickets to win . India won the series 1 -- 0 . Tendulkar rested himself for the ODI tour of West Indies , but was back for the Compaq Cup Tri Series between India , Sri Lanka and New Zealand in early September 2009 . He made 46 and 27 in the league matches before notching up 138 in the final , as India made 319 and won by 46 runs . This was Tendulkar 's sixth century in a final of an ODI tournament and his third consecutive score of over 50 in such finals . Tendulkar played only one innings in the ICC Champions trophy in South Africa , scoring 8 against Pakistan as India lost . The next match against Australia was abandoned due to rain and he was out with a stomach infection in the third match against the West Indies , as India were eliminated . Australia returned for a seven - match ODI series in India in October , and Tendulkar made 14 , 4 , 32 and 40 in the first four games . In the fifth match , with the series tied at 2 -- 2 , Australia amassed 350 / 4 in 50 overs . Tendulkar made his 45th ODI hundred , a 175 off 141 balls . Just when it seemed that he would steer India to the large victory target , he tried to scoop a slower delivery from debutant bowler Clint McKay over short fine leg only to be caught by Nathan Hauritz , with India needing 19 runs to win with 18 balls and four wickets left . The Indian tail collapsed , and Australia won the match by three runs . During this match , Tendulkar also became the first player to reach 17,000 ODI runs , and achieved his personal best against Australia , as well as the third highest score in a defeat . In the five - match ODI series against Sri Lanka in 2009 -- 10 , Tendulkar scored 69 , 43 , 96 not out and 8 in the first four matches , with the fifth match being abandoned as the pitch was deemed unfit and potentially dangerous . India won the series 3 -- 1 . In the Test series that followed , he scored a 100 not out in the first Test , which was drawn , and 40 and 53 in the second and third Tests respectively as India clinched innings victories in both the Tests , to win the series 2 -- 0 . Sachin rested himself for the ODI tri-series in Bangladesh in 2010 , but played in the subsequent Test series . He made 105 not out and 16 in the first Test , and 143 in the second . India won both the Tests . In the two - Test Series against South Africa , Tendulkar made 7 and 100 in the first Test . He then scored 106 in the first innings of the second Test , which was his 47th hundred in Test cricket . It was also his fourth hundred in successive Tests , and he was the fourth Indian to achieve this feat . In the second match of the subsequent ODI series , Tendulkar scored 200 not out , becoming the world 's first batsman to score a double century in ODI cricket and breaking the previous highest score of 194 jointly held by Pakistan 's Saeed Anwar and Zimbabwe 's Charles Coventry . Tendulkar 's shot to reach 14,000 Test runs . He was batting against Australia in October 2010 . 2011 World Cup and after From February to April , Bangladesh , India , and Sri Lanka hosted the 2011 World Cup . Amassing 482 runs at an average of 53.55 including two centuries , Tendulkar was India 's leading run - scorer for the tournament ; only Tillakaratne Dilshan of Sri Lanka scored more runs in the 2011 tournament . India defeated Sri Lanka in the final . Shortly after the victory , Tendulkar commented that `` Winning the World Cup is the proudest moment of my life ... I could n't control my tears of joy . '' Tendulkar 's results in international matches Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Test 200 72 56 72 0 -- ODI 463 234 200 -- 5 24 T20I -- -- -- -- India were due to tour the West Indies in June , although Tendulkar chose not to participate . He returned to the squad in July for India 's tour of England . Throughout the tour there was much hype in the media about whether Tendulkar would reach his 100th century in international cricket ( Test and ODIs combined ) . However his highest score in the Tests was 91 ; Tendulkar averaged 34.12 in the series as England won 4 -- 0 as they deposed India as the No. 1 ranked Test side . The injury Tendulkar sustained to his right foot in 2001 flared up and as a result he was ruled out of the ODI series that followed . Tendulkar created another record on 8 November 2011 when he became the first cricketer to score 15,000 runs in Test cricket , during the opening Test match against the West Indies at the Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium in New Delhi . Ian Chappell was not happy with Sachin 's performance after India 's tour of Australia . He says that Sachin 's quest for his 100th hundred has proved to be a hurdle for the entire team and has hampered their performance on the Tour of Australia . Former India World Cup winning captain and all - rounder Kapil Dev has also voiced his opinion that Sachin should have retired from ODI 's after the World Cup . Former Australian fast bowler , Geoff Lawson , has said that Sachin has the right to decide when to quit although he adds that Tendulkar should not delay it for too long . The selection committee of BCCI expectedly included Sachin in the national Test squad for the upcoming series against New Zealand commencing in August 2012 . 100th international century Tendulkar scored his 100th international hundred on 16 March 2012 , at Mirpur against Bangladesh in the Asia Cup . He became the first person in history to achieve this feat , which was also his first ODI hundred against Bangladesh . He said `` It 's been a tough phase for me ... I was not thinking about the milestone , the media started all this , wherever I went , the restaurant , room service , everyone was talking about the 100th hundred . Nobody talked about my 99 hundreds . It became mentally tough for me because nobody talked about my 99 hundreds . '' Despite Tendulkar 's century , India failed to win the match against Bangladesh , losing by 5 wickets . Return to Ranji Trophy After being bowled out in three similar instances against New Zealand and hitting a slump in form , Tendulkar returned to the Ranji Trophy to get back some form ahead of the England Series at home , in a match for Mumbai against Railways on 2 November 2012 . This was his first Ranji Trophy match since 2009 . He scored 137 off 136 balls , with 21 fours and 3 sixes , to take his team to 344 for 4 at stumps on day one . However , because of a poor form in the first two Tests in the series against England , and India being humiliated in the second match of that series by 10 wickets on 26 November 2012 , some people have started to question his place in the Indian team . A report by The Hindustan Times said that Tendulkar had a discussion with the national chief selector Sandeep Patil , in which he said that he would leave it to the selectors to decide on his future as he is not getting any runs . This speculation , however , was later considered to be false . Then he decided to play in the knockout stage of the 2012 - 13 Ranji Trophy . He scored 108 in the quarter final against Baroda before being bowled by Murtuja Vahora , where Sachin was involved in a 234 - run partnership with opener Wasim Jaffer ( 150 ) for the 3rd wicket at Wankhede Stadium . Mumbai eventually piled on 645 / 9 and won on 1st innings lead . In the semi final against Services at Palam A Ground , with Mumbai reeling at 23 / 3 , Sachin scored 56 from 75 balls and had an 81 - run 4th wicket partnership with Abhishek Nayar ( 70 ) , and Mumbai eventually won on 1st innings lead after the match went into the sixth day due to rain delays . In the final against Saurashtra , he was run out for 22 following a misunderstanding with Wasim Jaffer . Mumbai eventually won the Ranji Trophy 2012 -- 13 . He also played in the Irani Trophy for Mumbai , where he scored 140 * against Rest of India and helped Mumbai to score 409 in reply to Rest of India 's 526 . This was also his 81st hundred in first - class cricket , equalling Sunil Gavaskar 's Indian record for most first - class hundreds . Retirement Sachin fielding at 199th Test match in Eden Gardens ( he is seen wearing a hat ) For more details on 200th and final Test match , see West Indian cricket team in India in 2013 -- 14 . Following poor performance in the 2012 series against England , Tendulkar announced his retirement from One Day Internationals on 23 December 2012 , while noting that he will be available for Test cricket . In response to the news , former India captain Sourav Ganguly noted that Tendulkar could have played the up - coming series against Pakistan , while Anil Kumble said it would be `` tough to see an Indian ( ODI ) team list without Tendulkar 's name in it '' , and Javagal Srinath mentioned that Tendulkar `` changed the way ODIs were played right from the time he opened in New Zealand in 1994 '' . After playing a Twenty20 International in 2006 against South Africa , he said that he would not play the format again . He announced his retirement from the IPL after his team , Mumbai Indians , beat Chennai Super Kings by 23 runs at the Eden Gardens in Kolkata on 26 May to win the Indian Premier League 2013 . He retired from Twenty20 cricket and limited - overs cricket , after playing the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 in September -- October 2013 in India for Mumbai Indians . On 10 October 2013 Tendulkar announced that he would retire from all cricket after the two - Test series against West Indies in November . On his request , the BCCI arranged that the two matches were played at Kolkata and Mumbai so that the farewell happened at his home ground . He scored 74 runs in his last Test innings against West Indies , thus failing short by 79 runs to complete 16,000 runs in Test cricket . The Cricket Association of Bengal and the Mumbai Cricket Association organised events to mark his retirement from the sport . Various national and international figures from cricket , politics , Bollywood and other fields spoke about him in a day - long Salaam Sachin Conclave organised by India Today . In July 2014 , he captained the MCC side in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord 's . In December 2014 , he was announced ambassador of the ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 event . It is his second term as he has already held the ambassador of the previous ICC Cricket world cup 2011 . So he is heading the ambassador position of the ICC Cricket world cup in consecutive terms of the cricket world cup ( 2011 and 2015 ) . Indian Premier League and Champions League IPL Batting Statics of Sachin Tendulkar Season Team Match Inning Run HS Ave SR 100 50 Four Six 2008 Mumbai Indians 7 7 188 65 31.33 106.21 0 26 2009 13 13 364 68 33.09 120.13 0 39 10 15 15 618 89 47.54 132.62 0 5 86 2011 16 16 553 100 42.54 113.32 67 5 2012 13 13 324 74 29.45 114.49 0 39 2013 14 14 287 54 22.08 124.24 0 38 5 Total 78 78 2334 100 34.84 119.82 13 295 29 Tendulkar 's record in Twenty20 matches Matches Runs HS 100s 50s Avg . T20I 10 10 0 0 10.00 IPL 78 2334 100 * 13 34.83 CLT20 13 265 69 0 20.38 Tendulkar was made the icon player and captain for his home side , the Mumbai Indians in the inaugural Indian Premier League Twenty20 competition in 2008 . As an icon player , he was signed for a sum of US $1,121,250 , 15 % more than the second - highest paid player in the team , Sanath Jayasuriya . In 2010 edition of Indian Premier League , Mumbai Indians reached the final of the tournament . Tendulkar made 618 runs in 14 innings during the tournament , breaking Shaun Marsh 's record of most runs in an IPL season . He was declared player of the tournament for his performance during the season . He also won Best Batsman and Best Captain awards at 2010 IPL Awards ceremony . Sachin has scored more than 500 runs in IPL in two different seasons as a captain . Sachin Tendulkar captained Mumbai Indians in 4 league matches of second edition of the league . He scored 68 in the first match and 48 against Guyana . But Mumbai Indians failed to qualify for semifinals after losing the initial two matches . Tendulkar scored 135 runs . In the 2011 IPL , against Kochi Tuskers Kerala , Tendulkar scored his maiden Twenty20 hundred . He scored 100 not out off 66 balls . In 51 matches in the IPL Tendulkar has scored 1,723 runs , making him the second - highest run - scorer in the competition 's history . In 2013 , Sachin retired from Indian Premier League and currently in 2014 he is appointed as the Mumbai Indian Team 's ' Icon ' . Playing style Tendulkar plays a wristy leg - side flick Tendulkar is cross-dominant : he bats , bowls and throws with his right hand , but writes with his left hand . He also practices left - handed throws at the nets on a regular basis . Cricinfo columnist Sambit Bal has described him as the `` most wholesome batsman of his time '' . His batting is based on complete balance and poise while limiting unnecessary movements and flourishes . He appears to show little preference for the slow and low wickets which are typical in India , and has scored many centuries on the hard , bouncy pitches in South Africa and Australia . He is known for his unique punch style of hitting the ball over square . He is also renowned for his picture - perfect straight drive , often completed with no follow - through . The straight drive is often said to be his favourite shot . In 2008 , Sunil Gavaskar , in an article he wrote in the AFP , remarked that `` it is hard to imagine any player in the history of the game who combines classical technique with raw aggression like the little champion does '' . Sir Donald Bradman , considered by many as the greatest batsman of all time , considered Tendulkar to have a batting style similar to his . In his biography , it is stated that `` Bradman was most taken by Tendulkar 's technique , compactness and shot production , and had asked his wife to have a look at Tendulkar , having felt that Tendulkar played like him . Bradman 's wife , Jessie , agreed that they did appear similar . '' Tendulkar at the crease , getting ready to face a delivery Former Australian cricket team coach John Buchanan voiced his opinion that Tendulkar had become susceptible to the short ball early in his innings because of a lack of footwork. Buchanan also believes Tendulkar has a weakness while playing left - arm pace . He was affected by a series of injuries since 2004 . Since then Tendulkar 's batting has tended to be less attacking . Explaining this change in his batting style , he has acknowledged that he is batting differently because , firstly , no batsman can bat the same way for the entire length of a long career and , secondly , he is a senior member of the team now and thus has more responsibility . During the early part of his career , he was a more attacking batsman and frequently scored centuries at close to a run a ball . Ian Chappell , former Australian player , remarked in 2007 that `` Tendulkar now , is nothing like the player he was when he was a young bloke '' . Tendulkar has incorporated several modern and unorthodox strokes into his repertoire , including the paddle sweep , the scoop over short fine leg and the slash to third man over the slips ' heads , over the last seven or eight years . He is often praised for his ability to adapt to the needs of his body and yet keep scoring consistently . Tendulkar has taken 201 wickets across all three formats of the international game . While Tendulkar is not a regular bowler , he can bowl medium pace , leg spin , and off spin . He often bowls when two batsmen of the opposite team have been batting together for a long period , as he can often be a useful partnership breaker . With his bowling , he has helped secure an Indian victory on more than one occasion . He has taken 201 international wickets -- 46 in Tests , 154 in ODIs where he is India 's tenth highest wicket taker , and one wicket in Twenty20 Internationals . Fan following Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary , a fan of Tendulkar who earned the privilege of tickets to all of India 's home games Tendulkar 's consistent performances earned him a fan following across the globe , including amongst Australian crowds , where Tendulkar has consistently scored centuries . One of the most popular sayings by his fans is `` Cricket is my religion and Sachin is my God '' . Cricinfo mentions in his profile that `` ... Tendulkar remains , by a distance , the most worshipped cricketer in the world . '' During the Australian tour of India in 1998 Matthew Hayden said `` I have seen God . He bats at no . 4 in India in Tests . '' However , on God , Tendulkar himself is reported to have said `` I am not God of cricket . I make mistakes , God does n't . '' Tendulkar made a special appearance in the Bollywood film Stumped in 2003 , appearing as himself . There have been many instances when Tendulkar 's fans have undertaken extreme activities over his dismissal in the game . As reported by many Indian newspapers , a person hanged himself due to distress over Tendulkar 's failure to reach his 100th century . At home in Mumbai , Tendulkar 's fan following has caused him to lead a different lifestyle . Ian Chappell has said that he would be unable to cope with the lifestyle Tendulkar was forced to lead , having to `` wear a wig and go out and watch a movie only at night '' . In an interview with Tim Sheridan , Tendulkar admitted that he sometimes went for quiet drives in the streets of Mumbai late at night when he would be able to enjoy some peace and silence . Tendulkar has a presence in the popular social networking site Twitter with the user name sachin_rt , since May 2010 . Achievements and Awards Main articles : Achievements of Sachin Tendulkar and List of ODI Awards for Sachin Tendulkar See also : Player of the Match awards ( cricket ) Tendulkar 's Wax Statue in Madame Tussauds , London Centuries against different nations Test ODI Australia 11 9 Sri Lanka 9 8 South Africa 7 5 England 7 New Zealand 5 West Indies Zimbabwe 5 Pakistan 5 Bangladesh 5 Kenya NA Namibia NA Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run scorer in Tests , with 15,921 runs , as well as in One - Day Internationals , with 18,426 runs . He is the only player to score more than 30,000 runs in all forms of international cricket ( Tests , ODIs and Twenty20 Internationals ) . He is the 16th player and the first Indian to score 50,000 runs in all forms of domestic and international recognised cricket ( First - class , List A and Twenty20 ) . He achieved this feat on 5 October 2013 , during a Champions League Twenty20 match for his IPL team Mumbai Indians against Trinidad and Tobago . He also holds the record of the highest number of centuries in both Tests ( 51 ) and ODIs ( 49 ) as well as in Tests and ODIs combined ( 100 ) . On 16 March 2012 , Tendulkar scored his 100th international hundred . It came against Bangladesh in the league matches of Asia Cup 2012 . He is also the only player to score fifty centuries in Test cricket , and the first to score fifty centuries in all international cricket combined . He also holds the world record for playing the highest number of Test matches ( 200 ) and ODI matches ( 463 ) . Tendulkar has been part of most wins by an Indian in both Test cricket with 72 wins and ODIs with 234 wins and is third in the world in ODI victories after Ricky Ponting ( 262 wins ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( 241 wins ) . Tendulkar has scored over 1000 runs in a calendar year in ODIs 7 times , and in 1998 he scored 1,894 runs , the record for the highest number of runs scored by any player in a single calendar year for One - Day Internationals . He is the first male cricketer to score a double - century in one - day cricket . He has been Man of the Match 13 times in Test matches and Man of the Series four times , out of them twice in the Border - Gavaskar Trophy against Australia . The performances earned him respect from Australian cricket fans and players . Similarly he has been Man of the Match 62 times in One day International matches and Man of the Series 15 times . He became the first batsman to score 12,000 , 13,000 , 14,000 and 15,000 runs in Test cricket , having also been the third batsman and the first Indian to pass 11,000 runs in that form of the game . He was also the first player to score 10,000 runs in one - day internationals , and also the first player to cross every subsequent 1000 - run mark that has been crossed in ODI cricket history . In the fourth Test of the 2008 -- 09 Border - Gavaskar Trophy against Australia at Nagpur on 6 November 2008 , Tendulkar surpassed Australia 's Allan Border to become the player to cross the 50 - run mark the most number of times in Test cricket history , and also the second ever player to score 11 Test centuries against Australia , tying with Sir Jack Hobbs of England more than 70 years previously . On 8 November 2011 , Tendulkar became the first batsman to score 15,000 runs in Test Cricket . Tendulkar has consistently done well in Cricket World Cups . He was the highest run scorer of the 1996 Cricket World Cup with a total of 523 runs and also of the 2003 Cricket World Cup with 673 runs . After his century against England during group stages of 2011 Cricket World Cup , he became the player to hit most number of centuries in Cricket World Cups with six centuries and the first player to score 2000 runs in World Cup cricket . An innings - by - innings breakdown of Tendulkar 's Test match batting career showing runs scored ( red and green bars ) and the average of the last ten innings ( blue line ) National honours 1994 -- Arjuna Award , by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports . 1997 -- 98 -- Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , India 's highest honour given for achievement in sports . 1999 -- Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian award . 2001 -- Maharashtra Bhushan Award , Maharashtra State 's highest Civilian Award . 2008 -- Padma Vibhushan , India 's second highest civilian award . 2014 -- Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian award . Other honours 1997 -- Wisden Cricketer of the Year . 2002 -- In commemorating Tendulkar 's feat of equalling Don Bradman 's 29 centuries in Test Cricket , automotive company Ferrari invited him to its paddock in Silverstone on the eve of the British Grand Prix on 23 July , to receive a Ferrari 360 Modena from the F1 world champion Michael Schumacher . 2003 -- Player of the tournament in 2003 Cricket World Cup . 2004 , 2007 , 2010 -- ICC World ODI XI . 2009 , 2010 , 2011 -- ICC World Test XI . 2010 -- Outstanding Achievement in Sport and the Peoples Choice Award at The Asian Awards in London . 1998 , 2010 -- Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World . 2010 -- ICC Award - Sir Garfield Sobers trophy for cricketer of the year . 2010 -- LG People 's Choice Award . 2010 -- Made an Honorary group captain by the Indian Air Force . 2011 -- BCCI Cricketer of the Year award . 2011 -- Castrol Indian Cricketer of the Year award . 2012 -- Wisden India Outstanding Achievement award . 2012 -- Honorary Life Membership of Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) 2012 -- Honorary Member of the Order of Australia , given by the Australian government . 2013 -- Indian Postal Service released a stamp of Tendulkar and he became the second Indian after Mother Teresa to have such stamp released in their lifetime . 2017 -- The Asian Awards Fellowship Award at the 7th Asian Awards . Personal life Family On 24 May 1995 , Tendulkar married Anjali Mehta ( b . 1967 ) , a paediatrician , whom he had first met in 1990 . They have a daughter and a son , Arjun , whose skills in cricket as a teenager have been receiving attention . Beliefs Tendulkar is a practising Hindu . He is a devotee of the deity Ganesha and was a disciple of the guru Sathya Sai Baba of Puttaparthi , whom he visited on several occasions . In 1997 , Tendulkar captained the Indian National side , playing against a World Eleven team , in the Unity Cup which was held at the Sri Sathya Sai Hill View Stadium in Puttaparthi , in Baba 's presence . The death of Sai Baba on Tendulkar 's 38th birthday caused him to cancel his celebrations . The cricketer is also known to celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi at home and frequently visits temples during night when it is calm and quiet . Business interests Tendulkar 's popularity has led him to be a pioneer in India on cricket business dealings when he signed a record sports management deal with WorldTel in 1995 , the value of the deal being ₹ 30 crore ( US $4.7 million ) over five years . His next contract with WorldTel in 2001 was valued at ₹ 80 crore ( US $12 million ) over five years . In 2006 , he signed a contract with Saatchi and Saatchi 's ICONIX valued at ₹ 180 crore ( US $28 million ) over three years . Tendulkar has opened two restaurants : Tendulkar 's ( Colaba , Mumbai ) and Sachin 's ( Mulund , Mumbai ) and Bangalore . Sachin owns these restaurants in partnership with Sanjay Narang of Mars Restaurants . Tendulkar co-owns the Kochi ISL team in the Indian Super League Football in association with PVP Ventures owned by Prasad V Potluri . The team has been named as Kerala Blasters after his nickname `` Master Blaster '' . He also jointly owns the badminton team Bengaluru Blasters which participates in the Premier Badminton League . In 2013 , Tendulkar was listed at 51st position in Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , with his total earnings estimated to be USD 22 million . In October 2013 , the net worth of Tendulkar was estimated at USD 160 million by Wealth X , making him India 's wealthiest cricket player . Commercial endorsements Sachin Tendulkar has been sponsored by several brands throughout his career including Boost ( 1990 -- present ) , Pepsi ( 1992 -- 2009 ) , Action Shoes ( 1995 -- 2000 ) , MRF ( 1999 -- 2009 ) , Adidas ( 2000 -- 10 ) , Britannia ( 2001 -- 07 ) , Fiat Palio ( 2001 -- 03 ) , TVS ( 2002 -- 05 ) , ESPN Star Sports ( 2002 -- present ) , Sunfeast ( 2007 -- 13 ) , Canon ( 2006 -- 09 ) , Airtel ( 2004 -- 06 ) , Reynolds ( 2007 -- present ) , G - Hanz ( 2005 -- 07 ) , Sanyo BPL ( 2007 -- present ) , Toshiba ( 2010 -- present ) , Colgate - Palmolive , Philips , VISA , Castrol India ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Ujala Techno Bright , Coca - Cola ( 2011 -- 13 ) and Musafir.com ( 2013 -- present ) . He has also been a spokesperson for National Egg Coordination Committee ( 2003 -- 05 ) , AIDS Awareness Campaign ( 2005 ) and Luminous India ( 2010 -- present ) . Rajya Sabha nomination In April 2012 , Tendulkar accepted the Rajya Sabha nomination proposed by the President of India and became the first active sportsperson and cricketer to have been nominated . Former cricketers Sanjay Manjrekar , Ajit Wadekar , Madan Lal expressed their surprise over this move . He took the oath of office on 4 June . He refused to take the bungalow allotted to him in New Delhi calling it `` waste of tax payer 's money '' as he resides in Mumbai . He met with some controversy over his attendance in Rajya Sabha proceedings . Tendulkar has also been accused of not using development fund Rajya sabha members receive . Philanthropy Tendulkar sponsors 200 underprivileged children every year through Apnalaya , a Mumbai - based NGO associated with his mother - in - law , Annabel Mehta . A request from Sachin on Twitter raised ₹ 1.02 crore ( US $160,000 ) through Sachin 's crusade against cancer for the Crusade against Cancer foundation . Sachin Tendulkar spent nine hours on the 12 - hour Coca - Cola - NDTV Support My School telethon on 18 September 2011 that helped raise ₹ 7 crore -- ₹ 2 crore more than the target -- for the creation of basic facilities , particularly toilets for girl students , in 140 government schools across the country . Autobiography Sachin Tendulkar 's autobiography , Playing It My Way , was released on 6 November 2014 . It was listed in the 2016 Limca Book of Records for breaking the record for adult hardback pre-publication orders , with 1 , 50,289 copies confirmed . Biographies Books Sachin Tendulkar has been the subject of various books . The following is the listing of books focused on Tendulkar 's career : Sachin : The Story of the World 's Greatest Batsman by Gulu Ezekiel . Publisher : Penguin Global . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 302854 - 3 Sachin Tendulkar Opus The A to Z of Sachin Tendulkar by Gulu Ezekiel . Publisher : Penguin Global . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7476 - 530 - 7 Sachin Tendulkar - a definitive biography by Vaibhav Purandare . Publisher : Roli Books . ISBN 81 - 7436 - 360 - 2 Sachin Tendulkar -- Masterful by Peter Murray , Ashish Shukla . Publisher : Rupa . ISBN 81 - 7167 - 806 - 8 If Cricket is a Religion , Sachin is God by Vijay Santhanam , Shyam Balasubramanian . Publisher : HarperCollins India ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 821 - 6 Master Stroke : 100 Centuries of Sachin Tendulkar by Neelima Athalye . Publisher : Sakal Publications . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80571 - 84 - 3 Dhruvtara , a book on cricket maestro Sachin Tendulkar , was launched as an audio book on Monday , 15 October 2012 to mark White Cane Day . Sachin ke sau shatak by Dharmender Panth , a book on Tendulkar 's 100 centuries written in Hindi . ISBN 9788123765242 Sachin Tendulkar : Masterful by Peter Murray , Ashish Shukla . Publisher : Murray Advertising . ISBN 81 - 7167 - 806 - 8 Playing It My Way -- an autobiography . ISBN 978 - 14 - 736 - 0520 - 6 Sachin : A Hundred Hundreds Now by V. Krishnaswamy Films Sachin : A Billion Dreams , an Indian film directed by James Erskine is based on the life of Tendulkar where Tendulkar played his character himself . See also The Greatest Indian Achievements of Sachin Tendulkar Collection of quotations related to Sachin Tendulkar Indian national cricket captains List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar List of ODI awards for Sachin Tendulkar List of One Day International cricket records Politics and sports Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary Cricket portal India portal Notes Jump up ^ Craig White , although born in Yorkshire was the first player to be signed as an overseas player by Yorkshire . He had to be listed as an overseas player as he had already played for Victoria in Australia . Jump up ^ Belinda Clark of the Australian women 's cricket team was the first cricketer ( of any gender ) to score 200 or more in an ODI match . 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Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar presented with Honorary SCG Membership '' . sydneycricketground.com.au. 26 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar gets honorary life membership of SCG '' . The Indian Express . 24 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin 's stamp released ; MCA removes Kohli 's hoardings from Wankhede '' . The Hindu . 16 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` How family helps Indian great Sachin Tendulkar hold the world at bay '' . The Telegrapgh . Archived from the original on 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I did n't even know who Sachin was when we first met : Anjali '' . Hindustan Times . 14 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar To Celebrate A Quiet Marriage Anniversary '' . Press Trust of India . ndtv.com. 25 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's son Arjun selected for the under - 14 Mumbai team '' . 10 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arjun Tendulkar bowls in England nets '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deccan Herald -- Tendulkar cancels birthday celebrations , prays for Sai Baba '' . Deccan Herald . 24 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Express -- Sai Devotee Sachin '' . The Indian Express . 24 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sai bhakt Sachin calls off birthday celebrations '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arjuna Ranatunga 's Article '' . Vedamu . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . 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Limca Book of Records . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Book : Sachin : The Story of the World 's Greatest Batsman . ISBN 0143028545 . Jump up ^ `` One Sachin Tendulkar Opus to cost $350,000 : Cricket , News '' . India Today . 5 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man of letters '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Willow talk '' . The Telegraph . Kolkota , India . 12 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar -- Masterful '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Book : If Cricket is a Religion , Sachin is God . ISBN 8172238215 . Jump up ^ `` Book : Master Stroke : 100 Centuries of Sachin Tendulkar '' . Archived from the original on 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Express '' . Jump up ^ `` Sachin ke sau shatak '' . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Peter ; Shukla , Ashish ( 2002 ) . Sachin Tendulkar : Masterful . Murray Advertising . ISBN 81 - 7167 - 806 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's ' Playing It My Way ' autobiography to release on November 6 '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar to launch his autobiography `` Playing It My Way '' on November 6 `` . Zee News . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's autobiography releasing on Nov 6 '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Prateek ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` ' Sachin : A Hundred Hundreds Now ' is a potpourri '' . IBN Live . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's movie teaser on April 14th '' . The Indian Express . 11 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sachin Tendulkar . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sachin Tendulkar Sachin Tendulkar at ESPNcricinfo Sachin Tendulkar at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) Sachin Tendulkar at Wisden India Sachin Tendulkar on Facebook ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Anil Kumble Indian Awardees of Wisden Cricketer of the Year Succeeded by Rahul Dravid Sachin Tendulkar Awards Achievements ODI Awards Related Centuries Quotations Biographies Playing It My Way Sachin : A Billion Dreams India Test cricket captains 1932 -- 1933 / 34 : Nayudu 1936 : Vizianagaram 1946 : Pataudi , Sr . 1947 / 48 -- 1952 / 53 : Amarnath 1951 / 52 -- 1952 / 53 : Hazare 1954 / 55 ; 1958 / 59 : Mankad 1955 / 56 ; 1958 / 59 : Ahmed 1955 / 56 -- 1956 / 57 ; 1958 / 59 : Umrigar 1958 / 59 : Adhikari 1959 : Gaekwad 1959 : Roy 1959 / 60 : Ramchand 1960 / 61 -- 1961 / 62 ; 1961 / 62 : Contractor 1961 / 62 -- 1974 / 75 : Pataudi , Jr . 1967 / 68 : Borde 1970 / 71 -- 1974 : Wadekar 1974 / 75 ; 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 ; 1978 / 79 -- 1984 / 85 : Gavaskar 1975 / 75 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1979 / 80 ; 1979 / 80 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1986 / 87 : Kapil Dev 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1987 / 88 : Shastri 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1998 / 99 : Azhar 1996 / 97 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 2000 / 01 -- 2005 / 06 : Ganguly 2003 / 04 ; 2004 / 05 ; 2005 / 06 -- 2007 : Dravid 2005 / 06 ; 2009 ; 2010 ; 2012 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2008 : Kumble 2008 -- 2014 : Dhoni 2014 / 15 ; 2015 -- : Kohli 2016 / 17 : Rahane Italics denote deputised captaincy India ODI cricket captains 1974 : Wadekar 1975 -- 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1980 / 81 -- 1985 / 86 : Gavaskar 1980 / 81 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1992 / 93 : Kapil Dev 1983 / 84 : Kirmani 1984 / 85 : Amarnath 1986 / 87 -- 1991 / 92 : Shastri 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1999 : Azharuddin 1996 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 1997 / 98 -- 1999 / 00 : Jadeja 1999 -- 2005 : Ganguly 2000 / 01 -- 2007 : Dravid 2001 / 02 : Kumble 2003 -- 2011 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2016 : Dhoni 2010 -- 2014 : Raina 2011 : Gambhir 2013 -- present : Kohli 2015 : Rahane Awards and Achievements ICC Player of the Year Player of the Year 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis / Flintoff 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Ponting 2008 : Chanderpaul 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Tendulkar 2011 : Trott 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin Test 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Yousuf 2008 : Steyn 2009 : Gambhir 2010 : Sehwag 2011 : Cook 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin One Day International 2004 : Flintoff 2005 : Pietersen 2006 : Hussey 2007 : Hayden 2008 : Dhoni 2009 : Dhoni 2010 : de Villiers 2011 : Sangakkara 2012 : Kohli 2013 : Sangakkara 2014 : de Villiers 2015 : de Villiers 2016 : de Kock Wisden All - Time World Test XI 1 . Jack Hobbs 2 . W.G. Grace 3 . Don Bradman ( c ) 4 . Sachin Tendulkar 5 . Viv Richards 6 . Garry Sobers 7 . Alan Knott ( wk ) 8 . Wasim Akram 9 . Shane Warne 10 . Malcolm Marshall 11 . Sydney Barnes Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K.B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M.G.K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T.V. Rajeswar C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao V.K.R.V. Rao Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra Literature and Education V.S.R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D.P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Kuvempu O.N.V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidanda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R.K. Narayan Amrita Pritam K.N. Raj C. 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Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awardees 1991 -- 2000 Viswanathan Anand ( 1991 -- 92 ) Geet Sethi ( 1992 -- 93 ) Homi Motivala and Pushpendra Kumar Garg ( 1993 -- 94 ) Karnam Malleswari ( 1994 -- 95 ) Kunjarani Devi ( 1995 -- 96 ) Leander Paes ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 1997 -- 98 ) Jyotirmoyee Sikdar ( 1998 -- 99 ) Dhanraj Pillay ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pullela Gopichand ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2001 -- 2010 Abhinav Bindra ( 2001 ) K.M. Beenamol and Anjali Bhagwat ( 2002 ) Anju Bobby George ( 2003 ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 2004 ) Pankaj Advani ( 2005 ) Manavjit Singh Sandhu ( 2006 ) MS Dhoni ( 2007 ) No award ( 2008 ) Mary Kom , Vijender Singh , and Sushil Kumar ( 2009 ) Saina Nehwal ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Gagan Narang ( 2011 ) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt ( 2012 ) Ronjan Sodhi ( 2013 ) No award ( 2014 ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 ) P.V. Sindhu , Dipa Karmakar , Jitu Rai , and Sakshi Malik ( 2016 ) Devendra Jhajharia and Sardara Singh ( 2017 ) Indian cricketers who have played 100 or more Test matches Sachin Tendulkar ( 200 ) Rahul Dravid ( 163 ) VVS Laxman ( 134 ) Anil Kumble ( 132 ) Kapil Dev ( 131 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 125 ) Dilip Vengsarkar ( 119 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 113 ) Virender Sehwag ( 103 ) Harbhajan Singh ( 103 ) Note . Dravid & Sehwag played 1 Test match for ICC World Test XI , which is not included above . Batsmen with a Test batting average above 50 Australia Don Bradman ( 99.94 ) Adam Voges ( 61.87 ) Steve Smith ( 59.66 ) Greg Chappell ( 53.86 ) Ricky Ponting ( 51.85 ) Jack Ryder ( 51.62 ) Michael Hussey ( 51.52 ) Steve Waugh ( 51.06 ) Matthew Hayden ( 50.73 ) Allan Border ( 50.56 ) England Herbert Sutcliffe ( 60.73 ) Eddie Paynter ( 59.23 ) Ken Barrington ( 58.67 ) Wally Hammond ( 58.45 ) Jack Hobbs ( 56.94 ) Len Hutton ( 56.67 ) Ernest Tyldesley ( 55.00 ) Joe Root ( 53.76 ) Denis Compton ( 50.06 ) India Vinod Kambli ( 54.20 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 53.78 ) Cheteshwar Pujara ( 52.65 ) Rahul Dravid ( 52.31 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 51.12 ) New Zealand Kane Williamson ( 51.16 ) Pakistan Javed Miandad ( 52.57 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 52.29 ) Younis Khan ( 52.05 ) South Africa Graeme Pollock ( 60.97 ) Jacques Kallis ( 55.37 ) Dudley Nourse ( 53.81 ) AB de Villiers ( 50.46 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 57.40 ) West Indies George Headley ( 60.83 ) Everton Weekes ( 58.61 ) Garfield Sobers ( 57.78 ) Clyde Walcott ( 56.68 ) Charlie Davis ( 54.20 ) Brian Lara ( 52.88 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 51.37 ) Viv Richards ( 50.23 ) Zimbabwe Andy Flower ( 51.54 ) Minimum 20 innings . Currently active players are listed in italics . Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket Australia Ricky Ponting ( 13,378 ) Allan Border ( 11,174 ) Steve Waugh ( 10,927 ) England Alastair Cook ( 11,629 ) India Sachin Tendulkar ( 15,921 ) Rahul Dravid ( 13,288 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 10,122 ) Pakistan Younis Khan ( 10,099 ) South Africa Jacques Kallis ( 13,289 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 12,400 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 11,814 ) West Indies Brian Lara ( 11,953 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 11,867 ) Current players are listed in italics . Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in ODI cricket Australia Ricky Ponting ( 13,704 ) India Sachin Tendulkar ( 18,426 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 11,363 ) Rahul Dravid ( 10,889 ) Pakistan Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 11,739 ) South Africa Jacques Kallis ( 11,579 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 14,234 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 13,430 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 12,650 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 10,290 ) West Indies Brian Lara ( 10,405 ) Current players are listed in italics . ICC Cricket World Cup Player of the Series 1975 : n / a 1979 : n / a 1983 : n / a 1987 : n / a 1992 : Crowe 1996 : Jayasuriya 1999 : Klusener 2003 : Tendulkar 2007 : McGrath 2011 : Y Singh 2015 : Starc ODI cricketers who have scored 3000 runs and taken 150 wickets Australia Shane Watson Steve Waugh Bangladesh Shakib Al Hasan England Andrew Flintoff India Kapil Dev Sachin Tendulkar New Zealand Chris Cairns Chris Harris Pakistan Abdul Razzaq Imran Khan Shoaib Malik Shahid Afridi Wasim Akram South Africa Jacques Kallis Lance Klusener Shaun Pollock Sri Lanka Sanath Jayasuriya West Indies Chris Gayle Carl Hooper IPL Player of the Series Award Winners Shane Watson ( 2008 ) Adam Gilchrist ( 2009 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 2010 ) Chris Gayle ( 2011 ) Sunil Narine ( 2012 ) Shane Watson ( 2013 ) Glenn Maxwell ( 2014 ) Andre Russell ( 2015 ) Virat Kohli ( 2016 ) India squads India squad -- 1992 Cricket World Cup 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Kapil Dev 3 Srikkanth 4 Shastri 5 Manjrekar 6 Tendulkar 7 Jadeja 8 Kambli 9 Amre 10 Prabhakar 11 Srinath 12 More ( wk ) 13 Raju 14 Banerjee India squad -- 1996 Cricket World Cup Semi-Finalists 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Tendulkar 3 Jadeja 4 Sidhu 5 Kambli 6 Manjrekar 7 Mongia ( wk ) 8 Srinath 9 Prasad 10 Kumble 11 Prabhakar 12 Raju 13 Ankola 14 Kapoor Coach : Wadekar ( Coach cum Manager ) India squad -- 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy Semi-Finalists 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Ganguly 3 Jadeja 4 Joshi 5 Dravid 6 Robin Singh 7 Agarkar 8 Kumble 9 Mongia ( wk ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Prasad 12 Laxman 13 Srinath India squad -- 1999 Cricket World Cup 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Ganguly 3 Jadeja 4 Ramesh 5 Dravid 6 Robin Singh 7 Agarkar 8 Kumble 9 Mongia ( wk ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Prasad 12 Chopra 13 Mohanty 14 Srinath 15 Khurasiya Coach : Gaekwad India squad -- 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy runners - up 1 Ganguly ( c ) 2 Badani 3 Kambli 4 Dravid 5 Robin 6 Agarkar 7 Kumble 8 Dahiya ( wk ) 9 Tendulkar 10 Prasad 11 Joshi 12 Yuvraj 13 Sriram 14 Zaheer Coach : Gaekwad ( Ind ) India squad -- 2002 ICC Champions Trophy ( shared title ) 3 Harbhajan 5 Dravid ( wk ) 7 Srinath 9 Agarkar 10 Tendulkar 11 Kaif 12 Yuvraj 18 Kumble 19 Laxman 28 Mongia 34 Zaheer 44 Sehwag 64 Nehra 69 JP Yadav 99 Ganguly ( c ) Coach : Wright India squad -- 2003 Cricket World Cup runners - up 3 Harbhajan 5 Dravid 7 Srinath 9 Agarkar 10 Tendulkar 11 Kaif 12 Yuvraj 18 Kumble 20 Patel 24 Ganguly ( c ) 28 Mongia 34 Zaheer 44 Sehwag 64 Nehra 66 Bangar Coach : Wright India squad -- 2007 Cricket World Cup 3 Harbhajan 7 Dhoni 10 Tendulkar 12 Yuvraj 13 Munaf 19 Dravid ( c ) 21 Ganguly 27 Uthappa 34 Zaheer 36 Sreesanth 37 Kumble 44 Sehwag 56 Pathan 68 Agarkar 99 Karthik Coach : Chappell India squad -- 2011 Cricket World Cup ( 2nd Title ) 3 Harbhajan 5 Gambhir 7 Dhoni ( c & † ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Chawla 12 Yuvraj 13 Patel 18 Kohli 28 Pathan 34 Khan 36 Sreesanth 44 Sehwag ( vc ) 48 Raina 64 Nehra 99 Ashwin Coach : Kirsten Praveen Kumar was injured and replaced by Sreesanth . VIAF : 53288006 LCCN : n89265611 ISNI : 0000 0000 7874 3067 GND : 130548944 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sachin_Tendulkar&oldid=811594300 '' Categories : Sachin Tendulkar 1973 births Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Cricketers from Mumbai Followers of Sathya Sai Baba Honorary Members of the Order of Australia India Blue cricketers India One Day International cricketers India Test cricket captains India Test cricketers India Twenty20 International cricketers Indian Air Force officers Indian cricket coaches Indian cricketers Indian Premier League coaches Indian Hindus International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year Kerala Blasters FC owners Living people Marathi people Man of the Tournament in ODI Worldcup Mumbai cricketers Mumbai Indians cricketers Recipients of the Arjuna Award Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in sports Recipients of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna West Zone cricketers Wisden Cricketers of the Year Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World Yorkshire cricketers World Cup cricketers of India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2014 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو Winaray 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 17 : 15 . 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when did sachin tendulkar win the world cup

In 2002 , halfway through his career , Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time , behind Don Bradman , and the second greatest ODI batsman of all time , behind Viv Richards . Later in his career , Tendulkar was a part of the Indian team that won the 2011 World Cup , his first win in six World Cup appearances for India . He had previously been named `` Player of the Tournament '' at the 2003 edition of the tournament , held in South Africa . In 2013 , he was the only Indian cricketer included in an all - time Test World XI named to mark the 150th anniversary of Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack .

Greenhouse gas - wikipedia Greenhouse gas This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 17 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see GHG . Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space , the atmosphere , and Earth 's surface . Energy influx and emittance are expressed in watts per square meter ( W / m ) . A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) , rather than the present average of 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect . Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( taken as the year 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . Anthropogenic carbon dioxide ( CO ) emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , along with deforestation , soil erosion and animal agriculture . It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gases in Earth 's atmosphere 1.1 Greenhouse gases 1.2 Non-greenhouse gases 1.3 Indirect radiative effects 1.4 Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect 2 Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect 2.1 Proportion of direct effects at a given moment 2.2 Atmospheric lifetime 2.3 Radiative forcing 2.4 Global warming potential 3 Natural and anthropogenic sources 3.1 Ice cores 3.2 Changes since the Industrial Revolution 4 Anthropogenic greenhouse gases 4.1 Sectors 4.1. 1 Tourism 4.1. 2 Road Haulage 4.1. 3 Other 5 Role of water vapor 6 Direct greenhouse gas emissions 6.1 Regional and national attribution of emissions 6.2 Land - use change 6.3 Greenhouse gas intensity 6.4 Cumulative and historical emissions 6.5 Changes since a particular base year 6.6 Annual emissions 6.7 Top emitter countries 6.7. 1 Annual 6.7. 2 Cumulative 6.8 Embedded emissions 6.9 Effect of policy 6.10 Projections 6.11 Relative CO emission from various fuels 7 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources 8 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) 8.1 Natural processes 8.2 Negative emissions 9 History of scientific research 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links 13.1 Carbon dioxide emissions Gases in Earth 's atmosphere ( edit ) Main articles : Greenhouse effect and Atmosphere of Earth See also : Global warming and Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves . The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground , and it partly closes the window of transparency of water ; hence its major effect . Greenhouse gases ( edit ) Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth . In order , the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are : Water vapor ( H 2O ) Carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) Methane ( CH 4 ) Nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) Ozone ( O 3 ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) Hydrofluorocarbons ( incl . HCFCs and HFCs ) Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are determined by the balance between sources ( emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems ) and sinks ( the removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound ) . The proportion of an emission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time is the `` airborne fraction '' ( AF ) . The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year 's total emissions . As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO was about 0.45 . The annual airborne fraction increased at a rate of 0.25 ± 0.21 % per year over the period 1959 - 2006 . Non-greenhouse gases ( edit ) The major atmospheric constituents , nitrogen ( N 2 ) , oxygen ( O 2 ) , and argon ( Ar ) , are not greenhouse gases because molecules containing two atoms of the same element such as N 2 and O 2 and monatomic molecules such as argon ( Ar ) have no net change in the distribution of their electrical charges when they vibrate . Hence they are almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation . Although molecules containing two atoms of different elements such as carbon monoxide ( CO ) or hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) absorb infrared radiation , these molecules are short - lived in the atmosphere owing to their reactivity and solubility . Therefore , they do not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases . Indirect radiative effects ( edit ) The false colors in this image represent concentrations of carbon monoxide in the lower atmosphere , ranging from about 390 parts per billion ( dark brown pixels ) , to 220 parts per billion ( red pixels ) , to 50 parts per billion ( blue pixels ) . Some gases have indirect radiative effects ( whether or not they are greenhouse gases themselves ) . This happens in two main ways . One way is that when they break down in the atmosphere they produce another greenhouse gas . For example , methane and carbon monoxide ( CO ) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide ( and methane oxidation also produces water vapor , as discussed later ) . Oxidation of CO to CO directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle . The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth 's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO ( 15 microns , or 667 cm ) . On the other hand , the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths ( 4.7 microns , or 2145 cm ) , where the emission of radiant energy from Earth 's surface is at least a factor of ten lower . Oxidation of methane to CO , which requires reactions with the OH radical , produces an instantaneous reduction in radiative absorption and emission since CO is a weaker greenhouse gas than methane , although CO has a longer lifetime . As described below this is not the whole story , since the oxidations of CO and CH 4 are intertwined by both consuming OH radicals . In any case , the calculation of the total radiative effect needs to include both the direct and indirect forcing . A second type of indirect effect happens when chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving these gases change the concentrations of greenhouse gases . For example , the destruction of non-methane volatile organic compounds ( NMVOCs ) in the atmosphere can produce ozone . The size of the indirect effect can depend strongly on where and when the gas is emitted . Methane has a number of indirect effects in addition to forming CO . First , the main chemical that reacts with methane in the atmosphere is the hydroxyl radical ( OH ) , thus more methane means that the concentration of OH goes down . Effectively , methane increases its own atmospheric lifetime and therefore its overall radiative effect . The second effect is that the oxidation of methane can produce ozone . Third , as well as making CO , the oxidation of methane produces water ; this is a major source of water vapor in the stratosphere , which is otherwise very dry . CO and NMVOCs also produce CO when they are oxidized . They remove OH from the atmosphere , and this leads to higher concentrations of methane . The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO . The same process that converts NMVOCs to carbon dioxide can also lead to the formation of tropospheric ozone . Halocarbons have an indirect effect because they destroy stratospheric ozone . Finally , hydrogen can lead to ozone production and CH 4 increases as well as producing water vapor in the stratosphere . Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect ( edit ) The major non-gas contributor to Earth 's greenhouse effect , clouds , also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radiative properties of the greenhouse gases . Clouds are water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere . Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect ( edit ) Schmidt et al. ( 2010 ) analysed how individual components of the atmosphere contribute to the total greenhouse effect . They estimated that water vapor accounts for about 50 % of Earth 's greenhouse effect , with clouds contributing 25 % , carbon dioxide 20 % , and the minor greenhouse gases and aerosols accounting for the remaining 5 % . In the study , the reference model atmosphere is for 1980 conditions . Image credit : NASA . The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is determined by the characteristics of that gas , its abundance , and any indirect effects it may cause . For example , the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 72 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20 - year time frame but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total direct radiative effect is smaller , in part due to its shorter atmospheric lifetime . On the other hand , in addition to its direct radiative impact , methane has a large , indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation . Shindell et al. ( 2005 ) argue that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect . When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse effect , the most important are : Compound Formula Concentration in atmosphere ( ppm ) Contribution ( % ) Water vapor and clouds 2O 10 -- 50,000 36 -- 72 % Carbon dioxide CO ~ 400 9 -- 26 % Methane CH ~ 1.8 4 -- 9 % Ozone O 2 -- 8 3 -- 7 % notes : Water vapor strongly varies locally The concentration in stratosphere . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . In addition to the main greenhouse gases listed above , other greenhouse gases include sulfur hexafluoride , hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons ( see IPCC list of greenhouse gases ) . Some greenhouse gases are not often listed . For example , nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential ( GWP ) but is only present in very small quantities . Proportion of direct effects at a given moment ( edit ) It is not possible to state that a certain gas causes an exact percentage of the greenhouse effect . This is because some of the gases absorb and emit radiation at the same frequencies as others , so that the total greenhouse effect is not simply the sum of the influence of each gas . The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for each gas alone ; the lower ends account for overlaps with the other gases . In addition , some gases such as methane are known to have large indirect effects that are still being quantified . Atmospheric lifetime ( edit ) Aside from water vapor , which has a residence time of about nine days , major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere . Although it is not easy to know with precision how long it takes greenhouse gases to leave the atmosphere , there are estimates for the principal greenhouse gases . Jacob ( 1999 ) defines the lifetime τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) of an atmospheric species X in a one - box model as the average time that a molecule of X remains in the box . Mathematically τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) can be defined as the ratio of the mass m ( \ displaystyle m ) ( in kg ) of X in the box to its removal rate , which is the sum of the flow of X out of the box ( F o u t ( \ displaystyle F_ ( out ) ) ) , chemical loss of X ( L ( \ displaystyle L ) ) , and deposition of X ( D ( \ displaystyle D ) ) ( all in kg / s ) : τ = m F o u t + L + D ( \ displaystyle \ tau = ( \ frac ( m ) ( F_ ( out ) + L + D ) ) ) . If one stopped pouring any of this gas into the box , then after a time τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) , its concentration would be about halved . The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere . Individual atoms or molecules may be lost or deposited to sinks such as the soil , the oceans and other waters , or vegetation and other biological systems , reducing the excess to background concentrations . The average time taken to achieve this is the mean lifetime . Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime , and can not be specified precisely . The atmospheric lifetime of CO is estimated of the order of 30 -- 95 years . This figure accounts for CO molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean , photosynthesis , and other processes . However , this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs , which have slower characteristic rates . Although more than half of the CO emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century , some fraction ( about 20 % ) of emitted CO remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years . Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases , many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO . E.g. , N O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 114 years . Radiative forcing ( edit ) Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun , reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as heat . Earth 's surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy . If this energy balance is shifted , Earth 's surface becomes warmer or cooler , leading to a variety of changes in global climate . A number of natural and man - made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth 's climate . Greenhouse gases are one such mechanism . Greenhouse gases absorb and emit some of the outgoing energy radiated from Earth 's surface , causing that heat to be retained in the lower atmosphere . As explained above , some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries , and therefore can affect Earth 's energy balance over a long period . Radiative forcing quantifies the effect of factors that influence Earth 's energy balance , including changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases . Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy , whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling . Global warming potential ( edit ) The global warming potential ( GWP ) depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime . GWP is measured relative to the same mass of CO and evaluated for a specific timescale . Thus , if a gas has a high ( positive ) radiative forcing but also a short lifetime , it will have a large GWP on a 20 - year scale but a small one on a 100 - year scale . Conversely , if a molecule has a longer atmospheric lifetime than CO its GWP will increase with the timescale considered . Carbon dioxide is defined to have a GWP of 1 over all time periods . Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 3 years . The 2007 IPCC report lists the GWP as 72 over a time scale of 20 years , 25 over 100 years and 7.6 over 500 years . A 2014 analysis , however , states that although methane 's initial impact is about 100 times greater than that of CO , because of the shorter atmospheric lifetime , after six or seven decades , the impact of the two gases is about equal , and from then on methane 's relative role continues to decline . The decrease in GWP at longer times is because methane is degraded to water and CO through chemical reactions in the atmosphere . Examples of the atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO for several greenhouse gases are given in the following table : Atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO at different time horizon for various greenhouse gases Gas name Chemical formula Lifetime ( years ) Global warming potential ( GWP ) for given time horizon 20 - yr 100 - yr 500 - yr Carbon dioxide CO 30 -- 95 Methane CH 12 72 25 7.6 Nitrous oxide 2O 114 289 298 153 CFC - 12 CCl 100 11 000 10 900 5 200 HCFC - 22 CHClF 12 5 160 1 810 549 Tetrafluoromethane CF 50 000 5 210 7 390 11 200 Hexafluoroethane 6 10 000 8 630 12 200 18 200 Sulfur hexafluoride SF 6 3 200 16 300 22 800 32 600 Nitrogen trifluoride NF 740 12 300 17 200 20 700 The use of CFC - 12 ( except some essential uses ) has been phased out due to its ozone depleting properties . The phasing - out of less active HCFC - compounds will be completed in 2030 . Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere if half of global - warming emissions are not absorbed . ( NASA simulation ; 9 November 2015 ) Nitrogen dioxide 2014 -- global air quality levels ( released 14 December 2015 ) . Natural and anthropogenic sources ( edit ) Top : Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as measured in the atmosphere and reflected in ice cores . Bottom : The amount of net carbon increase in the atmosphere , compared to carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel . This diagram shows a simplified representation of the contemporary global carbon cycle . Changes are measured in gigatons of carbon per year ( GtC / y ) . Canadell et al. ( 2007 ) estimated the growth rate of global average atmospheric CO for 2000 -- 2006 as 1.93 parts - per - million per year ( 4.1 petagrams of carbon per year ) . Aside from purely human - produced synthetic halocarbons , most greenhouse gases have both natural and human - caused sources . During the pre-industrial Holocene , concentrations of existing gases were roughly constant . In the industrial era , human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere , mainly through the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests . The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC ( AR4 ) noted that `` changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols , land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system '' , and concluded that `` increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century '' . In AR4 , `` most of '' is defined as more than 50 % . Abbreviations used in the two tables below : ppm = parts - per - million ; ppb = parts - per - billion ; ppt = parts - per - trillion ; W / m = watts per square metre Current greenhouse gas concentrations Gas Pre-1750 tropospheric concentration Recent tropospheric concentration Absolute increase since 1750 Percentage increase since 1750 Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) Carbon dioxide ( CO ) 280 ppm 395.4 ppm 115.4 ppm 41.2 % 1.88 Methane ( CH 4 ) 700 ppb 1893 ppb / 1762 ppb 1193 ppb / 1062 ppb 170.4 % / 151.7 % 0.49 Nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) 270 ppb 326 ppb / 324 ppb 56 ppb / 54 ppb 20.7 % / 20.0 % 0.17 Tropospheric ozone ( O 3 ) 237 ppb 337 ppb 100 ppb 42 % 0.4 Relevant to radiative forcing and / or ozone depletion ; all of the following have no natural sources and hence zero amounts pre-industrial Gas Recent tropospheric concentration Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) CFC - 11 ( trichlorofluoromethane ) ( CCl 3F ) 236 ppt / 234 ppt 0.061 CFC - 12 ( CCl 2 ) 527 ppt / 527 ppt 0.169 CFC - 113 ( Cl 2FC - CClF 2 ) 74 ppt / 74 ppt 0.022 HCFC - 22 ( CHClF 2 ) 231 ppt / 210 ppt 0.046 HCFC - 141b ( CH 3CCl 2F ) 24 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0036 HCFC - 142b ( CH 3CClF 2 ) 23 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0042 Halon 1211 ( CBrClF 2 ) 4.1 ppt / 4.0 ppt 0.0012 Halon 1301 ( CBrClF 3 ) 3.3 ppt / 3.3 ppt 0.001 HFC - 134a ( CH 2FCF 3 ) 75 ppt / 64 ppt 0.0108 Carbon tetrachloride ( CCl 4 ) 85 ppt / 83 ppt 0.0143 Sulfur hexafluoride ( SF 6 ) 7.79 ppt / 7.39 ppt 0.0043 Other halocarbons Varies by substance collectively 0.02 Halocarbons in total 0.3574 400,000 years of ice core data Ice cores provide evidence for greenhouse gas concentration variations over the past 800,000 years ( see the following section ) . Both CO and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases , and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature . Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record , a record that indicates CO mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years , until the increase of the last 250 years . However , various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs ; 500 million years ago CO levels were likely 10 times higher than now . Indeed , higher CO concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the Phanerozoic eon , with concentrations four to six times current concentrations during the Mesozoic era , and ten to fifteen times current concentrations during the early Palaeozoic era until the middle of the Devonian period , about 400 Ma . The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO concentrations during the late Devonian , and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks . Earlier still , a 200 - million year period of intermittent , widespread glaciation extending close to the equator ( Snowball Earth ) appears to have been ended suddenly , about 550 Ma , by a colossal volcanic outgassing that raised the CO concentration of the atmosphere abruptly to 12 % , about 350 times modern levels , causing extreme greenhouse conditions and carbonate deposition as limestone at the rate of about 1 mm per day . This episode marked the close of the Precambrian eon , and was succeeded by the generally warmer conditions of the Phanerozoic , during which multicellular animal and plant life evolved . No volcanic carbon dioxide emission of comparable scale has occurred since . In the modern era , emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are only about 1 % of emissions from human sources . Ice cores ( edit ) Measurements from Antarctic ice cores show that before industrial emissions started atmospheric CO mole fractions were about 280 parts per million ( ppm ) , and stayed between 260 and 280 during the preceding ten thousand years . Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s , rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009 . One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability , with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago , though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO variability . Because of the way air is trapped in ice ( pores in the ice close off slowly to form bubbles deep within the firn ) and the time period represented in each ice sample analyzed , these figures represent averages of atmospheric concentrations of up to a few centuries rather than annual or decadal levels . Changes since the industrial Revolution ( edit ) Recent year - to - year increase of atmospheric CO . Major greenhouse gas trends . Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , the concentrations of most of the greenhouse gases have increased . For example , the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 400 ppm , or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels . The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years , from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958 ; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years , from 1958 to 2014 . Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate . In the 1960s , the average annual increase was only 37 % of what it was in 2000 through 2007 . Today , the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum ( 0.04 % ) compared with the existing stock . This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels , deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions . The other greenhouse gases produced from human activity show similar increases in both amount and rate of increase . Many observations are available online in a variety of Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases . Anthropogenic greenhouse gases ( edit ) This graph shows changes in the annual greenhouse gas index ( AGGI ) between 1979 and 2011 . The AGGI measures the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on their ability to cause changes in Earth 's climate . This bar graph shows global greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2005 , measured in carbon dioxide equivalents . Modern global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels . Since about 1750 human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases . Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels . Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity , but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks , mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton . As a result of this balance , the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era . It is likely that anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - induced ) warming , such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels , has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems . Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts , including sea level rise , increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events , loss of biodiversity , and regional changes in agricultural productivity . The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are : burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air . Land use change ( mainly deforestation in the tropics ) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO emissions . livestock enteric fermentation and manure management , paddy rice farming , land use and wetland changes , man - made lakes , pipeline losses , and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations . Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of atmospheric methane . use of chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) in refrigeration systems , and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes . agricultural activities , including the use of fertilizers , that lead to higher nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) concentrations . The seven sources of CO from fossil fuel combustion are ( with percentage contributions for 2000 -- 2004 ) : Seven main fossil fuel combustion sources Contribution ( % ) Liquid fuels ( e.g. , gasoline , fuel oil ) 36 % Solid fuels ( e.g. , coal ) 35 % Gaseous fuels ( e.g. , natural gas ) 20 % Cement production 3 % Flaring gas industrially and at wells < 1 % Non-fuel hydrocarbons < 1 % `` International bunker fuels '' of transport not included in national inventories 4 % Carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) and three groups of fluorinated gases ( sulfur hexafluoride ( SF 6 ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , and perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) ) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases , and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty , which came into force in 2005 . Emissions limitations specified in the Kyoto Protocol expired in 2012 . The Cancún agreement , agreed in 2010 , includes voluntary pledges made by 76 countries to control emissions . At the time of the agreement , these 76 countries were collectively responsible for 85 % of annual global emissions . Although CFCs are greenhouse gases , they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol , which was motivated by CFCs ' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming . Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming though the two processes often are confused in the media . On 15 October 2016 , negotiators from over 170 nations meeting at the summit of the United Nations Environment Programme reached a legally binding accord to phase out hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) in an amendment to the Montreal Protocol . Sectors ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Information on emissions from other sectors . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) This figure shows the relative fraction of anthropogenic greenhouse gases coming from each of eight categories of sources , as estimated by the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 3.2 , fast track 2000 project ( 1 ) . These values are intended to provide a snapshot of global annual greenhouse gas emissions in the year 2000 . The top panel shows the sum over all anthropogenic greenhouse gases , weighted by their global warming potential over the next 100 years . This consists of 72 % carbon dioxide , 18 % methane , 8 % nitrous oxide and 1 % other gases . Lower panels show the comparable information for each of these three primary greenhouse gases , with the same coloring of sectors as used in the top chart . Segments with less than 1 % fraction are not labeled . Tourism ( edit ) According to UNEP global tourism is closely linked to climate change . Tourism is a significant contributor to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . Tourism accounts for about 50 % of traffic movements . Rapidly expanding air traffic contributes about 2.5 % of the production of CO . The number of international travelers is expected to increase from 594 million in 1996 to 1.6 billion by 2020 , adding greatly to the problem unless steps are taken to reduce emissions . Road haulage ( edit ) The road haulage industry plays a part in production of CO , contributing around 20 % of the UK 's total carbon emissions a year , with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39 % . Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling -- in the thirty - year period from 1977 to 2007 , the carbon emissions associated with a 200 - mile journey fell by 21 percent ; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent , whereas journey times have fallen by around a third . Due to their size , HGVs often receive criticism regarding their CO2 emissions ; however , rapid development in engine technology and fuel management is having a largely positive effect . Other ( edit ) Main article : Carbon dioxide § Human physiology Humans emit , just by breathing , about 450 liter of CO per day ( there 's an increase of 5 % CO in exhaled air compared to inhaled air ) . So , a human generates about 0.9 kg of CO / day , or about 238.5 kg of CO in a year . Assuming there are 7.4 billion people on the planet , this means that there is an annual carbon emission of 1.7649 × 10 tonnes / year Role of water vapor ( edit ) Increasing water vapor in the stratosphere at Boulder , Colorado . Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect , between 36 % and 66 % for clear sky conditions and between 66 % and 85 % when including clouds . Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally , but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at local scales , such as near irrigated fields . Indirectly , human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations , a process known as water vapor feedback . The atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely on temperature , from less than 0.01 % in extremely cold regions up to 3 % by mass in saturated air at about 32 ° C. ( See Relative humidity # other important facts . ) The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days , compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO . Thus , water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases . The Clausius -- Clapeyron relation establishes that more water vapor will be present per unit volume at elevated temperatures . This and other basic principles indicate that warming associated with increased concentrations of the other greenhouse gases also will increase the concentration of water vapor ( assuming that the relative humidity remains approximately constant ; modeling and observational studies find that this is indeed so ) . Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas , this results in further warming and so is a `` positive feedback '' that amplifies the original warming . Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks , stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth 's water through a Venus - like runaway greenhouse effect . Direct greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) Between the period 1970 to 2004 , GHG emissions ( measured in CO-equivalent ) increased at an average rate of 1.6 % per year , with CO emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9 % per year . Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO-equivalent . These emissions include CO from fossil fuel use and from land use , as well as emissions of methane , nitrous oxide and other GHGs covered by the Kyoto Protocol . At present , the primary source of CO emissions is the burning of coal , natural gas , and petroleum for electricity and heat . Regional and national attribution of emissions ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action There are several different ways of measuring GHG emissions , for example , see World Bank ( 2010 ) for tables of national emissions data . Some variables that have been reported include : Definition of measurement boundaries : Emissions can be attributed geographically , to the area where they were emitted ( the territory principle ) or by the activity principle to the territory produced the emissions . These two principles result in different totals when measuring , for example , electricity importation from one country to another , or emissions at an international airport . Time horizon of different GHGs : Contribution of a given GHG is reported as a CO equivalent . The calculation to determine this takes into account how long that gas remains in the atmosphere . This is not always known accurately and calculations must be regularly updated to reflect new information . What sectors are included in the calculation ( e.g. , energy industries , industrial processes , agriculture etc . ) : There is often a conflict between transparency and availability of data . The measurement protocol itself : This may be via direct measurement or estimation . The four main methods are the emission factor - based method , mass balance method , predictive emissions monitoring systems , and continuous emissions monitoring systems . These methods differ in accuracy , cost , and usability . These different measures are sometimes used by different countries to assert various policy / ethical positions on climate change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 94 ) . This use of different measures leads to a lack of comparability , which is problematic when monitoring progress towards targets . There are arguments for the adoption of a common measurement tool , or at least the development of communication between different tools . Emissions may be measured over long time periods . This measurement type is called historical or cumulative emissions . Cumulative emissions give some indication of who is responsible for the build - up in the atmospheric concentration of GHGs ( IEA , 2007 , p. 199 ) . The national accounts balance would be positively related to carbon emissions . The national accounts balance shows the difference between exports and imports . For many richer nations , such as the United States , the accounts balance is negative because more goods are imported than they are exported . This is mostly due to the fact that it is cheaper to produce goods outside of developed countries , leading the economies of developed countries to become increasingly dependent on services and not goods . We believed that a positive accounts balance would means that more production was occurring in a country , so more factories working would increase carbon emission levels. ( Holtz - Eakin , 1995 , pp. ; 85 ; 101 ) . Emissions may also be measured across shorter time periods . Emissions changes may , for example , be measured against a base year of 1990 . 1990 was used in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) as the base year for emissions , and is also used in the Kyoto Protocol ( some gases are also measured from the year 1995 ) . A country 's emissions may also be reported as a proportion of global emissions for a particular year . Another measurement is of per capita emissions . This divides a country 's total annual emissions by its mid-year population . Per capita emissions may be based on historical or annual emissions ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 106 -- 107 ) . Land - use Change ( edit ) Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture , forestry and other land use , 1970 -- 2010 . Land - use change , e.g. , the clearing of forests for agricultural use , can affect the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere by altering how much carbon flows out of the atmosphere into carbon sinks . Accounting for land - use change can be understood as an attempt to measure `` net '' emissions , i.e. , gross emissions from all GHG sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 92 -- 93 ) . There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions . Additionally , there is controversy over how carbon sinks should be allocated between different regions and over time ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 93 ) . For instance , concentrating on more recent changes in carbon sinks is likely to favour those regions that have deforested earlier , e.g. , Europe . Greenhouse gas intensity ( edit ) See also : List of countries by carbon intensity Greenhouse gas intensity in the year 2000 , including land - use change . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using PPP ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using MER ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Greenhouse gas intensity is a ratio between greenhouse gas emissions and another metric , e.g. , gross domestic product ( GDP ) or energy use . The terms `` carbon intensity '' and `` emissions intensity '' are also sometimes used . GHG intensities may be calculated using market exchange rates ( MER ) or purchasing power parity ( PPP ) ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 96 ) . Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries , whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences . Cumulative and historical emissions ( edit ) Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 grouped into low - income , middle - income , high - income , the EU - 15 , and the OECD countries . Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 for individual countries . Map of cumulative per capita anthropogenic atmospheric CO emissions by country . Cumulative emissions include land use change , and are measured between the years 1950 and 2000 . Regional trends in annual CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Regional trends in annual per capita CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Cumulative anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - emitted ) emissions of CO from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming , and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human - induced climate change . Top - 5 historic CO contributors by region over the years 1800 to 1988 ( in % ) Region Industrial CO Total CO OECD North America 33.2 29.7 OECD Europe 26.1 16.6 Former USSR 14.1 12.5 China 5.5 6.0 Eastern Europe 5.5 4.8 The table above to the left is based on Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) . Overall , developed countries accounted for 83.8 % of industrial CO emissions over this time period , and 67.8 % of total CO emissions . Developing countries accounted for industrial CO emissions of 16.2 % over this time period , and 32.2 % of total CO emissions . The estimate of total CO emissions includes biotic carbon emissions , mainly from deforestation . Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) calculated per capita cumulative emissions based on then - current population . The ratio in per capita emissions between industrialized countries and developing countries was estimated at more than 10 to 1 . Including biotic emissions brings about the same controversy mentioned earlier regarding carbon sinks and land - use change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 93 -- 94 ) . The actual calculation of net emissions is very complex , and is affected by how carbon sinks are allocated between regions and the dynamics of the climate system . Non-OECD countries accounted for 42 % of cumulative energy - related CO emissions between 1890 and 2007 . Over this time period , the US accounted for 28 % of emissions ; the EU , 23 % ; Russia , 11 % ; China , 9 % ; other OECD countries , 5 % ; Japan , 4 % ; India , 3 % ; and the rest of the world , 18 % . Changes since a particular base year ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol § Government action and emissions Between 1970 and 2004 , global growth in annual CO emissions was driven by North America , Asia , and the Middle East . The sharp acceleration in CO emissions since 2000 to more than a 3 % increase per year ( more than 2 ppm per year ) from 1.1 % per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations . China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period . Localised plummeting emissions associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have been followed by slow emissions growth in this region due to more efficient energy use , made necessary by the increasing proportion of it that is exported . In comparison , methane has not increased appreciably , and N 2O by 0.25 % y . Using different base years for measuring emissions has an effect on estimates of national contributions to global warming . This can be calculated by dividing a country 's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year , by that country 's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year . Choosing between different base years of 1750 , 1900 , 1950 , and 1990 has a significant effect for most countries . Within the G8 group of countries , it is most significant for the UK , France and Germany . These countries have a long history of CO emissions ( see the section on Cumulative and historical emissions ) . Annual emissions ( edit ) Per capita anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by country for the year 2000 including land - use change . Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries . Due to China 's fast economic development , its annual per capita emissions are quickly approaching the levels of those in the Annex I group of the Kyoto Protocol ( i.e. , the developed countries excluding the USA ) . Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea , Iran , and Australia ( which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states , now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world ) . On the other hand , annual per capita emissions of the EU - 15 and the USA are gradually decreasing over time . Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries . Energy statistics for fast growing economies are less accurate than those for the industrialized countries . For China 's annual emissions in 2008 , the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency estimated an uncertainty range of about 10 % . The GHG footprint , or greenhouse gas footprint , refers to the amount of GHG that are emitted during the creation of products or services . It is more comprehensive than the commonly used carbon footprint , which measures only carbon dioxide , one of many greenhouse gases . 2015 was the first year to see both total global economic growth and a reduction of carbon emissions . Top emitter countries ( edit ) Global carbon dioxide emissions by country . The top 40 countries emitting all greenhouse gases , showing both that derived from all sources including land clearance and forestry and also the CO2 component excluding those sources . Per capita figures are included . Data taken from World Resources Institute , Washington . Note that Indonesia and Brazil show very much higher than on graphs simply showing fossil fuel use . See also : List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions , List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita , List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions , and List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita Annual ( edit ) In 2009 , the annual top ten emitting countries accounted for about two - thirds of the world 's annual energy - related CO emissions . Top - 10 annual energy - related CO emitters for the year 2009 Country % of global total annual emissions Tonnes of GHG per capita People 's Rep. of China 23.6 5.1 United States 17.9 16.9 India 5.5 1.4 Russian Federation 5.3 10.8 Japan 3.8 8.6 Germany 2.6 9.2 Islamic Rep. of Iran 1.8 7.3 Canada 1.8 15.4 South Korea 1.8 10.6 United Kingdom 1.6 7.5 Cumulative ( edit ) Play media The C - Story of Human Civilization by PIK Top - 10 cumulative energy - related CO emitters between 1850 and 2008 Country % of world total Metric tonnes CO per person United States 28.5 1,132.7 China 9.36 85.4 Russian Federation 7.95 677.2 Germany 6.78 998.9 United Kingdom 5.73 1,127.8 Japan 3.88 367 France 2.73 514.9 India 2.52 26.7 Canada 2.17 789.2 Ukraine 2.13 556.4 Embedded emissions ( edit ) One way of attributing greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions is to measure the embedded emissions ( also referred to as `` embodied emissions '' ) of goods that are being consumed . Emissions are usually measured according to production , rather than consumption . For example , in the main international treaty on climate change ( the UNFCCC ) , countries report on emissions produced within their borders , e.g. , the emissions produced from burning fossil fuels . Under a production - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the exporting , rather than the importing , country . Under a consumption - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the importing country , rather than the exporting , country . Davis and Caldeira ( 2010 ) found that a substantial proportion of CO emissions are traded internationally . The net effect of trade was to export emissions from China and other emerging markets to consumers in the US , Japan , and Western Europe . Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004 , and on a per - capita consumption basis , the top - 5 emitting countries were found to be ( in tCO per person , per year ) : Luxembourg ( 34.7 ) , the US ( 22.0 ) , Singapore ( 20.2 ) , Australia ( 16.7 ) , and Canada ( 16.6 ) . Carbon Trust research revealed that approximately 25 % of all CO emissions from human activities ' flow ' ( i.e. , are imported or exported ) from one country to another . Major developed economies were found to be typically net importers of embodied carbon emissions -- with UK consumption emissions 34 % higher than production emissions , and Germany ( 29 % ) , Japan ( 19 % ) and the USA ( 13 % ) also significant net importers of embodied emissions . Effect of Policy ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action Governments have taken action to reduce GHG emissions ( climate change mitigation ) . Assessments of policy effectiveness have included work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , International Energy Agency , and United Nations Environment Programme . Policies implemented by governments have included national and regional targets to reduce emissions , promoting energy efficiency , and support for renewable energy such as Solar energy as an effective use of renewable energy because solar uses energy from the sun and does not release pollutants into the air . Countries and regions listed in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ( i.e. , the OECD and former planned economies of the Soviet Union ) are required to submit periodic assessments to the UNFCCC of actions they are taking to address climate change . Analysis by the UNFCCC ( 2011 ) suggested that policies and measures undertaken by Annex I Parties may have produced emission savings of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq in the year 2010 , with most savings made in the energy sector . The projected emissions saving of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq is measured against a hypothetical `` baseline '' of Annex I emissions , i.e. , projected Annex I emissions in the absence of policies and measures . The total projected Annex I saving of 1.5 thousand CO-eq does not include emissions savings in seven of the Annex I Parties . Projections ( edit ) Further information : climate change scenario § Quantitative emissions projections See also : Global climate model § Projections of future climate change A wide range of projections of future GHG emissions have been produced . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) assessed the scientific literature on GHG projections . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially , the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025 -- 2030 . Projections suggest that more than 80 % of the world 's energy will come from fossil fuels . This conclusion was based on `` much evidence '' and `` high agreement '' in the literature . Projected annual energy - related CO emissions in 2030 were 40 -- 110 % higher than in 2000 , with two - thirds of the increase originating in developing countries . Projected annual per capita emissions in developed country regions remained substantially lower ( 2.8 -- 5.1 tonnes CO ) than those in developed country regions ( 9.6 -- 15.1 tonnes CO ) . Projections consistently showed increase in annual world GHG emissions ( the `` Kyoto '' gases , measured in CO-equivalent ) of 25 -- 90 % by 2030 , compared to 2000 . Relative CO emission from various fuels ( edit ) One liter of gasoline , when used as a fuel , produces 2.32 kg ( about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters ) of carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas . One US gallon produces 19.4 lb ( 1,291.5 gallons or 172.65 cubic feet ) Mass of carbon dioxide emitted per quantity of energy for various fuels Fuel name CO emitted ( lbs / 10 Btu ) CO emitted ( g / MJ ) CO emitted ( g / KWh ) Natural gas 117 50.30 181.08 Liquefied petroleum gas 139 59.76 215.14 Propane 139 59.76 215.14 Aviation gasoline 153 65.78 236.81 Automobile gasoline 156 67.07 241.45 Kerosene 159 68.36 246.10 Fuel oil 161 69.22 249.19 Tires / tire derived fuel 189 81.26 292.54 Wood and wood waste 195 83.83 301.79 Coal ( bituminous ) 205 88.13 317.27 Coal ( sub-bituminous ) 213 91.57 329.65 Coal ( lignite ) 215 92.43 332.75 Petroleum coke 225 96.73 348.23 Tar - sand Bitumen Coal ( anthracite ) 227 97.59 351.32 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources ( edit ) Main article : Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources A literature review of numerous energy sources CO emissions by the IPCC in 2011 , found that , the CO emission value that fell within the 50th percentile of all total life cycle emissions studies conducted was as follows . Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by electricity source . Technology Description 50th percentile ( g CO / kWh ) Hydroelectric reservoir Ocean Energy wave and tidal 8 Wind onshore 12 Nuclear various generation II reactor types 16 Biomass various 18 Solar thermal parabolic trough 22 Geothermal hot dry rock 45 Solar PV Polycrystalline silicon 46 Natural gas various combined cycle turbines without scrubbing 469 Coal various generator types without scrubbing 1001 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) ( edit ) Natural processes ( edit ) Greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere by various processes , as a consequence of : a physical change ( condensation and precipitation remove water vapor from the atmosphere ) . a chemical reaction within the atmosphere . For example , methane is oxidized by reaction with naturally occurring hydroxyl radical , OH and degraded to CO and water vapor ( CO from the oxidation of methane is not included in the methane Global warming potential ) . Other chemical reactions include solution and solid phase chemistry occurring in atmospheric aerosols . a physical exchange between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans . a chemical change at the interface between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . This is the case for CO , which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants , and which , after dissolving in the oceans , reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions ( see ocean acidification ) . a photochemical change . Halocarbons are dissociated by UV light releasing Cl and F as free radicals in the stratosphere with harmful effects on ozone ( halocarbons are generally too stable to disappear by chemical reaction in the atmosphere ) . Negative emissions ( edit ) Main article : Negative carbon dioxide emission A number of technologies remove greenhouse gases emissions from the atmosphere . Most widely analysed are those that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , either to geologic formations such as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage and carbon dioxide air capture , or to the soil as in the case with biochar . The IPCC has pointed out that many long - term climate scenario models require large - scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change . History of scientific Research ( edit ) In the late 19th century scientists experimentally discovered that N 2 and O 2 do not absorb infrared radiation ( called , at that time , `` dark radiation '' ) , while water ( both as true vapor and condensed in the form of microscopic droplets suspended in clouds ) and CO and other poly - atomic gaseous molecules do absorb infrared radiation . In the early 20th century researchers realized that greenhouse gases in the atmosphere made Earth 's overall temperature higher than it would be without them . During the late 20th century , a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system , with consequences for the environment and for human health . See also ( edit ) Attribution of recent climate change Carbon accounting Carbon credit Carbon emissions reporting Carbon neutrality Carbon offset Cap and Trade Deforestation and climate change Effects of global warming Emission standard Environmental impact of aviation Greenhouse debt Hydrogen economy Integrated Carbon Observation System List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources List of international environmental agreements Low - carbon economy Methane Mobile source air pollution Perfluorotributylamine Physical properties of greenhouse gases Sustainability measurement World energy consumption Zero - emissions vehicle References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA GISS : Science Briefs : Greenhouse Gases : Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide '' . www.giss.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Karl TR , Trenberth KE ( 2003 ) . `` Modern global climate change '' . 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Jump up ^ ESRL Web Team ( 14 January 2008 ) . `` Trends in carbon dioxide '' . Esrl.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` AR4 SYR Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers -- 2 Causes of change '' . ipcc.ch . Jump up ^ Mora , C ( 2013 ) . `` The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability '' . Nature . 502 ( 7470 ) : 183 -- 187 . Bibcode : 2013Natur. 502 ... 183M . PMID 24108050 . doi : 10.1038 / nature12540 . Jump up ^ Mann , Michael E. ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Earth Will Cross the Climate Danger Threshold by 2036 '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 : Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry '' ( PDF ) . IPCC WG1 AR4 Report . IPCC. 2007 . p . FAQ 7.1 ; report page 512 ; pdf page 14 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Canadell , J.G. ; Le Quere , C. ; Raupach , M.R. ; Field , C.B. ; Buitenhuis , E.T. ; Ciais , P. ; Conway , T.J. ; Gillett , N.P. ; Houghton , R.A. ; Marland , G. ( 2007 ) . `` Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO growth from economic activity , carbon intensity , and efficiency of natural sinks '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 47 ) : 18866 -- 70 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10418866C . PMC 2141868 . PMID 17962418 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0702737104 . Jump up ^ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/RemoteSensingAtmosphere/remote_sensing6.html Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Forster , P. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 2.10. 3 Indirect GWPs '' . Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ MacCarty , N. `` Laboratory Comparison of the Global - Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves '' ( PDF ) . Approvecho Research Center . ^ Jump up to : Kiehl , J.T. ; Kevin E. Trenberth ( 1997 ) . `` Earth 's annual global mean energy budget '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 78 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 208 . Bibcode : 1997BAMS ... 78 ... 197K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0477 ( 1997 ) 078 < 0197 : EAGMEB > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2006 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Water vapour : feedback or forcing ? '' . RealClimate. 6 April 2005 . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , G.A. ; R. Ruedy ; R.L. Miller ; A.A. Lacis ( 2010 ) , `` The attribution of the present - day total greenhouse effect '' ( PDF ) , J. Geophys . Res. , 115 , Bibcode : 2010JGRD ... 11520106S , doi : 10.1029 / 2010JD014287 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2011 , D20106 . Web page for paper . Jump up ^ Lacis , A. ( October 2010 ) , NASA GISS : CO : The Thermostat that Controls Earth 's Temperature , New York : NASA GISS ^ Jump up to : IPCC Fourth Assessment Report , Table 2.14 , Chap. 2 , p. 212 Jump up ^ Shindell , Drew T. ( 2005 ) . `` An emissions - based view of climate forcing by methane and tropospheric ozone '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 32 ( 4 ) : L04803 . Bibcode : 2005GeoRL ... 3204803S . doi : 10.1029 / 2004GL021900 . Jump up ^ `` Methane 's Impacts on Climate Change May Be Twice Previous Estimates '' . Nasa.gov. 30 November 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change Indicators : Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases '' . Climate Change Indicators . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wallace , John M. and Peter V. Hobbs . Atmospheric Science ; An Introductory Survey . Elsevier . Second Edition , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 732951 - 2 . Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Prather , Michael J. ; J Hsu ( 2008 ) . `` NF 3 , the greenhouse gas missing from Kyoto `` . Geophysical Research Letters. 35 ( 12 ) : L12810 . Bibcode : 2008GeoRL ... 3512810P . doi : 10.1029 / 2008GL034542 . Jump up ^ Isaksen , Ivar S.A. ; Michael Gauss ; Gunnar Myhre ; Katey M. Walter Anthony ; Carolyn Ruppel ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` Strong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions '' ( PDF ) . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 25 ( 2 ) . Bibcode : 2011GBioC ... 25B2002I . doi : 10.1029 / 2010GB003845 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System '' . Eso.org. 27 April 1995 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Betts ( 2001 ) . `` 6.3 Well - mixed Greenhouse Gases '' . Chapter 6 Radiative Forcing of Climate Change . Working Group I : The Scientific Basis IPCC Third Assessment Report -- Climate Change 2001 . UNEP / GRID - Arendal -- Publications . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob , Daniel ( 1999 ) . Introduction to atmospheric chemistry . Princeton University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00185 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` How long will global warming last ? '' . RealClimate . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , MZ ( 2005 ) . `` Correction to `` Control of fossil - fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter , possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming . '' `` . J. Geophys . Res. 110 . pp. D14105 . doi : 10.1029 / 2005JD005888 . Jump up ^ Archer , David ( 2009 ) . `` Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 37 . pp. 117 -- 134 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. earth. 031208.100206 . Jump up ^ Meehl , G.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Frequently Asked Question 10.3 : If emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced , how quickly do their concentrations in the atmosphere decrease ? '' . In S. Solomon ; et al. Chapter 10 : Global Climate Projections . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press ( CUP ) , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA. : Print version : CUP . This version : IPCC website . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ See also : Archer , David ( 2005 ) . `` Fate of fossil fuel CO in geologic time '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 ( C9 ) : C09S05. 1 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2005JGRC ... 11009S05A . doi : 10.1029 / 2004JC002625 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ See also : Caldeira , Ken ; Wickett , Michael E. ( 2005 ) . `` Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 ( C9 ) : C09S04. 1 -- 12 . Bibcode : 2005JGRC ... 11009S04C . doi : 10.1029 / 2004JC002671 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edited quote from public - domain source : `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2010 . Greenhouse Gases : Figure 1 . The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index , 1979 -- 2008 : Background ... This publication is also available as a PDF ( page 18 ) . Jump up ^ David L. Chandler , How to count methane emissions , MIT News , April 25 , 2014 ( Accessed Jan. 15 , 2015 ) . Referenced paper is Jessika Trancik and Morgan Edwards , Climate impacts of energy technologies depend on emissions timing , Nature Climate Change , Volume 4 , April 25 , 2014 , p. 347 ( Accessed Jan. 15 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Vaara , Miska ( 1 January 2003 ) , Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories , TemaNord , p. 170 , ISBN 92 - 893 - 0884 - 2 , Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Montreal Protocol Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record , Report Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Karl ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` UK : In 1st , global temps average could be 1 degree C higher '' . AP News . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole , Steve ; Gray , Ellen ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` New NASA Satellite Maps Show Human Fingerprint on Global Air Quality '' . NASA . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Canadell , J.G. ; et al. ( 20 November 2007 ) , `` Contributions to Accelerating Atmospheric CO2 Growth from Economic Activity , Carbon Intensity , and Efficiency of Natural Sinks ( Results and Discussion : Growth in Atmospheric CO ) '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 104 ( 47 ) : 18866 -- 18870 , Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10418866C , PMC 2141868 , PMID 17962418 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0702737104 Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 Historical Overview of Climate Change Science -- FAQ 1.3 Figure 1 description page 116 '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 , IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios , 2000 '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( November 17 , 2007 ) . `` Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : From non-copyrighted source : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Details on copyright status : Frequently Asked Global Change Questions , Q34 : I would like to use a diagram , image , graph , table , or other materials from the CDIAC Web site . How can I obtain permission ? Are there copyright restrictions ? , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 , on CDIAC 2013 . `` All of the reports , graphics , data , and other information on the CDIAC Web site are freely and publicly available without copyright restrictions . However as a professional courtesy , we ask that the original data source be acknowledged . '' ^ Jump up to : Ehhalt , D. ; et al. , `` Ch 4 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases '' , Table 4.1 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Based on Blasing et al. ( 2013 ) : Pre-1750 concentrations of CH4 , N2O and current concentrations of O3 , are taken from Table 4.1 ( a ) of the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) , 2001 . Following the convention of IPCC ( 2001 ) , inferred global - scale trace - gas concentrations from prior to 1750 are assumed to be practically uninfluenced by human activities such as increasingly specialized agriculture , land clearing , and combustion of fossil fuels . Preindustrial concentrations of industrially manufactured compounds are given as zero . The short atmospheric lifetime of ozone ( hours - days ) together with the spatial variability of its sources precludes a globally or vertically homogeneous distribution , so that a fractional unit such as parts per billion would not apply over a range of altitudes or geographical locations . Therefore a different unit is used to integrate the varying concentrations of ozone in the vertical dimension over a unit area , and the results can then be averaged globally . This unit is called a Dobson Unit ( D.U. ) , after G.M.B. Dobson , one of the first investigators of atmospheric ozone . A Dobson unit is the amount of ozone in a column that , unmixed with the rest of the atmosphere , would be 10 micrometers thick at standard temperature and pressure . Jump up ^ Because atmospheric concentrations of most gases tend to vary systematically over the course of a year , figures given represent averages over a 12 - month period for all gases except ozone ( O3 ) , for which a current global value has been estimated ( IPCC , 2001 , Table 4.1 a ) . CO averages for year 2012 are taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Earth System Research Laboratory , web site : www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends maintained by Dr. Pieter Tans . For other chemical species , the values given are averages for 2011 . These data are found on the CDIAC AGAGE web site : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html or the AGAGE home page : http://agage.eas.gatech.edu . ^ Jump up to : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.1 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 141 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . For the latest updates , see the NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index at : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Prentice , I.C. ; et al. , `` Ch 3 . The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide '' , Executive summary , archived from the original on 7 December 2009 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , p. 185 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Recent CO concentration ( 395.4 ppm ) is the 2013 average taken from globally averaged marine surface data given by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory , website : http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global . Please read the material on that web page and reference Dr. Pieter Tans when citing this average ( Dr. Pieter Tans , NOAA / ESRL http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends ) . The oft - cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm , which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above . Refer to http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends for records back to the late 1950s . Jump up ^ ppb = parts - per - billion ^ Jump up to : The first value in a cell represents Mace Head , Ireland , a mid-latitude Northern - Hemisphere site , and the second value represents Cape Grim , Tasmania , a mid-latitude Southern - Hemisphere site . `` Current '' values given for these gases are annual arithmetic averages based on monthly background concentrations for year 2011 . The SF 6 values are from the AGAGE gas chromatography -- mass spectrometer ( gc - ms ) Medusa measuring system . Source : Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment ( AGAGE ) data posted on CDIAC web site at : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ . These data are compiled from data on finer time scales in the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database ( 2 ) ( Prinn et al. , 2000 ) . These data represent the work of several investigators at various institutions ; guidelines on citing the various parts of the AGAGE database are found within the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database , see : ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ The pre-1750 value for N 2O is consistent with ice - core records from 10,000 B.C.E. through 1750 C.E. : `` Summary for policymakers '' , Figure SPM. 1 , IPCC , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 3 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Changes in stratospheric ozone have resulted in a decrease in radiative forcing of 0.05 W / m : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.12 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 204 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 ^ Jump up to : For SF 6 data from January 2004 onward see : ( 4 ) . For data from 1995 through 2004 , see the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Halogenated and other Atmospheric Trace Species ( HATS ) site at : ( 5 ) . Concentrations of SF 6 from 1970 through 1999 , obtained from Antarctic firn ( consolidated deep snow ) air samples , can be found in W.T. Sturges et al . Jump up ^ File : Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide. png Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ( January 1994 ) . `` GEOCARB II : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 294 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 91 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 294.1. 56 . Jump up ^ Royer , D.L. ; R.A. Berner ; D.J. Beerling ( 2001 ) . `` Phanerozoic atmospheric CO change : evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 54 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2001ESRv ... 54 ... 349R . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 00 ) 00042 - 8 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ; Kothavala , Zavareth ( 2001 ) . `` GEOCARB III : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 301 ( 2 ) : 182 -- 204 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 301.2. 182 . Jump up ^ Beerling , D.J. ; Berner , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Feedbacks and the co-evolution of plants and atmospheric CO '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 ( 5 ) : 1302 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2005PNAS ... 102.1302 B. PMC 547859 . PMID 15668402 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0408724102 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann , PF ; AJ Kaufman ; GP Halverson ; DP Schrag ( 1998 ) . `` A neoproterozoic snowball earth '' . Science . 281 ( 5381 ) : 1342 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 281.1342 H. PMID 9721097 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 281.5381. 1342 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , TM ( 1991 ) . `` Present - day CO emissions from volcanoes '' . 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Science . 286 ( 5446 ) : 1815 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 286.5446. 1815a . `` Early Holocene atmospheric CO concentrations '' . Science . 286 : 1815a -- 1815 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 286.5446. 1815a . Retrieved 26 May 2005 . Jump up ^ H.J. Smith ; M. Wahlen ; D. Mastroianni ( 1997 ) . `` The CO concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum - Holocene transition '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 24 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1997GeoRL ... 24 ... 1S . doi : 10.1029 / 96GL03700 . Jump up ^ Charles J. Kibert ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Background '' . Sustainable Construction : Green Building Design and Delivery . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 05532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Full Mauna Loa CO record '' . Earth System Research Laboratory . 2005 . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . 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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2010 . Figure 2 . Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector , 1990 -- 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : Working Group I : The Scientific Basis : figure 6 - 6 '' . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The present carbon cycle -- Climate Change '' . Grida.no . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , S. ; D. Qin ; M. Manning ; Z . Chen ; M. Marquis ; K.B. Averyt ; M. Tignor ; H.L. Miller , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 7 . Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ IPCC ( 2007d ) . `` 6.1 Observed changes in climate and their effects , and their causes '' . 6 Robust findings , key uncertainties . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . ^ Jump up to : `` 6.2 Drivers and projections of future climate changes and their impacts '' . 6 Robust findings , key uncertainties . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . 2007d . ^ Jump up to : `` 3.3. 1 Impacts on systems and sectors '' . 3 Climate change and its impacts in the near and long term under different scenarios . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . 2007d . Jump up ^ H. Steinfeld , P. Gerber , T. Wassenaar , V. Castel , M. Rosales , C. de Haan ( 2006 ) Livestock 's long shadow . Environmental issues and options . FAO Livestock , Environment and Development ( LEAD ) Initiative . Jump up ^ Ciais , Phillipe ; Sabine , Christopher . `` Climate Change 2013 : The Physical Science Basis : Chapter 6 : Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles '' . IPCC . Chapter 6 : IPCC . p. 473 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Raupach , M.R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO emissions '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 24 ) : 10288 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10410288R . PMC 1876160 . PMID 17519334 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0700609104 . Jump up ^ Schrooten , L ; De Vlieger , Ina ; Int Panis , Luc ; Styns , R. Torfs , K ; Torfs , R ( 2008 ) . `` Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory , an activity based emission model '' . Atmospheric Environment. 42 ( 4 ) : 667 -- 676 . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2007.09. 071 . ^ Jump up to : Grubb , M. ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` The economics of the Kyoto protocol '' ( PDF ) . World Economics . 4 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Lerner & K. Lee Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth ( 2006 ) . `` Environmental issues : essential primary sources '' . Thomson Gale . Retrieved 11 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyoto Protocol '' . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Home > Kyoto Protocol . ^ Jump up to : King , D. ; et al. ( July 2011 ) , `` Copenhagen and Cancún '' , International climate change negotiations : Key lessons and next steps , Oxford , UK : Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment , University of Oxford , p. 12 , doi : 10.4210 / ssee. pbs. 2011.0003 , archived from the original on 1 August 2013 PDF version is also available Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chris Johnston , Oliver Milman , John Vidal and agencies , `` Climate change : global deal reached to limit use of hydrofluorocarbons '' , The Guardian , Saturday 15 October 2016 ( page visited on 15 October 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Climate change : ' Monumental ' deal to cut HFCs , fastest growing greenhouse gases '' . BBC News . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nations , Fighting Powerful Refrigerant That Warms Planet , Reach Landmark Deal '' . New York Times . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . 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( 2000 ) . `` Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming1 '' . Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25 : 441 -- 475 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. energy. 25.1. 441 . Jump up ^ Includes the Kyoto `` basket '' of GHGs ^ Jump up to : Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` Executive Summary '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 1 Review of the last three decades '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) This citation clarifies the time period ( 1970 -- 2004 ) for the observed emissions trends Jump up ^ Bridging the Emissions Gap : A UNEP Synthesis Report ( PDF ) , Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , November 2011 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 807 - 3229 - 0 UNEP Stock Number : DEW / 1470 / NA Jump up ^ `` Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data '' . EPA . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . The burning of coal , natural gas , and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Development Indicators '' ( PDF ) . World Development Report 2010 : Development and Climate Change ( PDF ) . 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International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , Head of Communication and Information Office , 9 rue de la Fédération , 75739 Paris Cedex 15 , France . 2007 . p. 600 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 02730 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Holtz - Eakin , D. ( 1995 ) . `` Stoking the fires ? CO emissions and economic growth '' . Journal of Public Economics . 57 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 101 . doi : 10.1016 / 0047 - 2727 ( 94 ) 01449 - X . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Annex I : Glossary J-P '' . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA . This version : IPCC website . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Markandya , A. ( 2001 ) . `` 7.3. 5 Cost Implications of Alternative GHG Emission Reduction Options and Carbon Sinks '' . In B. Metz ; et al. Costing Methodologies . Climate Change 2001 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , U.K. , and New York , N.Y. This version : GRID - Arendal website . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01502 - 8 . doi : 10.2277 / 0521015022 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Herzog , T. ( November 2006 ) . Yamashita , M.B. , ed . Target : intensity -- an analysis of greenhouse gas intensity targets ( PDF ) . World Resources Institute . ISBN 1 - 56973 - 638 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Botzen , W.J.W. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Cumulative CO emissions : shifting international responsibilities for climate debt '' . Climate Policy . 8 : 570 . doi : 10.3763 / cpol. 2008.0539 . ^ Jump up to : Höhne , N. ; et al. 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Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The cited paper uses the term `` start date '' instead of `` base year . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Global CO emissions : annual increase halves in 2008 '' . Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency ( PBL ) website . 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Global Carbon Mechanisms : Emerging lessons and implications ( CTC748 ) '' . Carbon Trust . March 2009 . p. 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Global emissions to fall for first time during a period of economic growth '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . 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Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( B. Metz , O.R. Davidson , P.R. Bosch , R. Dave , L.A. Meyer ( eds ) ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521880114 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Agency -- Energy Policy '' . Paris , France : International Energy Agency ( IEA ) . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IEA Publications Bookshop : IEA Publications on ' Energy Policy ' '' . Paris , France : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) / International Energy Agency ( IEA ) . 2012 . Jump up ^ Bridging the Emissions Gap : A UNEP Synthesis Report ( PDF ) , Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , November 2011 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 807 - 3229 - 0 UNEP Stock Number : DEW / 1470 / NA Jump up ^ `` 4 . Energizing development without compromising the climate '' ( PDF ) . World Development Report 2010 : Development and Climate Change ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. , USA : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . 2010 . p 192 , Box 4.2 : Efficient and clean energy can be good for development . ISBN 9780821379875 . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7987 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention . Note by the secretariat . Executive summary . ( PDF ) . Geneva , Switzerland : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . 2005 . pp. 10 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Compilation and synthesis of fifth national communications . Executive summary . Note by the secretariat . ( PDF ) . Geneva ( Switzerland ) : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . 2011 . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Fisher , B. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 3.1 Emissions scenarios '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Chapter 3 : Issues related to mitigation in the long - term context . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 2 Future outlook '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 2.4 Total GHG emissions '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , sulfur hexafluoride Jump up ^ `` Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle , US Environment Protection Agency '' ( PDF ) . Epa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` How gasoline becomes CO , Slate Magazine '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Volume calculation for carbon dioxide '' . Icbe.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program '' . Energy Information Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2004 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Moomaw , W. , P. Burgherr , G. Heath , M. Lenzen , J. Nyboer , A. Verbruggen ( 2011 ) . `` Annex II : Methodology '' ( PDF ) . IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation : 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Obersteiner M ; Azar C ; Kauppi P ; et al. ( October 2001 ) . `` Managing climate risk '' . Science . 294 ( 5543 ) : 786 -- 7 . PMID 11681318 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 294.5543. 786b . Jump up ^ Azar , C. , Lindgren , K. , Larson , E.D. and Möllersten , K. ( 2006 ) . `` Carbon capture and storage from fossil fuels and biomass -- Costs and potential role in stabilising the atmosphere '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . 74 : 47 -- 79 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 005 - 3484 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Geoengineering the climate : science , governance and uncertainty '' . The Royal Society . 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Fischer , B.S. , N. Nakicenovic , K. Alfsen , J. Corfee Morlot , F. de la Chesnaye , J. - Ch . Hourcade , K. Jiang , M. Kainuma , E. La Rovere , A. Matysek , A. Rana , K. Riahi , R. Richels , S. Rose , D. van Vuuren , R. Warren , ( 2007 ) `` Issues related to mitigation in the long term context '' , In Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change ( B. Metz , O.R. Davidson , P.R. Bosch , R. Dave , L.A. Meyer ( eds ) ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . Jump up ^ Cook , J. ; Nuccitelli , D. ; Green , S.A. ; Richardson , M. ; Winkler , B.R. ; Painting , R. ; Way , R. ; Jacobs , P. ; Skuce , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 ( 2 ) : 024024 . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 2 / 024024 . Bibliography ( edit ) Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) , Oak Ridge , Tennessee , 2012 IPCC TAR WG1 ( 2001 ) , Houghton , J.T. ; Ding , Y. ; Griggs , D.J. ; Noguer , M. ; van der Linden , P.J. ; Dai , X. ; Maskell , K. ; Johnson , C.A. , eds. , Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 80767 - 0 , archived from the original on 30 March 2016 ( pb : 0 - 521 - 01495 - 6 ) IPCC AR4 WG1 ( 2007 ) , Solomon , S. ; Qin , D. ; Manning , M. ; Chen , Z. ; Marquis , M. ; Averyt , K.B. ; Tignor , M. ; Miller , H.L. , eds. , Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 ( pb : 978 - 0 - 521 - 70596 - 7 ) Van Dijk , P. ; Zhang , J. ; Jun , W. ; Kuenzer , C. ; WOLF , K.H. ( 2011 ) . `` Assessment of the contribution of in - situ combustion of coal to greenhouse gas emission ; based on a comparison of Chinese mining information to previous remote sensing estimates '' . International Journal of Coal Geology. 86 ( 1 Special Issue RS / GIS ) : 108 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coal. 2011.01. 009 . Zhou , Yiqin ( 2011 ) . Compar ( ison of ) Fresh or Ensiled Fodders ( e.g. , Grass , Legume , Corn ) on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle . Rouyn - Noranda , Qué. : Université du Québec en Abitibi - Témiscamingue . N.B. : Research report . External links ( edit ) The official greenhouse gas emissions data of developed countries from the UNFCCC Greenhouse gas at DMOZ Annual Greenhouse Gas Index ( AGGI ) from NOAA Atmospheric spectra of GHGs and other trace gases How Much Greenhouse Gas Does the United States Emit ? Carbon dioxide emissions ( edit ) International Energy Annual : Reserves Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide at NOAA NOAA CMDL CCGG -- Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization NOAA CO data Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) Little Green Data Book 2007 , World Bank . Lists CO statistics by country , including per capita and by country income class . 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what is the difference between natural greenhouse gases and anthropogenic greenhouse gases

Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( taken as the year 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . Anthropogenic carbon dioxide ( CO ) emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , along with deforestation , soil erosion and animal agriculture .

Beverly Hills Cop II - wikipedia Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop II Theatrical release poster Directed by Tony Scott Produced by Don Simpson Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Larry Ferguson Warren Skaaren Story by Eddie Murphy Robert D. Wachs Based on Characters by Danilo Bach and Daniel Petrie , Jr . Starring Eddie Murphy Judge Reinhold Jürgen Prochnow Ronny Cox John Ashton Brigitte Nielsen Allen Garfield Dean Stockwell Paul Reiser Music by Harold Faltermeyer Cinematography Jeffrey L. Kimball Edited by Chris Lebenzon Michael Tronick Billy Weber Production companies Simpson / Bruckheimer Overbrook Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 19 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 19 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 20 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $300 million Beverly Hills Cop II is a 1987 American action comedy film directed by Tony Scott , written by Larry Ferguson and Warren Skaaren and starring Eddie Murphy . It is the sequel to the 1984 film Beverly Hills Cop and the second installment in the Beverly Hills Cop series . Murphy returns as Detroit police detective Axel Foley , who reunites with Beverly Hills detectives Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) and John Taggart ( John Ashton ) to stop a robbery / gun - running gang after Captain Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) is shot and seriously wounded . Although it made less money than the first film and received mixed reviews from critics , the film was still a box office success , making $153.7 million domestically . Aside from box office success , the film was nominated for an Academy Award and for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , for Bob Seger 's `` Shakedown '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 2016 release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Literature 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Beverly Hills Police Captain Andrew Bogomil , Detective Billy Rosewood , and Sergeant John Taggart are trying to figure out who is behind the `` Alphabet Crimes , '' a series of mostly high end store robberies distinguished by their monogrammed envelopes with an alphabetical sequence the assailants leave behind . Complicating matters is the new `` political '' state of the Beverly Hills Police Department , headed by incompetent and verbally abusive new police chief Harold Lutz , who is doing everything he can to stay on Mayor Ted Egan 's good side . Unimpressed when Rosewood calls the FBI to help solve the case , Lutz holds Bogomil responsible as commanding officer and suspends him , despite Bogomil 's efforts to convince the chief that Rosewood was only following a hunch . Lutz also punishes Taggart and Rosewood by placing them on traffic duty . On the way home , Bogomil is shot and injured by Karla Fry , the chief enforcer of Maxwell Dent , who is secretly the mastermind behind the Alphabet Crimes . After hearing about the shooting by a news report , Axel Foley abandons his current undercover duties and immediately flies out to Beverly Hills to help find out who shot Bogomil . Taggart and Rosewood agree to assist Axel because of Lutz 's attempts to find an excuse to get them fired . Posing as an undercover FBI agent to get past Lutz with the aid of Detective Jeffrey Friedman , Axel soon starts making the connection between the robberies and Dent . He first finds out that the ammunition fired at one of the robberies was designed by Charles Cain , the manager of a gun club owned by Dent . Axel has Bogomil 's daughter Jan use her connections as an insurance agent to find out about Dent 's financial dealings . Dent is robbing his own businesses on purpose in order to finance firearms transactions with an arms dealer named Nikos Thomopolis and is discreetly using Cain as the front man for his operations . Bogomil was shot because his investigation was on the correct track into the case . Having foiled a robbery attempt at a bank depot , Axel is able to trick Dent 's accountant Sidney Bernstein into using his computer and discovers that Dent and Karla are planning to leave the country . Axel also learns from Jan that all of Dent 's businesses have had their insurance coverage canceled and are about to go bankrupt except his race track , which he is convinced might be the next target . On the way to the race track , Axel solves the latest riddle sent to the police , and is convinced that this riddle was made easily solvable in order to implicate Cain as the Alphabet Bandit . However , Axel knows Cain is a patsy designed to throw the authorities off Dent 's trail . The trio arrive too late to prevent the robbery and find Cain , shot by Karla , among those killed . While Lutz announces publicly that the Alphabet Crimes have been solved , Axel notices some red mud at the stables , which leads him , Taggart and Rosewood to Dent 's oil field , where Dent is making his final arms deal with Thomopolis . The three get into a shootout with everyone involved in the deal . Dent confronts Axel in the warehouse , but Axel gets distracted by one of Dent 's henchmen on the roof above him and Dent gets away . Dent then crashes through the wall in his car and Axel shoots Dent through the windshield , sending his car down a hill and erupting in flames , after running Axel over . Karla appears and is about to kill Axel , but is shot dead by Taggart . Just as the last criminals are about to flee , the police arrive on the scene and arrest the remainder of Dent 's goons and Thomopolis . Lutz and Mayor Egan come as well . Lutz tries to fire Rosewood and Taggart for their insubordination , and also tries to arrest Axel . However , both Taggart and Rosewood stand up to an infuriated Lutz and prove that Dent was the real Alphabet Bandit and the rest of the alphabet crimes were about the arms deal . They are also able to convince Mayor Egan of Lutz 's incompetence , and the Mayor fires Lutz for his abusive attitude towards his own men . Mayor Egan chooses Bogomil to replace Lutz as the new Police Chief . Axel returns to Detroit , but not before he gets chewed out by Inspector Todd over the phone , after Egan called Todd to congratulate him on allowing Axel to assist them on this case . Cast ( edit ) Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley Judge Reinhold as Billy Rosewood Jürgen Prochnow as Maxwell Dent Ronny Cox as Andrew Bogomil John Ashton as John Taggart Brigitte Nielsen as Karla Fry Allen Garfield as Harold Lutz Dean Stockwell as Chip Cain Gil Hill as Inspector Todd Gilbert Gottfried as Sidney Bernstein Paul Reiser as Jeffrey Friedman Paul Guilfoyle as Nikos Thomopolis Robert Ridgely as Mayor Ted Egan Alice Adair as Jan Bogomil Glenn Withrow as Willie Tom Bower as Russ Fielding Hugh Hefner as Himself Chris Rock as Parking Valet Robert Pastorelli as Vinnie Tommy ' Tiny ' Lister as Orvis John Hostetter as Stiles Production ( edit ) Paramount Pictures had planned a television series based on the first film . Murphy turned down the series but was willing to do a sequel . Producers Simpson and Bruckheimer hired Tony Scott to direct due to his success with the 1986 blockbuster film Top Gun . The film was originally to be set and filmed in London and Paris ; however , the script was re-written after Murphy expressed a reluctance to film outside the United States . Soundtrack ( edit ) The song `` Hold On '' as sung by Keta Bill plays during the scene wherein Axel , Rosewood , and Taggart confront Dent at the Playboy Mansion . However , the film 's soundtrack CD released by MCA Records includes only a different song entitled `` Hold On , '' sung by Corey Hart . This song has different music and slightly altered lyrics . The film introduced George Michael 's controversial song `` I Want Your Sex '' . It also includes `` Cross My Broken Heart '' by The Jets ( a Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 ) and `` Shakedown '' by Bob Seger ( which became a No. 1 hit on that same chart ) , as well as `` Better Way '' performed by James Ingram . The Pointer Sisters scored a moderate hit with `` Be There , '' their single from the soundtrack . It was the second time the sisters had contributed to the Beverly Hills Cop franchise ; they 'd notched a top 10 single with `` Neutron Dance '' from the Beverly Hills Cop soundtrack . Harold Faltermeyer 's 1988 album , Harold F , includes a song called `` Bad Guys '' , which is used as part of the film 's score -- an instrumental section of the song plays during the opening jewelry store robbery scene , and also during several other scenes throughout the film . The soundtrack debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard charts and spent 26 weeks on the charts , a far cry compared to the 49 weeks spent by the first film 's soundtrack . Despite this , one song from the album , `` Shakedown '' , was nominated for an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . However , another song from the album , `` I Want Your Sex '' , won the Razzie Award for Worst Song . `` Shakedown '' - Bob Seger `` Be There '' - Pointer Sisters `` In Deep '' - Charlie Sexton `` Hold On '' - Corey Hart `` I Want Your Sex '' - George Michael `` Better Way '' - James Ingram `` Love / Hate '' - Pebbles `` Cross My Broken Heart '' - The Jets `` 36 Lovers '' - Ready for the World `` I Ca n't Stand It '' - Sue Ann `` All Revved Up '' - Jermaine Jackson 2016 release ( edit ) La - La Land Records released a limited edition album featuring Harold Faltermeyer 's score ( including some material unused in the movie ) and some of the songs . Adrianos ( 2 : 52 ) Bogomil Oil Well Jog / Bogomil Gets Shot ( 2 : 28 ) Axel Gets the News ( 1 : 10 ) Warehouse ( : 34 ) Hospital Visit ( 1 : 05 ) Mansion ( 1 : 07 ) Loyalty / Drive to Shooting Club ( 1 : 51 ) Boys Car Talk ( 1 : 11 ) Shoot Screens / Meet Dent and Cain ( 2 : 53 ) I 'll Be Sure to Duck ( : 54 ) Drive to Bogomil 's ( : 58 ) Axel Shoes / Boys at Mansion ( 1 : 24 ) Splash / Drive to 385 ( : 41 ) Shootout ( : 53 ) Boys at Rosewood 's ( : 42 ) Axel Calls Jeffrey ( 1 : 01 ) Fingerprint ( : 27 ) Sneak to Shooting Club ( 02 : 33 ) Jeffrey Calls Todd / Lutz Calls Jeffrey ( 1 : 29 ) City Deposit ( 4 : 12 ) Tire Tread to Hef 's / Drive to Bernstein 's ( 1 : 44 ) Racetrack ( 5 : 04 ) Drive to Oil / Hit Vic ( 2 : 25 ) Sneak to Shack / Alarm ( 1 : 44 ) Oil Field Shootout / Kill Dent and Karla ( 4 : 11 ) Wrap Up ( : 56 ) Goodbye ( 1 : 11 ) Loyalty ( alternate ) ( : 12 ) Goodbye ( alternate ) ( : 49 ) Bad Guys - Keith Forsey ( 4 : 35 ) Shakedown - Bob Seger ( 4 : 02 ) I Want Your Sex - George Michael ( 4 : 45 ) Be There - The Pointer Sisters ( 4 : 12 ) All Revved Up - Jermaine Jackson ( 4 : 00 ) Better Way - James Ingram ( 4 : 09 ) In Deep - Charlie Sexton ( 3 : 32 ) Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop II was one of the most anticipated films of 1987 and became a box office success upon release , despite not making as much as Beverly Hills Cop . The film debuted at No. 1 , earning $ 33 million on its opening weekend , a sales mark that would result in the film achieving that year 's highest - opening weekend debut . As well as the highest grossing opening weekend of all time at the time . Beverly Hills Cop II made approximately $153,665,036 , becoming the third biggest hit domestically at the box office that year , after Fatal Attraction and Three Men and a Baby , and the second highest - grossing film worldwide that year , behind Fatal Attraction . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 46 % `` rotten '' rating , based on 26 reviews , with an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Eddie Murphy remains appealing as the wisecracking Axel Foley , but Beverly Hills Cop II does n't take him -- or the viewer -- anywhere new enough to justify a sequel '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Desson Howe of The Washington Post called it `` a sequel that 's as good as the original , if not better . '' Roger Ebert gave the film one star out of four and wrote , `` What is comedy ? That 's a pretty basic question , I know , but Beverly Hills Cop II never thought to ask it . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film is a skillful clone of the first film that ca n't match that one 's novelty or excitement . Variety called it `` a noisy , numbing , unimaginative , heartless remake of the original film . '' Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` It 's hard to believe that the group who came up with the hard , clean edges of Top Gun , sleek and unfeeling though it may have been , could make a picture as crude , as muddled , as destructo - Derbyish as this one . '' `` Beverly Hills Cop II was probably the most successful mediocre picture in history , '' Murphy said . `` It made $250 million worldwide , and it was a half - assed movie . Cop II was basically a rehash of Cop I , but it was n't as spontaneous and funny . '' Accolades ( edit ) Nominations Academy Awards Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' Awards ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Most Performed Song From Motion Pictures for the song `` Shakedown '' Razzie Awards Worst Original Song for George Michael for `` I Want Your Sex '' Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Favorite Movie Actor for Eddie Murphy Literature ( edit ) 1987 : Robert Tine : Beverly Hills Cop II : A Novel , Pocket ; Mti edition , ISBN 978 - 0671645212 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP II ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 4 , 1987 . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II Production Budget '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Haflidason , Almar . `` Beverly Hills Cop II DVD ( 1987 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop II ' Sets an Earnings Record '' . The New York Times . 1987 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cop II ' Retains Lead In Box Office Sales '' . The New York Times . 1987 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( 1987 - 05 - 22 ) . `` ' Beverly Hills Cop II ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1987 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1987 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : ' Beverly Hills Cop II ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Benson , Sheila ( 1987 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Cop Ii ' Turns Up The Volume '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zehme , Bill ( August 24 , 1989 ) . `` The Rolling Stone interview : Eddie Murphy '' . Rolling Stone . p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` Films in Close Race for Globe Awards '' . Wilmington Morning Star . Associated Press . 1988 - 01 - 06 . p. 6D . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Archive '' . Razzies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` All Winners '' . Nick.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop II on IMDb Beverly Hills Cop II at Box Office Mojo Beverly Hills Cop II at Rotten Tomatoes Beverly Hills Cop II at Metacritic Beverly Hills Cop series Films Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Characters Axel Foley Music Beverly Hills Cop `` Axel F '' `` The Heat Is On '' `` Neutron Dance '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' Beverly Hills Cop II `` Cross My Broken Heart '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Shakedown '' Beverly Hills Cop III `` Luv 4 Dem Gangsta'z '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' Other Video game Films directed by Tony Scott One of the Missing ( 1968 ) Loving Memory ( 1971 ) The Hunger ( 1983 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Revenge ( 1990 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) The Last Boy Scout ( 1991 ) True Romance ( 1993 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) The Fan ( 1996 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Spy Game ( 2001 ) Man on Fire ( 2004 ) Agent Orange ( 2004 ) Domino ( 2005 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 ) Unstoppable ( 2010 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) The Ref ( 1994 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) Gemini Man ( 2019 ) Top Gun : Maverick ( 2020 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Cop_II&oldid=864565457 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films Beverly Hills Cop American films 1980s action comedy films 1980s buddy films 1980s sequel films American action comedy films American buddy films American buddy cop films American sequel films Buddy comedy films Fictional portrayals of the Detroit Police Department Films directed by Tony Scott Films produced by Don Simpson Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films set in Beverly Hills , California Films set in Detroit Films set in Los Angeles Murder in films Paramount Pictures films Police detective films Screenplays by Larry Ferguson Films scored by Harold Faltermeyer Buddy cop films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 01 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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when did beverly hills cop 2 come out

Beverly Hills Cop II is a 1987 American action comedy film directed by Tony Scott , written by Larry Ferguson and Warren Skaaren and starring Eddie Murphy . It is the sequel to the 1984 film Beverly Hills Cop and the second installment in the Beverly Hills Cop series . Murphy returns as Detroit police detective Axel Foley , who reunites with Beverly Hills detectives Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) and John Taggart ( John Ashton ) to stop a robbery / gun - running gang after Captain Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) is shot and seriously wounded .

Battle of Tours - wikipedia Battle of Tours Jump to : navigation , search For the battle of 1356 between the English and the French , see Battle of Poitiers . Battle of Tours Part of the Umayyad invasion of Gaul Charles de Steuben 's Bataille de Poitiers en octobre 732 romantically depicts a triumphant Charles Martel ( mounted ) facing Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi ( right ) at the Battle of Tours . Date 10 October 732 Location Between Tours and Poitiers , France . Result Decisive Frankish victory , withdrawal of the Umayyad army . Belligerents Kingdom of the Franks Forces from Austrasia Neustria Burgundy Swabia Aquitaine Lombard kingdom in Italy Pagan mercenaries from areas around the Rhine River Other forces from Europe Umayyad Caliphate Arabs Berbers Commanders and leaders Charles Martel Odo , Duke of Aquitaine Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi † Strength Varying estimates 15,000 -- 20,000 , although other estimates range from 30,000 to 80,000 20,000 -- 25,000 . Other estimates also range up to 80,000 , with 50,000 not an uncommon estimate . Arab sources : about 50,000 in the beginning of the campaign . Casualties and losses Estimated from 1,100 to 1,500 , although sources unclear Estimated 12,000 , although sources unclear . Most notably Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi . Umayyad invasion of Gaul Toulouse ( 721 ) River Garonne ( 732 ) Tours ( 732 ) Avignon ( 737 ) Narbonne ( 737 ) River Berre ( 737 ) Nîmes ( 737 ) Narbonne ( 752 -- 759 ) Campaigns of Charles Martel Cologne Amblève Vincy Soissons Tours Boarn Nîmes -- Avignon Narbonne River Berre The Battle of Tours ( 10 October 732 ) -- also called the Battle of Poitiers and , by Arab sources , the Battle of the Palace of the Martyrs ( Arabic : معركة بلاط الشهداء ‎ , translit . Ma'arakat Balāṭ ash - Shuhadā ' ) -- was fought by Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by ' Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi , Governor - General of al - Andalus . It was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours , in the Aquitaine of west - central France , near the village of Moussais - la - Bataille , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of Poitiers . The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and the then - independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great . The Franks were victorious . ' Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed , and Charles subsequently extended his authority in the south . Details of the battle , including its exact location and the number of combatants , can not be determined from accounts that have survived . Notably , the Frankish troops won the battle without cavalry . Ninth - century chroniclers , who interpreted the outcome of the battle as divine judgment in his favour , gave Charles the nickname Martellus ( `` The Hammer '' ) . Later Christian chroniclers and pre-20th century historians praised Charles Martel as the champion of Christianity , characterizing the battle as the decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam , a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe ; according to modern military historian Victor Davis Hanson , `` most of the 18th and 19th century historians , like Gibbon , saw Poitiers ( Tours ) , as a landmark battle that marked the high tide of the Muslim advance into Europe . '' Leopold von Ranke felt that `` Poitiers was the turning point of one of the most important epochs in the history of the world . '' There is little dispute that the battle helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire and Frankish domination of Europe for the next century . Most historians agree that `` the establishment of Frankish power in western Europe shaped that continent 's destiny and the Battle of Tours confirmed that power . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Moors 1.2 Franks 1.3 Muslim conquests from Hispania 1.4 Odo 's appeal to the Franks 1.5 Umayyad advance towards the Loire 2 Battle ( October 732 ) 2.1 Preparations and maneuver 2.2 Engagement 2.3 Turning point 2.4 Following day 2.5 Contemporary accounts 2.6 Strategic analysis 3 Aftermath 3.1 Umayyad retreat and second invasion 3.1. 1 Umayyad invasion ( 735 -- 39 ) 3.2 Advance to Narbonne 3.3 Carolingian dynasty 4 Historical and macrohistorical views 4.1 In Western history 4.2 Adolf Hitler on the Battle of Tours 4.3 In Muslim history 5 Current historical debate on macrohistorical impact of Battle of Tours 5.1 Supporting the significance of Tours as a world - altering event 5.2 Objecting to the significance of Tours as a world - altering event 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) The exoticism of Saracen invaders is stressed in this detail from The Saracen Army outside Paris , by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld , painted 1822 -- 27 , which actually depicts a fictional incident from Ludovico Ariosto ( Cassino Massimo , Rome ) The Battle of Tours followed two decades of Umayyad conquests in Europe which had begun with the invasion of the Visigothic Christian Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 . These were followed by military expeditions into the Frankish territories of Gaul , former provinces of the Roman Empire . Umayyad military campaigns had reached northward into Aquitaine and Burgundy , including a major engagement at Bordeaux and a raid on Autun . Charles 's victory is widely believed to have stopped the northward advance of Umayyad forces from the Iberian Peninsula , and to have preserved Christianity in Europe during a period when Muslim rule was overrunning the remains of the old Roman and Persian Empires . Most historians assume that the two armies met where the rivers Clain and Vienne join between Tours and Poitiers . The number of troops in each army is not known . The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 , a Latin contemporary source which describes the battle in greater detail than any other Latin or Arabic source , states that `` the people of Austrasia ( the Frankish forces ) , greater in number of soldiers and formidably armed , killed the king , Abd ar - Rahman '' , which agrees with many Arab and Muslim historians . However , virtually all Western sources disagree , and estimate the Franks at 30,000 , less than half the Muslim force . Some modern historians , using estimates of what the land was able to support , and what Martel could have raised from his realm and supported during the campaign , believe the total Muslim force , counting the outlying raiding parties , which rejoined the main body before Tours , outnumbered the Franks . Drawing on non-contemporary Muslim sources , Creasy describes the Umayyad forces as 80,000 strong or more . Writing in 1999 , Paul K. Davis estimates the Umayyad forces at 80,000 and the Franks at about 30,000 , while noting that modern historians have estimated the strength of the Umayyad army at Tours at between 20 -- 80,000 . However , Edward J. Schoenfeld , ( rejecting the older figures of 60 -- 400,000 Umayyad and 75,000 Franks ) , contends that `` estimates that the Umayyads had over fifty thousand troops ( and the Franks even more ) are logistically impossible . '' Similarly , historian Victor Davis Hanson believes both armies were roughly the same size , about 30,000 men . Contemporary historical analysis may be more accurate than the medieval sources as the modern figures are based on estimates of the logistical ability of the countryside to support these numbers of men and animals . Both Davis and Hanson point out that both armies had to live off the countryside , neither having a commissary system sufficient to provide supplies for a campaign . Other sources give the following estimates : `` Gore places the Frankish army at 15,000 -- 20,000 , although other estimates range from 30,000 to 80,000 . In spite of wildly varying estimates of the Muslim force , he places that army as around 20,000 -- 25,000 . Other estimates also range up to 80,000 , with 50,000 not an uncommon estimate . '' Losses during the battle are unknown but chroniclers later claimed that Charles Martel 's force lost about 1,500 while the Umayyad force was said to have suffered massive casualties of up to 375,000 men . However , these same casualty figures were recorded in the Liber Pontificalis for Duke Odo the Great 's victory at the Battle of Toulouse ( 721 ) . Paul the Deacon reported correctly in his History of the Lombards ( written around the year 785 ) that the Liber Pontificalis mentioned these casualty figures in relation to Odo 's victory at Toulouse ( though he claimed that Charles Martel fought in the battle alongside Odo ) , but later writers , probably `` influenced by the Continuations of Fredegar , attributed the Muslims casualties solely to Charles Martel , and the battle in which they fell became unequivocally that of Poitiers . '' The Vita Pardulfi , written in the middle of the eighth century , reports that after the battle ' Abd - al - Raḥmân 's forces burned and looted their way through the Limousin on their way back to Al - Andalus , which implies that they were not destroyed to the extent imagined in the Continuations of Fredegar . Moors ( edit ) Main articles : Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi and Umayyad The invasion of Hispania , and then Gaul , was led by the Umayyad Dynasty ( Arabic : بنو أمية banū umayya / الأمويون al - umawiyyūn ‎ also `` Umawi '' ) , the first dynasty of Sunni caliphs of the Sunni Islamic empire after the reign ( or usurpation of the first three , per Shia Muslim belief ) of the Rashidun Caliphs ( Abu Bakr , Umar , Uthman , and Ali ) ended . The Umayyad Caliphate , at the time of the Battle of Tours , was perhaps the world 's foremost military power . Great expansion of the Caliphate occurred under the reign of the Umayyads . Muslim armies pushed east across Persia and west across North Africa through the late 7th century . In 711 -- 18 , Tariq ibn Ziyad led forces across the Strait of Gibraltar to conquer the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania . The Muslim empire under the Umayyads was now a vast domain that ruled a diverse array of peoples . It had destroyed what were the two former foremost military powers , the Sasanian Empire , which it absorbed completely , and the greater part of the Byzantine Empire , including Syria , Armenia and North Africa , although Leo the Isaurian stemmed the tide when he defeated the Umayyads at the Battle of Akroinon ( 739 ) , their final campaign in Anatolia . Franks ( edit ) Main articles : Charles Martel and Francia The Frankish realm under Charles Martel was the foremost military power of Western Europe . During most of his tenure in office as commander - in - chief of the Franks , it consisted of north and eastern France ( Austrasia , Neustria and Burgundy ) , most of western Germany , and the Low Countries ( Luxembourg , Belgium and the Netherlands ) . The Frankish realm had begun to progress towards becoming the first real imperial power in western Europe since the fall of Rome . However , it continued to struggle against external forces such as the Saxons , Frisians , and other opponents such as the Basque - Aquitanians led by Odo the Great ( Old French : Eudes ) , Duke over Aquitaine and Vasconia . Muslim conquests from Hispania ( edit ) Main article : Umayyad conquest of Hispania The `` Age of the Caliphs '' , showing Umayyad dominance stretching from the Middle East to the Iberian Peninsula , including the port of Narbonne , c. 720 Tours Autun Narbonne Toulouse Modern - day French borders . Septimania runs along the Mediterranean ( southeast ) coast from the Spanish border , and Aquitaine is along the Atlantic ( west ) coast running north from Spain . The Umayyad troops , under Al - Samh ibn Malik al - Khawlani , the governor - general of al - Andalus , overran Septimania by 719 , following their sweep up the Iberian Peninsula . Al - Samh set up his capital from 720 at Narbonne , which the Moors called Arbūna . With the port of Narbonne secure , the Umayyads swiftly subdued the largely unresisting cities of Alet , Béziers , Agde , Lodève , Maguelonne , and Nîmes , still controlled by their Visigothic counts . The Umayyad campaign into Aquitaine suffered a temporary setback at the Battle of Toulouse . Duke Odo the Great broke the siege of Toulouse , taking Al - Samh ibn Malik 's forces by surprise . Al - Samh ibn Malik was mortally wounded . This defeat did not stop incursions into old Roman Gaul , as Moorish forces , soundly based in Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea , struck eastwards in the 720s , penetrating as far as Autun in Burgundy in 725 . Threatened by both the Umayyads in the south and by the Franks in the north , in 730 Odo allied himself with the Berber commander Uthman ibn Naissa , called `` Munuza '' by the Franks , the deputy governor of what would later become Catalonia . To seal the alliance , Uthman was given Odo 's daughter Lampagie in marriage , and Moorish raids across the Pyrenees , Odo 's southern border , ceased . However , the next year , the Berber leader killed the bishop of Urgell Nambaudus and detached from his Arabs masters in Cordova . Abdul Raḥman in turn sent an expedition to crush his revolt , and next directed his attention against Uthman 's ally Odo . The Aquitanian duke Odo collected his army at Bordeaux , but was defeated , and Bordeaux plundered . During the following Battle of the River Garonne , the Chronicle of 754 commented that `` God alone knows the number of the slain '' . The Chronicle of 754 continues , saying they `` pierced through the mountains , trampled over rough and level ground , plundered far into the country of the Franks , and smote all with the sword , insomuch that when Eudo came to battle with them at the River Garonne , he fled . '' Odo 's appeal to the Franks ( edit ) Odo , who despite the heavy losses was reorganizing his troops , gave the Frankish leader notice of the impending danger knocking on the heartland of his realm , and appealed to the Franks for assistance , which Charles Martel only granted after Odo agreed to submit to Frankish authority . It appears that the Umayyads were not aware of the true strength of the Franks . The Umayyad forces were not particularly concerned about any of the Germanic tribes , including the Franks , and the Arab chronicles of that age show that awareness of the Franks as a growing military power only came after the Battle of Tours . Further , the Umayyads appear not to have scouted northward for potential foes , for if they had , they surely would have noted Charles Martel as a force to be reckoned with in his own account , because of his growing domination of much of Europe from 717 : this might have alerted the Umayyads that a real power led by a gifted general was rising from the ashes of the Western Roman Empire . Umayyad advance towards the Loire ( edit ) In 732 , the Umayyad advance force was proceeding north towards the Loire river having outpaced their supply train and a large part of their army . Essentially , having easily destroyed all resistance in that part of Gaul , the invading army had split off into several raiding parties , while the main body advanced more slowly . The Umayyads delayed their attack to so late in the year probably because part of the army needed to live off the land as they advanced . They had to wait until the area 's wheat harvest was ready and then until a reasonable amount of the harvest was threshed ( slowly by hand with flails ) and stored . The reason why Odo was defeated so easily at Bordeaux and Garonne , but had won 11 years earlier at the Battle of Toulouse is simple . At Toulouse , Odo managed a surprise attack against an overconfident and unprepared foe . The Umayyad forces were mostly infantry , and what cavalry they did have never got a chance to mobilize . As Herman of Carinthia wrote in one of his translations of a history of al - Andalus , Odo managed a highly successful encircling envelopment which took the attackers totally by surprise -- the result was a chaotic slaughter of the Muslim forces . At Bordeaux and again at Garonne , the Umayyad forces were mostly cavalry , and had the chance to mobilize , which led to the devastation of Odo 's army . Odo 's forces , like other European troops of that era , lacked stirrups , possibly explaining why they had no heavy cavalry . Most of their troops were infantry . The Umayyad heavy cavalry broke the Frankish infantry in their first charge , and then slaughtered them as they broke and ran . The invading force went on to devastate southern Gaul . A possible motive , according to the second continuator of the Chronicle of Fredegar , was the riches of the Abbey of Saint Martin of Tours , the most prestigious and holiest shrine in Western Europe at the time . Upon hearing this Austrasia 's Mayor of the Palace , Charles Martel prepared his army and marched south , avoiding the old Roman roads hoping to take the Muslims by surprise . Battle ( October 732 ) ( edit ) Battle of Tours The location of the battle on modern - day France This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Preparations and maneuver ( edit ) By all accounts the invading forces were caught off guard to discover a large force sitting directly in their path to Tours . Charles achieved the total surprise he had hoped for . He then chose not to attack and rather began fighting in a defensive , phalanx - like formation . According to Arab sources , the Franks drew up in a large square , with hills and trees in their front to diminish or break up Muslim cavalry charges . For seven days , the two armies faced off with minor skirmishes . The Umayyads waited for their full strength to arrive . ' Abd - al - Raḥmân , despite being a proven commander , had been outmaneuvered ; he had allowed Charles to concentrate his forces and pick the field of battle . Furthermore , it was impossible for the Umayyads to judge the size of Martel 's army , since Charles had used the trees and forest to screen his true numbers . Martel 's infantry were his best hope for victory . Seasoned and battle - hardened , most of them had fought with him for years , some as far back as 717 . In addition to his army , he also had levies of militia which had not seen significant military use except for gathering food and harassing the Muslim army . While many historians through the centuries have believed that the Franks were outnumbered at the onset of battle by at least two to one , the most authentic source called the Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 , points to the contrary . Charles correctly assumed that ' Abd - al - Raḥmân would feel compelled to give battle , and move on and try to loot Tours . Neither side wanted to attack . Abd - al - Raḥmân felt he had to sack Tours , which meant he had to go through the Frankish army on the hill in front of him . Charles 's decision to wait and stay on the hills proved crucial , as it forced the Umayyad Cavalry to charge uphill and through trees , diminishing their lethality . Charles had been preparing for this confrontation since the Battle of Toulouse a decade earlier . Gibbon believes , as do most historians , that Charles had made the best of a bad situation . Though allegedly outnumbered and without any heavy cavalry , Charles had tough , battle - hardened infantrymen who believed in him implicitly . Moreover , as Davis points out , these infantrymen were heavily armed , each man carrying up to perhaps 75 pounds ( 34 kg ) of armour into battle . Formed into a phalanx formation , they were able to withstand a cavalry charge better than might be expected , especially as Charles had been able to secure the high ground -- with trees before him further to dilute any cavalry charges . The failure of Arab intelligence extended to the fact that they were totally unaware of how good Martel 's forces were ; Martel had trained them for a decade . And while he was well aware of the Caliphate 's strengths and weaknesses , they knew almost nothing about the Franks . It was a total failure of the Muslim intelligence services . The logistical failures of the Muslims included their attire . The Franks were dressed for the cold . The Arabs had very light clothing more suitable for the North African winters rather than the European winters . The battle eventually became a waiting game in which the Muslims did not want to attack an army that could possibly be numerically superior and wanted the Franks to come out into the open . The Franks formed up in a thick defensive formation and waited for them to charge uphill . The battle finally began on the seventh day , as ' Abd - al - Raḥmân did not want to wait any longer with winter approaching . Engagement ( edit ) Western knight fighting against an Arabian horseman . ( Illustration from the 19th century ) ' Abd - al - Raḥmân trusted the tactical superiority of his cavalry and had them charge repeatedly . In one of the few instances where medieval infantry stood up against cavalry charges , the disciplined Frankish soldiers withstood the assaults , though according to Arab sources , the Arab cavalry broke into the Frankish square several times . Despite this , the Franks did not break . The well - trained Frank soldiers accomplished what was not thought possible at that time : infantry withstanding a heavy cavalry charge . Paul Davis says the core of Charles 's army was a professional infantry which was both highly disciplined and well motivated , `` having campaigned with him all over Europe '' . The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 says : And in the shock of battle the men of the North seemed like a sea that can not be moved . Firmly they stood , one close to another , forming as it were a bulwark of ice ; and with great blows of their swords they hewed down the Arabs . Drawn up in a band around their chief , the people of the Austrasians carried all before them . Their tireless hands drove their swords down to the breasts ( of the foe ) . Turning point ( edit ) Umayyad troops who had broken into the square had tried to kill Charles , but his liege men surrounded him and would not be broken . The battle was still in flux when -- Frankish histories claim -- a rumour went through the Umayyad army that Frankish scouts threatened the booty that they had taken from Bordeaux . Some of the Umayyad troops at once broke off the battle and returned to camp to secure their loot . According to Muslim accounts of the battle , in the midst of the fighting on the second day ( Frankish accounts have the battle lasting one day only ) , scouts from the Franks sent by Charles began to raid the camp and supply train ( including slaves and other plunder ) . Charles supposedly had sent scouts to cause chaos in the Umayyad base camp , and free as many of the slaves as possible , hoping to draw off part of his foe . This succeeded , as many of the Umayyad cavalry returned to their camp . To the rest of the Muslim army , this appeared to be a full - scale retreat , and soon it became one . Both Western and Muslim histories agree that while trying to stop the retreat , ' Abd - al - Raḥmân became surrounded , which led to his death , and the Umayyad troops then withdrew altogether to their camp . `` All the host fled before the enemy '' , candidly wrote one Arabic source , `` and many died in the flight '' . The Franks resumed their phalanx , and rested in place through the night , believing the battle would resume at dawn the following morning . Following day ( edit ) The next day , when the Umayyad forces did not renew the battle , the Franks feared an ambush . Charles at first believed that the Umayyad forces were trying to lure him down the hill and into the open . This tactic he knew he had to resist at all costs ; he had in fact disciplined his troops for years to under no circumstances break formation and come out in the open . Only after extensive reconnaissance of the Umayyad camp by Frankish soldiers -- which by both historical accounts had been so hastily abandoned that even the tents remained , as the Umayyad forces headed back to Iberia with what loot remained that they could carry -- was it discovered that the Muslims had retreated during the night . Contemporary accounts ( edit ) The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 `` describes the battle in greater detail than any other Latin or Arabic source '' . It says of the encounter that , While Abd ar - Rahman was pursuing Odo , he decided to despoil Tours by destroying its palaces and burning its churches . There he confronted the consul of Austrasia by the name of Charles , a man who , having proved himself to be a warrior from his youth and an expert in things military , had been summoned by Odo . After each side had tormented the other with raids for almost seven days , they finally prepared their battle lines and fought fiercely . The northern peoples remained as immobile as a wall , holding together like a glacier in the cold regions . In the blink of an eye , they annihilated the Arabs with the sword . The people of Austrasia , greater in number of soldiers and formidably armed , killed the king , Abd ar - Rahman , when they found him , striking him on the chest . But suddenly , within sight of the countless tents of the Arabs , the Franks despicably sheathed their swords postponing the fight until the next day since night had fallen during the battle . Rising from their own camp at dawn , the Europeans saw the tents and canopies of the Arabs all arranged just as they had appeared the day before . Not knowing that they were empty and thinking that inside them there were Saracen forces ready for battle , they sent officers to reconnoitre and discovered that all the Ishmaelite troops had left . They had indeed fled silently by night in tight formation , returning to their own country . -- Wolf ( trans ) , Chronicle of 754 , p. 145 Charles Martel 's family composed , for the fourth book of the Continuations of Fredegar 's Chronicle , a stylised summary of the battle : Prince Charles boldly drew up his battle lines against them ( the Arabs ) and the warrior rushed in against them . With Christ 's help he overturned their tents , and hastened to battle to grind them small in slaughter . The king Abdirama having been killed , he destroyed ( them ) , driving forth the army , he fought and won . Thus did the victor triumph over his enemies . -- Fouracre , Continuations of Fredegar , p. 149 This source details further that `` he ( Charles Martel ) came down upon them like a great man of battle '' . It goes on to say Charles `` scattered them like the stubble '' . The Latin word used for `` warrior '' , belligerator , `` is from the Book of Maccabees , chapters 15 and 16 , which describe huge battles . It is thought that Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People ( Book V , Chapter XXIV ) includes a reference to the Battle of Poitiers : `` ... a dreadful plague of Saracens ravaged France with miserable slaughter , but they not long after in that country received the punishment due to their wickedness '' . Strategic analysis ( edit ) Gibbon makes the point that ' Abd - al - Raḥmân did not move at once against Charles Martel , and was surprised by him at Tours as Charles had marched over the mountains avoiding the roads to surprise the Muslim invaders . Thus , Charles selected the time and place they would collide . ' Abd - al - Raḥmân was a good general , but failed to do two things he should have done before the battle : He either assumed that the Franks would not come to the aid of their Aquitanian rivals , or did not care , and he thus failed to assess their strength before invasion . He failed to scout the movements of the Frankish army . These failures disadvantaged the Muslim army in the following ways : The invaders were burdened with booty that played a role in the battle . They had casualties before they fought the battle . Weaker opponents such as Odo were not bypassed , whom they could have picked off at will later , while moving at once to force battle with the real power in Europe , and at least partially picked the battlefield . While some military historians point out that leaving enemies in your rear is not generally wise , the Mongols proved that indirect attack , and bypassing weaker foes to eliminate the strongest first , can be a devastatingly effective mode of invasion . In this case , those enemies were virtually no danger , given the ease with which the Muslims destroyed them . The real danger was Charles , and the failure to scout Gaul adequately was disastrous . According to Creasy , both western and Muslim histories agree the battle was hard fought , and that the Umayyad heavy cavalry had broken into the square , but agreed that the Franks were in formation still strongly resisting . Charles could not afford to stand idly by while Frankish territories were threatened . He would have to face the Umayyad armies sooner or later , and his men were enraged by the utter devastation of the Aquitanians and wanted to fight . But Sir Edward Creasy noted that , when we remember that Charles had no standing army , and the independent spirit of the Frank warriors who followed his standard , it seems most probable that it was not in his power to adopt the cautious policy of watching the invaders , and wearing out their strength by delay . So dreadful and so widespread were the ravages of the Saracenic light cavalry throughout Gaul , that it must have been impossible to restrain for any length of time the indignant ardor of the Franks . And , even if Charles could have persuaded his men to look tamely on while the Arabs stormed more towns and desolated more districts , he could not have kept an army together when the usual period of a military expedition had expired . Both Hallam and Watson argue that had Charles failed , there was no remaining force to protect Western Europe . Hallam perhaps said it best : `` It may justly be reckoned among those few battles of which a contrary event would have essentially varied the drama of the world in all its subsequent scenes : with Marathon , Arbela , the Metaurus , Châlons and Leipzig . '' Strategically , and tactically , Charles probably made the best decision he could in waiting until his enemies least expected him to intervene , and then marching by stealth to catch them by surprise at a battlefield of his choosing . Probably he and his own men did not realize the seriousness of the battle they had fought , as one historian put it : `` few battles are remembered over 1,000 years after they are fought , but the Battle of Poitiers is an exception ( ... ) Charles Martel turned back a Muslim raid that had it been allowed to continue , might have conquered Gaul . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Umayyad retreat and second invasion ( edit ) The Umayyad army retreated south over the Pyrenees . Charles continued to drive the Umayyad forces from France in subsequent years . After the death ( c. 735 ) of Odo , who had reluctantly acknowledged Charles ' suzerainty in 719 , Charles wished to unite Odo 's Duchy to himself , and went there to elicit the proper homage of the Aquitainians . But the nobility proclaimed Hunold , Odo 's son , as the Duke , and Charles recognized his legitimacy when the Umayyads entered Provence as part of an alliance with Duke Maurontus the next year . Hunold , who originally resisted acknowledging Charles as overlord , soon had little choice . He acknowledged Charles as his overlord , albeit not for long , and Charles confirmed his Duchy . Umayyad invasion ( 735 -- 39 ) ( edit ) In 735 , the new governor of al - Andalus again invaded Gaul . Antonio Santosuosso and other historians detail how the new governor of Al - Andalus , ' Uqba b . Al - Hajjaj , again moved into France to avenge the defeat at Poitiers and to spread Islam . Santosuosso notes that ' Uqba b . Al - Hajjaj converted about 2,000 Christians he captured over his career . In the last major attempt at forcible invasion of Gaul through Iberia , a sizable invasion force was assembled at Saragossa and entered what is now French territory in 735 , crossed the River Rhone and captured and looted Arles . From there , he struck into the heart of Provence , ending with the capture of Avignon , despite strong resistance . Uqba b . Al - Hajjaj 's forces remained in French territory for about four years , carrying raids to Lyons , Burgundy , and Piedmont . Charles Martel invaded Septimania in two campaigns in 736 and 739 , but was forced back again to Frankish territory under his control . Alessandro Santosuosso strongly argues that the second ( Umayyad ) expedition was probably more dangerous than the first . The second expedition 's failure put an end to any serious Muslim expedition across the Pyrenees , although raids continued . Plans for further large - scale attempts were hindered by internal turmoil in the Umayyad lands which often made enemies out of their own kind . Advance to Narbonne ( edit ) Despite the defeat at Tours , the Umayyads remained in control of Narbonne and Septimania for another 27 years , though they could not expand further . The treaties reached earlier with the local population stood firm and were further consolidated in 734 when the governor of Narbonne , Yusuf ibn ' Abd al - Rahman al - Fihri , concluded agreements with several towns on common defense arrangements against the encroachments of Charles Martel , who had systematically brought the south to heel as he extended his domains . He destroyed Umayyad armies and fortresses at the Battle of Avignon and the Battle of Nîmes . The army attempting to relieve Narbonne met Charles in open battle at the Battle of the River Berre and was destroyed . However , Charles failed in his attempt to take Narbonne by siege in 737 , when the city was jointly defended by its Muslim Arab and Berber , and its Christian Visigothic citizens . Carolingian dynasty ( edit ) Main articles : Francia , Carolingian Empire , Pepin the Short , and Charlemagne Reluctant to tie down his army for a siege that could last years , and believing he could not afford the losses of an all - out frontal assault such as he had used at Arles , Charles was content to isolate the few remaining invaders in Narbonne and Septimania . The threat of invasion was diminished after the Umayyad defeat at Narbonne , and the unified Caliphate would collapse into civil war in 750 at the Battle of the Zab . It was left to Charles ' son , Pepin the Short , to force Narbonne 's surrender in 759 , thus bringing Narbonne into the Frankish domains . The Umayyad dynasty was expelled , driven back to Al - Andalus where Abd al - Rahman I established an emirate in Córdoba in opposition to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad . Charles 's grandson , Charlemagne , became the first Christian ruler to begin what would be called the Reconquista from Europe . In the northeast of Spain the Frankish emperors established the Marca Hispanica across the Pyrenees in part of what today is Catalonia , reconquering Girona in 785 and Barcelona in 801 . This formed a buffer zone against Muslim lands across the Pyrenees . Historian J.M. Roberts said in 1993 of the Carolingian Dynasty : `` It produced Charles Martel , the soldier who turned the Arabs back at Tours , and the supporter of Saint Boniface the Evangelizer of Germany . This is a considerable double mark to have left on the history of Europe . '' Before the Battle of Tours , stirrups may have been unknown in the west . Lynn Townsend White Jr. argues that the adoption of the stirrup for cavalry was the direct cause for the development of feudalism in the Frankish realm by Charles Martel and his heirs . Historical and macrohistorical views ( edit ) The historical views of this battle fall into three great phases , both in the East and especially in the West . Western historians , beginning with the Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 , stressed the macrohistorical impact of the battle , as did the Continuations of Fredegar . This became a claim that Charles had saved Christianity , as Gibbon and his generation of historians agreed that the Battle of Tours was unquestionably decisive in world history . Modern historians have essentially fallen into two camps on the issue . The first camp essentially agrees with Gibbon , and the other argues that the Battle has been massively overstated -- turned from a raid in force to an invasion , and from a mere annoyance to the Caliph to a shattering defeat that helped end the Islamic Expansion Era . It is essential however , to note that within the first group , those who agree the Battle was of macrohistorical importance , there are a number of historians who take a more moderate and nuanced view of the significance of the battle , in contrast to the more dramatic and rhetorical approach of Gibbon . The best example of this school is William E. Watson , who does believe the battle has such importance , as will be discussed below , but analyzes it militarily , culturally and politically , rather than seeing it as a classic `` Muslim versus Christian '' confrontation . In the East , Arab histories followed a similar path . First , the battle was regarded as a disastrous defeat ; then , it largely faded from Arab histories , leading to a modern dispute which regards it as either a secondary loss to the great defeat of the Second Siege of Constantinople , where the Bulgarian Emperor Tervel played a crucial role , or a part of a series of great macrohistorical defeats which together brought about the fall of the first Caliphate . With the Byzantines and Bulgarians together with the Franks both successfully blocking further expansion , internal social troubles came to a head , starting with the Great Berber Revolt of 740 , and ending with the Battle of the Zab , and the destruction of the Umayyad Caliphate . In Western history ( edit ) The first wave of real `` modern '' historians , especially scholars on Rome and the medieval period , such as Edward Gibbon , contended that had Charles fallen , the Umayyad Caliphate would have easily conquered a divided Europe . Gibbon famously observed : A victorious line of march had been prolonged above a thousand miles from the rock of Gibraltar to the banks of the Loire ; the repetition of an equal space would have carried the Saracens to the confines of Poland and the Highlands of Scotland ; the Rhine is not more impassable than the Nile or Euphrates , and the Arabian fleet might have sailed without a naval combat into the mouth of the Thames . Perhaps the interpretation of the Koran would now be taught in the schools of Oxford , and her pulpits might demonstrate to a circumcised people the sanctity and truth of the revelation of Mahomet . Nor was Gibbon alone in lavishing praise on Charles as the savior of Christendom and western civilization . H.G. Wells in his A Short History of the World said in Chapter XLV `` The Development of Latin Christendom '' : `` The Moslim when they crossed the Pyrenees in 720 found this Frankish kingdom under the practical rule of Charles Martel , the Mayor of the Palace of a degenerate descendant of Clovis , and experienced the decisive defeat of Poitiers ( 732 ) at his hands . This Charles Martel was practically overlord of Europe north of the Alps from the Pyrenees to Hungary . He ruled over a multitude of subordinate lords speaking French - Latin , and High and Low German languages . '' Gibbon was echoed a century later by the Belgian historian Godefroid Kurth , who wrote that the Battle of Poitiers `` must ever remain one of the great events in the history of the world , as upon its issue depended whether Christian Civilization should continue or Islam prevail throughout Europe . '' German historians were especially ardent in their praise of Charles Martel ; Schlegel speaks of this `` mighty victory '' , and tells how `` the arm of Charles Martel saved and delivered the Christian nations of the West from the deadly grasp of all - destroying Islam . '' Creasy quotes Leopold von Ranke 's opinion that this period was `` one of the most important epochs in the history of the world , the commencement of the eighth century , when on the one side Mohammedanism threatened to overspread Italy and Gaul , and on the other the ancient idolatry of Saxony and Friesland once more forced its way across the Rhine . In this peril of Christian institutions , a youthful prince of Germanic race , Karl Martell , arose as their champion , maintained them with all the energy which the necessity for self - defence calls forth , and finally extended them into new regions . '' The German military historian Hans Delbrück said of this battle `` there was no more important battle in the history of the world . '' ( The Barbarian Invasions , p. 441 . ) Had Charles Martel failed , Henry Hallam argued , there would have been no Charlemagne , no Holy Roman Empire or Papal States ; all these depended upon Charles 's containment of Islam from expanding into Europe while the Caliphate was unified and able to mount such a conquest . Another great mid era historian , Thomas Arnold , ranked the victory of Charles Martel even higher than the victory of Arminius in its impact on all of modern history : `` Charles Martel 's victory at Tours was among those signal deliverances which have affected for centuries the happiness of mankind . '' Louis Gustave and Charles Strauss in Moslem and Frank ; or , Charles Martel and the rescue of Europe said `` The victory gained was decisive and final , The torrent of Arab conquest was rolled back and Europe was rescued from the threatened yoke of the Saracens . '' ( p. 122 ) Charles Oman , in his History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages , concludes that `` At Poitiers the Franks fought as they had done two hundred years before at Casilinum , in one solid mass , without breaking rank or attempting to maneuver . Their victory was won by the purely defensive tactics of the infantry square ; the fanatical Arabs , dashing against them time after time , were shattered to pieces , and at last fled under shelter of night . But there was no pursuit , for Charles had determined not to allow his men to stir a step from the line to chase the broken foe . ( I , 58 ) '' John Bagnell Bury , writing at the beginning of the 20th century , said `` The Battle of Tours ... has often been represented as an event of the first magnitude for the world 's history , because after this , the penetration of Islam into Europe was finally brought to a standstill . '' Modern Western historians are clearly divided on the importance of the battle , and where it should rank in military history ; see below . Adolf Hitler on the battle of Tours ( edit ) Albert Speer , Hitler 's Armaments Minister , described how Hitler expressed approval of Islam , saying that Hitler had been particularly impressed by what he had heard from a delegation of Arabs . When the Muslims had tried to penetrate Central Europe in the 8th century , they had been driven back at the Battle of Tours ; if they had won that battle , the world would have become Muslim . Theirs was a religion , Hitler said , that believed in spreading the faith by the sword and subjugating all nations to that faith . Hitler considered that Islam was perfectly suited to the `` Germanic '' temperament and would have been more compatible to the Germans than Christianity . In Muslim history ( edit ) Eastern historians , like their Western counterparts , have not always agreed on the importance of the battle . According to Bernard Lewis , `` The Arab historians , if they mention this engagement ( the Battle of Tours ) at all , present it as a minor skirmish , '' and Gustave von Grunebaum writes : `` This setback may have been important from the European point of view , but for Muslims at the time , who saw no master plan imperilled thereby , it had no further significance . '' Contemporary Arab and Muslim historians and chroniclers were much more interested in the second Umayyad siege of Constantinople in 718 , which ended in a disastrous defeat . However , Creasy has claimed : `` The enduring importance of the battle of Tours in the eyes of the Moslems is attested not only by the expressions of ' the deadly battle ' and ' the disgraceful overthrow ' which their writers constantly employ when referring to it , but also by the fact that no more serious attempts at conquest beyond the Pyrenees were made by the Saracens . '' Thirteenth - century Moroccan author Ibn Idhari al - Marrakushi , mentioned the battle in his history of the Maghrib , `` al - Bayan al - Mughrib fi Akhbar al - Maghrib . '' According to Ibn Idhari , `` Abd ar - Rahman and many of his men found martyrdom on the balat ash - Shuhada'i ( '' the path of the martyrs ) . '' Antonio Santosuosso points that `` they ( the Muslims ) called the battle 's location , the road between Poitiers and Tours , `` the pavement of Martyrs '' . '' However , as Henry Coppée pointed out , `` The same name was given to the battle of Toulouse and is applied to many other fields on which the Moslemah were defeated : they were always martyrs for the faith . '' Khalid Yahya Blankinship argued that the military defeat at Tours was one of the failures that contributed to the decline of the Umayyad caliphate : `` Stretching from Morocco to China , the Umayyad caliphate based its expansion and success on the doctrine of jihad -- armed struggle to claim the whole earth for God 's rule , a struggle that had brought much material success for a century but suddenly ground to a halt followed by the collapse of the ruling Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD . The End of the Jihad State demonstrates for the first time that the cause of this collapse came not just from internal conflict , as has been claimed , but from a number of external and concurrent factors that exceeded the caliphate 's capacity to respond . These external factors began with crushing military defeats at Byzantium , Toulouse and Tours , which led to the Berber Revolt of 740 in Iberia and Northern Africa . '' Current historical debate on macrohistorical impact of battle of Tours ( edit ) Some modern historians argue that the Battle of Tours was of no great historical significance while others continue to contend that Charles Martel 's victory was important in European or even world history . Supporting the significance of Tours as a world - altering event ( edit ) William E. Watson strongly supports Tours as a macrohistorical event , but distances himself from the rhetoric of Gibbon and Drubeck , writing , for example , of the battle 's importance in Frankish , and world , history in 1993 : There is clearly some justification for ranking Tours - Poitiers among the most significant events in Frankish history when one considers the result of the battle in light of the remarkable record of the successful establishment by Muslims of Islamic political and cultural dominance along the entire eastern and southern rim of the former Christian , Roman world . The rapid Muslim conquest of Palestine , Syria , Egypt and the North African coast all the way to Morocco in the seventh century resulted in the permanent imposition by force of Islamic culture onto a previously Christian and largely non-Arab base . The Visigothic kingdom fell to Muslim conquerors in a single battle on the Rio Barbate in 711 , and the Hispanic Christian population took seven long centuries to regain control of the Iberian Peninsula . The Reconquista , of course , was completed in 1492 , only months before Columbus received official backing for his fateful voyage across the Atlantic Ocean . Had Charles Martel suffered at Tours - Poitiers the fate of King Roderic at the Rio Barbate , it is doubtful that a `` do - nothing '' sovereign of the Merovingian realm could have later succeeded where his talented major domus had failed . Indeed , as Charles was the progenitor of the Carolingian line of Frankish rulers and grandfather of Charlemagne , one can even say with a degree of certainty that the subsequent history of the West would have proceeded along vastly different currents had ' Abd ar - Rahman been victorious at Tours - Poitiers in 732 . Watson adds , `` After examining the motives for the Muslim drive north of the Pyrenees , one can attach a macrohistorical significance to the encounter between the Franks and Andalusi Muslims at Tours - Poitiers , especially when one considers the attention paid to the Franks in Arabic literature and the successful expansion of Muslims elsewhere in the medieval period . '' Victorian writer John Henry Haaren says in Famous Men of the Middle Ages , `` The battle of Tours , or Poitiers , as it should be called , is regarded as one of the decisive battles of the world . It decided that Christians , and not Moslems , should be the ruling power in Europe . '' Bernard Grun delivers this assessment in his `` Timetables of History '' , reissued in 2004 : `` In 732 Charles Martel 's victory over the Arabs at the Battle of Tours stems the tide of their westward advance . '' Historian and humanist Michael Grant lists the battle of Tours in the macrohistorical dates of the Roman era . Historian Norman Cantor who specialized in the medieval period , teaching and writing at Columbia and New York University , says in 1993 : `` It may be true that the Arabs had now fully extended their resources and they would not have conquered France , but their defeat ( at Tours ) in 732 put a stop to their advance to the north . '' Military historian Robert W. Martin considers Tours `` one of the most decisive battles in all of history . '' Additionally , historian Hugh Kennedy says `` it was clearly significant in establishing the power of Charles Martel and the Carolingians in France , but it also had profound consequences in Muslim Spain . It signaled the end of the ghanima ( booty ) economy . '' Military Historian Paul Davis argued in 1999 , `` had the Muslims been victorious at Tours , it is difficult to suppose what population in Europe could have organized to resist them . '' Likewise , George Bruce in his update of Harbottle 's classic military history Dictionary of Battles maintains that `` Charles Martel defeated the Moslem army effectively ending Moslem attempts to conquer western Europe . '' History professor Antonio Santosuosso puts forth an opinion on Charles , Tours , and the subsequent campaigns against Rahman 's son in 736 -- 737 , presenting that these later defeats of invading Muslim armies were at least as important as Tours in their defense of Western Christendom and the preservation of Western monasticism , the monasteries of which were the centers of learning which ultimately led Europe out of her Middle Ages . He also makes an argument , after studying the Arab histories of the period , that these were clearly armies of invasion , sent by the Caliph not just to avenge Tours , but to begin the end of Christian Europe and bring it into the Caliphate . Professor of religion Huston Smith says in The World 's Religions : Our Great Wisdom Traditions `` But for their defeat by Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours in 733 , the entire Western world might today be Muslim . '' Historian Robert Payne on page 142 in `` The History of Islam '' said `` The more powerful Muslims and the spread of Islam were knocking on Europe 's door . And the spread of Islam was stopped along the road between the towns of Tours and Poitiers , France , with just its head in Europe . '' Victor Davis Hanson has commented that `` Recent scholars have suggested Poitiers , so poorly recorded in contemporary sources , was a mere raid and thus a construct of western mythmaking or that a Muslim victory might have been preferable to continued Frankish dominance . What is clear is that Poitiers marked a general continuance of the successful defense of Europe , ( from the Muslims ) . Flush from the victory at Tours , Charles Martel went on to clear southern France from Islamic attackers for decades , unify the warring kingdoms into the foundations of the Carolingian Empire , and ensure ready and reliable troops from local estates . '' Paul Davis , another modern historian , says `` whether Charles Martel saved Europe for Christianity is a matter of some debate . What is sure , however , is that his victory ensured that the Franks would dominate Gaul for more than a century . '' Davis writes , `` Moslem defeat ended the Moslems ' threat to western Europe , and Frankish victory established the Franks as the dominant population in western Europe , establishing the dynasty that led to Charlemagne . '' Objecting to the significance of Tours as a world - altering event ( edit ) Other historians disagree with this assessment . Alessandro Barbero writes , `` Today , historians tend to play down the significance of the battle of Poitiers , pointing out that the purpose of the Muslim force defeated by Charles Martel was not to conquer the Frankish kingdom , but simply to pillage the wealthy monastery of St - Martin of Tours '' . Similarly , Tomaž Mastnak writes : Modern historians have constructed a myth presenting this victory as having saved Christian Europe from the Muslims . Edward Gibbon , for example , called Charles Martel the savior of Christendom and the battle near Poitiers an encounter that changed the history of the world ... This myth has survived well into our own times ... Contemporaries of the battle , however , did not overstate its significance . The continuators of Fredegar 's chronicle , who probably wrote in the mid-eighth century , pictured the battle as just one of many military encounters between Christians and Saracens -- moreover , as only one in a series of wars fought by Frankish princes for booty and territory ... One of Fredegar 's continuators presented the battle of Poitiers as what it really was : an episode in the struggle between Christian princes as the Carolingians strove to bring Aquitaine under their rule . The historian Philip Khuri Hitti believes that `` In reality nothing was decided on the battlefield of Tours . The Moslem wave , already a thousand miles from its starting point in Gibraltar -- to say nothing about its base in al - Qayrawan -- had already spent itself and reached a natural limit . '' The view that the battle has no great significance is perhaps best summarized by Franco Cardini says in Europe and Islam : `` Although prudence needs to be exercised in minimizing or ' demythologizing ' the significance of the event , it is no longer thought by anyone to have been crucial . The ' myth ' of that particular military engagement survives today as a media cliché , than which nothing is harder to eradicate . It is well known how the propaganda put about by the Franks and the papacy glorified the victory that took place on the road between Tours and Poitiers ... '' In their introduction to The Reader 's Companion to Military History Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker summarise this side of the modern view of the Battle of Tours by saying `` The study of military history has undergone drastic changes in recent years . The old drums - and - bugles approach will no longer do . Factors such as economics , logistics , intelligence , and technology receive the attention once accorded solely to battles and campaigns and casualty counts . Words like `` strategy '' and `` operations '' have acquired meanings that might not have been recognizable a generation ago . Changing attitudes and new research have altered our views of what once seemed to matter most . For example , several of the battles that Edward Shepherd Creasy listed in his famous 1851 book The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World rate hardly a mention here , and the confrontation between Muslims and Christians at Poitiers - Tours in 732 , once considered a watershed event , has been downgraded to a raid in force . '' See also ( edit ) Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula Battle of Lepanto Battle of Navarino References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The state of Islam in Al Andalus '' , written by Mohammed Abdullah Annan , ( ( The first era - The first section , from the conquest until the beginning of the era of Al - Nasir ) ) . Fourth edition , published by Khanji library in Cairo . p. 96 Jump up ^ Dawn of Al - Andalus , by DR . Hussain Mones , a study of the history of Muslim Spain from the Arab conquest in 711 C.E. till the rise of the Umayyad Emirate of Cordova in 756 C.E. , published in Dar Al - Manahel and Al - Asr Al - Hadith , Beirut , Lebanon. `` First Edition '' . p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Balat Al - Shuhada , led by Abd Ar - Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Balat Al - Shuhada battle , in Islamic and European history , by DR . Abd Al - Fattah Muqallid Al - Ghunaymi , published in Alam Alkotob , Cairo , Egypt . `` First Edition '' . ISBN 977 - 232 - 081 - 9 . p. 128 Jump up ^ Balat Al - Shuhada , Led by Abd Ar - Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . p. 202 Jump up ^ Primary Islamic sources used the name `` Franks '' to refer to all the nations of Europe except Goths and Romans Jump up ^ Balat Al - Shuhada , led by Abdul Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . p. 25 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . p. 193 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . p. 194 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . pp. 198 -- 99 Jump up ^ Balat Al - Shuhada battle , in Islamic and European history , by Dr. Abd Al - Fattah Muqallid Al - Ghunaymi , published in Alam Alkotob , Cairo , Egypt . `` First Edition '' . ISBN 977 - 232 - 081 - 9 . p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Tom oberhofer . `` battle of poitiers 729 battle of Moussais , battle of Tours , Charles Martel Eudes of Aquitaine , Abd . er - Rahman , medieval warfare '' . Home.eckerd.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Poitiers / Tours 10th October 732 '' . Military Times . Jump up ^ Hanson , 2001 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Oman , 1960 , p. 167 , gives the traditional date of October 10 , 732 . White 1962 , p. 3 , note 3 , citing Baudot 1955 , goes with October 17 , 733 . Collins 1989 , pp. 90 -- 91 , concludes `` late ( October ? ) 733 '' based on the `` likely '' appointment date of the successor of Abdul Rahman , who was killed in the battle . Watson 1993 , p. 52 , cites problems with Baudot , saying Baudot 's incorrect dating of the battle as 733 A.D. has been employed to this day by those unfamiliar with the sources . Jump up ^ Arabic language dictionaries : Al - Ghani Dictionary , Al - Ra - ed Dictionary , and Al - Waseit Dictionary mentions that the meaning of `` Balat '' is the Palace of a king Jump up ^ the origin of the Arabic word Balat is the same of the Latin word Palatium , and the English word Palace Jump up ^ Balat AL - Shuhada , led by General Abdul Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . p. 32 : the word `` Balat '' means the Palace of a king Jump up ^ Bachrach , 2001 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2002 , p. 87 citing the Vita Eucherii , ed . W. Levison , Monumenta Germaniæ Historica , Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum VII , pp. 46 -- 53 , ch. 8 , pp. 49 -- 50 ; Gesta Episcoporum Autissiodorensium , extracts ed . G. Waitz , Monumenta Germaniae Historica , Scriptores XIII , pp. 394 -- 400 , ch. 27 , p. 394 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenfeld 2001 , p. 366 Jump up ^ Hanson , 2001 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Ranke , Leopold von . `` History of the Reformation '' , vol. 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 106 Jump up ^ The patriotic and religious fresco project and its cultural implications are discussed by Albert Boime , A Social History of Modern Art 2004 , pp. 62ff . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Tours ( European history ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wolf 2000 , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Davis 1999 , p. unk ^ Jump up to : Davis 1999 , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Victor Davis . `` Culture and Carnage : Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power '' Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 85 citing U. Nonn , ' Das Bild Karl Martells in Mittelalterliche Quellen ' , in Jarnut , Nonn and Richeter ( eds ) , Karl Martel in Seiner Zeit , pp. 9 -- 21 , at pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Eggenberger 1985 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Ian Meadows , `` The Arabs in Occitania '' , Arab and Islamic Culture and Connections , Saudi Aramco World Jump up ^ Collins 1989 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Previously attributed to Isidorus Pacensis , Bishop of Beja -- see , O'Callaghan , 1983 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Solus Deus numerum morientium vel pereuntium recognoscat Wolf 2000 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Riche , 1993 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Collins 1989 , pp. 81 , 90 ^ Jump up to : Watson 1993 Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Bede , 1847 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. 163 Jump up ^ quoted in Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. viii Jump up ^ Bennett et al. 2013 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Santosuosso 2004 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Roberts , J.M. The New History of the World Jump up ^ White 1962 , pp. 1 -- 38 . However White denied the importance of Tours in Charles Martel 's reforms , both because they began the year before the battle ( White accepted 733 as the battle year ) and because Claudio Sanchez - Albornoz `` has shown that even twenty years after Martel 's death the Spanish Muslims used cavalry only in small numbers '' ( p. 12 ) . Jump up ^ The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon , Chapter LII . Jump up ^ quoted in Frank D. Gilliard , `` The Senators of Sixth - Century Gaul , '' Speculum , Vol. 54 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1979 ) , pp. 685 -- 97 ^ Jump up to : quoted in Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. 158 Jump up ^ History of the later Roman Commonwealth , vol ii . p. 317 , quoted in Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Cambridge Medieval History p. 374 . Jump up ^ Inside the Third Reich , Albert Speer ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson ) 1995 , pp. 149 -- 50 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 8421 - 2735 - 3 Jump up ^ Lewis , 1994 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ von Grunebaum , 2005 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Coppée 2002 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Famous Men of The Middle Ages by John H. Haaren , LL. D. and A.B. Poland , Ph. D. Project Gutenberg Etext . Jump up ^ The Timetables of History p. 275 . Jump up ^ Civilization of the Middle Ages p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Tours ( 732 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Muslim Spain and Portugal : Political History of Al - Andalus , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Leaders and Battles : Tours '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Victor Davis , 2001 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Barbero , 2004 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Mastnak , 2002 , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Hitti , 2002 , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Cardini , 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ ' Editors ' Note ' , Cowley and Parker , 2001 , p. xiii . Bibliography ( edit ) Arabs , Franks , and the Battle of Tours , 732 : Three Accounts from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Bachrach , Bernard S. ( 2001 ) . Early Carolingian Warfare : Prelude to Empire . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3533 - 9 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2004 ) . Charlemagne : Father of a Continent . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23943 - 1 Baudot , Marcel ( 1955 ) . `` Localisation et datation de la première victoire remportée par Charles Martel contre les Musulmans '' . Mémoires et documents publiés par la Société de l'École des Charles ( in French ) . XII ( 1 ) : 91 -- 105 . Bede , Giles , John Allen , Stevens , John , Gurney , Anna and Petrie , Henry ( 1847 ) . The Venerable Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of England . H.G. Bohn . Bennett , Matthew ; Bradsbury , Jim ; DeVries , Kelly ; Dickie , Iain ; Jestice , Phyllis G. ( 2013 ) . Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World , AD 500 -- AD 1500 : Equipment , combat skills , and tactics . London : Amber Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909160 - 47 - 7 . Collins , Roger ( 1989 ) . The Arab Conquest of Spain : 710 -- 797 . Oxford , England : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15923 - 0 . Coppée , Henry ( 2002 ) ( 1881 ) . History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors , With a Sketch of the Civilization Which They Achieved , and Imparted to Europe . Vol II . Gorgias Press . ISBN 1 - 931956 - 94 - 4 . Cowley , Robert and Parker , Geoffrey ( Eds . ) . ( 2001 ) . The Reader 's Companion to Military History . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 12742 - 9 Creasy , Edward Shepherd ; Speed , John Gilmer ( 2001 ) . Decisive Battles of the World ( revised ed . ) . Safety Harbor , Florida : Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931541 - 81 - 7 . ; originally published in 1851 as Decisive Battles of the World from Marathon to Waterloo ; revised edition with John Gilmer Speed originally published in 1899 by Colonial Press . Davis , Paul K. ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 075 - 8 . Eggenberger , David , ed. ( 1985 ) . `` Acroinum ( Moslem - Byzantine Wars ) , 739 & Tours ( Moslem Invasion of France ) , 732 '' . An Encyclopedia of Battles : Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present . Courier ( Dover Publications ) . pp. 3 , 441 -- 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24913 - 1 . ; a revised edition of Dictionary of Battles published in 1967 by Thomas Y . Crowell . Fouracre , Paul ( 2000 ) . The Age of Charles Martel . Pearson Education . ISBN 0 - 582 - 06476 - 7 Gibbon , Edward The Battle of Tours , The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Grant , Michael History of Rome Grunebaum , Gustave von ( 2005 ) . Classical Islam : A History , 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. Aldine Transaction . ISBN 0 - 202 - 30767 - 0 Hanson , Victor Davis . Carnage and Culture : Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power . Anchor Books , 2001 . Published in the UK as Why the West has Won . Faber and Faber , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 21640 - 4 Hitti , Philip Khuri ( 2002 ) . History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine . Gorgias Press LLC . ISBN 1 - 931956 - 61 - 8 Hooker , Richard `` Civil War and the Umayyads '' Lewis , Bernard ( 1994 ) . Islam and the West . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509061 - 6 Martin , Robert W . `` The Battle of Tours is still felt today '' , from about.com Mastnak , Tomaž ( 2002 ) . Crusading Peace : Christendom , the Muslim World , and Western Political Order . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22635 - 6 Oman , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . Art of War in the Middle Ages A.D. 378 -- 1515 . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9062 - 6 Poke , The Battle of Tours , from the book Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon to Waterloo by Sir Edward Creasy , MA Reagan , Geoffrey , The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles , Canopy Books , New York ( 1992 ) ISBN 1 - 55859 - 431 - 0 Riche , Paul ( 1993 ) . The Carolingians : A Family Who Forged Europe . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1342 - 4 Roberts , J.M. ( 2003 ) The New History of the World Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521927 - 9 Santosuosso , Antonio ( 2004 ) . Barbarians , Marauders , and Infidels . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 9153 - 9 . Schoenfeld , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . `` Battle of Poitiers '' . In Cowley , Robert ; Parker , Geoffrey . The Reader 's Companion to Military History . New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 12742 - 9 . Torrey , Charles Cutler ( 1922 ) . The History of the Conquest of Egypt , North Africa and Spain : Known as the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al - Ḥakam . Yale University Press . The Battle of Tours 732 , from the Jewish Virtual Library . Tours , Poiters , from `` Leaders and Battles Database '' online . Watson , William E. ( 1993 ) . `` The Battle of Tours - Poitiers Revisited '' . Providence : studies in western civilization . 2 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 68 . White , Lynn Townsend , Jr. ( 1962 ) . Medieval Technology and Social Change . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 500266 - 9 . Wolf , Kenneth Baxter ( 1990 ) . Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain . Liverpool , England : Liverpool University Press . doi : 10.3828 / 978 - 0 - 85323 - 554 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85323 - 554 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Tours . Poke 's edition of Creasy 's 15 Most Important Battles Ever Fought According to Edward Shepherd Creasy Chapter VII . The Battle Of Tours , A.D. 732 . Medieval Sourcebook : Arabs , Franks , and the Battle of Tours , 732 : Three Accounts Medieval Sourcebook : Anon Arab Chronicler : The Battle of Poitiers , 732 History of Europe : The Battle of Tours BBC In Our Time : The Battle of Tours . ( Radio programme discussing the battle ) Coordinates : 47 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 0 ° 41 ′ 21 '' E  /  47.3936 ° N 0.6892 ° E  / 47.3936 ; 0.6892 GND : 4428752 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tours&oldid=815952536 '' Categories : 8th - century conflicts Battles involving the Franks Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate Islam in France Matter of France Carolingian period History of Tours 732 in Europe 8th century in France 8th century in Francia Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Pages incorrectly using the quote template Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Interlanguage link template link number CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 08 : 07 . 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which leader halted the muslim invasion of western europe at the battle of tours

The Battle of Tours ( 10 October 732 ) -- also called the Battle of Poitiers and , by Arab sources , the Battle of the Palace of the Martyrs ( Arabic : معركة بلاط الشهداء ‎ , translit . Ma'arakat Balāṭ ash - Shuhadā ' ) -- was fought by Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by ' Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi , Governor - General of al - Andalus . It was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours , in the Aquitaine of west - central France , near the village of Moussais - la - Bataille , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of Poitiers . The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and the then - independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great .

Milan - Wikipedia Milan Jump to : navigation , search `` Milano '' redirects here . For other uses , see Milano ( disambiguation ) and Milan ( disambiguation ) . Milan Milano Comune Comune di Milano Clockwise from top : Porta Nuova , Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II , La Scala , Sforza Castle , CityLife project , Arch of Peace , and Milan Cathedral Flag Coat of arms Milan Location of Milan in Italy Milan Milan ( Lombardy ) Milan Milan ( Europe ) Show map of Italy Show map of Lombardy Show map of Europe Show all Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ N 09 ° 11 ′ E  /  45.467 ° N 9.183 ° E  / 45.467 ; 9.183 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ N 09 ° 11 ′ E  /  45.467 ° N 9.183 ° E  / 45.467 ; 9.183 Country Italy Region Lombardy Metropolitan city Milan ( MI ) Government Mayor Giuseppe Sala ( PD ) Area Total 181.76 km ( 70.18 sq mi ) Elevation 120 m ( 390 ft ) Population ( 31 October 2017 ) Total 1,365,156 Density 7,500 / km ( 19,000 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Milanese ( plural : `` Milanesi '' ) Meneghino ( plural : `` Meneghini '' ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 20121 -- 20162 Dialing code 0039 02 ISTAT code 015146 Patron saint Ambrose Saint day 7 December Website http://www.comune.milano.it/wps/portal/ist/en Milan ( English : / mɪˈlæn / or / mɪˈlɑːn / ; Italian : Milano ( miˈlaːno ) ( listen ) ; Lombard : Milan ( miˈlãː ) ( Milanese variant ) ) is the capital of Lombardy and the second most populous city in Italy after Rome , with the city proper having a population of 1,365,156 while its province - level municipality has a population of 3,234,000 . Its continuously built - up urban area ( that stretches beyond the boundaries of the Metropolitan City of Milan ) has a population estimated to be about 5,270,000 over 1,891 square kilometres ( 730 square miles ) , ranking 4th in the European Union . The wider Milan metropolitan area , known as Greater Milan , is a polycentric metropolitan region that extends over central Lombardy and eastern Piedmont and which counts an estimated total population of 7.5 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy . Milan served as capital of the Western Roman Empire from 286 to 402 and the Duchy of Milan during the middle and early modern age . Milan is considered a leading Alpha Global City , with strengths in the arts , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research , and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the third largest economy among European cities and the wealthiest among European non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the `` Four Motors for Europe . '' The city has long been named fashion capital of the world and the world 's design capital , thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11 % of the national total enrolled students . Milan is the destination of 8 million overseas visitors every year , attracted by its museums and art galleries that boast some of the most important collections in the world , including major works by Leonardo da Vinci . The city is served by a large number of luxury hotels and is the fifth most starred in the world by Michelin Guide . The city is home to two of Europe 's most successful football teams , A.C. Milan and F.C. Internazionale , and one of Italy 's main basketball teams , Olimpia Milano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Toponymy 2 History 2.1 Prehistory and Roman times 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 Early modern 2.4 Late modern and contemporary 3 Geography 3.1 Topography 4 Climate 5 Government 5.1 Municipal government 5.2 Metropolitan city and regional government 6 Cityscape 6.1 Skyline 6.2 Architecture 6.3 Parks and gardens 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnic groups 7.2 Religion 8 Economy 9 Culture 9.1 Museums and art galleries 9.2 Music 9.3 Fashion and design 9.4 Languages and literature 9.5 Media 9.6 Cuisine 9.7 Sport 10 Education 11 Transport 12 International relations 12.1 Twin towns -- sister cities 12.2 Other relations 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links Toponymy ( edit ) The etymology of the name Milan ( Lombard : Milan ( miˈlã ) ) remains uncertain . One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio ( in the middle ) and planus ( plain ) . However , some scholars believe that lanum comes from the Celtic root lan , meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory ( source of the Welsh word llan , meaning `` a sanctuary or church '' , ultimately cognate to English / German Land ) in which Celtic communities used to build shrines . Hence Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe . Indeed , about sixty Gallo - Roman sites in France bore the name `` Mediolanum '' , for example : Saintes ( Mediolanum Santonum ) and Évreux ( Mediolanum Aulercorum ) . In addition , another theory links the name to the boar sow ( the Scrofa semilanuta ) an ancient emblem of the city , fancifully accounted for in Andrea Alciato 's Emblemata ( 1584 ) , beneath a woodcut of the first raising of the city walls , where a boar is seen lifted from the excavation , and the etymology of Mediolanum given as `` half - wool '' , explained in Latin and in French . The foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples , the Bituriges and the Aedui , having as their emblems a ram and a boar ; therefore `` The city 's symbol is a wool - bearing boar , an animal of double form , here with sharp bristles , there with sleek wool . '' Alciato credits Ambrose for his account . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Milan and Timeline of Milan Prehistory and Roman times ( edit ) Roman ruins in Milan : the Columns of San Lorenzo . Milan appears to have been founded around 600 BC by the Celtic Insubres , after whom this region of northern Italy was called Insubria . According to the legend reported by Livy , the Gaulish king Ambicatus sent his nephew Bellovesus into northern Italy at the head of a party drawn from various Gaulish tribes ; this Bellovesus was said to have founded Mediolanum ( in the time of Tarquinius Priscus , according to this legend ) . The Romans , led by consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus , fought the Insubres and captured the city in 222 BC ; the chief of the Insubres submitted to Rome , giving the Romans control of the city . They eventually conquered the entirety of the region , calling the new province Cisalpine Gaul -- `` Gaul this side of the Alps '' -- and may have given the site its Latinized Celtic name of Mediolanum : in Gaulish * medio - meant `` middle , center '' and the name element - lanon is the Celtic equivalent of Latin - planum `` plain '' , thus * Mediolanon ( Latinized as Mediolānum ) meant `` ( settlement ) in the midst of the plain '' . In 286 Diocletian moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum . He chose to reside at Nicomedia in the Eastern Empire , leaving his colleague Maximian at Milan . Maximian built several gigantic monuments , the large circus ( 470 x 85 metres ) , the thermae or `` Baths of Hercules '' , a large complex of imperial palaces and other services and buildings of which fewer visible traces remain . Maximian increased the city area surrounded by a new , larger stone wall ( about 4.5 km long ) encompassing an area of 375 acres with many 24 - sided towers . The monumental area had twin towers ; one that was included in the convent of San Maurizio Maggiore remains 16 , 60 m high . It was from Milan that the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 AD , granting tolerance to all religions within the Empire , thus paving the way for Christianity to become the dominant religion of the Empire . Constantine was in Milan to celebrate the wedding of his sister to the Eastern Emperor , Licinius . In 402 , the city was besieged by the Goths and the Imperial residence was moved to Ravenna . In 452 , it was besieged again by Attila , but the real break with its Imperial past came in 538 , during the Gothic War , when Mediolanum was laid to waste by Uraia , a nephew of Witiges , King of the Goths , with great loss of life . The Lombards took Ticinum as their capital ( renaming it ' Papia ' , hence the modern Pavia ) , and Early Medieval Milan was left to be governed by its archbishops . Middle Ages ( edit ) Milan as it appeared in 1493 , woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle . The beginning of the 5th century was the start of a tortuous period of barbarian invasions for Milan . After the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402 , the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna . An age of decadence began which worsened when Attila , King of the Huns , sacked and devastated the city in 452 AD . In 539 , the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569 , a Teutonic tribe , the Lombards ( from which the name of the Italian region Lombardy derives ) , conquered Milan , overpowering the small Byzantine army left for its defence . Some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule . Milan surrendered to Charlemagne and the Franks in 774 . The biscione eating a child on the Visconti coat of arms . The 11th century saw a reaction against the control of the German emperors . The city - state was born , an expression of the new political power of the city and its will to fight against all feudal powers . Milan was no exception . It did not take long , however , for the City States to begin fighting each other to try to limit neighbouring powers . The Milanese destroyed Lodi and continuously warred with Pavia , Cremona and Como , who in turn asked the Emperor of Germany , Frederick I Barbarossa for help . This brought the destruction of much of Milan in 1162 . A fire destroyed the storehouses containing the entire food supply , and within just a few days Milan was forced to surrender . A period of peace followed and Milan prospered as a centre of trade due to its position . As a result of the independence that the Lombard cities gained in the Peace of Constance in 1183 , Milan became a duchy . In 1447 Filippo Maria Visconti , Duke of Milan , died without a male heir ; following the end of the Visconti line , the Ambrosian Republic was established ; it took its name from St. Ambrose , the popular patron saint of the city . Both the Guelph and the Ghibelline factions worked together to bring about the Ambrosian Republic in Milan . Nonetheless , the Republic collapsed when , in 1450 , Milan was conquered by Francesco I of the House of Sforza , which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian Renaissance . Early modern ( edit ) The late 16th - century city encircled by the Spanish walls . Milan 's last independent ruler , Lodovico il Moro , called French king Charles VIII into Italy in the expectation that France might be an ally against other Italian statlets . The future king of France , Louis of Orléans , took part in the expedition and realised Italy was virtually defenceless . This prompted him to come back a few years later in 1500 , and claim the Duchy of Milan for himself , his grandmother having been a member of the ruling Visconti family . At that time , Milan was also defended by Swiss mercenaries . After the victory of Louis 's successor François I over the Swiss at the Battle of Marignan , the duchy was promised to the French king François I. When the Spanish Habsburg Emperor Charles V defeated François I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 , northern Italy , including Milan , passed to Habsburg Spain . In 1556 , Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I. Charles 's Italian possessions , including Milan , passed to Philip II and remained with the Spanish line of Habsburgs , while Ferdinand 's Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire . The Great Plague of Milan in 1629 -- 31 killed an estimated 60,000 people out of a population of 130,000 . This episode is considered one of the last outbreaks of the centuries - long pandemic of plague that began with the Black Death . In 1700 the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of Charles II . After his death , the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701 with the occupation of all Spanish possessions by French troops backing the claim of the French Philippe of Anjou to the Spanish throne . In 1706 , the French were defeated in Ramillies and Turin and were forced to yield northern Italy to the Austrian Habsburgs . In 1713 -- 1714 the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Spain 's Italian possessions including Lombardy and its capital , Milan . Late modern and contemporary ( edit ) Popular print depicting the `` Five Days '' uprising against Austrian rule . Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II destroyed by Allied bombings , 1943 . CityLife district , part of the city 's radical renewal of the early 21st century . On 18 March 1848 , the Milanese rebelled against Austrian rule , during the so - called `` Five Days '' ( Italian : Le Cinque Giornate ) , and Field Marshal Radetzky was forced to withdraw from the city temporarily . The Kingdom of Sardinia stepped in to help the insurgents ; a plebiscite held in Lombardy decided in favour of unification with Sardinia . However , after defeating the Sardinian forces at Custoza on 24 July , Radetzky was able to reassert Austrian control over Milan and northern Italy . A few years on , however , Italian nationalists again called for the removal of Austria and Italian unification . Sardinia and France formed an alliance and defeated Austria at the Battle of Solferino in 1859 . Following this battle , Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia , which soon gained control of most of Italy and in 1861 was rechristened as the Kingdom of Italy . The political unification of Italy cemented Milan 's commercial dominance over northern Italy . It also led to a flurry of railway construction that had started under Austrian patronage ( Venice -- Milan ; Milan -- Monza ) that made Milan the rail hub of northern Italy . Thereafter with the opening of the Gotthard ( 1881 ) and Simplon ( 1906 ) railway tunnels , Milan became the major South European rail focus for business and passenger movements e.g. the Simplon Orient Express . Rapid industrialization and market expansion put Milan at the centre of Italy 's leading industrial region , including extensive stone quarries that have led to much of the air pollution we see today in the region . In the 1890s Milan was shaken by the Bava - Beccaris massacre , a riot related to a high inflation rate . Meanwhile , as Milanese banks dominated Italy 's financial sphere , the city became the country 's leading financial centre . In 1919 , Benito Mussolini 's Blackshirts rallied for the first time in Piazza San Sepolcro and later began their March on Rome in Milan . During the Second World War Milan suffered extensive damage from Allied bombings . When Italy surrendered in 1943 , German forces occupied most of Northern Italy until 1945 . As a result , resistance groups formed . As the war came to an end , the American 1st Armored Division advanced on Milan -- but before they arrived , the resistance seized control of the city and executed Mussolini along with several members of his government . On 29 April 1945 , the corpses of Mussolini , his mistress Clara Petacci and other Fascist leaders were hanged in Piazzale Loreto . During the post-war economic boom , a large wave of internal migration ( especially from rural areas of Southern Italy ) moved to Milan . The population grew from 1.3 million in 1951 to 1.7 million in 1967 . During this period , Milan was largely reconstructed , with the building of several innovative and modernist skyscrapers , such as the Torre Velasca and the Pirelli Tower . The economic prosperity was however overshadowed in the late 1960s and early 1970s during the so - called Years of Lead , when Milan witnessed an unprecedented wave of street violence , labour strikes and political terrorism . The apex of this period of turmoil occurred on 12 December 1969 , when a bomb exploded at the National Agrarian Bank in Piazza Fontana , killing seventeen people and injuring eighty - eight . In the 1980s , with the international success of Milanese houses ( like Armani , Versace and Dolce & Gabbana ) , Milan became one of the world 's fashion capitals . The city saw also a marked rise in international tourism , notably from America and Japan , while the stock exchange increased its market capitalisation more than five-fold . This period led the mass media to nickname the metropolis `` Milano da bere '' , literally `` Milan to drink '' . However , in the 1990s , Milan was badly affected by Tangentopoli , a political scandal in which many politicians and businessmen were tried for corruption . The city was also affected by a severe financial crisis and a steady decline in textiles , automobile and steel production . In the early 21st century , Milan underwent a series of sweeping redevelopments . Its exhibition centre moved to a much larger site in Rho . New business districts such as Porta Nuova and CityLife were constructed . With the decline in manufacturing , the city has sought to develop on its other sources of revenue , including publishing , finance , banking , fashion design , information technology , logistics , transport and tourism . In addition , the city 's decades - long population decline seems to have come to an end in recent years , with signs of recovery as it grew by seven percent since the last census . Geography ( edit ) Topography ( edit ) Aerial view of the city Milan is located in the north - western section of the Po Valley , approximately halfway between the river Po to the south and the foothills of the Alps with the great lakes ( Lake Como , Lake Maggiore , Lake Lugano ) to the north , the Ticino river to the west and the Adda to the east . The city 's land is flat , the highest point being at 122 m ( 400.26 ft ) above sea level . The administrative commune covers an area of about 181 square kilometres ( 70 sq mi ) , with a population , in 2013 , of 1,324,169 and a population density of 7,315 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 18,950 / sq mi ) . The Metropolitan City of Milan covers 1,575 square kilometres ( 608 sq mi ) and in 2015 had a population estimated at 3,196,825 , with a resulting density of 2,029 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 5,260 / sq mi ) . A larger urban area , comprising parts of the provinces of Milan , Monza e Brianza , Como , Lecco and Varese is 1,891 square kilometres ( 730 sq mi ) wide and has a population of 5,270,000 with a density of 2,783 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 7,210 / sq mi ) . The concentric layout of the city centre reflects the Navigli , an ancient system of navigable and interconnected canals , now mostly covered . The suburbs of the city have expanded mainly to the north , swallowing up many communes to reach Varese , Como , Lecco and Bergamo . Climate ( edit ) A typical foggy day in central Milan . Milan has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , according to the Köppen climate classification , or a temperate oceanic climate ( Do ) , according to the Trewartha climate classification . Milan 's climate is similar to much of Northern Italy 's inland plains , with hot , sultry summers and cold , foggy winters . However , the mean number of days with precipitation per year is one of the lowest in Europe . The Alps and Apennines mountains form a natural barrier that protects the city from the major circulations coming from northern Europe and the sea . During winter , daily average temperatures can fall below freezing ( 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ) and accumulations of snow can occur : the historic average of Milan 's area is 25 centimetres ( 10 in ) in the period between 1961 and 1990 , with a record of 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) in January 1985 . In the suburbs the average can reach 36 centimetres ( 14 in ) . The city receives on average seven days of snow per year . The city is often shrouded in heavy fog , although the removal of rice paddies from the southern neighbourhoods and the urban heat island effect have reduced this occurrence in recent decades . Occasionally , the Foehn winds cause the temperatures to rise unexpectedly : on 22 January 2012 the daily high reached 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) while on 22 February 2012 it reached 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . Air pollution levels rise significantly in wintertime when cold air clings to the soil , causing Milan to be one of Europe 's most polluted cities . In summer , humidity levels are high and peak temperatures can reach temperatures above 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . Usually this season enjoys clearer skies with an average of more than 13 hours of daylight : when precipitations occur though , there is a higher likelihood of them being thunderstorms and hailstorms . Springs and autumns are generally pleasant , with temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 ° C ( 50 and 68 ° F ) ; these seasons are characterised by higher rainfall , especially in April and May . Relative humidity typically ranges between 45 % ( comfortable ) and 95 % ( very humid ) throughout the year , rarely dropping below 27 % ( dry ) and reaching as high as 100 % Wind is generally absent : over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 to 14 km / h ( 0 to 9 mph ) ( calm to gentle breeze ) , rarely exceeding 29 km / h ( 18 mph ) ( fresh breeze ) , except during summer thunderstorms when winds can blow strong . In the spring , gale - force windstorms may happen , generated either by Tramontane blowing from the Alps or by Bora - like winds from the north . ( hide ) Climate data for Milan ( Linate Airport , 1971 -- 2000 , Extremes 1946 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 35.5 ( 95.9 ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 4.7 ( 40.5 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 0.9 ( 30.4 ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 0.1 ( 32.2 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 15.6 ( 3.9 ) − 7.4 ( 18.7 ) − 2.5 ( 27.5 ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) − 2.3 ( 27.9 ) − 6.2 ( 20.8 ) − 13.6 ( 7.5 ) − 15.6 ( 3.9 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 58.7 ( 2.311 ) 49.2 ( 1.937 ) 65.0 ( 2.559 ) 75.5 ( 2.972 ) 95.5 ( 3.76 ) 66.7 ( 2.626 ) 66.8 ( 2.63 ) 88.8 ( 3.496 ) 93.1 ( 3.665 ) 122.4 ( 4.819 ) 76.7 ( 3.02 ) 61.7 ( 2.429 ) 920.1 ( 36.224 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 6.7 5.3 6.7 8.1 8.9 7.7 5.4 7.1 6.1 8.3 6.4 6.3 83.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 86 78 71 75 72 71 71 72 74 81 85 86 77 Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.9 96.1 151.9 177.0 210.8 243.0 285.2 251.1 186.0 130.2 66.0 58.9 1,915.1 Source : Servizio Meteorologico Government ( edit ) Municipal government ( edit ) See also : Mayor of Milan , City Council of Milan , and Boroughs of Milan Palazzo Marino , Milan City Hall Giuseppe Sala , mayor since 2016 The city 's nine boroughs The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) , which in cities with more than one million population is composed by 48 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system , contextually to the mayoral elections . The executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ) , composed by 12 assessors , that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor . The current mayor of Milan is Giuseppe Sala , a left - wing independent leading a progressive alliance composed by Democratic Party and Italian Left . The municipality of Milan is subdivided into nine administrative Borough Councils ( Consigli di Municipio ) , down from the former twenty districts before the 1999 administrative reform . Each Borough Council is governed by a Council ( Consiglio ) and a President , elected contextually to the city Mayor . The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution ( art . 114 ) , the Municipal Statute and several laws , notably the Legislative Decree 267 / 2000 or Unified Text on Local Administration ( Testo Unico degli Enti Locali ) . After the 2016 administrative reform , the Borough Councils have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics and are responsible for running most local services , such as schools , social services , waste collection , roads , parks , libraries and local commerce ; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities . Metropolitan city and regional government ( edit ) Palazzo Lombardia , seat of the regional government of Lombardy . Milan is the capital of the eponymous Metropolitan city and of Lombardy , one of the twenty regions of Italy . While the Metropolitan city of Milan has a population of 3,277,524 , making it the second most populated metropolitan city of Italy after Rome , Lombardy is by far the most populated region of Italy , with more than ten million inhabitants , almost one sixth of the national total . The seat of the regional government is Palazzo Lombardia that , standing at 161.3 metres ( 529 feet ) , is the fifth tallest building in Milan . According to the last governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganisation , the urban area of Milan is one of the 15 Metropolitan municipalities ( città metropolitane ) , new administrative bodies fully operative since 1 January 2015 . The new Metro municipalities , giving large urban areas the administrative powers of a province , are conceived for improving the performance of local administrations and to slash local spending by better co-ordinating the municipalities in providing basic services ( including transport , school and social programs ) and environment protection . In this policy framework , the Mayor of Milan is designated to exercise the functions of Metropolitan mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) , presiding over a Metropolitan Council formed by 24 mayors of municipalities within the Metro municipality . The Metropolitan City of Milan is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 21 June 2016 Giuseppe Sala , as mayor of the capital city , has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City . Cityscape ( edit ) Skyline ( edit ) Skyline of Porta Nuova from the roof of the Duomo There are two main areas which dominate Milan 's skyline : the Porta Nuova area in the north - east ( boroughs n ° 9 and 2 ) and the CityLife area ( borough n ° 8 ) . The tallest buildings include the Unicredit Tower at 231m ( though only 162m without the tower ) , and the 209m Allianz Tower which has 50 floors . Architecture ( edit ) See also : List of buildings in Milan and Villas and palaces in Milan Milan Cathedral is the largest Gothic cathedral in the world . Courtyard of Sforza Castle , a historic medieval fortress . View of the Navigli . Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte , one of the finest examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy . There are only few remains of the ancient Roman colony , notably the well - preserved Colonne di San Lorenzo . During the second half of the 4th century , Saint Ambrose , as bishop of Milan , had a strong influence on the layout of the city , reshaping the centre ( although the cathedral and baptistery built in Roman times are now lost ) and building the great basilicas at the city gates : Sant'Ambrogio , San Nazaro in Brolo , San Simpliciano and Sant'Eustorgio , which still stand , refurbished over the centuries , as some of the finest and most important churches in Milan . Milan 's Cathedral , built between 1386 and 1577 , is the fifth largest cathedral in the world and the most important example of Gothic architecture in Italy . The gilt bronze statue of the Virgin Mary , placed in 1774 on the highest pinnacle of the Duomo , soon became one of the most enduring symbols of Milan . In the 15th century , when the Sforza ruled the city , an old Viscontean fortress was enlarged and embellished to become the Castello Sforzesco , the seat of an elegant Renaissance court surrounded by a walled hunting park . Notable architects involved in the project included the Florentine Filarete , who was commissioned to build the high central entrance tower , and the military specialist Bartolomeo Gadio . The alliance between Francesco Sforza and Florence 's Cosimo de ' Medici bore to Milan Tuscan models of Renaissance architecture , apparent in the Ospedale Maggiore and Bramante 's work in the city , which includes Santa Maria presso San Satiro ( a reconstruction of a small 9th - century church ) , the tribune of Santa Maria delle Grazie and three cloisters for Sant'Ambrogio . The Counter-Reformation in the 16th -- 17th century was also the period of Spanish domination and was marked by two powerful figures : Saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin , Cardinal Federico Borromeo . Not only did they impose themselves as moral guides to the people of Milan , but they also gave a great impulse to culture , with the creation of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana , in a building designed by Francesco Maria Ricchino , and the nearby Pinacoteca Ambrosiana . Many notable churches and Baroque mansions were built in the city during this period by the architects , Pellegrino Tibaldi , Galeazzo Alessi and Ricchino himself . Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was responsible for the significant renovations carried out in Milan during the 18th century . This profound urban and artistic renewal included the establishment of Teatro alla Scala , inaugurated in 1778 and today one of the world 's most famous opera houses , and the renovation of the Royal Palace . The late 1700s Palazzo Belgioioso by Giuseppe Piermarini and Royal Villa of Milan by Leopoldo Pollack , later the official residence of Austrian vice-roys , are often regarded among the best examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy . The Napoleonic rule of the city in 1805 -- 1814 , having established Milan as the capital of a satellite Kingdom of Italy , took steps in order to reshape it accordingly to its new status , with the construction of large boulevards , new squares ( Porta Ticinese by Luigi Cagnola and Foro Bonaparte by Giovanni Antonio Antolini ) and cultural institutions ( Art Gallery and the Academy of Fine Arts ) . The massive Arch of Peace , situated at the bottom of Corso Sempione , is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . In the second half of the 19th century , Milan quickly became the main industrial centre in of the new Italian nation , drawing inspiration from the great European capitals that were hubs of the second industrial revolution . The great Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II , realised by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 to celebrate Vittorio Emanuele II , is a covered passage with a glass and cast iron roof , inspired by the Burlington Arcade in London . Another late 19th century eclectic monument in the city is the Cimitero Monumentale graveyard , built in a Neo-Romanesque style between 1863 and 1866 . The tumultuous period of early 20th century brought several , radical innovations in Milanese architecture . Art Nouveau , also known as Liberty in Italy , is recognisable in Palazzo Castiglioni , built by architect Giuseppe Sommaruga between 1901 and 1904 . Other remarkable examples include Hotel Corso and Berri - Meregalli house , the latter built in a traditional Milanese Art Nouveau style combined with elements of neo-Romanesque and Gothic revival architecture , regarded as one of the last such types of architecture in the city . A new , more eclectic form of architecture can be seen in buildings such as Castello Cova , built the 1910s in a distinctly neo-medieval style , evoking the architectural trends of the past . An important example of Art Deco , which blended such styles with Fascist architecture , is the huge Central railway station inaugurated in 1931 . The post -- World War II period saw rapid reconstruction and fast economic growth , accompanied by a nearly two-fold increase in population . In the 1950s and 1960s , a strong demand for new residential and commercial areas drove to extreme urban expansion , that has produced some of the major milestones in the city 's architectural history , including Gio Ponti 's Pirelli Tower ( 1956 -- 60 ) , Velasca Tower ( 1956 -- 58 ) , and the creation of brand new residential satellite towns , as well as huge amounts of low quality public housings . In recent years , de-industrialization , urban decay and gentrification led to a vast urban renewal of former industrial areas , that have been transformed into modern residential and financial districts , notably Porta Nuova in downtown Milan and FieraMilano in the suburb of Rho . In addition , the old exhibition area is being completely reshaped according to the Citylife regeneration project , featuring residencial areas , museums , an urban park and three skyscrapers designed by international architects , and after whom they are named : the 202 - metre ( 663 - foot ) Isozaki Tower -- when completed , the tallest building in Italy , the twisted Hadid Tower , and the curved Libeskind Tower . Parks and gardens ( edit ) The Arch of Peace at the gates of Sempione Park . The largest parks in the central area of Milan are Sempione Park , at the north - western edge , and Montanelli Gardens , situated northeast of the city . English - style Sempione Park , built in 1890 , contains a Napoleonic Arena , the Milan City Aquarium , a steel lattice panoramic tower , an art exhibition centre , a Japanese garden and a public library . The Montanelli gardens , created in the 18th century , hosts the Natural History Museum of Milan and a planetarium . Slightly away from the city centre , heading east , Forlanini Park is characterised by a large pond and a few preserved shacks which remind of the area 's agricultural past . In addition , even though Milan is located in one of the most urbanised regions of Italy , it 's surrounded by a belt of green areas and features numerous gardens even in its very centre . Since 1990 , the farmlands and woodlands north ( Parco Nord Milano ) and south ( Parco Agricolo Sud Milano ) of the urban area have been protected as regional parks . West of the city , the Parco delle Cave ( Sand pit park , ) has been established on a neglected site where gravel and sand used to be extracted , featuring artificial lakes and woods . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 200 40,000 -- 1200 90,000 + 125.0 % 1500 100,000 + 11.1 % 1861 267,618 + 167.6 % 1871 290,514 + 8.6 % 1881 354,041 + 21.9 % 1901 538,478 + 52.1 % 1911 701,401 + 30.3 % 1921 818,148 + 16.6 % 1931 960,660 + 17.4 % 1936 1,115,768 + 16.1 % 1951 1,274,154 + 14.2 % 1961 1,582,421 + 24.2 % 1971 1,732,000 + 9.5 % 1981 1,604,773 − 7.3 % 1991 1,369,231 − 14.7 % 2001 1,256,211 − 8.3 % 2011 1,242,123 − 1.1 % 2016 1,368,590 + 10.2 % Istat historical data 1861 - 2011 2016 Estimates Antiquity With rapid industrialisation in post-war years , the population of Milan peaked at 1,743,427 in 1973 . Thereafter , during the following thirty years , almost one third of the population moved to the outer belt of new suburbs and satellite settlements that grew around the city proper . There were an estimated 1,368,590 official residents in the municipality of Milan at the end of 2016 and 3,218,201 in its province - level municipality . However , Milan 's urban area extends well beyond the limits of its administrative commune and was home to 5,270,000 people in 2015 , while its wider , polycentric metropolitan area is estimated to have a population exceeding 8 million . Ethnic groups ( edit ) Top 10 nationalities of foreign residents ( 2017 ) Country of birth Population Romania 45,766 Egypt 40,276 Philippines 37,760 Peru 29,236 Ecuador 28,782 Albania 27,183 Morocco 23,834 China 23,556 As of 2016 , some 260,421 foreign - born residents lived in the municipality of Milan , representing almost 20 % of the total resident population . These figures suggest that the immigrant population has more than doubled in the last 15 years . After World War II , Milan experienced two main waves of immigration : the first , dating from the 1950s to the early 1970s , saw a large influx of migrants from poorer and rural areas within Italy ; the second , starting from the late 1980s , has been characterised by the preponderance of foreign - born immigrants . The early period coincided with the so - called Italian economic miracle of postwar years , an era of extraordinary growth based on rapid industrial expansion and great public works , that brought to the city a large influx of over 400,000 people , mainly from rural and overpopulated Southern Italy . In the last three decades , the foreign born share of the population soared . Immigrants came mainly from Africa ( in particular Eritrean , Egyptian , Moroccans , Senegalese , and Nigerian ) , and the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe ( notably Albania , Romania , Ukraine , Macedonia , Moldova ) , in addition to a growing number of Asians ( in particular Chinese , Sri Lankans and Filipinos ) and Latin Americans ( Mainly South Americans ) . At the beginning of the 1990s , Milan already had a population of foreign - born residents of approximately 58,000 ( or 4 % of the then population ) , that rose rapidly to over 117,000 by the end of the decade ( about 9 % of the total ) . Decades of continuing high immigration have made the city the most cosmopolitan and multicultural in Italy . Milan notably hosts the oldest and largest Chinese community in Italy , with almost 21,000 people in 2011 . Situated in the 9th district , and centred on Via Paolo Sarpi , an important commercial avenue , the Milanese Chinatown was originally established in the 1920s by immigrants from Wencheng County , in the Zhejiang province , and used to operate small textile and leather workshops . Milan has also a substantial English - speaking community ( more than 3,000 American , British and Australian expatriates ) , and several English schools and language publications , such as Hello Milano , Where Milano and Easy Milano . Religion ( edit ) Milan 's population , like that of Italy as a whole , is mostly Catholic . It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan . The city is also home to sizeable Orthodox , Buddhist , Jewish , Muslim , and Protestant communities . Milan has its own historic Catholic rite known as the Ambrosian Rite ( Italian : Rito ambrosiano ) . It varies slightly from the typical Catholic rite ( the Roman , used in all other western regions ) , with some differences in the liturgy and mass celebrations , in the Canons are Easter and Lent , in the colour of liturgical vestments , peculiar use of incense , marriage form , office for the dead , baptism by immersion , and in the calendar ( for example , the date for the beginning of lent is celebrated some days after the common date , so the carnival has different date ) . The season of Advent is of six weeks duration and starts on the Sunday after the feast of Saint Martin ( 11 November ) . The Ambrosian rite is also practised in other surrounding locations in Lombardy , parts of Piedmont and in the Swiss canton of Ticino . The sounding of church bells uses a peculiar technique . Another important difference concerns the liturgical music . The Gregorian chant was completely unused in Milan and surrounding areas , because the official one was its own Ambrosian chant , definitively established by the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) and earlier than the Gregorian . To preserve this music there has developed the unique schola cantorum , a college , and an Institute called PIAMS ( Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music ) , in partnership with the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music ( PIMS ) in Rome . The Milan Synagogue was designed by Luca Beltrami in 1892 . The Anglican Episcopal Church of All Saints Milan was built in 1896 . In 2014 the City Council agreed on the construction of a mosque next to the area of the former sport venue Palatrussardi . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Milan The skyscrapers of Porta Nuova business district . Milan Stock Exchange , Italy 's main . While Rome is Italy 's political capital , Milan is the country 's industrial and financial heart . With a 2014 GDP estimated at € 158.9 billion , the province of Milan generates approximately 10 % of the national GDP ; while the economy of the Lombardy region generates approximately 22 % of Italy 's GDP ( or an estimated € 357 billion in 2015 , roughly the size of Belgium ) . The province of Milan is home to about 45 % of businesses in the Lombardy region and more than 8 percent of all businesses in Italy , including three Fortune 500 companies . Milan also contains Via Monte Napoleone ( Monte Napoleone Street ) , Europe 's most expensive street . Milan is , since the late 1800s , an important industrial and manufacturing centre , especially for the automotive industry , with companies such as Alfa Romeo , Pirelli and Techint having a significant presence in the city . Other important products manufactured in Milan include chemicals , machinery , pharmaceuticals and plastics , health and biotechnologie and food & beverage . The city is home to a large number of media and advertising agencies , national newspapers and telecommunication companies , including both the public service broadcaster RAI and private television companies like Mediaset , La7 and Sky Italia . The city hosts the headquarters of the largest Italian publishing companies , such as Feltrinelli , Mondadori , RCS Media Group , Messaggerie Italiane , and Giunti Editore . Milan has also seen a rapid increase in internet companies with both domestic and international companies such as Altavista , Google , Lycos , Virgilio and Yahoo ! establishing their Italian operations in the city . As Italy 's financial hub numerous headquarters of insurance companies as ( Alleanza Assicurazioni , Vittoria Assicurazioni ) as well as many banking groups ( 198 companies ) , including Banca Popolare di Milano , Mediobanca , Banca Mediolanum and UniCredit and over forty foreign banks are located in the city . Also , most asset management companies are based in Milan , including Anima Holding , Azimut Holding , ARCA SGR , and Eurizon Capital . The Associazione Bancaria Italiana representing the Italian banking system and Milan Stock Exchange ( 225 companies listed on the stock exchange ) are both located in the city . Milan is a major world fashion centre , where the sector can count on 12,000 companies , 800 show rooms , and 6,000 sales outlets ( with brands such as Armani , Prada , Versace , Valentino and Luxottica ) , while four weeks a year are dedicated to top shows and other fashion events . The city is also a global hub for trade and design . The city successfully hosted Expo 2015 . FieraMilano , the historical city trade fair operator , operates one of the largest expo areas in the world and the second in Europe ( after Hannover ) in the northern suburb of Rho , responsible for fairs such as Milan Furniture Fair , EICMA , EMO on 0.7 mln m2 of exhibition areas with about 4.5 million visitors every year . Porta Nuova is the main business district of Milan , and one of the most important in Italy . Accenture , AXA , Bank of America , BNP Paribas , Celgene , China Construction Bank , Finanza & Futuro Banca , FinecoBank , FM Global , Google , Herbalife , HSBC , KPMG , Maire Tecnimont , Microsoft , Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group , Samsung , Shire , Telecom Italia , UniCredit , UnipolSai and many other companies have their main Italian headquarters located there . Tourism is an increasingly important part of the city 's economy : with 7.65 million registered international arrivals in 2016 ( up 1.8 % on the previous year ) , Milan ranked as the world 's 14th most visited city . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Milan Museums and art galleries ( edit ) Main articles : Tourism in Milan and List of museums in Milan Leonardo da Vinci 's The Last Supper , together with the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Museo del Novecento displays the world 's largest collection of Futurist art . The Pinacoteca di Brera . Milan is home to many cultural institutions , museums and art galleries , that account for about a tenth of the national total of visitors and receipts . The Pinacoteca di Brera is one of Milan 's most important art galleries . It contains one of the foremost collections of Italian painting , including masterpieces such as the Brera Madonna by Piero della Francesca . The Castello Sforzesco hosts numerous art collections and exhibitions , especially statues , ancient arms and furnitures , as well as the Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco , with an art collection including Michelangelo 's last sculpture , the Rondanini Pietà , Andrea Mantegna 's Trivulzio Madonna and Leonardo da Vinci 's Codex Trivulzianus manuscript . The Castello complex also includes The Museum of Ancient Art , The Furniture Museum , The Museum of Musical Instruments and the Applied Arts Collection , The Egyptian and Prehistoric sections of the Archaeological Museum and the Achille Bertarelli Print Collection . Milan 's figurative art flourished in the Middle - Ages , and with the Visconti family being major patrons of the arts , the city became an important centre of Gothic art and architecture ( Milan Cathedral being the city 's most formidable work of Gothic architecture ) . Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499 . He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie . The city was affected by the Baroque in the 17th and 18th centuries , and hosted numerous formidable artists , architects and painters of that period , such as Caravaggio and Francesco Hayez , which several important works are hosted in Brera Academy . The Museum of Risorgimento is specialised on the history of Italian unification Its collections include iconic paintings like Baldassare Verazzi 's Episode from the Five Days and Francesco Hayez 's 1840 Portrait of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria . The Triennale is a design museum and events venue located in Palazzo dell'Arte , in Sempione Park . It hosts exhibitions and events highlighting contemporary Italian design , urban planning , architecture , music , and media arts , emphasising the relationship between art and industry . Milan in the 20th century was the epicentre of the Futurist artistic movement . Filippo Marinetti , the founder of Italian Futurism wrote in his 1909 `` Futurist Manifesto '' ( in Italian , Manifesto Futuristico ) , that Milan was `` grande ... tradizionale e futurista '' ( `` grand ... traditional and futuristic '' , in English ) . Umberto Boccioni was also an important Futurism artist who worked in the city . Today , Milan remains a major international hub of modern and contemporary art , with numerous modern art galleries . The Modern Art Gallery , situated in the Royal Villa , hosts collections of Italian and European painting from the 18th to the early 20th centuries . The Museo del Novecento , situated in the Palazzo dell'Arengario , is one of the most important art galleries in Italy about 20th - century art ; of particular relevance are the sections dedicated to Futurism , Spatialism and Arte povera . In the early 1990s architect David Chipperfield was invited to convert the premises of the former Ansaldo Factory into a Museum . Museo delle Culture ( MUDEC ) opened in April 2015 . The Gallerie di Piazza Scala , a modern and contemporary museum located in Piazza della Scala in the Palazzo Brentani and the Palazzo Anguissola , hosts 195 artworks from the collections of Fondazione Cariplo with a strong representation of nineteenth century Lombard painters and sculptors , including Antonio Canova and Umberto Boccioni . A new section was opened in the Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana in 2012 . Other private ventures dedicated to contemporary art include the exhibiting spaces of the Prada Foundation and HangarBicocca . The Nicola Trussardi Foundation is renewed for organising temporary exhibition in venues around the city . Milan is also home to many public art projects , with a variety of works that range from sculptures to murals to pieces by internationally renowned artists , including Arman , Kengiro Azuma , Francesco Barzaghi , Alberto Burri , Pietro Cascella , Maurizio Cattelan , Leonardo Da Vinci , Giorgio de Chirico , Kris Ruhs , Emilio Isgrò , Fausto Melotti , Joan Miró , Carlo Mo , Claes Oldenburg , Igor Mitoraj , Gianfranco Pardi , Michelangelo Pistoletto , Arnaldo Pomodoro , Carlo Ramous , Aldo Rossi , Aligi Sassu , Giuseppe Spagnulo and Domenico Trentacoste . Music ( edit ) See also : Music of Milan Founded in 1778 , La Scala is the world 's most famous opera house . Milan is a major national and international centre of the performing arts , most notably opera . The city hosts La Scala operahouse , considered one of the world 's most prestigious , having throughout history witnessed the premieres of numerous operas , such as Nabucco by Giuseppe Verdi in 1842 , La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli , Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini in 1904 , Turandot by Giacomo Puccini in 1926 , and more recently Teneke , by Fabio Vacchi in 2007 . Other major theatres in Milan include the Teatro degli Arcimboldi , Teatro Dal Verme , Teatro Lirico and formerly the Teatro Regio Ducal . The city is also the seat of a renowned symphony orchestra and musical conservatory , and has been , throughout history , a major centre for musical composition : numerous famous composers and musicians such as Gioseppe Caimo , Simon Boyleau , Hoste da Reggio , Verdi , Giulio Gatti - Casazza , Paolo Cherici and Alice Edun lived and worked in Milan . The city is also the birthplace of many modern ensembles and bands , including Camaleonti , Camerata Mediolanense , Gli Spioni , Dynamis Ensemble , Elio e le Storie Tese , Krisma , Premiata Forneria Marconi , Quartetto Cetra , Stormy Six and Le Vibrazioni . Fashion and design ( edit ) Main article : Fashion in Milan Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is one of the city 's largest shopping centres . Milan is widely regarded as a global capital in industrial design , fashion and architecture . In the 1950s and 60s , as the main industrial centre of Italy and one of Europe 's most dynamic cities , Milan became a world capital of design and architecture . There was such a revolutionary change that Milan 's fashion exports accounted for million ( US currency ) in 1952 , and by 1955 that number grew to billion . Modern skyscrapers , such as the Pirelli Tower and the Torre Velasca were built , and artists such as Bruno Munari , Lucio Fontana , Enrico Castellani and Piero Manzoni gathered in the city . Today , Milan is still particularly well known for its high - quality furniture and interior design industry . The city is home to FieraMilano , Europe 's largest permanent trade exhibition , and Salone Internazionale del Mobile , one of the most prestigious international furniture and design fairs . Milan is also regarded as one of the fashion capitals of the world , along with New York City , Paris , and London . Milan is synonymous with the Italian prêt - à - porter industry , as many of the most famous Italian fashion brands , such as Valentino , Gucci , Versace , Prada , Armani and Dolce & Gabbana , are headquartered in the city . Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Milan . Furthermore , the city hosts the Milan Fashion Week twice a year , one of the most important events in the international fashion system . Milan 's main upscale fashion district , quadrilatero della moda , is home to the city 's most prestigious shopping streets ( Via Monte Napoleone , Via della Spiga , Via Sant'Andrea , Via Manzoni and Corso Venezia ) , in addition to Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II , one of the world 's oldest shopping malls . Languages and literature ( edit ) Main article : Milanese literature Monument to Alessandro Manzoni . In the late 18th century , and throughout the 19th , Milan was an important centre for intellectual discussion and literary creativity . The Enlightenment found here a fertile ground . Cesare , Marquis of Beccaria , with his famous Dei delitti e delle pene , and Count Pietro Verri , with the periodical Il Caffè were able to exert a considerable influence over the new middle - class culture , thanks also to an open - minded Austrian administration . In the first years of the 19th century , the ideals of the Romantic movement made their impact on the cultural life of the city and its major writers debated the primacy of Classical versus Romantic poetry . Here , too , Giuseppe Parini , and Ugo Foscolo published their most important works , and were admired by younger poets as masters of ethics , as well as of literary craftsmanship . Foscolo 's poem Dei sepolcri was inspired by a Napoleonic law that -- against the will of many of its inhabitants -- was being extended to the city . In the third decade of the 19th century , Alessandro Manzoni wrote his novel I Promessi Sposi , considered the manifesto of Italian Romanticism , which found in Milan its centre ; in the same period Carlo Porta , reputed the most renowned local vernacular poet , wrote his poems in Lombard Language . The periodical Il Conciliatore published articles by Silvio Pellico , Giovanni Berchet , Ludovico di Breme , who were both Romantic in poetry and patriotic in politics . After the Unification of Italy in 1861 , Milan lost its political importance ; nevertheless it retained a sort of central position in cultural debates . New ideas and movements from other countries of Europe were accepted and discussed : thus Realism and Naturalism gave birth to an Italian movement , Verismo . The greatest verista novelist , Giovanni Verga , was born in Sicily but wrote his most important books in Milan . In addition to Italian , approximately 2 million people in the Milan metropolitan area can speak the Milanese dialect or one of its Western Lombard variations . Media ( edit ) View of Milan from the Branca Radio tower . Milan is an important national and international media centre . Corriere della Sera , founded in 1876 , is one of the oldest Italian newspapers , and it is published by Rizzoli , as well as La Gazzetta dello Sport , a daily dedicated to coverage of various sports and currently considered the most widely read daily newspaper in Italy . Other popular local dailies are the general broadsheets Il Giorno , Il Giornale , the Roman Catholic Church - owned Avvenire , and Il Sole 24 Ore , a daily business newspaper owned by Confindustria ( the Italian employers ' federation ) . Free daily newspapers include Leggo and Metro . Milan is also home to many architecture , art , and fashion periodicals , including Abitare , Casabella , Domus , Flash Art , Gioia , Grazia , and Vogue Italia . Panorama and Oggi , two of Italy 's most important weekly news magazines , are also published in Milan . Several commercial broadcast television networks have their national headquarters in the Milan conurbation , including Mediaset Group ( owner of Canale 5 , Italia 1 , Iris and Rete 4 ) , Telelombardia and MTV Italy . National radio stations based in Milan include Radio Deejay , Radio 105 Network , R101 ( Italy ) , Radio Popolare , RTL 102.5 , Radio Capital and Virgin Radio Italia . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Lombard cuisine Panettone is Milan 's traditional Christmas cake . Like most cities in Italy , Milan has developed its own local culinary tradition , which , as it is typical for North Italian cuisines , uses more frequently rice than pasta , butter than vegetable oil and features almost no tomato or fish . Milanese traditional dishes includes cotoletta alla milanese , a breaded veal ( pork and turkey can be used ) cutlet pan-fried in butter ( similar to Viennese Wiener Schnitzel ) . Other typical dishes are cassoeula ( stewed pork rib chops and sausage with Savoy cabbage ) , ossobuco ( braised veal shank served with a condiment called gremolata ) , risotto alla milanese ( with saffron and beef marrow ) , busecca ( stewed tripe with beans ) , and brasato ( stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes ) . Season - related pastries include chiacchiere ( flat fritters dusted with sugar ) and tortelli ( fried spherical cookies ) for Carnival , colomba ( glazed cake shaped as a dove ) for Easter , pane dei morti ( `` bread of the ( Day of the ) Dead '' , cookies flavoured with cinnamon ) for All Souls ' Day and panettone for Christmas . The salame Milano , a salami with a very fine grain , is widespread throughout Italy . Renowned Milanese cheeses are gorgonzola ( from the namesake village nearby ) , mascarpone , used in pastry - making , taleggio and quartirolo . Milan is well known for its world - class restaurants and cafés , characterised by innovative cuisine and design . As of 2014 , Milan has 157 Michelin - selected places , including three 2 - Michelin - starred restaurants ; these include Cracco , Sadler and il Luogo di Aimo e Nadia . Many historical restaurants and bars are found in the historic centre , the Brera and Navigli districts . One of the city 's oldest surviving cafés , Caffè Cova , was established in 1817 . In total , Milan has 15 cafés , bars and restaurants registered among the Historical Places of Italy , continuously operating for at least 70 years . Sport ( edit ) San Siro Stadium , home of A.C. Milan and Inter Milan , has a 80,000 capacity . It is Italy 's biggest stadium . Milan hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990 , the UEFA European Football Championship in 1980 and most recently the 2003 World Rowing Championships , the 2009 World Boxing Championships , and some games of the Men 's Volleyball World Championship in 2010 and the final games of the Women 's Volleyball World Championship in 2014 . In 2018 , it will host World Figure Skating Championships . Milan is the only city in Europe that is home to two European Cup / Champions League winning teams -- Serie A renewed football clubs Milan and Inter . Both teams have also won the Intercontinental Cup ( now FIFA Club World Cup ) . With a combined ten Champions League titles , Milan is second after Madrid as city that have won the most European Cups . They are the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies . Both teams play at the UEFA 5 - star rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium , more commonly known as the San Siro , that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe , with a seating capacity of over 80,000 . The Meazza Stadium hosted the 2016 UEFA Champions League Final , in which Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 5 - 3 in a penalty shoot out . A third team , Brera Calcio F.C. plays in Promozione . Another team , Bustese Milano City F.C. ( formerly of ASD Bustese ) plays in Serie D . There are currently four professional Lega Basket clubs in Milan : Olimpia Milano , Pallacanestro Milano 1958 , Società Canottieri Milano and A.S.S.I. Milano . Olimpia is the most titled basketball club in Italy , having won 27 Italian League championships , 6 Italian National Cups , 1 Italian Super Cup , 3 European Champions Cups , 1 FIBA Intercontinental Cup , 3 FIBA Saporta Cups , 2 FIBA Korać Cups and many junior titles . The team play at the Mediolanum Forum , with a capacity of 12,700 where it has been hosted the final of the 2013 - 14 Euroleague . In some cases the team play also at the PalaDesio , with a capacity of 6,700 . Milan is also home to Italy 's oldest American football team : Rhinos Milano , that won 4 Italian Super Bowls . The team play at the Velodromo Vigorelli , with a capacity of 8,000 . Milan has also two cricket teams , Milano Fiori ( currently competing in the second division ) and Kingsgrove Milan , who won the Serie A championship in 2014 . Amatori Rugby Milano , the most titled rugby team in Italy , was founded in Milan in 1927 . The world - famous Monza Formula One circuit is located near the city , inside a suburban park . It is one of the world 's oldest car racing circuits . The capacity for the F1 races is currently of over 113,000 . It has hosted an F1 race nearly every year since the first year of competition , with the exception of 1980 . In road cycling , Milan hosts the start of the annual Milan -- San Remo classic one - day race and the annual Milano -- Torino one day race . Education ( edit ) The Polytechnic University of Milan ranks as the best university in Italy . Bocconi University is a leading institution for economics , management and related disciplines in Europe . Milan is home to some of Italy 's most prominent educational institutions . Milan 's higher education system includes 7 universities , 48 faculties and 142 departments , with 185,000 university students in 2011 ( approximately 11 percent of the national total ) and the largest number of university graduates and postgraduate students ( 34,000 and more than 5,000 , respectively ) in Italy . Founded in 1863 , the Polytechnic University of Milan is the city 's oldest university . The `` Politecnico '' is organised in 16 departments and a network of 9 Schools of engineering , architecture and industrial design spread over 7 campuses in the Lombardy region . The number of students enrolled in all campuses is approximately 38,000 , which makes Politecnico the largest technical university in Italy . The State University of Milan , founded in 1923 , is the largest public teaching and research university in the city , with 9 faculties , 58 departments , 48 institutes and a teaching staff of 2,500 professors . A leading institute in Italy and Europe in scientific publication , the State University of Milan is the sixth largest university in Italy , with approximately 60,000 enrolled students . Other prominent tertiary education institutions in Milan include : the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , a private institute founded in 1921 and located in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio , famous for its law and economics teaching , currently the largest Catholic university in the world with 42,000 enrolled students ; the Bocconi University , a private management and finance school established in 1902 , ranking as the seventh best business school in Europe ; the University of Milan Bicocca , a multidisciplinary public university with more than 30,000 enrolled students ; the IULM University of Milan , specialising in marketing , information and communications technology , tourism and fashion ; the Università Vita Salute San Raffaele , linked to the San Raffaele hospital , is home to research laboratories in neurology , neurosurgery , diabetology , molecular biology , AIDS studies and cognitive science . Milan is also well known for its fine arts and music schools . The Milan Academy of Fine Arts ( Brera Academy ) is a public academic institution founded in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria ; the New Academy of Fine Arts is the largest private art and design university in Italy ; the European Institute of Design is a private university specialised in fashion , industrial and interior design , audio / visual design including photography , advertising and marketing and business communication ; the Marangoni Institute , is a fashion institute with campuses in Milan , London , and Paris ; the Domus Academy is a private postgraduate institution of design , fashion , architecture , interior design and management ; the Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music , a college of music founded in 1931 by the blessed cardinal A.I. Schuster , archbishop of Milan , and raised according to the rules by the Holy See in 1940 , is -- similarly to the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music in Rome , which is consociated with -- an Institute `` ad instar facultatis '' and is authorised to confer university qualifications with canonical validity and the Milan Conservatory , a college of music established in 1807 , currently Italy 's largest with more than 1,700 students and 240 music teachers . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Milan A typical tramcar operated by ATM . Milan Metro is Italy 's longest rapid transit system Malpensa , one of the three airports that serve the city , is the second busiest in Italy . Milan is one of southern Europe 's key transport nodes and one of Italy 's most important railway hubs . Its five major railway stations , such as the Milan Central station , are among Italy 's busiest . Since the end of 2009 , two high speed train lines link Milan to Rome , Naples and Turin , considerably shortening travel times with other major cities in Italy . Further high speed lines are under construction towards Genoa and Verona . Milan is served by direct international trains to Nice , Marseille , Lyon , Paris , Geneva , Bern , Basel , Zurich and Frankfurt , and by overnight sleeper services to Paris and Dijon ( Thello ) , Munich and Vienna ( ÖBB ) . Azienda Trasporti Milanesi ( ATM ) is the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Milan ; it operates 4 metro lines ( Milan Metro ) , 18 tram lines , 67 urban bus lines , 4 trolleybus lines , and 52 interurban bus lines , carrying over 734 million passengers in 2010 . Overall the network covers nearly 1,500 km ( 932 mi ) reaching 46 municipalities . Besides public transport , ATM manages the interchange parking lots and other transportation services including bike sharing and car sharing systems . Trenord , responsible for the Milan suburban railway service , is the main regional railway operator in Lombardy , carrying 650,000 passengers on more than 50 routes every day . Local rail and underground Milan Metro is the rapid transit system serving the city and surrounding municipalities . The network consists of 4 lines ( plus 1 under construction ) , with a total network length of 101 kilometres ( 63 mi ) , and a total of 113 stations , mostly underground . It has a daily ridership of 1.15 million . one of the largest in Europe . The Milan suburban railway service , operated by Trenord , comprises 12 lines and connects the metropolitan area with the city centre through the Milan Passerby underground railway . Commonly referred to as `` il Passante '' , it has a train running every 6 minutes , functioning as a subway line with full transferability to the Milan Metro . Buses and trams The city tram network consists of approximately 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) of track and 17 lines , and is Europe 's most advanced light rail system . Bus lines cover over 1,070 km ( 665 mi ) . Milan has also taxi services operated by private companies and licensed by the City council of Milan . The city is also a key node for the national road network , being served by all the major highways of Northern Italy . Numerous long - distance bus lines link Milan with many other cities and towns in Lombardy and throughout Italy . Aviation The Milan metropolitan area is served by three international airports , with a grand total of about 40 million passengers served in 2016 . Linate , the oldest and the only airport lying within the city limits , is mainly used for domestic and short - haul international flights , and served 9.7 million passengers in 2016 . Malpensa International Airport , the second busiest airport in Italy ( about 19 million passengers served in 2016 ) , is 45 km ( 28 mi ) from downtown Milan and is connected to the city by the Malpensa Express railway service . Orio al Serio airport serves mainly the low - cost traffic of Milan ( 11.2 million passengers served in 2016 ) . Finally Bresso Airfield , operated by Aero Club Milano , is a general aviation airport . International Relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Milan has fifteen official sister cities as reported on the city 's website . The date column indicates the year in which the relationship was established . São Paulo was Milan 's first sister city . City Country Date São Paulo Brazil 1961 Chicago United States 1962 Lyon France 1967 Frankfurt Germany 1969 Birmingham United Kingdom Dakar Senegal Shanghai China 1979 Osaka Japan 1981 Tel Aviv Israel Bethlehem Palestine 2000 Toronto Canada 2003 Kraków Poland 2003 Melbourne Australia Daegu South Korea 2015 The partnership with the city of St. Petersburg , Russia , that started in 1967 , was suspended in 2012 ( a decision taken by the city of Milan ) , because of the prohibition of the Russian government on `` homosexual propaganda '' . Other Relations ( edit ) Milan has the following collaborations : Algiers , Algeria Amsterdam , The Netherlands Astana , Kazakhstan Barcelona , Spain Bilbao , Spain Chengdu , China Copenhagen , Denmark Guangzhou , China Dubai , United Arab Emirates Moscow , Russia New York City , United States Tegucigalpa , Honduras Tehran , Iran See also ( edit ) Milan portal Italy portal European Union portal Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits Outline of Italy References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Resident population by age , nationality and borough '' . City of Milan -- Statistical Department . Jump up ^ In reference to the homonimous mask . Jump up ^ `` Milan : definition of Milan in Oxford dictionary ( American English ) '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dizionario di toponomastica . Storia e significato dei nomi geografici italiani . Torino : UTET. 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Milan map '' . explo-re.com. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistiche demografiche ISTAT '' . demo.istat.it . Istat . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistiche demografiche ISTAT '' . istat.it . ^ Jump up to : Demographia : World Urban Areas . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Le aree metropolitane in Italia occupano il 9 per cento del territorio - Università degli Studi di Milano - Bicocca '' . www.old.unimib.it ( in Italian ) . 6 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` OECD Territorial Reviews : Milan , Italy '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campagna , Michele ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Planning Support Tools : Policy Analysis , Implementation and Evaluation . Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Informatics and Urban and Regional Planning INPUT2012 . Milan : FrancoAngeli . pp. 1853 -- 1856 . ISBN 9788856875973 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Osservatorio sulla città metropolitana di Milano . Rapporto 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Polytechnic University of Milan . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salet , Willem ; Thornley , Andy ; Kreukels , Anton ( 2003 ) . Metropolitan governance and spatial planning : comparative case studies of European city - regions . New York : Spon Press . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0415274494 . Jump up ^ `` GaWC -- The World According to GaWC 2010 '' . Lboro.ac.uk. 14 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Gert - Jan Hospers ( 2002 ) . `` Beyond the Blue Banana ? Structural Change in Europe 's Geo - Economy '' ( PDF ) . 42nd EUROPEAN CONGRESS of the Regional Science Association Young Scientist Session -- Submission for EPAINOS Award 27 -- 31 August 2002 -- Dortmund , Germany . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Global city GDP 2013 -- 2014 '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Catherine ( 17 July 2016 ) . `` Milan , the ' world 's design capital ' , takes steps to attract visitors year - round '' . South China Morning Post . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Language Monitor '' Fashion `` . Languagemonitor.com . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milan , Italy frog '' . Frogdesign.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milan Furniture Fair ( Monocle ) '' . Monocle.com. 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` University and research in Milan '' . Province of Milan . Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guida Michelin 2016 : ristoranti stellati in Lombardia '' . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambrogio , Renzo ( 2009 ) . Nomi d'Italia : origine e significato dei nomi geografici e di tutti i comuni . Novara : Istituto geografico De Agostini . p. 385 . ISBN 8851114129 . Jump up ^ Wise , Hilary ( 1997 ) . The vocabulary of modern French origins , structure and function . London : Routledge . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 42979 - 6 . Jump up ^ Michell , John ( 2009 ) . The sacred center : the ancient art of locating sanctuaries . Rochester , Vt. : Inner Traditions . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59477 - 284 - 9 . Jump up ^ medius + lanum ; Alciato 's `` etymology '' is intentionally far - fetched . Jump up ^ Bituricis vervex , Heduis dat sucula signum . Jump up ^ Laniger huic signum sus est , animálque biforme , Acribus hinc setis , lanitio inde levi . Jump up ^ `` Alciato , Emblemata , Emblema II '' . Emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Livius , Ab Urbe condita 5.34 - 35.3 . Jump up ^ Polybius , Histories Jump up ^ Delamarre , Xavier ( 2003 ) . Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise ( in French ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Paris : Errance . pp. 221 -- 222 . ISBN 2 - 87772 - 237 - 6 . Jump up ^ Compare G. Quintela and V. Marco ' `` Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times '' e-Keltoi : Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies , 2005 , referring to `` a toponym , clearly in the second part of the composite Medio - lanum ( = Milan ) , meaning ' plain ' or flat area ... '' Jump up ^ According to Procopius , the losses at Milan amounted to 300,000 men . Jump up ^ See the Laudes Mediolanensis civitatis . Jump up ^ `` Milan : a history of greatness , from its origins to the twentieth century '' . Portale per il Turismo del Comune di Milano . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Henry S. Lucas , The Renaissance and the Reformation p. 268 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Milan -- Relazioni Internazionali -- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore '' . internationalrelations.unicatt.it . Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ John Lothrop Motley , The Rise of the Dutch Republic Vol. II ( Harper Bros. : New York , 1855 ) p. 2 . 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London : Croom Helm . pp. 250 -- 254 . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 1501 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The ENVIBASE - Project -- Climate of Milan '' . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.aineva.it/pubblica/neve60/6_fazzini/immagini/fazzini_fig1G.gif ( archive ) Jump up ^ `` Weather Overview for Milan '' . Holyday-Weather.com . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recorded temperatures , Milan '' . Accuweather . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smog in Northern Italy '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Historical temperatures , Milan '' . Accuweather . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Average weather in Milan '' . WeatherSpark . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average monthly precipitation over the year ( rainfall , snow ) '' . World weather and climate information . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Milano / Linate ( MI ) '' ( PDF ) . Servizio Meteorologico . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . 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An institution of federalism '' ( PDF ) . University of Milan - Bicocca . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferrari - Bravo , Anna ( 1985 ) . Milano ( 9a ed . ) . Milano : Touring club italiano . p. 130 . ISBN 88 - 365 - 0004 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Sharon ( 2011 ) . A perfect trip to Italy in the golden years . Bloomington , IN : iUniverse Inc. p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4502 - 8443 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Castle Reconstructed by the Sforza '' . Castello Sforzesco website . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Murray , Peter ( 1986 ) . `` Milan : Filarete , Leonardo Bramante '' . The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance . Thames and Hudson . pp. 105 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Wittkower , Rudolf ( 1993 ) . `` Art and Architecture Italy , 1600 -- 1750 '' . Pelican History of Art . 1980 . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ ed , Ellen Judy Wilson , principal author . Peter Hanns Reill , consulting ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the enlightenment ( Rev. ed . ) . 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The totals for individuals and family are consistent with the totals published by ISTAT ( National Institute of Statistics ) by means of appropriate scaling coefficients , since some differences can occur between the two sources . Historical Approaches to Urban Immigration '' ( PDF ) . Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Istituto Nazionale di Urbanistica della Lombardia ( 1999 ) . Lombardia , politiche e regole per il territorio . Florence : Alinea Editrice . p. 139 . ISBN 88 - 8125 - 332 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` COMUNE DI MILANO -- Stranieri : dati statistici '' . Comune.milano.it . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Antonella Ceccagno ( 1997 ) . ll caso delle comunità cinesi : comunicazione interculturale ed istituzioni . Rome : Armando Editore . pp. 29 -- 35 . ISBN 88 - 7144 - 718 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` chiesa ortodossa milano -- Google Maps '' . Maps.google.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lankarama Buddhist Temple -- Milan , Italy '' . Lankaramaya.com . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Community of Milan '' . Mosaico-cem.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Islam in Italy '' Inter-Religious Dialogue `` OrthodoxEurope.org '' . OrthodoxEurope.org. 4 December 2002 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Milan : The Center for Radical Islam in Europe '' . American Chronicle . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Cini . `` Centro Culturale Protestante -- Protestanti a Milano delle Chiese Battiste Metodiste Valdesi '' ( in Italian ) . Protestantiamilano.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiesa Evangelica Valdese -- Milano '' . Milanovaldese.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Ambrosian Chant '' . Newadvent.org. 1 March 1907 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Emanuele Vecchio . `` PIAMS : : Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music '' . Unipiams.org . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . 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Oxford : Berg . pp. 136 -- 137 . ISBN 1847882668 . Jump up ^ `` Milan Fashion Week -- Home of the best '' . Mojeh Magazine . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Klaffke , Pamela ( 2003 ) . Spree : a cultural history of shopping . Vancouver , B.C. : Arsenal Pulp Press . p. 46 . ISBN 1551521431 . Jump up ^ Coluzzi , Paolo ( 2007 ) . Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy : an analysis of the situation of Friulian , Cimbrian and Western Lombard with reference to Spanish minority languages . Oxford : New York . p. 260 . ISBN 978 - 3039110414 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are the World 's Best Shopping and Dining Destinations ? '' . Four Seasons Magazine . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` best restaurant in milan '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Guide restaurants -- Milan '' . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cova Pasticceria Confetteria -- dal 1817 '' . Pasticceriacova.com . Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historic places of Lombardy '' . Associazione Locali Storici d'Italia . Archived from the original on 14 September 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Struttura '' . SanSiro.net . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brera Calcio F.C. '' Breracalcio.it . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Milano City FC '' . Milano City FC ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings 2018 '' . QS World University Rankings . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global MBA Ranking 2017 '' . Rankings.ft.com . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Congress of the European Society on Family Relations ( ESFR ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facts at a Glance '' . www.english.polimi.it . Politecnico di Milano . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . University of Milan . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Largest universities in Italy '' . Italian Ministry of Education , Universities and Research . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UCSC in figures '' . Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` European Business School Rankings 2011 '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Enrolled students -- figures '' . Milan Bicocca University . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Libera Università di Lingue e Comunicazione IULM '' . Crui.it . Archived from the original on 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vita - Salute San Raffaele University -- Università Vita - Salute San Raffaele '' . Unisr.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano . Archived from the original on 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pontificio Istituto Ambrosiano di Musica Sacra : What is it ? '' . Unipiams.org . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conservatorio di musica `` G. Verdi '' di Milano : Introduzione `` . Consmilano.it . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of major railway stations in Italy with passenger figures '' . Ferrovie dello Stato . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milano Centrale station official page on Ferrovie dello stato website '' . Ferrovie dello Stato . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carta della Mobilità 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Azienda Trasporti Milanesi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ATM in Figures '' . www.atm.it . Azienda Trasporti Milanesi . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carta della Mobilità 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Azienda Trasporti Milanesi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lombardia regional operator Trenord launched with € 250m train tender '' . Railway Gazette International . 4 May 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L'opera che ha fatto di Milano una grande metropoli '' ( The work that has made a great metropolis of Milan ) ( in Italian ) . Metropolitane Milanesi SpA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atm , un piano da 524 milioni per 500mila passeggeri un più '' . la Repubblica. 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lines ▶ Regional & Suburban Railway '' . Trenord . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` world.nycsubway.org/Europe/Italy/Milan ( Urban Trams ) '' . World.nycsubway.org. 8 December 2003 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Long - Distance Buses '' . City of Milan . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The airport : technical information '' . Aero Club Milano . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Città gemellate : Milano è gemellata con 14 città '' ( in Italian ) . Milan , Italy : Comune di Milano . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kraków -- Miasta Bliźniacze '' ( Kraków -- Twin Cities ) . Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków ( in Polish ) . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milano si è gemellata con la città sudcoreana di Daegu '' ( in Italian ) . Rome , Italy : Askanews. 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia banned `` gay propaganda '' . Milan ends twinning `` . Ilfattoquotidiano.it . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Accordi di collaborazione '' ( in Italian ) . Milan , Italy : Comune di Milano . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Acts of international convention `` Milan Capital '' , Convegno archeologico internazionale Milano capitale dell'impero romano 1990 ; Milano Altri autori : Sena Chiesa , Gemma Arslan , Ermanno A . Agostino a Milano : il battesimo -- Agostino nelle terre di Ambrogio : 22 -- 24 aprile 1987 / ( relazioni di ) Marta Sordi ( et al . ) Augustinus publ . Anselmo , Conte di Rosate : istoria milanese al tempo del Barbarossa / Pietro Beneventi , Europia publ . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire ( Edward Gibbon ) The later Roman empire ( Jones ) , Blackwell and Mott , Oxford Milano romana / Mario Mirabella Roberti ( Rusconi publisher ) 1984 Marchesi , i percorsi della Storia Minerva Italica ( It ) Milano tra l'eta repubblicana e l'eta augustea : atti del Convegno di studi , 26 -- 27 marzo 1999 , Milano Milano capitale dell'impero romano : 286 -- 402 d.c. ( Milano ) : Silvana ( 1990 ) . -- 533 p. : ill. ; 28 cm ( 11 in ) . Milano capitale dell'Impero romano : 286 -- 402 d.c. -- album storico archeologico . -- Milano : Cariplo : ET , 1991. -- 111 p. : ill ; 47 cm ( 19 in ) . ( Pubbl. in occasione della Mostra tenuta a Milano nel ) 1990 . Torri , Monica ( 23 January 2007 ) . Milan & The Lakes . DK Publishing ( Dorling Kindersley ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2443 - 9 . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Welch , Evelyn S ( 1995 ) . Art and authority in Renaissance Milan . Yale University Press , New Haven , Connecticut . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06351 - 6 . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milan . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Milan . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Milan . City of Milan ATM -- Milan 's Transportation Company Rete Metropolitana di Milano ( in Italian ) Videotour in Milan Articles relating to Milan Zones and quarters of Milan Zone 1 Brera Centro Storico Conca del Naviglio Guastalla Porta Sempione Porta Tenaglia Zone 2 Adriano Crescenzago Gorla Greco Loreto Maggiolina Mandello Mirabello Ponte Seveso Porta Nuova Precotto Stazione Centrale Turro Villaggio dei Giornalisti Zone 3 Casoretto Cimiano Città Studi Dosso Lambrate Ortica Porta Monforte Porta Venezia Quartiere Feltre Rottole Zone 4 Acquabella Calvairate Castagnedo Cavriano Forlanini Gamboloita La Trecca Monluè Morsenchio Nosedo Omero Ponte Lambro Porta Vittoria Porta Romana Rogoredo San Luigi Santa Giulia Taliedo Triulzo Superiore Zone 5 Basmetto Cantalupa Case Nuove Chiaravalle Chiesa Rossa Conca Fallata Fatima Gratosoglio Le Terrazze Macconago Missaglia Morivione Porta Lodovica Porta Vigentina Quintosole Ronchetto delle Rane San Gottardo Selvanesco Stadera Torretta Vaiano Valle Vigentino Zone 6 Arzaga Barona Boffalora Cascina Bianca Conchetta Creta Foppette Giambellino - Lorenteggio Lodovico il Moro Moncucco Porta Genova Porta Ticinese Ronchetto sul Naviglio San Cristoforo Sant'Ambrogio Teramo Villa Magentino Villaggio dei Fiori Zone 7 Assiano Baggio Figino Fopponino Forze Armate Harar La Maddalena Muggiano Porta Magenta Quartiere degli Olmi Quarto Cagnino Quinto Romano San Siro Valsesia Vercellese Zone 8 Boldinasco Bullona Cagnola Campo dei Fiori Cascina Triulza Comina Fiera Gallaratese Garegnano Ghisolfa Lampugnano Musocco Porta Volta Portello Quarto Oggiaro QT8 Roserio San Leonardo Trenno Varesina Vialba Villapizzone Zone 9 Affori Bicocca Bovisa Bovisasca Bruzzano Ca ' Granda Centro Direzionale Comasina Dergano Fulvio Testi Isola La Fontana Montalbino Niguarda Porta Garibaldi Porta Nuova Prato Centenaro Segnano Regional capitals of Italy L'Aquila , Abruzzo Aosta , Aosta Valley Bari , Apulia Potenza , Basilicata Catanzaro , Calabria Naples , Campania Bologna , Emilia - Romagna Trieste , Friuli - Venezia Giulia Rome , Lazio Genoa , Liguria Milan , Lombardy Ancona , Marche Campobasso , Molise Turin , Piedmont Cagliari , Sardinia Palermo , Sicily Trento , Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol Florence , Tuscany Perugia , Umbria Venice , Veneto Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Milan Abbiategrasso Albairate Arconate Arese Arluno Assago Baranzate Bareggio Basiano Basiglio Bellinzago Lombardo Bernate Ticino Besate Binasco Boffalora sopra Ticino Bollate Bresso Bubbiano Buccinasco Buscate Bussero Busto Garolfo Calvignasco Cambiago Canegrate Carpiano Carugate Casarile Casorezzo Cassano d'Adda Cassina de ' Pecchi Cassinetta di Lugagnano Castano Primo Cernusco sul Naviglio Cerro Maggiore Cerro al Lambro Cesano Boscone Cesate Cinisello Balsamo Cisliano Cologno Monzese Colturano Corbetta Cormano Cornaredo Corsico Cuggiono Cusago Cusano Milanino Dairago Dresano Gaggiano Garbagnate Milanese Gessate Gorgonzola Grezzago Gudo Visconti Inveruno Inzago Lacchiarella Lainate Legnano Liscate Locate di Triulzi Magenta Magnago Marcallo con Casone Masate Mediglia Melegnano Melzo Mesero Milan Morimondo Motta Visconti Nerviano Nosate Novate Milanese Noviglio Opera Ossona Ozzero Paderno Dugnano Pantigliate Parabiago Paullo Pero Peschiera Borromeo Pessano con Bornago Pieve Emanuele Pioltello Pogliano Milanese Pozzo d'Adda Pozzuolo Martesana Pregnana Milanese Rescaldina Rho Robecchetto con Induno Robecco sul Naviglio Rodano Rosate Rozzano San Colombano al Lambro San Donato Milanese San Giorgio su Legnano San Giuliano Milanese San Vittore Olona San Zenone al Lambro Santo Stefano Ticino Sedriano Segrate Senago Sesto San Giovanni Settala Settimo Milanese Solaro Trezzano Rosa Trezzano sul Naviglio Trezzo sull'Adda Tribiano Truccazzano Turbigo Vanzaghello Vanzago Vaprio d'Adda Vermezzo Vernate Vignate Villa Cortese Vimodrone Vittuone Vizzolo Predabissi Zelo Surrigone Zibido San Giacomo European Capitals of Sport 2001 Madrid 2002 Stockholm 2003 Glasgow 2004 Alicante 2005 Rotterdam 2006 Copenhagen 2007 Stuttgart 2008 Warsaw 2009 Milan 2010 Dublin 2011 Valencia 2012 Istanbul 2013 Antwerp 2014 Cardiff 2015 Turin 2016 Prague 2017 Marseille 2018 Sofia 2019 Budapest 2020 Málaga 2021 Lisboa 2022 The Hague Cities in Italy by population 1,000,000 + Rome Milan 500,000 + Naples Turin Palermo Genoa 200,000 + Bari Bologna Catania Florence Messina Padua Trieste Venice Verona 100,000 + Ancona Andria Arezzo Bergamo Bolzano Brescia Cagliari Ferrara Foggia Forlì Giugliano Latina Livorno Modena Monza Novara Parma Perugia Pescara Piacenza Prato Ravenna Reggio Calabria Reggio Emilia Rimini Salerno Sassari Syracuse Taranto Terni Trento Udine Vicenza Tourism in Milan Religious sites Cathedral Milan Cathedral Basilica di Santa Tecla Basilicas S Ambrogio S Calimero S Carlo al Corso S. Eustorgio Portinari Chapel S. Lorenzo S. Marco S. Maria delle Grazie The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) S. Maria della Passione S. Nazaro in Brolo S. Simpliciano S. Stefano Maggiore S. Vincenzo in Prato S. Vittore al Corpo Churches Sant'Angelo S. Antonio Abate S. Barnaba S. Bernardino alle Ossa S. Cristoforo sul Naviglio S. Fedele S. Giorgio al Palazzo S. Giovanni in Conca S. Gottardo S. Maria del Carmine S. Maria della Pace S Maria Incoronata S. Maria presso San Celso S. Maria presso San Satiro S. Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore S. Pietro in Gessate S. Sebastiano S. Sepolcro Oratorio di San Protaso Rotonda della Besana Other Chiaravalle Abbey Garegnano Charterhouse Mirasole Abbey Museums and galleries Alfa Romeo Museum Armani / Silos Bagatti Valsecchi Museum Civic Aquarium Galleria d'Arte Moderna Gallerie di Piazza Scala Art collection of Fondazione Cariplo Palazzo Anguissola Palazzo Brentani Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano Museo del Novecento Museo del Risorgimento Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia `` Leonardo da Vinci '' Museo Diocesano Museo Poldi Pezzoli Museo Teatrale alla Scala Contemporary Art Pavilion Pinacoteca di Brera Sforza Castle Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum Applied Arts Collection Archaeological Museum Egyptian Museum Museum of Musical Instruments Museo d'Arte Antica Pinacoteca Villas and palaces Casa Campanini Casa degli Omenoni Casa di Riposo per Musicisti Casa Manzoni Casa Panigarola Castello Cova Palazzo dell'Arengario Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana Palazzo Belgioioso Palazzo Borromeo Palazzo Carminati Palazzo Castiglioni Palazzo dei Giureconsulti Palazzo Mezzanotte Palazzo della Ragione Palazzo delle Scuole Palatine Palazzo del Senato Royal Palace of Milan Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte Libraries Biblioteca Ambrosiana Biblioteca di Brera Theatres La Scala Piccolo Teatro Teatro degli Arcimboldi Teatro Dal Verme Teatro Lirico Squares and public spaces Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Piazza Cordusio Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Scala Piazza Mercanti Piazza Gae Aulenti Streets and canals Corso Buenos Aires Navigli Quadrilatero della moda Via della Spiga Via Monte Napoleone Gardens and parks Basilicas Park Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli Orto Botanico di Brera Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa Parco Sempione Villa Litta Modignani Events and traditions EICMA Expo 2015 Milan Fashion Week Milan Furniture Fair Milan International ( 1906 ) Oh bej ! Oh bej ! Triennale Districts of Milan Trams in Milan VIAF : 157818740 LCCN : n80060867 GND : 4037100 - 1 SUDOC : 026392763 BNF : cb11864886n ( data ) HDS : 6598 NDL : 00629314 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan&oldid=828242603 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Lombardy Communes of the Metropolitan City of Milan Tourist attractions in Milan Milan Communes of the Province of Milan 1st - millennium BC establishments in Italy Former capitals of Italy Populated places established in the 6th century BC University towns in Italy Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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where is milan located on the world map

Milan is located in the north - western section of the Po Valley , approximately halfway between the river Po to the south and the foothills of the Alps with the great lakes ( Lake Como , Lake Maggiore , Lake Lugano ) to the north , the Ticino river to the west and the Adda to the east . The city 's land is flat , the highest point being at 122 m ( 400.26 ft ) above sea level .

List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by area Jump to : navigation , search States by area . Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset . This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area by state / territory 2 Area by division 3 Area by region 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Area by state / territory ( edit ) Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,696.32 423,972 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 % Area by division ( edit ) All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174 Area by region ( edit ) All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492 U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world . The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined . Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage See also ( edit ) United States portal List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census , unlike previous years , as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts , Census 2000 Geography Glossary , U.S. Census Bureau . Accessed 2007 - 07 - 10 ^ Jump up to : `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . pp. V -- 2 , 1 & 41 ( Tables 1 & 18 ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 1 ( Table 1 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . 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what is the largest state in america by size

Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,696.32 423,972 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 %

Sean Hayes ( Actor ) - wikipedia Sean Hayes ( Actor ) Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Sean Hayes , see Sean Hayes ( disambiguation ) . Sean Hayes Hayes in 2010 Sean Patrick Hayes ( 1970 - 06 - 26 ) June 26 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian , producer Years active 1996 -- present Spouse ( s ) Scott Icenogle ( m . 2014 ) Sean Patrick Hayes ( born June 26 , 1970 ) is an American actor , comedian , and producer . He is best known for his role as Jack McFarland on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace , for which he won an Emmy Award , four SAG Awards , and one American Comedy Award , and earned six Golden Globe nominations . He also runs a television production company called Hazy Mills Productions , which produces shows such as Grimm , Hot in Cleveland , The Soul Man , and Hollywood Game Night . He is known for his film work in movies such as Cats & Dogs , Pieces of April , The Cat in the Hat , Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! , The Bucket List , and The Three Stooges . He is also known for his work on Broadway such as An Act of God and Promises , Promises , where he played Chuck Baxter and received a nomination for Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hayes was born in Chicago , the youngest child of Mary Hayes , the director of a non-profit food bank , and Ronald Hayes , a lithographer . He is of Irish descent and was raised as a Roman Catholic in the Chicago suburb of Glen Ellyn , Illinois . His father left when Hayes was five years old , and he and his siblings were raised by their mother . He has not spoken to his father in many years . After graduating from Glenbard West High School , Hayes attended Illinois State University , where he studied piano performance . He left `` two or three classes short '' of graduation when he became music director at the Pheasant Run Theater in St. Charles , Illinois . Hayes worked as a classical pianist . He practiced improv at The Second City in Chicago . He also composed original music for a production of Antigone at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago . He moved to Los Angeles in 1995 , where he found work as a stand - up comedian and an actor on stage and on television , including a commercial for Doritos which aired during Super Bowl XXXII in 1998 . Career ( edit ) As a teenager , Hayes was an extra in the film Lucas ( 1986 ) , which was filmed at his high school . He made his professional debut in the independent film Billy 's Hollywood Screen Kiss ( 1998 ) , which brought him wide attention . The same year , he was cast as Jack McFarland , a flamboyantly gay and frequently unemployed actor , in the NBC comedy series Will & Grace . The show became a long - running hit and Hayes ' performance earned him seven consecutive Emmy Award nominations as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . He won the award for his first nomination . He was also nominated for six Golden Globe Awards for his performance . Hayes also made film appearances in Cats & Dogs ( 2001 ) , as Jerry Lewis in Martin and Lewis ( 2002 ) , Wayne in Pieces of April ( 2003 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) , and Win a Date With Tad Hamilton ! ( 2004 ) . He was also the voice of Brain in the 2008 film Igor , and has guest starred in television shows such as Scrubs and 30 Rock . In 2005 , he was executive producer for Bravo 's Situation : Comedy , a reality television series about sitcoms . He also executive produced The Sperm Donor and Stephen 's Life , the two winning scripts that were chosen by NBC . He guest - starred in 2006 in the Adult Swim cameo - filled show Tom Goes to the Mayor . Hayes appeared as Thomas in the film The Bucket List ( 2007 ) . On July 5 , 2008 , he made his New York stage debut as Mr. Applegate / Devil in New York City Center 's Encores ! production of Damn Yankees . He also appeared as Mr. Hank Hummerfloob and the voice of `` The Fish '' in The Cat in the Hat . In a 2008 New York Times interview , Hayes talked about a television project , BiCoastal , about `` a guy with a wife and kids in California and a boyfriend in New York '' for Showtime . He made his Broadway debut in the April 2010 Broadway revival of the musical Promises , Promises . He received a nomination for the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance , and was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Hayes was host of the 64th Annual Tony Awards on June 13 , 2010 on CBS . In 2010 , he reprised the role of Mr. Tinkles , the evil white Persian cat , in Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore . On November 15 , 2010 , he appeared in a satirical PSA for the repeal of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . He played Larry Fine in the film The Three Stooges ( 2012 ) . Aware that his role in Will & Grace `` would n't go on forever '' , Hayes teamed up with his friend Todd Milliner , whom he met at Illinois State University , to create the television production company Hazy Mills Productions in 2004 . The company has produced multiple American television series , including Hot in Cleveland , Grimm , The Soul Man , Hollywood Game Night and Sean Saves the World . Hayes is co-executive producer of the TV Land original comedy series Hot in Cleveland , which premiered in June 2010 . He is also a co-executive producer of the NBC series Grimm , as well as creator and executive producer on another NBC series , Hollywood Game Night . Hayes and his husband , Scott Icenogle , produce lip - sync videos under their YouTube channel , The Kitchen Sync . They lip - synced to songs such as Trouble & Burnitup ! He was the host of An All Star Tribute to James Burrows . Hayes starred in the Broadway play An Act of God , which ran from June 6 , 2016 to September 4 , 2016 . In 2017 , Hayes played the role of Steven , the devil emoji in The Emoji Movie . Personal Life ( edit ) Hayes refused to discuss his sexual orientation for many years , saying he believed that audiences would therefore be more open - minded about his characters . In a 2010 interview with The Advocate , he appeared to imply that he is gay , stating : `` Really ? You 're gon na shoot the gay guy down ? I never have had a problem saying who I am . I am who I am . '' He also indicated that he was in a relationship . He states that he feels like he has `` contributed monumentally to the success of the gay movement in America , and if anyone wants to argue that , I 'm open to it '' . He received an honorary PhD from Illinois State University in February 2013 . In November 2014 Hayes announced that he had married his partner of eight years , Scott Icenogle . In October 2017 , while appearing on an episode of Ellen , Hayes revealed that he had a rare condition that made his small intestine burst open . After spending time in the hospital , Hayes got his intestine fixed . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes A&P Sammy 1998 Billy 's Hollywood Screen Kiss Billy Collier 2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins Brain Pod # 13 Voice 2001 Cats & Dogs Mr. Tinkles Voice 2003 Pieces of April Wayne 2003 The Cat in the Hat Mr. Hank Humberfloob / Voice of the Fish Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! Richard Levy 2005 Roberto the Insect Architect Narrator 2007 The Bucket List Matthew 2008 Man Stroke Woman Various 2008 Soul Men Danny Epstein 2008 Igor Brain Voice Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore Mr. Tinkles Voice 2012 The Three Stooges Larry Fine 2012 Hit and Run Sandy Osterman 2013 Monsters University Terri Perry Voice 2014 How Murray Saved Christmas Edison Elf Voice 2017 The Emoji Movie Steven Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Silk Stalkings Roger Episode : `` Services Rendered '' 1998 - 2006 , 2017 - Will & Grace Jack McFarland 188 episodes American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Television Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated -- American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Television Series Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Nominated -- Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Nominated -- Viewers for Quality Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Quality Comedy Series 2001 Scrubs Nick Murdoch Episode : `` My Super Ego '' 2001 Saturday Night Live Himself / Host Episode : `` Sean Hayes / Shaggy '' 2002 Martin and Lewis Jerry Lewis Television film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie 2006 Tom Goes to the Mayor Tour Guide Episode : `` Bass Fest '' 2006 Lovespring International Victor Episode : `` A Rear Window '' 2006 Will & Grace : Say Goodnight Gracie Jack McFarland Television film 2006 -- 2007 Campus Ladies Marshall 2 episodes 2007 30 Rock Jesse Parcell Episode : `` Hiatus '' 64th Tony Awards Host Television special Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program 2010 -- 2015 Hot in Cleveland Chad Episode : `` One Thing or a Mother '' Also executive producer ; 124 episodes 2011 -- 2017 Grimm Executive producer ; 108 episodes 2012 -- 2016 The Soul Man Executive producer ; 11 episodes 2012 Portlandia Sean Episode : `` Cops Redesign '' 2012 Parks and Recreation Buddy Wood Episode : `` Lucky '' 2012 Up All Night Walter 4 episodes 2013 Smash Terrence Falls 3 episodes 2013 American Dad ! Foster ( voice ) Episode : `` Lost in Space '' 2013 -- 2014 Sean Saves the World Sean Harrison 15 episodes Also executive producer ; 15 episodes 2013 -- present Hollywood Game Night Himself 2 episodes Also creator , executive producer ; 6 episodes 2014 The Millers Kip Finkle 11 episodes 2014 The Comeback Himself Episode : `` Valerie Gets What She Really Wants '' 2015 The Late Late Show Himself / Guest Host 3 episodes 2016 Crowded Executive producer ; 13 episodes 2016 Maya & Marty Himself / various 2 episodes 2016 An All Star Tribute to James Burrows Himself / Host Television special Also executive producer 2016 Hairspray Live ! Mr. Pinky Television special 2017 Tangled : The Series Pete the Guard ( voice ) Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Damn Yankees Applegate Off - Broadway 2010 -- 2011 Promises , Promises Chuck Baxter Broadway Nominated -- Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Nominated -- Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical 2015 An Act of God God US Tour 2016 Broadway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sean Hayes Biography '' . filmreference. 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McGee , Celia ( July 6 , 2008 ) . `` Selling His Soul for the Part '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stated in interview on Inside the Actors Studio . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Not Easy Being Jack '' . The Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2000 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sotonoff , Jamie ; Gire , Dann ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Sean Hayes , suburban pal team up for TV success '' . Daily Herald . Arlington Heights , Illinois . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Sobota , Lenore ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Actor Sean Hayes , former Fairleigh Dickinson president receive honorary degrees '' . Pantagraph.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Corinne ( 2008 ) . The Q Guide to Will and Grace : Stuff You Did n't Even Know You Wanted to Know ... About Will , Grace , Jack , Karen , and Lots of Guest Stars . Alyson Publications . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59350 - 083 - 2 . In the early days of his career , he supported himself as a classical pianist . ^ Jump up to : Karpel , Ari ( April 2010 ) . `` Sean Hayes : I Am Who I Am '' . The Advocate . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Magazine , People ( 2002 ) . People : Almanac 2003 . Cader Books . p. 380 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929049 - 96 - 7 . Composed original music for a Steppenwolf production of Antigone . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` New deal for CBS swinger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Sean Hayes to Host the Tonys '' . TVGuide . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Filming at 5 Points Sports Building -- Downtown Atlanta / Fairlie Poplar District '' ( PDF ) . atlantadowntown.com. April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Bridget ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` Oh curses , it 's hard : ' Will & Grace ' stars try to beat odds '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff writers ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Development Update : Eight Days a Week ( The CW , New ! ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Company '' . Hazy Mills Productions . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey . `` When Did Sean Hayes and Todd Milliner Take Over TV ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found '' . inbaseline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Orders Brothers Grimm - Themed Drama From Buffy Scribe '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Bold New Game Show ' Hollywood Game Night ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Kitchen Sync '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean Hayes ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Will And Grace ' Star Sean Hayes Steps To Broadway '' . Fresh Air ( Interview : audio / transcript ) . Interview with Terry Gross . NPR / WHYY . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan ( November 2014 ) . `` Sean Hayes Marries Longtime Partner Scott Icenogle '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Hayes Was Hospitalized After His Small Intestine Burst '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Beltran , Mary C. ; Fojas , Camilla ( 1 August 2008 ) . Mixed Race Hollywood . NYU Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9989 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Ronald ; Hornberger , Francine ( 2006 ) . So You Think You Know about Cats ? : An All - in - one Guide for Felines and Their Humans . Citadel . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2749 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rowan , Terry . World War II Goes to the Movies & Television Guide Volume II L-Z . Lulu.com . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 105 - 46543 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Must See TV : An All - Star Tribute to James Burrows '' . NBC . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sean Hayes Theatre Credits '' . www.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Sean Hayes . Biography Resource Center Online . Gale Group . 1999 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sean Hayes ( actor ) . Sean Hayes on IMDb Sean Hayes at the Internet Broadway Database Hosts of the Tony Awards ceremonies 1947 -- 1960 Brock Pemberton ( 1947 ) Bert Lytell / Hiram Sherman / Harry Hirshfield ( 1948 ) Brock Pemberton / James Sauter ( 1949 ) None ( 1950 ) James Sauter ( 1951 ) Helen Hayes ( 1952 ) Faye Emerson ( 1953 ) James Sauter ( 1954 ) Helen Hayes ( 1955 ) Jack Carter ( 1956 ) Bud Collyer ( 1957 ) Bud Collyer ( 1958 ) Bud Collyer ( 1959 ) Eddie Albert ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Phil Silvers ( 1961 ) Ray Bolger / Robert Preston ( 1962 ) Abe Burrows / Robert Morse ( 1963 ) Sidney Blackmer ( 1964 ) Tom Bosley / José Ferrer / Van Johnson ( 1965 ) George Abbott / Ginger Rogers ( 1966 ) Mary Martin / Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Angela Lansbury / Peter Ustinov ( 1968 ) Diahann Carroll / Alan King ( 1969 ) Julie Andrews / Shirley MacLaine / Walter Matthau ( 1970 ) Lauren Bacall / Angela Lansbury / Anthony Quayle / Anthony Quinn ( 1971 ) Deborah Kerr / Henry Fonda / Peter Ustinov ( 1972 ) Rex Harrison / Celeste Holm ( 1973 ) Peter Falk / Florence Henderson / Robert Preston / Cicely Tyson ( 1974 ) Larry Blyden / George S. Irving / Larry Kert / Carol Lawrence / Michele Lee / Bernadette Peters / Bobby Van ( 1975 ) Eddie Albert / Richard Burton / Jane Fonda / Diana Rigg / George C. Scott / Trish Van Devere ( 1976 ) Jack Albertson / Bea Arthur / Buddy Ebsen / Damon Evans / Jean Stapleton / Leslie Uggams ( 1977 ) None ( 1978 ) Jane Alexander / Henry Fonda / Liv Ullmann ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore / Jason Robards ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Ellen Burstyn / Richard Chamberlain ( 1981 ) Tony Randall ( 1982 ) Richard Burton / Lena Horne / Jack Lemmon ( 1983 ) Julie Andrews / Robert Preston ( 1984 ) None ( 1985 ) None ( 1986 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1987 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1988 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1989 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1990 ) Julie Andrews / Jeremy Irons ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins / Amy Irving ( 1994 ) Nathan Lane / Glenn Close / Gregory Hines ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1997 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1998 ) None ( 1999 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2020 Nathan Lane / Matthew Broderick ( 2001 ) Bernadette Peters / Gregory Hines ( 2002 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2005 ) None ( 2006 ) None ( 2007 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 2008 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2009 ) Sean Hayes ( 2010 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2012 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2013 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth / Alan Cumming ( 2015 ) James Corden ( 2016 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2017 ) Awards for Sean Hayes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Art Carney ( 1954 ) Art Carney ( 1955 ) Art Carney ( 1956 ) Carl Reiner ( 1957 ) Carl Reiner ( 1958 ) Tom Poston ( 1959 ) Don Knotts ( 1961 ) Don Knotts ( 1962 ) Don Knotts ( 1963 ) Don Knotts ( 1966 ) Don Knotts ( 1967 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1968 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1969 ) Michael Constantine ( 1970 ) Edward Asner ( 1971 ) Edward Asner ( 1972 ) Ted Knight ( 1973 ) Rob Reiner ( 1974 ) Edward Asner ( 1975 ) Ted Knight ( 1976 ) Gary Burghoff ( 1977 ) Rob Reiner ( 1978 ) Robert Guillaume ( 1979 ) Harry Morgan ( 1980 ) Danny DeVito ( 1981 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1982 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1983 ) Pat Harrington , Jr. ( 1984 ) John Larroquette ( 1985 ) John Larroquette ( 1986 ) John Larroquette ( 1987 ) John Larroquette ( 1988 ) Woody Harrelson ( 1989 ) Alex Rocco ( 1990 ) Jonathan Winters ( 1991 ) Michael Jeter ( 1992 ) Michael Richards ( 1993 ) Michael Richards ( 1994 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1995 ) Rip Torn ( 1996 ) Michael Richards ( 1997 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1998 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1999 ) Sean Hayes ( 2000 ) Peter MacNicol ( 2001 ) Brad Garrett ( 2002 ) Brad Garrett ( 2003 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2004 ) Brad Garrett ( 2005 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2006 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2007 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2008 ) Jon Cryer ( 2009 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2010 ) Ty Burrell ( 2011 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2012 ) Tony Hale ( 2013 ) Ty Burrell ( 2014 ) Tony Hale ( 2015 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Jason Alexander ( 1994 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1995 ) John Lithgow ( 1996 ) John Lithgow ( 1997 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1998 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1999 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2000 ) Sean Hayes ( 2001 ) Sean Hayes ( 2002 ) Tony Shalhoub ( 2003 ) Tony Shalhoub ( 2004 ) Sean Hayes ( 2005 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2006 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2007 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2008 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2009 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2010 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2011 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2012 ) Ty Burrell ( 2013 ) William H. Macy ( 2014 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2015 ) William H. Macy ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 42050644 LCCN : no2002032593 ISNI : 0000 0000 8121 0456 GND : 141944056 SUDOC : 150961804 BNF : cb14186017q ( data ) MusicBrainz : 6fd5cc27 - a9e6 - 4f33 - a510 - bb51fc97dca2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sean_Hayes_(actor)&oldid=807113795 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Male actors from Chicago American male comedians American male film actors American people of Irish descent American male television actors American television producers American male voice actors Gay actors LGBT comedians LGBT producers LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Illinois Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Illinois State University alumni People from Glen Ellyn , Illinois 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Comedians from Illinois Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2015 Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 00 : 16 . 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actor who plays jack in will and grace

Sean Patrick Hayes ( born June 26 , 1970 ) is an American actor , comedian , and producer . He is best known for his role as Jack McFarland on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace , for which he won an Emmy Award , four SAG Awards , and one American Comedy Award , and earned six Golden Globe nominations . He also runs a television production company called Hazy Mills Productions , which produces shows such as Grimm , Hot in Cleveland , The Soul Man , and Hollywood Game Night .

NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament bids by school and conference - wikipedia NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament bids by school and conference Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament bids by school ( divided by their current conference affiliation ) . Schools whose names are listed in the last table are no longer in NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball , and can no longer be included in the tournament . The years listed are the last tournament year a school has reached a certain round of the NCAA Tournament . Because earlier tournaments took place with fewer teams , the years listed are only those in which the school advanced ( or received a bye ) from an earlier round . For instance , no team is judged to have reached the Elite 8 until the 1951 Tournament because the NCAA tournament started with 8 teams from 1939 -- 50 . Similarly , no team is judged to have reached the Sweet 16 until the 1953 Tournament because the tournament started with 16 or fewer teams before 1953 . Note also that some schools have NCAA tournament appearances under previous names . For example , UTEP was known as Texas Western when it won its NCAA title in 1966 . Additional notes : Opening round wins count as a win in the NCAA tournament . Appearances by a school that has forfeited its appearances after the fact are still shown here . Teams listed in competing in the 2017 Tournament have received an automatic or at - large bid . The tournament bids by conference total is based on the number of tournament appearances by current members of the conference ; not on the actual number of appearances by a conference irrespective of changes in membership . While the bids by conference depicted amount is a good reflection on historic performance by the current membership , the amount does not accurately depict a conference 's historical performance in the tournament . The lists are updated through the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . They also reflect changes for the 2017 -- 18 & 2018 -- 19 seasons . Wichita State to join the American Athletic Conference . Valparaiso to join the Missouri Valley Conference . IUPUI to join the Horizon League . North Alabama is joining the Atlantic Sun in 2018 . Cal Baptist joining the WAC in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bids by conference 1.1 American Athletic Conference 1.2 America East Conference 1.3 Atlantic 10 Conference 1.4 Atlantic Coast Conference 1.5 Atlantic Sun Conference 1.6 Big 12 Conference 1.7 Big East Conference 1.8 Big Sky Conference 1.9 Big South Conference 1.10 Big Ten Conference 1.11 Big West Conference 1.12 Colonial Athletic Association 1.13 Conference USA 1.14 Horizon League 1.15 Ivy League 1.16 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference 1.17 Mid-American Conference 1.18 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference 1.19 Missouri Valley Conference 1.20 Mountain West Conference 1.21 Northeast Conference 1.22 Ohio Valley Conference 1.23 Pac - 12 Conference 1.24 Patriot League 1.25 Southeastern Conference 1.26 Southern Conference 1.27 Southland Conference 1.28 Southwestern Athletic Conference 1.29 Sun Belt Conference 1.30 The Summit League 1.31 West Coast Conference 1.32 Western Athletic Conference 1.33 Non Division I teams 2 Schools yet to receive bids 3 See also 4 References Bids by conference ( edit ) Note that these figures represent the total bids received by each current member of the conference , and does not necessarily reflect the number of years that a conference was represented in the tournament . Rank Conference All - time bids ACC 381 Big Ten 298 SEC 269 Pac - 12 248 5 Big 12 246 6 Big East 242 7 The American 195 8 Atlantic 10 148 9 Mountain West 118 9 West Coast 118 11 Conference USA 112 12 Ivy 74 13 Mid-American 72 14 Missouri Valley 65 15 Patriot 54 16 Big Sky 53 17 Ohio Valley 52 18 MAAC 48 18 Sun Belt 48 20 Southern 42 21 Colonial 38 22 SWAC 37 23 MEAC 36 24 WAC 35 25 Northeast 29 26 Southland 27 26 Horizon 27 28 Big West 26 29 Big South 21 30 America East 14 31 Summit 12 32 Atlantic Sun 9 American Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 33 Connecticut 2016 2016 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 ( 4 ) 32 Temple 2016 2013 2001 2001 1958 31 Cincinnati 2017 2017 2012 1992 1963 1962 ( 2 ) 26 Memphis 2014 2014 2009 2008 ( vacated ) 2008 ( vacated ) 2008 ( vacated ) 19 Houston 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 16 Tulsa 2016 2003 2000 2000 14 Wichita State 2017 2017 2015 2013 2013 12 SMU 2017 1988 1967 1967 1956 UCF 2005 South Florida 2012 2012 Tulane 1995 1995 East Carolina 1993 Total : 195 America East Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 6 Vermont 2017 2012 5 Albany 2015 2014 Stony Brook 2016 Binghamton 2009 UMBC 2008 Total : 14 Atlantic 10 Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 21 Saint Joseph 's 2016 2016 1961 ( * Vacated ) 18 Dayton 2017 2015 2014 2014 1967 1967 16 VCU 2017 2016 2011 2011 2011 13 Davidson 2015 2008 2008 2008 12 La Salle 2013 2013 2013 1955 1955 1955 1954 ( 1 ) 11 George Washington 2014 2006 1993 9 Rhode Island 2017 2017 1998 1998 9 Massachusetts 2014 1996 ( * Vacated ) 1996 ( * Vacated ) 1996 ( * Vacated ) 1996 ( * Vacated ) 9 Saint Louis 2014 2014 1957 1952 9 Richmond 2011 2011 2011 6 St. Bonaventure 2012 1970 1970 1970 1970 6 George Mason 2011 2011 2006 2006 2006 5 Duquesne 1977 1969 1969 1952 1940 Fordham 1992 1971 1971 Total : 148 Atlantic Coast Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 48 North Carolina 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 ( 6 ) 42 Louisville 2017 2017 2015 2015 2013 2013 2013 ( 3 ) 41 Duke 2017 2017 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 ( 5 ) 38 Syracuse 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2003 2003 ( 1 ) 36 Notre Dame 2017 2017 2016 2016 1978 26 Pittsburgh 2016 2014 2009 2009 1941 26 North Carolina State 2015 2015 2015 1986 1983 ( 2 ) 23 Wake Forest 2017 1962 21 Virginia 2017 2017 2016 2016 1984 18 Boston College 2009 2007 2006 1994 17 Florida State 2017 2017 2011 1993 1972 1972 16 Georgia Tech 11 Clemson 2011 2011 1997 1980 9 Miami ( FL ) 2017 2016 2016 9 Virginia Tech 2017 2007 1967 1967 Total : 381 Atlantic Sun Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 5 Jacksonville 1986 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 Florida Gulf Coast 2017 2016 2013 North Florida 2015 Total : 9 Big 12 Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 46 Kansas 2017 2017 2017 2017 2012 2012 2008 ( 3 ) 33 Texas 2016 2014 2008 2008 2003 30 Oklahoma 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 1988 29 Kansas State 2017 2017 1964 1951 28 Oklahoma State 2017 2009 2005 1949 1946 ( 2 ) 28 West Virginia 2017 2017 2017 1959 19 Iowa State 2017 2017 2016 2000 1944 15 Texas Tech 2016 2005 2005 11 Baylor 2017 2017 2017 2012 1950 1948 7 TCU 1998 1968 1968 Total : 246 Big East Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 37 Villanova 2017 2017 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 ( 2 ) 32 Marquette 2017 2013 2013 2013 2003 1977 1977 ( 1 ) 30 Georgetown 2015 2015 2007 2007 2007 1985 1984 ( 1 ) 29 St. John 's 2015 2000 1999 1999 1985 1952 27 Xavier 2017 2017 2017 2017 22 DePaul 1979 1979 20 Creighton 2017 2014 19 Providence 2017 2016 1997 1997 15 Butler 2017 2017 2017 2011 2011 2011 11 Seton Hall 2017 2000 1991 1989 1989 Total : 242 Big Sky Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 16 Weber State 2016 1999 1972 11 Idaho State 1977 1977 1977 10 Montana 2013 2006 Idaho 1990 1982 1982 Montana State Eastern Washington 2015 Portland State 2009 Northern Arizona 2000 North Dakota 2017 Northern Colorado 2011 Southern Utah 2001 Total : 53 Big South Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 10 Winthrop 2017 2007 UNC Asheville 2016 2011 Liberty 2013 Radford 2009 Charleston Southern 1997 Campbell 1992 Total : 21 Big Ten Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 39 Indiana 2016 2016 2016 2002 2002 2002 1987 ( 5 ) 31 Michigan State 2017 2017 2015 2015 2015 2009 2000 ( 2 ) 31 Ohio State 2015 2015 2013 2013 2012 2007 1960 ( 1 ) 30 Illinois 2013 2013 2005 2005 2005 2005 29 Purdue 2017 2017 2017 2000 1980 1969 27 Maryland 2017 2016 2016 2002 2002 2002 2002 ( 1 ) 27 Michigan 2017 2017 2017 2014 2013 2013 1989 ( 1 ) 25 Iowa 2016 2016 1999 1980 1956 23 Wisconsin 2017 2017 2017 2015 2015 2015 1941 ( 1 ) 13 Minnesota 2017 2013 1997 1997 1997 9 Penn State 2011 2001 2001 1954 1954 7 Nebraska 2014 6 Rutgers 1991 1979 1976 1976 Northwestern 2017 2017 Total : 298 Big West Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 9 Long Beach State 2012 1973 1973 1972 5 Hawaii 2016 2016 5 UC Santa Barbara 2011 1990 Cal State Fullerton 2008 1978 1978 1978 Cal State Northridge 2009 UC Davis 2017 2017 UC Irvine 2015 Cal Poly 2014 2014 Total : 26 Colonial Athletic Association ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 8 Northeastern 2015 1984 6 UNC Wilmington 2017 2002 5 James Madison 2013 2013 5 Delaware 2014 College of Charleston 1999 1997 Drexel Hofstra 2001 Towson 1991 Total : 38 Conference USA ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 23 Western Kentucky 2013 2012 2008 1971 ( vacated ) 1971 ( vacated ) 17 UTEP 1992 1992 1966 1966 1966 1966 ( 1 ) 15 UAB 2015 2015 1982 11 Charlotte 2005 2001 1977 1977 1977 11 Old Dominion 2011 9 Middle Tennessee 2017 2017 5 Louisiana Tech 1991 1989 1985 5 Marshall Rice 1970 1954 1954 UTSA 2011 2011 Southern Miss 2012 North Texas Florida Atlantic 2002 FIU 1995 Total : 112 Horizon League ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 6 Detroit 2012 1999 1977 5 Green Bay 2016 1994 Milwaukee 2014 2006 2005 Oakland 2011 2005 UIC Cleveland State 2009 2009 1986 Wright State 2007 Northern Kentucky 2017 IUPUI 2003 Total : 27 Ivy League ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 25 Princeton 2017 1998 1967 1965 1965 23 Pennsylvania 2007 1994 1979 1979 1979 7 Dartmouth 1959 1958 1958 1958 1944 1944 5 Cornell 5 Harvard 2015 2014 Yale 2016 2016 Columbia 1968 1968 1968 Brown 1986 Total : 74 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 12 Iona 2017 1980 ( vacated ) 8 Manhattan 2015 1958 6 Siena 2009 Canisius 1957 1957 1956 Monmouth 2006 2006 Niagara 2007 2007 1970 Saint Peter 's 2011 Fairfield 1997 Rider 1994 Marist Total : 48 Mid-American Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 17 Miami ( OH ) 2007 1999 1999 13 Ohio 2012 2012 2012 1964 7 Ball State 2000 1990 1990 6 Kent State 2017 2002 2002 2002 Western Michigan 2014 1998 1976 Central Michigan 2003 2003 Eastern Michigan 1998 1991 Toledo 1980 1979 1979 Bowling Green 1968 1963 1963 Akron 2013 Northern Illinois Buffalo 2016 Total : 72 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 10 North Carolina A&T 2013 2013 6 Hampton 2016 2015 5 South Carolina State 2003 Coppin State 2008 1997 Florida A&M 2007 North Carolina Central 2017 Morgan State Howard 1992 Norfolk State 2012 2012 Delaware State 2005 Total : 36 Missouri Valley Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 10 Southern Illinois 2007 2007 2007 9 Valparaiso 2015 1998 1998 8 Northern Iowa 2016 2016 8 Bradley 2006 2006 2006 1955 1954 1954 6 Missouri State 1999 1999 1999 6 Illinois State 1998 1998 5 Loyola -- Chicago 1985 1985 1985 1963 1963 1963 1963 ( 1 ) 5 Evansville 1999 1989 Indiana State 2011 2001 1979 1979 1979 1979 Drake 2008 1971 1971 1971 1969 Total : 65 Mountain West Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 20 UNLV 2013 2008 2007 1991 1991 1990 1990 ( 1 ) 20 Utah State 2011 2001 1970 1970 15 Wyoming 2015 2002 1952 1943 1943 1943 ( 1 ) 15 New Mexico 2014 2012 11 San Diego State 2015 2015 2014 10 Colorado State 2013 2013 1969 1969 7 Nevada 2017 2007 7 Boise State 2015 6 Fresno State 2016 2001 1982 Air Force 2006 San Jose State Total : 118 Northeast Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 8 Robert Morris 2015 2015 6 LIU Brooklyn 2013 5 Mount Saint Mary 's 2017 2017 5 Fairleigh Dickinson 2016 Central Connecticut 2007 Wagner 2003 Saint Francis ( PA ) 1991 Total : 29 Ohio Valley Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 15 Murray State 2012 2012 8 Eastern Kentucky 2014 7 Austin Peay 2016 1973 7 Morehead State 2011 2011 1961 7 Belmont 2015 Eastern Illinois 2001 Tennessee State 1994 Tennessee Tech 1963 Jacksonville State 2017 Southeast Missouri State 2000 Total : 52 Pac - 12 Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 49 UCLA 2017 2017 2017 2008 2008 2006 1995 ( 11 ) 34 Arizona 2017 2017 2017 2015 2001 2001 1997 ( 1 ) 29 Utah 2016 2016 2015 1998 1998 1998 1944 ( 1 ) 19 California 2016 2013 1997 1960 1960 1960 1959 ( 1 ) 18 Southern California 2017 2017 2007 2001 1954 17 Oregon State 2016 1982 1982 1982 1963 17 Stanford 2014 2014 2014 2001 1998 1942 1942 ( 1 ) 16 Washington 2011 2011 1953 1953 15 Oregon 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 1939 1939 ( 1 ) 14 Arizona State 2014 2009 1995 14 Colorado 2016 2012 1969 1963 1955 6 Washington State 2008 2008 2008 1941 1941 1941 Total : 248 Patriot League ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 13 Holy Cross 2016 2016 1953 1953 1948 1947 1947 ( 1 ) 11 Navy 1998 1986 1986 1986 7 Bucknell 2017 2006 7 Boston University 2011 1959 1959 1959 5 Lehigh 2012 2012 Lafayette 2015 1957 American 2014 Loyola ( MD ) 2012 Colgate Total : 54 Southeastern Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 56 Kentucky 2017 2017 2017 2017 2015 2014 2012 ( 8 ) 31 Arkansas 2017 2017 1995 1995 1995 1994 ( 1 ) 26 Missouri 2013 2009 2009 21 LSU 2015 2009 2006 2006 2006 20 Tennessee 2014 2014 2014 20 Alabama 2012 2006 20 Florida 2017 2017 2017 2017 2014 2007 2007 ( 2 ) 15 Vanderbilt 2017 2012 2007 1965 13 Texas A&M 2016 2016 2016 12 Georgia 2015 2002 10 Mississippi State 2009 2008 9 South Carolina 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 8 Auburn 2003 2003 2003 1986 8 Mississippi 2015 2015 2001 Total : 269 Southern Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 11 Chattanooga 2016 1997 1997 10 East Tennessee State 2017 1992 1968 6 Furman 1980 Wofford 2015 VMI 1977 1977 1977 1976 Mercer 2014 2014 UNC Greensboro 2001 Samford 2000 Western Carolina Total : 42 Southland Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 6 Lamar 2012 1980 5 New Orleans 2017 Stephen F. Austin 2016 2016 Northwestern State 2013 2006 Sam Houston State McNeese State 2002 Nicholls State 1998 Texas A&M -- Corpus Christi 2007 Southeastern Louisiana 2005 Houston Baptist 1984 Total : 27 Southwestern Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 9 Southern 2016 1993 7 Texas Southern 2017 6 Alcorn State 2002 1984 5 Mississippi Valley State 2012 Alabama State 2011 Jackson State 2007 Arkansas -- Pine Bluff Alabama A&M 2005 Prairie View A&M 1998 Total : 37 Sun Belt Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 10 Louisiana -- Lafayette 2014 1992 1973 ( vacated ) 8 South Alabama 2008 1989 7 Louisiana -- Monroe 5 Little Rock 2016 2016 Coastal Carolina 2015 Georgia State 2015 2015 Georgia Southern 1992 Troy 2017 Appalachian State 2000 Texas State 1997 Texas -- Arlington 2008 Arkansas State 1999 Total : 48 The Summit League ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 5 Oral Roberts 2008 South Dakota State 2017 North Dakota State 2015 2014 Total : 12 West Coast Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 29 BYU 2015 2012 2011 1981 20 Gonzaga 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 16 San Francisco 1998 1979 1979 1957 1956 1956 ( 2 ) 13 Pepperdine 2002 2000 1976 11 Santa Clara 1970 1969 1952 9 Saint Mary 's 2017 2017 1959 9 Pacific 2013 2005 1971 1967 5 Loyola Marymount 1990 1990 1990 1990 San Diego 2008 2008 Portland Total : 118 Western Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 23 New Mexico State 2017 1993 1992 1970 1970 11 Seattle 1969 1964 1964 1958 1958 1958 Cal State Bakersfield 2016 Total : 35 Non Division I teams ( edit ) These are schools which were once Division I programs but which have since either discontinued sponsorship of basketball or dropped to a lower level of competition . Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) Current status 11 Oklahoma City 1973 1973 1965 1957 NAIA Division I 6 NYU 1963 1963 1963 1960 1960 1945 NCAA Division III Loyola ( LA ) 1958 NAIA Division I CCNY 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 ( 1 ) NCAA Division III Hardin - Simmons 1957 NCAA Division III Wayne State ( MI ) 1956 1956 1956 NCAA Division II Lebanon Valley 1953 1953 1953 NCAA Division III Cal State LA NCAA Division II Trinity ( TX ) 1969 NCAA Division III West Texas A&M 1955 NCAA Division II Williams 1955 NCAA Division III Tufts 1945 NCAA Division III Catholic 1944 NCAA Division III Springfield 1940 NCAA Division III Schools yet to receive bids ( edit ) America East Conference -- Hartford , Maine , New Hampshire UMass Lowell will be eligible for an NCAA tournament bid for the 1st time in 2018 . Atlantic Sun Conference -- Kennesaw State , Lipscomb , NJIT , South Carolina Upstate , Stetson North Alabama will join the Atlantic Sun Conference for the 2018 -- 19 season and will be eligible for an NCAA Tournament bid for the first time in 2024 . Big Sky Conference -- Sacramento State Big South Conference -- Gardner - Webb , High Point , Longwood , Presbyterian Big West Conference -- UC Riverside Colonial Athletic Association -- Elon , William & Mary Horizon League -- Youngstown State Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference -- Quinnipiac Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference -- Bethune - Cookman , Savannah State , UMES Northeast Conference -- Bryant , Sacred Heart , St. Francis Brooklyn Ohio Valley Conference -- SIU Edwardsville , Tennessee - Martin Patriot League -- Army Southern Conference -- The Citadel Southland Conference -- Central Arkansas Abilene Christian and Incarnate Word will be eligible for NCAA tournament bids for the 1st time in 2018 . Southwestern Athletic Conference -- Grambling Summit League -- Denver , Fort Wayne , Omaha , South Dakota , Western Illinois Western Athletic Conference -- Chicago State , UMKC , Utah Valley , UTRGV Grand Canyon will be eligible for an NCAA tournament bid for the 1st time in 2018 . California Baptist will join the WAC for the 2018 -- 19 season and will be eligible for an NCAA tournament bid for the 1st time in 2023 . See also ( edit ) NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament bids by school References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.lipscombsports.com/fanzone/news/2016-17/11730/north-alabama-to-join-asun-in-2017-18/ Jump up ^ http://www.pe.com/2017/01/14/cal-baptist-moving-to-ncaa-division-i/ ( hide ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Structure Selection process Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Venues Venues Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament_bids_by_school_and_conference&oldid=795790334 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship College men 's basketball records and statistics in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 14 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

college basketball teams that have never made the ncaa tournament

America East Conference -- Hartford , Maine , New Hampshire UMass Lowell will be eligible for an NCAA tournament bid for the 1st time in 2018 . Atlantic Sun Conference -- Kennesaw State , Lipscomb , NJIT , South Carolina Upstate , Stetson North Alabama will join the Atlantic Sun Conference for the 2018 -- 19 season and will be eligible for an NCAA Tournament bid for the first time in 2024 . Big Sky Conference -- Sacramento State Big South Conference -- Gardner - Webb , High Point , Longwood , Presbyterian Big West Conference -- UC Riverside Colonial Athletic Association -- Elon , William & Mary Horizon League -- Youngstown State Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference -- Quinnipiac Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference -- Bethune - Cookman , Savannah State , UMES Northeast Conference -- Bryant , Sacred Heart , St. Francis Brooklyn Ohio Valley Conference -- SIU Edwardsville , Tennessee - Martin Patriot League -- Army Southern Conference -- The Citadel Southland Conference -- Central Arkansas Abilene Christian and Incarnate Word will be eligible for NCAA tournament bids for the 1st time in 2018 . Southwestern Athletic Conference -- Grambling Summit League -- Denver , Fort Wayne , Omaha , South Dakota , Western Illinois Western Athletic Conference -- Chicago State , UMKC , Utah Valley , UTRGV Grand Canyon will be eligible for an NCAA tournament bid for the 1st time in 2018 . California Baptist will join the WAC for the 2018 -- 19 season and will be eligible for an NCAA tournament bid for the 1st time in 2023 .

Mercutio - wikipedia Mercutio Jump to : navigation , search Mercutio Romeo and Juliet character Romeo and Juliet Act III Scene I The Death of Romeo 's Friend , Mercutio . Edwin Austin Abbey , 1904 . Created by William Shakespeare Information Family Valentine ( brother ) , the Prince , and Count Paris Associate ( s ) Romeo , Benvolio Mercutio ( / mərˈkjuːʃioʊ / mər - KEW - shee - oh ) is a fictional character in William Shakespeare 's 1597 tragedy , Romeo and Juliet . He is a close friend to Romeo and a blood relative to Prince Escalus and Count Paris . As such , being neither a Montague nor a Capulet , Mercutio is one of the few in Verona with the ability to mingle around those of both houses . The invitation to Capulet 's party states that he has a brother named Valentine . Though often fun - loving and witty , the latter demonstrated in his Queen Mab speech in the first act , Mercutio 's sense of humor can at times be facetious or even coarse , much to his friends ' annoyance . Moreover , he is moody and given to sudden outbursts of temper , one of which sets a key plot development in motion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in the play 2 Name origins 3 Mercutio 's death 4 Performers 4.1 Stage 4.2 Film 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Role in the play ( edit ) One of Romeo 's closest friends , Mercutio , entreats Romeo to forget about his unrequited love for a girl named Rosaline and come with him to a masquerade ball at Lord Capulet 's estate , through use of his Queen Mab speech . There , Mercutio and his friends become the life of the party , but Romeo steals away to Juliet , Capulet 's daughter , with whom he has fallen in love , and he falls out of love with Rosaline . When Mercutio sees Romeo the next day , he is glad to see that his friend is his old self again , and he encourages Romeo , all the while making bawdy jokes at the expense of Juliet 's Nurse . After Romeo receives a death threat from Juliet 's cousin Tybalt , Mercutio expects Romeo to engage Tybalt in a duel . However , Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt , because Romeo now considers Tybalt to be kin due to his secret marriage to Juliet . Mercutio is incensed at his friend 's `` calm , dishonorable , vile submission '' , and decides to fight Tybalt himself , right before which , Mercutio refers to his sword as his `` fiddlestick . '' Romeo , not wanting his friend or his relative to get hurt , attempts to intervene . He fails , however , as Mercutio gets stabbed under Romeo 's arm and dies . Before he dies , Mercutio curses both the Montagues and Capulets , crying several times , `` A plague o ' both your houses ! '' ( Act III , Sc. 1 , often quoted as `` A pox on both your houses '' ) . He makes one final pun before he dies : `` Ask for me to - morrow , and you shall find me a grave man . '' A grief - stricken and enraged Romeo kills Tybalt , resulting in his banishment from Verona and beginning the tragic turn of events that make up the rest of the play . Name origins ( edit ) The name Mercutio was present in Shakespeare 's sources for Romeo and Juliet , though his character was not well developed and he was presented as a romantic rival for Juliet . The name is first used in Luigi Da Porto 's 1530 `` Giulietta e Romeo '' . Da Porto briefly introduces a character named Marcuccio Guertio , a noble youth `` with very cold hands , in July as in January '' , who makes Giulietta Cappelletti appreciate the warm hands of Romeo Montecchi . Mercutio 's death ( edit ) Earlier versions of the story described a different chain of events leading to Tybalt 's death , omitting Mercutio completely . Arthur Brooke 's The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet and William Painter 's 1567 versions of the story both left the entire episode solely to Romeo and Tybalt . In both stories , Tybaltio attacks the pacifist Romeo with such force that Romeo is forced to take up the sword to defend himself . He is then banished rather than executed because the killing was provoked . In 1672 , English poet John Dryden wrote , `` Shakespeare show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forced to murder him in the third Act , to being killed by him . '' The addition of Mercutio into the fray increases the tension , and Tybalt is seen as a slightly more peaceful character than in previous versions , as Mercutio is disgusted by the fact that Tybalt continues to search for a quarrel with Romeo , when Romeo is trying to bring peace between them . Mercutio hurls insults and taunts at Tybalt , and draws the sword first , in reaction to Tybalt 's insults , which are directed to Romeo . Mercutio 's death in Act III , scene I is the pivotal point of the play , which up to this point is relatively light - hearted . Mercutio 's death is sudden and makes death a dark reality for several characters , causing a domino effect of tragic fate that leads ultimately to the tragic climax . Performers ( edit ) A number of famous actors have played the role of Mercutio . A small sampling follows . Stage ( edit ) Orson Welles performed the role of Mercutio in repertory during the 36 - week US tour of the Katharine Cornell company ( 1933 -- 34 ) In 1933 -- 34 , Orson Welles played the role of Mercutio in the Katharine Cornell company 's seven - month nationwide tour In 1935 , Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud alternated the roles of Romeo and Mercutio in a London stage production directed by Gielgud . In 1945 , Ralph Richardson made his Broadway debut as Mercutio opposite the Romeo of Maurice Evans and the Juliet of Katharine Cornell . In 1947 , Paul Scofield played Mercutio in a production directed by Peter Brook . In 1958 , Alec McCowen enjoyed a major success as Mercutio in London . In 2006 , Benjamin Walker portrayed Mercutio during the Williamstown Theater Festival with Emmy Rossum as Juliet and Greg Hildreth as Benvolio . Mickey Calin portrayed Riff Lorton , the Mercutio and Lord Montague character , in the stage musical of West Side Story . In 2013 , Luca Giacomelli Ferrarini played Mercutio in the stage musical of the Italian production `` Romeo e Giulietta - Ama e cambia il mondo '' , directed by Giuliano Peparini . In 2017 , Eli Wilcox played Mercutio in the hit play , Romeo and Juliet , directed by Robert McDunnough & starring Christopher Ely as Romeo and Zachary Pringel as Juliet . Film ( edit ) In 1936 , John Barrymore portrayed Mercutio in George Cukor 's film Romeo and Juliet opposite Leslie Howard as Romeo . In 1961 , Russ Tamblyn played the Mercutio character , Riff Lorton , in the film adaptation of West Side Story , the musical modernised version of Romeo and Juliet . In 1968 , John McEnery portrayed Mercutio in Franco Zeffirelli 's film Romeo and Juliet . In 1976 , Robin Nedwell played Mercutio in the Thames Television production directed by Joan Kemp - Welch , with Christopher Neame as Romeo and Ann Hasson as Juliet . In 1996 , Harold Perrineau Jr. portrayed Mercutio in Baz Luhrmann 's modernised version , William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet . In 1998 , Ben Affleck portrayed actor Edward Alleyn in the romantic comedy Shakespeare in Love . In the film , Alleyn serves as history 's first Mercutio . In 2007 , Tetsuya Kakihara and Christopher Bevins voice Mercutio in the anime series Romeo x Juliet . In 2011 , Hale Appleman portrayed Mercutio in Alan Brown 's Private Romeo , a modern - day adaptation set at an all - male military academy . In 2013 , Christian Cooke played Mercutio in the film adaption directed by Carlo Carlei , starring Douglas Booth as Romeo and Hailee Steinfeld as Juliet . In 2013 , Ricky McLennan played Mercutio in the film adaption `` Romeo and Juliet : A Love Song '' , directed by Tim Van Dammen , starring Christopher Landon as Romeo and Derya Parlak as Juliet . See also ( edit ) William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet Complete list of Shakespearean characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of Literature . Springfield , Massachusetts : Merriam Webster , Incorporated. 1995 . p. 753 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 042 - 6 . ( The pronunciation mər - ˈkyü - shē - ō was transcribed to IPA per Pronunciation respelling for English . ) Jump up ^ Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . The Review of English Studies . 15 ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . JSTOR 509718 . Jump up ^ Harold Bloom , Introduction to Romeo and Juliet , Chelsea House Publishers , 2005 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bullough , Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare : Early Comedies , Poems , Romeo and Juliet , Routledge and Kegan Paul Lt , London , 1957 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Scott , Mark W. ; Schoenbaum , S. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research Inc. p. 415 . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 6129 - 9 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Jennifer . The Catalytic Function of Mercutio . Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( doc ) Jump up ^ HERself External links ( edit ) Complete listing of all of Mercutio 's lines Mercutio Character Analysis William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercutio&oldid=838457526 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1597 Fictional Italian people in literature Male Shakespearean characters Characters in Romeo and Juliet Fictional nobility Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who was the first person to die in romeo and juliet

Mercutio 's death in Act III , scene I is the pivotal point of the play , which up to this point is relatively light - hearted . Mercutio 's death is sudden and makes death a dark reality for several characters , causing a domino effect of tragic fate that leads ultimately to the tragic climax .

Chris Griffin - wikipedia Chris Griffin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Family Guy character . For other uses , see Chris Griffin ( disambiguation ) . This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chris Griffin Family Guy character First appearance `` Death Has a Shadow '' Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Seth Green Information Full name Christopher Cross Griffin Occupation High school student Former paperboy Family Peter Griffin ( father ) Lois Griffin ( mother ) Meg Griffin ( sister ) Stewie Griffin ( brother ) Brian Griffin ( dog ) Adam West ( Uncle ) Carol West ( aunt ) Nationality American Christopher Cross `` Chris '' Griffin is a fictional character from the American animated television series Family Guy . He is the elder son and middle child of Peter and Lois Griffin and brother of Stewie and Meg Griffin . He is voiced by Seth Green and first appeared on television , along with the rest of the family , in a 15 - minute short on December 20 , 1998 . Chris was created and designed by MacFarlane himself . MacFarlane was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company , based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve , two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle - aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog , Steve . After the pilot was given the green light , the Griffin family appeared in the episode `` Death Has a Shadow '' . Originally designed as a somewhat gregarious , yet still unintelligent teenager , Chris became more awkward and even more idiotic over the course of the show . Running gags in the series involving Chris include the existence of an ' Evil Monkey ' in his closet ( though it is later revealed that the monkey is not evil ) , him masturbating frequently , and his pedophile admirer Herbert . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character origins 2 Personality 3 Evil Monkey 4 Identification with Seth Green 5 Appearance 6 References 7 External links Character origins ( edit ) Chris ' character resembles that of Milt 's , the son of the main character Larry Cummings in The Life of Larry , one of the animated short films created by Seth MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design in 1995 that led to the development of Family Guy . Chris was originally given a `` punk '' image , according to creator Seth MacFarlane 's DVD commentary tracks . During the first three seasons , he wore gold earrings , and his painful awkwardness was not as emphasized as it was supposed to be in the series , as he has now slowly become more gregarious . Personality ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chris is an overweight , idealistic , outgoing , and good - hearted teenage boy . But aside from that , Chris deals with problems that any other pubescent boy would face : acne , girls , and school . On the Volume 1 DVD Boxset TV guides special Family Guy edition , it stated that Chris `` would n't hurt a fly , unless it landed on his hot dog '' . Due to Chris ' weight , he was referred to as an `` Elephant Child '' when he was born . In one episode as Chris runs away from his pedophile admirer , Herbert , Herbert murmers to himself , `` Get your fat ass back here ! '' Chris is more often than not willing to take drastic measures to get what he wants or needs , particularly when it comes to keeping up with his grades in school . He once believed that he got a bad grade on a mathematics test when he tickled his brain by sticking an army man 's rifle into his nose and accidentally puncturing a lobe . Fortunately , he is more well - endowed than Peter is , as he has a variety of talents , such as drawing , filmmaking , video editing , playing sports at school , etc . He also has an encyclopedic knowledge of pop culture , as well as films , television series , actors and actresses , tropes , making a film good or bad , etc . Generally , Chris is a fast learner ; in `` Patriot Games '' , when the family moved to London , Chris was the only member of the family who learned how to speak cockney English in a matter of seconds . Despite this , Chris can be naive , often to the point of having a tendency to get away with things . In `` Lethal Weapons '' , when Peter and Lois were having a fist fight , Chris cheered for Peter , telling him to `` kick her ass ! '' ; earlier in the episode , after Chris breaks a vase with his basketball and Lois tells Peter to punish him , Peter tells him to `` punish himself '' and subsequently spanks himself . Also , in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , when the children watch Lois and Peter are trying to make out , Chris mistakes it for a fight and says , `` I do n't know what they 're fighting about , Meg , but I think Dad 's winning . Go Dad ! '' In the episode `` Trading Places '' , after Chris accidentally damages Peter 's dirt bike , Peter `` punishes '' him by making him start smoking . For most of the series , Chris is more socially active at school than Meg is , having various friends , both of which are boys and girls , whilst attending Buddy Cianci Junior High School ( later James Woods Regional High School ) . Not surprisingly , as the series progressed and Meg became more often seen with her group of friends , Chris ' social status was boosted to the point of being friends with everyone at James Woods Regional High School . In Stew - Roids , the school 's queen bee Connie D'Amico dates Chris , at first to be more popular because of `` dating a loser '' , but begins to see Chris as he really is after he says he likes her as well . Later in the episode however , she dumps him after making out with two other boys at a house party , but everyone takes pity on Chris and shuns Connie . Angry at Chris for usurping her place on the school 's `` social ladder '' , she attempts to humiliate Chris by tricking Neil Goldman into showing the students a video of him re-enacting a scene from the Silence of the Lambs where Buffalo Bill dances nude in front of a mirror , but Meg and Chris 's friends manage to stop her . Afterwards , Chris makes a speech over the PA system about what it is like to be popular , and then says `` man , it 's hard work being this shallow '' . In `` Once Bitten '' , Chris becomes friends with Neil Goldman , the resident nerd who is Meg 's self - proclaimed love interest . Although their friendship was initially a ploy for Neil to get closer to Meg , Neil feels bad for using Chris and returns to him to resume their newfound friendship . Evil monkey ( edit ) In a running gag , starting in the episode `` Dammit Janet ! , '' Chris is regularly tormented by an evil monkey who lives in his closet , though whenever he complains about it to anyone , they ( a reference to the iconic tale of the Boy Who Cried Wolf ) often laugh along with him instead thinking it is a joke , after which the monkey appears with a malevolent grimace and points at Chris in a threatening manner . In `` Hannah Banana '' , Chris proves the monkey 's part in the show to the family , and even ends up becoming friends with him after the monkey ( who appears not to be evil at all , but just a poor creature who was depressed after his ex-wife cheated on him with another monkey ) helps him write out a book report and pass . The simian explains his frightening mannerisms as a result of various conditions and unintended actions . Chris introduces him to his friends , hang out with each other in fun places , and the monkey helps Chris in his studies in school , which Peter does not do . This , however , causes a rift between Chris and Peter when Chris realizes that the monkey cares more for him than his father . Eventually the monkey helps the two patch things up , especially after Peter saves the monkey from Miley Cyrus ( who is depicted as an android ) who had kidnapped him à la King Kong . After that , the monkey happily moves out of Chris ' closet to live in the closet of Tom Tucker 's son Jake , where the cycle will start in a new beginning , as Jake himself experiences difficulty with his father . In a 2003 interview , Seth MacFarlane stated that the writers thought it would be funny to give Chris a childhood fear that is actually real , since he has `` a childlike mind '' . The monkey 's trademark grimace and pointing was the idea of writer Mike Barker . Identification with Seth Green ( edit ) Another running gag , starting in the Star Wars remake episode `` Blue Harvest '' , has Chris defending Robot Chicken , a show created by portrayer Seth Green which is broadcast on the Adult Swim block on the Cartoon Network cable network . When Peter ( Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane ) denigrates that show in `` Blue Harvest '' , Chris loses his temper and storms off . Carried on in `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , though Chris attempts to keep a cool head , he storms off again when Peter offers to tell the story of Without a Paddle , a critically panned film that features Seth Green . Both these scenes happen in the framing device of the episode and not in the interior Star Wars narrative , in which Green portrays Chris as Star Wars hero Luke Skywalker . In the final Star Wars parody , `` It 's a Trap ! '' , mocking Green 's career provokes further anger in Chris ; Chris tries to defend Green by citing Buffy the Vampire Slayer as an example of a success in Green 's career , but Carter Pewterschmidt suggests that the popularity of Buffy had been largely over-stated by Entertainment Weekly . These taunts give Chris -- in character as Skywalker -- the conviction to fight back against Stewie / Darth Vader and Carter / Darth Sidious ( both played by MacFarlane ) . In the closing scenes of the episode 's framing device , Chris gets to reverse the joke by poking fun at Seth MacFarlane 's career , going so far as to suggest that Family Guy is a rip - off of The Simpsons ; MacFarlane is , however , defended by the characters whom he voices ( Peter , Brian and Stewie ) . Outside of the Star Wars - themed episodes , `` Road to the Multiverse '' plays on the running gag , but with Stewie ( MacFarlane once more ) provoking the Robot Chicken Universe counterpart of Chris by asking `` How does it feel to be on a major network for thirty seconds ? '' which prompts Chris to say `` Fuck you ! '' . Appearance ( edit ) Chris is the only Griffin family member to have blond hair , which is odd considering that Peter has brown hair and Lois has orange hair . He , like Meg , wears a signature hat , an orange and black baseball cap , and dresses in a blue T - shirt , black pants , and white hi - top sneakers with red stripes . In several of the early episodes , he , along with Lois , has had his ears pierced and wore gold earrings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brian the Bachelor '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 7 . June 26 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane Interview '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2003 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Chris Griffin at Fox.com ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Adam West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Family Guy portal Animation portal Television portal Comedy portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Griffin&oldid=818275514 '' Categories : Family Guy characters Child characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional cartoonists Teenage characters in television Male characters in animation Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 17 : 05 . 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who does chris griffin's voice on family guy

Christopher Cross `` Chris '' Griffin is a fictional character from the American animated television series Family Guy . He is the elder son and middle child of Peter and Lois Griffin and brother of Stewie and Meg Griffin . He is voiced by Seth Green and first appeared on television , along with the rest of the family , in a 15 - minute short on December 20 , 1998 . Chris was created and designed by MacFarlane himself . MacFarlane was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company , based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve , two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle - aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog , Steve . After the pilot was given the green light , the Griffin family appeared in the episode `` Death Has a Shadow '' .

List of highest - grossing films - wikipedia List of highest - grossing films Jump to : navigation , search Gone with the Wind held the record of highest - grossing film for twenty - five years and , adjusted for inflation , has earned more than any other film . Films generate income from several revenue streams , including theatrical exhibition , home video , television broadcast rights and merchandising . However , theatrical box office earnings are the primary metric for trade publications in assessing the success of a film , mostly because of the availability of the data compared to sales figures for home video and broadcast rights , but also because of historical practice . Included on the list are charts of the top box office earners ( ranked by both the nominal and real value of their revenue ) , a chart of high - grossing films by calendar year , a timeline showing the transition of the highest - grossing film record , and a chart of the highest - grossing film franchises and series . All charts are ranked by international theatrical box office performance where possible , excluding income derived from home video , broadcasting rights and merchandise . Traditionally , war films , musicals and historical dramas have been the most popular genres , but franchise films have been among the best performers in the 21st century . Seven Harry Potter films and five films from Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth series are included in the nominal earnings chart , while the Star Wars and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises feature prominently . There is also continued interest in the superhero genre : Batman and Superman from DC Comics and films based on the Marvel Comics brand , such as Spider - Man , X-Men and films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , have generally done well . The only films in the top ten that are not adapted from a pre-existing property or a sequel are the top two , Avatar and Titanic , both directed by James Cameron . Animated family films have performed consistently well , with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home - video era . Disney also enjoyed later success with films such as Frozen ( the highest - grossing animated film ) , Zootopia and The Lion King , as well as with its Pixar brand , of which the Toy Story and Finding Nemo films have been the best performers . Beyond Disney and Pixar animation , the Shrek , Ice Age and Despicable Me series have met with the most success . While inflation has eroded away the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s , there are franchises originating from that period that are still active . Besides the Star Wars and Superman franchises , James Bond and Star Trek films are still being released periodically ; all four are among the highest - grossing franchises . Some of the older films that held the record of highest - grossing film still have respectable grosses by today 's standards , but no longer compete numerically against today 's top - earners in an era of much higher individual ticket prices . When properly adjusted for inflation , however , on that comparative scale Gone with the Wind -- which was the highest - grossing film outright for twenty - five years -- is still the highest - grossing film of all time . All grosses on the list are expressed in U.S. dollars at their nominal value , except where stated otherwise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest - grossing films 2 Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation 3 High - grossing films by year 4 Timeline of highest - grossing films 5 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 6 References 6.1 Box office sources 6.2 Franchise and series sources 6.3 Bibliography 7 External links Highest - grossing films The two highest - grossing films have both been directed and written by James Cameron . With a worldwide box - office gross of over $2.7 billion , Avatar is often proclaimed to be the `` highest - grossing '' film , but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income , which can form a significant portion of a film 's earnings . Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful . Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals , in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters . While complete sales data are not available for Avatar , it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu - ray units in North America , and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu - ray units worldwide . After home video income is accounted for , both films have earned over $3 billion . Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film 's earnings , with a film often earning as much as 20 -- 25 % of its theatrical box - office for a couple of television runs on top of pay - per - view revenues ; Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights , equating to about 9 % of its North American gross . When a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property , its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales . The Lion King earned over $2 billion in box - office and home video sales , but this pales in comparison to the $6 billion earned at box offices around the world by the stage adaptation . Merchandising can be extremely lucrative too : The Lion King also sold $3 billion of merchandise , while Pixar 's Cars -- which earned $462 million in theatrical revenues and was only a modest hit by comparison to other Pixar films -- generated global merchandise sales of over $8 billion in the five years after its 2006 release . Pixar also had another huge hit with Toy Story 3 , which generated almost $10 billion in merchandise retail sales in addition to the $1 billion it earned at the box office . On this chart , films are ranked by the revenues from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value , along with the highest positions they attained . Thirty - one films in total have grossed in excess of $1 billion worldwide , of which three have grossed over $2 billion , with Avatar ranked in the top position . All of the films have had a theatrical run ( including re-releases ) in the 21st century , and films that have not played during this period do not appear on the chart because of ticket - price inflation , population size and ticket purchasing trends not being considered . Background shading indicates films playing in the week commencing 06 October 2017 in theaters around the world . Highest - grossing films Rank Peak Title Worldwide gross Year Reference ( s ) Avatar $2,787,965,087 2009 Titanic $2,186,772,302 1997 Star Wars : The Force Awakens $2,068,223,624 2015 Jurassic World $1,671,713,208 2015 5 The Avengers $1,518,812,988 2012 6 Furious 7 $1,516,045,911 2015 7 5 Avengers : Age of Ultron $1,405,403,694 2015 8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 $1,341,511,219 2011 9 5 Frozen $1,287,000,000 2013 10 10 Beauty and the Beast $1,263,418,671 2017 11 11 The Fate of the Furious $1,238,764,765 2017 12 5 Iron Man 3 $1,214,811,252 2013 13 10 Minions $1,159,398,397 2015 14 12 Captain America : Civil War $1,153,304,495 2016 15 Transformers : Dark of the Moon $1,123,794,079 2011 16 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King $1,120,237,002 2003 17 7 Skyfall $1,108,561,013 2012 18 10 Transformers : Age of Extinction $1,104,054,072 2014 19 7 The Dark Knight Rises $1,084,939,099 2012 20 Toy Story 3 $1,066,969,703 21 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest $1,066,179,725 2006 22 20 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story $1,056,057,273 2016 23 6 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides $1,045,713,802 2011 24 Jurassic Park $1,029,939,903 1993 25 22 Finding Dory $1,028,570,889 2016 26 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace $1,027,044,677 1999 27 5 Alice in Wonderland $1,025,467,110 28 28 Despicable Me 3 $1,025,331,491 2017 29 24 Zootopia $1,023,784,195 2016 30 14 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey $1,021,103,568 2012 31 The Dark Knight $1,004,558,444 2008 32 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone $974,755,371 2001 33 19 Despicable Me 2 $970,761,885 2013 34 The Lion King $968,483,777 1994 35 30 The Jungle Book $966,550,600 2016 36 5 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End $963,420,425 2007 37 10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 $960,283,305 38 24 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug $958,366,855 2013 39 26 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies $956,019,788 2014 40 8 Finding Nemo $940,335,536 2003 41 6 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix $939,885,929 2007 42 8 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince $934,416,487 2009 43 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers $926,349,708 2002 44 6 Shrek 2 $919,838,758 45 8 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire $896,911,078 2005 46 10 Spider - Man 3 $890,871,626 2007 47 15 Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs $886,686,817 2009 48 40 Spectre $880,674,609 2015 49 49 Spider - Man : Homecoming $879,136,102 2017 50 6 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets $878,979,634 2002 Box Office Mojo stopped updating its main total for Frozen in August 2014 , while it was still in release . The total listed here incorporates subsequent earnings in Japan , Nigeria , Spain , the United Kingdom and Germany up to the end of 2015 but omits earnings in Turkey , Iceland , Brazil , and Australia ( 2016 ) which amount to a few hundred thousand dollars . The total is rounded to $1 million to compensate for the numerical inaccuracy . The gross for Toy Story 3 has been corrected to $1,066,969,703 , meaning that it finished one place higher at the end of its release . Disney issued an erratum to the gross for The Lion King , correcting its gross from $987.5 million to $968.5 million . This means that Despicable Me 2 finished its run ahead of it and would have ranked one place higher at the end of its release . Finding Nemo finished one place higher at the end of its original release , after taking corrections into account . Its total now stands at $940.3 million , which would put the first run at $871.0 million after deducting the 3D reissue gross of $69.3 million . Meanwhile , the total gross for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring has been corrected to $871.5 million , which would rank below Finding Nemo 's first run once its 2011 reissue gross is deducted . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation Inflation rates around the world vary , complicating inflation adjustment . Because of the long - term effects of inflation , notably the significant increase of movie theater ticket prices , the list unadjusted for inflation gives far more weight to later films . The unadjusted list , while commonly found in the press , is therefore largely meaningless for comparing films widely separated in time , as many films from earlier eras will never appear on a modern unadjusted list , despite achieving higher commercial success when adjusted for price increases . To compensate for the devaluation of the currency , some charts make adjustments for inflation , but not even this practice fully addresses the issue since ticket prices and inflation do not necessarily parallel one another . For example , in 1970 , tickets cost $1.55 or about $6.68 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars ; by 1980 , prices had risen to about $2.69 , a drop to $5.50 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars . Ticket prices have also risen at different rates of inflation around the world , further complicating the process of adjusting worldwide grosses . Another complication is release in multiple formats for which different ticket prices are charged . One notable example of this phenomenon is Avatar , which was also released in 3D and IMAX : almost two - thirds of tickets for that film were for 3D showings with an average price of $10 , and about one - sixth were for IMAX showings with an average price over $14.50 , compared to a 2010 average price of $7.61 for 2D films . Social and economic factors such as population change and the growth of international markets also impact on the number of people purchasing theater tickets , along with audience demographics where some films sell a much higher proportion of discounted children 's tickets , or perform better in big cities where tickets cost more . The measuring system for gauging a film 's success is based on unadjusted grosses , mainly because historically this is the way it has always been done because of the practices of the film industry : the box office receipts are compiled by theaters and relayed to the distributor , which in turn releases them to the media . Converting to a more representative system that counts ticket sales rather than gross is also fraught with problems because the only data available for older films are the sale totals . As the motion picture industry is highly oriented towards marketing currently released films , unadjusted figures are always used in marketing campaigns so that new blockbuster films can much more easily achieve a high sales ranking , and thus be promoted as a `` top film of all time '' , so there is little incentive to switch to a more robust analysis from a marketing or even newsworthy point of view . Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation , several attempts have been made . Estimates depend on the price index used to adjust the grosses , and the exchange rates used to convert between currencies can also impact upon the calculations , both of which can have an effect on the ultimate rankings of an inflation adjusted list . Gone with the Wind -- first released in 1939 -- is generally considered to be the most successful film , with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion . Estimates for Gone with the Wind 's adjusted gross have varied substantially : its owner , Turner Entertainment , estimated its adjusted earnings at $3.3 billion in 2007 , a few years earlier than the Guinness estimate ; other estimates fall either side of this amount , with one putting its gross just under $3 billion in 2010 , while another provided an alternative figure of $3.8 billion in 2006 . Which film is Gone with the Wind 's nearest rival depends on the set of figures used : Guinness had Avatar in second place with $3 billion , while other estimates saw Titanic in the runner - up spot with first - run worldwide earnings of almost $2.9 billion at 2010 prices . The only other film that all sources agreed grossed in excess of $2 billion at recent prices is Star Wars ; according to Guinness it has earned $2.8 billion at 2014 price levels , while other sources from 2010 / 2011 put its adjusted earnings at $2.2 -- 2.6 billion . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation as of 2014 Rank Title Worldwide gross ( 2014 $ ) Year Gone with the Wind $3,440,000,000 1939 Avatar $3,020,000,000 2009 Star Wars $2,825,000,000 1977 Titanic $2,516,000,000 $2,516,000,000 1997 5 The Sound of Music $2,366,000,000 1965 6 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $2,310,000,000 1982 7 The Ten Commandments $2,187,000,000 1956 8 Doctor Zhivago $2,073,000,000 1965 9 Jaws $2,027,000,000 10 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs $1,819,000,000 $1,819,000,000 1937 Even though the nominal gross for Star Wars : The Force Awakens surpasses the inflation - adjusted gross for both Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Jaws , inflation has occurred in the interim so it is not possible to rank it until Guinness World Records provide an updated chart of adjusted grosses . The figure for Titanic is most likely based on the gross from its 1997 theatrical release , and does not incorporate earnings from the 2012 reissue . According to the 2012 edition of Guinness World Records , the adjusted total for Titanic as of 2011 stood at $2,413,800,000 , and a re-release in 2012 added a further $343,550,770 to the total . However , the 2015 edition put the adjusted total at $2,516,000,000 -- an increase of just $102,000,000 ; this is a rise of 4.2 % since 2011 , an increase shared by the other adjusted totals in the chart . The 2015 edition of Guinness World Records does not provide an explicit figure for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . However , it does state that it is one of only two pre-1955 films -- the other being Gone with the Wind -- that are among the adjusted top ten . It placed tenth in the 2012 edition , and the eleventh highest - grossing film according to the 2015 edition is The Exorcist , which has grossed $1.794 billion adjusted to 2014 prices . The adjusted grosses for the other films on the chart increased by 4.2 percent between 2011 and 2014 according to Guinness , and using this apparent rate of inflation would take the adjusted gross for Snow White from $1.746 billion at 2011 prices to $1.819 billion at 2014 prices . High - grossing films by year Glossary : Distributor rentals Box - office figures are reported in the form of gross or distributor rentals , the latter being especially true of older films . Commonly mistaken for home video revenue , the rentals are the distributor 's share of the film 's theatrical revenue i.e. the box office gross less the exhibitor 's cut . Historically , the rental price averaged at 35 -- 40 % when the distributors owned the theater chains , equating to just over a third of the gross being paid to the distributor of the film . In the modern marketplace , rental fees can vary greatly -- depending on a number of factors -- although the films from the major studios average out at 43 % . Audience tastes were fairly eclectic during the 20th century , but several trends did emerge . During the silent era , films with war themes were popular with audiences , with The Birth of a Nation ( American Civil War ) , The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , The Big Parade and Wings ( all World War I ) becoming the most successful films in their respective years of release , with the trend coming to an end with All Quiet on the Western Front in 1930 . With the advent of sound in 1927 , the musical -- the genre best placed to showcase the new technology -- took over as the most popular type of film with audiences , with 1928 and 1929 both being topped by musical films . The genre continued to perform strongly in the 1930s , but the outbreak of World War II saw war themed films dominate again during this period , starting with Gone with the Wind ( American Civil War ) in 1939 , and finishing with The Best Years of Our Lives ( World War II ) in 1946 . Samson and Delilah ( 1949 ) saw the beginning of a trend of increasingly expensive historical dramas set during Ancient Rome / biblical times throughout the 1950s as cinema competed with television for audiences , with Quo Vadis , The Robe , The Ten Commandments , Ben - Hur and Spartacus all becoming the highest - grossing film of the year during initial release , before the genre started to wane after several high - profile failures . The success of White Christmas and South Pacific in the 1950s foreshadowed the comeback of the musical in the 1960s with West Side Story , Mary Poppins , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music and Funny Girl all among the top films of the decade . The 1970s saw a shift in audience tastes to high concept films , with six such films made by either George Lucas or Steven Spielberg topping the chart during the 1980s . The 21st century has seen an increasing dependence on franchises and adaptations , with the box office dominance of films based on pre-existing intellectual property at record levels . Films directed by Steven Spielberg have been the highest - grossing film of the year on six occasions , and on three occasions have been the highest - grossing film of all time . Steven Spielberg is the most represented director on the chart with six films to his credit , occupying the top spot in 1975 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1989 and 1993 . Cecil B. DeMille ( 1932 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1956 ) and William Wyler ( 1942 , 1946 , 1959 and 1968 ) are in second and third place with five and four films respectively , while D.W. Griffith ( 1915 , 1916 and 1920 ) , George Roy Hill ( 1966 , 1969 and 1973 ) and James Cameron ( 1991 , 1997 and 2009 ) all feature heavily with three films apiece . George Lucas directed two chart - toppers in 1977 and 1999 , but also served in a strong creative capacity as a producer and writer in 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 and 1989 as well . The following directors have also all directed two films on the chart : Frank Lloyd , King Vidor , Frank Capra , Michael Curtiz , Leo McCarey , Alfred Hitchcock , David Lean , Stanley Kubrick , Guy Hamilton , Mike Nichols , William Friedkin , Peter Jackson , Gore Verbinski and Michael Bay ; Mervyn LeRoy , Ken Annakin and Robert Wise are each represented by one solo credit and one shared credit , and John Ford co-directed two films . Disney films are usually co-directed and some directors have served on several winning teams : Wilfred Jackson , Hamilton Luske , Clyde Geronimi , David Hand , Ben Sharpsteen , Wolfgang Reitherman and Bill Roberts have all co-directed at least two films on the list . Only five directors have topped the chart in consecutive years : McCarey ( 1944 and 1945 ) , Nichols ( 1966 and 1967 ) , Spielberg ( 1981 and 1982 ) , Jackson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Verbinski ( 2006 and 2007 ) . Because of release schedules -- especially in the case of films released towards the end of the year -- and different release patterns across the world , many films can do business in two or more calendar years ; therefore the grosses documented here are not confined to just the year of release . Grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs either , with many older films often being re-released periodically so the figures represent all the business a film has done since its original release ; a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Because of incomplete data it can not be known for sure how much money some films have made and when they made it , but generally the chart chronicles the films from each year that went on to earn the most . In the cases where estimates conflict both films are recorded , and in cases where a film has moved into first place because of being re-released the previous record - holder is also retained . At least one film every year has generated $100 million in gross revenue at the box office since 1967 , and from 2008 each year has succeeded in producing a billion dollar grossing film . indicates films still playing in theaters around the world in the week commencing 06 October 2017 . High - grossing films by year of release Year Title Worldwide gross Budget Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 + ( 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ $110,000 1916 Intolerance 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005489653000000000 ♠ $489,653 1917 Cleopatra 7005500000000000000 ♠ $500,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ $300,000 1918 Mickey 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 1919 The Miracle Man 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005120000000000000 ♠ $120,000 1920 Way Down East 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1921 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 -- 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 1922 Robin Hood 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 7005930042780000000 ♠ $930,042.78 1923 The Covered Wagon 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1924 The Sea Hawk 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ $700,000 1925 The Big Parade 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 ( 7006613100000000000 ♠ $6,131,000 ) 7005382000000000000 ♠ $382,000 Ben - Hur 7006938600000000000 ♠ $9,386,000 7006396700000000000 ♠ $3,967,000 1926 For Heaven 's Sake 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 7005150000000000000 ♠ $150,000 1927 Wings 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1928 The Singing Fool 7006590000000000000 ♠ $5,900,000 7005388000000000000 ♠ $388,000 1929 The Broadway Melody 7006440000000000000 ♠ $4,400,000 -- 7006480000000000000 ♠ 4,800,000 7005379000000000000 ♠ $379,000 Sunny Side Up 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 1930 All Quiet on the Western Front 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7006125000000000000 ♠ $1,250,000 1931 Frankenstein 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ( 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 City Lights 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006160735100000000 ♠ $1,607,351 1932 The Sign of the Cross 7006273899300000000 ♠ $2,738,993 7005694065000000000 ♠ $694,065 1933 King Kong 7006534700000000000 ♠ $5,347,000 ( 7006185600000000000 ♠ $1,856,000 ) 7005672255750000000 ♠ $672,255.75 I 'm No Angel 7006325000000000000 ♠ $3,250,000 + 7005200000000000000 ♠ $200,000 Cavalcade 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 7006111600000000000 ♠ $1,116,000 She Done Him Wrong 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 + 7005274076000000000 ♠ $274,076 1934 The Merry Widow 7006260800000000000 ♠ $2,608,000 7006160500000000000 ♠ $1,605,000 It Happened One Night 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005325000000000000 ♠ $325,000 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty 7006446000000000000 ♠ $4,460,000 7006190500000000000 ♠ $1,905,000 1936 San Francisco 7006604400000000000 ♠ $6,044,000 + ( 7006527300000000000 ♠ $5,273,000 ) 7006130000000000000 ♠ $1,300,000 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 7008418000000000000 ♠ $418,000,000 + ( 7006850000000000000 ♠ $8,500,000 ) 7006148842300000000 ♠ $1,488,423 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ $1,200,000 1939 Gone with the Wind 7008390525192000000 ♠ $390,525,192 -- 7008401776459000000 ♠ 401,776,459 ( 7007320000000000000 ♠ $32,000,000 ) 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006425000000000000 ♠ 4,250,000 1940 Pinocchio 7007870008620000000 ♠ $87,000,862 ( 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 ) 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Boom Town 7006460000000000000 ♠ $4,600,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 1941 Sergeant York 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1942 Bambi 7008267997843000000 ♠ $267,997,843 ( 7006344935300000000 ♠ $3,449,353 ) 7006170000000000000 ♠ $1,700,000 -- 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 Mrs. Miniver 7006887800000000000 ♠ $8,878,000 7006134400000000000 ♠ $1,344,000 1943 For Whom the Bell Tolls 7007110000000000000 ♠ $11,000,000 7006268129800000000 ♠ $2,681,298 This Is the Army 7006955558644000000 ♠ $9,555,586.44 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 1944 Going My Way 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 1945 Mom and Dad 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 / 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 7004650000000000000 ♠ $65,000 The Bells of St. Mary 's 7007112000000000000 ♠ $11,200,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1946 Song of the South 7007650000000000000 ♠ $65,000,000 ( 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 ) 7006212500000000000 ♠ $2,125,000 The Best Years of Our Lives 7007147500000000000 ♠ $14,750,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 Duel in the Sun 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 7006525500000000000 ♠ $5,255,000 1947 Forever Amber 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7006637500000000000 ♠ $6,375,000 Unconquered 7006750000000000000 ♠ $7,500,000 7006420000000000000 ♠ $4,200,000 1948 Easter Parade 7006591813400000000 ♠ $5,918,134 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 The Red Shoes 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 7005505581000000000 ♠ £ 505,581 ( 7006200000000000000 ♠ ~ $2,000,000 ) The Snake Pit 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 1949 Samson and Delilah 7007142092500000000 ♠ $14,209,250 7006309756300000000 ♠ $3,097,563 1950 Cinderella 7008263591415000000 ♠ $263,591,415 ( 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 / 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 ) 7006220000000000000 ♠ $2,200,000 King Solomon 's Mines 7007100500000000000 ♠ $10,050,000 7006225800000000000 ♠ $2,258,000 1951 Quo Vadis 7007210370000000000 ♠ $21,037,000 -- 7007267000000000000 ♠ 26,700,000 7006762300000000000 ♠ $7,623,000 1952 This Is Cinerama 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 The Greatest Show on Earth 7007183500000000000 ♠ $18,350,000 7006387394600000000 ♠ $3,873,946 1953 Peter Pan 7008145000000000000 ♠ $145,000,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Robe 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25,000,000 -- 7007261000000000000 ♠ 26,100,000 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 1954 Rear Window 7007245000000000000 ♠ $24,500,000 ( 7006530000000000000 ♠ $5,300,000 ) 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 White Christmas 7007260000500000000 ♠ $26,000,050 ( 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ) 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 7007250001340000000 ♠ $25,000,134 ( 7006680000000000000 ♠ $6,800,000 -- 7006800000000000000 ♠ 8,000,000 ) 7006450000000000000 ♠ $4,500,000 -- 7006900000000000000 ♠ 9,000,000 1955 Lady and the Tramp 7007883002000000000 ♠ $88,300,200 ( 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 ) 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Cinerama Holiday 7007210000000000000 ♠ $21,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 Mister Roberts 7006990000000000000 ♠ $9,900,000 7006240000000000000 ♠ $2,400,000 1956 The Ten Commandments 7007900662300000000 ♠ $90,066,230 ( 7008122700000000000 ♠ $122,700,000 / 7007552000000000000 ♠ $55,200,000 ) 7007132700000000000 ♠ $13,270,000 1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai 7007306000000000000 ♠ $30,600,000 7006284000000000000 ♠ $2,840,000 1958 South Pacific 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006561000000000000 ♠ $5,610,000 1959 Ben - Hur 7007900000000000000 ♠ $90,000,000 ( 7008146900000000000 ♠ $146,900,000 / 7007661000000000000 ♠ $66,100,000 ) 7007159000000000000 ♠ $15,900,000 1960 Swiss Family Robinson 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Spartacus 7007600000000000000 ♠ $60,000,000 ( 7007221052250000000 ♠ $22,105,225 ) 7007102840140000000 ♠ $10,284,014 Psycho 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 + ( 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1961 One Hundred and One Dalmatians 7008215880212000000 ♠ $215,880,212 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 West Side Story 7008105000000000000 ♠ $105,000,000 ( 7007318000000000000 ♠ $31,800,000 ) 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1962 Lawrence of Arabia 7007773248520000000 ♠ $77,324,852 ( 7007699953850000000 ♠ $69,995,385 ) 7007138000000000000 ♠ $13,800,000 How the West Was Won 7007350000000000000 ♠ $35,000,000 7007144830000000000 ♠ $14,483,000 The Longest Day 7007332000000000000 ♠ $33,200,000 7006860000000000000 ♠ $8,600,000 1963 Cleopatra 7007403000000000000 ♠ $40,300,000 7007311150000000000 ♠ $31,115,000 From Russia with Love 7007789000000000000 ♠ $78,900,000 / 7007294000000000000 ♠ $29,400,000 ( 7007125000000000000 ♠ $12,500,000 ) 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1964 My Fair Lady 7007550000000000000 ♠ $55,000,000 7007170000000000000 ♠ $17,000,000 Goldfinger 7008124900000000000 ♠ $124,900,000 ( 7007460000000000000 ♠ $46,000,000 ) 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 Mary Poppins 7007440000000000000 ♠ $44,000,000 -- 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 1965 The Sound of Music 7008286214076000000 ♠ $286,214,076 ( 7008114600000000000 ♠ $114,600,000 ) 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 1966 The Bible : In the Beginning 7007253000000000000 ♠ $25,300,000 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 Hawaii 7007345622220000000 ♠ $34,562,222 ( 7007156000000000000 ♠ $15,600,000 ) 7007150000000000000 ♠ $15,000,000 Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 ( 7007145000000000000 ♠ $14,500,000 ) 7006761300000000000 ♠ $7,613,000 1967 The Jungle Book 7008170800000000000 ♠ $170,800,000 -- 7008199475744000000 ♠ 199,475,744 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Graduate 7007850000000000000 ♠ $85,000,000 7006310000000000000 ♠ $3,100,000 1968 2001 : A Space Odyssey 7008138000000000000 ♠ $138,000,000 -- 7008190000000000000 ♠ 190,000,000 ( 7007219000000000000 ♠ $21,900,000 ) 7007103000000000000 ♠ $10,300,000 Funny Girl 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7006880000000000000 ♠ $8,800,000 1969 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 7008152308525000000 ♠ $152,308,525 ( 7007371000000000000 ♠ $37,100,000 ) 7006660000000000000 ♠ $6,600,000 1970 Love Story 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 7006226000000000000 ♠ $2,260,000 Airport 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 1971 The French Connection 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 Fiddler on the Roof 7007494000000000000 ♠ $49,400,000 ( 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 / 7007451000000000000 ♠ $45,100,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 Diamonds Are Forever 7008116000000000000 ♠ $116,000,000 ( 7007457000000000000 ♠ $45,700,000 ) 7006720000000000000 ♠ $7,200,000 1972 The Godfather 7008245066044000000 ♠ $245,066,044 -- 7008286000000000000 ♠ 286,000,000 ( 7008127600000000000 ♠ $127,600,000 -- 7008142000000000000 ♠ 142,000,000 ) 7006620000000000000 ♠ $6,200,000 1973 The Exorcist 7008413071948000000 ♠ $413,071,948 ( 7008110000000000000 ♠ $110,000,000 ) 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 The Sting 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 7006550000000000000 ♠ $5,500,000 The Towering Inferno 7008139700000000000 ♠ $139,700,000 / 7007886500000000000 ♠ $88,650,000 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 -- 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15,000,000 Blazing Saddles 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 + 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Jaws 7008470653591000000 ♠ $470,653,591 ( 7008193700000000000 ♠ $193,700,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 1976 Rocky 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 ( 7007771000000000000 ♠ $77,100,000 ) 7006107500000000000 ♠ $1,075,000 1977 Star Wars 7008775398007000000 ♠ $775,398,007 ( 7008530000000000000 ♠ $530,000,000 / 7008268500000000000 ♠ $268,500,000 ) 7007112931510000000 ♠ $11,293,151 1978 Grease 7008394954752000000 ♠ $394,954,752 ( 7008341000000000000 ♠ $341,000,000 ) 7006600000000000000 ♠ $6,000,000 1979 Moonraker 7008210300000000000 ♠ $210,300,000 7007310000000000000 ♠ $31,000,000 Rocky II 7008200182289000000 ♠ $200,182,289 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1980 The Empire Strikes Back 7008547969004000000 ♠ $547,969,004 ( 7008413562607000000 ♠ $413,562,607 ) 7007230000000000000 ♠ $23,000,000 -- 7007320000000000000 ♠ 32,000,000 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 7008389925971000000 ♠ $389,925,971 ( 7008321866000000000 ♠ $321,866,000 -- 7008353988025000000 ♠ 353,988,025 ) 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007228000000000000 ♠ 22,800,000 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 7008792910554000000 ♠ $792,910,554 ( 7008619000000000000 ♠ $619,000,000 -- 7008664000000000000 ♠ 664,000,000 ) 7007105000000000000 ♠ $10,500,000 -- 7007122000000000000 ♠ 12,200,000 Return of the Jedi 7008475106177000000 ♠ $475,106,177 ( 7008385845197000000 ♠ $385,845,197 ) 7007325000000000000 ♠ $32,500,000 -- 7007427000000000000 ♠ 42,700,000 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 7008333107271000000 ♠ $333,107,271 7007270000000000000 ♠ $27,000,000 -- 7007282000000000000 ♠ 28,200,000 1985 Back to the Future 7008389053797000000 ♠ $389,053,797 ( 7008381109762000000 ♠ $381,109,762 ) 7007190000000000000 ♠ $19,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 1986 Top Gun 7008356830601000000 ♠ $356,830,601 ( 7008345000000000000 ♠ $345,000,000 ) 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 -- 7007190000000000000 ♠ 19,000,000 Fatal Attraction 7008320145905000000 ♠ $320,145,905 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 1988 Rain Man 7008354825476000000 ♠ $354,825,476 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 7008474171806000000 ♠ $474,171,806 -- 7008494000000000000 ♠ 494,000,000 7007360000000000000 ♠ $36,000,000 -- 7007554000000000000 ♠ 55,400,000 1990 Ghost 7008505702423000000 ♠ $505,702,423 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 1991 Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 7008522123387000000 ♠ $522,123,387 ( $519,843,345 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 1992 Aladdin 7008504050045000000 ♠ $504,050,045 7007280000000000000 ♠ $28,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park 7009102993990300000 ♠ $1,029,939,903 ( 7008914691118000000 ♠ $914,691,118 ) 7007630000000000000 ♠ $63,000,000 -- 7007700000000000000 ♠ 70,000,000 1994 The Lion King 7008968483777000000 ♠ $968,483,777 ( 7008763455561000000 ♠ $763,455,561 ) 7007450000000000000 ♠ $45,000,000 -- 7007793000000000000 ♠ 79,300,000 1995 Toy Story 7008373554033000000 ♠ $373,554,033 ( 7008364873776000000 ♠ $364,873,776 ) 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 Die Hard with a Vengeance 7008366101666000000 ♠ $366,101,666 7007700000000000000 ♠ $70,000,000 Independence Day 7008817400891000000 ♠ $817,400,891 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 1997 Titanic 7009218677230200000 ♠ $2,186,772,302 ( 7009184320126800000 ♠ $1,843,201,268 ) 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 1998 Armageddon 7008553709626000000 ♠ $553,709,626 7008140000000000000 ♠ $140,000,000 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 7009102704467700000 ♠ $1,027,044,677 ( 7008924317558000000 ♠ $924,317,558 ) 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 -- 7008127500000000000 ♠ 127,500,000 2000 Mission : Impossible 2 7008546388105000000 ♠ $546,388,105 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 -- 7008125000000000000 ♠ 125,000,000 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 7008974755371000000 ♠ $974,755,371 7008125000000000000 ♠ $125,000,000 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers 7008926349708000000 ♠ $926,349,708 ( 7008921780457000000 ♠ $921,780,457 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 7009112023700200000 ♠ $1,120,237,002 ( 7009111911094100000 ♠ $1,119,110,941 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 Shrek 2 7008919838758000000 ♠ $919,838,758 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 7008896911078000000 ♠ $896,911,078 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 7009106617972500000 ♠ $1,066,179,725 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 7008963420425000000 ♠ $963,420,425 7008300000000000000 ♠ $300,000,000 2008 The Dark Knight 7009100455844400000 ♠ $1,004,558,444 ( 7008997039412000000 ♠ $997,039,412 ) 7008185000000000000 ♠ $185,000,000 2009 Avatar 7009278796508700000 ♠ $2,787,965,087 ( 7009274906432800000 ♠ $2,749,064,328 ) 7008237000000000000 ♠ $237,000,000 Toy Story 3 7009106696970300000 ♠ $1,066,969,703 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 7009134151121900000 ♠ $1,341,511,219 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2012 The Avengers 7009151881298800000 ♠ $1,518,812,988 7008220000000000000 ♠ $220,000,000 2013 Frozen 7009128700000000000 ♠ $1,287,000,000 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2014 Transformers : Age of Extinction 7009110403907600000 ♠ $1,104,039,076 7008210000000000000 ♠ $210,000,000 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens 7009206822362400000 ♠ $2,068,223,624 7008245000000000000 ♠ $245,000,000 2016 Captain America : Civil War 7009115330449500000 ♠ $1,153,304,495 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2017 Beauty and the Beast 7009126341867100000 ♠ $1,263,418,671 7008160000000000000 ♠ $160,000,000 ( ... ) Since grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs , a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . To be ascertained . No contemporary sources provide figures for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , although The Numbers provides a figure of $8,000,000 for the North American box office gross . However , it is possible this figure has been mistaken for the gross of the 1954 remake which also earned $8,000,000 in North American rentals . Some sources such as The Numbers state that Aloma of the South Seas is the highest grossing film of the year , earning $3 million . However , no contemporary sources provide figures for Aloma of the South Seas , so it is unclear what the $3 million figure relates to . If it were the rental gross then that would have made it not only the highest - grossing film of the year , but one of the highest - grossing films of the silent era , and if that is the case it would be unusual for both International Motion Picture Almanac and Variety to omit it from their lists . It is not clear if the figure for Sunny Side Up is for North America or worldwide . Other sources put its earnings at $2 million , which may suggest the higher figure is the worldwide rental , given the confusion over international figures during this period . The figure for It Happened One Night is not truly representative of its success : it was distributed as a package deal along with more than two dozen other Columbia films , and the total earnings were averaged out ; the true gross would have been much higher . Snow White 's $418 million global cume omits earnings outside of North America from 1987 onwards . It is not absolutely clear how much Gone with the Wind earned from its initial release . Contemporary accounts often list it as earning $32 million in North American rentals and retrospective charts have often duplicated this claim ; however , it is likely this was the worldwide rental figure . Trade journals would collate the data by either obtaining it from the distributors themselves , who were keen to promote a successful film , or by surveying theaters and constructing an estimate . Distributors would often report the worldwide rental since the higher figure made the film appear more successful , while estimates were limited to performance in North America ; therefore it was not unusual for worldwide and North American rentals to be mixed up . Following the outbreak of World War II , many of the foreign markets were unavailable to Hollywood so it became standard practice to just report on North American box - office performance . In keeping with this new approach , the North American rental for Gone with the Wind was revised to $21 million in 1947 ( $11 million lower than the previous figure ) , and as of 1953 -- following the 1947 re-release -- Variety was reporting earnings of $26 million . Through 1956 , MGM reported cumulative North American earnings of $30,015,000 and foreign earnings of $18,964,000 , from three releases . Worldwide rentals of $32 million from the initial release is consistent with the revised figures and later reported worldwide figures : they indicate that the film earned $21 million in North America and $11 million overseas from the initial release , and added a further $9 million in North America and $8 million overseas from subsequent re-releases up to 1956 . Mom and Dad does not generally feature in ' high - gross ' lists such as those published by Variety due to its independent distribution . Essentially belonging to the exploitation genre , it was marketed as an educational sex hygiene film in an effort to circumvent censorship laws . Falling foul of the Motion Picture Production Code , Mom and Dad was prevented from obtaining mainstream distribution and restricted to independent and drive - in theaters . It was the biggest hit of its kind , and remained in continual distribution until the 1970s when hardcore pornography eventually took over . At the end of 1947 it had earned $2 million , and by 1949 , $8 million ; by 1956 it had earned $22 million in rentals , representing a gross of $80 million , and would have easily placed in the top ten films in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Estimates of its total earnings are as high as $100 million . Chopra - Gant stipulates that the figure given for Unconquered is for North American box - office , but as was common at the time , the chart confuses worldwide and North American grosses . Other sources state that the takings for Forever Amber ( $8 million ) and Life with Father ( $6.5 million ) were in fact worldwide rental grosses , so it is possible this is also true of Unconquered . The Cinerama figures represent gross amounts . Since the Cinerama corporation owned the theaters there were no rental fees for the films , meaning the studio received 100 % of the box - office gross , unlike the case with most other films where the distributor typically receives less than half the gross . Since Variety at the time ranked films by their US rental , they constructed a hypothetical rental figure for the Cinerama films to provide a basis for comparison to other films in their chart : in the case of This Is Cinerama , the $50 million worldwide gross was reconfigured as a $12.5 million US rental gross ; this is exactly 25 % of the amount reported by Cinerama , so Variety 's formula seemingly halved the gross to obtain an estimate for the US share , and halved it again to simulate a rental fee . Variety 's ' rental ' amounts are often repeated , but have no basis in the reality of what the films actually earned -- they are hypothetical figures conceived for comparative analysis . All five Cinerama features collectively generated $120 million in worldwide box office receipts . Variety put the worldwide rental for The Greatest Show on Earth at around $18.35 million ( with $12.8 million coming from the United States ) a year after its release ; however , Birchard puts its earnings at just over $15 million up to 1962 . It is likely that Birchard 's figure is just the North American gross rental , and includes revenue from the 1954 and 1960 reissues . The `` first run '' Star Wars grosses do not include revenue from the 1997 special - edition releases ; however , the figure does include revenue from the re-releases prior to the special editions . Production costs were shared with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . Timeline of highest - grossing films The Birth of a Nation pioneered many of the techniques used in filmmaking today , becoming the most successful film ever made at the time of its release . At least ten films have held the record of ' highest - grossing film ' since The Birth of a Nation assumed the top spot in 1915 . Both The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind spent twenty - five consecutive years apiece as the highest - grosser , with films directed by Steven Spielberg holding the record on three occasions and James Cameron -- the current holder -- twice . Spielberg became the first director to break his own record when Jurassic Park overtook E.T. , and Cameron emulated the feat when Avatar broke the record set by Titanic . Some sources claim that The Big Parade superseded The Birth of a Nation as highest - grossing film , eventually being replaced by Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , which in turn was quickly usurped by Gone with the Wind . Exact figures are not known for The Birth of a Nation , but contemporary records put its worldwide earnings at $5.2 million as of 1919 . Its international release was delayed by World War I , and it was not released in many foreign territories until the 1920s ; coupled with further re-releases in the United States , its $10 million earnings as reported by Variety in 1932 are consistent with the earlier figure . At this time , Variety still had The Birth of a Nation ahead of The Big Parade ( $6,400,000 ) on distributor rentals and -- if its estimate is correct -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( $8,500,000 ) would not have earned enough on its first theatrical run to take the record ; although it would have been the highest - grossing ' talkie ' , displacing The Singing Fool ( $5,900,000 ) . Although received wisdom holds that it is unlikely The Birth of a Nation was ever overtaken by a silent - era film , the record would fall to 1925 's Ben - Hur ( $9,386,000 ) if The Birth of a Nation earned significantly less than its estimated gross . In addition to its gross rental earnings through public exhibition , The Birth of a Nation played at a large number of private , club and organizational engagements which figures are unavailable for . It was hugely popular with the Ku Klux Klan who used it to drive recruitment , and at one point Variety estimated its total earnings to stand at around $50 million . Despite later retracting the claim , the sum has been widely reported even though it has never been substantiated . While it is generally accepted that Gone with the Wind took over the record of highest - grossing film on its initial release -- which is true in terms of public exhibition -- it is likely it did not overtake The Birth of a Nation in total revenue until a much later date , with it still being reported as the highest earner up until the 1960s . Gone with the Wind itself may have been briefly overtaken by The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) , which closed at the end of 1960 with worldwide rentals of $58 -- 60 million compared to Gone with the Wind 's $59 million ; if it did claim the top spot its tenure there was short - lived , since Gone with the Wind was re-released the following year and increased its earnings to $67 million . Depending on how accurate the estimates are , the 1959 remake of Ben - Hur may also have captured the record from Gone with the Wind : as of the end of 1961 it had earned $47 million worldwide , and by 1963 it was trailing Gone with the Wind by just $2 million with international takings of $65 million , ultimately earning $66 million from its initial release . The 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat reportedly earned as much as $600 million , a figure that may have been inflated by gangsters in money laundering schemes . Another film purported to have been the highest - grosser is the 1972 pornographic film , Deep Throat . In 1984 , Linda Lovelace testified to a United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on juvenile justice that the film had earned $600 million ; this figure has been the subject of much speculation , since if it is accurate then the film would have made more money than Star Wars , and finished the 1970s as the highest - grossing film . The main argument against this figure is that it simply did not have a wide enough release to sustain the sort of sums that would be required for it to ultimately gross this amount . Exact figures are not known , but testimony in a federal trial in 1976 -- about four years into the film 's release -- showed the film had grossed over $25 million . Roger Ebert has reasoned it possibly did earn as much as $600 million on paper , since mobsters owned most of the adult movie theaters during this period and would launder income from drugs and prostitution through them , so probably inflated the box office receipts for the film . The Birth of a Nation , Gone with the Wind , The Godfather , Jaws , Star Wars , E.T. and Avatar all increased their record grosses with re-releases . The grosses from their original theatrical runs are included here along with totals from re-releases up to the point that they lost the record ; therefore the total for The Birth of a Nation includes income from its reissues up to 1940 ; the total for Star Wars includes revenue from the late 1970s and early 1980s reissues but not from the 1997 Special Edition ; the total for E.T. incorporates its gross from the 1985 reissue but not from 2002 ; the total for Avatar -- as the current record - holder -- includes all its earnings at the present time . Gone with the Wind is represented twice on the chart : the 1940 entry includes earnings from its staggered 1939 -- 1942 release ( roadshow / general release / second - run ) along with all of its revenue up to the 1961 reissue prior to losing the record to The Sound of Music in 1966 ; its 1971 entry -- after it took back the record -- includes income from the 1967 and 1971 reissues but omitting later releases . The Godfather was re-released in 1973 after its success at the 45th Academy Awards , and Jaws was released again in 1976 , and their grosses here most likely include earnings from those releases . The Sound of Music , The Godfather , Jaws , Jurassic Park and Titanic increased their earnings with further releases in 1973 , 1997 , 1979 , 2013 and 2012 respectively , but they are not included in the totals here since they had already conceded the record prior to being re-released . Timeline of the highest - grossing film record Established Title Record setting gross Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation $5,200,000 1940 $15,000,000 1940 Gone with the Wind $32,000,000 1963 $67,000,000 1966 The Sound of Music $114,600,000 1971 Gone with the Wind $116,000,000 1972 The Godfather $127,600,000 -- 142,000,000 1976 Jaws $193,700,000 1978 Star Wars $410,000,000 / $268,500,000 1982 $530,000,000 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $619,000,000 -- 664,000,000 1993 $701,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park $914,691,118 1998 Titanic $1,843,201,268 Avatar $2,749,064,328 $2,787,965,087 Distributor rental . Includes revenue from re-releases . If a film increased its gross through re-releases while holding the record , the year in which it recorded its highest gross is also noted in italics . Highest - grossing franchises and film series See also : List of the highest - grossing media franchises The James Bond series was the first to gross over $1 billion . Prior to 2000 , only seven film series had grossed over $1 billion at the box office : James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones , Rocky , Batman , Jurassic Park and Star Trek . Since the turn of the century that number has increased to over fifty ( not including one - off hits such as Avatar , Titanic and Frozen ) . This is partly due to inflation and market growth , but also to Hollywood 's adoption of the franchise model : films that have built - in brand recognition , such as being based on a well known literary source or an established character . The methodology is based on the concept that films associated with things audiences are already familiar with can be more effectively marketed to them , and as such are known as `` pre-sold '' films within the industry . The films in the cross-franchise Marvel Cinematic Universe have collectively grossed the most , amassing over $12 billion at the box office , although the Eon James Bond films have earned over $14 billion in total when adjusted to current prices . The Harry Potter films are the highest - grossing series based on a single property , earning nearly $8 billion at the box office ; Harry Potter has also generated at least $3.5 billion in home video revenue , taking total consumer spending on the films to over $11 billion . If ancillary income from merchandise is included , then Star Wars is the most lucrative property ; it holds the Guinness world record for the `` most successful film merchandising franchise '' and was valued at £ 19.51 billion in 2012 ( approximately $30 billion ) . With four billion - dollar grossers , the Marvel Cinematic Universe is the only series where more than three films have grossed in excess of $1 billion ( Star Wars is the only franchise with three such films ) , and the two Avengers films comprise the only franchise where each installment has grossed over $1 billion . Avengers is also the only franchise to have a series average of over $1 billion per film , although the Star Wars , Pirates of the Caribbean , Jurassic Park and Finding Nemo franchises , Harry Potter films , and Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth adaptation also average over $1 billion adjusted for inflation . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 06 October 2017 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) Rank Series Total worldwide gross No. of films Average of films Highest - grossing film ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $12,656,649,978 16 $791,040,624 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) ( show ) Phase Two $5,271,691,209 6 $878,615,202 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $1,405,403,694 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) $773,328,629 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 5 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) $644,571,402 6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) $519,311,965 ( show ) Phase One $3,811,244,484 6 $635,207,414 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 Thor ( 2011 ) $449,326,618 5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 6 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) $263,427,551 ( show ) Phase Three $3,573,714,285 $893,428,571 Captain America : Civil War ( $1,153,304,495 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) $879,136,102 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) $863,555,293 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) $677,718,395 ( show ) J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World $8,539,253,704 9 $948,805,967 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) ( show ) Harry Potter series $7,725,216,129 8 $965,652,016 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) $1,341,511,219 Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) $974,755,371 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) $960,283,305 Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) $939,885,929 5 Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) $934,416,487 6 Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) $896,911,078 7 Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) $878,979,634 8 Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) $796,688,549 9 IMAX Marathon ( 2016 ) $1,784,557 ( show ) Fantastic Beasts series $814,037,575 $814,037,575 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( $814,037,575 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) $814,037,575 ( show ) Star Wars $7,516,234,702 9 $835,137,189 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) ( show ) Prequel trilogy $2,525,197,773 $841,732,591 The Phantom Menace ( $1,027,044,677 ) I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) $1,027,044,677 III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) $848,754,768 II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) $649,398,328 ( show ) Sequel trilogy $2,068,223,624 $2,068,223,624 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) $2,068,223,624 ( show ) Original trilogy $1,798,473,188 $599,491,063 A New Hope ( $775,398,007 ) IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) $775,398,007 V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) $547,969,004 VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) $475,106,177 ( show ) Anthology films $1,056,057,273 $1,056,057,273 Rogue One ( $1,056,057,273 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) $1,056,057,273 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) $68,282,844 ( show ) James Bond $7,040,275,645 26 $270,779,833 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) ( show ) Eon series $6,838,530,927 24 $284,938,789 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) ( show ) Daniel Craig 's Bond $3,174,372,309 $793,593,077 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) $1,108,561,013 Spectre ( 2015 ) $880,674,609 Casino Royale ( 2006 ) $599,045,960 Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) $586,090,727 ( show ) Pierce Brosnan 's Bond $1,479,008,618 $369,752,155 Die Another Day ( $431,971,116 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) $431,971,116 The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) $361,832,400 GoldenEye ( 1995 ) $352,194,034 Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) $333,011,068 ( show ) Roger Moore 's Bond $1,151,600,000 7 $164,514,286 Moonraker ( $210,300,000 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) $210,300,000 For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) $194,900,000 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) $185,400,000 Octopussy ( 1983 ) $183,700,000 5 A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) $152,400,000 6 Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) $126,400,000 7 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) $98,500,000 ( show ) Sean Connery 's Bond $621,500,000 6 $103,583,333 Thunderball ( $141,200,000 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) $141,200,000 Goldfinger ( 1964 ) $124,900,000 Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) $116,000,000 You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) $101,000,000 5 From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) $78,900,000 6 Dr. No ( 1962 ) $59,500,000 ( show ) Timothy Dalton 's Bond $347,400,000 $173,700,000 The Living Daylights ( $191,200,000 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) $191,200,000 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) $156,200,000 ( show ) George Lazenby 's Bond $64,600,000 $64,600,000 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( $64,600,000 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) $64,600,000 Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) $160,000,000 Casino Royale ( 1967 ) $41,744,718 5 ( show ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth $5,884,488,087 7 $840,641,155 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) ( show ) Jackson series $5,853,780,255 6 $975,630,043 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) ( show ) The Hobbit $2,935,490,211 $978,496,737 An Unexpected Journey ( $1,021,103,568 ) An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) $1,021,103,568 The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) $958,366,855 The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) $956,019,788 ( show ) The Lord of the Rings $2,918,526,456 $972,842,152 The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) $1,120,237,002 The Two Towers ( 2002 ) $926,349,708 The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) $871,939,746 The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) $30,471,420 6 ( show ) The Fast and the Furious $5,134,895,344 8 $641,861,918 Furious 7 ( $1,516,045,911 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) $1,516,045,911 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) $1,238,764,765 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) $788,679,850 Fast Five ( 2011 ) $626,137,675 5 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) $363,164,265 6 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) $236,350,661 7 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) $207,283,925 8 Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) $158,468,292 7 ( show ) X-Men $4,996,632,006 10 $499,663,201 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) ( show ) Main series $2,808,832,317 6 $468,138,720 Days of Future Past ( $747,862,775 ) Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) $747,862,775 Apocalypse ( 2016 ) $543,934,787 The Last Stand ( 2006 ) $459,359,555 X2 ( 2003 ) $407,711,549 5 First Class ( 2011 ) $353,624,124 6 X-Men ( 2000 ) $296,339,527 ( show ) Wolverine series $1,404,686,710 $468,228,903 Logan ( $616,795,600 ) Logan ( 2017 ) $616,795,600 The Wolverine ( 2013 ) $414,828,246 Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) $373,062,864 ( show ) Deadpool series $783,112,979 $783,112,979 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) $783,112,979 8 ( show ) Batman $4,995,812,576 15 $333,054,172 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) ( show ) Nolan series $2,463,716,216 $821,238,739 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) $1,084,939,099 The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) $1,004,558,444 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) $374,218,673 ( show ) Burton / Schumacher series $1,335,009,923 5 $267,001,985 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) ( show ) Main series $1,252,907,544 $313,226,886 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) Batman ( 1989 ) $411,348,924 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) $336,529,144 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) $266,822,354 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) $238,207,122 Catwoman ( 2004 ) $82,102,379 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $873,260,194 $873,260,194 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) $311,950,384 Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) $5,617,391 ( show ) DC Universe Animated Original Movies $4,501,125 $2,250,563 The Killing Joke ( $4,462,034 ) The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) $4,462,034 Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) $39,091 ( show ) 1960s TV series $1,757,343 $878,672 Batman : The Movie ( $1,700,000 ) Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) $1,700,000 Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) $57,343 9 ( show ) Spider - Man $4,842,395,606 6 $807,065,934 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) ( show ) Raimi series $2,496,346,518 $832,115,506 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) $890,871,626 Spider - Man ( 2002 ) $821,708,551 Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) $783,766,341 ( show ) Webb series $1,466,912,986 $733,456,493 The Amazing Spider - Man ( $757,930,663 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) $757,930,663 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) $708,982,323 ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $879,136,102 $879,136,102 Homecoming ( $879,136,102 ) Homecoming ( 2017 ) $879,136,102 10 ( show ) Pirates of the Caribbean $4,524,252,241 5 $904,850,448 Dead Man 's Chest ( $1,066,179,725 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) $1,066,179,725 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) $1,045,713,802 At World 's End ( 2007 ) $963,420,425 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) $794,674,274 5 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) $654,264,015 11 ( show ) Transformers $4,385,136,428 6 $730,856,071 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) ( show ) Bay series $4,379,286,781 5 $875,857,356 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) $1,123,794,079 Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) $1,104,054,072 Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) $836,303,693 Transformers ( 2007 ) $709,709,780 5 The Last Knight ( 2017 ) $605,425,157 The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) $5,849,647 12 ( show ) Despicable Me $3,698,674,863 $924,668,716 Minions ( $1,159,398,397 ) ( show ) Main series $2,539,276,466 $846,425,489 Despicable Me 3 ( $1,025,400,596 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) $1,025,400,596 Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) $970,761,885 Despicable Me ( 2010 ) $543,113,985 Minions ( 2015 ) $1,159,398,397 13 ( show ) Jurassic Park $3,689,072,919 $922,268,230 Jurassic World ( $1,671,713,208 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) $1,671,713,208 Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) $1,029,939,903 The Lost World ( 1997 ) $618,638,999 Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) $368,780,809 14 ( show ) Shrek $3,510,794,482 5 $702,158,896 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) ( show ) Main series $2,955,807,005 $738,951,751 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) $919,838,758 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) $798,958,162 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) $752,600,867 Shrek ( 2001 ) $484,409,218 Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) $554,987,477 15 ( show ) The Twilight Saga $3,346,157,056 5 $669,231,411 Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( $829,746,820 ) Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) $829,746,820 Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) $712,205,856 New Moon ( 2009 ) $709,711,008 Eclipse ( 2010 ) $698,491,347 5 Twilight ( 2008 ) $393,616,788 6 Twilight / New Moon ( Combo ) $2,385,237 16 ( show ) Ice Age $3,217,251,681 5 $643,450,336 Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( $886,686,817 ) Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) $886,686,817 Continental Drift ( 2012 ) $877,244,782 The Meltdown ( 2006 ) $661,483,908 Collision Course ( 2016 ) $408,579,038 5 Ice Age ( 2002 ) $383,257,136 17 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $3,108,118,297 $777,029,574 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) $821,212,531 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) $745,600,054 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 18 ( show ) The Hunger Games $2,968,191,442 $742,047,861 Catching Fire ( $865,011,746 ) Catching Fire ( 2013 ) $865,011,746 Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) $755,356,711 The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) $694,394,724 Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) $653,428,261 19 ( show ) Avengers $2,924,216,682 $1,462,108,341 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 20 ( show ) Mission : Impossible $2,778,977,995 5 $555,795,599 Ghost Protocol ( $694,713,380 ) Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) $694,713,380 Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) $682,330,139 Mission : Impossible II ( 2000 ) $546,388,105 Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) $457,696,359 5 Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) $397,850,012 21 ( show ) Superman $2,554,201,360 8 $319,275,170 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) ( show ) DC Extended Universe $1,541,305,712 $770,652,856 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 ( show ) Original series $621,814,456 5 $124,362,891 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) ( show ) Christopher Reeve films $607,518,018 $151,879,505 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) Superman ( 1978 ) $300,218,018 Superman II ( 1980 ) $190,400,000 Superman III ( 1983 ) $80,200,000 Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) $36,700,000 Supergirl ( 1984 ) $14,296,438 Superman Returns ( 2006 ) $391,081,192 22 ( show ) Iron Man $2,423,918,805 $807,972,935 Iron Man 3 ( $1,214,811,252 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 23 ( show ) Star Trek $2,266,723,196 13 $174,363,323 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) ( show ) Kelvin Timeline $1,189,710,370 $396,570,123 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) Into Darkness ( 2013 ) $467,381,584 Star Trek ( 2009 ) $385,680,446 Beyond ( 2016 ) $336,648,340 ( show ) The Original Series $621,900,000 6 $103,650,000 The Motion Picture ( $139,000,000 ) The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) $139,000,000 IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) $133,000,000 VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) $96,900,000 II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) $95,800,000 5 III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) $87,000,000 6 V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) $70,200,000 ( show ) The Next Generation $455,112,826 $113,778,207 First Contact ( $150,000,000 ) First Contact ( 1996 ) $150,000,000 Generations ( 1994 ) $120,000,000 Insurrection ( 1998 ) $117,800,000 Nemesis ( 2002 ) $67,312,826 24 ( show ) Madagascar $2,256,517,920 $564,129,480 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) ( show ) Main series $1,883,502,299 $627,834,100 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) $746,921,274 Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) $603,900,354 Madagascar ( 2005 ) $532,680,671 Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) $373,015,621 25 ( show ) Captain America $2,238,138,536 $746,046,179 Civil War ( $1,153,304,495 ) Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . References ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Producers claim prod'n has grossed over $3.2 bil at the B.O. worldwide '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar -- Video Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unkind unwind '' . The Economist . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Harold L. ( 2010 ) . Entertainment Industry Economics : A Guide for Financial Analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00309 - 5 . Most pictures would likely receive 20 % to 25 % of theatrical box office gross for two prime - time network runs . Jump up ^ Clark , Emma ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` How films make money '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Movies are n't the only B.O. monsters '' . Variety . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' Earns Record Box Office '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Entertainment Glut '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . February 15 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney : ' Cars ' Has Crossed $8 Billion in Global Retail Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn C. ; Keegan , Rebecca ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Merchandise sales drive Pixar 's ' Cars ' franchise '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Sakoui , Anousha ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` More Disney Fun and Games With ' Toy Story 4 ' in 2017 '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` How Hollywood Box - Office Records Are Made '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Best Weekend Never '' . Slate . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , S. Eric ; Albertson , Stewart ; Shavlick , David ( March 2004 ) . How the motion picture industry miscalculates box office receipts . Proceedings of the Midwest Business Economics Association . Loma Linda University . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon . `` ' Avatar ' Claims Highest Gross of All Time '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 30 , 2010 ) . `` What It Takes for a Movie to Be No. 1 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolesnikov - Jessop , Sonia ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Hollywood Presses Its Global Agenda '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoad , Phil ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` The rise of the international box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Why the Foreign Box Office Leads : ' Fast Five , ' ' Thor ' Open Overseas First '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Box - Office Records Are the Stuff of ' Legend ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhardt , David ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Why ' Avatar ' Is Not the Top - Grossing Film '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shone , Tom ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars 2010 : How James Cameron took on the world '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , George F. ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` Gone With The Wind , Indeed '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Economist online ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pottering on , and on '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . 60 ( 2015 ed . ) . 2014 . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9781908843708 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2011 ) . Гиннесс . Мировые рекорды ( Guinness World Records ) ( in Russian ) . Translated by Andrianov , P.I. ; Palova , I.V. ( 2012 ed . ) . Moscow : Astrel . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 271 - 36423 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 3D ( 2012 ) -- International Box Office results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . North America : $57,884,114 ; Overseas : $285,666,656 ^ Jump up to : Cones , John W. ( 1997 ) . The feature film distribution deal : a critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2082 - 0 . Distributor rentals : It is also important to know and recognize the difference between the distributor 's gross receipts and the gross rentals . The term `` rentals '' refers to the aggregate amount of the film distributor 's share of monies paid at theatre box offices computed on the basis of negotiated agreements between the distributor and the exhibitor . Note that gross receipts refers to amounts actually received and from all markets and media , whereas gross rentals refers to amounts earned from theatrical exhibition only , regardless of whether received by the distributor . Thus , gross receipts is the much broader term and includes distributor rentals . The issue of film rentals ( i.e. , what percentage of a film 's box office gross comes back to the distributor ) is of key importance ... More current numbers suggest that distributor rentals for the major studio / distributor released films average in the neighborhood of 43 % of box office gross . Again , however , such an average is based on widely divergent distributor rental ratios on individual films . Jump up ^ Marich , Robert ( 2009 ) ( 1st . pub . Focal Press : 2005 ) . Marketing to moviegoers : a handbook of strategies used by major studios and independents ( 2 ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 252 . ISBN 9780809328840 . Rentals are the distributors ' share of the box office gross and typically set by a complex , two - part contract . Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 2005 ) . The American film industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 09874 - 2 . Film Rentals as Percent of Volume of Business ( 1939 ) : 36.4 Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 1987 ) . United Artists : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11440 - 4 . To rekindle interest in the movies , Hollywood not only had to compete with television but also with other leisure - time activities ... Movies made a comeback by 1955 , but audiences had changed . Moviegoing became a special event for most people , creating the phenomenon of the big picture . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . `` Later epics proved far more disastrous for the backers . Samuel Bronston 's The Fall of the Roman Empire , filmed in Spain , cost $17,816,876 and grossed only $1.9 million in America . George Stevens 's long - gestating life of Christ , The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , which had been in planning since 1954 and in production since 1962 , earned domestic rentals of $6,962,715 on a $21,481,745 negative cost , the largest amount yet spent on a production made entirely within the United States . The Bible -- in the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's latest ' Alien ' announcement drives Hollywood 's sequel problem '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Index By Year '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` All - Time Box - Office Hits By Decade and Year '' . Filmsite.org . American Movie Classics . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Milwaukee Magazine . 32 . 2007 . The year 's top -- grossing movie , Aloma made $3 million in the first three months and brought Gray back to Milwaukee for its opening at the Wisconsin Theatre . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Parkinson , David ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film Musicals . Dorling Kindersley . p. 28 . ISBN 9781843536505 . But they had previously succeeded in showing how musicals could centre on ordinary people with Sunny Side Up ( 1929 ) , which had grossed $2 million at the box office and demonstrated a new maturity and ingenuity in the staging of story and dance . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 6 -- 7 . `` For similar reasons of accountability , Variety has typically used figures for domestic ( U.S. and Canadian ) rather than worldwide revenue . This became its standard policy in 1940 , when the advent of war in Europe persuaded the American film industry ( temporarily , as it turned out ) that it should be wholly reliant on the home market for profitability . Where specific rentals data are reported in Variety before this ( which tended to be only sporadically ) they were often for worldwide rather domestic performance . This was also the case with other trade sources , such as Quigley 's annual Motion Picture Almanac , which published its own all - time hits lists from the early 1930s onward . The subsequent confusion of domestic and worldwide figures , and of rental and box - office figures , has plagued many published accounts of Hollywood history ( sometimes including those in Variety itself ) , and we have attempted to be diligant in clarifying the differences between them . '' Jump up ^ Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : The Big Grossers '' . Time . February 2 , 1953 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 129 . `` Domestic Rentals : $30,015,000 ( 61 % ) ; Foreign Rentals : $18,964,000 ( 39 % ) ... Gone with the Wind includes initial release plus four rereleases ( 1941 , 1942 , 1947 and 1954 ) since foreign rental revenues were available only cumulative through 1956 . '' Jump up ^ McDermott , Christine ( 2010 ) , Life with Father , p. 307 , No matter what the billing , the movie became a worldwide hit with $6.5 million in worldwide rentals , from Pappa och vi in Sweden to Vita col padre in Italy , although it booked a net loss of $350,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 145 . `` The commercial success of the five Cinerama travelogues , which earned an aggregate worldwide box - office gross of $120 million by 1962 ( including $82 million in the United States and Canada ) , nevertheless demonstrated to the mainstream industry the market value of special screen formats . '' ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` Top Films of All - Time : Part 1 -- Box - Office Blockbusters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Pan ' flies again '' . Daily Record . Ellensburg , Washington . United Press International . July 21 , 1989 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 47 . `` Walt Disney took a big risk when he decided to invest $1.5 million in his first feature - length animated film , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . It became the biggest hit of the sound era and the largest - grossing movie since The Birth of a Nation -- until the release of independent producer David O. Selznick 's Gone with the Wind just two years later . '' Jump up ^ Barrios , Richard ( 1995 ) . A Song in the Dark : The Birth of the Musical Film . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195088113 . Since it 's rarely seen today , The Singing Fool is frequently confused with The Jazz Singer ; although besides Jolson and a pervasively maudlin air the two have little in common . In the earlier film Jolson was inordinately attached to his mother and sang `` Mammy '' ; here the fixation was on his young son , and `` Sonny Boy '' became an enormous hit . So did the film , which amassed a stunning world - wide gross of $5.9 million ... Some sources give it as the highest gross of any film in its initial release prior to Gone with the Wind . This is probably overstating it -- MGM 's records show that Ben - Hur and The Big Parade grossed more , and no one knows just how much The Birth of a Nation brought in . Still , by the standards of the time it 's an amazing amount . Jump up ^ Everson , William K. ( 1998 ) ( First published 1978 ) . American silent film . Da Capo Press . p. 374 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80876 - 0 . Putting The Birth of a Nation in fifth place is open to question , since it is generally conceded to be the top - grossing film of all time . However , it has always been difficult to obtain reliable box - office figures for this film , and it may have been even more difficult in the mid-1930's . After listing it until the mid-1970's as the top - grosser , though finding it impossible to quote exact figures , Variety , the trade journal , suddenly repudiated the claim but without giving specific details or reasons . On the basis of the number of paid admissions , and continuous exhibition , its number one position seems justified . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . '' ^ Jump up to : du Brow , Rick ( September 22 , 1965 ) . `` Documentary On The Klan Made Quite An Impact On Du Brow '' . The Columbus Dispatch . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will ( April 12 , 2004 ) . `` Culture quake : The Birth of a Nation '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( January 18 , 1963 ) . `` ' West Side Story ' Earned $19 Million Last Year '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Klopsch , Louis ; Sandison , George Henry ; Talmage , Thomas De Witt ( 1965 ) . `` Christian Herald '' . 88 : 68 . Yet `` The Ten Commandments '' has earned 58 million dollars in film rentals and is expected to bring in 10 to 15 million each year it is reissued . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 160 -- 161 . `` General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' Jump up ^ Oviatt , Ray ( April 16 , 1961 ) . `` The Memory Is n't Gone With The Wind '' . Toledo Blade . p. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ `` Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ( initial release ) '' Jump up ^ Washington ( AP ) ( September 13 , 1984 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' star against pornography '' . The Free Lance -- Star . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( February 24 , 2005 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Numbers Just Do n't Add Up '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Memphis ( UPI ) ( May 1 , 1976 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Defendant Found Guilty of Conspiring '' . The Palm Beach Post . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` Inside Deep Throat '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . At the end of the 1941 general release , MGM decided to withdraw GWTW again . The prints were battered , but the studio believed one final fling for GWTW was possible . The film returned to movie theaters for the third time in the spring of 1942 and stayed in release until late 1943 ... When MGM finally pulled the film from exhibition , all worn - out prints were destroyed , and GWTW was at last declared out of circulation . MGM , which by then had sole ownership of the film , announced that GWTW had grossed over $32 million . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 1997 ) . City of Dreams : The Making and Remaking of Universal Pictures . University Press of Kentucky . p. 168 . ISBN 9780813120164 . Jaws ( 1975 ) saved the day , grossing $104 million domestically and $132 million worldwide by January 1976 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ New York ( AP ) ( May 26 , 1978 ) . `` Scariness of Jaws 2 unknown quantity '' . The StarPhoenix . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Fenner , Pat C. ( January 16 , 1978 ) . `` Independent Action '' . Evening Independent . p. 11 - A . Jump up ^ Cook , David A. ( 2002 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 . Volume 9 of History of the American Cinema , Charles Harpole . University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520232655 . The industry was stunned when Star Wars earned nearly $3 million in its first week and by the end of August had grossed $100 million ; it played continuously throughout 1977 -- 1978 , and was officially re-released in 1978 and 1979 , by the end of which it had earned $262 million in rentals worldwide to become the top - grossing film of all time -- a position it would maintain until surpassed by Universal 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial in January 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks competitors without a trace '' . BBC News . BBC . February 25 , 1998 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` He Doth Surpass Himself : ' Avatar ' Outperforms ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' breaks ' Titanic ' worldwide record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for James Bond Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Wars Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Bayonne Bleeder Throws a Punch at the Italian Stallion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Stallone Settles With The ' Real ' Rocky '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poller , Kenneth G. ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` Charles Wepner v. Sylvester Stallone '' ( PDF ) . Mango & Iacoviello . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prior to the release of Skyfall in 2012 , the James Bond series had grossed approximately $12.5 billion at 2011 prices ; after factoring in earnings of almost $2 billion from Skyfall and Spectre , the series has earned at least $14 billion adjusted for inflation . Jump up ^ Nash , Bruce ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Analysis : Harry Potter and the Big Pile of Money '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrod , Horatia ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar 's $6 billion playthings '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swatman , Rachel ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens second trailer sets YouTube world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listings -- Exchange Rates '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory vs. Finding Nemo '' ( North American `` domestic '' grosses adjusted to 2016 prices ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Box Office sources ^ Jump up to : Avatar Total : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $2,787,965,087 Total as of 2013 : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . $2,782,275,172 Special edition : `` Avatar ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $10,741,486 ; Overseas : $22,469,358 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Titanic Total : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . $2,185,372,302 Original release : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . $1,843,201,268 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frozen `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Worldwide -- $1,274,219,009 ( total as of August 8 , 2014 ; including Japanese gross up to August 3 , Spain gross up to July 27 and omitting Nigerian gross ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Japan '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 3 , 2014 : $247,650,477 Total as of August 31 , 2014 : $249,036,646 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Nigeria '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 17 , 2014 : $167,333 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Spain '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Total as of July 27 , 2014 : $21,668,593 Total as of November 2 , 2014 : $22,492,845 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : United Kingdom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of June 8 , 2014 : £ 39,090,985 Total as of November 30 , 2014 : £ 40,960,083 ( $1 = £ 0.63866 ) Total as of December 7 , 2014 : £ 41,087,765 ( $1 = £ 0.64136 ) Total as of December 14 , 2014 : £ 41,170,608 ( $1 = £ 0.636 ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Germany '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of March 30 , 2014 : € 35,098,170 Total as of October 18 , 2015 : € 42,526,744 nb . the exact euro to dollar conversion rate is unknown for earnings since April 2014 , but the euro never fell below parity with the dollar during 2014 and 2015 ( as can be verified by comparing the exchange rate on the individual date entries at the provided reference ) so an approximate conversion rate of € 1 : $1 is used here to give a lower - bound . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minions ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $1,119,929,521 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $818,580 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $307,481 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Skyfall ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : Age of Extinction '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jurassic Park Total : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Worldwide : $1,029,153,882 ; Production Budget : $63 million Original release : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . $914,691,118 2011 re-release : `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 756 -- 757 . `` Production Cost : $70.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Jurassic Park was a smash at the box office , bringing in $920 million in worldwide box office and spawning two sequels . '' ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 1999 ) . `` Women First : Titanic , Action - Aventure Films , and Hollywood 's Female Audience '' . In Sandler , Kevin S. ; Studlar , Gaylyn . Titanic : Anatomy of a Blockbuster . Rutgers University Press . pp. 108 -- 131 . ISBN 9780813526690 . p. 130 : The list has Jurassic Park at number one with $913 million , followed by The Lion King ... Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Total : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . $1,027,044,677 Original release : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . $924,317,558 Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Dark Knight Total : `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Total : $1,004,558,444 Original release ( excluding 2009 IMAX reissue ) : `` The Dark Knight '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . North America : $531,039,412 ( as of January 22 , 2009 ) ; Overseas : $466,000,000 ; IMAX re-release : January 23 , 2009 2009 IMAX re-release : `` Warner Bros. Entertainment Wraps Record - Breaking Year '' . Warner Bros. January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . With worldwide receipts of $997 million , `` The Dark Knight '' is currently fourth on the all - time box office gross list , and the film is being re-released theatrically on January 23 . First - run gross and IMAX reissue : Gray , Brandon ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Billion Dollar Batman '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . The Dark Knight had been hovering just shy of $1 billion for several months and reportedly sat at $997 million when Warner Bros. modestly relaunched it on Jan. 23 , timed to take advantage of the announcement of the Academy Awards nominations on Jan. 22 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( February 19 , 2002 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Moves Into No. 2 Position '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lion King Total : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide : $968,483,777 ; Production Budget : $45 million Lifetime grosses ( US & Canada ) : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) -- Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Initial : $312,855,561 ; IMAX : $15,686,215 ; 3D : $94,242,001 Lifetime grosses ( outside US & Canada ) : Brevert , Brad ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' Lead Soft Memorial Day Weekend ; Disney Tops $4 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 ... the original release of The Lion King made $450.6 million internationally , an additional $3.8 million with the 2002 IMAX reissue , and another $91.3 million from 2011 's 3D reissue for an international total of $545.7 million . As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 764 . `` Production Cost : $79.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $926,047,111 Re-release ( 2003 ) : `` The Two Towers ( Re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $1,996,877 ; Overseas : $1,505,170 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $764,607 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $302,597 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spectre ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Monaco , James ( 2009 ) . How to Read a Film : Movies , Media , and Beyond . Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199755790 . The Birth of a Nation , costing an unprecedented and , many believed , thoroughly foolhardy $110,000 , eventually returned $20 million and more . The actual figure is hard to calculate because the film was distributed on a `` states ' rights '' basis in which licenses to show the film were sold outright . The actual cash generated by The Birth of a Nation may have been as much as $50 million to $100 million , an almost inconceivable amount for such an early film . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ Lang , Robert , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Birth of a nation : D.W. Griffith , director . Rutgers University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2027 - 8 . The film eventually cost $110,000 and was twelve reels long . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 26 . Intolerance : `` Domestic Rentals : $1.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $0.5 ; Production Cost : $0.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , Intolerance , p. 45 , Intolerance was the most expensive American film made up until that point , costing a total of $489,653 , and its performance at the box ... but it did recoup its cost and end with respectable overall numbers . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Coons , Robin ( June 30 , 1939 ) . `` Hollywood Chatter '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Shipman , David ( 1970 ) . The great movie stars : the golden years . Crown Publishing Group . p. 98 . It was a low budgeter -- $120,000 -- but it grossed world - wide over $3 million and made stars of Chaney and his fellow - players , Betty Compson and Thomas Meighan . ^ Jump up to : `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2011 ) . The Fox Film Corporation , 1915 -- 1935 : A History and Filmography . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786462865 . Way Down East : p. 52 . `` D.W. Griffith 's Way Down East ( 1920 ) was projected to return rentals of $4,000,000 on an $800,000 negative . This figure was based on the amounts earned from its roadshow run , coupled with its playoff in the rest of the country 's theaters . Griffith had originally placed the potential film rental at $3,000,000 but , because of the success of the various roadshows that were running the $4,000,000 total was expected . The film showed a profit of $615,736 after just 23 weeks of release on a gross of $2,179,613 . '' What Price Glory ? : p. 112 . `` What Price Glory hit the jackpot with massive world rentals of $2,429,000 , the highest figure in the history of the company . Since it was also the most expensive production of the year at $817,000 the profit was still a healthy $796,000 ... '' Cavalcade : p. 170 . `` The actual cost of Cavalcade was $1,116,000 and it was most definitely not guaranteed a success . In fact , if its foreign grosses followed the usual 40 percent of domestic returns , the film would have lost money . In a turnaround , the foreign gross was almost double the $1,000,000 domestic take to reach total world rentals of $3,000,000 and Fox 's largest profit of the year at $664,000 . '' State Fair : p. 170 . `` State Fair did turn out to be a substantial hit with the help of Janet Gaynor boosting Will Rogers back to the level of money - making star . Its prestige engagements helped raked in a total $1,208,000 in domestic rentals . Surprisingly , in foreign countries unfamiliar with state fairs , it still earned a respectable $429,000 . With its total rentals , the film ended up showing a $398,000 profit . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 53 . `` The Four Forsemen of the Apocalypse was to become Metro 's most expensive production and one of the decade 's biggest box - office hits . Its production costs have been estimated at `` something between $600,000 and $800,000 . '' Variety estimated its worldwide gross at $4 million in 1925 and at $5 million in 1944 ; in 1991 , it estimated its cumulative domestic rentals at $3,800,000 . '' Jump up ^ Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The parade 's gone by ... University of California Press . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03068 - 8 . The negative cost was about $986,000 , which did not include Fairbanks ' own salary . Once the exploitation and release prints were taken into account , Robin Hood cost about $1,400,000 -- exceeding both Intolerance ( $700,000 ) and the celebrated `` million dollar movie '' Foolish Wives . But it earned $2,500,000 . Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . Douglas Fairbanks . University of California Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9780520256675 . The film had a production cost of $930,042.78 -- more than the cost of D.W. Griffith 's Intolerance and nearly as much as Erich von Stroheim 's Foolish Wives ( 1922 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Business : Film Exports '' . Time . July 6 , 1925 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Birchard , Robert S. ( 2009 ) . Cecil B. DeMille 's Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813138299 . ch. 45 . The Ten Commandments ( 1923 ) . `` Cost : $1,475,836.93 ; Gross : $4,169,798.38 '' ch. 56 . The Sign of the Cross . `` Cost : $694,064.67 ; Gross : $2,738,993.35 ( to 1937 ) '' ch. 68 . Samson and Delilah . `` Cost : $3,097,563.05 '' ch. 69 . The Greatest Show on Earth . `` Cost : $3,873,946.50 ; Gross receipts : $15,797,396.36 ( to December 29 , 1962 ) '' ch. 70 . The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) . `` Cost : $13,272,381.87 ; Gross receipts : $90,066,230.00 ( to June 23 , 1979 ) '' Jump up ^ May , Richard P. ( Fall 2005 ) , `` Restoring The Big Parade '' , The Moving Image , 5 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 146 , ISSN 1532 - 3978 , doi : 10.1353 / mov. 2005.0033 , ... earning somewhere between $18 and $22 million , depending on the figures consulted Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( 1991 ) . Guinness Book of Movie Facts and Feats ( 4 ed . ) . Abbeville Publishing Group . p. 30 . ISBN 9781558592360 . The top grossing silent film was King Vidor 's The Big Parade ( US 25 ) , with worldwide rentals of $22 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . `` Even then , at a time when the budget for a feature averaged at around $300,000 , no more than $382,000 was spent on production ... According to the Eddie Mannix Ledger at MGM , it grossed $4,990,000 domestically and $1,141,000 abroad . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . ( At a negative cost of $3,967,000 , it was also the most expensive . ) '' Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` For Heaven 's Sake ( 1926 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` At a cost of $2 million Wings was the studio 's most expensive movie of the decade , and though it did well it was not good enough to earn a profit . '' ^ Jump up to : The Jazz Singer and The Singing Fool Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , The Jazz Singer , p. 113 , The film brought in $2.6 million in worldwide rentals and made a net profit of $1,196,750 . Jolson 's follow - up Warner Bros. film , The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) , brought in over two times as much , with $5.9 in worldwide rentals and a profit of $3,649,000 , making them two of the most profitable films in the 1920s . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Crafton , Donald ( 1999 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . University of California Press . pp. 549 -- 552 . ISBN 9780520221284 . The Singing Fool : Negative Cost ( $1000 s ) : 388 Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , The Broadway Melody , p. 121 , It earned $4.4 million in worldwide rentals and was the first movie to spawn sequels ( there were several until 1940 ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub. 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786420292 . The Singing Fool : p. 12 . `` Ego aside , Jolson was at the top of his powers in The Singing Fool . The $150,000 Warner Bros. paid him to make it , and the $388,000 it took to produce the film , were drops in the hat next to the film 's world gross of $5.9 million . Its $3.8 - million gross in this country set a box - office record that would not be surpassed until Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . '' The Broadway Melody : p. 24 . `` The Broadway Melody with a negative cost of $379,000 , grossed $2.8 million in the United States , $4.8 million worldwide , and made a recorded profit of $1.6 million for MGM . '' Gold Diggers of Broadway : p. 58 . `` It grossed an impressive $2.5 million domestically and nearly $4 million worldwide . '' ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2002 ) ( First published 1988 ) . Twentieth Century - Fox : a corporate and financial history . Filmmakers series . 20 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780810842441 . Sunny Side Up : p. 10 . `` Sunny Side Up , a musical starring Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell , showed domestic rentals of $3.5 million , a record for the company . '' Forever Amber : p. 66 . `` On the surface , with world rentals of $8 million , Forever Amber was considered a hit at distribution level . '' The French Connection p. 167 . `` The Planet of the Apes motion pictures were all moneymakers and Zanuck 's record would have immediately improved had he stayed through the release of The French Connection , which took in rentals of approximately $75 million worldwide . '' p. 256 . `` $3,300 , 00 '' . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 46 . `` Production Cost : $0.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Cormack , Mike ( 1993 ) . Ideology and Cinematography in Hollywood , 1930 -- 1939 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 28 . ISBN 9780312100674 . Although costing $1250000 -- a huge sum for any studio in 1929 -- the film was a financial success . Karl Thiede gives the domestic box - office at $1500000 , and the same figure for the foreign gross . ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 1996 ) . Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 . Volume 5 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520203341 . Cavalcade : p. 182 . `` Produced by Winfield Sheehan at a cost of $1.25 million , Cavalcade won Academy Awards for best picture , director , art direction and grossed close to $4 million during its first release , much of which came from Great Britain and the Empire . '' Whoopee : p. 212 . `` Produced by Sam Goldwyn at a cost of $1 million , the picture was an adaptation of a smash musical comedy built around Eddie Cantor ... A personality - centered musical , Whoopee ! made little attempt to integrate the comedy routines , songs , and story . Nonetheless , Cantor 's feature - film debut grossed over $2.6 million worldwide and started a popular series that included Palmy Days ( 1931 ) , The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , and Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) . '' Jump up ^ Hell 's Angels Balio , Tino ( 1976 ) . United Artists : The Company Built by the Stars . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 110 . Hughes did not have the `` Midas touch '' the trade press so often attributed to him . Variety , for example , reported that Hell 's Angels cost $3.2 million to make , and by July , 1931 , eight months after its release , the production cost had nearly been paid off . Keats claimed the picture cost $4 million to make and that it earned twice that much within twenty years . The production cost estimate is probably correct . Hughes worked on the picture for over two years , shooting it first as a silent and then as a talkie . Lewis Milestone said that in between Hughes experimented with shooting it in color as well . But Variety 's earnings report must be the fabrication of a delirious publicity agent , and Keats ' the working of a myth maker . During the seven years it was in United Artists distribution , Hell 's Angels grossed $1.6 million in the domestic market , of which Hughes ' share was $1.2 million . Whatever the foreign gross was , it seems unlikely that it was great enough to earn a profit for the picture . Jump up ^ Feaster , Felicia . `` Frankenstein ( 1931 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 163 . `` It drew $1.4 million in worldwide rentals in its first run versus $1.2 million for Dracula , which had opened in February 1931 . '' Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2003 ) . Chaplin : genius of the cinema . Abrams Books . p. 208 . Chaplin 's negative cost for City Lights was $1,607,351 . The film eventually earned him a worldwide profit of $5 million ( $2 million domestically and $3 million in foreign distribution ) , an enormous sum of money for the time . Jump up ^ Ramsaye , Terry , ed. ( 1937 ) . `` The All - Time Best Sellers -- Motion Pictures '' . International Motion Picture Almanac 1937 -- 38 . New York : The Quigley Publishing Company : 942 -- 943 . Kid from Spain : $2,621,000 ( data supplied by Eddie Cantor ) ^ Jump up to : Sedgwick , John ( 2000 ) . Popular Filmgoing In 1930s Britain : A Choice of Pleasures . University of Exeter Press . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 9780859896603 . Sources : Eddie Mannix Ledger , made available to the author by Mark Glancy ... Grand Hotel : Production Cost $000 s : 700 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 947 ; US box - office $000 s : 1,235 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,359 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,594 ; Profit $000 s : 947 . The Merry Widow : Production Cost $000 s : 1,605 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,116 ; US box - office $000 s : 861 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,747 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,608 ; Profit $000 s : - 113 . Viva Villa : Production Cost $000 s : 1,022 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 766 ; US box - office $000 s : 941 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 934 ; Total box - office $000 s : 1,875 ; Profit $000 s : 87 . Mutiny on the Bounty : Production Cost $000 s : 1,905 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,646 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,250 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,210 ; Total box - office $000 s : 4,460 ; Profit $000 s : 909 . San Francisco : Production Cost $000 s : 1,300 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,736 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,868 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,405 ; Total box - office $000 s : 5,273 ; Profit $000 s : 2,237 . Jump up ^ Shanghai Express Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 165 . `` Shanghai Express was Dietrich 's biggest hit in America , bringing in $1.5 million in worldwide rentals . '' Jump up ^ King Kong Jewel , Richard ( 1994 ) . `` RKO Film Grosses : 1931 -- 1951 '' . Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 . 1933 release : $1,856,000 ; 1938 release : $306,000 ; 1944 release : $685,000 `` King Kong ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . 1952 release : $2,500,000 ; budget : $672,254.75 Jump up ^ `` I 'm No Angel ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . According to a modern source , it had a gross earning of $2,250,000 on the North American continent , with over a million more earned internationally . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` The studio released its most profitable pictures of the decade in 1933 , She Done Him Wrong and I 'm No Angel , written by and starring Mae West . Produced at a rock - bottom cost of $200,000 each , they undoubtedly helped Paramount through the worst patch in its history ... '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , She Done Him Wrong , p. 173 , The worldwide rentals of over $3 million keep the lights on at Paramount , which did not shy away from selling the movie 's sex appeal . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kendall R. ( 2008 ) . Controversial Cinema : The Films That Outraged America . ABC - CLIO . p. 26 . ISBN 9781567207248 . The reaction to West 's first major film , however , was not exclusively negative . Made for a mere $200,000 , the film would rake in a healthy $2 million in the United States and an additional million in overseas markets . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 135 . `` Total production cost : $274,076 ( Unadjusted $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Turk , Edward Baron ( 2000 ) ( 1st . pub. 1998 ) . Hollywood Diva : A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520222533 . The Merry Widow : p. 361 Cost : $1,605,000 . Earnings : domestic $861,000 ; foreign $1,747,000 ; total $2,608,000 . Loss : $113,000 . San Francisco : p. 364 Cost : $1,300,000 . Earnings : domestic $2,868,000 ; foreign $2,405,000 ; total $5,273,000 . Profit : $2,237,000 . ( Reissues in 1938 -- 39 and 1948 -- 49 brought profits of $124,000 and $647,000 respectively . ) Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Frank Capra : The Catastrophe of Success . University Press of Mississippi . p. 309 . ISBN 9781604738384 . According to the studio 's books It Happened One Night brought in $1 million in film rentals during its initial release , but as Joe Walker pointed out , the figure would have been much larger if the film had not been sold to theaters on a block - booking basis in a package with more than two dozen lesser Columbia films , and the total rentals of the package spread among them all , as was customary in that era , since it minimized the risk and allowed the major studios to dominate the marketplace . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 2008 ) . Claudette Colbert : She Walked in Beauty . University Press of Mississippi . p. 79 . ISBN 9781604730876 . Although Columbia 's president , Harry Cohn , had strong reservations about It Happened One Night , he also knew that it would not bankrupt the studio ; the rights were only $5,000 , and the budget was set at $325,000 , including the performers ' salaries . Jump up ^ Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Monaco , Paul ( 2010 ) . A History of American Movies : A Film - By - Film Look at the Art , Craft , and Business of Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780810874343 . Considered a highly risky gamble when the movie was in production in the mid-1930s , by the fiftieth anniversary of its 1937 premiere Snow White 's earnings exceeded $330 million . Wilhelm , Henry Gilmer ; Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) . The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs : Traditional and Digital Color Prints , Color Negatives , Slides , and Motion Pictures . Preservation Pub . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0911515008 . In only 2 months after the 1987 re-release , the film grossed another $45 million -- giving it a total gross to date of about $375 million ! `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1987 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $46,594,719 `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1993 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $41,634,791 ^ Jump up to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio Block & Wilson 2010 p. 207 . `` When the budget rose from $250,000 to $1,488,423 he even mortgaged his own home and automobile . Disney had bet more than his company on the success of Snow White . '' p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . p. 255 . `` On its initial release Pinocchio brought in only $1.6 million in domestic rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.2 million ) and $1.9 million in foreign rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.3 million ) . '' Jump up ^ 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You : `` You Ca n't Take It With You Premieres '' . Focus Features . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . You Ca n't Take It With You received excellent reviews , won Best Picture and Best Director at the 1938 Academy Awards , and earned over $5 million worldwide . Boys Town : Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Boys Town , p. 215 , The film quickly became a smash nationwide , making a profit of over $2 million on worldwide rentals of $4 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . The Adventures of Robin Hood : Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : the William Schaefer ledger '' . Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television . 1 ( 15 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 01439689500260031 . $3.981 million . Alexander 's Ragtime Band : Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Alexander 's Ragtime Band , p. 213 , Once the confusion cleared , however , the film blossomed into a commercial success , with a profit of $978,000 on worldwide rentals of $3.6 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Chartier , Roy ( September 6 , 1938 ) . `` You Ca n't Take It With You '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 283 . `` The final negative cost of Gone with the Wind ( GWTW ) has been variously reported between $3.9 million and $4.25 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Pinocchio ( 1940 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 266 . ISBN 9780199839223 . The film 's negative cost was $2.6 million , more than $1 million higher than Snow White 's . Jump up ^ Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . p. 466 . ISBN 9780520221307 . Boom Town ( $4.6 million ) . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 258 -- 259 . `` Production Cost : $2.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Boom Town was the biggest moneymaker of 1940 and one of the top films of the decade . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 267 . `` With worldwide rentals of $7.8 million in its initial release , the movie made a net profit of over $3 million . '' Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 301 . `` The studio did particularly well with its war - related pictures , such as Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , which cost $1.6 million but was the studio 's biggest hit of the decade aside from This is the Army ( 1943 ) , the Irving Berlin musical for which the profits were donated to the Army Emergency Relief fund . '' Jump up ^ `` Bambi '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 281 . `` Worldwide rentals of $3,449,353 barely recouped the film 's nearly $2 million production cost . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Bambi : `` Worldwide Box Office : $266.8 ; Production Cost : $1.7 ( Millions of $ s ) '' 101 Dalmatians : `` Worldwide Box Office : $215.0 ; Production Cost : $3.6 ( Millions of $ s ) '' The Jungle Book : `` Worldwide Box Office : $170.8 '' ; Production Cost : $3.9 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Aladdin : `` Worldwide Box Office : $505.1 '' ; Production Cost : $28.0 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Glancy , Mark ( 1999 ) . When Hollywood Loved Britain : The Hollywood ' British ' Film 1939 -- 1945 . Manchester University Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9780719048531 . Mrs Miniver was a phenomenon . It was the most popular film of the year ( from any studio ) in both North America and Britain , and its foreign earnings were three times higher than those of any other MGM film released in the 1941 -- 42 season . The production cost ( $1,344,000 ) was one of the highest of the season , indicating the studio never thought of the film as a potential loss - maker . When the film earned a worldwide gross of $8,878,000 , MGM had the highest profit ( $4,831,000 ) in its history . Random Harvest nearly matched the success of Mrs Miniver with worldwide earnings of $8,147,000 yielding the second - highest profit in MGM 's history ( $4,384,000 ) . Random Harvest was also the most popular film of the year in Britain , where it proved to be even more popular than Britain 's most acclaimed war film , In Which We Serve . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 Mrs. Miniver : Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mrs. Miniver , p. 279 , Mrs. Miniver 's galvanizing effect on Americans spawned a record - breaking ten - week run at Radio City Music Hall and garnered a $5.4 million take in domestic rentals ( making Mrs. Miniver 1942 's top grosser ) , with a $4.8 million profit on worldwide rentals of $8.9 million . Yankee Doodle Dandy : p. 275 . `` It became the second biggest box - office hit of 1942 ( after Mrs. Miniver ) and was praised by critics , making a profit of $3.4 million on worldwide rentals of $6.5 million . '' Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , For Whom the Bell Tolls , p. 287 , Despite the early furor over the novel being `` pro-red and immoral , '' the film opened to strong and favorable reviews and brought in $11 million in worldwide rentals in its initial release . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Guy Named Joe ( 1944 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . According to M-G-M studio records at the AMPAS Library , the film had a negative cost of $2,627,000 and took in $5,363,000 at the box office . When the picture was re-issued for the 1955 -- 56 season , it took in an additional $150,000 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Irving Berlin : This Is the Army '' . Prologue. 28 ( 2 ) . Part 3 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Army ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 356 -- 363 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` ( Unadjusted $ s ) in Millions of $ s -- Production Cost : $1.0 '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 232 . Mrs. Miniver : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,358,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $3,520,000 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Meet Me in St. Louis : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,016,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,623,630 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Easter Parade : `` Domestic Rentals : $4,144,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,774,134 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Schaefer , Eric ( 1999 ) . `` Bold ! Daring ! Shocking ! True ! '' : A History of Exploitation Films , 1919 -- 1959 . Duke University Press . pp. 197 -- 199 . ISBN 9780822323747 . Leading the pack of postwar sex hygiene films was Mom and Dad ( 1944 ) , which would become not only the most successful sex hygiene film in history but the biggest pre-1960 exploitation film of any kind . At the end of 1947 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Mom and Dad had grossed $2 million . By 1949 Time had estimated that Mom and Dad had taken in $8 million from twenty million moviegoers . And publicity issuing from Mom and Dad 's production company indicated that by the end of 1956 it had grossed over $80 million worldwide . Net rentals of around $22 million by 1956 would easily place it in the top ten films of the late 1940s and early 1950s had it appeared on conventional lists . Some estimates have placed its total gross over the years at up to $100 million , and it was still playing drive - in dates into 1975 ... The film was made for around $65,000 with a crew of Hollywood veterans including director William `` One Shot '' Beaudine , cinematographer Marcel LePicard , and a cast that sported old stalwarts Hardie Albright , Francis Ford , and John Hamilton . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 296 . `` Production Cost : $1.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Wasson , Sam ( 2010 ) , The Bells of St. Mary 's , p. 297 , This was that rare sequel that did even better at the box office than the original , bringing in a $3.7 million profit on $11.2 million in worldwide rentals . Jump up ^ `` Song of the South '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal ( 2007 ) . Walt Disney : the biography . Aurum Press . pp. 438 . Still , the film wound up grossing $3.3 million ... Jump up ^ `` Song of the South ( 1946 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 p. 132. `` Best Years was considerably cheaper , costing only $2.1 million , and therefore vastly more profitable . '' p. 286 ( note 6.70 ) . `` Worldwide rentals for The Best Years of Our Lives amounted to $14,750,000 . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Best years of Our Lives , p. 301 , The film made a $5 million profit on worldwide rentals of $14.8 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 285 ( note 6.56 ) . `` The cost of Duel in the Sun has been reported as both $5,255,000 ( Haver , David O'Selznick's Hollywood , 361 ) and $6,480,000 ( Thomson , Showman : The Life of David O'Selznick , 472 ) ; the latter figure may include distribution expenses . Forever Amber cost $6,375,000 ( Solomon , Twentieth Century - Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , 243 ) . '' Jump up ^ Chopra - Gant , Mike ( 2006 ) . Hollywood Genres and Post-war America : Masculinity , Family and Nation in Popular Movies and Film Noir . I.B. Tauris . p. 18 . ISBN 9781850438151 . Forever Amber : $8 million ; Unconquered : $7.5 million ; Life with Father : $6.25 million Jump up ^ `` Unconquered ( 1947 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` Easter Parade ( 1948 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Street , Sarah ( 2002 ) . Transatlantic Crossings : British Feature Films in the United States . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9780826413956 . Although both films had higher than average budgets ( The Red Shoes cost £ 505,581 and Hamlet cost £ 572,530 , while the average cost of the other thirty films for which Rank supplied information was £ 233,000 ) , they resulted in high takings at home and abroad . Jump up ^ Officer , Lawrence H. ( 2011 ) . `` Dollar - Pound Exchange Rate From 1791 '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . 1947 -- 1948 : $4.03 ( per British pound ) Jump up ^ `` The Snake Pit '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Snake Pit ' Seen No Problem After All '' . Variety . January 19 , 1949 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 136 -- 139 Samson and Delilah : `` ... the film became the highest grosser in the studio 's history to date , with domestic rentals of $7,976,730 by 1955 and a further $6,232,520 overseas ... For all their spectacle , Samson and David were quite economically produced , costing $3,097,563 and $2,170,000 respectively . '' Quo Vadis : `` Production costs totaled a record $7,623,000 ... Worldwide rentals totaled $21,037,000 , almost half of which came from the foreign market . '' Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( 1950 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Michael D. ; Schwartz , Tony ( 2009 ) . Work in Progress . Pennsylvania State University . p. 178 . ISBN 9780786885077 . Cinderella revived its fortunes . Re-released in February 1950 , it cost nearly $3 million to make but earned more than $20 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 401 . ISBN 9780195167290 . It cost around $2.2 million , little more than each of the two package features , Melody Time and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( as Tluo Fabulous Characters had ultimately been named ) , that just preceded it , but its gross rentals -- an amount shared by Disney and RKO -- were $7.8 million , almost twice as much as the two package features combined . Jump up ^ The E.J. Mannix ledger . Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences : Howard Strickling Collection . 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Lev , Peter ( 2006 ) . Transforming the Screen , 1950 -- 1959 . Volume 7 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520249660 . Quo Vadis : p. 15 . `` MGM 's most expensive film of the period , Quo Vadis ( 1951 ) also did extremely well . The cost was $7,623,000 , earnings were an estimated $21.2 million ( with foreign earnings almost 50 percent of this total ) , and profit was estimated at $5,562,000 . '' Rear Window : pp. 203 -- 204 . `` Rear Window ( 1954 ) was an excellent commercial success , with a cost of $1 million and North American rentals of $5.3 million . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 335 . The Robe : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.7 ; Foreign Rentals : $9.4 ; Production Cost : $4.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Quo Vadis : `` Domestic Rentals : $11.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Zone , Ray ( 2012 ) . 3 - D Revolution : The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema . University Press of Kentucky . p. 71 . ISBN 9780813136110 . Produced at a cost of $1 million , This is Cinerama ran 122 weeks , earning $4.7 million in its initial New York run alone and eventually grossed over $32 million . It was obvious to Hollywood that the public was ready for a new form of motion picture entertainment . The first five Cinerama feature - length travelogues , though they only played in twenty - two theaters , pulled in a combined gross of $82 million . Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Greatest Show on Earth , pp. 354 -- 355 , By May 1953 , Variety was reporting that the Best Picture winner had amassed $18.35 million in worldwide rentals . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( 1953 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 147 -- 148 . `` To take full advantage of CinemaScope 's panoramic possibilities , shooting was delayed for the sets to be redesigned and rebuilt , adding $500,000 to the eventual $4.1 million budget ... It ultimately returned domestic rentals of $17.5 million and $25 million worldwide , placing it second only to Gone with the Wind in Variety 's annually updated chart . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 367 . `` It brought in $16.7 million in domestic rentals , $9.4 million in foreign rentals , and made a net profit of $8.1 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Rear Window '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` Domestic Box Office : $19.6 million ; Production Cost : $3.8 million . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 149 . `` VistaVision was first used for the musical White Christmas ( 1954 ) , which Variety named the top grosser of its year with anticipated domestic rentals of $12 million . '' Jump up ^ `` 20000 Leagues Under The Sea '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , John M. `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ( 1954 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 320 . `` It was up and running in time to handle Disney 's most elaborate expensive feature , 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , based on the book by Jules Verne , starring James Mason and Kirk Douglas and directed by Richard Fleischer at a cost of $4.5 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minego , Pete ( May 21 , 1956 ) . `` Pete 's Pungent Patter '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Portsmouth , Ohio . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cinerama Holiday ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 382 . `` Production Cost : $2.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mister Roberts , p. 383 , Mister Roberts sailed onto movie screens buoyed by enthusiastic reviews and receptive audiences . For pr , Fonda , Cagney , and lemmon reenacted several scenes on ed sullivan 's popular Toast of the Town television variety show . It returned a net profit of $4.5 million on worldwide rentals of $9.9 million , putting it in the top 5 domestic films of 1955 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 327 . `` Production cost : $13.3 million ; Domestic Film Rental : $31.3 ; Foreign Film Rental : $23.9 ; Worldwide Box office ( estimated ) : $122.7 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 159 -- 161 The Ten Commandments : `` No film did more to entrench roadshow policy than The Ten Commandments . While the success of This Is Cinerama , The Robe , and even Eighty Days could be attributed , at least in part , to their respective photographic and projection formats , that of DeMille 's film ( which cost a record $13,266,491 ) could not ... General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' The Bridge on the River Kwai : Columbia 's Anglo - American war film The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) opened on a roadshow basis in selected U.S. cities ( including New York , Chicago , Boston , and Los Angeles ) and in London . Costing only $2,840,000 to produce , it grossed $30.6 million worldwide on first release . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 153 . `` South Pacific also became for a time the most successful film ever released in the United Kingdom , where it earned a box - office gross three times its negative cost of $5,610,000 . Anticipated global rentals after three years were $30 million . '' Jump up ^ Ross , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Hollywood Left and Right : How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics . Oxford University Press . pp. 278 -- 279 . ISBN 9780199911431 . Costing $15 million to produce , the film earned $47 million by the end of 1961 and $90 million worldwide by January 1989 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide box office : $146.9 million ; Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ; Production cost : $15.9 million . ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Reid , John Howard ( 2006 ) . America 's Best , Britain 's Finest : A Survey of Mixed Movies . Volume 14 of Hollywood classics . Lulu . p. 243 -- 245 . ISBN 9781411678774 . Negative cost : around $4 million ; Worldwide film rentals gross ( including 1968 American reissue ) to 1970 : $30 million . Jump up ^ Webster , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Love and Death in Kubrick : A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut . McFarland & Company . pp. 298 ( note 2.23 ) . ISBN 9780786459162 . Spartacus cost $12 million and grossed some $60 million at the box office , figures Kubrick rarely again matched . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . Spartacus : `` In the case of Spartacus , overseas earnings to 1969 amounted to $12,462,044 , while U.S. and Canadian rentals ( even including a million - dollar TV sale ) were only $10,643,181 . But the film failed to show a profit on production costs of $10,284,014 because of the distribution charges and expenses amounting to an additional $15,308,083 . '' The Bible : `` The Bible -- In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` Psycho ( 1960 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred and One Dalmatians '' . Variety . December 31 , 1960 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , West Side Story , p. 449 , With its three rereleases , it took in over $105 million in worldwide box office ( $720 million in 2005 dollars ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 434 . The Sound of Music : `` Domestic Rentals : $68.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $46.2 ; Production Cost : $8.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Dirty Dozen : `` Domestic Rentals : $20.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.2 ; Production Cost : $5.4 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' 2001 : A Space Odyssey : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $5.5 ; Production Cost : $10.3 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $22.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $18.2 ; Production Cost : $44.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' West Side Story : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Longest Day : `` Domestic Rentals : $13.9 ; Foreign Rentals : $19.3 ; Production Cost : $8.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` Domestic Rentals : $29.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $7.9 ; Production Cost : $6.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Lawrence of Arabia 1962 release : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Worldwide Box Office : $69,995,385 ; International Box Office : $32,500,000 US total ( including reissues ) : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $44,824,852 ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 165 -- 166 Lawrence of Arabia : Columbia released the $13.8 million Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , filmed in Super Panavision 70 , exclusively on a hard - ticket basis , but opened Barabbas ( 1962 ) , The Cardinal ( 1963 ) , and the $12 million Joseph Conrad adaptation Lord Jim ( 1965 ) as 70mm roadshows in selected territories only . '' The Longest Day : `` Darryl 's most ambitious independent production was The Longest Day ( 1962 ) , a three - hour reconstruction of D - Day filmed in black - and - white CinemaScope at a cost of $8 million . It grossed over $30 million worldwide as a roadshow followed by general release , thereby helping the studio regain stability during its period of reorganization . '' Cleopatra : `` With top tickets set at an all - time high of $5.50 , Cleopatra had amassed as much as $20 million in such guarantees from exhibitors even before its premiere . Fox claimed the film had cost in total $44 million , of which $31,115,000 represented the direct negative cost and the rest distribution , print and advertising expenses . ( These figures excluded the more than $5 million spent on the production 's abortive British shoot in 1960 -- 61 , prior to its relocation to Italy . ) By 1966 worldwide rentals had reached $38,042,000 including $23.5 million from the United States . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 164 . `` West cost $14,483,000 ; although it earned $35 million worldwide in just under three years , with ultimate domestic rentals totaling $20,932,883 , high distribution costs severely limited its profitability . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 From Russia With Love : `` Worldwide Box Office : 78.9 ; Production Cost : 2.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Goldfinger : `` Worldwide Box Office : 124.9 ; Production Cost : 3.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Worldwide Box Office : 116 ; Production Cost : 7.2 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Moonraker : `` Worldwide Box Office : 210.3 ; Production Cost : 34.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' ^ Jump up to : Chapman , James ( 2007 ) . Licence to thrill : a cultural history of the James Bond films . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 515 - 9 . From Russia With Love : `` The American release of From Russia With Love again followed on some six months after it had been shown in Britain . North American rentals of $9.9 million were an improvement on its predecessor , helped by a slightly wider release , though they were still only half the $19.5 million of foreign rentals ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Diamonds Are Forever marked a return to the box - office heights of the Bond films of the mid-1960s . Its worldwide rentals were $45.7 million ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Moonraker : `` These figures were surpassed by Moonraker , which earned total worldwide rentals of $87.7 million , of which $33 million came from North America . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 2009 ) . United Artists , Volume 2 , 1951 -- 1978 : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 23014 - 2 . From Russia With Love : `` The picture grossed twice as much as Dr. No , both domestic and foreign -- $12.5 million worldwide ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Goldfinger : `` Produced on a budget of around $3 million , Goldfinger grossed a phenomenal $46 million worldwide the first time around . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 184 My Fair Lady : `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) cost Warners $17 million to make , including a record $5.5 million just for the film rights to the Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe stage show and a million - dollar fee for star Audrey Hepburn . By 1967 it was reported to have grossed $55 million from roadshowing worldwide . '' Mary Poppins : `` Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , which cost $5.2 million , was neither a stage adaptation nor a roadshow . But by the end of its first release , it had grossed nearly $50 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mary Poppins , p. 469 , In its initial run , Poppins garnered an astounding $44 million in worldwide rentals and became the company 's first Best Picture Oscar contender . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 188 . `` The negative cost of Warners ' adaptation of Edward Albee 's play Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) -- filmed in widescreen and black - and - white , largely set in domestic interiors and with a cast of only four principal actors -- amounted to $7,613,000 , in part because stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton received up - front fees of $1 million and $750,000 respectively , against 10 percent of the gross apiece . ( Their participation was presumably added to the budget ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book '' . Variety . December 31 , 1966 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Denisoff , R. Serge ; Romanowski , William D. ( 1991 ) . Risky Business : Rock in Film . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9780887388439 . The Graduate : p. 167 . `` World net rental was estimated at more than $85 million by January 1971 . '' Grease : p. 236 . `` The film was produced for $6 million and Paramount reportedly spent another $3 million on promotion . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 191 -- 192 The Graduate : `` The Graduate eventually earned U.S. rentals of $44,090,729 on a production cost of $3.1 million to become the most lucrative non-roadshow picture ( and independent release ) to date . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` None of these films was roadshown in the United States ; most were set in contemporary America or had a contemporary `` take '' on the past ( the casting of genuine teenagers to play Romeo and Juliet , the urbane sophistication of the dialogue in Butch Cassidy , the antiauthoritarianism of Bonnie and Clyde and MASH ) ; most were produced on modest or medium - sized budgets ( as low as $450,000 for Easy Rider and no higher than $6,825,000 for Butch Cassidy ) ; and all grossed upward of $10 million domestically . '' Jump up ^ Palmer , R. Barton ( 2006 ) . `` 2001 : The Critical Reception and the Generation Gap '' . In Kolker , Robert Phillip . Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : a Space Odyssey : New Essays . Oxford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780195174526 . With its initial and subsequent releases , domestic and worldwide , Kubrick 's arty , intellectual film earned nearly $138 million , which was , at that time , an astounding figure . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haber , Joyces ( March 27 , 1969 ) . `` ' Funny Girl ' a Box Office Winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 ... `` Funny Girl '' will gross an estimated $80 to $100 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Welles , Chris ( September 7 , 1970 ) . `` Behind the Silence at Columbia Pictures -- No Moguls , No Minions , Just Profits '' . New York . 3 ( 36 ) . New York Media . pp. 42 -- 47 . While Columbia , battling Ray Stark over every dollar , did Funny Girl for around $8.8 million , a million or so over budget , Fox spent nearly $24 million on Hello , Dolly ! , more than twice the initial budget , and the film will thus have to gross three times as much to break even . Jump up ^ Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid United States and Canada : `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $102,308,525 Outside North America : Vanity Fair . 2008 . p. 388 . Butch Cassidy went on to be a huge hit -- by the spring of 1970 it had taken in $46 million in North America and grossed another $50 million abroad . Jump up ^ `` ' Love Story ' II : Ryan Redux ? '' . New York . 9 . New York Media . 1976 . p. 389 . Bring those handkerchiefs out of retirement ... After all , the first movie made around $80 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Love Story , p. 545 , The final cost came in at $2,260,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( June 30 , 1979 ) . `` '' Airports '' Flourish `` . The Bryan Times . United Press International . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 541 . `` Screenwriter and director George Seaton was given a then - whopping production budget of $10 million to make what would be his last big movie after a long career as an actor in radio , a screenwriter , and a director . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 549 . `` Fiddler had the highest domestic box office of 1971 ( it was second in worldwide box office after Diamonds Are Forever ) , with more than $100 million in unadjusted worldwide box office on its initial release . The soundtrack album was also a huge seller . The 1979 rerelease was not as successful , with the $3.8 million print and ad costs almost as high as the $4.3 million in worldwide rentals . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 527 . Star Wars : `` Domestic Rentals : $127.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $141.5 ; Production Cost : $13.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Godfather : `` Domestic Rentals : $85.6 ; Foreign Rentals : $42.0 ; Production Cost : $7.2 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Fiddler on the Roof : `` Domestic Rentals : $34.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.1 ; Production Cost : $9.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Rocky : `` Domestic Rentals : $56.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $21.1 ; Production Cost : $1.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ The Godfather 1974 : Newsweek. 84 . 1974 . p. 74 . The original Godfather has grossed a mind - boggling $285 million ... 1991 : Von Gunden , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern auteurs : Coppola , Lucas , De Palma , Spielberg , and Scorsese . McFarland & Company . p. 36 . ISBN 9780899506180 . Since The Godfather had earned over $85 million in U.S. - Canada rentals ( the worldwide box - office gross was $285 million ) , a sequel , according to the usual formula , could be expected to earn approximately two - thirds of the original 's box - office take ( ultimately Godfather II had rentals of $30 million ) . 1997 re-release : `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North America : $1,267,249 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 246 . `` Domestic Box Office : $135.0 ; Foreign Box Office : $110.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Total : `` The Godfather '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide Gross : $245,066,044 Jump up ^ Jacobs , Diane ( 1980 ) . Hollywood Renaissance . Dell Publishing . p. 115 . ISBN 9780440533825 . The Godfather catapulted Coppola to overnight celebrity , earning three Academy Awards and a then record - breaking $142 million in worldwide sales . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( 1972 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Exorcist '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Robert Henry ; Steinberg , Charles Side ( 1976 ) . The media environment : mass communications in American society . Hastings House . p. 76 . ISBN 9780803846814 ... further reflected by the phenomenal successes of The Sting , Chinatown and The Exorcist . The latter film , which cost about $10 million to produce , has grossed over $110 million worldwide . Jump up ^ New York , 8 , New York Media , 1975 , ... Jaws should outstrip another MCA hit , The Sting , which had world - wide revenues of $115 million . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 560 . `` Production Cost : $5.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 206 -- 208 . `` The most successful entry in the disaster cycle was the $15 million The Towering Inferno which earned over $48,650,000 in domestic rentals and about $40 million foreign . '' Jump up ^ Brooks , Mel ( 2004 ) . `` My Movies : The Collisions of Art and Money '' . In Squire , Jason E. The movie business book ( 3 ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1937 - 2 . To their credit , Blazing saddles , opened wide in June to tremendous business around the country . It 's done over $80 million in rentals worldwide in 1974 dollars . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 564 . `` Production Cost : $2.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ Priggé , Steven ( 2004 ) . Movie Moguls Speak : Interviews With Top Film Producers . McFarland & Company . p. 8 . ISBN 9780786419296 . The budget for the first Jaws was $4 million and the picture wound up costing $9 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 214 . `` Rocky was the `` sleeper of the decade '' . Produced by UA and costing just under $1 million , it went on to earn a box - office gross of $117,235,247 in the United States and $225 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Rocky , p. 583 , The budget was $1,075,000 plus producer 's fees of $100,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T. '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Its worldwide box - office gross was $619 million , toppling the record of $530 million set by Star Wars . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 218 . `` Eventually costing $11,293,151 , Star Wars was previewed at the Northpoint Theatre in San Francisco on May 1 , 1977 . '' Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert ( 2010 ) . Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' N ' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 145 . ISBN 9781459600072 . Despite the fact that Grease was well on its way to becoming the highest - grossing movie musical in the world , and eventually grossed over $341 million ... ^ Jump up to : Kramer vs. Kramer United & Babson Investment Report . 72 . Babson - United , Inc. 1980 . p. 262 . Columbia Pictures Industries is continuing to rake in the box office dollars from its Oscar - winning Kramer vs. Kramer , which has topped $100 million in domestic grosses and $70 million overseas . Kramer , which cost less than $8 million to make , is now the second ... Prince , Stephen ( 2002 ) . A New Pot of Gold : Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow , 1980 -- 1989 . University of California Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23266 - 2 . Much of this was attributable to the performance of its hit film , Kramer vs. Kramer ( $94 million worldwide and the number two film in the domestic market ) . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Greg ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Rules of the Game '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 119 ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back Total up to 2014 : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $538,375,067 Special edition : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $67,597,694 ; Overseas : $57,214,766 2015 re-release : `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $9,593,937 ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 519 . The Empire Strikes Back : `` Production Cost : $32.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Return of the Jedi : `` Production Cost : $42.7 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Phantom Menace : `` Production Cost : $127.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Total : $389,925,971 ; North America : $212,222,025 ( original run ) ; Overseas : $141,766,000 Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 625 . Domestic Box office : $180.1 ; `` Production Cost : $22.8 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 609 . `` Steven Spielberg , by far the most successful director of the decade , had the highest - grossing movie with 1982 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial , which grossed over $664 million in worldwide box office on initial release . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 652 . `` Production Cost : $12.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi Total : `` Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $475,106,177 Special edition : `` Return of the Jedi ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $45,470,437 ; Overseas : $43,790,543 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 664 . `` Production Cost : $28.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Back to the Future Original release : `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Worldwide : $381,109,762 ; Production Budget : $19 million 2010 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2010 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $2,315,159 2014 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2014 re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . United Kingdom : $5,628,876 Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 268 . `` The studio had a record operating income of $212 million in 1982 , the year of Spielberg 's E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial ( which had cost only slightly over $10 million ) and $150 million in 1985 , mainly due to another Spielberg production , the $22 million Back to the Future , which became the top box office hit of the year . '' Jump up ^ `` Top Gun '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , Top Gun , pp. 678 -- 679 , Production Cost : $19.0 ( Millions of $ s ) ... Despite mixed reviews , it played in the top 10 for an extended period and was a huge hit , grossing almost $345 million in worldwide box office . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Fatal Attraction `` Fatal Attraction '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Scott , Vernon ( June 15 , 1990 ) . `` ' Three Men and Baby ' Sequel Adds Cazenove to Original Cast '' . The Daily Gazette . New York . Hollywood ( UPI ) . p. 9 ( TV Plus -- The Daily Gazette Supplement ) . That legacy is the $167,780,960 domestic box - office and $75 million foreign gross achieved by the original ... Jump up ^ `` Rain Man '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 244 . `` Rain Man : 30.0 ( cost in million $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 694 -- 695 . `` Production Cost : $55.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... The film went on to haul in over $494 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ `` Ghost '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terminator 2 Original release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . $519,843,345 3D re-release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( 8 July 1991 ) . `` Conan The Humanitarian '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aladdin '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toy Story Total : `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Worldwide : $373,554,033 3D release : `` Toy Story in 3D ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $8,680,257 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 776 . `` Production Cost : $30.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Die Hard : With A Vengeance '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Day ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Armageddon '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 509 . `` Production Cost : $140.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , D. ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar 's ' True Cost -- and Consequences '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . 1973 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ New Times . 2 . 1974 . Coppola is King Midas , the most individually powerful U.S. filmmaker . '' His credits include directing the first Godfather ( worldwide earnings : $142 million , ahead of Gone with the Wind , The Sound of Music and The Exorcist ) ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( May 18 , 1980 ) . `` The Saga Beyond ' Star Wars ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . `` Star Wars '' has brought 20th Century - Fox approximately $250 million in film rentals ... `` Star Wars '' grossed $410 million , and his share was enough to allow him to finance its sequel , `` The Empire Strikes Back , '' himself . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) -- Miscellaneous notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Franchise and series sources `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Avengers `` Avengers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Batman `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' . Variety . January 4 , 1967 . p. 8 . Batman : $1.7 million `` Catwoman ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . `` Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Captain America `` Captain America ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . DC Extended Universe `` DC Extended Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Despicable Me `` Despicable Me ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . The Fast and the Furious `` The Fast and the Furious -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . The Hunger Games `` The Hunger Games -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Ice Age `` Ice Age -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . `` Ice Age : The Meltdown 3D ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $6,095,750 Iron Man `` Iron Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World `` J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . James Bond `` James Bond -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ( Brosnan and Craig ) Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 . `` James Bond Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office . '' ( Connery , Lazenby , Moore and Dalton ) `` Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jurassic Park `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 Madagascar `` Madagascar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Marvel Cinematic Universe `` Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Middle - earth `` Middle Earth -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Mission : Impossible `` Mission : Impossible -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Pirates of the Caribbean `` Pirates of the Caribbean -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Shrek `` Shrek -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Spider - Man `` Spider - Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Star Trek `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Star Wars `` A New Hope '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . `` Return of the Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Phantom Menace '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Attack of the Clones '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` Revenge of the Sith '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Clone Wars '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Force Awakens '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Superman Superman , Superman Returns , Man of Steel and Batman v Superman : `` Superman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Superman II , Superman III and Superman IV : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 534 . `` Superman Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office Revenues vs. Production Costs -- Equivalent 2005 $ s . '' Block & Wilson 2010 , p. xii . `` Notes on Adjusting Dollars and Making Estimates -- Adjusting Revenues . '' `` Adjusting for Ticket Price Inflation '' ( Source : MPAA ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . `` Supergirl ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Transformers `` Transformers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . The Twilight Saga `` Twilight -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . `` Twilight / New Moon Combo ( one - night - only ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . X-Men `` X-Men -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Bibliography Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061778896 . Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . External links Film portal All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses at Box Office Mojo All Time Highest Grossing Movies Worldwide at The Numbers All - Time Worldwide Box Office at Internet Movie Database Box - Office Top 100 Films of All - Time at Filmsite.org Lists of box office number - one films Americas Argentina 2016 Brazil 2007 2008 2009 Canada 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Chile 2007 2008 2009 Colombia 2011 Ecuador 2011 Mexico 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 United States ( Records ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Venezuela 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Asia - Pacific Australia 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 China 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Japan ( Anime ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Philippines ( Filipino ) 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 South Korea 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Taiwan 2014 2016 2017 Taipei 2016 2017 Thailand 2015 2016 2017 Europe , the Middle East , and Africa ( EMEA ) Belgium 2007 2008 2009 France 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Greece 2013 Ireland 2011 Italy 2009 2011 2012 2013 2016 2017 Netherlands 2009 See also Crystal Films Golden Films Platinum Films Diamond Films Poland 2011 2013 Romania 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Spain 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Turkey 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 United Kingdom 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Highest - grossing Films animated Bangladesh Hong Kong India domestic overseas Malaysia Nigeria Pakistan Portugal Singapore Soviet Union Openings animated Related topics Box office Box office bomb list animated Fastest - grossing films Second weekend box office list Highest - grossing directors Highest - grossing media franchises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-grossing_films&oldid=804932825 '' Categories : Lists of highest - grossing films Record progressions Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 00 : 44 . 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what is the most selling movie of all time

With a worldwide box - office gross of over $2.7 billion , Avatar is often proclaimed to be the `` highest - grossing '' film , but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income , which can form a significant portion of a film 's earnings . Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful . Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals , in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters . While complete sales data are not available for Avatar , it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu - ray units in North America , and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu - ray units worldwide . After home video income is accounted for , both films have earned over $3 billion . Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film 's earnings , with a film often earning as much as 20 -- 25 % of its theatrical box - office for a couple of television runs on top of pay - per - view revenues ; Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights , equating to about 9 % of its North American gross .

Federal law - wikipedia Federal law Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Federal law ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country . A federal government is formed when a group of political units , such as states or provinces join together in a federation , delegating their individual sovereignty and many powers to the central government while retaining or reserving other limited powers . As a result , two or more levels of government exist within an established geographic territory . The body of law of the common central government is the federal law . Examples of federal governments include those of Australia , Brazil , Canada , Germany , Malaysia , Pakistan , Republic of India , Russia , the former Soviet Union and the United States . United States ( edit ) Main article : Law of the United States The United States Constitution provides for a federal government that is superior to state governments with regard to its enumerated powers . These powers include the authority to govern international affairs , interstate commerce , the currency and national defense . After the American Civil War , the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Constitution 's Bill of Rights to state governments . Legislation passed by Congress , an Executive Order of the President , or a decision of federal courts pursuant to the Constitution are federal law . Through the system of checks and balances , it is the Supreme Court makes final decisions regarding federal laws regarding specific cases brought before them . United States federal laws are codified in the United States Code . Russia ( edit ) Main articles : Federal Constitutional Law ( Russia ) and Federal Law ( Russia ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_law&oldid=820924993 '' Categories : Public law Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from October 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 12 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who makes the federal laws in the united states

The United States Constitution provides for a federal government that is superior to state governments with regard to its enumerated powers . These powers include the authority to govern international affairs , interstate commerce , the currency and national defense . After the American Civil War , the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Constitution 's Bill of Rights to state governments . Legislation passed by Congress , an Executive Order of the President , or a decision of federal courts pursuant to the Constitution are federal law .

United States Senate elections , 2018 - wikipedia United States Senate elections , 2018 Jump to : navigation , search United States Senate elections , 2018 ← 2016 November 6 , 2018 2020 → Class 1 ( 33 of the 100 ) seats in the United States Senate ( and 2 special elections ) 51 seats needed for a majority Leader Mitch McConnell Chuck Schumer Party Republican Democratic Leader since January 3 , 2007 January 3 , 2017 Leader 's seat Kentucky New York Current seats 51 47 Seats needed Seats up 9 24 Party Independent Current seats Seats up Seats up for election ( general & special ) : Democratic incumbent running Democratic incumbent retiring Republican incumbent running Republican incumbent retiring Independent incumbent running Independent incumbent retiring No election Inset rectangle signifies a special election . Incumbent Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Republican Elections to the United States Senate will be held November 6 , 2018 , with 33 of the 100 seats in the Senate being contested in regular elections and two seats being contested in special elections . The winners will serve six - year terms from January 3 , 2019 , to January 3 , 2025 . Currently , Democrats have 24 seats up for election , as well as the seats of two independents who caucus with them . Republicans have nine seats up for election . The seats up for regular election in 2018 were last up for election in 2012 ; in addition , special elections will be scheduled if vacancies occur , as has already happened in Minnesota and Mississippi . After the 2016 elections , some state election officials are trying to upgrade voting systems in time for this election . The U.S. House of Representatives elections , 39 gubernatorial elections , and many other state and local elections will also be held on this date . Republicans can only afford to lose one Senate seat and still have a working majority with the Vice President breaking the tie in their favor . Four of the Republican seats are open as a result of retirements in Tennessee , Utah , Arizona , and Mississippi . Democrats are defending ten seats in states won by Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , while Republicans are only defending one seat in a state won by Hillary Clinton in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Focus on competitive races 2 Partisan composition 3 Change in composition 3.1 Before the elections 3.2 After the elections 4 Most recent election predictions 5 Election dates 6 Race summary 6.1 Special elections during the preceding Congress 6.2 Elections leading to the next Congress 7 Arizona 8 California 9 Connecticut 10 Delaware 11 Florida 12 Hawaii 13 Indiana 14 Maine 15 Maryland 16 Massachusetts 17 Michigan 18 Minnesota 19 Minnesota ( Special ) 20 Mississippi 21 Mississippi ( Special ) 22 Missouri 23 Montana 24 Nebraska 25 Nevada 26 New Jersey 27 New Mexico 28 New York 29 North Dakota 30 Ohio 31 Pennsylvania 32 Rhode Island 33 Tennessee 34 Texas 35 Utah 36 Vermont 37 Virginia 38 Washington 39 West Virginia 40 Wisconsin 41 Wyoming 42 See also 43 Notes 44 References Focus on competitive races ( edit ) Democrats are expected to target the Republican - held Senate seats in Arizona ( open seat ) and Nevada . Democrats could also target seats in Texas , Mississippi ( At least one of the two seats ) and Tennessee 's open - seat . Republicans are expected to target Democratic - held seats in Indiana , Missouri , Montana , North Dakota , and West Virginia , all of which voted for Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election and Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , as well as seats in Florida , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , and Michigan , all of which voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election . Republicans could also target seats in Minnesota ( at least one of the two seats ) , Virginia , Maine , and New Jersey . Other races may also become competitive . Partisan composition ( edit ) Among the 33 Class 1 Senate seats up for regular election in 2018 are 23 currently held by Democrats , two by independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats , and eight by Republicans . The Class 2 seats in Minnesota and Mississippi held by interim appointees are also up for election . Parties Total Democratic Republican Independent Last election ( 2016 ) 46 52 100 Before this election 47 51 100 Not up 23 42 0 65 Class 2 ( 2014 → 2020 ) 11 20 0 31 Class 3 ( 2016 → 2022 ) 12 22 0 34 Up 24 9 35 Class 1 ( 2012 → 2018 ) 23 8 33 Special : Class 2 0 Incumbent retiring 0 0 Incumbent running 24 6 32 Change in composition ( edit ) Before the elections ( edit ) Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Retiring Majority → Retiring Running Running Running Running Running Running Retiring After the elections ( edit ) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Majority → TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Key : D Democratic Republican Independent , caucusing with Democrats Most recent election predictions ( edit ) Most election predictors use : `` tossup '' : no advantage `` tilt '' ( used sometimes ) : advantage that is not quite as strong as `` lean '' `` lean '' : slight advantage `` likely '' or `` favored '' : significant , but surmountable , advantage `` safe '' or `` solid '' : near - certain chance of victory . State PVI Incumbent Most recent result Cook Apr 9 , 2018 I.E. Apr 20 , 2018 Sabato May 30 , 2018 NYT May 25 , 2018 CNN Apr 9 , 2018 RCP Apr 18 , 2018 Arizona R + 5 Jeff Flake ( R ) ( Retiring ) 49 % R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup California D + 12 Dianne Feinstein ( D ) 63 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Connecticut D + 6 Chris Murphy ( D ) 55 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Delaware D + 6 Tom Carper ( D ) 66 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Florida R + 2 Bill Nelson ( D ) 55 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Hawaii D + 18 Mazie Hirono ( D ) 63 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Indiana R + 9 Joe Donnelly ( D ) 50 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Maine D + 3 Angus King ( I ) 53 % I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Likely D / I Safe D / I Maryland D + 12 Ben Cardin ( D ) 55 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Massachusetts D + 12 Elizabeth Warren ( D ) 54 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Michigan D + 1 Debbie Stabenow ( D ) 59 % D Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Minnesota D + 1 Amy Klobuchar ( D ) 65 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Minnesota ( Special ) D + 1 Tina Smith ( D ) 53 % D Lean D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Mississippi R + 9 Roger Wicker ( R ) 57 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Mississippi ( Special ) R + 9 Cindy Hyde - Smith ( R ) 60 % R Likely R Safe R Likely R Likely R Safe R Likely R Missouri R + 9 Claire McCaskill ( D ) 55 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Montana R + 11 Jon Tester ( D ) 49 % D Likely D Tilt D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Nebraska R + 14 Deb Fischer ( R ) 56 % R Likely R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Nevada D + 1 Dean Heller ( R ) 46 % R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup New Jersey D + 7 Bob Menendez ( D ) 59 % D Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Safe D Likely D New Mexico D + 3 Martin Heinrich ( D ) 51 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D New York D + 11 Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) 72 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D North Dakota R + 16 Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) 50 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Ohio R + 3 Sherrod Brown ( D ) 51 % D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Pennsylvania EVEN Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) 54 % D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Rhode Island D + 10 Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) 64 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Tennessee R + 14 Bob Corker ( R ) ( Retiring ) 65 % R Tossup Lean R Lean R Lean R Lean R Tossup Texas R + 8 Ted Cruz ( R ) 57 % R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Lean R Utah R + 20 Orrin Hatch ( R ) ( Retiring ) 65 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Vermont D + 15 Bernie Sanders ( I ) 71 % I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Virginia D + 1 Tim Kaine ( D ) 53 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Likely D Washington D + 7 Maria Cantwell ( D ) 61 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D West Virginia R + 20 Joe Manchin ( D ) 61 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Wisconsin EVEN Tammy Baldwin ( D ) 51 % D Likely D Tilt D Lean D Lean D Lean D Likely D Wyoming R + 25 John Barrasso ( R ) 76 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Election dates ( edit ) For the regularly scheduled general elections . Shading added for future events . State Filing deadline Primary election Primary runoff ( if necessary ) General election Poll closing ( Eastern Time ) Arizona May 30 , 2018 August 28 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm California March 9 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm Connecticut June 12 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Delaware July 10 , 2018 September 6 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Florida May 4 , 2018 August 28 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm & 8pm Hawaii June 5 , 2018 August 11 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm Indiana February 9 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 6pm & 7pm Maine March 15 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Maryland February 27 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Massachusetts June 5 , 2018 September 4 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Michigan April 24 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm & 9pm Minnesota June 5 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Mississippi March 1 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 November 6 , 2018 8pm Mississippi ( Special ) March 26 , 2018 November 6 , 2018 N / A November 27 , 2018 8pm Missouri March 27 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Montana March 12 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm Nebraska March 1 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Nevada March 16 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm New Jersey April 2 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm New Mexico March 13 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm New York April 12 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm North Dakota April 9 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm & 11pm Ohio February 7 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7 : 30pm Pennsylvania March 20 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Rhode Island June 27 , 2018 September 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Tennessee April 5 , 2018 August 2 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Texas December 11 , 2017 March 6 , 2018 May 22 , 2018 ( Unnecessary ) November 6 , 2018 8pm & 9pm Utah March 15 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm Vermont May 31 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm Virginia March 29 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm Washington May 18 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm West Virginia January 27 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7 : 30pm Wisconsin June 1 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Wyoming June 1 , 2018 August 21 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Race summary ( edit ) Special elections during the preceding Congress ( edit ) In these special elections , the winners will be elected coincidingly with the other races of the 2018 Senate elections , but will be seated before January 3 , 2019 . Ordered by election date , then by state , then by class . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Minnesota ( Class 2 ) Tina Smith Democratic 2018 ( Appointed ) Special election scheduled for November 6 , 2018 . Interim appointee running . Bob Anderson ( Republican ) Karin Housley ( Republican ) Nick Leonard ( Democratic ) Richard Painter ( Democratic ) Tina Smith ( Democratic ) Mississippi ( Class 2 ) Cindy Hyde - Smith Republican 2018 ( Appointed ) Special election scheduled for November 6 , 2018 . If no candidate receives a majority , a runoff will be held on November 27 , 2018 . Interim appointee running . Tobey Bartee ( Democratic ) Mike Espy ( Democratic ) Cindy Hyde - Smith ( Republican ) Chris McDaniel ( Republican ) Elections leading to the next Congress ( edit ) In these general elections , the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 3 , 2019 . All of the elections involve the Class 1 seats ; ordered by state . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Arizona Jeff Flake Republican 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . Deedra Abboud ( Democratic ) Eve Reyes Aguirre ( Green ) Joe Arpaio ( Republican ) Bob Bishop ( Democratic ) Craig Brittain ( Republican ) Christian `` C.J. '' Diegel ( Republican ) Michelle Griffin ( Republican ) Matt Jette ( Democratic ) Doug Marks ( Libertarian ) Martha McSally ( Republican ) Shawn Redd ( Republican ) David Alan Ruben ( Democratic ) Chris Russell ( Democratic ) Richard Sherzan ( Democratic ) Kyrsten Sinema ( Democratic ) Nicolas Tutora ( Republican ) Kelli Ward ( Republican ) California Dianne Feinstein Democratic 1992 ( Special ) 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Arun Bhumitra ( Republican ) James Bradley ( Republican ) Jack Crew ( Republican ) Erin Cruz ( Republican ) Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Kevin de León ( Democratic ) Adrienne Edwards ( Democratic ) Dianne Feinstein ( Democratic ) Colleen Fernald ( No party preference ) Rash Ghosh ( No party preference ) Tim Gildersleeve ( No party preference ) Michael Girgis ( No party preference ) Don Grundmann ( No party preference ) Jason Hanania ( No party preference ) Pat Harris ( Democratic ) Alison Hartson ( Democratic ) David Hildebrand ( Democratic ) Jerry Laws ( Republican ) Patrick Little ( Republican ) David Moore ( No party preference ) Kevin Mottus ( Republican ) Mario Nabliba ( Republican ) Lee Olson ( No party preference ) Tom Palzer ( Republican ) John Parker ( Peace and Freedom ) Herbert Peters ( Democratic ) Douglas Pierce ( Democratic ) Gerald Plummer ( Democratic ) Seelam Prabhakar Reddy ( Write - in ) Derrick Reid ( Libertarian ) Ursula M. Schilling ( Write - in ) Ling Ling Shi ( No party preference ) Paul Taylor ( Republican ) Donnie Turner ( Democratic ) Michael V. Ziesing ( Write - in ) Connecticut Chris Murphy Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Ann - Marie Adams ( Democratic ) Matthew Corey ( Republican ) Chris Murphy ( Democratic ) Dominic Rapini ( Republican ) Delaware Tom Carper Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Arlett ( Republican ) Tom Carper ( Democratic ) Kerri Evelyn Harris ( Democratic ) Gene Truono ( Republican ) Florida Bill Nelson Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Lateresa Ann Jones ( Write - in ) Howard Knepper ( Write - in ) Michael Levinson ( Write - in ) Bill Nelson ( Democratic ) Rick Scott ( Republican ) Charles Frederick Tolbert ( Write - in ) David Weeks ( Write - in ) Hawaii Mazie Hirono Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Mazie Hirono ( Democratic ) Thomas Edward White ( Republican ) Indiana Joe Donnelly Democratic 2012 Incumbent renominated . Mike Braun ( Republican ) Joe Donnelly ( Democratic ) James Johnson ( Independent ) Maine Angus King Independent 2012 Incumbent running . Eric Brakey ( Republican ) Angus King ( Independent ) Max Linn ( Republican ) Zak Ringelstein ( Democratic ) Maryland Ben Cardin Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Tony Campbell ( Republican ) Ben Cardin ( Democratic ) Chris Chaffee ( Republican ) Evan Cronhardt ( Republican ) Nnabu Eze ( Republican ) John Graziani ( Republican ) Christina Grigorian ( Republican ) Albert Howard ( Republican ) Erik Jetmir ( Democratic ) Bill Krehnbrink ( Republican ) Chelsea Manning ( Democratic ) Marcia Morgan ( Democratic ) Jerry Segal ( Democratic ) Neal Simon ( Independent ) Edward Shlikas ( Independent ) Gerald Smith ( Republican ) Blaine Taylor ( Republican ) Brian Charles Vaeth ( Republican ) Rikki Vaughn ( Democratic ) Arvin Vohra ( Libertarian ) Rica Wilson ( Democratic ) Lih Young ( Democratic ) Massachusetts Elizabeth Warren Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Shiva Ayyadurai ( Independent ) Geoff Diehl ( Republican ) James Devine ( Independent ) Joshua Ford ( Independent ) John Kingston ( Republican ) Beth Lindstrom ( Republican ) Darius Mitchell ( Republican ) Elizabeth Warren ( Democratic ) Allen Waters ( Republican ) Heidi Wellman ( Republican ) Michigan Debbie Stabenow Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . John James ( Republican ) Sandy Pensler ( Republican ) Marcia Squier ( Independent ) Debbie Stabenow ( Democratic ) Minnesota Amy Klobuchar Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Bamheiser ( Republican ) Amy Klobuchar ( Democratic ) Jim Newberger ( Republican ) Paula Overby ( Green ) Jack Shepard ( Republican ) Mississippi Roger Wicker Republican 2007 ( Appointed ) 2008 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . David Baria ( Democratic ) Danny Bedwell ( Libertarian ) Jensen Bohren ( Democratic ) Richard Boyanton ( Republican ) Jerone Garland ( Democratic ) Victor Maurice , Jr . ( Democratic ) Shawn O'Hara ( Reform ) Omeria Scott ( Democratic ) Howard Sherman ( Democratic ) Roger Wicker ( Republican ) Missouri Claire McCaskill Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Jerome Bauer ( Green ) Japheth Campbell ( Libertarian ) Jo Crain ( Green ) Angelica Earl ( Democratic ) David Faust ( Democratic ) Travis Gonzalez ( Democratic ) Brian Hagg ( Republican ) Josh Hawley ( Republican ) John Hogan ( Democratic ) Bradley Krembs ( Republican ) Claire McCaskill ( Democratic ) Tony Monetti ( Republican ) Kristi Nichols ( Republican ) Ken Patterson ( Republican ) Austin Petersen ( Republican ) Peter Pfeifer ( Republican ) Fred Ryman ( Republican ) Christina Smith ( Republican ) Courtland Sykes ( Republican ) Leonard Steinman ( Democratic ) Carla Wright ( Democratic ) Montana Jon Tester Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Timothy Adams ( Green ) Rick Breckenridge ( Libertarian ) Troy Downing ( Republican ) Steve Kelly ( Green ) Russell Fagg ( Republican ) Albert Olszewski ( Republican ) Matthew Rosendale ( Republican ) Jon Tester ( Democratic ) Nebraska Deb Fischer Republican 2012 Incumbent renominated . Deb Fischer ( Republican ) Jane Raybould ( Democratic ) Jim Schultz ( Libertarian ) Nevada Dean Heller Republican 2011 ( Appointed ) 2012 Incumbent running . Kamau Bakari ( Independent American ) Sherry Brooks ( Republican ) Danny Burleigh ( Democratic ) Sarah Gazala ( Republican ) Tim Hagan ( Libertarian ) Vic Harrell ( Republican ) Tom Heck ( Republican ) Dean Heller ( Republican ) David Knight ( Democratic ) Barry Michaels ( Independent ) Allen Rheinhart ( Democratic ) Jacky Rosen ( Democratic ) Jesse Sbaih ( Democratic ) New Jersey Bob Menendez Democratic 2006 ( Appointed ) 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Brian Goldberg ( Republican ) Bob Hugin ( Republican ) Lisa McCormick ( Democratic ) Bob Menendez ( Democratic ) New Mexico Martin Heinrich Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Aubrey Dunn Jr . ( Libertarian ) Martin Heinrich ( Democratic ) Mick Rich ( Republican ) New York Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic 2009 ( Appointed ) 2010 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . Chele Chiavacci Farley ( Republican ) Kirsten Gillibrand ( Democratic ) Scott Noren ( Democratic ) North Dakota Heidi Heitkamp Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Kevin Cramer ( Republican ) Heidi Heitkamp ( Democratic ) Thomas O'Neill ( Republican ) Ohio Sherrod Brown Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Sherrod Brown ( Democratic ) Philena Irene Farley ( Green , write - in ) Jim Renacci ( Republican ) Pennsylvania Bob Casey Jr . Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Lou Barletta ( Republican ) Bob Casey Jr . ( Democratic ) Rhode Island Sheldon Whitehouse Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Flanders ( Republican ) Robert Nardolillo ( Republican ) Sheldon Whitehouse ( Democratic ) Tennessee Bob Corker Republican 2006 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . David Anderson ( Republican ) Trudy Austin ( Independent ) Phil Bredesen ( Democratic ) Marsha Blackburn ( Republican ) John Carico ( Independent ) Larry Crim ( Republican ) Gary Davis ( Democratic ) `` Mr. Jim '' Elkins ( Republican ) Tommy Hay ( Republican ) Terri Honeycutt ( Republican ) Dean Hill ( Independent ) J. Darrell Lynn ( Republican ) Kevin McCants ( Independent ) Aaron Pettigrew ( Republican ) Breton Philips ( Independent ) Kris Todd ( Independent ) Rolando Toyos ( Republican ) John Wolfe ( Democratic ) Texas Ted Cruz Republican 2012 Incumbent renominated . Carl Bible ( Independent ) Ted Cruz ( Republican ) Neal Dikeman ( Libertarian ) Bob McNeil ( Independent ) Beto O'Rourke ( Democratic ) Utah Orrin Hatch Republican 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . Tim Aalders ( Constitution ) Craig Bowden ( Libertarian ) Jeff Dranfield ( Democratic ) Ryan Daniel Jackson ( Write - in ) Mike Kennedy ( Republican ) Abe Korb ( Write - in ) Joshua Lee ( Republican ) Larry Livingston ( Democratic ) Reed McCandless ( Independent American ) Caleb Dan Reeve ( Write - in ) Mitt Romney ( Republican ) Mitchell Vice ( Democratic ) Jenny Wilson ( Democratic ) Vermont Bernie Sanders Independent 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Folasade Adeluola ( Democratic ) Jasdeep Pannu ( Republican ) Bernie Sanders ( Democratic ) Virginia Tim Kaine Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Nicholas Freitas ( Republican ) E.W. Jackson ( Republican ) Tim Kaine ( Democratic ) Corey Stewart ( Republican ) Matt Waters ( Libertarian ) Washington Maria Cantwell Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Thor Amundson ( Independent ) Dave Bryant ( Republican ) Jon Butler ( Independent ) Maria Cantwell ( Democratic ) Brad Chase ( FDFR ) Art Coday ( Republican ) Jimmie Deal ( Green ) Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Jennifer Ferguson ( Democratic ) Joey Gibson ( Republican ) Matt Hawkins ( Republican ) Matthew Heines ( Republican ) Steve Hoffman ( FreedomSocialist ) Susan Hutchison ( Republican ) Charlie Jackson ( Independent ) George Kalberer ( Democratic ) Mike Luke ( Libertarian ) John Orlinski ( Republican ) Tim Owen ( Republican ) Don Rivers ( Democratic ) Mohammad Said ( Democratic ) RC Smith ( Republican ) Glen Stockwell ( Republican ) Dave Strider ( Independent ) Keith Swank ( Republican ) Clint Tannehill ( Democratic ) Alex Tsimerman ( StandupAmerica ) Sam Wright ( The Human Rights ) West Virginia Joe Manchin Democratic 2010 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent renominated . Joe Manchin ( Democratic ) Patrick Morrisey ( Republican ) Wisconsin Tammy Baldwin Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Tammy Baldwin ( Democratic ) Charles Barman ( Republican ) Scott Harbach ( Republican ) George Lucia ( Repblican ) Griffin Jones ( Republican ) Jeff Mather ( Republican ) Kevin Nicholson ( Republican ) John Schiess ( Independent ) Joseph Schnering ( Veteran 's Party ) Leah Vukmir ( Republican ) Mary Jo Walters ( Independent ) Wyoming John Barrasso Republican 2007 ( Appointed ) 2008 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . John Barrasso ( Republican ) Dave Dodson ( Independent ) Charlie Hardy ( Republican ) John Holtz ( Republican ) Anthony Risseghem ( Republican ) Gary Trauner ( Democratic ) Arizona ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Arizona , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Arizona One - term Republican Jeff Flake was elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 55 years old in 2018 . He has declared he will retire at the end of his term . In 2016 , Republican John McCain was re-elected to a sixth term in the Senate . However , Senator McCain has been diagnosed with an aggressive brain tumor . If Senator McCain 's seat becomes vacant , Arizona law requires that the vacancy be filled at the next general election . If this were to occur in 2018 , then both Senate seats in Arizona would be up for election simultaneously . U.S. Representative Martha McSally , former state senator Kelli Ward , owner , co-founder of IsAnybodyDown ? Craig Brittain , Christian `` C.J. '' Diegel , pharmacist Nicolas Tutora , former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio , and Michelle Griffin will contest the Republican primary . U.S. Rep. Kyrsten Sinema , Deedra Abboud , airshow pilot Bob Bishop , Chris Russell , and former Member of the Iowa House of Representatives Richard Sherzan are running for the Democratic nomination . Eve Reyes Aguirre is running as a Green Party Candidate . California ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in California , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from California Four - term Democrat Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994 , 2000 , 2006 , and 2012 . She will be 85 years old in 2018 . She is running for re-election . Democratic candidates aside from Feinstein include President pro tempore of the California State Senate Kevin de León , community advocate Adrienne Nicole Edwards , Eugene Patterson Harris , David Hildebrand , Douglas Howard Pierce , and Alison Hartson . Republican candidates include Paul Allen Taylor . Derrick Michael Reid is running with the Libertarian Party . Independent candidates include biologist Tim Gildersleeve , Lee W. Olson , and evangelist Ling Ling Shi . Connecticut ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Connecticut , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Connecticut One - term Democrat Chris Murphy was elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 45 years old in 2018 . He is running for re-election . He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Ann - Marie Adams . Businessmen Matthew Corey and Dominic Rapini are seeking the Republican nomination . Delaware ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Delaware , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Delaware Three - term Democrat Tom Carper won re-election with 66 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 71 years old in 2018 . He announced he was running for re-election during an interview on MSNBC on July 24 , 2017 . He will be challenged by Kerri Evelyn Harris for the Democratic nomination . Sussex County Councilman Robert Arlett and Businessman Gene Truono are running for the Republican nomination . Florida ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Florida , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Florida Three - term Democrat Bill Nelson was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . Nelson will be 76 years old in 2018 . He will seek re-election to a fourth term in office . He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Tamika Lyles . Florida Governor Rick Scott has announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Scott will be 65 years old in 2018 . First elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014 , Scott 's term as Governor of Florida is set to end by January 2019 , due to term limits . Lateresa Ann Jones , Howard Knepper , and Joe Smith , are also running for the Republican nomination . Edward Janowski is running as independents . Hawaii ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Hawaii , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Hawaii One - term Democrat Mazie Hirono was elected with 63 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 71 years old in 2018 . Republican Thomas Edward White is running . Indiana ( edit ) Indiana election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Joe Donnelly Mike Braun Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Joe Donnelly Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Indiana , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Indiana One - term Democrat Joe Donnelly was elected with 50.04 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 63 years old in 2018 . He is running . He won the Democratic primary unopposed . State Representative Mike Braun won the May 8 Republican primary . Congressmen Luke Messer and Todd Rokita also ran for the Republican nomination . James Johnson is running as an independent . Maine ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Maine , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Maine One - term Independent Senator Angus King was elected in a three - way race with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . King has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2013 , but he has left open the possibility of caucusing with the Republican Party in the future . King has indicated he will seek re-election . He will be 74 years old in 2018 . State Senator Eric Brakey is running for the Republican nomination . Public school teacher and founder of UClass Zak Ringelstein is seeking the Democratic nomination . Maryland ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Maryland , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Maryland Two - term Democrat Ben Cardin was re-elected with 56 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 75 years old in 2018 . He is running , He is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Chelsea Manning , Marcia Morgan , Jerry Segal , Richard `` Rikki '' Vaughn , Debbie `` Rica '' Wilson , and Lih Young . Tony Campbell , Evan Cronhardt , Nnabu Eze , Gerald Smith , and Blaine Taylor are seeking the Republican nomination . Arvin Vohra , vice chairman of the Libertarian National Committee , is seeking the Libertarian Party nomination . Independents Neal Simon and Edward Shlikas are running . Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Massachusetts , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Massachusetts One - term Democrat Elizabeth Warren was elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 69 years old in 2018 . She is running . State Representative Geoff Diehl , attorney and founder of Better for America , John Kingston , former Romney aide Beth Lindstrom , Darius Mitchell , Allen Waters , and Heidi Wellman are running for the Republican nomination . Shiva Ayyadurai is running as an independent . Shiva started as in early 2017 as the first Republican in the race but went independent in late 2017 . Michigan ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Michigan , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Michigan Three - term Democrat Debbie Stabenow was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . When she runs in 2018 she will be 68 years old . She is the only Democrat from the state of Michigan running for Senate . On the Republican side , businessman John James , and businessman Sandy Pensler are running . Independent candidate Marcia Squier is also running . Marcia Squier ran as a Green Party candidate for District 14 of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2016 . Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Minnesota and United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 Two - term Democrat Amy Klobuchar was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 58 years old in 2018 . She is running . State Representative Jim Newberger , Robert Bahmheiser , and Physician Jack Shepard are running for the Republican nomination . Minnesota ( special ) ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Minnesota and United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2018 Two - term Democrat Al Franken announced that he would resign in December 2017 , following allegations of sexual harassment . Mark Dayton , Governor of Minnesota , appointed Lt. Gov. Tina Smith on January 2 , 2018 , as an interim Senator until the November 2018 election . Democratic incumbent Tina Smith , Nick Leonard , Republican Karin Housley , and Republican Bob Anderson are running . Mississippi ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Mississippi , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Mississippi and United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 One - term Republican Roger Wicker won re-election with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott 's term . He will be 67 years old in 2018 . He is running . Jensen Bohren , David Baria , and Howard Sherman are seeking the Democratic nomination . Mississippi ( special ) ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Mississippi and United States Senate election in Mississippi , 2018 Seven - term Republican Thad Cochran , who won re-election with 59.9 % of the vote in 2014 , announced that he would resign April 1 , 2018 due to health reasons . Phil Bryant , Governor of Mississippi , announced on March 21 , 2018 , that he would appoint Mississippi Agriculture Commissioner Cindy Hyde - Smith to fill the vacancy . She will be running in the special election . Former United States Secretary of Agriculture and member of the U.S. House of Representatives Mike Espy and Toby Bartee are running as Democratic candidates . Republican Chris McDaniel is also running . Missouri ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Missouri , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Missouri Two - term Democrat Claire McCaskill was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 65 years old in 2018 . She is running . She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Angelica Earl . Attorney General Josh Hawley , Libertarian presidential candidate in 2016 Austin Petersen , assistant dean of aviation at University of Central Missouri Tony Monetti , and Courtland Sykes , are running for the Republican nomination . Japeth Campbell has declared his candidacy for the Libertarian nomination . Montana ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Montana , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Montana Two - term Democrat Jon Tester was re-elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 62 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Auditor Matthew Rosendale , State Senator Albert Olszewski , former judge Russell Fagg , and Troy Downing are running for the Republican nomination . Green Party candidate Steve Kelly is running . Nebraska ( edit ) Nebraska election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Deb Fischer Jane Raybould Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Deb Fischer Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Nebraska , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Nebraska One - term Republican Deb Fischer was elected with 58 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 67 years old in 2018 . She ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 15 primary . Other Republicans who ran include retired professor Jack Heidel , Todd Watson , and Dennis Frank Macek . Lincoln Councilwoman Jane Raybould ran for and won the Democratic nomination in the May 15 primary . Other Democrats who ran include Frank Svoboda , Chris Janicek , and Larry Marvin , who was a candidate in 2008 , 2012 , and 2014 . Jim Schultz is running for the Libertarian nomination . Nevada ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Nevada , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Nevada One - term Republican Dean Heller was elected with 46 % of the vote in 2012 . He had been appointed to the seat in 2011 . He will be 58 years old in 2018 . Heller considered running for governor , but has since chosen to seek re-election . Representative Jacky Rosen and Jesse Sbaih are running for the Democratic nomination . New Jersey ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New Jersey Two - term Democrat Bob Menendez was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . Menendez was originally appointed to the seat in January 2006 . He will be 64 years old in 2018 . He is running . Democrats Lisa McCormick Republicans Brian D. Goldberg and Bob Hugin are running . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New Mexico , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New Mexico One - term Democrat Martin Heinrich was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 47 years old in 2018 . He is running . Mick Rich is seeking the Republican nomination . Aubrey Dunn Jr. , New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and otherwise the first Libertarian to ever hold statewide elected office in history , has announced his run for the seat . New York ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New York , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New York One - term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72 % of the vote in 2012 . She had previously been appointed to the seat in 2009 , and won a special election to remain in office in 2010 . She will be 51 years old in 2018 . She is running . Private equity executive Chele Chiavacci Farley has been nominated for U.S. Senate by the Republican and Conservative Parties . North Dakota ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in North Dakota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from North Dakota One - term Democrat Heidi Heitkamp was elected with 50 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 63 years old in 2018 . She is running . Congressman Kevin Cramer and former Niagara , North Dakota Mayor Thomas O'Neill are running for the Republican nomination . Ohio ( edit ) Ohio election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Sherrod Brown Jim Renacci Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Ohio , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Ohio Two - term Democrat Sherrod Brown was re-elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 65 years old in 2018 . He is running , and was unopposed in Democratic primary . U.S. Representative Jim Renacci ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 8 primary . Other Republicans who ran include investment banker Michael Gibbons , businesswoman Melissa Ackison , Dan Kiley , and Don Elijah Eckhart . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pennsylvania election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Bob Casey Jr . Lou Barletta Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Bob Casey Jr . Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Pennsylvania , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania Two - term Democrat Bob Casey Jr. was re-elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 58 years old in 2018 . He is running , and won the Democratic primary unopposed . U.S. Representative Lou Barletta ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 15 primary . Jim Christiana also ran for the Republican nomination . Rhode Island ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Rhode Island , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Rhode Island Two - term Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse was re-elected with 64 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 63 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Representative Robert Nardolillo and former Rhode Island Supreme Court Associate Justice Robert Flanders are running for the Republican nomination . Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Tennessee , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Tennessee Two - term Republican Bob Corker was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 66 years old in 2018 . Senator Corker filed his Statement of Candidacy with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate to run for re-election , but on September 26 , 2017 , Senator Corker announced his intent to retire . Aaron Pettigrew and Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn are running for the Republican nomination . Former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen is seeking the Democratic nomination . Texas ( edit ) Texas election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Ted Cruz Beto O'Rourke Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Ted Cruz Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Texas , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Texas One - term Republican Ted Cruz was elected with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 48 years old in 2018 . He overwhelmingly won the Republican primary on March 6 , 2018 . Television producer Bruce Jacobson , Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano , former mayor of La Marque Geraldine Sam , Mary Miller , and Thomas Dillingham were Cruz 's opponents . U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke won the Democratic nomination on March 6 , 2018 . Other Democrats who ran include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Edward Kimbrough . Nurse Carl Bible ran as an independent . Bob McNeil ran with the American Citizen Party . Utah ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Utah , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Utah Seven - term Republican Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate , as well as the second most - senior Senator . He will be 84 years old in 2018 . Before the 2012 election , Hatch said that he would retire at the end of his seventh term if he was re-elected . Hatch initially announced his re-election campaign on March 9 , 2017 , but later announced his plans to retire on January 2 , 2018 . 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney is running for the seat . Attorney Larry Meyers is also running for the Republican nomination . Professor James Singer was running for the Democratic nomination , but he dropped out and endorsed Salt Lake County Councilwoman Jenny Wilson , who made her Senate bid official on July 17 , 2017 . Danny Drew also was running but dropped out and endorsed Jenny Wilson . Mitchell Kent Vice is also running for the Democratic nomination . Vermont ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Vermont , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Vermont Two - term Independent Senator Bernie Sanders was re-elected with 71 % of the vote in 2012 . Sanders , one of two independent members of Congress , has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2007 . In November 2015 , Sanders announced his plans to run as a Democrat , rather than an Independent , in all future elections . He will be 77 years old in 2018 . On July 28 , 2016 , Sanders announced he would return to the Senate as an Independent , and two days later , in an interview on Real Time with Bill Maher , he said that he would run for re-election . In 2016 , activist and journalist Al Giordano stated his intention to challenge Sanders for the Democratic nomination to protest Sanders 's 2016 presidential campaign , which Giordano claims has divided the Democratic Party . In 2017 , however , Giordano announced he would not run for the seat . Folasade Adeluola are running for the Democratic nomination . Virginia ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Virginia , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Virginia One - term Democrat Tim Kaine was elected with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 60 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Delegate Nick Freitas , past Senate candidate and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 E.W. Jackson , and Prince William County Supervisor Corey Stewart are seeking the Republican nomination . Washington ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Washington , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Washington Three - term Democrat Maria Cantwell was re-elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 60 years old in 2018 . She is running . Former state Republican Party chair Susan Hutchison is running . Jennifer Gigi Ferguson is running . Dave Strider is running as independents . Mike Luke is running with the Libertarian Party . West Virginia ( edit ) West Virginia election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Joe Manchin Patrick Morrisey Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Joe Manchin Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in West Virginia , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from West Virginia One - term Democrat Joe Manchin was elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . He originally won the seat in a 2010 special election . He will be 71 years old in 2018 . Manchin is running for re-election , and won the May 8 Democratic primary . Environmental activist Paula Jean Swearengin , also ran for the Democratic nomination . West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey received the Republican nomination in the May 8 primary . Representative Evan Jenkins , coal miner Bo Copley , Jack Newbrough , Don Blankenship , and Tom Willis ran for the Republican nomination . Wisconsin ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wisconsin , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Wisconsin One - term Democrat Tammy Baldwin was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 56 years old in 2018 . She is running . Mary Jo Walters , a Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor in the 2014 primary , and later that year a write - in candidate for Governor is running as an independent . State Senator Leah Vukmir , businessman and member of Wisconsin Board of Veterans Affairs Kevin Nicholson and John Schiess are running for the Republican nomination . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wyoming , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Wyoming One - term Republican John Barrasso was elected with 76 % of the vote in 2012 . Barrasso was appointed to the seat in 2007 , and won a special election in 2008 . He will be 66 years old in 2018 . He is running . 58 year old Gary Trauner , a Jackson Hole businessman and US House candidate in 2006 and 2008 , is running for the Democratic nomination . Businessman Dave Dodson is running as an independent . See also ( edit ) United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mississippi will hold runoff for special election on November 27 , 2018 , in which no one candidate wins a majority of the vote in the November 6 , 2018 jungle primary . ^ Jump up to : Constitution Party and Socialist Equality Party do not have ballot access in California . Don Grundmann ( C ) and David Moore ( SEP ) appear on ballot as `` No party preference . '' Jump up ^ American Citizen Party does not have ballot access in Texas . Bob McNeil appears on ballot as `` Independent . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Including the United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 Jump up ^ Including the United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 Jump up ^ Michael Wines ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wary of Hackers , States Move to Upgrade Voting Systems '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Jason ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Democrats , 2018 Math Is Not Your Friend '' . Roll Call . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Beto O'Rourke `` very likely '' to run for Sen. Ted Cruz 's seat in 2018 `` . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pramuk , Jacob ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee will not seek re-election , long - shot opportunity for Democrats '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondik , Kyle ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Senate 2014 and Beyond '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fram , Alan ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Several Democrats facing 2018 re-election are from states Trump carried '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bobic , Igor ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Independent Angus King Will Continue To Caucus With Senate Democrats '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gaudiano , Nicole ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Bernie Sanders to caucus with GOP ? Fat chance , he says '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 State PVI Changes -- Decision Desk HQ '' . decisiondeskhq.com . December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race Ratings '' . Cook Political Report . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Ratings '' . Inside Elections . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 2018 Crystal Ball Senate race ratings map '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Election Calendar and Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Key Races : Democrats ' tough Senate map '' . CNN . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Senate 2018 '' . RCP . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 Primary Calendar '' . Daily Kos Elections . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary and Runoff Elections for Statewide offices and Congress Chronologically with Filing Deadlines '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Poll Closing Times for Statewide office and Congress General Election Chronologically '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Potter , Kyle ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Governor Picks Lt. Governor Tina Smith to Replace Al Franken in the U.S. Senate '' . Time . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , MPR News . `` Replacing Franken : Who 's in , who 's out , who 's being talked about '' . Jump up ^ Orrick , Dave ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Washington County Republican Karin Housley wants Al Franken 's Senate seat '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Magan , Christopher ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Fellow Democrat Nick Leonard to challenge Tina Smith for Senate seat '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Painter For Minnesota '' . painterminnesota.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Mississippi Candidate Qualifying List '' ( PDF ) . Mississippi Secretary of State . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Election '' . Arizona Secretary of State . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airshow Pilot Bob Bishop Launches U.S. Senate Campaign '' . Aero - News Network . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roth , R ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Former `` Revenge Porn Website '' Mastermind Declares Run For Arizona Senate `` . Arizona Daily Independent . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DIEGEL , CHRISTIAN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GRIFFIN , MICHELLE MARIE DR PHD - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ JETTE , MATT DR . Jump up ^ `` MARKS , DOUG - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` REDD , SHAWN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RUBEN , DAVID ALAN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` RUSSELL , DALE CHRISTOPHER - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Nowicki , Dan ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` How much re-election trouble is Sen. Jeff Flake really in ? '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TUTORA , NICHOLAS - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` California Candidate List '' ( PDF ) . California Secretary of State . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidates for Public Office '' . Constitutionpartyofcalifornia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Socialist Equality Party announces California candidates in midterm elections '' . Wsws.org. 2018 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Bass , Paul ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Murphy Navigates A Changed World '' . New Haven Independent . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ADAMS , ANN MARIE DR - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Altimari , Danielle ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Planning U.S. Senate Run Against Murphy '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGuiness , Dylan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Branford Republican Announces Campaign for U.S. Senate '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kailani Koenig on Twitter '' . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate election in Delaware , 2018 '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Sarah . `` Kerri Harris challenges Carper in September primary '' . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Listing for 2018 General Election '' . Florida Department of State . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Chad ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Warren Makes Pitch For Hirono '' . Honolulu Civil Beat . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHITE , THOMAS EDWARD MR - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Secretary of State Official Candidates '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Secretary of State . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senator King Responds to LePage 's Possible Senate Run in 2018 WABI TV5 '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maine Candidates Lists '' . Leuitenant Governor Election . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Elections , Maryland State Board of . `` 2018 Candidate Listing '' . elections.state.md.us . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Independent to launch bid for Senate in Maryland '' . POLITICO . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shlikas will fix it ! '' . Shlikas for Senate . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hagan , Lisa ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Warren says she will run for reelection '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Shiva Ayyadurai on Twitter : `` Today Shiva 4 Senate dumped the MA GOP Establishment and Declared Our Independence '' . Twitter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Jim ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Geoff Diehl sets stage to challenge Elizabeth Warren '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DEVINE , JOHN P - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ Gallerani , Katheryn ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Joshua Ford declares for U.S. Senate '' . Kingston Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dezenski , Lauren ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Kingston makes it official '' . Politico . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Beth Lindstrom to launch challenge to Elizabeth Warren in 2018 '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MITCHELL , DARIUS - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Frank ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` GOP Senate candidate readies for ' street fight ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WELLMAN , HEIDI M - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Michigan Candidate Listing '' . Michigan Secretary of State . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's running for Congress in Michigan ? Here 's what we know '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ruth ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` State of Michigan Political Party Status '' ( PDF ) . State of Michigan . ^ Jump up to : Sherry , Allison ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` Klobuchar will run again for Senate , rules herself out for governor 's race '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARNHEISER , ROBERT BRUCE - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stassen - Berger , Rachel ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Challenger emerges to run against U.S. Sen. Amy Klobuchar - GOP state Representative Jim Newberger '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transgender candidate announces U.S. Senate campaign in Minn. , ... '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Trump Please Endorse Jack Shepard For The Gop Nomination For The U.S. Senate From The State Of Minnesota '' . Jackshepard.net . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This state 's election has a primary run - off election under certain conditions . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri Candidates Lists '' . Missouri Secretary of State . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Montana Primary Candidates Lists '' . Montana Secretary of state . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Nebraska Candidate Lists '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska Secretary of State . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada Candidates Lists '' . Nevada Secretary of state . ^ Jump up to : `` Unofficial List Candidates of US Senate '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Election . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Major Parties Candidates '' . KRWG.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Filed Report '' . New York State Board of Election . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Contest Candidate List '' . North Dakota Secretary of State . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretary of State Jon Husted Receives Statewide Candidate Petitions for May Primary '' . Ohio Secretary of State . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FARLEY , PHILENA IRENE - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pennsylvania Candidates Lists '' . Pennsylvania Secretary of State . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gregg , Katherine ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Whitehouse : ' Plenty of opportunity for us to have fights with the president ' '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FLANDERS , ROBERT MR - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` NARDOLILLO , ROBERT ANTHONY III - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Tennessee candidates Lists '' ( PDF ) . Tennessee Secretary of State . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIBLE , CARL ALEXANDER - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Sean ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz files to run for reelection to the Senate in 2018 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DIKEMAN , NEAL MONROE - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz Leads O'Rourke in New Senate Poll '' . amarillopioneer.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob McNeil - Ballotpedia '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` AmericanCitizenParty.us '' . americancitizenparty.us . Jump up ^ Tracy , Abigail ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Kennedyesque Democrat trying to beat Ted Cruz '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah Candidats Lists '' . Utah Lieutenant Governor Election . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Candidates listing '' . Vermont Secretary of State . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Candidates and Ballot Order for June 12 , 2018 Primary Elections '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Elections . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Waters For U.S. Senate -- The Virginian '' . Matt Waters for US Senate . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Candidates Who Have Filed '' . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` West Virginia Candidates Lists '' ( PDF ) . West Virginia Secretary of State . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Tracking by Office '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin Election Commission . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Election Candidate Roster '' ( PDF ) . Wyoming Secretary of State . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wealthy independent enters Wyoming US Senate race '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeff Flake ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Flake Announces Senate Future '' . United States Senator Jeff Flake . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caplan , David . `` Sen. John McCain diagnosed with brain tumor after blood clot removed '' , ABC News ( July 19 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Arizona State Legislature . `` Vacancy in the office of United States senator or representative '' , Arizona State Legislature ( January 14 , 2018 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate List - 2018 Primary Election '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Secretary of State . February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Angus King and Joe Manchin are sticking with the Democrats . Because , of course '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LePage says comment about Senate run a joke '' . WMTW - TV . January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` GOP state senator Eric Brakey kicks off underdog 2018 bid to unseat Angus King '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Educator Ringlestein declares candidacy for U.S. Senate seat '' . WGME . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan 's 14th Congressional District election , 2016 - Ballotpedia '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CERTIFICATE OF APPOINTMENT OF UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA '' ( PDF ) . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Lt. Gov. Tina Smith Will Replace Al Franken in U.S. Senate '' . NPR . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Mississippi Senator Thad Cochran announces he is stepping down '' . the Guardian . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tupelo Mayor Jason Shelton pulls out of U.S. senate race '' . wcbi.com . May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Crim Announces U.S. Senate 2018 Race For Seat Held By Corker '' . chattanoogan.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corker to end Senate career with this term '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz plans to run for re-election in 2018 '' . CNN . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wang , Jackie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Christian TV producer challenging Sen. Ted Cruz in GOP primary '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Organization '' ( PDF ) . FEC Form 1 . June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tinsley , Anna M. ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Election : First day of filing begins with a rush of candidates '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILLER , MARY ANN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` Former Birdville schools employee joins GOP race to unseat Sen. Ted Cruz '' . Star - Telegram . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas democrat Beto O'Rourke announces bid to unseat Ted Cruz '' . Business Insider . Associated Press . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HERNANDEZ , IRASEMA RAMIREZ - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ Tinsley , Anna ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Deadline for 2018 primary ballot : Monday . Here 's who is already in the race '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lederman , Josh ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` Hatch will retire in 2018 if he wins reelection '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Raju , Manu ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` First on CNN : After lobbying from Trump , Orrin Hatch plans to run again '' . CNN . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennis Romboy ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sen. Orrin Hatch leaves door ajar for run in 2018 '' . Deseret News . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Courtney ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Navajo candidate announces bid as Democrat for Hatch 's seat '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breiner , Andrew ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Navajo Candidate Drops Out of Race Against Hatch '' . Roll Call . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schott , Bryan ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Another Democrat looking to knock off Hatch in 2008 '' . Utah Policy . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thank You '' . Danny Drew For U.S. Senate . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blomquist , Dan and Way , Robert . `` Bernie Sanders files for Democratic ballot in N.H. primary '' , Boston Globe ( November 5 , 2015 ) : `` When a reporter asked Sanders his party allegiance after he filed , Sanders responded , ' I 'm a Democrat . ' He then called on Buckley , the Democratic chairman , who confirmed the senator 's party allegiance . Sanders added that he would run as a Democrat in any future elections . '' Jump up ^ `` No , Sanders did NOT file for re-election as an independent in 2018 '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joy - Ann Reid ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Meet Al Giordano , the Man Who Wants to Take Bernie Down '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noah Berlatsky ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Could this political gadfly steal Bernie Sanders ' Senate seat ? '' . The Week . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clauss , Kyle Scott ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Former Boston Phoenix Reporter Wants to Take Bernie Sanders ' Senate Seat '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giordano , Al ( April 18 , 2017 ) `` @ algiordano : I have said many times I am not a candidate for office . I am fighting cancer . Please make room for someone else to run by not mentioning me . 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how many republicans are in the senate in 2018

United States Senate elections , 2018 ← 2016 November 6 , 2018 2020 → Class 1 ( 33 of the 100 ) seats in the United States Senate ( and 2 special elections ) 51 seats needed for a majority Leader Mitch McConnell Chuck Schumer Party Republican Democratic Leader since January 3 , 2007 January 3 , 2017 Leader 's seat Kentucky New York Current seats 51 47 Seats needed Seats up 9 24 Party Independent Current seats Seats up Seats up for election ( general & special ) : Democratic incumbent running Democratic incumbent retiring Republican incumbent running Republican incumbent retiring Independent incumbent running Independent incumbent retiring No election Inset rectangle signifies a special election . Incumbent Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Republican

2016 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2016 NBA Finals Jump to : navigation , search 2016 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue Golden State Warriors Steve Kerr Dates June 2 -- 19 MVP LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Television United States : English : ABC and ESPN3 Spanish : ESPN Deportes Canada : ( all ABC simulcasts ) TSN ( Games 1 , 2 , 5 , 7 ) Sportsnet ( Games 3 , 4 , 6 ) Announcers ABC : Mike Breen ( play - by - play ) Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy ( analysts ) Doris Burke ( sideline reporter ) Craig Sager ( sideline reporter in Game 6 ) ESPN Deportes : Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) , and Carlos Morales ( analyst ) Radio network ESPN Radio ( National ) Cleveland Cavaliers Radio Network ( Cleveland ) Golden State Warriors Radio Network ( Golden State Warriors Announcers Kevin Calabro and Hubie Brown ( ESPN Radio ) John Michael and Jim Chones ( Cleveland ) Tim Roye , Jim Barnett and Tom Tolbert ( Golden State ) Referees Game 1 : Ken Mauer , Marc Davis , Ed Malloy Game 2 : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers Game 3 : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Game 4 : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips Game 5 : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis , Derrick Stafford Game 6 : Scott Foster , Ken Mauer , Jason Phillips Game 7 Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Monty McCutchen Eastern Finals Cavaliers defeated Raptors , 4 -- 2 Western Finals Warriors defeated Thunder , 4 -- 3 < 2015 NBA Finals 2017 > The 2016 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 2015 -- 16 season and conclusion of the 2016 playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors 4 -- 3 in a rematch of the 2015 NBA Finals . It was the 14th rematch of the previous NBA Finals in history , and the first Finals since 2008 in which the number one seed in each conference met . It was the second straight rematch in back - to - back years , as the Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs played each other in 2013 and 2014 . Golden State , which earned home - court advantage with setting the NBA regular season wins record ( 73 -- 9 ) , jumped to a 2 -- 0 lead in the series while recording the largest combined margin of victory ( 48 ) through two games in NBA Finals history . Cleveland returned home and responded with a 120 -- 90 win in Game 3 , but the Warriors won Game 4 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Cavaliers won the next three games to become the first team in Finals history to successfully overcome a 3 -- 1 deficit . It also marked the first time since 1978 that Game 7 was won by the road team . The win by the Cavaliers was the first major professional sports championship won by a team based in Cleveland since 1964 , and the first - ever championship won by the Cavaliers franchise . NBA Finals MVP winner LeBron James propelled the Cavaliers to the historic comeback . For the first time since 2004 , a new scheduling format was instituted for the Finals . In previous years , the Finals were played in a Thursday -- Sunday -- Tuesday scheme . However , the league changed its scheduling to ensure an extra day off for both teams , which have to travel from one city to another during the series . This , along with the designated travel day , took place after Games 2 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 1.2 Golden State Warriors 1.3 Road to the Finals 1.4 Regular season series 2 Series summary 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 4 Rosters 4.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 4.2 Golden State Warriors 5 Player statistics 6 Broadcast 6.1 Television ratings 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 Cleveland Cavaliers season This was Cleveland 's second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals , and third overall , seeking to win their first ever NBA championship . This would also be the sixth consecutive NBA Finals appearance for LeBron James , the most for any player not part of the 1960s Boston Celtics , and the fifth for James Jones ( who technically qualified for the 2011 NBA Finals along with James , but did not play ) . Despite holding the best record in the Eastern Conference at 30 -- 11 midway through the season on January 22 , 2016 , the Cavaliers fired head coach David Blatt . Associate head coach Tyronn Lue was then promoted to replace Blatt . General Manager David Griffin cited `` a lack of fit with our personnel and our vision '' as the reason for Blatt 's firing . Cleveland finished the regular season with a 57 -- 25 record , capturing the Central Division title and the top playoff seed in the Eastern Conference . They then advanced to the Finals after sweeping both the Detroit Pistons in the first round and the Atlanta Hawks in the second round , and defeating the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Finals in six games . The Cavaliers were the first team in history to go to two consecutive NBA Finals with rookie head coaches . Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors season This was the defending NBA Champions Golden State Warriors ' second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals and eighth overall . The Warriors broke the record set by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls by finishing the regular season with a 73 -- 9 record . In addition , the Warriors broke numerous other NBA records , including most road wins ( 34 ) , best start to a season ( 24 -- 0 ) and longest regular - season home win streak ( 54 dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season ) . They also became the first team to make over 1,000 three - pointers in the regular - season with 1,077 , eclipsing the previous record of 933 set by the 2014 -- 15 Houston Rockets . The Warriors were led by Stephen Curry , who was named the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for the second straight season . The Splash Brothers twosome of Curry and Klay Thompson were the highest scoring duo in the league , combining to average 52.2 points per game . Head coach Steve Kerr missed the first 43 regular season games because of a back injury . Assistant coach Luke Walton served as interim head coach during Kerr 's absence and he led the Warriors to a 39 -- 4 start . In the playoffs , the Warriors defeated the Houston Rockets in the first round and the Portland Trail Blazers in the conference semifinals in five games each . In Game 7 of the Western Conference Finals , the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder , 96 -- 88 , becoming only the 10th team in NBA history to overcome a 3 -- 1 series deficit , and advancing to a second straight NBA Finals for the first time since 1947 and 1948 . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NBA Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers ( Eastern Conference Champion ) Golden State Warriors ( Western Conference Champion ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP c -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 57 25 . 695 -- 82 y -- Toronto Raptors * 56 26 . 683 1.0 82 y -- Miami Heat * 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 x -- Atlanta Hawks 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 5 x -- Boston Celtics 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 6 x -- Charlotte Hornets 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 7 x -- Indiana Pacers 45 37 . 549 12.0 82 8 x -- Detroit Pistons 44 38 . 537 13.0 82 9 Chicago Bulls 42 40 . 512 15.0 82 10 Washington Wizards 41 41 . 500 16.0 82 11 Orlando Magic 35 47 . 427 22.0 82 12 Milwaukee Bucks 33 49 . 402 24.0 82 13 New York Knicks 32 50 . 390 25.0 82 14 Brooklyn Nets 21 61 . 256 36.0 82 15 Philadelphia 76ers 10 72 . 122 47.0 82 1st seed in the East , 3rd best league record Regular season Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Golden State Warriors * 73 9 . 890 -- 82 y -- San Antonio Spurs * 67 15 . 817 6.0 82 y -- Oklahoma City Thunder * 55 27 . 671 18.0 82 x -- Los Angeles Clippers 53 29 . 646 20.0 82 5 x -- Portland Trail Blazers 44 38 . 537 29.0 82 6 x -- Dallas Mavericks 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 7 x -- Memphis Grizzlies 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 8 x -- Houston Rockets 41 41 . 500 32.0 82 9 Utah Jazz 40 42 . 488 33.0 82 10 Sacramento Kings 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 11 Denver Nuggets 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 12 New Orleans Pelicans 30 52 . 366 43.0 82 13 Minnesota Timberwolves 29 53 . 354 44.0 82 14 Phoenix Suns 23 59 . 280 50.0 82 15 Los Angeles Lakers 17 65 . 207 56.0 82 1st seed in the West , best league record Defeated the 8th seeded Detroit Pistons , 4 -- 0 First round Defeated the 8th seeded Houston Rockets , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 4th seeded Atlanta Hawks , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the 5th seeded Portland Trail Blazers , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 2nd seeded Toronto Raptors , 4 -- 2 Conference Finals Defeated the 3rd seeded Oklahoma City Thunder , 4 -- 3 Regular season series ( edit ) The Warriors won the regular season series 2 -- 0 . December 25 , 2015 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 83 , Golden State Warriors 89 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 18 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 132 , Cleveland Cavaliers 98 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday , June 2 Golden State Warriors 104 -- 89 ( 1 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 2 Sunday , June 5 Golden State Warriors 110 -- 77 ( 2 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 3 Wednesday , June 8 Cleveland Cavaliers 120 -- 90 ( 1 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors Game 4 Friday , June 10 Cleveland Cavaliers 97 -- 108 ( 1 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 5 Monday , June 13 Golden State Warriors 97 -- 112 ( 3 -- 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 6 Thursday , June 16 Cleveland Cavaliers 115 -- 101 ( 3 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 7 Sunday , June 19 Golden State Warriors 89 -- 93 ( 3 -- 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game summaries ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) ( in Cleveland ) Game 1 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 104 -- 89 in Game 1 to take a 1 -- 0 series lead . The Cavaliers led 68 -- 67 before the Warriors broke the game open with a 29 -- 8 run spanning the third and fourth quarters to take a 96 -- 76 lead . Cleveland got the deficit within eleven points at 98 -- 87 after an 11 -- 2 run , but Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson nailed back - to - back three - pointers to essentially seal the victory for Golden State . While Curry and Thompson had a rough night combining for 20 points , the Warriors got a lift from its bench , outscoring the Cavaliers ' bench 45 -- 10 . Shaun Livingston scored his playoff - career high 20 points to lead Golden State , while Kyrie Irving led all scorers with 26 points . LeBron James fell one assist shy of a triple - double ( 23 points , 12 rebounds , 9 assists ) . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 2 Cleveland Cavaliers 89 -- 104 ( Series : 0 -- 1 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 28 , 19 -- 24 , 25 -- 22 , 21 -- 30 ABC Pts : Kyrie Irving 26 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Boxscore Pts : Shaun Livingston 20 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Marc Davis , Ed Malloy Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 26 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 23 12 9 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 17 13 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 10 12 0 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 11 5 6 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 9 5 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 13 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 16 11 7 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 10 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 12 7 6 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 20 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 11 0 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 2 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 110 -- 77 in Game 2 to take a 2 -- 0 series lead . Cleveland took a 28 -- 22 lead about two minutes into the second quarter , but Golden State answered with a 20 -- 2 run while outscoring the Cavs 30 -- 16 the rest of the period . During the run , the Cavaliers ' Kevin Love suffered a head injury while attempting to grab a defensive rebound . Love stayed throughout the remainder of the period but did not play the second half . The Warriors continued to dominate Cleveland from there , outscoring the Cavaliers 58 -- 33 in the final two quarters . Draymond Green led all scorers with 28 points , including 5 of 8 from three - point range . Curry and Klay Thompson added 18 and 17 points , respectively , while drilling four threes each . With their victory , the Warriors posted the highest winning margin in the first two Finals games with a 48 - point differential . James led the Cavs with 19 points , 8 rebounds , and 9 assists , but he committed 7 turnovers . James added 4 steals while surpassing John Stockton for fourth on the all - time playoff steals list . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 5 Cleveland Cavaliers 77 -- 110 ( Series : 0 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 23 -- 33 , 18 -- 30 , 15 -- 28 ABC Pts : LeBron James 19 Rebs : LeBron James 8 Asts : LeBron James 9 Boxscore Pts : Draymond Green 28 Rebs : Stephen Curry 9 Asts : Green , Livingston , Thompson 5 each Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 10 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 5 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 19 8 9 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 5 0 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 8 5 0 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 12 5 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 5 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 7 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 18 9 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 17 5 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 5 5 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 28 7 5 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 6 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 7 5 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 7 5 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 10 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 7 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 6 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 3 ( edit ) The Cavaliers avenged their lopsided defeat to Golden State by routing the Warriors 120 -- 90 in Game 3 to trail the series 2 -- 1 . The Cavaliers scored the game 's first nine points en route to outscoring the Warriors 33 -- 16 after one quarter . Golden State rallied to trim Cleveland 's lead as low as seven points on a couple of occasions before the Cavs settled for a 51 -- 43 halftime lead . In the second half , Cleveland continued to extend their lead and outscored Golden State 69 -- 47 . Love did not play due to a concussion . James led all scorers with 32 points . Irving added 30 points for the Cavs . Curry led the Warriors with 19 points , while drilling four threes . Harrison Barnes also contributed 18 points in 33 minutes of play . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 8 Golden State Warriors 90 -- 120 ( Series : 2 -- 1 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 33 , 27 -- 18 , 26 -- 38 , 21 -- 31 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 19 Rebs : Harrison Barnes 8 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 32 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : Kyrie Irving 8 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 19 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 18 8 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 6 7 7 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 11 0 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 5 6 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 8 0 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 5 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 30 8 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 20 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 32 11 6 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 9 8 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 14 13 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 5 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 1.5 ! G 12 Jordan McRae 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 4 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 108 -- 97 in Game 4 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . After averaging just 16 points in the first three games of the series , Curry scored 38 and was 7 of 13 on three - pointers . The Warriors made 17 three - pointers , then an NBA record for a single Finals game . They made only 16 two - point field goals , the first time in Finals history a team made more shots from three - point range . Klay Thompson added 25 points and four three - pointers for Golden State . It was the Warriors ' 88th win of the season , which broke the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls record of 87 for most wins in an NBA season ( regular - season and postseason combined ) . Green and James had to be separated in the closing minutes of the game , when Green fell to the ground and James stepped over him . Feeling disrespected , Green swung his arm and appeared to make contact with James ' groin . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 10 Golden State Warriors 108 -- 97 ( Series : 3 -- 1 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 28 , 21 -- 27 , 29 -- 22 , 29 -- 20 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 38 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Andre Iguodala 7 Boxscore Pts : Kyrie Irving 34 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 38 6 7 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 25 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 14 8 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 9 12 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 10 6 7 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 8 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa DNP 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 34 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 25 13 9 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 6 0 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 10 7 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 0 Kevin Love 11 5 0 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones DNP 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov DNP 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 5 ( edit ) The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 112 -- 97 in Game 5 to trail the series 3 -- 2 . James and Irving each scored 41 points to become the first teammates in Finals history to score 40 or more in the same game . James also added 16 rebounds . After Game 4 , Green was assessed a Flagrant Foul 1 for his contact with James that was ruled `` unnecessary '' and `` retaliatory '' , and James was given a technical foul for taunting . Having accumulated his fourth flagrant foul point in the playoffs , Green was suspended for Game 5 , becoming the first player to be suspended from playing in a Finals game since Jerry Stackhouse in 2006 . Green watched the game from a luxury box in the nearby Oakland Alameda Coliseum , where the Oakland Athletics were also playing a game at the same time , hosting the Texas Rangers . Warriors center Andrew Bogut suffered a season - ending injury to his left knee in the second half when he jumped to block a layup attempt by Cavs guard J.R. Smith and came down awkwardly on Smith . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 112 -- 97 ( Series : 2 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 32 -- 29 , 32 -- 23 , 19 -- 13 ABC Pts : Irving , James 41 each Rebs : LeBron James 16 Asts : LeBron James 7 Boxscore Pts : Klay Thompson 37 Rebs : Andre Iguodala 11 Asts : Andre Iguodala 6 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis and Derrick Stafford Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 41 6 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 41 16 7 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 6 15 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 8 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 25 7 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 37 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 5 5 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 15 11 6 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 0 Reserves : 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 7 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 0 0 4.0 ! F 20 James Michael McAdoo 0 0 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 6 ( edit ) LeBron James charging at Stephen Curry during game six . The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 115 -- 101 in Game 6 to even the series 3 -- 3 . The Cavaliers scored the game 's first eight points en route to outscoring the Warriors 31 -- 11 after one quarter . Golden State rallied to trim Cleveland 's lead as low as eight points on a couple of occasions before the Cavs settled for a 59 -- 43 halftime lead . In the second half , Cleveland continued to extend their lead and tied the series . LeBron James led all scorers with 41 points with 11 assists . Kyrie Irving added 23 points for the Cavs , while Tristan Thompson had 16 rebounds for the Cavaliers . Stephen Curry led the Warriors with 30 points , while drilling six threes . Klay Thompson added 25 points for the Warriors . Back from suspension , Green was held to eight points on 3 -- 7 shooting . James scored 18 straight points for Cleveland from the end of the third quarter to the 7 : 00 mark of the fourth . Late in the game with the Cavaliers up by 13 , he blocked a Curry shot from behind , and afterward had some words for him . With 4 : 22 left , Curry received his sixth foul and fouled out of the game . He then threw his mouthpiece into the stands in frustration , resulting in a technical foul and his ejection from the game . Curry was the first MVP to foul out of an NBA Finals game since Shaquille O'Neal in 2000 . The Cavaliers became the third team to fall behind 3 -- 1 and force Game 7 ( and the first in 50 years ) . James was the first player to have consecutive 40 - point games in the finals since , coincidentally , Shaquille O'Neal in the 2000 Finals . Following the game , Curry and Warriors head coach Steve Kerr were fined $25,000 each for their actions and public officiating criticism . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 16 Golden State Warriors 101 -- 115 ( Series : 3 -- 3 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 11 -- 31 , 32 -- 28 , 28 -- 21 , 30 -- 35 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 30 Rebs : Draymond Green 10 Asts : Draymond Green 6 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 16 Asts : LeBron James 11 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , Ken Mauer and Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 30 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 25 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 0 0 4.5 ! PF 9 Andre Iguodala 5 6.0 ! C 23 Draymond Green 8 10 6 Reserves : 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 6 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 14 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 5.5 ! F / C 20 James Michael McAdoo 0 1.5 ! G Brandon Rush 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 23 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 14 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 41 8 11 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 7 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 15 16 Reserves : 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 6 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 5 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 7 ( edit ) This season 's Finals marked the first time in NBA history in which both teams entered game 7 after accumulating exactly the same total points scored after game 6 ( 610 points each ) . The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 93 -- 89 in Game 7 to win the series 4 -- 3 . Game 7 was a close game , with 20 lead changes and 11 ties . This was the only game in the entire series to have a final margin of fewer than 10 points . At halftime , the Warriors were ahead 49 -- 42 . In the second half , the Cavaliers outscored the Warriors 51 -- 40 as the Warriors failed to score a basket during the last 4 : 39 of the game . In the closing minutes of the 4th quarter LeBron James delivered what became known as `` The Block '' on a layup attempt by Andre Iguodala with the score tied at 89 and 01 : 50 remaining in the game . Kyrie Irving made a go - ahead 3 - point field goal over the NBA 's first unanimous regular season MVP Stephen Curry to give Cleveland a 92 -- 89 lead with 0 : 53 remaining in the game . Before Kyrie Irving 's 3 - point field goal both teams were tied at 699 points scored apiece in this series . Immediately after Irving 's three , Golden State brought the ball up - court , opting not to call a timeout , and although Golden State got a preferred switch and matchup of Curry on Kevin Love , Love made arguably `` the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season '' , and forced Curry into a contested 3 - pointer , which he missed . After LeBron hurt his right wrist being fouled on a dunk attempt , he nearly clinched the title for the Cavaliers by making one of two free throws , bringing the clock down to 10.6 seconds left . After the Cavaliers fouled Draymond Green with 6.5 seconds remaining , Stephen Curry received the inbounds pass , pump faked and shot a three pointer over Cavaliers guard Iman Shumpert . The attempt missed , and was rebounded by Marreese Speights of the Warriors who attempted a three pointer as time expired and missed . Love immediately hugged the Finals MVP LeBron James . Draymond Green led all scorers with 32 points , including 6 of 8 from three - point range to go along with 15 rebounds and 9 assists . Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson added 17 and 14 points , respectively . LeBron James led all Cavaliers with 27 points and became only the 3rd player ever in NBA history to record a triple double in an NBA Finals Game 7 by adding 11 assists and 11 rebounds . Kyrie Irving added 26 points for Cleveland . The Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to win the NBA Finals . They became the first NBA Champion to clinch all their playoff series on the road since the 1999 San Antonio Spurs , as well as the first road team to win a Finals Game 7 since the 1978 Washington Bullets . The Cavaliers won their first championship in franchise history , ending a nearly 52 - year pro sports championship drought for the city of Cleveland . LeBron James was named the unanimous Finals MVP , becoming the only the fifth player in NBA history to earn the award at least thrice . He also was the overall leader in points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks during the series , a feat that had never before been accomplished in any NBA playoff series . Tyronn Lue became the 14th coach to win an NBA championship as a head coach and player . After 13 years , James had finally brought a championship to the city of Cleveland . On July 13 , 2016 , Game 7 of the 2016 NBA Finals received the 2016 ESPY award for Best Game . This loss led the Warriors to pursue Kevin Durant when he became a free agent that summer signing him on July 4 . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 19 Cleveland Cavaliers 93 -- 89 ( Series : 4 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 22 , 19 -- 27 , 33 -- 27 , 18 -- 13 ABC Pts : LeBron James 27 Rebs : Kevin Love 14 Asts : LeBron James 11 Boxscore Pts : Draymond Green 32 Rebs : Draymond Green 15 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Monty McCutchen Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 26 6 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 12 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 27 11 11 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 9 14 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 9 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 9 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 6 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones DNP 2.5 ! G / F James Jones DNP 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov DNP 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 17 5 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 14 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 10 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 32 15 9 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 9 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 8 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 4.0 ! F 20 James Michael McAdoo DNP 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush DNP 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Rosters ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 Cleveland Cavaliers roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Dellavedova , Matthew 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1990 -- 09 -- 08 Saint Mary 's 5.5 ! F / C 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Frye , Channing 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1983 -- 05 -- 17 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Irving , Kyrie ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 James , LeBron ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 -- 12 -- 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary HS ( OH ) 4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Jefferson , Richard 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 233 lb ( 106 kg ) 1980 -- 06 -- 21 Arizona 2.5 ! G / F 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Jones , Dahntay 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1980 -- 12 -- 27 Duke 2.5 ! G / F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jones , James 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 04 Miami ( FL ) 6.0 ! C 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kaun , Sasha 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1985 -- 05 -- 08 Kansas 5.5 ! F / C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Love , Kevin 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 07 UCLA 1.5 ! G 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 McRae , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 28 Tennessee 6.0 ! C 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Mozgov , Timofey 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1986 -- 07 -- 16 Russia 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Shumpert , Iman 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1990 -- 06 -- 26 Georgia Tech 2.5 ! G / F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Smith , J.R. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 09 St. Benedict 's Prep ( NJ ) 5.5 ! F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Thompson , Tristan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 13 Texas 1.5 ! G 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Williams , Mo 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1982 -- 12 -- 19 Alabama Head coach Tyronn Lue Assistant coach ( es ) Jim Boylan Bret Brielmaier Larry Drew Damon Jones Mike Longabardi James Posey Phil Handy ( player development ) Vitaly Potapenko ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( DL ) On assignment to D - League affiliate Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2016 -- 04 -- 13 Golden State Warriors ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Barbosa , Leandro 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 194 lb ( 88 kg ) 1982 -- 11 -- 28 Brazil 4.0 ! F 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Barnes , Harrison 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1992 -- 05 -- 30 North Carolina 6.0 ! C 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Bogut , Andrew 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1984 -- 11 -- 28 Utah 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Clark , Ian 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 07 Belmont 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 14 Davidson 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Ezeli , Festus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 265 lb ( 120 kg ) 1989 -- 10 -- 21 Vanderbilt 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 04 Michigan State 2.5 ! G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 -- 01 -- 28 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 02 -- 06 UCLA 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 McAdoo , James Michael 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 04 North Carolina 2.5 ! G / F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Rush , Brandon 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1985 -- 07 -- 07 Kansas 5.5 ! F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Speights , Marreese 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1987 -- 08 -- 04 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 -- 02 -- 08 Washington State 5.5 ! F / C 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Varejão , Anderson 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 273 lb ( 124 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 28 Brazil Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Luke Walton Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( DL ) On assignment to D - League affiliate Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2016 -- 06 -- 14 Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Cleveland Cavaliers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Dellavedova , Matthew Matthew Dellavedova 6 0 7.6 . 263 . 167 . 833 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 Frye , Channing Channing Frye 0 8.3 . 000 . 000 1.000 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving 7 7 39.0 . 468 . 405 . 939 3.9 3.9 0.7 27.1 James , LeBron LeBron James 7 7 41.7 . 494 . 371 . 721 11.3 8.9 2.6 2.3 29.7 Jefferson , Richard Richard Jefferson 7 24.0 . 516 . 167 . 636 5.3 0.4 1.3 0.1 5.7 Jones , Dahntay Dahntay Jones 6 0 3.0 . 500 . 000 . 800 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.3 Jones , James James Jones 5 0 4.0 . 000 . 000 . 250 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 Love , Kevin Kevin Love 6 5 26.3 . 362 . 263 . 706 6.8 1.3 0.7 0.3 8.5 McRae , Jordan Jordan McRae 0 3.0 1.000 . 000 . 000 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 Mozgov , Timofey Timofey Mozgov 5 0 5.0 . 333 . 000 . 750 1.6 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.4 Shumpert , Iman Iman Shumpert 7 0 18.3 . 304 . 267 1.000 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.0 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith 7 7 37.3 . 400 . 356 . 667 2.7 1.6 1.4 0.3 10.6 Thompson , Tristan Tristan Thompson 7 7 32.3 . 636 . 000 . 533 10.1 0.7 0.3 0.9 10.3 Williams , Mo Mo Williams 6 0 4.8 . 333 . 200 . 000 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.0 1.5 Golden State Warriors Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Barbosa , Leandro Leandro Barbosa 6 0 13.1 . 643 . 500 . 727 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.2 8.2 Barnes , Harrison Harrison Barnes 7 7 31.7 . 352 . 310 . 600 4.4 1.4 0.7 0.4 9.3 Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut 5 5 12.0 . 471 . 000 . 000 3.0 0.6 0.4 2.0 3.2 Clark , Ian Ian Clark 0 4.8 . 625 . 600 . 000 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.3 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry 7 7 35.1 . 403 . 400 . 929 4.9 3.7 0.9 0.7 22.6 Ezeli , Festus Festus Ezeli 7 8.6 . 300 . 000 . 500 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 2.0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green 6 6 40.0 . 486 . 406 . 783 10.3 6.3 1.7 1.0 16.5 Iguodala , Andre Andre Iguodala 7 34.1 . 466 . 304 . 333 6.3 4.1 0.9 0.7 9.1 Livingston , Shaun Shaun Livingston 7 0 21.1 . 511 . 000 . 857 3.4 2.9 0.3 0.3 8.3 McAdoo , James Michael James Michael McAdoo 0 6.1 1.000 . 000 . 000 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 Rush , Brandon Brandon Rush 0 5.5 . 000 . 000 . 500 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 Speights , Marreese Marreese Speights 7 0 4.7 . 222 . 400 1.000 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 2.0 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson 7 7 35.3 . 427 . 350 . 786 3.0 1.9 1.0 0.6 19.6 Varejão , Anderson Anderson Varejão 6 0 6.9 . 000 . 000 . 500 1.3 1.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , the NBA Finals aired on ABC with Mike Breen as play - by - play commentator , and Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy serving as color commentators . ESPN Radio aired it as well and had Kevin Calabro and Hubie Brown as commentators . ESPN Deportes provided exclusive Spanish - language coverage of The Finals , with a commentary team of Álvaro Martín and Carlos Morales . Television ratings ( edit ) Game Ratings ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 11.1 19.20 9.8 17.49 9.7 16.47 9.8 16.57 5 11.8 20.53 6 11.8 20.70 7 15.8 31.02 Avg 11.4 20.28 See also ( edit ) Big Three ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Death lineup Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CANADIAN TV SCHEDULE -- 2015 -- 16 '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7 , 93 -- 89 '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , P.J ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Curse broken : Cleveland Cavaliers win NBA Championship '' . FOX 8 Cleveland . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim . `` Cavaliers vs. Raptors 2016 results : LeBron James advances to 6th straight NBA Finals with Game 6 win '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fedor , Chris ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` David Blatt fired by Cleveland Cavaliers ; Tyronn Lue elevated to head coach '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Blatt fired as Cavaliers coach ; Tyronn Lue to take over team '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ethan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Epic history : Stephen Curry , Warriors surpass Bulls ' win record '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Move Over , Warriors . Cavs Can Shoot 3s , Too . '' . NY Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Durant , Westbrook power Thunder past Warriors 108 -- 102 '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Kerr battles lingering spinal - fluid issues , but coaches through pain '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Silence the Thunder in Game 7 , Series '' . NBA . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors up 1 -- 0 as Draymond Green , supporting cast key win '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA finals , Game 1 : Golden State Warriors beat Cleveland Cavaliers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors whip Cavaliers 110 -- 77 to take 2 -- 0 NBA Finals lead '' . ESPN . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors , Resilient at Home , Cruise Against the Cavaliers '' . New York Times . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Warriors are setting NBA Finals records by crushing the Cavs '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors humiliate Cleveland Cavaliers in NBA finals Game 2 '' . Guardian . 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 90 -- 120 Cleveland Cavaliers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 32 as Cavs wallop Warriors , pull to 2 -- 1 '' . ESPN.com . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Love not medically cleared , will not play in Game 3 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers roar back to crush Warriors as Steph Curry 's struggles continue '' . Guardian . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors Win and Move a Game Away From the N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Splish , splash : Curry , Thompson lead Warriors to Game 4 win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three charts on a record - setting night for Curry and the Warriors '' . ESPN.com . June 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors '' ( PDF ) . nba.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win and Move a Game Away From the N.B.A. Title '' . New York Times . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors defeat Cleveland Cavaliers : NBA finals Game 4 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` Sources : Ruling on Green - LeBron incident could come Sunday '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Branch , John ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers Stave Off Elimination in N.B.A. Finals '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leung , Diamond ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals : Warriors ' Draymond Green suspended for Game 5 by NBA '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat the Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 5 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green to Watch Game 5 from Oakland Athletics stadium '' . The Sports Xchange. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspended Draymond Green to Watch Game 5 from Oakland A 's Coliseum , Declines 1st Pitch Offer '' . Lee Bailey 's EURWeb. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspended Draymond Green to Watch at A 's Game '' . SI Wire. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Andrew Bogut will miss remainder of NBA Finals with left knee injury '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron goes for 41 as Cavs drop Warriors , force Game 7 of Finals '' . ESPN.com . June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers thrash Warriors to force winner - take - all Game 7 in NBA finals '' . Guardian . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers defeat the Golden State Warriors : NBA finals , Game 6 -- as it happened ! '' . Guardian . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` With Swat of Stephen Curry , LeBron James Jolted a Debate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim . `` Curry gets ejected late in Warriors ' Game 6 loss '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Poole , Monte . `` Curry flips out in Game 6 of finals , takes first NBA ejection '' . csnbayarea.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike . `` Stephen Curry , Steve Kerr Fined for Game 6 Incidents in NBA Finals '' . bleacherreport.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Curry voted NBA 's first unanimous MVP '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love came up with the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Biggest Stop Of Kevin Love 's Life ? It Was n't This One '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers vs. Warriors - Game Recap - June 19 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Greatest Game 7 Performances In NBA Finals History '' . 2016 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Dave ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` LeBron James leads Cleveland Cavaliers to NBA title and ends 52 - year drought '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gallo , D.J. ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 7 -- as it happened '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers become first team to rally from 3 -- 1 series deficit in NBA Finals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` The End : Cleveland rocks as title drought ends in Finals '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins NBA Finals MVP for 3rd time '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James named unanimous Finals MVP after Cavs ' Game 7 win '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingrassia , Nunzio ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` This unbelievable stat illustrates just how great LeBron James was in the Finals '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Brandon ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Hot Reads : Tryonn '' . Hail Varsity . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers 93 - 89 Golden State Warriors : LeBron James helps end 52 - year drought to win first NBA championship in their history after completing remarkable comeback from 3 - 1 down '' . Daily Mail . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers Defeat Warriors to Win Their First N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carafdo , Ben . `` 2016 NBA Finals Tip Off June 2 Exclusively on ABC : Golden State Warriors vs. Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teri Couch ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals Was Most - Watched & Highest - Rated Game 1 Ever on ABC '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals tops 2015 's Game 1 , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up , ' American Grit ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game 2 of NBA Finals Holds Up Well Despite Blowout '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Miss USA adjusts up , plus final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stinkers Sinking NBA Finals , But Numbers Still Big '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : NBA Finals adjust up but lowest of series so far '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Closer Game , But No Cigar For NBA Finals '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : Final NBA and Copa America numbers , ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals Has Another Viewership Dip , But Nears Post-Jordan High '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' adjusts up , ' Reign ' and ' Whose Line ' ajdust down , final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Despite Fifth Straight Decline , NBA Finals Strong Entering Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals hits a high for 2016 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron , Cleveland 's Game 7 Triumph Tops 30 Million Viewers '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : NBA Finals Game 7 adjusts up a little more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official website 2016 NBA Finals at Basketball-Reference.com NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah . Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Longabardi Dam . Jones Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers Founded in 1970 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Franchise History 1970 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Cleveland Arena Richfield Coliseum Quicken Loans Arena Key personnel Owner : Dan Gilbert General manager : Koby Altman Assistant GM : Mike Gansey Head coach : Tyronn Lue Culture and lore Big Three `` Cleveland Rocks '' Cleveland sports curse Joe Tait Ted Stepien rule The Block The Decision The Miracle of Richfield The Shot Rivalries Chicago Bulls Golden State Warriors Playoff appearances ( 21 ) 1976 1977 1978 1985 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 2016 2017 Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1976 2009 2015 2016 2017 Eastern Conference titles ( 4 ) 2007 2015 2016 2017 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2016 Retired numbers 7 11 22 25 34 42 43 Hall of Fame inductees Wayne Embry Nate Thurmond Lenny Wilkens G League affiliate Canton Charge Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WTAM WMMS Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : Fox Sports Ohio Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye 2015 -- 16 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions D - League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. 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who did cleveland play in the finals last year

The 2016 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 2015 -- 16 season and conclusion of the 2016 playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors 4 -- 3 in a rematch of the 2015 NBA Finals . It was the 14th rematch of the previous NBA Finals in history , and the first Finals since 2008 in which the number one seed in each conference met . It was the second straight rematch in back - to - back years , as the Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs played each other in 2013 and 2014 .

Joint Commission - wikipedia Joint Commission Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Joint Commission ( disambiguation ) . The Joint Commission Type Non-profit organization Industry Health care Founded 1951 Headquarters Oakbrook Terrace , Illinois , United States Area served World wide Website www.jointcommission.org The Joint Commission is a United States - based nonprofit tax - exempt 501 ( c ) organization that accredits more than 21,000 US health care organizations and programs . The international branch accredits medical services from around the world . A majority of US state governments recognize Joint Commission accreditation as a condition of licensure for the receipt of Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements . The Joint Commission is based in the Chicago suburb of Oakbrook Terrace , Illinois . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operation 3 Alternatives in the United States 4 Goals and initiatives 5 International healthcare accreditation 6 Cost of accreditation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links History ( edit ) The Joint Commission was formerly the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations ( JCAHO ) and previous to that the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals ( JCAH ) . The Joint Commission was renamed The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals in 1951 , but it was not until 1965 , when the federal government decided that a hospital meeting Joint Commission accreditation met the Medicare Conditions of Participation , that accreditation had any official impact . However , Section 125 of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 ( MIPPA ) removed the Joint Commission 's statutorily - guaranteed accreditation authority for hospitals , effective July 15 , 2010 . At that time , the Joint Commission 's hospital accreditation program would be subject to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) requirements for organizations seeking accrediting authority . To avoid a lapse in accrediting authority , the Joint Commission would have to submit an application for hospital accrediting authority consistent with these requirements and within a time frame that would enable CMS to review and evaluate their submission . CMS would make the decision to grant deeming authority and determine the term . The Joint Commission 's predecessor organization grew from the efforts of Ernest Codman to promote hospital reform based on outcomes management in patient care . Codman 's efforts led to the founding of the American College of Surgeons Hospital Standardization Program . In 1951 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals was created by merging the Hospital Standardization Program with similar programs run by the American College of Physicians , the American Hospital Association , the American Medical Association , and the Canadian Medical Association . In 1987 the company was renamed the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations ( JCAHO , pronounced `` Jay - co '' ) . In 2007 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations underwent a major rebranding and simplified its name to The Joint Commission . The rebranding included the name , logo , and tag line change to `` Helping Health Care Organizations Help Patients . '' The change was part of an effort to make the name more memorable and to assist the commission in its continued responsiveness to the needs of organizations seeking fee - based accreditation . The Joint Commission advocates the use of patient safety measures , the spread of information , the measurement of performance , and the introduction of public policy recommendations . Joint Commission International ( JCI ) was established in 1998 as a division of Joint Commission Resources , Inc . ( JCR ) , a not - for - profit , private affiliate of the Joint Commission . Through international accreditation , consultation , publications , and education programs , JCI extends the Joint Commission 's mission worldwide by helping to improve the quality of patient care ; assisting international health care organizations , public health agencies , health ministries , and others in evaluating , improving , and demonstrating the quality of patient care ; and enhancing patient safety in more than 60 countries . International hospitals may seek accreditation to demonstrate quality , and JCI accreditation may be considered a seal of approval by medical travelers from the U.S. Operation ( edit ) All member health care organizations are subject to a three - year accreditation cycle , and laboratories are surveyed every two years . The organization does not make its hospital survey findings public . However , it does provide the organization 's accreditation decision , the date that accreditation was awarded , and any standards that were cited for improvement . Organizations deemed to be in compliance with all or most of the applicable standards are awarded the decision of Accreditation . The unannounced full survey is a key component of The Joint Commission accreditation process . `` Unannounced '' means the organization does not receive advanced notice of its survey date . The Joint Commission began conducting unannounced surveys on January 1 , 2006 . Surveys occur 18 to 39 months after the organization 's previous unannounced survey . There has been criticism in the past within the U.S. about how the Joint Commission operates . The Commission 's practice had been to notify hospitals in advance of the timing of inspections . A 2007 article in the Washington Post noted that about 99 % of inspected hospitals are accredited , and serious problems in the delivery of care are sometimes overlooked or missed . Similar concerns have been expressed by the Boston Globe who stated `` The Joint Commission , whose governing board has long been dominated by representatives of the industries it inspects , has been the target of criticism about the validity of its evaluations . '' The Joint Commission over time has responded to these criticisms . However , when it comes to the international dimension , surveys undertaken by JCI still take place at a time known in advance by the hospitals being surveyed , often after considerable preparation by those hospitals . Preparing for a Joint Commission survey can be a challenging process for any healthcare provider . At a minimum , a hospital must be completely familiar with the current standards ; examine current processes , policies , and procedures relative to the standards ; and prepare to improve any areas that are not currently in compliance . The hospital must be in compliance with the standards for at least four months prior to the initial survey . The hospital should also be in compliance with applicable standards during the entire period of accreditation , which means that surveyors will look for a full three years of implementation for several standards - related issues . The Joint Commission and JCI employ salaried individuals as surveyors who generally work or have worked within health care services but are able to devote half or less of their time for the accrediting organization . The surveyors travel to health care organizations to evaluate their operational practices and facilities against established Joint Commission standards and elements of performance . Substantial time and resources are devoted by health care organizations ranging from medical equipment suppliers and staffing firms to tertiary care academic medical centers to prepare for and undergo Joint Commission surveys . There is growing concern , however , over the lack of verifiable progress towards meeting the organization 's stated goals . Although the Joint Commission increasingly cites and demands `` evidence - based medicine '' in its regulatory requirements , there is a relative paucity of evidence demonstrating any significant quality improvement due to its efforts , while there is a growing body of literature showing no improvement or actual deterioration in quality despite the increasingly stringent and expensive requirements . A facility requesting accreditation pays a substantial fee to the Joint Commission ( the `` accrediting '' agency ) and , upon receiving a `` passing '' grade , is able to purchase associated mementos of accomplishment to display to the public . No other entity certifies the Joint Commission . Alternatives in the United states ( edit ) The Joint Commission is not a complete monopoly , and while many states in the U.S. make use of their services , they are not used by all . Some states have set up their own alternative assessment procedures ; the Joint Commission is not recognized for state licensure in the states of Oklahoma ( except for hospital - based outpatient mental health services ) , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin . In California , The Joint Commission is part of a joint survey process with state authorities . There are also other healthcare accreditation organizations in the U.S. unrelated to the Joint Commission . These include Accreditation Commission for Health Care , Inc . ( ACHC ) , the American Osteopathic Association ( AOA ) , the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities ( CARF ) , the Community Health Accreditation Program ( CHAP ) , the `` Exemplary Provider Program '' of The Compliance Team , the Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program ( HFAP ) , the ( http://www.ncchc.org/health-service-accreditation National Commission on Correctional Health Care , Utilization Review Accreditation Commission ( URAC ) , and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation ( HQAA ) who are recognised in the state of Ohio . HFAP is actually older than the Joint Commission and has been in operation since 1945 . On September 26 , 2008 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) granted deeming authority for hospitals to DNV Healthcare Inc . ( DNVHC ) , an operating company of Det Norske Veritas ( DNV ) , a Norwegian international company that has been operating in the U.S. since 1898 . The Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality ( CIHQ ) , based in Round Rock , Texas , was granted deeming authority for hospitals by the CMS In July 2013 . Goals and initiatives ( edit ) The stated mission of The Joint Commission is : `` To continuously improve health care for the public , in collaboration with other stakeholders , by evaluating health care organizations and inspiring them to excel in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality and value . '' The company updates its accreditation standards , expands patient safety goals on a yearly basis , and posts them on its web site for all interested persons to review making the information and process transparent to all stakeholders ranging from institutions and practitioners to patients and their advocates . The purpose of The Joint Commission 's National Patient Safety Goals ( NPSGs ) is to promote specific improvements in patient safety . The NPSGs highlight problematic areas in health care and describe evidence and expert - based solutions to these problems . Recognizing that sound system design is intrinsic to the delivery of safe , high quality health care . The Goals focus on system - wide solutions , wherever possible . The NPSGs have become a critical method by which The Joint Commission promotes and enforces major changes in patient safety for thousands of participating health care organizations in the United States and around the world . The 2009 NPSGs included regulations targeting the spread of infection due to multidrug - resistant organisms , catheter - related bloodstream infections ( CRBSI ) , and surgical site infections ( SSI ) . The new regulations for CRBSI and SSI prevention apply not only to hospitals , but also to ambulatory care and ambulatory surgery centers . Engaging patients in patient safety efforts is also a major new component of the NPSGs . The Universal Protocol to reduce surgical errors and existing regulations on medication reconciliation have been modified for 2009 , based on feedback received by The Joint Commission . International Healthcare Accreditation ( edit ) Gold Seal of Accreditation Joint Commission International , or JCI is one group that provides international health care accreditation services to hospitals around the world and brings income into the U.S. - based parent organization . This not - for - profit tax - exempt private corporation ( a 501 ( c ) organization ) currently accredits hospitals in Asia , Europe , the Middle East , Africa , and South America and is seeking to expand its business further . The JCI has a small staff which includes principal consultants and a number of other consultants from around the world . Cost of Accreditation ( edit ) JCI publishes an average fee of $46,000 for a full hospital survey . Reimbursement for surveyors ' travel , living expenses , and accommodations is required in addition to the survey fee . For hospital to be successful in the accreditation process , there may be additional costs related to consultancy work prior to accreditation . International accreditors incur different levels of costs with some costing less than JCI . See also ( edit ) Patient safety Patient safety organization URAC Hospital accreditation List of International Healthcare Accreditation Organizations Evidence - based medicine Medical ethics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission On Accreditation Of Healthcare Organizations in Oakbrook Ter , Illinois ( IL ) '' . faqs.org . June 30 , 1975 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Joint Commission - About page '' . Jump up ^ https://www.successfactors.com/en_us/lp/articles/joint-commission-compliance.html Jump up ^ About Us , Joint Commission . Jump up ^ A History of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals James S. Roberts , MD ; Jack G. Coale , MA ; Robert R. Redman , MA , JAMA. 1987 ; 258 ( 7 ) : 936 - 940 , Jump up ^ HHS Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare - Associated Infections 06222009 Section 8 : Incentives and Oversight -- June 22 , 2009 Excerpt : pages 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ `` The Joint Commission Launches New Brand Identity '' . The Joint Commission . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission Changes Its Name and Logo '' . American Association for Respiratory Care . February 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Patients Meet to Promote Mother and Child Health in the Americas '' . Paho.org . June 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` de beste bron van informatie over med trip info . Deze website is te koop ! '' . medtripinfo.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kowalczyk , Liz ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Surprise check faults MGH quality of care '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fisher , Ian ( January 21 , 1998 ) . `` Public Advocate Says Hospital Accreditation System Is Faulty '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaul , Gilbert M. ( 2005 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Accreditors Blamed for Overlooking Problems '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Healthcare Compliance 360 HIPAA Compliance Policy Management JCAHO Accreditation '' . Compliance360.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Account Suspended '' ( PDF ) . Competingbid.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medicare Deeming Authority for Home Health , Hospice , & DMEPOS '' . ACHC . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CARF International , www.carf.org , Commission on the Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities , CCAC '' . Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAP -- Home Page '' . Chapinc.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CMS approved Accreditation Organization for all DMEPOS providers '' . Exemplaryprovider.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HFAP '' . HFAP . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Correctional Health Care Standards - National Commission on Correctional Health Care '' . Jump up ^ `` Promoting Quality Health Care '' . URAC . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to HQAA -- Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation '' . HQAA.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Approval of Deeming Authority of Det Norske Veritas Healthcare , Inc. for Hospitals '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Approval of the Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality 's ( CIHQ ) Hospital Accreditation Program '' . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Patient Safety Goals '' . The Joint Commission . Jump up ^ `` AHRQ Patient Safety Network '' . Psnet.ahrq.gov . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About JCI '' . Joint Commission International . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Team '' . Jump up ^ `` Bio - Our Team - Joint Commission International '' . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Accreditation '' . Joint Commission International . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) The Joint Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Commission&oldid=827762189 '' Categories : Accreditation Healthcare quality Medical and health organizations based in Illinois Medicare and Medicaid ( United States ) Organizations established in 1951 Quality assurance Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 15 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the joint commission and what do they do

The Joint Commission is a United States - based nonprofit tax - exempt 501 ( c ) organization that accredits more than 21,000 US health care organizations and programs . The international branch accredits medical services from around the world . A majority of US state governments recognize Joint Commission accreditation as a condition of licensure for the receipt of Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements .

Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics Flag of the United Kingdom IOC code GBR NOC British Olympic Association Website www.teamgb.com in Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 2018 Competitors 58 ( 34 men and 24 women ) in 11 sports Flag bearer ( opening ) Lizzy Yarnold Flag bearer ( closing ) Billy Morgan Medals Ranked 19th Gold Silver 0 Bronze Total 5 Winter Olympics appearances ( overview ) 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Great Britain competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 58 competitors in 11 sports . They won five medals in total , one gold and four bronze , ranking 19th in the medal table . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medallists 2 Records 3 Competitors 4 Medal and performance targets 4.1 UK Sport funding 5 Alpine skiing 6 Biathlon 7 Bobsleigh 8 Cross-country skiing 9 Curling 9.1 Men 's tournament 9.2 Women 's tournament 10 Figure skating 11 Freestyle skiing 12 Luge 13 Short track speed skating 14 Skeleton 15 Snowboarding 16 Notes 17 References Medallists ( edit ) Medals by sport Sport 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Skeleton 0 Freestyle skiing 0 0 Snowboarding 0 0 Total 0 5 Medals by date Day Date 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Day 1 10 February 0 0 0 0 Day 2 11 February 0 0 0 0 Day 3 12 February 0 0 0 0 Day 4 13 February 0 0 0 0 Day 5 14 February 0 0 0 0 Day 6 15 February 0 0 0 0 Day 7 16 February 0 0 Day 8 17 February 0 Day 9 18 February 0 0 0 0 Day 10 19 February 0 0 0 0 Day 11 20 February 0 0 0 0 Day 12 21 February 0 0 0 0 Day 13 22 February 0 0 0 0 Day 14 23 February 0 0 0 0 Day 15 24 February 0 0 Day 16 25 February 0 0 0 0 Total 0 5 Medals by gender Gender 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Male 0 0 Female 0 Mixed 0 0 0 0 Total 0 5 Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold Yarnold , Lizzy Lizzy Yarnold Skeleton Women 's 17 February 03 ! Bronze Parsons , Dominic Dominic Parsons Skeleton Men 's 16 February 03 ! Bronze Atkin , Izzy Izzy Atkin Freestyle skiing Women 's Slopestyle 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 03 ! Bronze Deas , Laura Laura Deas Skeleton Women 's 17 February 03 ! Bronze Morgan , Billy Billy Morgan Snowboarding Men 's Big Air 24 February There were a number of notable firsts for Great Britain at the Winter Olympics : Day 8 ( 17 February ) was the most successful day for Great Britain at any Winter Olympics , with three medals won . Lizzy Yarnold was the first British athlete to retain a Winter Olympic title and , in doing so , became Great Britain 's most successful Winter Olympic athlete by surpassing the single gold and bronze medals won by Jeannette Altwegg , Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill . Yarnold and Laura Deas were the first British athletes to win medals in the same event at a Winter games . Izzy Atkin won Great Britain 's first ever medal on skis . On Day 15 ( 24 February ) Great Britain won a fifth medal at a single Winter Olympics for the first time . Records ( edit ) Date Sport Event Round Athlete Time Record Ref 10 February Short track speed skating Women 's 500 metres Heat 4 Elise Christie 42.872 OR Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . Sport Men Women Total Alpine skiing Biathlon 0 Bobsleigh 8 10 Cross-country skiing Curling 5 5 10 Figure skating Freestyle skiing 6 5 11 Luge 0 Short track speed skating 5 Skeleton Snowboarding 5 Total 34 24 58 Medal and performance targets ( edit ) On 9 January 2018 , the funding body UK Sport announced their medal targets for Team GB at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang with the target to win at least five medals which if achieved would be a record - breaking haul for a Winter Olympic Games . Although the target was set at three medals the funding body predicted that Great Britain had the potential to win as many as ten medals , this total was not widely expected to be reached . Key N target missed Y target met Y Y target exceeded Sport Minimum target Reach target Medals or Best Result Performance relative to targets Bobsleigh Top five 8th Curling 4th Figure skating Top eight 11th Short track speed skating 4th Skeleton Top eight 01 ! Gold Yarnold , Lizzy Lizzy Yarnold 03 ! Bronze Deas , Laura Laura Deas 03 ! Bronze Parsons , Dominic Dominic Parsons Y Y Ski and snowboard 03 ! Bronze Atkin , Izzy Izzy Atkin 03 ! Bronze Morgan , Billy Billy Morgan Y Total 10 5 Y Total gold n / a n / a n / a UK Sport. funding ( edit ) In the Winter Olympic Cycle running from 2014 to 2018 the UK government body UK Sport allocated a record budget of over £ 28 million to fund Team GB for the individual athletes as well as the bobsleigh and curling teams for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang . The sports receiving the highest funding were bobsleigh , curling and skeleton , whilst speed skating , ski and snowboard , and figure skating also received funding , but all other winter sports where British athletes were competing did not receive any funding from the body . Sport Funding Bobsleigh £ 5,003,476 Curling £ 5,655,150 Figure skating £ 1,235,593 Short track speed skating £ 4,764,006 Skeleton £ 6,549,617 Ski and snowboard £ 5,145,293 Total £ 28,353,135 Alpine skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Dave Ryding Men 's slalom 49.09 13 51.07 9 1 : 40.16 9 Laurie Taylor 51.08 27 52.33 25 1 : 43.41 26 Charlie Guest Women 's slalom 55.44 42 52.82 30 1 : 48.26 33 Alex Tilley Women 's giant slalom DNF Women 's slalom DNF Mixed Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Dave Ryding Laurie Taylor Charlie Guest Alex Tilley Team United States ( USA ) W 2 * -- 2 Norway ( NOR ) L 2 -- 2 * Did not advance * = decided on tie - break ( combined time ) Biathlon ( edit ) Main articles : Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification On 22 January 2018 , the British Olympic Association announced Amanda Lightfoot as the selection for their solitary representative in the Biathlon competitions . Lightfoot finished 67th in the sprint event , failing to qualify for the pursuit in which only the top 60 sprint athletes took part . Athlete Event Time Misses Rank Amanda Lightfoot Women 's sprint 24 : 15.3 3 ( 2 + 1 ) 67 Women 's individual 49 : 14.7 6 ( 2 + 1 + 0 + 3 ) 73 Bobsleigh ( edit ) Main articles : Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Based on their rankings in the 2017 - 18 World Cup , Great Britain qualified 4 sleds . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Brad Hall * Joel Fearon Two - man 49.37 7 49.50 8 49.67 17 49.80 16 3 : 18.34 12 Brad Hall * Greg Cackett Joel Fearon Nick Gleeson Four - man 49.25 19 49.68 14 49.64 17 49.69 12 3 : 18.26 17 Lamin Deen * Andrew Matthews Toby Olubi Ben Simons 49.44 16 49.45 19 49.66 = 18 49.74 15 3 : 18.29 18 Mica McNeill * Mica Moore Two - woman 50.77 6 50.95 6 51.16 11 51.19 7 3 : 24.07 8 * -- Denotes the driver of each sled Sam Blanchet and Montell Douglas were travelling reserves Cross-country skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification Andrew Musgrave 's seventh place in the men 's 30 km skiathlon was the best performance by a Briton in an Olympic cross country event . Distance Athlete Event Classical Freestyle Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Deficit Rank Andrew Musgrave Men 's 15 km freestyle N / A 35 : 51.0 + 2 : 07.1 28 Callum Smith N / A 38 : 20.9 + 4 : 37.0 75 Andrew Young N / A 37 : 13.1 + 3 : 29.2 57 Andrew Musgrave Men 's 30 km skiathlon 40 : 34.9 12 35 : 38.9 9 1 : 16 : 45.7 + 25.7 7 Callum Smith 44 : 47.1 61 38 : 29.6 45 1 : 23 : 49.9 + 7 : 29.9 57 Andrew Musgrave Men 's 50 km classical N / A 2 : 20 : 57.9 + 12 : 35.8 37 Callum Smith N / A 2 : 27 : 56.3 + 19 : 34.2 54 Annika Taylor Women 's 10 km freestyle N / A 30 : 52.9 + 5 : 52.4 75 Women 's 15 km skiathlon 25 : 08.0 60 22 : 29.6 59 48 : 09.1 + 7 : 24.2 60 Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Andrew Young Men 's sprint 3 : 21.50 45 Did not advance Andrew Musgrave Andrew Young Men 's team sprint N / A 16 : 30.62 15 Did not advance Curling ( edit ) Main articles : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Great Britain qualified a men 's and women 's team for a total of 10 athletes ( five of each gender ) . The teams were officially announced on 22 June 2017 . Outside of the Olympic Games , Great Britain competes under the flags of its constituent home nations , Scotland , England and Wales ( Northern Irish players compete for a combined Ireland ) ; Scotland results are treated as Great Britain for the purposes of Olympic qualification . Summary Team Event Group Stage Tiebreaker Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Kyle Smith Thomas Muirhead Kyle Waddell Cameron Smith Glen Muirhead Men 's tournament SUI W 6 -- 5 CAN L 4 -- 6 JPN W 6 -- 5 SWE L 6 -- 8 KOR L 5 -- 11 ITA W 7 -- 6 DEN W 7 -- 6 NOR W 10 -- 3 USA L 4 -- 10 4 TB SUI L 5 -- 9 Did not advance 5 Eve Muirhead Anna Sloan Vicki Adams Lauren Gray Kelly Schafer Women 's tournament OAR W 10 -- 3 USA L 4 -- 7 CHN W 8 -- 7 DEN W 7 -- 6 KOR L 4 -- 7 SWE L 6 -- 8 SUI W 8 -- 7 JPN W 8 -- 6 CAN W 6 -- 5 3 Q Bye SWE L 5 -- 10 JPN L 3 -- 5 Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament Based on results from the 2016 and 2017 World Championships obtained by Scotland , Great Britain qualified a men 's team , consisting of five athletes , as one of the seven highest ranked nations . Team Position Curler Skip Kyle Smith Third Cammy Smith Second Thomas Muirhead Lead Kyle Waddell Alternate Glen Muirhead Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Teams to tiebreaker Country Skip PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % Sweden Niklas Edin 7 62 43 34 28 13 8 87 % Canada Kevin Koe 6 56 46 36 34 14 8 87 % United States John Shuster 5 67 63 37 39 6 80 % Great Britain Kyle Smith 5 55 60 40 37 8 7 82 % Switzerland Peter de Cruz 5 60 55 39 37 10 6 83 % Norway Thomas Ulsrud 5 45 54 32 36 6 6 82 % South Korea Kim Chang - min 5 54 59 40 41 7 8 82 % Japan Yusuke Morozumi 5 48 56 33 35 13 5 81 % Italy Joël Retornaz 6 50 56 37 38 15 7 81 % Denmark Rasmus Stjerne 7 53 70 36 39 12 5 83 % Round - robin Great Britain had a bye in draws 4 , 7 and 11 Draw 1 Wednesday 14 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Switzerland ( de Cruz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 2 Wednesday 14 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Koe ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 3 Thursday 15 February , 14 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Japan ( Morozumi ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 5 Friday 16 February , 20 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 Draw 6 Saturday 17 February , 14 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 X 11 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Draw 8 Sunday 18 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 9 Monday 19 February , 14 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Denmark ( Stjerne ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 10 Tuesday 20 February , 09 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 X X X 10 Norway ( Ulsrud ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Draw 12 Wednesday 21 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 X X United States ( Shuster ) 0 0 0 0 X X 10 Tiebreaker Having finished tied for fourth with the same record in the round robin stage the Great Britain men 's team faced a tiebreaker against Switzerland for a place in the semifinals . Thursday February 22 , 9 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Switzerland ( de Cruz ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 X 9 Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Women 's tournament Based on results from the 2016 and 2017 World Women 's Curling Championships , Great Britain qualified a women 's team , consisting of five athletes , as one of the seven highest ranked nations . Team Position Curler Skip Eve Muirhead Third Anna Sloan Second Vicki Adams Lead Lauren Gray Alternate Kelly Schafer Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Country Skip PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % South Korea Kim Eun - jung 8 75 44 41 34 5 15 79 % Sweden Anna Hasselborg 7 64 48 42 34 14 13 83 % Great Britain Eve Muirhead 6 61 56 39 38 12 6 79 % Japan Satsuki Fujisawa 5 59 55 38 36 10 13 75 % China Wang Bingyu 5 57 65 35 38 12 5 78 % Canada Rachel Homan 5 68 59 40 36 10 12 81 % Switzerland Silvana Tirinzoni 5 60 55 34 37 12 7 78 % United States Nina Roth 5 56 65 38 39 7 6 78 % Olympic Athletes from Russia Victoria Moiseeva 7 45 76 34 40 8 6 76 % Denmark Madeleine Dupont 8 50 72 32 41 10 6 73 % Round - robin Great Britain had a bye in draws 4 , 8 and 12 Draw 1 Wednesday 14 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 X X X 10 Draw 2 Thursday 15 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 3 Thursday 15 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 5 Saturday 17 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 6 Saturday 17 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 7 Sunday 18 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 9 Monday 19 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 10 Tuesday 20 February , 14 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 8 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 11 Wednesday 21 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Semifinal Friday 23 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 X 10 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Bronze Medal Game Saturday 24 February , 20 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 Figure skating ( edit ) Main articles : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event SD FD Total Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Nicholas Buckland / Penny Coomes Ice dancing 68.36 10 Q 101.96 10 170.32 11 Freestyle skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification Aerials Athlete Event Qualification Final Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 3 Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Lloyd Wallace Men 's aerials 73.06 24 100.03 14 Did not advance Halfpipe Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Murray Buchan Men 's halfpipe 66.00 65.40 66.00 14 Did not advance Alexander Glavatsky - Yeadon 10.80 15.00 15.00 26 Did not advance Peter Speight 3.80 64.60 64.60 15 Did not advance Rowan Cheshire Women 's halfpipe 74.00 71.40 74.00 9 75.40 17.80 13.60 75.40 7 Molly Summerhayes 60.80 66.00 66.00 17 Did not advance Ski cross Athlete Event Seeding Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Position Position Position Position Rank Emily Sarsfield Women 's ski cross 1 : 18.25 22 2 Q Did not advance Qualification legend : FA -- Qualify to medal round ; FB -- Qualify to consolation round Slopestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Tyler Harding Men 's slopestyle 20.00 21.00 21.00 29 Did not advance James Woods 90.20 19.60 90.20 8 29.20 91.00 90.00 91.00 Isabel Atkin Women 's slopestyle 13.20 86.80 86.80 68.40 79.40 84.60 84.60 03 ! Katie Summerhayes 75.80 77.60 77.60 10 61.40 71.40 23.20 71.40 7 Luge ( edit ) Main articles : Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification On 18 January 2018 , the British Olympic Association announced the selection of the athletes who will compete for Team GB in the luge in Pyeongchang . American - born Adam Rosen competed in the luge for Great Britain in his third Olympics . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Adam Rosen Men 's singles 48.477 25 48.410 23 48.280 23 Eliminated 2 : 25.167 22 Rupert Staudinger 49.626 33 49.259 35 48.957 32 Eliminated 2 : 27.842 33 Short track speed Skating ( edit ) Main articles : Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Great Britain qualified five short track speed skaters ( two male and three female ) based on results at the 2017 -- 18 ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup . Athlete Event Heat Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Joshua Cheetham Men 's 1000 m 1 : 26.223 Did not advance Farrell Treacy Men 's 1000 m 1 : 26.762 2 Q 1 : 25.080 Did not advance Men 's 1500 m -- 6 N / A Did not advance Elise Christie Women 's 500 m 42.872 1 Q 42.703 OR 1 Q 43.184 2 FA 1 : 23.063 Women 's 1000 m PEN Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 29.316 1 Q N / A PEN 5 Did not advance Charlotte Gilmartin Women 's 500 m PEN Did not advance Women 's 1000 m 1 : 32.899 Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 29.005 3 Q N / A 3 : 00.691 5 Did not advance Kathryn Thomson Women 's 500 m 1 : 08.896 Did not advance Women 's 1000 m 1 : 32.150 Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 32.891 N / A Did not advance Qualification Legend : FA = Qualify to final ( medal ) ; Q = Qualify to next round ; OR = Olympic record Skeleton ( edit ) Main articles : Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Based on the world rankings , Great Britain qualified 4 sleds . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Dominic Parsons Men 's 50.85 5 50.41 50.33 50.61 3 : 22.20 03 ! Jerry Rice 51.06 11 51.15 13 51.04 11 50.99 10 3 : 24.24 10 Laura Deas Women 's 52.00 6 52.03 51.96 5 51.91 5 3 : 27.90 03 ! Lizzy Yarnold 51.66 52.30 9 51.86 51.46 3 : 27.28 01 ! Snowboarding ( edit ) Main articles : Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Freestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Total / Best Rank Rowan Coultas Men 's big air 81.00 84.50 84.50 8 Did not advance Men 's slopestyle 23.20 23.58 23.58 18 Did not advance Billy Morgan Men 's big air 87.50 90.50 90.50 6 Q JNS 82.50 85.50 168.00 03 ! Men 's slopestyle 56.40 37.55 56.40 10 Did not advance Jamie Nicholls Men 's big air 30.00 81.25 81.25 11 Did not advance Men 's slopestyle 71.56 36.90 71.56 8 Did not advance Aimee Fuller Women 's big air 25.00 14.25 25.00 25 Did not advance Women 's slopestyle Cancelled 34.63 41.43 CAN 41.43 17 Snowboard cross Athlete Event Seeding Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Seed Time Rank Time Rank Position Position Position Rank Zoe Gillings - Brier Women 's snowboard cross 1 : 20.99 14 1 : 20.84 5 1 : 20.84 17 Did not advance Qualification legend : FA -- Qualify to medal round ; FB -- Qualify to consolation round NB : Katie Ormerod qualified for both the big air and slopestyle competitions , but was forced to withdraw after suffering a broken heel in training prior to the start of the games . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The GBR - 1 team in the Four - man bobsleigh at the 2014 Winter Olympics is expected to receive a bronze medal following disqualifications of two Russian crews , which would give Great Britain five medals from that Olympics . Jump up ^ The final team selected for the Games had numbered 59 , but snowboarder Katie Ormerod was forced to withdraw after suffering a broken heel in training the day before the opening ceremony . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the team : record number of athletes selected for PyeongChang 2018 '' . British Olympic Association . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony Flagbearers - Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 '' ( PDF ) . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Lizzy Yarnold defends skeleton gold as Laura Deas takes bronze '' . BBC Sport. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lizzy Yarnold takes skeleton gold to make Winter Olympics history for Britain '' . Guardian . 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian doping : GB bobsleigh team could earn Sochi bronze medal '' . BBC Sport. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Staniforth , Mark ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Elise Christie into 500m short - track quarter - finals after winning heat at Winter Olympics 2018 '' . London Evening Standard . Evening Standard Ltd . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winter Olympics : Katie Ormerod ruled out of Games in Pyeongchang '' . BBC Sport. 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Sport targets best ever Winter Games in PyeongChang '' . UK Sport . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : Biathlete Amanda Lightfoot '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lightfoot to push on after matching best Olympic finish for female biathlete '' . Eurosport. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 2 - man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 4 - man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women ́ s Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : GB 's Andrew Musgrave finishes seventh in skiathlon '' . BBC Sport. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Muirhead and Smith to skipper Team GB 's curling rinks at PyeongChang 2018 '' . TeamGB.com . British Olympic Association . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics : GB men secure curling place '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eight men 's teams set for 2018 Olympic Games as hosts complete round - robin undefeated '' . www.worldcurling.org/ . World Curling Federation . 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics : GB men secure curling place '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Great Britain women into curling semi-finals ; men face tie - breaker '' . BBC Sport. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curling : First Eight Women 's Curling Teams Set for 2018 Olympic Winter Games '' . www.aroundtherings.com/ . Around the Rings. 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great Britain 's curling team seal 2018 Winter Olympics spot '' . Sky Sports . 26 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : Team GB select two luge athletes for Pyeongchang '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Elise Christie will be on the plane to Korea for the 2018 Olympic Winter Games with Team GB '' . Nottingham Post . Nottingham , England . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five short track speed skaters selected for PyeonChang 2018 '' . British Olympic Association . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXI II Olympic Winter Games 2018 PyeongChang : Qualified quota places Short Track Speed Skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Men 's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women 's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's slopestyle qualification canceled '' . Reuters. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Great Britain at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 Great Britain hosted the 1908 , 1948 , and 2012 Summer Olympics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Britain_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=842113280 '' Categories : Great Britain at the Winter Olympics by year Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in British sport Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Use British English from February 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 09 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many athletes does great britain have in the 2018 olympics

Great Britain competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 58 competitors in 11 sports . They won five medals in total , one gold and four bronze , ranking 19th in the medal table .

West Highland white Terrier - wikipedia West Highland white Terrier West Highland White Terrier Other names Poltalloch Terrier Roseneath Terrier White Roseneath Terrier Common nicknames Westie ( or Westy ) Origin Scotland hide Traits Weight 6.8 -- 9.1 kg ( 15 -- 20 lb ) Height 25 -- 28 cm ( 9.8 -- 11.0 in ) Coat Double Color White Litter size Three to five Life span 12 to 17 years hide Classification / standards FCI Group 3 , Section 2 Small Terriers # 085 standard AKC Terrier standard ANKC Group 2 ( terriers ) standard CKC Group 4 -- terriers standard KC ( UK ) Terrier standard NZKC Terrier standard UKC Terriers standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The West Highland White Terrier , commonly known as the Westie , is a breed of dog from Scotland with a distinctive white harsh coat with a somewhat soft white undercoat . It is a medium - sized terrier , although with longer legs than other Scottish breeds of terrier . It has a white double coat of fur which fills out the dog 's face , giving it a rounded appearance . The breed is intelligent , quick to learn , and can be good with children , but does not always tolerate rough handling . The Westie is an active and intelligent breed , and is social with a high prey drive , as they were once used to hunt rodents . The modern breed is descended from a number of breeding programs of white terriers in Scotland before the 20th century . Cousin to the Cairn Terrier , the Westie was bred to hunt small rodents at places such as farms . Edward Donald Malcolm , 16th Laird of Poltalloch , is credited with the creation of the modern breed from his Poltalloch Terrier , but did not want to be known as such . Other related breeds included George Campbell , 8th Duke of Argyll 's Roseneath Terrier and Dr Americ Edwin Flaxman 's Pittenweem Terriers . This breed of small white Scottish terriers was given its modern name for the first time in 1908 , with recognition by major kennel clubs occurring around the same time . The breed remains very popular in the UK , with multiple wins at Cruft 's . It is in the top third of all breeds in the US since the 1960s . It has been featured in television and film , including in Hamish Macbeth , and in advertising by companies such as Cesar dog food and Scotch whisky Black & White . Several breed - specific and nonspecific health issues appear in the breed , including a condition in young dogs nicknamed `` westie jaw '' which causes an overgrowth of bone in the jaw of the dog . It can also be prone to skin disorders , with a breed - specific condition called hyperplastic dermatosis occurring . They are very energetic and need plenty of exercise . Contents 1 Appearance 2 Temperament 3 Health 4 History 5 In popular culture 5.1 In public life 5.2 In branding 5.3 In film 5.4 In television 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links Appearance ( edit ) Westies have dense , thick undercoat and a rough outer coat Commonly , Westies have bright , deep - set , almond - shaped eyes that are dark in colour . Their ears are pointed and erect . Members of the breed typically weigh between 15 and 20 pounds ( 6.8 and 9.1 kg ) , and the average height is between 10 -- 11 inches ( 25 -- 28 cm ) at the withers . The body should be shorter than the height of the dog at the shoulder . They also have a deep chest , muscular limbs , a black nose , and a short , closely fitted jaw with `` scissors '' bite ( lower canines locked in front of upper canines , upper incisors locked over lower incisors ) . The Westie 's paws are slightly turned out to give it better grip than flat - footed breeds when it climbs on rocky surfaces . In young puppies , the nose and footpads have pink markings , which slowly turn black as they age . Westies also have short and sturdy tails . Some sources suggest that due to their history as rodent catchers , their tails were bred to be thick so that a Westie trapped in a hole could be easily pulled out by the tail . They have a soft , dense , thick undercoat and a rough outer coat , which can grow to about 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) long . The fur fills out the face to give a rounded appearance . As puppies develop into adults , their coarse outer coat is normally removed by either `` hand - stripping '' , especially for dog - showing , or otherwise clipping . Temperament ( edit ) A Westie The temperament of the West Highland White Terrier can vary greatly , with some being friendly towards children , whilst others prefer solitude . It will not tolerate rough handling such as a child pulling on its ears , and can be both food - and toy - possessive . It is normally independent , assured , and self - confident , and can make a good watchdog . It is a loyal breed that bonds with its owner , but is often always on the move , requiring good exercise ( 15 -- 30 min ) . The Westie is highly social and is the most friendly and jolly of all the Scottish breeds of terriers . It is a hardy breed , and can be stubborn , leading to issues with training . A Westie may need to have its training refreshed on occasion during its lifetime . Having a typical terrier prey drive , it tends to be highly interested in toys , especially chasing balls . It does retain the instincts of an earth - dog , including inquisitive and investigative traits , as well as natural instincts to both bark and dig holes . It is ranked 47th in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs . Health ( edit ) Two Westie puppies The American breed club puts the lifespan of the Westie at 12 to 16 years . A club survey puts the average lifespan at 11.4 years . Veterinary clinic data from the UK show a typical lifespan of 10.5 to 15 years . The French Kennel Club database gives 8 to 16 years , with a median of 13 years . The typical litter size is between three and five puppies . The breed is predisposed to conditions found in many breeds , such as abdominal hernias . Westie puppies may be affected by craniomandibular osteopathy , a disease also known as `` lion jaw '' , and is sometimes also referred to as `` westie jaw '' . The disease is an autosomal recessive condition , so a puppy can only be affected by it if both its parents are carriers of the faulty gene . The condition appears across many breeds , including several different types of terriers , as well as other unrelated breeds such as the Great Dane . It typically appears in dogs under a year old , and can cause problems for the dog to chew or swallow food . Radiographic testing can be conducted to diagnose the condition , in which the bones around the jaw thicken ; additionally , the blood may show increased calcium levels and enzyme levels . The condition often stops progressing by the time the dog is a year old , and in some cases can recede . It is normally treated with anti-inflammatory medications , and the feeding of soft foods . In some cases , tube feeding may be necessary . However , if the animal still can not eat and is in uncontrolled pain , then euthanasia may be the only medical option remaining . The breed is prone to skin disorders . About a quarter of Westies surveyed are affected by atopic dermatitis , a heritable chronic allergic skin condition . A higher proportion of males are affected compared to females . An uncommon but severe breed - specific skin condition , hyperplastic dermatosis , may affect West Highland White Terriers , both juveniles and adults dogs . Affected dogs can suffer from red hyperpigmentation , lichenification , and hair loss . In the initial stages , this condition can be misdiagnosed as allergies or less serious forms of dermatitis . An inherited genetic problem that exists in the breed is globoid cell leukodystrophy . It is not breed - specific , and can appear in Cairn Terriers and other breeds including Beagles and Pomeranians . It is a neurological disease where the dog lacks an enzyme called galactosylceramidase . The symptoms are noticeable as the puppy develops , and can be identified by the age of 30 weeks . Affected dogs have tremors , muscle weakness , and trouble walking . Symptoms slowly increase until limb paralysis begins to occur . Due to it being a hereditary condition , owners should avoid breeding affected animals to eliminate it from the breed . Another genetic condition that affects the breed is `` white dog shaker syndrome '' . As this condition is most commonly found in Westies and Maltese , the condition was originally thought to be connected to the genes for white coats , but the same condition has since been found in other nonwhite breeds including the Yorkshire Terrier and the Dachshund . The condition typically develops over one to three days , resulting in tremors of the head and limbs , ataxia , and hypermetria . Affected males and females can be affected for different lengths of time , with symptoms in females lasting between four and six weeks , while males can be affected the rest of their lives . Other less common conditions which appear in the breed include hydroxyglutaric aciduria , which is where elevated levels of Alpha - Hydroxyglutaric acid are in the dog 's urine , blood plasma , and spinal fluid . It can cause seizures , muscle stiffness , and ataxia , but is more commonly found in Staffordshire Bull Terriers . A degeneration of the hip joint , known as Legg -- Calvé -- Perthes syndrome , also occurs in the breed . However , the chances of this condition occurring are much higher in some other breeds , such as the Australian Shepherd and the Miniature Pincher . The breed is also one of the least likely to be affected by a luxating patella , where the knee cap slips out of place . History ( edit ) Three Pittenweem Terriers , photographed in 1899 Scottish white terriers were recorded as early as during the reign of James VI of Scotland , who reigned between 1567 and 1625 . The king ordered that a dozen terriers be procured from Argyll to be presented to the Kingdom of France as a gift . Sandy - and brindle - coloured dogs were seen as hardier than those of other colours , and white dogs were seen as being weak . At various times during the breed 's existence , it has been considered a white offshoot of both the Scottish Terrier and the Cairn Terrier breeds . Reports of a ship from the Spanish Armada being wrecked on the island of Skye in 1588 indicated the ship carried white Spanish dogs , whose descendants were kept distinct from other breeds by Clan Donald , including the families of the Chiefs . Other families on Skye preserved both white and sandy - coloured dogs . One such family was the Clan MacLeod , and it was reported by their descendants that at least two Chiefs kept white terriers , including `` The Wicked Man '' Norman MacLeod , and his grandson Norman , who became Chief after his death . George Campbell , 8th Duke of Argyll , chief of Clan Campbell , bred a breed of white Scottish terriers known as the `` Roseneath Terrier '' . Another breed of white Scottish terriers also appeared at this point , with Dr. Americ Edwin Flaxman from Fife developing his line of `` Pittenweem Terriers '' out of a female Scottish Terrier which produced white offspring . The dog seemed to produce these white puppies regardless of the sire to which she was bred , and after drowning over 20 of these offspring , he came upon the theory that it was an ancient trait of the Scottish Terrier that was trying to reappear . He rededicated his breeding program to produce white Scottish Terriers with the aim of restoring it to the same stature as the dark - coloured breed . Flaxman is credited with classes being added to dog shows for white Scottish Terriers towards the end of the 19th century . A West Highland White Terrier , photographed in 1915 The person most closely associated with developing the modern breed of West Highland White Terrier is Edward Donald Malcolm , 16th Laird of Poltalloch . Malcolm owned terriers used to work game ; the story told is that a reddish - brown terrier was mistaken for a fox and shot . Following this , Malcolm decided to develop a white terrier breed , which became known as the `` Poltalloch Terrier '' . The first generation of Poltallochs had sandy - coloured coats , and had already developed prick ears , which is a trait seen later in the modern breed . It is unknown if the Poltalloch Terriers and Pittenweem Terriers were interbred . In 1903 , Malcolm declared that he did not want to be known as the creator of the breed and insisted that his breed of white terriers be renamed . The term `` West Highland White Terrier '' first appears in Otters and Otter Hunting by L.C.R. Cameron , published in 1908 . The first breed club was set up in 1904 ; Niall Campbell , 10th Duke of Argyll , was the society 's first president . A second club was subsequently set up , with the Countess of Aberdeen as chairman . Edward Malcolm succeeded the Countess as the club 's second chairman . Kennel Club recognition followed in 1907 , and the breed appeared at Crufts for the first time in the same year . The Westie was imported into the United States in 1907 -- 1908 , when Robert Goelet imported Ch . Kiltie and Ch . Rumpus Glenmohr . Initially , it was also known at the time as the Roseneath Terrier , and the Roseneath Terrier Club was recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1908 . The club was renamed during the following year to the West Highland White Terrier Club of America . The breed spent the period that immediately followed as being `` in vogue '' , becoming popular almost immediately upon its arrival in the US . Canadian Kennel Club recognition followed in 1909 . Until 1924 in the UK , Westie pedigrees were allowed to have Cairn and Scottish Terriers in them . By the time of Malcolm 's death in 1930 , a stable type had appeared with prick ears , a white coat , and a short back . A Westie in a modern show - cut In major conformation shows , the breed has been equally successful on both sides of the Atlantic . The first member of the breed to win a show championship was Ch . Morvan in 1905 , owned by Colin Young . The dog was registered at the time as a Scottish Terrier , and won the title at the Scottish Kennel Club show at the age of seven months . Because the breed was not yet recognised independently , the championship title was not retained when the dog was reregistered as a West Highland White Terrier . The first win at a major show came at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1942 when Constance Winant 's Ch . Wolvey Pattern of Edgerstoune won the title of Best in Show . The same title was taken by Barbara Worcester 's Ch . Elfinbrook Simon in 1962 . It took a further 14 years before the breed took its first Best in Show title at Crufts , the UK 's major dog show . Ch . Dianthus Buttons , owned by Kath Newstead and Dorothy Taylor , took the title for the breed in 1976 . A Westie also won Crufts in 1990 with the Best in Show title going to Derek Tattersall 's Ch . Olac Moon Pilot. , and in 2016. ( Burneze Geordie Girl ) The popularity of the breed during the early 20th century was such that dogs were being exchanged for hundreds of guineas . As of 2010 , the Westie is the third-most popular breed of terrier in the UK , with 5,361 puppies registered with the Kennel Club . However , this is a decrease in numbers since 2001 , when it was the most popular terrier breed , with 11,019 new dogs registered . The breed 's position in the United States is more stable with it remaining in the top third of all breeds since around 1960 . It was ranked 30th-most popular in 2001 , based on registrations with the American Kennel Club , which has varied around the 30s in the decade since , with it ranked 34th in 2010 . In popular culture ( edit ) West Highland White Terrier in the garden In public life ( edit ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah , founder of Pakistan , owned a Westie . John Green , novelist , co-founder of the VlogBrothers , is known to own a Westie , called Willie ( or Fireball Wilson Roberts ) . J.K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series , has a Westie named Brontë . In branding ( edit ) Black & White whisky have used both Scottish Terriers and Westies in their advertisements . The breed is used as the mascot of the `` Cesar '' brand of dog food . The Australian dog food manufacturer Mars Incorporated uses the West Highland White Terrier breed as the `` face '' of their `` My Dog '' brand . The Westie can be seen on `` My Dog '' packaging , their website and television and print advertisements . In film ( edit ) The film The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby , released in the UK in February 2006 , cast a West Highland White Terrier as Bobby . The appearance of a Westie caused protests from the Skye Terrier breed club , which complained about the filmmaker 's use of an incorrect dog breed for the part . In the film Lethal Weapon 3 , Carrie Murtaugh , played by Ebonie Smith , carried a Westie early in the movie when Martin Riggs ( played by Mel Gibson ) brings his laundry to the Murtaugh home . The 2018 film Game Night prominently features a West Highland Terrier . In television ( edit ) The titular character in the BBC Scotland -- produced television series Hamish Macbeth owned a Westie named `` Wee Jock '' . This dog later dies and is replaced by another Westie named Jock . In the Brazilian television animated series As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa ( The Adventures of Gui & Estopa ) , the main character Gui is the Terrier breed . In the TV show Jeeves and Wooster , Bertie 's Aunt Agatha owns a Westie named MacIntosh . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Palika , Liz ( 2007 ) . The Howell Book of Dogs . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 00921 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kern , Kerry V ( 1988 ) . The New Terrier Handbook . New York , NY : Barron 's . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 3951 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bruette ( 1921 ) : p. 191 Jump up ^ `` The West Highland White Terrier : A Spunky Scot '' . My Pet Reference. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` West Highland White Terrier Breed Profile '' . Your Dog . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is a Westie right for you ? '' . San Francisco Bay West Highland White Terrier Club . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rice ( 2002 ) : p. 6 Jump up ^ Coren , Stanley ( 2006 ) . The Intelligence of Dogs . London , UK : Pocket Books . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0287 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Westie FAQs '' . West Highland White Terrier Club of America . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report '' ( PDF ) . 20 February 2007 . West Highland White Terrier Club of America . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , D.G. ; Church , D.B. ; McGreevy , P.D. ; Thomson , P.C. ; Brodbelt , D.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England '' . The Veterinary Journal . 198 : 638 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2013.09. 020 . PMID 24206631 . Jump up ^ Leroy , G.G. ; Phocas , F. ; Hedan , B. ; Verrier , E. ; Rognon , X . ( 2015 ) . `` Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds '' . The Veterinary Journal . 203 : 74 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2014.11. 008 . PMID 25475165 . mean = 11.89 ± 3.92 median = 12.93 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 115 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Grayson , J. Kevin . `` 2007 West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report '' ( PDF ) . Westie Foundation of America and the Health Committee of the WHWTCA . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Gross , Thelma Lee ( 2005 ) . Skin diseases of the dog and cat . Ames , IO : Blackwell Science . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 06452 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 105 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 155 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 108 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 125 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 126 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Smith ( 1921 ) : p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Rice ( 2002 ) : p. 5 Jump up ^ Dalziel , Hugh ( 1879 ) . British dogs ; their varieties , history , characteristics , breeding , management and exhibition . London , UK : The Bazaar Office . p. 350 . ^ Jump up to : Horter , Ria ( April 2009 ) . `` Col. Edward Donald Malcolm , 16th Laird of Poltalloch , and the West Highland White Terrier '' ( PDF ) . Dogs in Canada . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles Henry ( 1902 ) . Dog shows and doggy people . London , UK : Hutchinson . pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Ludovick Charles Richard Duncombe - Jewell ( 1908 ) . Otters and otter - hunting . New York , NY : C. Scribner 's Sons . p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hochwell , A.F. ( 1925 ) . Dogs as home companions ; a book for all dog lovers . Cincinnati , OH : Sportsman 's Digest . pp. 26 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` She Asked For It '' . Time . 23 February 1942 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fads : The Poodle Dethroned '' . Time . 23 February 1962 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dogworld : Digital Crufts Edition ( 2010 ) : p. 84 Jump up ^ Dogworld : Digital Crufts Edition ( 2010 ) : p. 88 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1921 ) : p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Comparative Tables of Registrations for the Years 2001 -- 2010 Inclusive '' ( PDF ) . The Kennel Club . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AKC Dog Registration Statistics '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 1984 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . Oxford University Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 614 - 21694 - X . ( Jinnah ) had two dogs , one formidable black Doberman , the other a white West Highland Terrier . Jump up ^ Barrows , Sydney Biddle ; Kennedy , Dan S ( 2009 ) . Uncensored sales strategies . Irvine , CA : Entrepreneur Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59918 - 193 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Official Website '' . Cesar.ca . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MY DOG ® Premium Dog Food '' . Mars Incorporated . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ MyDog Dog Food 2010 Ad on YouTube Jump up ^ Cramb , Auslan ( 7 November 2002 ) . `` Casting row dogs the remake of Greyfriar 's Bobby '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bignell , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . Popular television drama : critical perspectives . Manchester , UK ; New York : Manchester University Press . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6933 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Mande a foto do seu `` Iguinho '' '' ( in Portuguese ) . iG São Paulo - Redação. 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ackerman , Lowell J ( 2011 ) . Genetic Connection : A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs ( 2nd ed . ) . Lakewood , CO : American Animal Hospital Association Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58326 - 157 - 6 . Bruette , William A ( 1921 ) . The Complete Dog Book . Cincinnati , OH : Stewart Kidd Co . `` Digital Crufts Edition '' . Dogworld . The Dog World Ltd. 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 Oct 2011 . Rice , Dan ( 2002 ) . West Highland White Terriers . Hauppauge , NY : Barron 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 1899 - 9 . Smith , Arthur Croxton ( 1910 ) . The Power of the Dog . London , UK : Hodder and Stoughton . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Highland White Terrier . West Highland White Terrier at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Terriers Working breeds Long legged Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Brazilian Terrier Enkarterriko Billanuko Fox Terrier ( Smooth ) Gos Rater Valencià Irish Terrier Jagdterrier Kaikadi Kerry Blue Terrier Lakeland Terrier Majorca Ratter Manchester Terrier Old English Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Ratonero Murciano de Huerta Soft - coated Wheaten Terrier Welsh Terrier Wire Fox Terrier Short legged Australian Terrier Cairn Terrier Cesky Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Glen of Imaal Terrier Jack Russell Terrier Japanese Terrier Miniature Fox Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Rat Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Tenterfield Terrier West Highland White Terrier Bull type breeds American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier Boston Terrier Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Irish Bull Terrier Staffordshire Bull Terrier Toy breeds Australian Silky Terrier English Toy Terrier ( Black & Tan ) Russkiy Toy Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Miscellaneous American Hairless Terrier Russian Black Terrier Dogs originating in Britain Hounds Beagle Bloodhound Dumfriesshire Hound English Foxhound Greyhound Harrier Otterhound Scottish Deerhound Welsh Hound Whippet Gun dogs Clumber Spaniel Curly Coated Retriever Cocker Spaniel English Setter English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Gordon Setter Labrador Retriever Pointer Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Terriers Working breeds Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Cairn Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Fox Terrier ( Smooth & Wire ) Jack Russell Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Russell Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier ( Black & Tan ) Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Bull types Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Staffordshire Bull Terrier Herding dogs Bearded Collie Border Collie Cardigan Welsh Corgi English Shepherd Lancashire Heeler Old English Sheepdog Pembroke Welsh Corgi Rough Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smooth Collie Welsh Sheepdog Other Bulldog Bullmastiff Cavalier King Charles Spaniel English Mastiff French Bulldog King Charles Spaniel Northern Inuit Dog Types Fell Terrier Longdog Lurcher Extinct Black and Tan Terrier Blue Paul Terrier English Water Spaniel English White Terrier Norfolk Spaniel North Country Beagle Old English Bulldog Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog Paisley Terrier Southern Hound Talbot Toy Bulldog Toy Trawler Spaniel Turnspit dog Tweed Water Spaniel Welsh hillman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Highland_White_Terrier&oldid=851140820 '' Categories : Terriers Dog breeds originating in Scotland Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 10 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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what breed of dog is on cesar dog food

The breed is used as the mascot of the `` Cesar '' brand of dog food .

Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Jump to : navigation , search The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,000,000 . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . Michael Jordan , who earned $33,000,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary . Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 2017 -- 2018 1.2 2016 -- 2017 1.3 2015 -- 2016 1.4 2014 -- 2015 1.5 2013 -- 2014 1.6 2012 -- 2013 1.7 2011 -- 2012 1.8 2010 -- 2011 1.9 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant . Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $15,845,157 San Antonio Spurs Vin Baker $15,750,000 Los Angeles Clippers 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $29,464,000 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,684,000 Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,351,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $15,750,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Michael Finley $14,609,000 Dallas Mavericks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Player Contracts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2005 - 2006 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2004 - 2005 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . 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Missing or empty title = ( help ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=803417623 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 17 . 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The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,000,000 . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 .

South African Institute of tax practitioners - Wikipedia South African Institute of tax practitioners South African Institute of Tax Professionals ( SAIT ) Abbreviation SAIT Formation 2007 Founder Stiaan Klue Type Professional association and regulating controlling body of tax professionals Headquarters Pretoria , Gauteng Membership 12 142 CE Keith Engel Affiliations International Tax Directors ' Forum and African Association of Tax Institutes Website http://www.thesait.org.za The South African Institute of Tax Professionals ( SAIT ) is a recognised professional body focusing solely on taxation . It is a registered professional body under the National Qualifications Framework Act , 2008 . The Institute is a professional association of tax professionals regulating tax practitioners in South Africa . SAIT promotes and focuses on the public interest , professional standards , ethics and integrity , albeit promoting the tax industry and its members . Formation and activities ( edit ) SAIT is a Not for Profit professional body incorporated in 2007 by a group of tax professionals and educators . The SAIT is governed by a Constitution , with a Board elected by members . When SAIT was formed in 2007 by its main founder Stiaan Klue , the Institute announced that one member of the Board may be nominated by the South African Revenue Service ( SARS ) . SARS said they agreed in principle with the general objectives of SAIT . In 2014 SAICA joined SAIT and other SARS recognised controlling bodies to host the Tax Indaba - SAIT is the founder of the Tax Indaba in South Africa . Other organisations representing tax professionals in the country are the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants ( SAICA ) and the South African Institute of Professional Accountants ( SAIPA ) . In March 2011 the CEO of the Institute , Stiaan Klue , joined with Nicolaas van Wyk of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants in calling for simplification of South African tax laws , pointing out that many businesses remained in the informal sector due to the cost and difficulty of registration . SAIT publishes TaxTalk every two months to 10,200 recipients . The magazine deals with tax issues for the South African market . In 2014 , in comparison to the global average top rate of 32 % , South Africa 's top personal income tax rate of 40 % was high , and in comparison to the global average corporate tax rate of 24 % , South Africa 's was 28 % . According to SAIT , that suggested that South Africa 's tax burden is high compared to other jurisdictions . Because it was important for South Africa to be competitive , in order to encourage economic growth , SAIT recommended to Parliament that they reduce the corporate tax rate to bolster foreign direct investment , infrastructure development and growth . Membership ( edit ) SAIT members in good standing have reciprocal benefits of several other international tax institutes , including the Canadian Tax Foundation , Chartered Institute of Taxation ( UK ) , Taxation Institute of Australia , Irish Tax Institute , Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria , Chamber of Tax Advisers of the Czech Republic and the Dutch Association of Tax Advisors ( NOB ) . SAIT is a member of the International Tax Directors Forum ( ITDF ) . SAIT has been collaborating and exchanging information with African Tax professional bodies Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria since 2007 . During 2010 the SAIT Chief Executive , Stiaan Klue , initiated the establishment of a Pan-African body for tax associations . In June 2011 SAIT participated in a meeting in Lagos , Nigeria in which it was agreed to establish the Association of African Tax Institutes ( AATI ) . The SAIT CE is a vice president of AATI . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` RE : CLARIFICATION : SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF TAX PRACTITIONERS ( SAIT ) '' ( PDF ) . South African Institute of Tax Practitioners. 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The South African Institute of Tax Practitioners '' . South African Institute of Chartered Accountants . May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.ibfd.org/IBFD-Tax-Portal/Events/Africa-Tax-Indaba Jump up ^ `` SARS to apply strict new penalties for outstanding tax returns '' . McMurray Aldum Inc. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ SANCHIA TEMKIN ( 2011 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Experts call for simpler tax laws to boost jobs '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` TAXtalk '' . TaxTalk . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lamprecht , Ingé ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Congratulations ! You 've stopped working for government '' . Moneyweb . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` International Partners and Reciprocal Benefits to SAIT Members '' . SAIT . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CITN to Strengthen Ties at South African Tax Conference '' . Financial Nigeria. 5 January 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Collins Nweze ( 2011 - 06 - 29 ) . `` CITN networks with global tax institutes '' . The Nation ( Nigeria ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Institute_of_Tax_Practitioners&oldid=846453920 '' Categories : Non-profit organisations based in South Africa 2007 establishments in South Africa Organizations established in 2007 Tax practitioner associations Taxation in South Africa Hidden categories : Use South African English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 21 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

the south african institute of tax practitioners was constituted as

SAIT is a Not for Profit professional body incorporated in 2007 by a group of tax professionals and educators . The SAIT is governed by a Constitution , with a Board elected by members .

List of Presidents of Columbia University - wikipedia List of Presidents of Columbia University hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of Presidents of Columbia University in the state of New York . # Image President Birth Year -- Death Year Years as President Name of Institution Notes Samuel Johnson ( 1696 -- 1772 ) ( 1754 -- 1763 ) King 's College Myles Cooper ( 1735 -- 1785 ) ( 1763 -- 1775 ) King 's College -- Benjamin Moore , A.B. 1768 ( 1748 -- 1816 ) ( 1775 -- 1784 ) King 's College acting -- George Clinton ( 1739 -- 1812 ) ( 1784 -- 1787 ) Columbia College `` in the State of New York '' Chancellor ( Regents government ) William Samuel Johnson ( 1727 -- 1819 ) ( 1787 -- 1800 ) Columbia College `` in the City of New York '' Trustees government Charles Henry Wharton ( 1748 -- 1833 ) ( 1801 -- 1801 ) Columbia College Benjamin Moore ( 1748 -- 1816 ) ( 1801 -- 1810 ) Columbia College 6 William Harris ( 1765 -- 1829 ) ( 1811 -- 1829 ) Columbia College shares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816 7 William Alexander Duer ( 1780 -- 1858 ) ( 1829 -- 1842 ) Columbia College 8 Nathaniel Fish Moore ( 1782 -- 1872 ) ( 1842 -- 1849 ) Columbia College 9 Charles King ( 1789 -- 1867 ) ( 1849 -- 1863 ) Columbia College presides over move to Madison Avenue campus 10 Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard ( 1809 -- 1889 ) ( 1864 -- 1889 ) Columbia College 11 Seth Low , A.B. , 1870 ( 1850 -- 1916 ) ( 1890 -- 1901 ) Columbia College presides over move to Morningside Heights campus ; name changes to `` Columbia University in the City of New York '' 12 Nicholas Murray Butler , A.B. 1882 , M.A. 1883 , Ph. D. 1884 ( 1862 -- 1947 ) ( 1902 -- 1945 ) Columbia University -- Frank D. Fackenthal , A.B. 1906 ( 1883 -- 1968 ) ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Columbia University ( acting ) 13 Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1890 -- 1969 ) ( 1948 -- 1953 ) Columbia University on leave while Supreme Allied Commander of NATO , later 34th President of the United States 14 Grayson L. Kirk ( 1903 -- 1997 ) ( 1953 -- 1968 ) Columbia University resigned after 1968 protests 15 Andrew W. Cordier ( 1901 -- 1975 ) ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Columbia University 16 William J. McGill ( 1922 -- 1997 ) ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Columbia University 17 Michael I. Sovern , B.A. 1953 , J.D. 1955 ( 1931 -- ) ( 1980 -- 1993 ) Columbia University 18 George Erik Rupp ( 1942 -- ) ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Columbia University 19 Lee C. Bollinger , J.D. 1971 ( 1947 -- ) ( 2002 -- ) Columbia University References ( edit ) hide Presidents of Columbia University S. Johnson Cooper B. Moore # Clinton # W. Johnson Wharton B. Moore Harris Duer N. Moore King Barnard Low Butler Fackenthal # Eisenhower Kirk Cordier McGill Sovern Rupp Bollinger Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim president or chancellor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_Columbia_University&oldid=824888665 '' Categories : Columbia University Columbia University - related lists Lists of university and college leaders Presidents of Columbia University Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2012 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2012 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 03 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

which president was the president of columbia university

# Image President Birth Year -- Death Year Years as President Name of Institution Notes Samuel Johnson ( 1696 -- 1772 ) ( 1754 -- 1763 ) King 's College Myles Cooper ( 1735 -- 1785 ) ( 1763 -- 1775 ) King 's College -- Benjamin Moore , A.B. 1768 ( 1748 -- 1816 ) ( 1775 -- 1784 ) King 's College acting -- George Clinton ( 1739 -- 1812 ) ( 1784 -- 1787 ) Columbia College `` in the State of New York '' Chancellor ( Regents government ) William Samuel Johnson ( 1727 -- 1819 ) ( 1787 -- 1800 ) Columbia College `` in the City of New York '' Trustees government Charles Henry Wharton ( 1748 -- 1833 ) ( 1801 -- 1801 ) Columbia College Benjamin Moore ( 1748 -- 1816 ) ( 1801 -- 1810 ) Columbia College 6 William Harris ( 1765 -- 1829 ) ( 1811 -- 1829 ) Columbia College shares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816 7 William Alexander Duer ( 1780 -- 1858 ) ( 1829 -- 1842 ) Columbia College 8 Nathaniel Fish Moore ( 1782 -- 1872 ) ( 1842 -- 1849 ) Columbia College 9 Charles King ( 1789 -- 1867 ) ( 1849 -- 1863 ) Columbia College presides over move to Madison Avenue campus 10 Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard ( 1809 -- 1889 ) ( 1864 -- 1889 ) Columbia College 11 Seth Low , A.B. , 1870 ( 1850 -- 1916 ) ( 1890 -- 1901 ) Columbia College presides over move to Morningside Heights campus ; name changes to `` Columbia University in the City of New York '' 12 Nicholas Murray Butler , A.B. 1882 , M.A. 1883 , Ph. D. 1884 ( 1862 -- 1947 ) ( 1902 -- 1945 ) Columbia University -- Frank D. Fackenthal , A.B. 1906 ( 1883 -- 1968 ) ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Columbia University ( acting ) 13 Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1890 -- 1969 ) ( 1948 -- 1953 ) Columbia University on leave while Supreme Allied Commander of NATO , later 34th President of the United States 14 Grayson L. Kirk ( 1903 -- 1997 ) ( 1953 -- 1968 ) Columbia University resigned after 1968 protests 15 Andrew W. Cordier ( 1901 -- 1975 ) ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Columbia University 16 William J. McGill ( 1922 -- 1997 ) ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Columbia University 17 Michael I. Sovern , B.A. 1953 , J.D. 1955 ( 1931 -- ) ( 1980 -- 1993 ) Columbia University 18 George Erik Rupp ( 1942 -- ) ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Columbia University 19 Lee C. Bollinger , J.D. 1971 ( 1947 -- ) ( 2002 -- ) Columbia University

The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) - Wikipedia The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Man from Snowy River Australian DVD cover Directed by George T. Miller Produced by Geoff Burrowes Michael Edgley Simon Wincer Screenplay by John Dixon Story by Fred Cul Cullen Based on The Man from Snowy River by Banjo Paterson Starring Kirk Douglas Jack Thompson Tom Burlinson Sigrid Thornton Lorraine Bayly Music by Bruce Rowland Cinematography Keith Wagstaff Edited by Adrian Carr Production company Cambridge Productions Edgley International Snowy River Investment Pty. Ltd . The Hoyts Group Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 5 November 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 05 ) Running time 102 minutes Country Australia Language English Budget A $3 million ( est . ) or $3.5 million Box office A $17,228,160 ( Australia ) The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' . Released by 20th Century Fox , the film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison ( a character who appeared frequently in Paterson 's poems ) and Spur , Jack Thompson as Clancy , Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig , Sigrid Thornton as Harrison 's daughter Jessica , Terence Donovan as Jim 's father Henry Craig , and Chris Haywood as Curly . Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel , The Man from Snowy River II , which was released by Walt Disney Pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Box office 7 Awards and nominations 8 Legacy 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) When Jim Craig and his father Henry are discussing their finances , a herd of wild horses called the Brumby mob passes by , and Henry wants to shoot the black stallion leader , but Jim convinces his father to capture and sell them . The next morning the mob reappears and Henry is accidentally killed . Before Jim can inherit the station , a group of mountain men tell him that he must first earn the right -- and to do so he must go to the lowlands and work . Jim meets an old friend called Spur , a one - legged miner . Jim then gets a job on a station owned by Harrison , Spur 's brother , on a recommendation by Harrison 's friend . Meanwhile , Clancy appears at Spur 's mine and the two discuss their pasts and futures . Clancy goes to Harrison 's station to lead a cattle muster . At dinner , Harrison tells Clancy that `` he has no brother '' when referring to Spur . Harrison organizes a round - up of his cattle , but Jim is not allowed to go . While the others are gone , Harrison 's daughter Jessica asks Jim to help her break in a prize colt . The mob appears again , and Jim unsuccessfully gives chase to the valuable horse . When Harrison returns , he sends Jim to bring back 20 strays . Later , Harrison learns of Jim 's actions and tells Jessica that Jim will be fired and that she will be sent to a women 's college . Impulsively , she rides off into the mountains where she is caught in a storm . Spur , meanwhile , finally strikes a large gold deposit . Jim finds Jessica 's horse and rescues her . She tells him that he 's going to be fired , but he still leaves to return the cattle . Jessica is surprised at meeting Spur , her uncle , whom she had never been told about . She is also confused when Spur mistakes her for her dead mother and refuses to tell her anything about his past . After returning , Jessica learns that Spur and Harrison both fell in love with her mother , Matilda . Matilda declared that the first to make his fortune would be her husband . Spur went looking for gold , while Harrison bet his life savings on a horse race . Harrison became rich overnight when the horse he bet on won . Having made his fortune , Harrison wed Matilda , but she died while delivering Jessica . Harrison is grateful to Jim for returning his daughter , but he becomes angry when Jim says he loves her . As Jim leaves , a prized colt is let loose by a farmhand in the hope that Jim will be blamed . Later , while camping out , Spur tells Jim that he will inherit his father 's share of the mine . Clancy joins them and informs them of the colt , but Jim refuses to retrieve the animal . Meanwhile , Harrison offers a reward of ₤ 100 , attracting riders and fortune - hunters from every station in the area . Clancy does eventually show , accompanied by Jim , whom Harrison finally allows to join the hunt . Several riders have accidents in pursuit and even Clancy is unable to contain the Brumby mob . The riders give up when the mob descends a seemingly impassable grade . However , Jim goes forward and returns the horses to Harrison 's farm . Harrison offers him the reward but he refuses . Having cleared his name , Jim would like to return some day for the horses and , looking at Jessica , `` anything else that 's mine . '' He rides back up to the mountain country , knowing that he has earned his right to live there . Cast ( edit ) Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison Kirk Douglas as Harrison / Spur Terence Donovan as Henry Craig Tommy Dysart as Mountain Man Bruce Kerr as Man in Street David Bradshaw as Banjo Paterson Jack Thompson as Clancy Tony Bonner as Kane June Jago as Mrs. Bailey Chris Haywood as Curly Kristopher Steele as Moss Gus Mercurio as Frew Howard Eynon as Shorry Lorraine Bayly as Rosemary Hume Production ( edit ) Craig 's Hut undergoing reconstruction in 2007 According to Geoff Burrowes , the idea to make the film came at a dinner party when someone suggested the poem would make a good movie . Burrowes developed a treatment with George Miller then hired John Dixon to write a screenplay . All three men had worked together in television ; another former TV colleague , Simon Wincer , became involved as executive producer with Michael Edgley and succeeded in raising the budget . The screenplay contains numerous references to Banjo Paterson , aside from using his poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' as the source material and his inclusion as a character in the film . For example , the numerous references to the late Matilda are likely a reference to the song `` Waltzing Matilda '' , which was written by Paterson . In addition , the melody for `` Waltzing Matilda '' can be heard near the end of the film . A Bible Passage from Genesis 30 : 27 , which talks about cattle , goats , and sheep is read aloud in a scene in the middle of the film . The movie was not shot in the actual Snowy Mountains but in the Victorian High Country near Mansfield , Victoria , where Burrowes ' wife 's family had lived for several generations , which was logistically easier. Burt Lancaster and Robert Mitchum were considered for the dual role of Harrison and Spur before Kirk Douglas was cast in the roles . Tom Burlinson has confirmed that it was definitely him who rode the horse over the side of the mountain for the `` terrible descent '' during the dangerous ride -- commenting that he had been asked about this numerous times , and that he became known as `` The Man from Snowy River '' because of his ride . Remarkably , Burlinson had never ridden a horse before being cast in the film and the `` terrible descent '' was a one - take shot at full gallop down the cliff face . Burlinson performed all of his own stunts in the film . Reception ( edit ) The film `` was released to a fair degree of critical acclaim '' and `` moviegoers found it to be a likable and highly entertaining piece of filmmaking that made no effort to hide its Australian roots , despite the presence of American star Kirk Douglas in one of the principal roles . '' The film has a rating of 80 % on film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . One review of the movie comments stated , `` The Australian film industry has been responsible for many decent films for decades ( and some utter crap , of course ) , but the percentage with international appeal is quite small . That is changing , and it is films such as The Man From Snowy River that have ensured ongoing interest . The film was inspired by the ' Banjo ' Paterson poem of the same name , and stars numerous respected local talents and a Hollywood big name star in Kirk Douglas , playing two roles . ' ' The two standouts of this film are the majestic mountain scenery , and the final chase scenes with that awe - inspiring horse ride down the mountainside . The film stars many big names and familiar faces including Gus Mercurio ( Paul 's father ) , Lorraine Bayley ( The Sullivans ) , Tony Bonner ( Skippy ) and Chris Haywood . The sets and costumes are also great , the script is strong , and the various threads that run through the film are well handled . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack ) Bruce Rowland composed the music for both the film and the sequel . Box office ( edit ) The Man from Snowy River grossed $17,228,160 at the box office in Australia . Kirk Douglas later sued Burrowes for a share of the profits . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1982 AFI Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Won 1982 Montreal World Film Festival Award for Most Popular Film -- ( awarded to George T. Miller ) Won 1984 APRA Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Nominated for 1982 AFI Award for Best Achievement in Sound Nominated for 1983 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film Australia Legacy ( edit ) As indicated by its box office takings , The Man from Snowy River gained a very large audience , popularising the story and Banjo Paterson 's poem . Since 1995 the story has been re-enacted at The Man From Snowy River Bush Festival in Corryong , Victoria . Jack Thompson who played Clancy in the film has released recordings of a number of Banjo Paterson poems including Clancy of the Overflow and The Man from Snowy River on the album The Bush Poems of A.B. ( Banjo ) Paterson . The Craigs ' Hut building was a permanent fixture created for the film . Located in Clear Hills , east of Mount Stirling , Victoria , the popular 4WD and hiking landmark was destroyed on 11 December 2006 in bushfires . The hut has since been rebuilt . The film was selected for preservation as part of the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia 's Kodak / Atlab Cinema Collection Restoration Project . For the 2000 Summer Olympics Rowland composed a special Olympics version of The Man from Snowy River `` Main Title '' for the Olympic Games , which were held in Sydney . The CD of the music for the Sydney Olympics includes the Bruce Rowland 's special Olympic version of the main title . Rowland composed special arrangements of some of the film soundtrack music for the 2002 musical version of The Man from Snowy River , The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Stratton , The Avocado Plantation : Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry , Pan MacMillan , 1990 , pp. 64 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` LIFE STYLE Man From Snowy River -- ' a remarkable movie ' '' . The Canberra Times . 26 January 1983 . p. 20 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Young actors tipped for plum roles '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 19 November 1980 . p. 32 Supplement : FREE Your TV Magazine . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` RIDE THE HIGH COUNTRY '' . Filmnews . Sydney . 1 September 1982 . p. 8 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` ON THE SET OF ' THE MAN FROM SNOWY RIVER ( ? ) '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 6 May 1981 . p. 16 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ How The Hell Did We Get Here ? -- The Baby Boomers Guide to the Movies Jump up ^ http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/manfromsnowyriver.php Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Design , Steve Koukoulas -- RED5 Web . `` DVD.net : The Man From Snowy River ( 1982 ) - DVD Review '' . www.dvd.net.au . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Film Victoria - Australian Films at the Australian Box Office Jump up ^ `` Douglas has been paid , says producer '' . The Canberra Times . 30 August 1983 . p. 15 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival Jump up ^ `` The Bush Poems of A.B. ( Banjo ) Paterson at Fine Poets '' Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , 11 December 2006 , Bushfires ravage iconic Craig 's Hut External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) The Man from Snowy River on IMDb The Man from Snowy River at the TCM Movie Database The Man from Snowy River at AllMovie The Man from Snowy River on australianscreen online The Man from Snowy River at the National Film and Sound Archive The Man from Snowy River Fan Site at manfromsnowyriver.net The Man from Snowy River at Oz movies AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score 1975 -- 2000 The Cars That Ate Paris and The Great McCarthy -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1975 ) Not awarded ( 1976 ) The Picture Show Man -- Peter Best ( 1977 ) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1978 ) Mad Max -- Brian May ( 1979 ) Manganinnie -- Peter Sculthorpe ( 1980 ) Fatty Finn -- Rory O'Donoghue and Grahame Bond ( 1981 ) The Man from Snowy River -- Bruce Rowland ( 1982 ) Phar Lap -- Bruce Rowland ( 1983 ) Street Hero -- Garth Porter and Bruce Smeaton ( 1984 ) Rebel -- Ray Cook , Chris Neal , Peter Best , Billy Byers , Bruce Rowland ( 1985 ) Young Einstein -- William Motzing and Martin Armiger ( 1986 ) The Tale of Ruby Rose -- Paul Schütze ( 1987 ) The Lighthorsemen -- Mario Millo ( 1988 ) Dead Calm -- Graeme Revell ( 1989 ) The Big Steal -- Phil Judd ( 1990 ) Dingo -- Michel Legrand and Miles Davis ( 1991 ) Romper Stomper -- John Clifford White ( 1992 ) The Piano -- Michael Nyman ( 1993 ) Traps -- Douglas Stephen Rae ( 1994 ) Hotel Sorrento -- Nerida Tyson - Chew ( 1995 ) Shine -- David Hirschfelder ( 1996 ) Doing Time for Patsy Cline -- Peter Best ( 1997 ) Oscar and Lucinda -- Thomas Newman ( 1998 ) In a Savage Land -- David Bridie ( 1999 ) Bootmen -- Cezary Skubiszewski ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Dish -- Edmund Choi ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence -- Peter Gabriel ( 2002 ) Japanese Story -- Elizabeth Drake ( 2003 ) Somersault -- Decoder Ring ( 2004 ) The Proposition -- Nick Cave and Warren Ellis ( 2005 ) Suburban Mayhem -- Mick Harvey ( 2006 ) The Home Song Stories -- Antony Partos ( 2007 ) Unfinished Sky -- Antony Partos ( 2008 ) Mao 's Last Dancer -- Christopher Gordon ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom -- Antony Partos and Sam Petty ( 2010 ) The Hunter -- Andrew Lancaster , Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales ( 2011 ) Not Suitable for Children -- Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby -- Craig Armstrong ( 2013 ) The Railwayman -- David Hirschfelder ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- Tom Holkenborg ( 2015 ) Tanna -- Antony Partos ( 2016 ) Banjo Paterson 's `` The Man from Snowy River '' - the Poem and its adaptations Films The Man from Snowy River ( 1920 silent ) The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 sequel ) Stage Musical The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 musical ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 DVD film of the musical ) CD Recordings The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film soundtrack ) Return to Snowy River ( 1988 film soundtrack ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 original cast recording ) Television The Man from Snowy River ( 1993 TV series ) Films directed by George T. Miller The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Aviator ( 1985 ) Cool Change ( 1986 ) Les Patterson Saves the World ( 1987 ) The NeverEnding Story II : The Next Chapter ( 1990 ) A Mom for Christmas ( 1990 ) In the Nick of Time ( 1991 ) Over the Hill ( 1992 ) Frozen Assets ( 1992 ) Gross Misconduct ( 1993 ) Andre ( 1994 ) Zeus and Roxanne ( 1997 ) Tidal Wave : No Escape ( 1997 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1997 ) Cybermutt ( 2002 ) Attack of the Sabretooth ( 2005 ) Prey ( 2009 ) The Films of Geoff Burrowes The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) Anzacs ( 1985 ) ( TV mini series ) Cool Change ( 1985 ) Running from the Guns ( 1987 ) Backstage ( 1988 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 ) Run ( 1991 ) Bruce Rowland The Man from Snowy River ( soundtracks and music ) The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1982 film ) Return to Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1988 sequel film The Man from Snowy River II ) Special Olympics version of the main theme from The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) for the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( soundtrack of the 2002 stage musical ) Other soundtracks Phar Lap ( soundtrack ) All the Rivers Run ( soundtrack ) The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello ( soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(1982_film)&oldid=825964914 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s Western ( genre ) films 20th Century Fox films Australian drama films Australian films Australian Western ( genre ) films Directorial debut films Films about horses Films based on poems Films based on works by Australian writers Films directed by George T. Miller Films set in colonial Australia Films set in Victoria ( Australia ) The Man from Snowy River Hidden categories : Use Australian English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played spur in man from snowy river

The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' . Released by 20th Century Fox , the film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison ( a character who appeared frequently in Paterson 's poems ) and Spur , Jack Thompson as Clancy , Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig , Sigrid Thornton as Harrison 's daughter Jessica , Terence Donovan as Jim 's father Henry Craig , and Chris Haywood as Curly . Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel , The Man from Snowy River II , which was released by Walt Disney Pictures .

Xanthophyll - wikipedia Xanthophyll Jump to : navigation , search The chemical structure of cryptoxanthin The color of an egg yolk is from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin This article is about Xanthophylls . For the compound xanthophyll , see lutein . Xanthophylls ( originally phylloxanthins ) are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group ; the other division is formed by the carotenes . The name is from Greek xanthos ( ξανθός , `` yellow '' ) and phyllon ( φύλλον , `` leaf '' ) , due to their formation of the yellow band seen in early chromatography of leaf pigments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Molecular structure 2 Occurrence 3 Example compounds 4 Xanthophyll cycle 5 Food sources 6 References 7 External links Molecular structure ( edit ) The molecular structure of xanthophylls is similar to that of carotenes , but xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms , while carotenes are purely hydrocarbons with no oxygen . Xanthophylls contain their oxygen either as hydroxyl groups and / or as pairs of hydrogen atoms that are substituted by oxygen atoms acting as a bridge ( epoxide ) . For this reason , they are more polar than the purely hydrocarbon carotenes , and it is this difference that allows their separations from carotenes in many types of chromatography . Typically , carotenes are more orange in color than xanthophylls . Thin layer chromatography is used to separate components of a plant extract , illustrating the experiment with plant pigments that gave chromatography its name . Plant xanthophylls form the bright yellow band next to the green Occurrence ( edit ) Like other carotenoids , xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in the leaves of most green plants , where they act to modulate light energy and perhaps serve as a non-photochemical quenching agent to deal with triplet chlorophyll ( an excited form of chlorophyll ) , which is overproduced at high light levels in photosynthesis . The xanthophylls found in the bodies of animals , and in dietary animal products , are ultimately derived from plant sources in the diet . For example , the yellow color of chicken egg yolks , fat , and skin comes from ingested xanthophylls ( primarily lutein , which is often added to chicken feed for this purpose ) . The yellow color of the human macula lutea ( literally , yellow spot ) in the retina of the eye results from the lutein and zeaxanthin it contains , both xanthophylls again requiring a source in the human diet to be present in the eye . These xanthophylls protect the eye from ionizing blue and ultraviolet light , which they absorb . These two specific xanthophylls do not function in the mechanism of sight , since they can not be converted to retinal ( also called retinaldehyde or vitamin A aldehyde ) . Their arrangement is believed to be the cause of Haidinger 's brush , an entoptic phenomenon that allows the perception of the polarization of light . Example compounds ( edit ) The group of xanthophylls includes ( among many other compounds ) lutein , zeaxanthin , neoxanthin , violaxanthin , flavoxanthin , and α - and β - cryptoxanthin . The latter compound is the only known xanthophyll to contain a beta - ionone ring , and thus β - cryptoxanthin is the only xanthophyll that is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals . Even then , it is a vitamin only for plant - eating mammals that possess the enzyme to make retinal from carotenoids that contain beta - ionone ( some carnivores lack this enzyme ) . In species other than mammals , certain xanthophylls may be converted to hydroxylated retinal - analogues that function directly in vision . For example , with the exception of certain flies , most insects use the xanthophyll derived R - isomer of 3 - hydroxyretinal for visual activities , which means that β - cryptoxanthin and other xanthophylls ( such as lutein and zeaxanthin ) may function as forms of visual `` vitamin A '' for them , while carotenes ( such as beta carotene ) do not . Xanthophyll cycle ( edit ) The xanthophyll cycle The xanthophyll cycle involves the enzymatic removal of epoxy groups from xanthophylls ( e.g. violaxanthin , antheraxanthin , diadinoxanthin ) to create so - called de-epoxidised xanthophylls ( e.g. diatoxanthin , zeaxanthin ) . These enzymatic cycles were found to play a key role in stimulating energy dissipation within light - harvesting antenna proteins by non-photochemical quenching - a mechanism to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the photosynthetic reaction centers . Non-photochemical quenching is one of the main ways of protecting against photoinhibition . In higher plants , there are three carotenoid pigments that are active in the xanthophyll cycle : violaxanthin , antheraxanthin , and zeaxanthin . During light stress , violaxanthin is converted to zeaxanthin via the intermediate antheraxanthin , which plays a direct photoprotective role acting as a lipid - protective anti-oxidant and by stimulating non-photochemical quenching within light - harvesting proteins . This conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin is done by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase , while the reverse reaction is performed by zeaxanthin epoxidase . In diatoms and dinoflagellates , the xanthophyll cycle consists of the pigment diadinoxanthin , which is transformed into diatoxanthin ( diatoms ) or dinoxanthin ( dinoflagellates ) under high - light conditions . Wright et al. ( Feb 2011 ) found that , `` The increase in zeaxanthin appears to surpass the decrease in violaxanthin in spinach '' and commented that the discrepancy could be explained by `` a synthesis of zeaxanthin from beta - carotene '' , however they noted further study is required to explore this hypothesis . Food sources ( edit ) Xanthophylls are found in all young leaves and in etiolated leaves . Examples of other rich sources include papaya , peaches , prunes , and squash , which contain lutein diesters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ξανθός . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ φύλλον . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ Falkowski , P.G. & J.A. Raven , 1997 , Aquatic photosynthesis . Blackwell Science , 375 pp Jump up ^ Taiz , Lincoln and Eduardo Zeiger. 2006 . Plant Physiology . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc . Publishers , Fourth edition , 764 pp Jump up ^ Jeffrey , S.W. & M. Vesk , 1997 . Introduction to marine phytoplankton and their pigment signatures . In Jeffrey , S.W. , R.F.C. Mantoura & S.W. Wright ( eds . ) , Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography , pp 37 - 84 . -- UNESCO Publishing , Paris . Jump up ^ Wright ; et al . `` The interrelationship between the lower oxygen limit , chlorophyll fluorescence and the xanthophyll cycle in plants '' . Jump up ^ Factors That Influence the Bioavailablity of Xanthophylls , Susan Zaripheh , John W. Erdman Jr . Jump up ^ UCLA College of Life Sciences , General Botany : Leaf Color : Xanthophylls Jump up ^ Michele Turcotte , MS , RD , Foods That Contain Zeaxanthin , February 18 , 2014 Demmig - Adams , B & W.W. Adams , 2006 . Photoprotection in an ecological context : the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation , New Phytologist , 172 : 11 -- 21 . External links ( edit ) Xanthophylls at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Types of plant pigments Betalains Betacyanins Betaxanthins Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Chlorophyll d Chlorophyll f Curcuminoids 1 , 7 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) - 1 , 4 , 6 - heptatrien - 3 - one Bisdemethoxycurcumin Desmethoxycurcumin Curcumin Flavonoids Anthocyanins Anthocyanidins Anthoxanthins Flavans Condensed tannins Carotenoids Carotenes Retinoids Xanthophylls Other Allophycocyanin Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin Phycoerythrocyanin Quinones Xanthonoids Carotenoids Carotenes ( C ) α - Carotene β - Carotene γ - Carotene δ - Carotene ε - Carotene ζ - Carotene Lycopene Neurosporene Phytoene Phytofluene Torulene Lycopersene Xanthophylls ( C ) Antheraxanthin Astaxanthin Canthaxanthin Citranaxanthin Cryptoxanthin Diadinoxanthin Diatoxanthin Dinoxanthin Echinenone Flavoxanthin Fucoxanthin Lutein Neoxanthin Rhodoxanthin Rubixanthin Violaxanthin Zeaxanthin Zeinoxanthin Apocarotenoids ( C ) Abscisic acid Apocarotenal Bixin Crocetin Food orange 7 Ionones Peridinin Vitamin A retinoids ( C ) Retinal Retinoic acid Retinol Retinoid drugs Acitretin Alitretinoin Bexarotene Etretinate Fenretinide Isotretinoin Tazarotene Temarotene Tretinoin Zuretinol acetate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xanthophyll&oldid=835567350 '' Categories : Carotenoids Alcohols Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 13 : 49 . 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where is xanthophyll found in a plant's cell

Like other carotenoids , xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in the leaves of most green plants , where they act to modulate light energy and perhaps serve as a non-photochemical quenching agent to deal with triplet chlorophyll ( an excited form of chlorophyll ) , which is overproduced at high light levels in photosynthesis . The xanthophylls found in the bodies of animals , and in dietary animal products , are ultimately derived from plant sources in the diet . For example , the yellow color of chicken egg yolks , fat , and skin comes from ingested xanthophylls ( primarily lutein , which is often added to chicken feed for this purpose ) .

Little black dress - wikipedia Little black dress Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Little Black Dress ( disambiguation ) . A little black dress from 1964 A little black dress ( LBD ) is a black evening or cocktail dress , cut simply and often quite short . Fashion historians ascribe the origins of the little black dress to the 1920s designs of Coco Chanel and Jean Patou intended to be long - lasting , versatile , affordable , accessible to the widest market possible and in a neutral colour . Its ubiquity is such that it is often simply referred to as the `` LBD '' . The `` little black dress '' is considered essential to a complete wardrobe by many women and fashion observers , who believe it a `` rule of fashion '' that every woman should own a simple , elegant black dress that can be dressed up or down depending on the occasion : for example , worn with a jacket and pumps for daytime business wear or with more ornate jewelry and accessories for evening or a formal event such as a wedding or a ball . Because it is meant to be a staple of the wardrobe for a number of years , the style of the little black dress ideally should be as simple as possible : a short black dress that is too clearly part of a trend would not qualify because it would soon appear dated . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Famous little black dresses 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Black has always been a color rich in symbolism . In the early 18th century , black represented romance and artistry . As Ann Demeulemeester said of it , `` Black is poetic . How do you imagine a poet ? In a bright yellow jacket ? Probably not . '' In the early 19th century , black was adopted by the Romantics such as Byron , Shelley , and Keats , due to its melancholic aura . As the Victorian Era began , black transitions from a color of art to one of grief and mourning - widows were expected to wear black for at least four years - and also for service livery , as the uniform for maids . In 1926 Gabrielle `` Coco '' Chanel published a picture of a short , simple black dress in American Vogue . It was calf - length , straight and decorated only by a few diagonal lines . Vogue called it `` Chanel 's Ford '' . Like the Model T , the little black dress was simple and accessible for women of all social classes . Vogue also said that the LBD would become `` a sort of uniform for all women of taste '' . This , as well as other designs by the house of Chanel helped disassociate black with mourning , and reinvent it as the uniform of the high - class , wealthy , and chic . As Coco herself proclaimed , `` I imposed black ; it 's still going strong today , for black wipes out everything else around . '' Chanel is credited with the creation and popularization of the Little Black Dress , and rightfully so . The little black dress continued to be popular through the Great Depression , predominantly through its economy and elegance , albeit with the line lengthened somewhat . Hollywood 's influence on fashion helped the little black dress 's popularity , but for more practical reasons : as Technicolor films became more common , filmmakers relied on little black dresses because other colors looked distorted on screen and botched the coloring process . During World War II , the style continued in part due to widespread rationing of textiles , and in part as a common uniform ( accessorized for businesswear ) for civilian women entering the workforce . Models wearing little black dresses in Brazil , 2010 The rise of Dior 's `` New Look '' in the post-war era and the sexual conservatism of the 1950s returned the little black dress to its roots as a uniform and a symbol of the dangerous woman . Hollywood femme fatales and fallen women characters were portrayed often in black halter - style dresses in contrast to the more conservative dresses of housewives or more wholesome Hollywood stars . Synthetic fibres made popular in the 1940s and 1950s broadened the availability and affordability of many designs . The generation gap of the 1960s created a dichotomy in the design of the little black dress . The younger `` mod '' generation preferred , in general , a miniskirt on their versions of the dress and designers catering to the youth culture continued to push the envelope - shortening the skirt even more , creating cutouts or slits in the skirt or bodice of the dress , using sheer fabrics such as netting or tulle . Many women aspired to simple black sheath dresses similar to the black Givenchy dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Breakfast at Tiffany 's . The popularity of casual fabrics , especially knits , for dress and business wear during the 1980s brought the little black dress back into vogue . Coupled with the fitness craze , the new designs incorporated details already popular at the time such as broad shoulders or peplums : later in the decade and into the 1990s , simpler designs in a variety of lengths and fullness were popular . The grunge culture of the 1990s saw the combination of the little black dress with both sandals and combat boots , though the dress itself remained simple in cut and fabric . The new glamour of the late 1990s led to new variations of the dress but , like the 1950s and the 1970s , colour re-emerged as a factor in fashion and formalwear and repeatedly shows an aversion to black . The resurgence of body conscious clothing , muted colour schemes , and the reemergence of predominant black , along with the retrospective trends of the 1980s in the late 2000s paved way to the return of interest to the dress . Famous little black dresses ( edit ) Eurovision Song Contest winner , Lena , sporting a little black dress and black stockings while singing her winning song `` Satellite '' . The black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiffany 's , designed by Hubert de Givenchy , epitomized the standard for wearing little black dresses accessorized with pearls ( together called `` basic black '' ) , as was frequently seen throughout the early 1960s . The dress set a record in 2006 when it was auctioned for £ 410,000 , six times its original estimate . Betty Boop , a cartoon character based in part on the 1920s ' `` It Girl '' Clara Bow , was drawn wearing a little black dress in her early films , though with Technicolor later , Betty 's dress became red . Wallis Simpson , Duchess of Windsor , was known to own several little black dresses and said much in praise of the garments . One quote of the Duchess : `` When a little black dress is right , there is nothing else to wear in its place . '' Edith Piaf , the French folk icon , performed in a black sheath dress throughout her career : for this habit she was nicknamed `` little black sparrow '' . It was thought that the dress helped audiences focus more on Piaf 's singing and less on her appearance . In an incident at London 's Covent Garden theatre in 2004 , a director fired the then - obese soprano Deborah Voigt from an opera because she could not fit into a `` little black cocktail dress '' , replacing her with the slimmer Anne Schwanewilms . In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A number of songs are titled `` Little Black Dress '' , including `` Little Black Dress '' from the 1981 musical Shock Treatment , which is sung whilst one of the antagonists sews up a little black dress and presents it to the heroine , who wears it in the second half of the film . The Hollies 1972 Single `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' was written for the album Distant Light about a woman who mesmerized the lead singer in a black dress . It sold 2 million copies worldwide and reached # 2 on the Billboards Hot 100 Gavin Friday performed a song titled `` Little Black Dress '' for his 1996 album Shag Tobacco . The song was written by Maurice Seezer . The 2006 song `` Little Black Dress '' is the opening song of Donnie Iris 's album , Ellwood City . It was written by Mark Avsec . `` Gettin ' You Home ( The Black Dress Song ) '' is a 2009 country music song by Chris Young . It became his first # 1 hit on the Hot Country Songs chart dated for 24 October 2009 . `` Tiffany Blews '' is the 10th track on Fall Out Boy 's 4th studio album , Folie à Deux . The chorus mentions a little black dress , a symbol for classiness . `` Little Black Dress '' is a song by One Direction included in their third album entitled Midnight Memories . `` Little Black Dress '' is also a song by Sara Bareilles , the 6th track on 2013 's The Blessed Unrest album . In the song , dancing in the dress promotes getting over a relationship . `` Little Black Dress '' is a song by San Diego -- based roots reggae band One Drop , from the 2008 release Mission Blvd . See also ( edit ) Fashion portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little black dresses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steele , Valerie ( 1988 ) . Paris Fashion : A Cultural History . Oxford University Press . pp. 246 -- 248 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504465 - 7 . Jump up ^ styledotcom ( 2010 - 08 - 19 ) . `` The LBD Gets Official '' . Style.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry looks stunning in slinky LBD '' . Mirror.co.uk. 2010 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's History Month kicks off in ' Little Black Dress ' style '' , Northern Illinois University Archived 2010 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Edelman , Amy Holman ( 1998 ) . The Little Black Dress . Aurum . Jump up ^ Picardie , Justine ( 2010 ) . Coco Chanel : the legend and the life . London : Harper Collins Publishers . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 9780061963858 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn 's Little Black Dress Sells for a Fortune '' . Hellomagazine.com. 2006 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Anthony Tommasini , `` With Surgery , Soprano Sheds a Brünnhilde Body , '' New York Times , March 27 , 2005 , found at New York Times website . Before and after images included . Accessed May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anthony Tommasini , `` Second Date With a Little Black Dress , '' New York Times , June 11 , 2008 , found at New York Times website . Accessed May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vivien Schweitzer , `` Music Review : A Slimmed - Down Diva Keeps Her Vocal Heft , '' New York Times , June 18 , 2009 , found at New York Times website . Accessed May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deborah Voigt : Off The Scales : Opera Star Talks About Lifelong Battle With Weight , '' found at `` Deborah Voigt : Off The Scales , Opera Star Talks About Lifelong Battle With Weight '' , CBS News . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mission Blvd Further reading ( edit ) Edelman , Amy Holman ( 1998 ) . The Little Black Dress . Aurum . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 604 - X . `` Little Black Dress Transcends Fashion '' . About.com . May 2006 `` Sixties Fashions '' . June 2 , 2006 . `` The Little Black Dress '' . Woman 's Hour Radio . BBC . May 2006 . `` The Myth Of The Little Black Dress '' . Jane Curtain . The Fashion Culte Magazine . November 2014 . Chanel Owners Alain Wertheimer Gérard Wertheimer Jacques Wertheimer Pierre Wertheimer Designers Coco Chanel Karl Lagerfeld Garments Little black dress Jacqueline Kennedy 's pink Chanel suit Perfumes Bois des Îles Chanel No. 5 Chanel No. 19 Chanel No. 22 Coco Coco Mademoiselle Cuir de Russie Égoïste Perfumers Ernest Beaux Jacques Polge Henri Robert Other products Chanel 2.55 handbag Chanel J12 watch Promotional models Marie - Hélène Arnaud Carole Bouquet Gisele Bündchen Cara Delevingne Catherine Deneuve Lily - Rose Depp Inès de La Fressange Nicole Kidman Keira Knightley Marilyn Monroe Kate Moss Anna Mouglalis Vanessa Paradis Suzy Parker Jean Shrimpton Audrey Tautou Gaspard Ulliel Films Chanel Solitaire Coco Before Chanel Coco Chanel Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky Musical Coco Book The Allure of Chanel Clothing Historical clothing Traditional and national clothing Tops Blouse Cache - cœur Cardigan Crop top Dress shirt Guayabera Guernsey Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater Sweater vest T - shirt Tube top Turtleneck Twinset Trousers Bell - bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Capri pants Cargo pants Chaps Cycling shorts Dress pants High water pants Hotpants Lowrise pants Jeans Jodhpurs Leggings Overall Palazzo pants Parachute pants Pedal pushers Phat pants Shorts Slim - fit pants Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Skirts A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Denim skirt Men 's skirts Miniskirt Pencil skirt Prairie skirt Rah - rah skirt Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Dresses Ball gown Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail dress Débutante dress Formal wear Frock Evening gown Gown House dress Jumper Little black dress Princess line Sheath dress Shirtdress Slip dress Strapless dress Sundress Wedding dress Wrap dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress Ball dress Black tie Boilersuit Cleanroom suit Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Hazmat suit Jumpsuit Kasaya Lab coat Military uniform Morning dress Onesie Pantsuit Red Sea rig Romper suit School uniform Scrubs Stroller Tuxedo Vestment White tie Outerwear Apron Blazer British Warm Cagoule Cape Chesterfield Coat Covert coat Cut - off Duffel coat Flight jacket Gilet Goggle jacket Guards coat Harrington jacket Hoodie Jacket Jerkin Leather jacket Mess jacket Opera coat Overcoat Parka Paletot Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Robe Safari jacket Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Smoking jacket Sport coat Trench coat Ulster coat Waistcoat Windbreaker Underwear ( lingerie ) Top Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Midway briefs Briefs Full Adult bodysuit Infant bodysuit Long underwear Playsuit Teddy Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress shoe Flip - flops Hosiery Sandal Shoe Spats Slipper Sneakers Sock Stocking Tights Headwear Baseball cap Beret Cap Fedora Hat Helmet Hood Kerchief Knit cap Toque Turban Veil Neckwear Ascot tie Bow tie Cravat Neckerchief Necktie Scarf Nightwear Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One - piece Rash guard Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Accessories Belt Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Wristwatch See also Activewear Clothing fetish Clothing terminology Costume Cross-dressing Dress code Fashion Haute couture History of clothing See - through clothing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_black_dress&oldid=818511482 '' Categories : 1920s fashion 20th - century fashion 21st - century fashion Dresses Formal wear History of clothing ( Western fashion ) History of fashion Chanel Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 00 : 09 . 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who pioneered the little black dress or lbd back in 1926

A little black dress ( LBD ) is a black evening or cocktail dress , cut simply and often quite short . Fashion historians ascribe the origins of the little black dress to the 1920s designs of Coco Chanel and Jean Patou intended to be long - lasting , versatile , affordable , accessible to the widest market possible and in a neutral colour . Its ubiquity is such that it is often simply referred to as the `` LBD '' .

Capital punishment in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Capital punishment in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used from ancient times until the second half of the 20th century . The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging , and took place in 1964 , prior to capital punishment being abolished for murder ( in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland ) . Although unused , the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom , prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reform 3 Abolition 3.1 Last executions 3.2 Last death sentences 3.3 Final abolition 3.4 Crown dependencies 3.5 Overseas territories 4 Public support for reintroduction of capital punishment 4.1 Parliamentary debates on reintroduction 5 Parties ' stance on the issue 6 Notable executions in the United Kingdom 6.1 Kingdom of Great Britain , 1707 -- 1801 6.2 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , 1801 -- 1922 6.3 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , 1922 -- 1964 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) Sir Samuel Romilly , speaking to the House of Commons on capital punishment in 1810 , declared that `` ( there is ) no country on the face of the earth in which there ( have ) been so many different offences according to law to be punished with death as in England '' . Known as the `` Bloody Code '' , at its height the criminal law included some 220 crimes punishable by death , including `` being in the company of Gypsies for one month '' , `` strong evidence of malice in a child aged 7 -- 14 years of age '' and `` blacking the face or using a disguise whilst committing a crime '' . Many of these offences had been introduced to protect the property of the wealthy classes that emerged during the first half of the 18th century , a notable example being the Black Act of 1723 , which created 50 capital offences for various acts of theft and poaching . Crimes eligible for the death penalty included shoplifting and stealing sheep , cattle , and horses , and before abolition of the death penalty for theft in 1832 , `` English law was notorious for prescribing the death penalty for a vast range of offenses as slight as the theft of goods valued at twelve pence . '' Whilst executions for murder , burglary and robbery were common , the death sentences for minor offenders were often not carried out . A sentence of death could be commuted or respited ( permanently postponed ) for reasons such as benefit of clergy , official pardons , pregnancy of the offender or performance of military or naval duty . Between 1770 and 1830 , an estimated 35,000 death sentences were handed down in England and Wales , but only 7,000 executions were carried out . Reform ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1808 Romilly had the death penalty removed for pickpockets and lesser offenders , starting a process of reform that continued over the next 50 years . The death penalty was mandatory ( although it was frequently commuted by the government ) until the Judgement of Death Act 1823 gave judges the power to commute the death penalty except for treason and murder . The Punishment of Death , etc . Act 1832 reduced the number of capital crimes by two - thirds . In 1832 , the death penalty was abolished for theft , counterfeiting , and forgery except for the forgery of wills and certain powers of attorney . Gibbeting was abolished in 1832 and hanging in chains was abolished in 1834 . In 1837 , the death penalty for forging wills and powers of attorney was abolished . The death penalty for rape was abolished in 1841 . In 1861 , several acts of Parliament ( 24 & 25 Vict ; c. 94 to c. 100 ) further reduced the number of civilian capital crimes to five : murder , treason , espionage , arson in royal dockyards , and piracy with violence ; there were other offences under military law . The death penalty remained mandatory for treason and murder unless commuted by the monarch . The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864 -- 66 concluded ( with dissenting Commissioners ) that there was not a case for abolition but recommended an end to public executions . This proposal was included in the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868 . From that date executions in Great Britain were carried out only in prisons . The punishment of beheading and quartering those executed for treason was abolished in 1870 . The last application of that punishment had been in 1820 and the last sentence to the punishment had been in 1839 . In 1908 , the Children Act 1908 banned the execution of juveniles under the age of 16 . In 1922 a new offence of Infanticide was introduced to replace the charge of murder for mothers killing their children in the first year of life . In 1930 a parliamentary Select Committee recommended that capital punishment be suspended for a trial period of five years , but no action was taken . From 1931 pregnant women could no longer be hanged ( following the birth of their child ) although in practice since the 18th century their sentences had always been commuted . In 1933 the minimum age for capital punishment was raised to 18 under the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 . The last known execution by the civilian courts of a person under 18 was that of Charles Dobel , 17 , hanged at Maidstone together with his accomplice William Gower , 18 , in January 1889 . Harold Wilkins , at 16 years old , was the last juvenile sentenced to the death penalty in the United Kingdom , in 1932 for a sexually related murder , but he was reprieved due to age . In 1938 the issue of the abolition of capital punishment was brought before parliament . A clause within the Criminal Justice Bill called for an experimental five - year suspension of the death penalty . When war broke out in 1939 the bill was postponed . It was revived after the war and to everyone 's surprise was adopted by a majority in the House of Commons ( 245 to 222 ) . In the House of Lords the abolition clause was defeated but the remainder of the bill was passed . Popular support for abolition was absent and the government decided that it would be inappropriate for it to assert its supremacy by invoking the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 over such an unpopular issue . Instead , then Home Secretary , James Chuter Ede , set up a new Royal Commission ( the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment , 1949 -- 1953 ) with instructions to determine `` whether the liability to suffer capital punishment should be limited or modified '' . The Commission 's report discussed a number of alternatives to execution by hanging ( including the US methods of electrocution and gassing , and the then - theoretical lethal injection ) , but rejected them . It had more difficulty with the principle of capital punishment . Popular opinion believed that the death penalty acted as a deterrent to criminals , but the statistics within the report were inconclusive . Whilst the report recommended abolition from an ethical standpoint , it made no mention of possible miscarriages of justice . The public had by then expressed great dissatisfaction with the verdict in the case of Timothy Evans , who was tried and hanged in 1950 for murdering his baby daughter . It later transpired in 1953 that John Christie had strangled at least six women in the same house ; he also confessed to killing Timothy 's wife . If the jury in Evans 's trial had known this , Evans would probably not have been found guilty . There were other cases in the same period where doubts arose over convictions and subsequent hangings , such as the notorious case of Derek Bentley . The commission concluded that unless there was overwhelming public support in favour of abolition , the death penalty should be retained . Between 1900 and 1949 , 621 men and 11 women were executed in England and Wales . Ten German agents were executed during the First World War under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , and 16 spies were executed during the Second World War under the Treachery Act 1940 . By 1957 a number of controversial cases highlighted the issue of capital punishment again . Campaigners for abolition were partially rewarded with the Homicide Act 1957 . The Act brought in a distinction between capital and non-capital murder . Only six categories of murder were now punishable by execution : in the course or furtherance of theft by shooting or causing an explosion while resisting arrest or during an escape of a police officer of a prison officer by a prisoner the second of two murders committed on different occasions ( if both done in Great Britain ) . The police and the government were of the opinion that the death penalty deterred offenders from carrying firearms and it was for this reason that such offences remained punishable by death . Abolition ( edit ) The only known photograph of the death sentence being pronounced in England and Wales , for the poisoner Frederick Seddon in 1912 In 1965 the Labour MP Sydney Silverman , who had committed himself to the cause of abolition for more than 20 years , introduced a Private Member 's Bill to suspend the death penalty for murder . It was passed on a free vote in the House of Commons by 200 votes to 98 . The bill was subsequently passed by the House of Lords by 204 votes to 104 . The Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 suspended the death penalty in Great Britain ( but not in Northern Ireland ) for murder for a period of five years , and substituted a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment ; it further provided that if , before the expiry of the five - year suspension , each House of Parliament passed a resolution to make the effect of the Act permanent , then it would become permanent . In 1969 the Home Secretary , James Callaghan , proposed a motion to make the Act permanent , which was carried in the Commons on 16 December 1969 , and a similar motion was carried in the Lords on 18 December . The death penalty for murder was abolished in Northern Ireland on 25 July 1973 under the Northern Ireland ( Emergency Provisions ) Act 1973 . Following the abolition of the death penalty for murder , the House of Commons held a vote during each subsequent parliament until 1997 to restore the death penalty . This motion was always defeated , but the death penalty still remained for other crimes : causing a fire or explosion in a naval dockyard , ship , magazine or warehouse ( until 1971 ) ; espionage ( until 1981 ) ; piracy with violence ( until 1998 ) ; treason ( until 1998 ) ; and certain purely military offences under the jurisdiction of the armed forces , such as mutiny ( until 1998 ) . Prior to its complete abolition in 1998 , it was available for six offences : serious misconduct in action ; assisting the enemy ; obstructing operations ; giving false air signals ; mutiny or incitement to mutiny ; and failure to suppress a mutiny with intent to assist the enemy . However , no executions were carried out in the United Kingdom for any of these offences after the abolition of the death penalty for murder . Nevertheless , there remained a working gallows at HMP Wandsworth , London , until 1994 , which was tested every six months until 1992 . This gallows is now housed in the Galleries of Justice in Nottingham . Last executions ( edit ) England and in the United Kingdom : on 13 August 1964 , Peter Anthony Allen , at Walton Prison in Liverpool , and Gwynne Owen Evans , at Strangeways Prison in Manchester , were executed for the murder of John Alan West on 7 April that year . Scotland : Henry John Burnett , 21 , on 15 August 1963 in Craiginches Prison , Aberdeen , for the murder of seaman Thomas Guyan . Northern Ireland : Robert McGladdery , 26 , on 20 December 1961 in Crumlin Road Gaol , Belfast , for the murder of Pearl Gamble . Wales : Vivian Teed , 24 , in Swansea on 6 May 1958 , for the murder of William Williams , sub-postmaster of Fforestfach Post Office . Last death sentences ( edit ) Northern Ireland and in the United Kingdom : Liam Holden in 1973 in Northern Ireland , for the capital murder of a British soldier during the Troubles . Holden was removed from the death cell in May 1973 . In 2012 his conviction was quashed on appeal . England : David Chapman , who was sentenced to hang in November 1965 for the murder of a swimming pool nightwatchman in Scarborough . He was released from prison in 1979 and later died in a car accident . Scotland : Patrick McCarron in 1964 for shooting his wife . He committed suicide in prison in 1970 . Wales : Edgar Black , who was reprieved on 6 November 1963 . He had shot his wife 's lover in Cardiff . Final abolition ( edit ) The Criminal Damage Act 1971 abolished the offence of arson in royal dockyards . The Naval Discipline Act 1957 reduced the scope of capital espionage from `` all spies for the enemy '' to spies on naval ships or bases . Later , the Armed Forces Act 1981 abolished the death penalty for espionage . ( The Official Secrets Act 1911 had created another offence of espionage which carried a maximum sentence of fourteen years . ) Beheading was abolished as a method of execution for treason in 1973 . Hanging , however , remained available until 1998 when , under a House of Lords amendment to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , proposed by Lord Archer of Sandwell , the death penalty was abolished for treason and piracy with violence , replacing it with a discretionary maximum sentence of life imprisonment . These were the last civilian offences punishable by death . On 20 May 1998 the House of Commons voted to ratify the 6th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibiting capital punishment except `` in time of war or imminent threat of war '' . The last remaining provisions for the death penalty under military jurisdiction ( including in wartime ) were removed when section 21 ( 5 ) of the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on 9 November 1998 . On 10 October 2003 , effective from 1 February 2004 , the UK acceded to the 13th Protocol , which prohibits the death penalty in all circumstances . As a legacy from colonial times , several states in the West Indies still had the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the court of final appeal ; although the death penalty has been retained in these states , the Privy Council would sometimes delay or deny executions . Some of these states severed links with the British court system in 2001 by transferring the responsibilities of the Privy Council to the Caribbean Court of Justice , to speed up executions . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Further information : Capital punishment in the Isle of Man and Capital punishment in Jersey Although not part of the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey are British Crown dependencies . In the Channel Islands , the last death sentence was passed in 1984 ; the last execution in the Channel Islands was in Jersey on 9 October 1959 , when Francis Joseph Huchet was hanged for murder . The Human Rights ( Amendment ) ( Jersey ) Order 2006 amends the Human Rights ( Jersey ) Law 2000 to give effect to the 13th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights providing for the total abolition of the death penalty . Both of these laws came into effect on 10 December 2006 . Capital punishment was abolished in Guernsey in 2003 , and the 13th Protocol was extended to Guernsey in April 2004 . Sark formally retained it until January 2004 , when the Chief Pleas in a 14 -- 9 vote removed it from the statutes . The last execution on the Isle of Man took place in 1872 , when John Kewish was hanged for patricide . Capital punishment was not formally abolished by Tynwald ( the island 's parliament ) until 1993 . Five persons were sentenced to death ( for murder ) on the Isle of Man between 1973 and 1992 , although all sentences were commuted to life imprisonment . The last person to be sentenced to death in the UK or its dependencies was Anthony Teare , who was convicted at the Manx Court of General Gaol Delivery in Douglas for contract murder in 1992 ; he was subsequently retried and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1994 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol was adopted , with an effective date of 1 November 2006 . Overseas territories ( edit ) Like the Crown dependencies , the British overseas territories are constitutionally not part of the United Kingdom . However , the British government 's ultimate responsibility for good governance of the territories has led it over recent years to pursue a policy of revoking all statutory provision for the death penalty in those territories where it had up until recently been legal . The last executions in an overseas territory , and indeed the last on British soil , took place in Bermuda in 1977 , when two men , Larry Tacklyn and Erskine Burrows , were hanged for the 1973 murder of the territory 's then Governor Sir Richard Sharples . In 1991 , the British government extended an Order in Council to its Caribbean territories whose effect was to abolish capital punishment for murder : Anguilla , the British Virgin Islands , the Cayman Islands , Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands . The British government was unable to extend the abolition via Order in Council to Bermuda , the UK 's most autonomous overseas territory with powers of almost total self - governance -- but warned that if voluntary abolition was not forthcoming it would be forced to consider the unprecedented step of `` whether to impose abolition by means of an Act of Parliament '' . As a result , the Bermudian government introduced its own domestic legislation in 1999 to rectify the problem . Further measures were subsequently adopted to revoke technicalities in British overseas territories ' domestic legislation as regards use of the death penalty for crimes of treason and piracy . In October 2002 the British government abolished the death penalty for treason and piracy in the Turks and Caicos Islands . Since then , the death penalty has been outlawed under all circumstances in all the UK 's overseas territories . Public support for reintroduction of capital punishment ( edit ) Since the death penalty 's suspension in 1965 , there have been continued public and media calls for its reintroduction , particularly prompted by high - profile murder cases . At the same time , there have been a number of miscarriages of justice since 1965 where someone convicted of murder has later had their conviction quashed on appeal and been released from prison , strengthening the argument of those who oppose the death penalty 's reintroduction . These include the Birmingham Six ( cleared in 1991 of planting an IRA bomb which killed 21 people in 1974 ) , the Guildford Four ( cleared in 1989 of murdering five people in another 1974 IRA bombing ) , Stephen Downing ( a Derbyshire man who was freed in 2001 after serving 27 years for the murder of a woman in a churchyard ) and Barry George ( who was freed in 2007 when his conviction for the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando was quashed on appeal ) . Perhaps the first high - profile murder case which sparked widespread calls for a return of the death penalty was the Moors murders trial in 1966 , the year after the death penalty 's suspension , in which Ian Brady and Myra Hindley were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders of two children and a teenager in the Manchester area ( they later confessed to a further two murders ) . Later in 1966 , the murder of three policemen in West London also attracted widespread public support for the death penalty 's return . Other subsequent high - profile cases to have sparked widespread media and public calls for the death penalty 's return include `` Yorkshire Ripper '' Peter Sutcliffe , convicted in 1981 of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in the north of England , Roy Whiting , who murdered a seven - year - old girl in West Sussex in 2000 , and Ian Huntley , a Cambridgeshire school caretaker who killed two 10 - year - old girls in 2002 . A November 2009 television survey showed that 70 % favoured reinstating the death penalty for at least one of the following crimes : armed robbery , rape , crimes related to paedophilia , terrorism , adult murder , child murder , child rape , treason , child abuse or kidnapping . However , respondents only favoured capital punishment for adult murder , the polling question asked by other organisations such as Gallup , by small majorities or pluralities : overall , 51 % favoured the death penalty for adult murder , while 56 % in Wales did , 55 % in Scotland , and only 49 % in England . In August 2011 , the Internet blogger Paul Staines -- who writes a political blog as Guido Fawkes and heads the Restore Justice Campaign -- launched an e-petition on the Downing Street website calling for the restoration of the death penalty for those convicted of the murder of children and police officers . The petition was one of several in support or opposition of capital punishment to be published by the government with the launch of its e-petitions website . Petitions attracting 100,000 signatures would prompt a parliamentary debate on a particular topic , but not necessarily lead to any Parliamentary Bills being put forward . When the petition closed on 4 February 2012 it had received 26,351 signatures in support of restoring capital punishment , but a counter-petition calling to retain the ban on capital punishment received 33,455 signatures during the same time period . Also in August 2011 , a representative survey conducted by Angus Reid Public Opinion showed that 65 % of Britons support reinstating the death penalty for murder in Great Britain , while 28 % oppose this course of action . Men and respondents aged over 35 are more likely to endorse the change . In March 2015 a survey by the NatCen British Social Attitudes Report showed that public support for the death penalty had dropped to 48 per cent . Parliamentary Debates on reintroduction ( edit ) After Royal Assent for the Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 , supporters in Parliament have made several attempts to reintroduce capital punishment . On 23 November 1966 , Duncan Sandys was refused leave to bring in a Bill to restore capital punishment for the murder of police or prison officers , by a vote of 170 to 292 . Motions to make the five - year suspension of capital punishment under the 1965 Act permanent were opposed , but agreed by 343 to 185 in the House of Commons ; in the House of Lords , an amendment to continue with a temporary suspension of capital punishment until 31 July 1973 was rejected by 174 to 220 . In April 1973 , the House of Commons voted against reintroduction . The deaths of civilians in several IRA bombings in 1974 prompted a renewed debate . On 11 December 1974 Brian Walden moved a motion declaring that `` the death penalty would neither deter terrorists nor increase the safety of the public '' ; Jill Knight moved an amendment calling instead for introduction of legislation providing for death to be the penalty for acts of terrorism causing death . Her amendment was rejected by 217 to 369 . A year later , Ivan Lawrence 's motion `` That this House demands capital punishment for terrorist offences causing death '' was rejected by 232 to 361 . After the Conservatives ' victory in the 1979 general election , Eldon Griffiths ( Parliamentary adviser to the Police Federation of England and Wales ) moved a motion `` that the sentence of capital punishment should again be available to the courts '' on 19 July 1979 . While the motion was not expected to pass , the margin of its defeat ( 243 to 362 ) was much wider than expected . Later in the same Parliament , the Criminal Justice Bill provided an opportunity on 11 May 1982 for several new clauses to be proposed which would have reinstated capital punishment . The first , which simply declared that `` A person convicted of murder shall be liable to capital punishment '' , was tabled by Edward Gardner , and rejected by 195 to 357 . It was followed by an alternative under which capital punishment would be available `` as the penalty for an act of terrorism involving the loss of human life '' ; this new clause was rejected by 176 to 332 . A further new clause proposing capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder by means of firearms or explosives '' was rejected by 176 to 343 . Then a new clause allowing for capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder of a police or prison officer '' was rejected by 208 to 332 . Finally a new clause allowing capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder in the course of robbery and burglary which involves the use of offensive weapons '' was rejected by 151 to 331 . The new Parliament in 1983 again prompted supporters of capital punishment to put their case . Sir Edward Gardner 's motion `` That this House favours the restoration of the death penalty for murder '' was debated on 13 July 1983 , with several amendments moved to restrict capital punishment to certain categories of murder . The amendments were voted on first : capital punishment for murder `` resulting from acts of terrorism '' was rejected by 245 to 361 , for murder `` of a police officer during the course of his duties '' by 263 to 344 , for murder `` of a prison officer during the course of his duties '' by 252 to 348 , for murder `` by shooting or causing an explosion '' by 204 to 374 , and for murder `` in the course or furtherance of theft '' by 194 to 369 . The main motion was then defeated by 223 to 368 . Towards the end of the Parliament , a new clause proposed to the Criminal Justice Bill proposed to return the death penalty for `` A person convicted by the unanimous verdict of a jury of the premeditated killing of another person or of knowingly and intentionally killing another person in a manner , or for a reason , or in circumstances which a reasonable person would consider to be evil '' was rejected by 230 to 342 on 1 April 1987 . The Criminal Justice Bill in 1988 provided a further opportunity for a debate ; the new clause proposed by Roger Gale allowed for the jury in a murder case to `` have the power , upon reaching a verdict of guilt of murder , to recommend ... death in the manner authorised by law '' . It was rejected by 218 to 341 . The aforementioned bills were rejected despite support from then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . On 17 December 1990 a new Criminal Justice Bill again saw amendments designed to reintroduce capital punishment . The first covered anyone over 18 `` convicted of the murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty '' and was rejected by 215 to 350 ; a general reintroduction of death as the penalty for murder ( with special provision for the Court of Appeal to decide whether to substitute a life sentence ) was then rejected by 182 to 367 . Capital punishment for `` murder committed by means of firearms , explosives or an offensive weapon , or for the murder of a police or prison officer '' was rejected by 186 to 349 . The most recent Parliamentary debate on a question proposing reintroduction of capital punishment came on 21 February 1994 when new clauses to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Bill were moved . The first , providing for death as the sentence for `` the murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty '' , was rejected by 186 to 383 ; A new clause providing for general reintroduction with power for the Court of Appeal to substitute life imprisonment was rejected by 159 to 403 . This would have been aimed at terrorists in the Northern Ireland conflict . In June 2013 a new bill for capital punishment in England and Wales was introduced . This Bill has been withdrawn and will not progress any further . Parties ' stance on the issue ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following parties support the reintroduction of capital punishment : National Front ( NF ) British National Party ( BNP ) British Democratic Party Britain First Notable executions in the United Kingdom ( edit ) Note : This list does not include the beheadings of nobility . Kingdom of Great Britain , 1707 -- 1801 ( edit ) 16 November 1724 : Jack Sheppard , housebreaker , was hanged at Tyburn for burglary after four successful escape attempts from jail . His partner - in - crime , highwayman Joseph `` Blueskin '' Blake , was executed for the same burglary five days earlier . 24 May 1725 : Jonathan Wild , criminal overlord and fraudulent `` Thief Taker General '' , was hanged at Tyburn for receiving stolen goods and thus aiding criminals . 7 April 1739 : Dick Turpin , famous highwayman , was hanged . 30 July 1746 : nine Catholic members of the Manchester Regiment , Jacobites , were hanged , drawn and quartered for treason at Kennington Common ( now Kennington Park ) . 9 April 1747 : Simon Fraser , 11th Lord Lovat , Jacobite leader and Scottish Clan chief , at Tower Hill , the last man to be publicly beheaded in Britain . 3 October 1750 : James MacLaine , ' The Gentleman Highwayman ' , was hanged at Tyburn , London 14 March 1757 : John Byng became the only British admiral executed , by firing squad by the Royal Navy . His crime was having failed to `` do his utmost '' at the Battle of Minorca during the Seven Years ' War . 5 May 1760 : Laurence Shirley , 4th Earl Ferrers was executed at Tyburn for the murder of a servant . He was the last peer to be hanged ( reputedly by a silken rope ) and is the only peer to have been hanged for murder . 18 March 1789 : Catherine Murphy , a counterfeiter , was the last woman in England to be burned at the stake ( though she was in fact strangled before the fire was lit , and thus not literally burned to death ) . The penalty of burning at the stake , which at the time applied to women and not to men , was abolished the next year . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , 1801 -- 1922 ( edit ) 13 November 1805 : Richard Harding was hanged for knowingly uttering playing cards with forged ace of spades . 18 May 1812 : John Bellingham was hanged for the murder of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval . 8 September 1820 : Andrew Hardie and John Baird were hanged and beheaded at Stirling after being tried for their part in the Radical War in Scotland . 11 August 1828 : William Corder was hanged at Bury St Edmunds for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year before . 9 August 1856 : Elizabeth Martha Brown was the last woman to be hanged in public in the English county of Dorset ; her hanging is notable in part because it influenced Thomas Hardy , an eyewitness , in his portrayal of the execution of the fictional heroine of Tess of the D'Urbervilles . 27 August 1861 : Martin Doyle was the last person to be hanged for attempted murder , at Chester . 14 November 1864 : Franz Muller was hanged for the murder of Thomas Briggs , the first murder committed on a British train . 2 April 1868 : Frances Kidder was the last woman to be hanged in public in Britain . 26 May 1868 : Michael Barrett was executed at Newgate Prison for the murder of 12 people during the Fenian bombing at Clerkenwell , the last public hanging in the UK . 19 July 1899 : Mary Ansell was hanged at St Albans , for poisoning her sister . At 22 , she was the youngest woman to be hanged in the post-1868 ' modern era ' ( non-public , and by the ' long drop ' method ) . 23 November 1910 : Hawley Harvey Crippen was hanged in London 's Pentonville Prison for poisoning his wife . 8 September 1914 : Private Thomas Highgate was executed by firing squad , the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during World War I . 13 August 1915 : George Joseph Smith was hanged in Maidstone Prison for the pattern of serial killings known as the `` Brides in the Bath Murders '' . 3 August 1916 : Roger Casement was hanged at Pentonville for treason due to his colluding with Germany to smuggle weapons into Ireland in support of the Easter Rising . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , 1922 -- 1964 ( edit ) 9 January 1923 : Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters , in London 's Holloway and Pentonville Prisons respectively , for the murder of Thompson 's husband . The case was controversial because , although in letters Thompson had fantasised about the possible elimination of her husband , there was no firm evidence that she was in any way connected with the murder for which she was hanged . 3 January 1931 : Victor Betts for murder committed during the course of a robbery . The case had established that a person need not be present when a crime is committed to be regarded as an accessory after the fact . 31 July 1940 : Udham Singh , an Indian independence activist , at Pentonville Prison . He had assassinated the Indian administrator Sir Michael O'Dwyer . 15 August 1941 : Josef Jakobs , a German spy , was executed by firing squad , the last execution in the Tower of London . 19 December 1945 ; John Amery , a British fascist and Nazi collaborator , pleaded guilty of eight charges of treason . Hanged at Wandsworth Prison in London . 3 January 1946 : William Joyce , better known as `` Lord Haw - Haw '' , for treason in London 's Wandsworth Prison . He was an American citizen , but was convicted of treason because , as the holder of a British passport ( albeit fraudulently obtained ) , he was held to have owed allegiance to the British sovereign . Theodore Schurch , hanged for treachery the next day , was the last person to be executed for an offence other than murder ; he was executed at Pentonville . As a member of the armed forces he had been tried by court - martial . 27 February 1947 : Walter Rowland in Manchester for the murder of Olive Balchin despite maintaining his innocence . While he had been awaiting execution , another man confessed to the crime . A Home Office report dismissed the latter 's confession as a fake , but in 1951 he attacked another woman and was found guilty but insane . 12 January 1949 : Margaret Allen , aged 43 , for killing a 70 - year - old woman in the course of a robbery , the first woman to be hanged in Britain for 12 years . 10 August 1949 : John George Haigh , the `` acid - bath murderer '' , at Wandsworth . 9 March 1950 : Timothy Evans at Pentonville for the murder of his baby daughter Geraldine at 10 Rillington Place , North West London . He initially claimed to have killed his wife , but later withdrew the claim . A fellow inhabitant at the same address , John Christie , later found to be a sexual serial killer , gave key evidence against Evans . Christie was executed in 1953 for the murder of his own wife . Evans received a posthumous pardon in 1966 . In 2004 the Court of Appeal refused to consider overturning the conviction due to the costs and resources that would be involved . See John Christie ( murderer ) . 28 March 1950 : George Kelly at Liverpool for murder , but had his conviction quashed posthumously by the Court of Appeal in June 2003 . 25 April 1952 : Edward Devlin and Alfred Burns , for killing a woman during a robbery in Liverpool . They claimed that they had been doing a different burglary in Manchester , and others involved in the crime supported this . A Home Office report rejected this evidence . Huge crowds gathered outside Liverpool 's Walton Prison as they were executed . 3 September 1952 : Mahmood Hussein Mattan , a Somali seaman , in Cardiff for murder . The Court of Appeal quashed his conviction posthumously in 1998 after hearing that crucial evidence implicating another Somali was withheld at his trial . 28 January 1953 : Derek Bentley at Wandsworth Prison as an accomplice to the murder of a police officer by his 16 - year - old friend Christopher Craig . Craig , a minor , was not executed and instead served 10 years . Bentley was granted a partial posthumous pardon on 29 July 1993 , and the Court of Appeal fully overturned his conviction on 30 July 1998 . 15 July 1953 : John Christie at Pentonville for the murder of his wife Ethel . Christie was a serial killer and had murdered at least six other women ( see also entry on Timothy Evans above ) . 13 December 1954 : Styllou Christofi , aged 53 , penultimate woman executed in Britain . 13 July 1955 : Ruth Ellis , aged 28 , the last woman to be hanged in Britain . She was the 15th and youngest woman hanged in the 20th century . 6 May 1958 : Vivian Teed , 24 , in Swansea , the last person to be executed in Wales . 11 July 1958 : Peter Manuel , aged 31 , second to last person to be hanged in HM Prison Barlinnie and the third to last to be hanged in Scotland . 5 November 1959 : Guenther Podola , the last person to be hanged for the murder of a policeman . 10 November 1960 : Francis Forsyth , the last 18 - year - old to be executed in Britain . 22 December 1960 : Anthony Miller , 19 , in Glasgow 's Barlinnie Prison , the last teenager to be executed in Britain . 20 December 1961 : Robert McGladdery , 25 , in Crumlin Road Gaol in Belfast , the last person to be executed in Northern Ireland , for the murder of Pearl Gamble in Newry . 4 April 1962 : James Hanratty at Bedford after a controversial rape - murder trial . In 2002 Hanratty 's body was exhumed and the Court of Appeal upheld his conviction after Hanratty 's DNA was linked to crime scene samples . 15 August 1963 : Henry Burnett , aged 21 , at Craiginches Prison in Aberdeen for the murder of seaman Thomas Guyan , the last hanging in Scotland . 13 August 1964 : Peter Anthony Allen , at Walton Prison in Liverpool , and Gwynne Owen Evans , at Strangeways Prison in Manchester for the murder of John Alan West , the last people executed in Britain . See also ( edit ) Black cap Christopher Simcox Courts of the United Kingdom Execution by firing squad in the United Kingdom List of executioners Shot at Dawn Memorial Use of capital punishment by country Wrongful execution Capital punishment in Hong Kong Capital punishment in Singapore References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hoffman & Rowe 2010 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons . 9 February 1810 . col. 366 -- 374 . ^ Jump up to : Manta , Irina D. ( 2011 ) . `` The Puzzle of Criminal Sanctions for Intellectual Property Infringement '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Journal of Law & Technology . 24 ( 2 ) : 474 . Jump up ^ `` Punishments at the Old Bailey -- Late 17th Century to Early 19th Century '' . The Old Bailey Proceedings Online . 2003 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Gatrell , V.A.C. , The Hanging Tree , OUP , Oxford , 1994 Jump up ^ Coinage Offences Act 1832 and Forgery , Abolition of Punishment of Death Act 1832 Jump up ^ `` Hanging in the Balance : A History of the Abolition of Capital Punishment in Britain -- by Brian P Block and John Hostettler '' . watersidepress.co.uk . Jump up ^ Great Britain . Royal Commission on Capital Punishment ( 1864 -- 66 ) Royal Commission on Capital Punishment together with the minutes of evidence and appendix . London , 1866 . ( Parliamentary Papers . Session 1866 . vol. 21 ) Jump up ^ Forfeiture Act 1870 ( repealing part of section 1 of Treason Act 1814 ) . Jump up ^ Lorraine Radford ( 5 April 2012 ) . Rethinking Children , Violence and Safeguarding . A&C Black . pp. 19 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 558 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` TREACHERY BILL '' . millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ `` Executions '' . millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ Photography in and near law courts was criminalised by the Criminal Justice Act 1925 Jump up ^ `` Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 : MPs vote to abolish hanging '' . `` On This Day '' . BBC . 2005 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MURDER ( ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY ) '' . Hansard , 16 December 1969 . Jump up ^ `` MURDER ( ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY ) ACT 1965 '' . Hansard , 18 December 1969 . Jump up ^ The Naval Discipline Act 1957 , section 93 ; previously the Naval Discipline Act ( 1866 ) , section 6 . Jump up ^ `` Statutelaw.gov.uk '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Notts treasures : Britain 's last working gallows '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Last executions in the UK '' . Stephen-stratford.com . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitalpunishmentuk.org '' . Capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executions in Northern Ireland '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Jump up ^ The Guardian , 22 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` Naval Discipline Act 1957 , section 93 '' . statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Armed Forces Act 1981 ( c. 55 ) , section 17 -- Statute Law Database '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Treason Act 1814 section 2 , repealed in England by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1973 ( c. 39 ) , Sch. 1 Pt . V . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Act 1998 ( Amendment ) Order 2004 '' . opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Protocol '' . conventions.coe.int . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 15 February 2001 ) . `` Caribbean severs link to privy council '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/islands.html Archived 8 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights ( Amendment ) ( Jersey ) Order 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights ( Jersey ) Law 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Report by the Bailiwick of Guernsey Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ( page 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Sark abolishes death penalty '' . BBC News . 21 January 2004 . Jump up ^ UN Human Rights report para. 46 Jump up ^ `` http://firedrake.org/drpete/manx2.htm '' . Firedrake.org . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Act 2001 ( 13th Protocol ) Order 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 2001 ( APPOINTED DAY ) ( No. 2 ) ORDER 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taking Liberties : Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Caribbean Territories ( Abolition of Death Penalty for Murder ) Order 1991 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership for Progress and Prosperity : Britain and the Overseas Territories , ( 1999 ) page 21 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty International : Bermuda shows the way forward '' . Amnesty International . 7 January 2000 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Death penalty abolished on all British territory -- Times Online , 23 October 2002 . ( Retrieved 5 June 2016 . ) Jump up ^ `` Death penalty ' proper punishment ' for some crimes -- MP '' . BBC News . 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Welch , Francis ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Our dedication to the death penalty '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Police Killer Could Be Freed '' . nnet-server.com . Jump up ^ Faith Eckersall . `` Faith Eckersall looks at the capital punishment debate '' . Bournemouth Echo . Jump up ^ `` Police ovation for mother of Sarah '' . thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Will & Testament : Who cares about Ian Huntley ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Survey for Channel 4 on attitudes towards the death penalty '' . Ipsos MORI. 28 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Cafe , Rebecca ( 4 August 2011 ) . `` Does the public want the death penalty brought back ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-petitions urge MPs to debate return of death penalty '' . BBC News . 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Restore Capital Punishment , epetitions.direct.gov.uk Jump up ^ Petition to retain the ban on Capital Punishment , epetitions.direct.gov.uk Jump up ^ Canseco , Mario ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` Most Britons Support Reinstating the Death Penalty for Murder '' ( PDF ) . ARPO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Support for death penalty below 50 % , Metro , 27 March 2015 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 736 cols 1409 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 793 cols 1148 -- 1297 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HL 5ser vol 306 cols 1264 -- 1321 . Jump up ^ `` Restoration of Capital Punishment Bill '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . 11 April 1973 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 883 cols 518 -- 640 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 902 cols 663 -- 728 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 970 cols 2019 -- 2125 . Jump up ^ Hoggart , Simon ( 20 July 1979 ) . `` Death penalty rejected by 119 in Commons '' . The Guardian . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 608 -- 686 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 686 -- 690 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 691 -- 694 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 694 -- 698 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 698 -- 701 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 45 cols 882 -- 986 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 113 cols 1115 -- 1191 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 134 cols 743 -- 807 , 807 -- 818 . Jump up ^ `` TV Interview for Channel 4 A plus 4 ( Brighton Bomb ) '' . margaretthatcher.org . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 22 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 116 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 124 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 238 cols 24 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 238 cols 70 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Katie Engelhart ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Thatcher Wanted to Reinstate Death Penalty for Northern Irish ' Terrorists , ' Show Newly Released Files '' . Vice News . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Timothy Vance Kaufman - Osborn ( 2002 ) . From noose to needle : capital punishment and the late liberal state . Law , meaning , and violence . University of Michigan Press . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08890 - 4 . Jump up ^ James Holbert Wilson ( 1853 ) . Temple bar , the city Golgotha , by a member of the Inner Temple . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Patrick Wilson ( 1971 ) . Murderess : a study of the women executed in Britain since 1843 . Joseph . pp. 151 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Slapper , Gary ( 23 June 2008 ) . `` The cases that changed Britain : 1917 -- 1954 '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Cecil , `` Trial of Walter Graham Rowland '' , David & Charles , 1975 , passim but in particular p. 19 . Jump up ^ Moles , Dr Robert N. ; Bibi Sangha . `` R v Mahmoud Hussein Mattan ( Hanged ) Court of Appeal 24 February 1998 '' . Networked Knowledge . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Block & Hostettler ( 1997 ) pp. 11 -- 17 Bibliography ( edit ) Hoffman , David ; Rowe , John ( 2010 ) , Human Rights in the UK : An Introduction to the Human Rights Act of 1998 ( 3 ed . ) , Pearson Longman , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 7403 - 8 Brian P. Block ; John Hostettler ( 1997 ) , Hanging in the balance : a history of the abolition of capital punishment in Britain , Waterside Press , ISBN 1 - 872870 - 47 - 3 Harry Potter ( 1993 ) , Hanging in Judgment : Religion and the Death Penalty in England from the Bloody Code to Abolition , London , SCM Press ISBN 0 - 334 - 02533 - 8 External links ( edit ) A comprehensive site about capital punishment in the UK ' Hanging With Frank ' ( video showing UK execution protocol at the old gallows in Barlinnie Prison ) Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / Firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=811141053 '' Categories : Legal history of the United Kingdom Capital punishment in the United Kingdom English criminal law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links EngvarB from October 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 19 : 54 . 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who was the last person executed in the uk

Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used from ancient times until the second half of the 20th century . The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging , and took place in 1964 , prior to capital punishment being abolished for murder ( in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland ) . Although unused , the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom , prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention .

East India Company - wikipedia East India Company This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta ( British businessman ) . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . For other uses of `` HEIC '' , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade , Opium trafficking Fate Dissolved , after being mostly nationalised in 1858 Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company . It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region , initially with Mughal India and the East Indies ( Maritime Southeast Asia ) , and later with Qing China . The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent , colonized parts of Southeast Asia , and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , spices , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833 , Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning , the East India company had always been involved in both , trade and politics , just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 . These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . By contrast , wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The battles of Plassey and Buxar , in which the British defeated the Bengali powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army , with Indian revenues of £ 13,464,561 , and expenses of £ 14,017,473 . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India assumed the East India Company 's governmental functions and absorbed its navy and its armies in 1858 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Formation 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , the captured Spanish and Portuguese ships with their cargoes enabled English voyagers to potentially travel the globe in search of riches . London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . The aim was to deliver a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of Far Eastern Trade . Elizabeth granted her permission and on 10 April 1591 James Lancaster in the Edward Bonaventure with two other ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . Having sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula , they preyed on Spanish and Portuguese ships there before returning to England in 1594 . The biggest capture that galvanised English trade was the seizure of the large Portuguese Carrack , the Madre de Deus by Sir Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Cumberland at the Battle of Flores on 13 August 1592 . When she was brought in to Dartmouth she was the largest vessel that had been seen in England and her cargo consisted of chests filled with jewels , pearls , gold , silver coins , ambergris , cloth , tapestries , pepper , cloves , cinnamon , nutmeg , benjamin , red dye , cochineal and ebony . Equally valuable was the ship 's rutter containing vital information on the China , India , and Japan trades . These riches aroused the English to engage in this opulent commerce . In 1596 , three more English ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . A year later however saw the arrival of Ralph Fitch , an adventurer merchant who , along with his companions , had made a remarkable fifteen - year overland journey to Mesopotamia , the Persian Gulf , the Indian Ocean , India and Southeast Asia . Fitch was then consulted on the Indian affairs and gave even more valuable information to Lancaster . Formation ( edit ) On 22 September 1599 , a group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue . They bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later , on 31 December , and this time they succeeded ; the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years , the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard the Red Dragon . After capturing a rich 1,200 ton Portuguese Carrack in the Malacca Straits the trade from the booty enabled the voyagers to set up two `` factories '' -- one at Bantam on Java and another in the Moluccas ( Spice Islands ) before leaving . They returned to England in 1603 to learn of Elizabeth 's death but Lancaster was Knighted by the new King James I. By this time the war with Spain had ended but the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly , with new horizons opened for the English . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . This expedition would be lost . East India Company Initial expeditions Year Vessels Total Invested £ Bullion sent £ Goods sent £ Ships & Provisions £ Notes 1603 60,450 11,160 1,142 48,140 1606 58,500 17,600 7,280 28,620 1607 38,000 15,000 3,400 14,600 Vessels lost 1608 13,700 6,000 1,700 6,000 1609 82,000 28,500 21,300 32,000 1610 71,581 19,200 10,081 42,500 1611 76,355 17,675 10,000 48,700 1612 7,200 1,250 650 5,300 1613 8 272,544 18,810 12,446 1614 8 13,942 23,000 1615 6 26,660 26,065 1616 7 52,087 16,506 Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nur - ud - din Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Within the first two decades of the 17th century , the Dutch East India Company or Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , ( VOC ) was the wealthiest commercial operation in the world with 50,000 employees worldwide and a private fleet of 200 ships . It specialised in the spice trade and gave its shareholders 40 % annual dividend . The British East India Company was fiercely competitive with the Dutch and French throughout the 17th and 18th centuries over spices from the Spice Islands . Spices , at the time , could only be found on these islands , such as pepper , ginger , nutmeg , cloves and cinnamon could bring profits as high as 400 percent from one voyage . The tension was so high between the Dutch and the British East Indies Trading Companies that it escalated into at least four Anglo - Dutch Wars between them : 1652 -- 1654 , 1665 -- 1667 , 1672 -- 1674 and 1780 -- 1784 . The Dutch Company maintained that profit must support the cost of war which came from trade which produced profit . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Indian exports of textiles to Europe ( pieces per year ) Years EIC VOC France EdI Denmark Total Bengal Madras Bombay Surat EIC ( total ) VOC ( total ) 1665 -- 69 7,041 37,078 95,558 139,677 126,572 266,249 1670 -- 74 46,510 169,052 294,959 510,521 257,918 768,439 1675 -- 79 66,764 193,303 309,480 569,547 127,459 697,006 1680 -- 84 107,669 408,032 452,083 967,784 283,456 1,251,240 1685 -- 89 169,595 244,065 200,766 614,426 316,167 930,593 1690 -- 94 59,390 23,011 89,486 171,887 156,891 328,778 1695 -- 99 130,910 107,909 148,704 387,523 364,613 752,136 1700 - 04 197,012 104,939 296,027 597,978 310,611 908,589 1705 - 09 70,594 99,038 34,382 204,014 294,886 498,900 1710 -- 14 260,318 150,042 164,742 575,102 372,601 947,703 1715 -- 19 251,585 20,049 582,108 534,188 435,923 970,111 1720 -- 24 341,925 269,653 184,715 796,293 475,752 1,272,045 1725 -- 29 558,850 142,500 119,962 821,312 399,477 1,220,789 1730 -- 34 583,707 86,606 57,503 727,816 241,070 968,886 1735 -- 39 580,458 137,233 66,981 784,672 315,543 1,100,215 1740 -- 44 619,309 98,252 295,139 812,700 288,050 1,100,750 1745 -- 49 479,593 144,553 60,042 684,188 262,261 946,449 1750 -- 54 406,706 169,892 55,576 632,174 532,865 1,165,039 1755 -- 59 307,776 106,646 55,770 470,192 321,251 791,443 1760 -- 70 0 1771 -- 74 652,158 182,588 93,683 928,429 928,429 1775 -- 79 584,889 197,306 48,412 830,607 830,607 1780 -- 84 435,340 79,999 40,488 555,827 555,827 1785 -- 89 697,483 67,181 38,800 803,464 803,464 1790 -- 92 727,717 170,442 38,707 936,866 936,866 Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet on return from the annual pilgrimage to Mecca . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . To appease Aurangzeb , the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations , while Parliament declared the pirates hostis humani generis ( `` enemies of the human race '' ) . In mid-1696 the government issued a £ 500 bounty on Every 's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts . When the East India Company later doubled that reward , the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state , with the charter and agreement for the new United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies being awarded by the Sidney Godolphin , 1st Earl of Godolphin . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War An East India Company coin , struck in 1835 Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . The East India Company had also been granted competitive advantages over colonial American tea importers to sell tea from its colonies in Asia in American colonies . This led to the Boston Tea Party in which protesters boarded British ships and threw the tea overboard . When protesters successfully prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies and in Boston , Governor Thomas Hutchinson of the Province of Massachusetts Bay refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain . This was one of the incidents which led to the American revolution and independence of the American colonies . East India Company army and navy ( edit ) Main articles : Presidency armies and Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian subcontinent . As it increased in size the army was divided into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own infantry , cavalry , and artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . That led to the Battle of Buxar . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . The troops were first recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , but in time the Bengal Army in particular was composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army British officers , who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long the Indians ' service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism , although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes , and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India , by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the Company 's affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . One Indian writer of some importance in the 19th century was Ram Mohan Roy , who learned English , Sanskrit , Persian , Arabic , Greek , and Latin . Financial troubles ( edit ) Although the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India Company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Hastings was entrusted with the power of war and peace . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India Company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . Sale of liquor was forbidden without licence . It was pointed that the payment of the staff of the board of council should not be made from the Indian revenue . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 View of the Calcutta port in 1848 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . In the 1980s , a group of investors purchased the rights to the moribund corporate brand and founded a clothing company , which lasted until the 1990s . The corporate vestiges were again purchased by another group of investors who opened their first store in 2010 . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) The East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organisations in history and had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved by the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . This also led to Macaulayism in the Indian subcontinent . Once the East India Company took over Bengal in the treaty of Allahabad ( 1765 ) it collected taxes which it used to further its expansion to the rest of India and did not have to rely on venture capital from London . It returned a high profit to those who risked original money for earlier ventures into Bengal . During the first century of the East India Company 's expansion in India , most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs . By the late 18th century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land , built railways , roads and bridges . The first railway of 21 mile ( 33.8 km ) , known as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ran between Bombay ( Mumbai ) and Tannah ( Thane ) in 1849 . The Company sought quick profits because the financial backers in England took high risks : their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks , wars or calamities . The increasingly large territory the Company was annexing and collecting taxes was also run by the local Nawabs . In essence , it was a dual administration . Between 1765 and 1772 Robert Clive gave the responsibility of tax collecting , diwani , to the Indian deputy and judicial and police responsibilities to other Indian deputies . The Company concentrated its new power of collecting revenue and left the responsibilities to the Indian agencies . The East India Company took the beginning steps of British takeover of power in India for centuries to come . In 1772 the Company made Warren Hastings , who had been in India with the Company since 1750 , its first governor general to manage and overview all of the annexed lands . The dual administration system came to an end . Hastings learned Urdu and Persian and took great interest in preserving ancient Sanskrit manuscripts and having them translated into English . He employed many Indians as officials . Hastings used Sanskrit texts for Hindus and Arabic texts for Muslims . This is still used in Indian , Pakistani and Bangladeshi courts today in civil law . Hastings also annexed lands and kingdoms and enriched himself in the process . His enemies in London used this against him to have him impeached . See ( Impeachment of Warren Hastings ) Charles Cornwallis , widely remembered as having surrendered to George Washington in 1781 , replaced Hastings . Cornwallis distrusted Indians and replaced Indians with English . He introduced a system of personal land ownership for Indians . This change caused much conflict since most illiterate people had no idea why they suddenly became land renters from land owners . Mughals often had to choose to fight against the Company and lose everything or cooperate with the Company and receive a big pension but lose the throne . The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat , intimidation , bribery or outright war . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . The historian William Dalrymple has called Robert Clive an `` unstable sociopath '' due to these harmful policies and actions that resulted in famines and atrocities towards local native Indians and peasants . Changes caused by Clive to the revenue system and existing agricultural practices to maximize profits for the company led to the Bengal Famine of 1770 . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripes being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The blazon of the arms is as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers , and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East Indiamen were large and strongly built and when the Royal Navy was desperate for vessels to escort merchant convoys it bought several of them to convert to warships . Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Their design as merchant vessels meant that their performance in the warship role was underwhelming and the Navy converted them to transports . Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies , first issued in 1816 , was sponsored by the East India Company , and includes much information relating to the EIC . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Company rule in India Economy of India under Company rule Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras Indian Rebellion of 1857 Indian independence movement List of East India Company directors List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 30 December 1600 , the company 's official name was : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . ^ Jump up to : `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Macaulay , Thomas Babington . `` Speech delivered to the House of Commons ( 10 July 1833 ) '' . Columbia University in the City of New York . Columbia University and Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . Jump up ^ `` India -- The British , 1600 -- 1740 '' . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The finances of the East India Company in India , c. 1766 -- 1859 , John F. Richards '' . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Desai , Tripta ( 1984 ) . The East India Company : A Brief Survey from 1599 to 1857 . Kanak Publications . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . ^ Jump up to : Wernham , R.B ( 1994 ) . The Return of the Armadas : The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595 -- 1603 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 333 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820443 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , John Ramsay ( 1833 ) . A Treatise on the Principles , Practice , & History of Commerce . Baldwin and Cradock . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Leinwand 2006 . Jump up ^ ' Ralph Fitch : An Elizabethan Merchant in Chiang Mai ; and ' Ralph Fitch 's Account of Chiang Mai in 1586 -- 1587 ' in : Forbes , Andrew , and Henley , David , Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1 . Chiang Mai , Cognoscenti Books , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prasad , Ram Chandra ( 1980 ) . Early English Travellers in India : A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 45 . ISBN 9788120824652 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dulles ( 1969 ) , p106 . Jump up ^ Foster , Sir William ( 1998 ) . England 's quest of eastern trade ( 1933 ed . ) . London : A. & C. Black . p. 157 . ISBN 9780415155182 . ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : James Mill ( 1817 ) . `` 1 '' . The History of British India . Baldwin , Cradock , and Joy . pp. 15 -- 18 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ `` The Nutmeg Wars '' . ^ Jump up to : Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 13 : 16 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 15 : 18 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32280 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Broadberry , Stephen ; Gupta , Bishnupriya . `` The Rise , Organization , and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets '' . International Institute of Social history . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burgess 2009 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . Jump up ^ Company , East India ; Shaw , John ( 1887 ) . Charters Relating to the East India Company from 1600 to 1761 : Reprinted from a Former Collection with Some Additions and a Preface for the Government of Madras . R. Hill at the Government Press . p. 217 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen ( 2009 ) . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5487 - 618 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 10 July 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Stacy . The big box swindle . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . Delhi , the Capital of India . Asian Educational Services . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1282 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 713753 - 4 . Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 7 : 38 - 4 : 33 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 100554 - 6 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Diane K. ; Croot , Patricia E.C. ; Hicks , M.A. ( 1982 ) . `` Ealing and Brentford : Public services '' . In Baker , T.F.T. ; Elrington , C.R. A History of the County of Middlesex : Volume 7 , Acton , Chiswick , Ealing and Brentford , West Twyford , Willesden . London : Victoria County History . pp. 147 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ Rao , M.A. ( 1988 ) . Indian Railways , New Delhi : National Book Trust , p. 15 Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 19 : 11 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 17 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 16 : 00 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 9 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks '' . 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington , Anthony , ed. ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 7 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 25760 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 40316 - 0 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 877 - 8 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21716 - 3 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02166 - 2 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Dulles , Foster Rhea ( 1931 ) . Eastward ho ! The first English adventurers to the Orient ( 1969 ed . ) . Freeport , New York : Books for Libraries Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 1256 - 2 . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 3 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Gardner , Brian . The East India Company : a history ( 1990 ) Online free to borrow Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 5685 - 7 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 07386 - 9 . Leinwand , Theodore B. ( 2006 ) . Theatre , Finance and Society in Early Modern England . Cambridge University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03466 - 1 . Marshall , P.J. Problems of empire : Britain and India 1757 -- 1813 ( 1968 ) Online free to borrow Misra , B.B. The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. excerpt and text search The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley , Sir Herbert H. , ed. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India Risley , Sir Herbert H. , ed. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 8 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 77138 - 0 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) Sutherland , Lucy S . `` The East India Company In Eighteenth - Century Politics . '' Economic History Review 17.1 ( 1947 ) : 15 - 26 . online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington , Anthony , ed. ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British American Land Company British East Africa Company Canada Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Niassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Swedish Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Danish Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Danish Asia Company Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Greenlander Royal Greenland Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai WorldCat Identities BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) GND : 2052078 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 LCCN : n79118917 SUDOC : 027501884 VIAF : 239176400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=866191854 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 21 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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who were the first to start a company to trade with india

The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 . These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . By contrast , wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established .

Central Secretariat Service - wikipedia Central Secretariat Service Central Secretariat Service Service overview Abbreviation CSS Formerly known as ISS Formed 1946 Country India Training Ground Institute of Secretariat Training and Management , New Delhi Controlling authority Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension , Department of Personnel and Training Legal personality Governmental : Government service General nature Policy Formulation Policy Implementation Civil administration Advisors to Ministers Continuity of administration in the Cabinet Secretariat Preceding service Imperial Secretariat Service ( 1919 - 1946 ) Cadre Size 11,550 members ( 2017 ) ( Group A - 2471 ; Group B - 9079 ) Selection UPSC Civil Services Examination ( 1946 to 2003 ) UPSC Limited Departmental Competitive Examination ( 2003 to Current ) Association CSS Group A Officers Association Head of the Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Current : Pradeep Kumar Sinha Central Secretariat Service ( Hindi : केंद्रीय सचिवालय सेवा ) ( abbreviated as CSS ) is the administrative civil service under Group A and Group B of the Central Civil Services of the executive branch of the Government of India . They are governed by Central Secretariat Service Rules of 1962 , which has been issued under the powers of Article 309 of the Constitution of India . The service serves as the backbone of administrative work and provides permanent bureaucracy and functionary staff in the Central Government of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Recruitment 3 Allocation and placement 3.1 Deputations 4 Designations and Pay grade 5 Reforms 5.1 1st Cadre Restructure of 2003 5.2 2nd Cadre Restructure of 2010 5.3 3rd Cadre Restructure of 2013 5.4 Mandatory Training Program for CSS Officers 5.5 Controversies 6 Notable members 6.1 List 7 Influence 8 See also 9 References 10 Books 11 External links 11.1 News 11.2 Other sources History ( edit ) In the year 1919 , the Imperial Secretariat Service came into being as one of the offshoots of the Lewllyn - Smith Committee which had been set up on the eve of the introduction of the Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms . The posts of Assistant and Assistant Secretary / Under Secretary were filled by officers drawn from the Imperial Secretariat Service during the British Raj . In 1946 , after India gained independence from Britain , the Imperial Secretariat Service was replaced by Central Secretariat Service in India . However , in Pakistan , a Central Secretariat Service was formed in Central Superior Services of Pakistan , which was later replaced and renamed to Office Management Group ( OMG ) . Thus , the CSS became one of the earliest organized services in India . Recruitment ( edit ) From 1946 until 2003 , 50 percent of direct recruitment into CSS was through the Civil Services Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission , the next 25 percent recruitment was through Annual Departmental Examination and next 25 percent by promotion . However , after the cadre restructuring in 2003 , the direct recruitment into CSS through the Civil Services Examination has been stopped . The mode of recruitment was changed to the grade of Section Officer by way of 50 % through Limited Departmental Competitive Examination by Union Public Service Commission and 50 % by seniority . Allocation and placement ( edit ) After appointment by the President , the officers ( Entry grade / Probationers ) are allocated to different Ministries / Departments under Government of India . The Group B officers work in the levels of Assistant Section Officer and Section Officer / Assistant Director ( For Directorate ) . The Group A officers work in the levels of Under Secretary / Deputy Director ( For Directorate ) , Deputy Secretary / Joint Director ( For Directorate ) , Director , Joint Secretary and Additional Secretary under Central Staffing Scheme of Government of India . The officers are generally posted in various Ministries and Departments , intelligence agencies , Apex / Autonomous organizations of Government of India located at different places in the Secretariat in New Delhi . They are also appointed in personal staff of Union Council of Ministers of India . Deputations ( edit ) The officers are also posted outside Delhi , or at various places of the country in other offices upon deputation . They can also be deputed for service under an international organization , an autonomous body not controlled by the Government , or a private body as same as under Rule 6 ( 2 ) ( ii ) of IAS ( Cadre ) Rules . In 2016 , Government of India has approved officers to be posted on non-cadre posts in the secretariat of Northeastern states of India . Designations and Pay grade ( edit ) Position / Pay Grade in the Government of India Level and Rank in the Central Government Order of Precedence ( As per Presidential order ) Equivalent Position or Designation in the State Government ( s ) Entry Grade Assistant Section Officer / Entry - level ( Probationer ) OR Promoted from the post of UDC - Review Officer in State Secretariat Junior Time Scale Assistant Secretary / Section Officer - Section Officer Junior Time Scale ( NFSG ) Assistant Secretary / Assistant Director ( to the Directorate ) - Under Secretary / Sub-Divisional Magistrate Senior Time Scale Under Secretary or Deputy Director ( to the Directorate ) - Deputy Secretary / Additional District Magistrate 5 Junior Administrative Grade ( JAG ) Deputy Secretary or Joint Director ( to the Directorate ) - Joint Secretary / District Magistrate 6 Selection Grade Director - Additional Secretary / Deputy Commissioner / Special Secretary 7 Super Time Scale Joint Secretary to Government of India 26 Secretary / Divisional Commissioner Reforms ( edit ) 1st cadre Restructure of 2003 ( edit ) In 2003 , a committee was formed under the leadership of Additional Secretary ( GOI ) . The direct induction of CSS officer through Civil Services Examination was permanently stopped . Also a new level G training program was organised for those in line of promotion in the rank of Joint Secretary ( GOI ) in the SAG level . 2nd Cadre Restructure of 2010 ( edit ) The Government had set up a Committee on Cadre Restructuring of Central Secretariat Service ( CSS ) in June 2008 . The Committee submitted its report in November 2008 for further reforms in the service . The report was finally accepted in 2010 and the number of posts at various levels including Deputy Secretaries and Directors were increased following the review 3rd cadre Restructure of 2013 ( edit ) A committee was formed under the leadership of Additional Secretary ( GOI ) in 2013 for further reforms in the service . The report is currently pending with Prime Minister 's Office and is expected to improve the service conditions by increasing the number of posts at the level of Deputy Secretaries . Mandatory training program for CSS officers ( edit ) In addition to these , the Government has also introduced mandatory training programs at every level of promotion . The CSS officers are trained both in India and abroad in various institutions starting at Level E onwards . Controversies ( edit ) Recently , some CSS officers have been in the list of corrupt bureaucrats and have come under the CBI scanner for alleged involvement in a few corruption cases . Notable members ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2016 ) Since its inception , CSS has produced few outstanding civil servants in India . Influential members include - M.P. Singh who was appointed as Vice-Chairman of Central Administrative Tribunal at Jabalpur Bench , P.G. Lele who served as Additional Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Finance and M.V. Ayyar who was empanelled as Secretary to Government of India . Reportedly , in the 1960s , there have been Labour Secretary and Education Secretary in Government of India also from CSS . List ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Arun Kumar D.B. Singh Gautam Sanyal U. Sagayam ( 1989 ) Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode Influence ( edit ) The Railway Board Secretariat Service , the general administration staff in the Ministry of Railways , is modelled after the Central Secretariat Service . See also ( edit ) India portal Civil Services of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Draft Civil List of Group A officers of CSS '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Office Council ( DOPT ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Civil Services Group A of India . '' Civil Service Group A - Government of India , 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Central Civil Services Group B of India . '' Central Civil Service Group B - Government of India , 1 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Central Secretariat Service Rules of 1962 '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central Secretariat employees demand timely promotions '' . Business Standard . June 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why implementing the Seventh Pay Commission recommendation is a herculean challenge '' . The Economic Times . December 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : Central Secretariat Service '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Singh , Hoshiar ( 2011 ) . Indian Administration . Pearson Education India . ISBN 9788131761199 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office Management Group : CSS Pakistan '' . Central Superior Services of Pakistan . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mode of Recruitment into CSS cadre '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Government takes first step in downsizing CSS officers '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cadre Restructure : Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Report of the Committee on Cadre Restructuring of Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Promotion scam ' in railways '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : Minimum balance , no balance '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RAW to hunt for officers from CSS pool '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why babus want to be private secys to ministers now '' . GovernanceNow.com . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashok Kumar appointed OSD to MoS PMO '' . The Hindu . India . 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deputation of CSS Officerse '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Government Offers Postings In North - East To Non-IAS , IPS Officers '' . NDTV . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review of the Policy for inter cadre transfer / deputation for North East Cadres '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Change of Nomenclature of the post of CSS cadre and CSCS cadre '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Cadre Restructuring of the Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Cadre Restructuring of the Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Training policy of CSS Officers '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions , Government of India . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://istm.nic.in/CourseCirculars/2011-12/Circular3309072012.pdf Jump up ^ `` Over Rs 205 crore earmarked for training of babus '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Training of CSS Officers '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions , Government of India . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IAS , CSS officers came under CBI scanner : Government '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : Govt proposes to extend tenure of CSS officers '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography of Hon'ble Shri M.P. Singh : Vice Chairman ( A ) of CAT '' . Central Administrative Tribunal , Government of India . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Point of privilege 1992 : Attempt to influence some members of a Joint Parliamentary Committee by a Minister and a Government official '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Ministry unable to create credible seniority list for 276 officers '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Books ( edit ) Singh , Hoshiar ( 2011 ) Indian Administration . Pearson Education India ISBN 9788131761199 . Jayapalan , N. ( 2001 ) Indian Administration 2 Vols . Set . Atlantic Publishers & Distri ISBN 9788171569212 . External links ( edit ) CSS Public Service Profile at Government of India Portal . The Central Secretariat Division at Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions ( DOPT ) CSS Service Rules 2009 - Gazette of India First Report of the Committee on Cadre Restructuring of CSS - 2002 FAQ CSS RTI , DOPT Central Civil Services : Group A , B , C and D Complete Executive Record List of CSS 2013 Civil List ( Group A Officers ) CSS officers Website Official Officers Website News ( edit ) `` CSS Officers demand parity with IAS and other services '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . `` Central Secretariat employees demand timely promotions '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . `` Not only IAS , MHA opens doors for all services '' . The Week . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Other sources ( edit ) Powers and Duties of Officers and Employees as defined in the Manual of Office Procedure Prime Minister to oversee postings of Joint Secretaries by The Times of India hide Public Services of India All India Services Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) Indian Forest Service ( IFS ) Indian Police Service ( IPS ) Central Services Indian Railway Service of Engineers ( IRSE ) Central Power Engineering Service ( CPES ) Defence Research & Development Service ( DRDS ) Indian Audit and Accounts Service ( IA&AS ) Indian Civil Accounts Service ( ICAS ) Indian Corporate Law Service ( ICLS ) Indian Defence Accounts Service ( IDAS ) Indian Defence Estates Service ( IDES ) Indian Economic Service ( IES ) Indian Foreign Service ( IFS ) Indian Information Service ( IIS ) Indian Ordnance Factories Service ( IOFS ) Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service ( IPTAFS ) Indian Railway Accounts Service ( IRAS ) Indian Railway Personnel Service ( IRPS ) Indian Railway Traffic Service ( IRTS ) Indian Revenue Service ( IRS - IT / C&CE ) Indian Telecommunication Service ( ITS ) Indian Trade Service ( ITrS ) State Services Karnataka Administrative Service ( KAS ) Provincial Civil Service ( Uttar Pradesh ) ( PCS ) Rajasthan Administrative Service ( RAS ) Tamil Nadu Civil Service ( TNCS ) West Bengal Civil Service ( WBCS ) West Bengal Legal Service ( WBLS ) Others Civil Services of India State civil services of India hide Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country See also : Civil service reform in developing countries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Secretariat_Service&oldid=835934244 '' Categories : Civil Services of India Central Civil Services ( India ) Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions ( India ) Hidden categories : Articles containing Hindi - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles to be expanded from July 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Incomplete lists from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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pay scale of section officer in central secretariat

Position / Pay Grade in the Government of India Level and Rank in the Central Government Order of Precedence ( As per Presidential order ) Equivalent Position or Designation in the State Government ( s ) Entry Grade Assistant Section Officer / Entry - level ( Probationer ) OR Promoted from the post of UDC - Review Officer in State Secretariat Junior Time Scale Assistant Secretary / Section Officer - Section Officer Junior Time Scale ( NFSG ) Assistant Secretary / Assistant Director ( to the Directorate ) - Under Secretary / Sub-Divisional Magistrate Senior Time Scale Under Secretary or Deputy Director ( to the Directorate ) - Deputy Secretary / Additional District Magistrate 5 Junior Administrative Grade ( JAG ) Deputy Secretary or Joint Director ( to the Directorate ) - Joint Secretary / District Magistrate 6 Selection Grade Director - Additional Secretary / Deputy Commissioner / Special Secretary 7 Super Time Scale Joint Secretary to Government of India 26 Secretary / Divisional Commissioner

Charlie Hunnam - wikipedia Charlie Hunnam Jump to : navigation , search Charlie Hunnam Hunnam at the Berlinale 2017 Charles Matthew Hunnam ( 1980 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1980 ( age 37 ) Newcastle , Tyne and Wear , England Nationality English Education Heaton Manor School Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Katharine Towne ( m . 1999 -- 2002 ) Charles Matthew Hunnam ( born 10 April 1980 ) is an English actor . He is known for his roles as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) , Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared ( 2001 -- 02 ) , the title role in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Pete Dunham in Green Street ( 2005 ) , Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , and in the title role of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 2008 -- 2012 2.3 2013 -- present 2.4 Screenplays 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of William `` Billy '' Hunnam ( 1952 -- 2013 ) , a scrap metal merchant , and Jane ( née Bell ) Hunnam , a business owner . He lived in Australia from the age of 5 to 13 before moving back to the United Kingdom . His maternal grandmother was a portrait artist in Newcastle . Hunnam was the second child , born after brother William `` Billy '' . He has two younger half - brothers , Oliver and Christian , on his mother 's side . His parents divorced when he was two years old , and he moved to the village of Melmerby , Cumbria when he was 12 , as his mother remarried . He went to Heaton Manor School in Newcastle . After moving , he went to Ullswater Community College then Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith , Cumbria . He attended Cumbria College of Art and Design , now faculty of University of Cumbria , where he graduated with a degree in the theory and history of film with a side in performing arts . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) At the age of 17 , Hunnam was discovered in a shoe shop on Christmas Eve while drunkenly clowning around buying shoes for his brother . A production manager for the Newcastle - based children 's show Byker Grove approached him and Hunnam was later cast in his first role as Jason in three episodes of the show . He also had a brief modeling career where he did a shoot for Kangols Caps and then decided modeling was not for him . Aged 18 , his first major role came when he was cast by Russell T Davies as 15 - year - old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies ' Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk . He followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? ( 1999 ) and then moved to the US . His career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans . He then appeared in the short - lived Fox series Undeclared as an English drama student called Lloyd Haythe . Despite critical acclaim , the series was cancelled after one season . Hunnam then appeared on the large screen in Abandon ( 2002 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , and Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) . Hunnam has stated that he does not wish to simply take any role that he is offered : `` I have 60 years to make the money , but the choices I make in the next five years are really going to define my career . '' This decision resulted in his return to the UK to take the lead role of Pete Dunham in the film Green Street ( 2005 ) , however his attempts at delivering a Cockney accent resulted in his inclusion in many critics ' `` worst accents in movie history '' lists . Hunnam says his role Patric , a member of `` The Fishes '' , in Children of Men ( 2006 ) , was the final part in his `` trilogy of mad men '' . `` I played the psycho in Cold Mountain , my character in Green Street is fairly psychotic and now I 've got this role . '' 2008 -- 2012 ( edit ) Hunnam at the San Diego Comic Con , 25 July 2010 From 2008 to 2014 , Hunnam starred as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in Sons of Anarchy , a show about a prominent motorcycle club in a small fictional California town . Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter , the creator of the show , saw him in Green Street . His portrayal as Jax Teller has led Hunnam to receive a Critics ' Choice Television Award nomination , three EWwy Award nominations for Best Lead Actor in a Drama series , and a PAAFTJ Award nomination for Best Cast in a Drama Series . In 2011 , Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama / thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman . In 2012 , he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom alongside , among others , his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman . Hunnam said that he considered the day that he filmed scenes with Perlman for that film the best and funniest day of filming he 's ever had in his whole career . He also appeared as Jay , an ex-boxer , in Stefan Ruzowitzky 's crime drama Deadfall ( 2012 ) . 2013 -- present ( edit ) Hunnam at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toro 's sci - fi film Pacific Rim , that opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide . It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the lead role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E.L. James ' novel Fifty Shades of Grey . However , on 12 October 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy . On 2 June 2014 , Hunnam was awarded a Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor , for his role as Raleigh in Pacific Rim , due to the film performing very well in the Asian markets . Hunnam reunited with del Toro in the horror film Crimson Peak , alongside Mia Wasikowska , Tom Hiddleston , and Jessica Chastain . The film began shooting in February 2014 , and was released on 16 October 2015 . Hunnam starred as geographer Percy Fawcett in James Gray 's adventure drama The Lost City of Z , which was filmed from August 2015 to October 2015 , premiered at the New York Film Festival in 2016 , and was released in April 2017 . Hunnam also starred in Guy Ritchie 's action - adventure film King Arthur : Legend of the Sword , which was filmed between March 2015 and July 2015 , and was released in May 2017 . Screenplays ( edit ) Immediately prior to getting cast on Sons of Anarchy , he sold his screenplay Vlad to Summit Entertainment with Brad Pitt 's Plan B Studios co-producing . The film is being directed by music video director and photographer Anthony Mandler , and will focus on the real - life story of Vlad the Impaler . Hunnam learned the story from locals in Romania while shooting Cold Mountain . He stated that he had not acted in 18 months and was so broke that if he had not managed to sell the script he would have had to sell his house and move back to Britain to live with his mother . Hunnam is also developing a screenplay based on a 2011 Rolling Stone article that he optioned about Edgar Valdez Villareal , an American drug lord who ran one of the biggest cartels in Mexico . Another project he has in development is a film about gypsy culture in Britain , which he hopes to direct . He stated that it 's `` a part of English society that 's really seldom been explored , but is one of the most colourful and interesting parts of British society . '' Personal life ( edit ) In 1999 , Hunnam met actress Katharine Towne when they both auditioned for roles on Dawson 's Creek . After dating for three weeks , they married in Las Vegas . They divorced in 2002 . Hunnam has been dating artist Morgana McNelis since 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? Daz 2002 Abandon Embry Larkin 2002 Nicholas Nickleby Nicholas Nickleby 2003 Cold Mountain Bosie 2005 Green Street Pete Dunham 2006 Children of Men Patric 2011 Ledge , The The Ledge Gavin Nichols 2012 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom Frankie 2012 Deadfall Jay 2013 Pacific Rim Raleigh Becket 2015 Crimson Peak Alan McMichael 2016 The Lost City of Z Percy Fawcett 2017 King Arthur : Legend of the Sword King Arthur 2017 Papillon Henri Charrière Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Byker Grove Jason Chuckle 3 episodes 1999 My Wonderful Life Wes Episode : `` Moving On '' 1999 -- 2000 Queer as Folk Nathan Maloney 10 episodes 1999 Microsoap Brad Episode : `` 2.6 '' 2000 Young Americans Gregor Ryder 3 episodes 2001 -- 02 Undeclared Lloyd Haythe 18 episodes 2008 -- 14 Sons of Anarchy Jackson `` Jax '' Teller 92 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2002 National Board of Review Best Acting by an Ensemble Nicholas Nickleby Won 2013 Huading Awards Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor Pacific Rim Won 2017 CinemaCon Award Male Star of the Year King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Won Television ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2011 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated 2012 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists Best Cast in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actor Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivkin , Annabell ( 2 September 2005 ) . `` Hollywood Blonde '' . The Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` High Street card shop one of the best in UK '' . Kent and Sussex Courier. 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Walter ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam 's biker is riding a tightrope in ' Sons of Anarchy ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast : Charlie Hunnam '' . Nerdist. 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Charles Matthew Hunnam , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 - 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Hunnam on Sons of Anarchy , Pacific Rim , and Henry David Thoreau '' . Showbizjunkies.com. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Facebook fansite '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Charlie Hunnam Talks 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom , Internet Piracy , More '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Charlie Hunnam ? '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHARLIE HUNNAM , WHO GREW UP IN NORTH CUMBRIA , LANDS LEAD ROLE IN FIFTY SHADES OF GREY MOVIE '' . News & Star . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam coming home for new movie role '' . ChronicleLive . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Alumni '' . University of Cumbria ( UK ) . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appearance '' . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . NBC . 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth , Jon ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on His Calvin Klein Campaign , Leaving Sons of Anarchy , and His Next Not - So - Big Role '' . GQ . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Q&A '' . Female First . 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Barry J ( 25 April 2010 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam : The Queer as Folk star has grown into a burly biker with a top - rated cable show '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cockney Accent Film Set '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homesick in Hollywood '' . IC Newcastle. 25 June 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy -- Wheels on fire '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June - 2013 - Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` '' The Ledge , '' Featuring Charlie Hunnam , Liv Tyler , Patrick Wilson , Terrence Howard , Due in July `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` ' Frankie Go Boom ' Poster Features a Transgender Ron Perlman ( Photo ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Interviews : 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom '' . Comingsoon . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` ' Deadfall ' preems at Arclight '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rob ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Deadfall ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call : Charlie Hunnam to Star in Guillermo del Toro 's PACIFIC RIM ; Amber Heard and Shiloh Fernandez Like SYRUP '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam to Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam gets special honor at China 's Huading Film Awards - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlie Hunnam Talks Sons of Anarchy Final Season & Starring In New Movie : Crimson Peak ! . YouTube . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 18 January 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam in Early Talks to Join Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Legendary , Universal Date Guillermo del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' for October 2015 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Perry ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Robert Pattinson Spotted with Brad Pitt , while FKA Twigs tries on Wedding Dresses '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam on ' Sons , ' ' Fifty Shades ' fallout , and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy 's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie 's Choice For King Arthur - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` Charlie Hunnam , Margot Robbie Eyed for ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017 , ' Lights Out ' On July 22 , 2016 : WB Release Date Changes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Star Talks About His Vlad Script '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story of ' Vlad ' the Impaler Wo n't Touch on Vampirism '' . BloodyDisgusting . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam confirmed as Christian Grey in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' movie '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GQ&A : Charlie Hunnam '' . British GQ . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam ready for battle in Pacific Rim '' . St Albert Leader . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam Credits Failed Marriage For Helping Him Find Fame '' . Contact Music . 7 November 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` Who Is Morgana McNelis ? Five Things to Know About Charlie Hunnam 's Girlfriend '' . People . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Has A Message For Fangirls Bullying Longtime Girlfriend '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam asks fans to stop attacking his girlfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Asks Fans to Stop Attacking His Girlfriend : ' She Is an Intelligent , Beautiful , Kind Person ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff . `` Who Was Nominated for the 2015 People 's Choice Awards ( Full List ) '' . WSJ . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlie Hunnam . 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who is the actor that plays jax in sons of anarchy

Charles Matthew Hunnam ( born 10 April 1980 ) is an English actor . He is known for his roles as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) , Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared ( 2001 -- 02 ) , the title role in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Pete Dunham in Green Street ( 2005 ) , Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , and in the title role of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) .

Immaculate Conception - wikipedia Immaculate Conception Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Immaculate Conception ( disambiguation ) . `` Immaculata '' , `` Immacolata '' , and `` Mary Immaculate '' redirect here . For other uses , see Immaculata ( disambiguation ) , Immacolata ( disambiguation ) , and Mary Immaculate ( disambiguation ) . Immaculate Conception of Mary La Purísima Inmaculada Concepción by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo , 1678 , now in Museo del Prado , Spain . Venerated in Roman Catholic Church Some Oriental Orthodox Churches Anglican Communion Feast December 8 Attributes crescent moon , halo of twelve stars , blue robe , putti , serpent underfoot , Assumption into heaven Patronage Brazil Korea Macau Nicaragua Paraguay Philippines Portugal Spain United States Uruguay The Immaculate Conception , according to the teaching of the Catholic Church , is the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary free from original sin by virtue of the merits of her son Jesus Christ . The Catholic Church teaches that God acted upon Mary in the first moment of her conception keeping her `` immaculate '' . The Immaculate Conception is commonly confused with the Virgin Birth of Jesus . Jesus 's birth is covered by the Doctrine of Incarnation , while the Immaculate Conception deals with the conception of Mary , not that of her son . Although the belief that Mary was sinless , or conceived without original sin , has been widely held since Late Antiquity , the doctrine was not dogmatically defined until 1854 , by Pope Pius IX in his papal bull Ineffabilis Deus . The Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 ; in many Catholic countries , it is a holy day of obligation or patronal feast , and in some a national public holiday . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distinctions 1.1 Original sin and actual ( personal ) sin 1.2 Virginal conception 1.3 Redemption 2 History 2.1 Church Fathers 2.2 Medieval dispute about the doctrine 2.3 Definition of the dogma 2.4 Later developments 3 Patronages 4 Feast day 5 Other churches 5.1 Eastern and Oriental Orthodox 5.2 Old Catholic 5.3 Protestantism 5.4 Anglicanism 6 Islam 7 Prayers and hymns 8 Artistic representations 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 External links Distinctions ( edit ) Original sin and actual ( personal ) sin ( edit ) The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only , saying that Mary was preserved from any stain ( in Latin , macula or labes , the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition ) . The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states , `` that the most Blessed Virgin Mary , in the first instance of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God , in view of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of the human race , was preserved free from all stain of original sin . '' Therefore , being always free from original sin , the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth . The definition makes no declaration about the Church 's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin . However , the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally , `` free from all sin , original or personal '' . The Council of Trent decreed : `` If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more , nor lose grace , and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified ; or , on the contrary , that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins , except by a special privilege of God , as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin : let him be anathema . '' A series of articles on Mother of Jesus Chronology Presentation of Mary Annunciation Visitation Marriage Joseph Virgin birth Nativity Holy Family Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Flight into Egypt Finding in the Temple Cana Crucifixion Resurrection Pentecost Marian perspectives Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Anglican Lutheran Ecumenical Latter Day Saint Islamic Catholic Mariology Mariology History of Mariology Papal teachings Saints Marian dogmas Immaculate Conception Theotokos ( Mother of God ) Assumption Perpetual virginity Mary in culture Art Feast days Hymns Music Shrines Titles Virginal Conception ( edit ) The doctrine of the immaculate conception ( Mary being conceived free from original sin ) is not to be confused with the virginal conception of her son Jesus . This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media . Catholics believe that Mary was conceived of both parents traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne . In 1677 , the Holy See condemned the error of Imperiali who taught that St. Anne in the conception and birth of Mary remained virgin which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century . The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception ( when Mary was conceived free from original sin ) on 8 December , exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary . The feast of the Annunciation ( which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus ) is celebrated on 25 March , nine months before Christmas Day . Redemption ( edit ) Another misunderstanding is that , by her immaculate conception , Mary did not need a saviour . When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus , Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime . He stated that Mary , rather than being cleansed after sin , was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ , the Savior of the human race . In Luke 1 : 47 , Mary proclaims : `` My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour . '' This is referred to as Mary 's pre-redemption by Christ . Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism , the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless , he would still require God 's grace to remain sinless . History ( edit ) A feast of the Conception of the Most Holy and All Pure Mother of God was celebrated in Syria on 8 December perhaps as early as the 5th century . Note that the title of achrantos ( spotless , immaculate , all - pure ) refers to the holiness of Mary , not specifically to the holiness of her conception . An 11th - century Eastern Orthodox icon of the Theotokos Panachranta , i.e. the `` all immaculate '' Mary Mary 's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium . Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen , his explanation of the `` purification '' of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision ( Luke 2 : 22 ) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of `` purification '' in Christology ( and by extension in Mariology ) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace ( e.g. , Jesus at his Baptism ) . St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as `` prokathartheisa ( prepurified ) . '' Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory . Gregory 's doctrines surrounding Mary 's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas . Nazianzen 's title of Mary at the Annunciation as `` prepurified '' was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception . This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene , who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers . About the time of Damascene , the public celebration of the `` Conception of St. Ann ( i.e. , of the Theotokos in her womb ) '' was becoming popular . After this period , the `` purification '' of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts , but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary 's very conception ( along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler ) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium ( e.g. , St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius ) . Church Fathers ( edit ) It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century . It is also agreed that `` no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture '' . But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers . Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are , it is pointed out , so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual . Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as `` in every respect holy '' , `` in all things unstained '' , `` super-innocent '' , and `` singularly holy '' are applied to her ; she is compared to Eve before the fall , as ancestress of a redeemed people ; she is `` the earth before it was accursed '' . The well - known words of St. Augustine ( d . 430 ) may be cited : `` As regards the mother of God , '' he says , `` I will not allow any question whatever of sin . '' It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin . But his argument is that all men are sinners ; that they are so through original depravity ; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God , and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin `` of every sort '' ( omni ex parte ) . Although the doctrine of Mary 's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin ( and particularly Frankish ) theologians , it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen 's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East . Although hymnographers and scholars , like the Emperor Justinian I , were accustomed to call Mary `` prepurified '' in their poetic and credal statements , the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen 's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem . In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate , when she was `` purified '' at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally `` holier than all ' Men ' born of woman '' since Mary 's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero . Sophronius ' teaching is augmented and incorporated by St. John Damascene ( d . 749 / 750 ) . John , besides many passages wherein he extolls the Theotokos for her purification at the Annunciation , grants her the unique honor of `` purifying the waters of baptism by touching them . '' This honor was most famously and firstly attributed to Christ , especially in the legacy of Nazianzen . As such , Nazianzen 's assertion of parallel holiness between the prepurified Mary and purified Jesus of the New Testament is made even more explicit in Damascene in his discourse on Mary 's holiness to also imitate Christ 's baptism at the Jordan . The Damascene 's hymnongraphy and De fide Orthodoxa explicitly use Mary 's `` pre purification '' as a key to understanding her absolute holiness and unsullied human nature . In fact , Damascene ( along with Nazianzen ) serves as the source for nearly all subsequent promotion of Mary 's complete holiness from her Conception by the `` all pure seed '' of Joachim and the womb `` wider than heaven '' of St. Ann . Medieval dispute about the doctrine ( edit ) Part of a series on the Mariology of the Catholic Church Virgo by Josef Moroder - Lusenberg Overview ( show ) Prayers Antiphons Hymns to Mary Devotional practices Prayers ( show ) Angelus Fátima Prayers Flos Carmeli Hail Mary Hail Mary of Gold Immaculata prayer Magnificat Mary , Mother of Grace Mary Our Queen Memorare Sub tuum praesidium Antiphons ( show ) Alma Redemptoris Mater Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Salve Regina Hymns to Mary ( show ) Hail Queen of Heaven , the Ocean Star Immaculate Mary Lo , How a Rose E'er Blooming O Sanctissima Regina Coeli Stabat Mater Devotional practices ( show ) Acts of Reparation Consecration to Mary First Saturdays Rosary Seven Joys of the Virgin Seven Sorrows of Mary Three Hail Marys Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholicism portal It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who , in the 12th century , explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception . A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West . St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See . In doing so , he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless . It is doubtful , however , whether he was using the term `` conception '' in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX . Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother 's cooperation , for in his argument he says : `` How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence ( libido ) ? '' and stronger expressions follow , showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child . Saint Thomas Aquinas refused to concede the Immaculate Conception , on the ground that , unless the Blessed Virgin had at one time or other been one of the sinful , she could not justly be said to have been redeemed by Christ . Saint Bonaventure ( d . 1274 ) , second only to Saint Thomas in his influence on the Christian schools of his age , hesitated to accept it for a similar reason . He believed that Mary was completely free from sin , but that she was not given this grace at the instant of her conception . The celebrated John Duns Scotus ( d . 1308 ) , a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure , argued , on the contrary , that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin , as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered . Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ , he argued that Mary 's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history . The arguments of Scotus , combined with a better acquaintance with the language of the early Fathers , gradually prevailed in the schools of the Western Church . In 1387 the university of Paris strongly condemned the opposite view . Scotus 's arguments remained controversial , however , particularly among the Dominicans , who were willing enough to celebrate Mary 's sanctificatio ( being made free from sin ) but , following the Dominican Thomas Aquinas ' arguments , continued to insist that her sanctification could not have occurred until after her conception . Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary 's conception . In 1439 , the Council of Basel , which is not reckoned an ecumenical council , stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith . By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties , but such was the influence of the Dominicans , and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas ( who had been canonised in 1323 and declared `` Doctor Angelicus '' of the Church in 1567 ) that the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 63 ) -- which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine -- instead declined to take a position . The papal bull defining the dogma , Ineffabilis Deus ( 1854 ) , mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3 : 15 as referring to a woman , Mary , who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him . It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary 's `` wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence '' `` in that ark of Noah , which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world ; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven , by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended , and on whose top the Lord himself leaned ; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides , which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully ; in that impregnable tower before the enemy , from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong ; in that garden enclosed on all sides , which can not be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots ; in that resplendent city of God , which has its foundations on the holy mountains ; in that most august temple of God , which , radiant with divine splendours , is full of the glory of God ; and in very many other biblical types of this kind . '' The bull recounts that the Fathers interpreted the angel 's address to Mary , `` highly favoured one '' or `` full of grace '' , as indicating that `` she was never subject to the curse and was , together with her Son , the only partaker of perpetual benediction '' ; they `` frequently compare her to Eve while yet a virgin , while yet innocence , while yet incorrupt , while not yet deceived by the deadly snares of the most treacherous serpent '' . Definition of the dogma ( edit ) Altar of the Immaculata by Joseph Lusenberg , 1876 . Saint Antony 's Church , Urtijëi , Italy . The theological underpinnings of Immaculate Conception had been the subject of debate during the Middle Ages with opposition provided by figures such as Saint Thomas Aquinas , a Dominican . However , supportive arguments by Franciscans William of Ware and Duns Scotus , and general belief among Catholics made the doctrine more acceptable , so that the Council of Basel supported it in the 15th century , but the Council of Trent sidestepped the question . Pope Sixtus IV , a Franciscan , had tried to pacify the situation by forbidding either side from criticizing each other , and placed the feast of the Immaculate Conception on the Roman Calendar in 1477 , but Pope Pius V , a Dominican , changed it to the feast of the Conception of Mary . Clement XI made the feast universal in 1708 , but still did not call it the feast of the Immaculate Conception . Popular and theological support for the concept continued to grow and by the 18th century it was widely depicted in art . During the reign of Pope Gregory XVI the bishops in various countries began to press for a definition as dogma of the teaching of Mary 's immaculate conception . In 1839 Mariano Spada ( 1796 - 1872 ) , professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas , published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell ' Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale , relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria ( A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas , the Angelic Doctor , regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary ) , in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary 's womb . Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas ' teaching . Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867 . Pius IX , at the beginning of his pontificate , and again after 1851 , appointed commissions to investigate the whole subject , and he was advised that the doctrine was one which could be defined and that the time for a definition was opportune . It was not until 1854 that Pope Pius IX , with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops , whom he had consulted between 1851 -- 1853 , promulgated the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus ( Latin for `` Ineffable God '' ) , which defined ex cathedra the dogma of the Immaculate Conception : We declare , pronounce and define that the doctrine which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary , at the first instant of her conception , by a singular privilege and grace of the Omnipotent God , in virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of mankind , was preserved immaculate from all stain of original sin , has been revealed by God , and therefore should firmly and constantly be believed by all the faithful . -- Pope Pius IX , Ineffabilis Deus , December 8 , 1854 The dogma was defined in accordance with the conditions of papal infallibility , which would be defined in 1870 by the First Vatican Council . The papal definition of the dogma declares with absolute certainty and authority that Mary possessed sanctifying grace from the first instant of her existence and was free from the lack of grace caused by the original sin at the beginning of human history . Mary 's salvation was won by her son Jesus Christ through his passion , death , and resurrection and was not due to her own merits . This theological step is directly related to the political situation of the time - i.e. the rise of Italian nationalism and the move towards Unification of Italy - which posed a direct threat to end the millennium - old Temporal Power of the Papacy in the city of Rome ( as would indeed come about in 1871 ) . The Papal doctrinal announcement was clearly designed to bolster and strengthen the position of the Church in face of this dire crisis. . Later developments ( edit ) For the Roman Catholic Church the dogma of the Immaculate Conception gained additional significance from the reputed apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1858 . At Lourdes a 14 - year - old girl , Bernadette Soubirous , claimed that a beautiful woman appeared to her and said , `` I am the Immaculate Conception '' . Many believe the woman to have been the Blessed Virgin Mary and pray to her as such . Pope Pius IX defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception `` not so much because of proofs in Scripture or ancient tradition , but due to a profound sensus fidelium and the Magisterium '' . Speaking of the witness of the Church Fathers in claiming for Mary titles such as `` Free from all contagion of sin '' , Pope Pius XII wrote : If the popular praises of the Blessed Virgin Mary be given the careful consideration they deserve , who will dare to doubt that she , who was purer than the angels and at all times pure , was at any moment , even for the briefest instant , not free from every stain of sin ? The Roman Catholic tradition has a well - established philosophy for the study of the Immaculate Conception and the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the field of Mariology , with Pontifical schools such as the Marianum specifically devoted to this . According to Bernard Ullathorne , a 19th - century English Roman Catholic prelate , `` the expressions - The Immaculate Conception - The Immaculate Preservation - The Immunity - and Exception from original sin , are all phrases which bear the same signification , and are used equally to express one and the same mystery . '' Patronages ( edit ) Main article : Patronages of the Immaculate Conception A number of countries are considered to be under the patronage of the Immaculate Conception by pontifical decree . These include Argentina , Brazil , Korea , Nicaragua , Paraguay , Philippines , Spain ( old kingdoms and the present state ) , the United States and Uruguay . By royal decree under the House of Braganza , it is the principal Patroness of Portugal . Feast Day ( edit ) By 750 , the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East , under the name of the Conception ( active ) of Saint Anne . In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception ( passive ) of Mary , and was associated particularly with the Normans , whether these introduced it directly from the East or took it from English usage . The spread of the feast , by now with the adjective `` Immaculate '' attached to its title , met opposition on the part of some , on the grounds that sanctification was possible only after conception . Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux , Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas . Other theologians defended the expression `` Immaculate Conception '' , pointing out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ , a view held especially by Franciscans . William of Ware and Blessed John Duns Scotus pointed out that Mary 's Immaculate Conception enhances Jesus ' redemptive work . One of the chief proponents of the doctrine was the Hungarian Franciscan Pelbartus Ladislaus of Temesvár . On 28 February 1476 , Pope Sixtus IV , authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so , and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477 , with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast . With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477 , in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary , without using the word `` Immaculate '' , he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave , and he used the word `` immaculate '' of Mary , but applied instead the adjective `` miraculous '' to her conception . On 4 September 1483 , referring to the feast as that of `` the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin '' , he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the `` glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin '' and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that `` the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin '' , since , he said , `` up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See . '' This decree was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent . Pope Pius V , while including the feast in the Tridentine Calendar , removed the adjective `` Immaculate '' and suppressed the existing special Mass for the feast , directing that the Mass for the Nativity of Mary ( with the word `` Nativity '' replaced by `` Conception '' ) be used instead . Part of that earlier Mass was revived in the Mass that Pope Pius IX ordered to be used on the feast and that is still in use . On 6 December 1708 , Pope Clement XI made the feast of the Conception of Mary , at that time still with the Nativity of Mary formula for the Mass , a Holy Day of Obligation . Until Pope Pius X reduced in 1911 the number of Holy Days of Obligation to 8 , there were in the course of the year 36 such days , apart from Sundays . Writers such as Sarah Jane Boss interpret the existence of the feast as a strong indication of the Church 's traditional belief in the Immaculate Conception . the procession of the Quadrittu of the Immaculate Conception taken on 7 December in Saponara , Sicily Other churches ( edit ) For differing reasons , belief in Mary 's immaculate conception in the Catholic doctrinal form is not part of the official doctrines of the Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Anglican and Protestant churches . Eastern and Oriental Orthodox ( edit ) The Immaculate Conception is also portrayed by artists in the Orthodox Church , for example Holy Mary in Perlez , Vojvodina , Serbia . Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an `` over-elaboration '' of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin . All the same , the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios , Damascene , and their imitators . The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary 's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas . Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature , traditional objections to Palamas ' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of `` the purification of Mary '' at the Annunciation . Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus ' purification at His baptism and Mary 's at the Annunciation , but Theophanes of Nicaea , Joseph Bryennius , and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary 's Conception as the first moment of her all - immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced . In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius , St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary 's title as `` prepurified '' against the Dominican , Manuel Calecas , who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary 's all - holiness from the first moment of her existence . In the tradition of Ethiopian Orthodoxy , the Kebra Nagast says : He cleansed EVE 'S body and sanctified it and made for it a dwelling in her for ADAM 'S salvation . She ( i.e. , MARY ) was born without blemish , for He made her pure , without pollution , and she redeemed his debt without carnal union and embrace ... Through the transgression of EVE we died and were buried , and by the purity of MARY we receive honour , and are exalted to the heights . -- Kebra Nagast ( emphasis added ) Old Catholic ( edit ) While Old Catholics do not reject the Immaculate Conception of Mary , and some of their parishes venerate Mary as immaculately conceived and celebrate the feast of her Immaculate Conception , they do not accept its definition as a dogma , since they reject papal infallibility and with it the Pope 's authority to define dogma . Protestantism ( edit ) Martin Luther , who initiated the Protestant Reformation , said : `` Mother Mary , like us , was born in sin of sinful parents , but the Holy Spirit covered her , sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood , but not with sinful flesh and blood . The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true , natural human being of flesh and blood , just as we . However , he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child , not poisoned by sin as we are . For in that moment when she conceived , she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit , at once God and truly man , in one person . '' Some Lutherans , such as the members of the Anglo - Lutheran Catholic Church , support the doctrine . Most Protestants reject the doctrine because they do not consider the development of dogmatic theology to be authoritative apart from biblical exegesis , and because the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception is not taught in the Bible . The formal pronouncement of Mary 's Immaculate Conception by the Catholic Church in 1854 further alienated some Protestant churches largely due to its implication that not all have sinned . Anglicanism ( edit ) Belief in Mary 's immaculate conception is not a doctrine within Anglicanism , although it is shared by many Anglo - Catholics . In the Church of England 's Common Worship prayer book , 8 December is designated a Lesser Festival of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( without the adjective `` immaculate '' ) . The report `` Mary : Faith and Hope in Christ '' , by the Anglican - Roman Catholic International Commission , concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions . But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be `` revealed by God '' , stating : `` The question arises for Anglicans , however , as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith . '' Other than Anglo - Catholics , most Anglicans reject the doctrine that Mary was sinless and conceived without original sin , often citing that it is not within the Holy Scripture and is against the redemptive role and purpose of Jesus Christ merited for all human beings . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Mary in Islam Manuscript of Chapter 19 ( Sūratu Maryam ) from a 9th - century Qur'an , Turkey . Official Islamic teachings highly regard the Virgin Mary as a sublime model of both purity and piety . An entire Sura chapter of the Qur'an is dedicated to her nobility , holiness , and fiat obedience to God . Among Islamic circles and discussions , she is often given a prominent status being the supreme feminine model of sanctity and maternal virtue . Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam . Thus , commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an , `` I have called her Mary ; and I commend her to thy protection , and also her issue , against Satan driven away with stones '' , George Sale stated : `` It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage . For according to a tradition of Mohammed , every person that comes into the world , is touched at his birth by the devil , and therefore cries out , Mary and her son only excepted ; between whom , and the evil spirit God placed a veil , so that his touch did not reach them . And for this reason they say , neither of them were guilty of any sin , like the rest of the children of Adam . '' Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam . The Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate ; her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian doctrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam . Moreover , Hannah 's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan ( Shayṭān ) was said after it had already been born , not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have . The Muslim tradition or hadith , which states that the only children born without the `` touch of Satan '' were Mary and Jesus , should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran , and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement . The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people , in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse ( O Satan , ) surely thou shalt have no power over My servants , except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee ( 15 : 42 ) . Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching . In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , published in 1788 , Edward Gibbon wrote : `` The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother . '' That he was speaking of her immaculate conception by her mother , not of her own virginal conception of Jesus , is shown by his footnote : `` In the xiith century the immaculate conception was condemned by St. Bernard as a presumptuous novelty . '' In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854 , this charge was repeated : `` Strange as it may appear , that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated , with so much pomp and ceremony , ' for the destruction of all heresies , and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents ' , should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible ; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon , and Sale , and Forster , and Gagnier , and Maracci , leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact . '' Without making Islamic belief the origin of the doctrine defined in 1854 , a similarity between the two has been noted also by Roman Catholic writers such as Thomas Patrick Hughes , William Bernard Ullathorne , Giancarlo Finazzo . Prayers and hymns ( edit ) The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary 's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception . An example is the antiphon that begins : `` Tota pulchra es , Maria , et macula originalis non est in te '' ( `` You are all beautiful , Mary , and the original stain ( of sin ) is not in you . '' It continues : `` Your clothing is white as snow , and your face is like the sun . You are all beautiful , Mary , and the original stain ( of sin ) is not in you . You are the glory of Jerusalem , you are the joy of Israel , you give honour to our people . You are all beautiful , Mary . '' ) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music , polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner , Pablo Casals , Maurice Duruflé , Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki , no : Ola Gjeilo , José Maurício Nunes Garcia , and Nikolaus Schapfl , Other prayers honouring Mary 's immaculate conception are in use outside the formal liturgy . The hymn Immaculate Mary , addressed to Mary as the Immaculately Conceived One , is closely associated with Lourdes . The Immaculata prayer , composed by Saint Maximillian Kolbe , is a prayer of entrustment to Mary as the Immaculata . A novena of prayers , with a specific prayer for each of the nine days has been composed under the title of the Immaculate Conception Novena . Artistic representations ( edit ) Main article : Roman Catholic Marian art Swiss emblem 16th century The 1476 extension of the feast of the Immaculate Conception to the entire Latin Church reduced the likelihood of controversy for the artist or patron in depicting an image , so that emblems depicting The Immaculate Conception began to appear . Many artists in the 15th century faced the problem of how to depict an abstract idea such as the Immaculate Conception , and the problem was not fully solved for 150 years . The Italian Renaissance artist Piero di Cosimo was among those artists who tried new solutions , but none of these became generally adopted so that the subject matter would be immediately recognisable to the faithful . The definitive iconography for the Immaculate Conception , drawing on the emblem tradition , seems to have been finally established by the master and then father - in - law of Diego Velázquez , the painter and theorist Francisco Pacheco . Pacheco 's iconography influenced other Spanish artists or artists active in Spain such as El Greco , Bartolomé Murillo , Diego Velázquez , and Francisco Zurbarán , who each produced a number of artistic masterpieces based on the use of these same symbols . The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe , and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept : in a heavenly realm , moments after her creation , the spirit of Mary ( in the form of a young woman ) looks up in awe at ( or bows her head to ) God . The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head , possibly a reference to `` a woman clothed with the sun '' from Revelation 12 : 1 -- 2 . Additional imagery may include clouds , a golden light , and putti . In some paintings the putti are holding lilies and roses , flowers often associated with Mary . di Cosimo , Immaculate Conception , 1505 Rubens , Immaculate Conception , 1628 -- 1629 Zurbarán , Immaculate Conception , 1630 Murillo , Immaculate Conception , 1650 Murillo , Immaculate Conception , 1660 Murillo , Immaculate Conception , 1678 Carlo Maratta , 1689 Juan Antonio Escalante , 17th century Santa Maria degli Angeli , Rome Baroque altar in Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church , Portugal Caxias do Sul museum , Brazil Statue , Porto Alegre , Brazil , 19th century Palmi , Immaculate Conception , 1925 Nicaragua , Immaculate Conception , 1950 Our Lady of Aparecida , Brasilia The Immaculate Conception , Church of the Immaculate Conception in Santa Cruz de Tenerife ( Spain ) . See also ( edit ) Play media Immaculate Conception celebration in Guatemala . Catholicism portal Act for the Immaculate Conception of Mary Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ( disambiguation ) Congregation of the Immaculate Conception Feast of the Immaculate Conception Immaculate Mary Immaculata prayer Miraculous medal Marian doctrines of the Catholic Church Mother of God ( Roman Catholic ) Original sin Patronages of the Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity of Mary Roman Catholic Marian art Virgin birth of Jesus Bibliography ( edit ) Le Franc , Martin . The Conception of Mary -- A Rhyming Translation of Book V of Le Champion des Dames by Martin Le Franc ( 1410 - 1461 ) . Ed. and trans . Steven Millen Taylor . Lewiston , NY : The Edwin Mellen Press , 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Denzinger , 1100 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 490 - 493 Jump up ^ `` Christianity : Immaculate Conception '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` the doctrine which holds that the most Blessed Virgin Mary , in the first instance of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God , in view of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of the human race , was preserved free from all stain of original sin '' ( Encyclical Ineffabilis Deus of Pope Pius IX ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION '' . Jump up ^ Encyclical Mystici Corporis , 110 Archived March 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Catechetics Online '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ As the Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) somewhat coyly puts it , `` Her body was formed in the womb of the mother , and the father had the usual share in its formation . The question does not concern the immaculateness of the generative activity of her parents '' , `` Immaculate Conception '' , Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : St. Anne '' . Jump up ^ The Catholicism Answer Book by John Trigilio , Kenneth Brighenti 2007 ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0806 - 5 page 59 - 62 Jump up ^ What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary by Terrence J. McNally ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 pages 104 - 108 Jump up ^ Council of Orange II , Canon 19 Archived 2009 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . `` That no one is saved except by God 's mercy . Even if human nature remained in that integrity in which it was formed , it would in no way save itself without the help of its Creator ; therefore , since without the grace of God it can not guard the health which it received , how without the grace of God will it be able to recover what it has lost ? '' Jump up ^ Theology for Beginners by Francis Joseph Sheed 1958 ISBN 0 - 7220 - 7425 - 5 pages 134 - 138 Jump up ^ `` The celebration of the Mother of God as immaculate ( achrantos ) , is a clear and universal recognition of her exceptional and iconic sanctity . Orthodoxy did not follow the path of Roman Catholicism in moving towards a recognition of her Immaculate Conception '' ( John Anthony McGuckin , The Orthodox Church : An Introduction to Its History , Doctrine , and Spiritual Culture ( Blackwell 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3731 - 0 ) , p. 218 . ) Jump up ^ Raymond Burke , 2008 , Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , seminarians , and Consecrated Persons Queenship Publishing ISBN 1 - 57918 - 355 - 7 page 251 Jump up ^ Patrologia Graeca 36 : 326B 41 - 42 ; idem , 36 : 633C 7 - 8 Jump up ^ Brian Daley , Gregory of Nazianzus ( The Early Christian Church Fathers ) , New York 2006 , 115 - 118 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Cabasilas ( † 1371 ? ) . Homélies sur la Nativité , L'Annonciation et la Dormition de la Sainte Vierge , ed . M. Jugie ( Patrologia Orientalis 19 ) , Turnhout 1990 , pp. 456 - 512 ( ch. 10 , lines 1 - 8 ) : `` If there are some of the holy doctors who say that the Virgin is ' prepurified ( προκεκαθάρθαι ) ' by the Spirit , then it is yet necessary to think that ' purification ( κάθαρσιν ) ' ( i.e. an addition of graces ) is intended by these authors , and these ( doctors ) say that this is the way the angels are ' purified , ' with respect to whom there is nothing knavish . '' Jump up ^ Joseph Bryennius , Ιὠσῆφ Μαναχοῦ τοῦ Βρυεννίου τὰ εὐρεθέντα , vol. 3 , ed . E. Bulgaris ( Thessaloniki : 1990 ) , 31 : `` He says : ' Yet , on one hand , how did another Mother of God not come about ? ' But , on the other hand : ' Had she some sort of virtue / excellence , because of which she was honored above all women ? ' First , another woman was not chosen over her , because while God foreknew all women , he sanctified ( ἡγίασεν ) the future woman from her mother 's womb , purer ( καθαρωτέραν ) than other women , who were going to come to exist ; but he eschewed all unworthy persons with respect to her , as is reasonable . But she procured for herself the excellence superior to all men and ( procured for her ) to be prepared as a containing receptacle of the divinity , which ( same receptacle ) was prepurified ( τὸ προκαθαρθῆναι ) by the Holy Spirit ; O what a marvel , indeed ! '' ^ Jump up to : Frederick Holweck , `` Immaculate Conception '' in The Catholic Encyclopedia 1910 Jump up ^ Brian Reynolds , Gateway to Heaven : Marian Doctrine and Devotion Image and Typology in the Patristic and Medieval Periods , vol. 1 ( NY : New City Press , 2012 ) , 348 - 353 . Jump up ^ Sophronios of Jerusalem , In Sanctissimae Deiparae Annuntiationem ( Patrologia Graeca 87.3 : 3248A 24 ) : `` Οὐδεὶς κατά σε μεμακάρισται , οὐδεὶς κατά σε καθαγίασται οὐδεὶς κατά σε μεμεγάλυνται , οὐδεὶς κατά σε προκεκάθαρται οὐδεὶς κατά σε περιηύγασται , οὐδεὶς κατά σε ἐκπεφώτισται . '' N.B. , oudeis kata se prokekathartai was rendered in Latin as nemo , sicut tu , purificante gratia praeoccupatus est . '' Jump up ^ Sophronios of Jerusalem , In Sanctissimae Deiparae Annuntiationem ( Patrologia Graeca , 87.3 : 3273D 43 ) : `` Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπὶ σὲ , τὴν ἀμόλυντον , κάτεισι , καθαρωτέραν σε ποιησόμενον , καὶ καρπογόνον σοι παρεξόμενον δύναμιν . '' ; idem , Encomium in S. Iohannem Baptistam , PG 87 : 3332C Jump up ^ `` The air , the fiery ether , the sky would have been made holy by the ascent of her spirit , as earth was sanctified by the deposition of her body . Even water had its share in the blessing : for she was washed in pure water , which did not so much cleanse her as it was itself consecrated . '' See John Damascene , On the Holy and Glorious Dormition and Transformation of Our Lady Mary , Mother of God and Ever - Virgin by Our Holy Father John , Monk of Damascus and Son of Mansour . Homily 2 , in On the Dormition of Mary : Early Patristic Homilies , tr . B. Daley ( Crestwood , NY : 1998 ) , 215 . Jump up ^ Christiaan Kappes , The Immaculate Conception : Why Thomas Aquinas Denied , While John Duns Scotus , Gregory Palamas , and Mark Eugenicus Professed the Absolute Immaculate Existence of Mary ( Bedford , MA : Academy of the Immaculate , 2014 ) , 39 - 61 Jump up ^ `` Summa Theologica , Volume 4 ( Part III , First Section ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Mary 's Immaculate Conception '' . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of theology : a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 006 - 6 pages 896 - 898 Jump up ^ `` '' collegiate encyclopedia '' `` immaculate conception '' - Google Search `` . ^ Jump up to : Jenny Schroedel , The Everything Mary Book ( Adams 2006 ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 ) pp. 180 - 181 '' Jump up ^ Genesis 28 : 12 Jump up ^ Exodus 3 : 2 Jump up ^ Song 4 : 4 Jump up ^ Song 4 : 12 Jump up ^ Psalm 87 : 1 Jump up ^ Isaiah 6 : 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 28 Jump up ^ Edward Bouverie Pusey , First letter to the Very Rev. J.H. Newman ( J. Parker & Co. 1869 ) , p. 379 Jump up ^ Mary in the Christian tradition by Kathleen Coyle 1996 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 380 - 3 page 38 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages , Volume 2 by André Vauchez , Richard Barrie Dobson 2001 ISBN 1 - 57958 - 282 - 6 page 348 Jump up ^ Burke , Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , Seminarians , and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 pages 642 - 644 Jump up ^ The Catholic Reformation by Michael A. Mullett 1999 ISBN 0 - 415 - 18914 - 4 page 5 Jump up ^ `` These petitions were renewed in these our own times ; they were especially brought to the attention of Gregory XVI '' ( Ineffabilis Deus ) . Jump up ^ Pareri dell'episcopato cattolico , di capitoli ... etc. , sulla definizione ... - Pius IX ( pope . ) - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ 3 - 11 - 2013 ; Il mistero di Maria : teologia , storia , devozione by Giuseppe Damigella , p. 175 : `` Pio IX si senti ' sollevato dal peso teologico di dover sostenere una dottrina non fondata nel pensiero di san Tommaso , il cui insegnamento era allora , come oggi , ritenuto `` sicuro '' . '' Cf . A. Andaloro , `` P. Mariano Spada , o.p. interprete di San Tommaso sull'Immucolata Concezione , '' Catania , 1958 Jump up ^ The Creeds of Christendom by Philip Schaff 2009 ISBN 1 - 115 - 46834 - 0 page 211 Jump up ^ `` Papal Definition of the Immaculate Conception '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Miravalle , 1993 , Introduction to Mary , Queenship Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7 page 64 - 70 Jump up ^ Vatican website Jump up ^ `` Agenzia Fides - Congregazione per l'Evangelizzazione dei Popoli '' . Fides.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pope Pius XII , Encyclical Fulgens corona , 10 Archived 2008 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Centers of Marian Study `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Publisher 's Notice in the Second Italian Edition ( 1986 ) , reprinted in English Edition , Gabriel Roschini , O.S.M. ( 1989 ) . The Virgin Mary in the Writings of Maria Valtorta ( English Edition ) . Kolbe 's Publication Inc . ISBN 2 - 920285 - 08 - 4 Jump up ^ Ullathorne , William Bernard , The immaculate conception of the Mother of God , an exposition , 1855 . Jump up ^ Francis X . Weiser , The Holyday Book ( Harcourt , Brace and Co. 1956 ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Kunzler , The Church 's Liturgy ( Continuum International 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1353 - 6 ) , pp. 434 - 435 Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson , OSV 's Encyclopedia of Catholic History ( Our Sunday Visitor 2004 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59276 - 026 - 8 ) , p. 455 Jump up ^ Foley OFM , Leonard . `` Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception '' , Saint of the Day , ( revised by Pat McCloskey OFM ) , AmericanCatholic.org Jump up ^ Z.J. Kosztolnyik , Some Hungarian Theologians in the Late Renaissance , Church History . Volume : 57 . Issue : 1 , 1988 . Z.J. Kosztolnyik , Pelbartus of Temesvar : a Francican Preacher and Writer of the Late Middle Ages in Hungary , Vivarium , 5 / 1967 . Kenan B. Osborne , O.F.M. , The History of Franciscan Theology , The Franciscan Institute St. Bonaventure , New York , 1994 . Franklin H. Littell ( ed . ) , Reformation Studies , John Knox Press , Richmond , Virginia , 1962 . Jump up ^ John D. Bryant , The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary , Mother of God '' ( Boston 1855 ) , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : `` Catechetics Online '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pilgrimages Committee . `` St. Conleth 's Catholic Heritage Association : Immaculate Conception '' . Jump up ^ `` cavendish '' . Jump up ^ Decree of Our Most Holy Father Pope Paul V in Favor of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary , Mother of God . Lima , Peru : 1618 . World Digital Library . Jump up ^ `` LAND OF MARY IMMACULATE '' . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Supremi Disciplinae '' . Jump up ^ Mary by Sarah Jane Boss , Neil Warmsley 2004 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5788 - 6 page 139 Jump up ^ John Meyendorff , The Orthodox Church : Its Past and Its Role in the World Today ( St Vladimir 's Seminary Press 1996 ISBN 978 - 0 - 913836 - 81 - 1 ) , p. 181 Jump up ^ See https://www.academia.edu/4375213/The_Immaculate_Conception_Why_Thomas_Aquinas_Denied_While_John_Duns_Scotus_Gregory_Palamas_and_Mark_Eugenicus_Professed_the_Absolute_Immaculate_Existence_of_Mary , pp. 69 - 81 Jump up ^ Christiaan Kappes , The Immaculate Conception : Why Thomas Aquinas Denied , While John Duns Scotus , Gregory Palamas , and Mark Eugenicus Professed the Absolute Immaculate Existence of Mary ( Bedford , MA : Academy of the Immaculate , 2014 ) , 69 - 92 ; 157 - 169 Jump up ^ Mark of Ephesus , On the Distinction between Essence and Energy : First Antirrhetic against Manuel Kalekas . Editio princeps , ed . M. Pilavakis ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation ) , London 1987 : `` But He did so with her , after he prepurified ( προκαθαρθείσῃ ) her through a most profuse grace by means of the protecting Holy Spirit and divine power ... '' Jump up ^ `` The Kebra Nagast : 96 . Concerning the Prophecy about CHRIST '' . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About The North American Old Roman Catholic Church '' . North American Old Roman Catholic Church . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brecht , Martin ( 1985 ) . His Road to Reformation , 1483 -- 1521 . Martin Luther. 1 . Translated by James Schaaf . Philadelphia : Fortress Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2813 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Protestant faith by George Wolfgang Forell 1962 ISBN 0 - 8006 - 1095 - 4 page 23 Jump up ^ Jesus in history , thought , and culture : an encyclopedia , Volume 1 by James Leslie Houlden 2003 ISBN 1 - 57607 - 856 - 6 page Jump up ^ Our Lady Saint Mary by J.G.H. Barry , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 554 - 24332 - 6 , pages 25 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Common Worship '' . Jump up ^ Ecumenical Affairs - Dialogues - Anglican Roman Catholic Paragraph 78 - Accessed 8 December 2008 Jump up ^ Ecumenical Affairs - Dialogues - Anglican Roman Catholic Paragraph 60 - Accessed 8 December 2008 Jump up ^ George Sale , Koran , commonly called the Alcoran of Mohammed , chapter 3 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Quran 30 : 30 Jump up ^ http://sunnah.com/urn/44530 Sahih Bukhari Kitabul Tafseer ^ Jump up to : English 5 Volume Commentary https://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=386&region=E1 Jump up ^ Cleo McNelly Kearns , The Virgin Mary , Monotheism and Sacrifice ( Cambridge University Press 2008 ISBN 978 - 0 - 52187156 - 3 ) , p. 254 Jump up ^ Bukhari , Anbiya , 44 ; Muslim , Fada'il , trad. 146 , 147 Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon , The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , vol . V , chapter 50 Jump up ^ `` The Evangelical Repository and United Presbyterian Review '' . 1865 . Jump up ^ Thomas Patrick Hughes , A Dictionary of Islam . First published London 1885 ; reprinted by Asian Educational Services 2001 . ISBN 8120606728 , ISBN 9788120606722 . Entry `` IMMACULATE CONCEPTION '' . ( Google Books ) Quote : `` This doctrine was asserted by Muhammad ( Mishkāt , book i. , ch . iii. , pt. 1 ) . '' Jump up ^ William Bernard Ullathorne . The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God : An Exposition . First published 1855 ; ISBN 1 - 110 - 89977 - 7 . Chapter XIV , `` Mahomet and Martin Luther '' . ( Google Books ) Jump up ^ Giancarlo Finazzo . `` The Virgin Mary in the Koran '' . L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English , 13 April 1978 , page 4 . Quote : `` The dogma of the Immaculate Conception ... is univocally recognized by the Islamic religion . '' Jump up ^ The text ( in Latin ) is given at Tota Pulchra Es - GMEA Honor Chorus . Jump up ^ Tota pulchra es Maria , Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana , studio di Giovanni Vianini , Milano. 6 November 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Anton Bruckner - Tota pulchra es. 3 October 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Maurice Duruflé : Tota pulchra es Maria . 23 May 2010 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tota pulchra es - Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki. 17 June 2011 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ TOTA PULCHRA ES GREX VOCALIS. 21 May 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tota pulchra es , Maria Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana. 21 September 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tota Pulchra - Composed by Nikolaus Schapfl ( * 1963 ) . 4 January 2010 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Immaculate Conception Prayers '' . Jump up ^ `` Prayers of Consecration '' . Jump up ^ `` Nine Days Of Prayer - Immaculate Conception '' . Jump up ^ `` The Immaculate Conception in Images '' . Jump up ^ Ésotérisme , gnoses & imaginaire symbolique : mélanges offerts à Antoine Faivre by Richard Caron , Antoine Faivre 2001 ISBN 90 - 429 - 0955 - 2 page 676 Jump up ^ Divine Mirrors : The Virgin Mary in the Visual Arts by Melissa R. Katz and Robert A. Orsi 2001 ISBN 0 - 19 - 514557 - 7 page 98 Jump up ^ Our Lady in Art by Katherine Lee Rawlings Jenner 2009 ISBN 1 - 103 - 32689 - 9 pages 3 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Immaculate Conception . The Immaculate Conception in Art ( Painting ) Ineffabilis Deus ( Apostolic Constitution of Pope Pius IX defining the dogma of the Immaculate Conception ) Godzinki : The Little Hours of the Immaculate Conception St. Alphonsus Liguori 's writing on the Immaculate Conception in his book The Glories of Mary Catholic Encyclopedia entry on the Immaculate Conception Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Original Sin The Immaculate Conception . A study by a Melkite archimandrite The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God based on Juniper Carol 's Mariology and William Bernard Ullathornee 's book `` St. Augustine and Original Sin '' -- a short article on the different understandings of Original Sin in Eastern and Western Christianity , without distinguishing Protestant theology from Roman Catholic . The latter holds that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 ) . Original Sin According To St. Paul by John S. 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what is the distinction between the virgin birth and the immaculate conception

The Immaculate Conception is commonly confused with the Virgin Birth of Jesus . Jesus 's birth is covered by the Doctrine of Incarnation , while the Immaculate Conception deals with the conception of Mary , not that of her son .

300 win club - wikipedia 300 win club Cy Young is the all - time leader in wins . In Major League Baseball , the 300 win club is the group of pitchers who have won 300 or more games . Twenty - four pitchers have reached this milestone . The New York Gothams / Giants / San Francisco Giants are the only franchise to see three players reach the milestone while on their roster : those players are Mickey Welch , Christy Mathewson , and Randy Johnson . Early in the history of professional baseball , many of the rules favored the pitcher over the batter ; the distance pitchers threw to home plate was shorter than today , and pitchers were able to use foreign substances to alter the direction of the ball . The first player to win 300 games was Pud Galvin in 1888 . Seven pitchers recorded all or the majority of their career wins in the 19th century : Galvin , Cy Young , Kid Nichols , Tim Keefe , John Clarkson , Charley Radbourn , and Mickey Welch . Four more pitchers joined the club in the first quarter of the 20th century : Christy Mathewson , Walter Johnson , Eddie Plank , and Grover Cleveland Alexander . Young is the all - time leader in wins with 511 , a mark that is considered unbreakable . If a modern - day pitcher won 20 games per season for 25 seasons , he would still be 11 games short of Young 's mark . Only three pitchers , Lefty Grove , Warren Spahn , and Early Wynn , joined the 300 win club between 1924 and 1982 , which may be explained by a number of factors : the abolition of the spitball , World War II military service , such as Bob Feller 's , and the growing importance of the home run in the game . As the home run became commonplace , the physical and mental demands on pitchers dramatically increased , which led to the use of a four - man starting rotation . Between 1982 and 1990 , the 300 win club gained six members : Gaylord Perry , Phil Niekro , Steve Carlton , Nolan Ryan , Don Sutton and Tom Seaver . These pitchers benefited from the increased use of specialized relief pitchers , an expanded strike zone , and new stadiums , including Shea Stadium , Dodger Stadium and the Astrodome , that were pitcher 's parks , which suppressed offensive production . Also , the increasing sophistication of training methods and sports medicine , such as Tommy John surgery , allowed players to maintain a high competitive level for a longer time . Randy Johnson , for example , won more games in his 40s than he did in his 20s . Since 1990 , only four pitchers have joined the 300 win club : Roger Clemens , Greg Maddux , Tom Glavine , and Johnson . Changes in the game in the last decade of the 20th century have made attaining 300 career wins difficult , perhaps more so than during the mid 20th century . The four - man starting rotation has given way to a five - man rotation , which gives starting pitchers fewer chances to pick up wins . No pitcher reached 20 wins in a non strike - shortened year for the first time in 2006 ; this was repeated in 2009 and 2017 . Recording 300 career wins has been seen as a guaranteed admission to the Baseball Hall of Fame . All pitchers with 300 wins have been elected to the Hall of Fame except for Clemens , who received only half of the vote total needed for induction in his first appearance on the Hall of Fame ballot in 2013 and lost votes from that total in 2014 . Clemens ' future election is seen as uncertain because of his alleged links to use of performance - enhancing drugs . To be eligible for the Hall of Fame , a player must have `` been retired five seasons '' or deceased for at least six months , Many observers expect the club to gain few , if any , members in the foreseeable future . Ten members of the 300 win club are also members of the 3,000 strikeout club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Members 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Members ( edit ) Kid Nichols was the youngest pitcher to win 300 games , achieving the feat at age 30 . Randy Johnson is the most recent member of the 300 win club . Key Pitcher Name of the pitcher Wins Career wins Date Date of the player 's 300th win Team The pitcher 's team for his 300th win Seasons The seasons this player played in the major leagues Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Members of the 300 win club Pitcher Wins Date Team Seasons Ref Young , Cy Cy Young 511 000000001901 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1901 Boston Americans 1890 -- 1911 Johnson , Walter Walter Johnson 417 000000001920 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1920 Washington Senators 1907 -- 1927 Alexander , Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland Alexander 373 000000001924 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1924 Chicago Cubs 1911 -- 1930 Mathewson , Christy Christy Mathewson 373 000000001912 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1912 New York Giants 1900 -- 1916 Galvin , Pud Pud Galvin 365 000000001888 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 1875 -- 1892 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn 363 000000001961 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1961 Milwaukee Braves 1942 , 1946 -- 1965 Nichols , Kid Kid Nichols 361 000000001900 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1900 Boston Beaneaters 1890 -- 1906 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux 355 000000002004 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2004 Chicago Cubs 1986 -- 2008 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 354 000000002003 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2003 New York Yankees 1984 -- 2007 Keefe , Tim Tim Keefe 342 000000001890 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1890 New York Giants ( PL ) 1880 -- 1893 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton 329 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1983 Philadelphia Phillies 1965 -- 1988 Clarkson , John John Clarkson 328 000000001892 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1892 Cleveland Spiders 1882 -- 1894 Plank , Eddie Eddie Plank 326 000000001915 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1915 St. Louis Terriers 1901 -- 1917 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 324 000000001990 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1990 Texas Rangers 1966 , 1968 -- 1993 Sutton , Don Don Sutton 324 000000001986 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1986 California Angels 1966 -- 1988 Niekro , Phil Phil Niekro 318 000000001985 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1985 New York Yankees 1964 -- 1987 Perry , Gaylord Gaylord Perry 314 000000001982 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1982 Seattle Mariners 1962 -- 1983 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver 311 000000001985 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1985 Chicago White Sox 1967 -- 1986 Radbourn , Charles Charles Radbourn 309 000000001891 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1891 Cincinnati Reds 1880 -- 1891 Welch , Mickey Mickey Welch 307 000000001890 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1890 New York Giants 1880 -- 1892 Glavine , Tom Tom Glavine 305 000000002007 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2007 New York Mets 1987 -- 2008 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 303 000000002009 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2009 San Francisco Giants 1988 -- 2009 Wynn , Early Early Wynn 300 000000001963 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1963 Cleveland Indians 1939 -- 1963 Grove , Lefty Lefty Grove 300 000000001941 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1941 Boston Red Sox 1925 -- 1941 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Baseball statistics List of Major League Baseball leaders in games started List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders 3,000 strikeout club Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Though it is illegal to doctor the baseball , Don Sutton and Gaylord Perry , members of the 300 win club and Hall of Fame , were widely suspected of this behavior . References ( edit ) General `` Career Leaders & Records for Wins '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . `` 300 Wins Club '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Amore , Don ( June 16 , 2003 ) . `` Breaking Down The 300 Club '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barra , Allen ( May 26 , 2003 ) . `` Baseball ; 300 - Victory Club Becomes Tougher to Join '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harkins , Bob ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Not all records are made to be broken '' . NBC Sports.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( June 26 , 1979 ) . `` John , Perry , Sutton spitball suspected '' . Star - News . The New York Times News Service . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( July 18 , 2001 ) . `` Maddux 's march toward history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Remington , Alex ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Presenting the Tommy John All - Stars '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie . `` Big Unit Approaches Big Number : Next Up , No. 300 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Johnson could close out the 300 club '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( October 3 , 2009 ) . `` MLB denied 20 - game winner in ' 09 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sessa , Danielle ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` Mets ' Glavine Nears 300 Wins , With Only Johnson , Mussina Close '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Henderson continuing talks '' . Record - Journal . United Press International . December 8 , 1984 . p. 9 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( January 2 , 1998 ) . `` 3,000 hits , 500 HRs , 300 wins just about guarantee Hall entry '' . USA Today . p. 14. C. Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Kurkjian , Tim ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` Glavine Could be Last to Reach 300 for Years '' . ESPN The Magazine . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Hall of Fame Vote a Shutout '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maddux , Glavine , Thomas to HOF '' . ESPN.com . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurkjian , Tim ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Whopper of a list of names await in 2013 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . But Clemens is , after ( Barry ) Bonds , the next face of the steroid era . He has been charged with lying before Congress about his use of performance - enhancing drugs . He has no chance to make it to Cooperstown next year , or for many , many years to come . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 30 May 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bierman , Fred ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Johnson Is Next , and Possibly Last , in Line to Win 300 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Johnson Quietly Nears a Defining Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , John J. `` Nichols Youngest to Win 300 : `` Kid '' in More Ways than Won `` . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Alexander Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christy Mathewson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pud Galvin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Spahn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Nichols Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Maddux Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Keefe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carlton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Clarkson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Plank Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don Sutton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Niekro Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gaylord Perry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Seaver Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Old Hoss Radbourn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Welch Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Glavine Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early Wynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lefty Grove Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . hide 300 win club Cy Young Walter Johnson Christy Mathewson Grover Cleveland Alexander Warren Spahn Pud Galvin Kid Nichols Greg Maddux Roger Clemens Tim Keefe Steve Carlton John Clarkson Eddie Plank Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Phil Niekro Gaylord Perry Tom Seaver Charles Radbourn Mickey Welch Tom Glavine Randy Johnson Lefty Grove Early Wynn Book : 300 win club hide Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=300_win_club&oldid=835094361 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 56 . 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who is the yankees all-time leader in pitching wins

Members of the 300 win club Pitcher Wins Date Team Seasons Ref Young , Cy Cy Young 511 000000001901 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1901 Boston Americans 1890 -- 1911 Johnson , Walter Walter Johnson 417 000000001920 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1920 Washington Senators 1907 -- 1927 Alexander , Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland Alexander 373 000000001924 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1924 Chicago Cubs 1911 -- 1930 Mathewson , Christy Christy Mathewson 373 000000001912 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1912 New York Giants 1900 -- 1916 Galvin , Pud Pud Galvin 365 000000001888 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 1875 -- 1892 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn 363 000000001961 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1961 Milwaukee Braves 1942 , 1946 -- 1965 Nichols , Kid Kid Nichols 361 000000001900 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1900 Boston Beaneaters 1890 -- 1906 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux 355 000000002004 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2004 Chicago Cubs 1986 -- 2008 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 354 000000002003 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2003 New York Yankees 1984 -- 2007 Keefe , Tim Tim Keefe 342 000000001890 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1890 New York Giants ( PL ) 1880 -- 1893 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton 329 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1983 Philadelphia Phillies 1965 -- 1988 Clarkson , John John Clarkson 328 000000001892 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1892 Cleveland Spiders 1882 -- 1894 Plank , Eddie Eddie Plank 326 000000001915 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1915 St. Louis Terriers 1901 -- 1917 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 324 000000001990 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1990 Texas Rangers 1966 , 1968 -- 1993 Sutton , Don Don Sutton 324 000000001986 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1986 California Angels 1966 -- 1988 Niekro , Phil Phil Niekro 318 000000001985 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1985 New York Yankees 1964 -- 1987 Perry , Gaylord Gaylord Perry 314 000000001982 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1982 Seattle Mariners 1962 -- 1983 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver 311 000000001985 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1985 Chicago White Sox 1967 -- 1986 Radbourn , Charles Charles Radbourn 309 000000001891 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1891 Cincinnati Reds 1880 -- 1891 Welch , Mickey Mickey Welch 307 000000001890 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1890 New York Giants 1880 -- 1892 Glavine , Tom Tom Glavine 305 000000002007 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2007 New York Mets 1987 -- 2008 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 303 000000002009 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2009 San Francisco Giants 1988 -- 2009 Wynn , Early Early Wynn 300 000000001963 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1963 Cleveland Indians 1939 -- 1963 Grove , Lefty Lefty Grove 300 000000001941 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1941 Boston Red Sox 1925 -- 1941

2010 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2010 FIFA World Cup `` FIFA 2010 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 10 . This article is about 2010 FIFA World Cup . For the video game , see 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa ( video game ) . For other uses , see 2010 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup FIFA Sokker - Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup official logo Ke Nako . Celebrate Africa 's Humanity Tournament details Host country South Africa Dates 11 June -- 11 July Teams 32 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 10 ( in 9 host cities ) Final positions Champions Spain ( 1st title ) Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 145 ( 2.27 per match ) Attendance 3,178,856 ( 49,670 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Diego Forlán Thomas Müller Wesley Sneijder David Villa ( 5 goals each ) Best player Diego Forlán Best young player Thomas Müller Best goalkeeper Iker Casillas Fair play award Spain ← 2006 2014 → The 2010 FIFA World Cup was the 19th FIFA World Cup , the world championship for men 's national association football teams . It took place in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July 2010 . The bidding process for hosting the tournament finals was open only to African nations . In 2004 , the international football federation , FIFA , selected South Africa over Egypt and Morocco to become the first African nation to host the finals . The matches were played in 10 stadiums in nine host cities around the country , with the opening and final played at the Soccer City stadium in South Africa 's largest city , Johannesburg . Thirty - two teams were selected for participation via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in August 2007 . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four teams for points , with the top two teams in each group proceeding . These 16 teams advanced to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final . In the final , Spain , the European champions , defeated the Netherlands ( third - time losing finalists ) 1 -- 0 after extra time , with Andrés Iniesta 's goal in the 116th minute giving Spain their first world title . Spain became the eighth nation to win the tournament and the first European nation to win a World Cup hosted outside its home continent : all previous World Cups held outside Europe had been won by South American nations . They are also the only national team since 1978 to win a World Cup after losing a game in the group stage . As a result of their win , Spain represented the World in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . Host nation South Africa , 2006 champions Italy and 2006 runners - up France were all eliminated in the first round of the tournament . It was the first time that the hosts had been eliminated in the first round . New Zealand , with their three draws , were the only undefeated team in the tournament , but they were also eliminated in the first round . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 Bribery and corruption 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Preparations 3.1 Construction strike 4 Prize money 5 Venues 5.1 Team base camps 6 Final draw 7 Referees 8 Squads 9 Match summary 10 Group stage 10.1 Group A 10.2 Group B 10.3 Group C 10.4 Group D 10.5 Group E 10.6 Group F 10.7 Group G 10.8 Group H 11 Knockout stage 11.1 Round of 16 11.2 Quarter - finals 11.3 Semi-finals 11.4 Third place play - off 11.5 Final 12 Statistics 12.1 Goalscorers 12.2 Discipline 12.3 Final standings 13 Awards 13.1 Main awards 13.2 Dream Team 14 Marketing 14.1 Mascot 14.2 Official song 14.3 Match ball 14.4 Vuvuzelas 15 Sponsorship 16 Event effects 16.1 Social 16.1. 1 Resettlement and eviction 16.2 Economy 16.3 Quality 17 Media 17.1 Broadcasting 17.2 Filming 17.3 Video games 17.4 FIFA Fan Fest 18 See also 19 References 20 External links Host selection Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts § 2010 FIFA World Cup Africa was chosen as the host for the 2010 World Cup as part of a short - lived rotation policy , abandoned in 2007 , to rotate the event among football confederations . Five African nations placed bids to host the 2010 World Cup : Egypt , Morocco , South Africa and a joint bid from Libya and Tunisia . Following the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee not to allow co-hosted tournaments , Tunisia withdrew from the bidding process . The committee also decided not to consider Libya 's solo bid as it no longer met all the stipulations laid down in the official List of Requirements . The winning bid was announced by FIFA president Sepp Blatter at a media conference on 15 May 2004 in Zürich ; in the first round of voting , South Africa received 14 votes , Morocco received 10 votes and Egypt no votes . South Africa , which had narrowly failed to win the right to host the 2006 event , was thus awarded the right to host the tournament . Having successfully campaigned for South Africa to be granted host status , an emotional Nelson Mandela raised the FIFA World Cup Trophy . During 2006 and 2007 , rumours circulated in various news sources that the 2010 World Cup could be moved to another country . Franz Beckenbauer , Horst R. Schmidt and , reportedly , some FIFA executives , expressed concern over the planning , organisation , and pace of South Africa 's preparations . FIFA officials repeatedly expressed their confidence in South Africa as host , stating that a contingency plan existed only to cover natural catastrophes , as had been in place at previous FIFA World Cups . Bribery and corruption On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cup bids . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had actually won the vote , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . Qualification Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification The qualification draw for the 2010 World Cup was held in Durban on 25 November 2007 . As the host nation , South Africa qualified automatically for the tournament . As happened in the previous tournament , the defending champions were not given an automatic berth , and Italy had to participate in qualification . With a pool of entrants comprising 204 of the 208 FIFA national teams at the time , the 2010 World Cup shares with the 2008 Summer Olympics the record for most competing nations in a sporting event . Some controversies arose during the qualifications . In the second leg of the play - off between France and the Republic of Ireland , French captain Thierry Henry , unseen by the referee , handled the ball in the lead up to a late goal , which enabled France to qualify ahead of Ireland , sparking widespread comment and debate . FIFA rejected a request from the Football Association of Ireland to replay the match , and Ireland later withdrew a request to be included as an unprecedented 33rd World Cup entrant . As a result , FIFA announced a review into the use of technology or extra officials at the highest level , but decided against the widely expected fast - tracking of goal - line referee 's assistants for the South African tournament . Supporters watching the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , with vuvuzelas . Costa Rica complained over Uruguay 's winning goal in the CONMEBOL -- CONCACAF playoff , while Egypt and Algeria 's November 2009 matches were surrounded by reports of crowd trouble . On the subject of fair play , FIFA President Sepp Blatter said : I appeal to all the players and coaches to observe this fair play . In 2010 we want to prove that football is more than just kicking a ball but has social and cultural value ... So we ask the players ' please observe fair play ' so they will be an example to the rest of the world . Slovakia was making its first appearance as an independent nation but had previously been represented as part of the Czechoslovakia team that had last played in the 1990 tournament ; North Korea qualified for the first time since 1966 ; Honduras and New Zealand were both making their first appearances since 1982 ; and Algeria were at the finals for the first time since the 1986 competition . Teams that failed to qualify for this tournament included Saudi Arabia , which had qualified for the previous four tourmanents ; Tunisia and Croatia , both of whom had qualified for the previous three finals ; Costa Rica , Ecuador , Poland and Sweden , who had qualified for the previous two editions ; 2006 quarter - finalists Ukraine and Euro 2008 semi-finalists Russia and Turkey . As of 2018 , this was the last time South Africa , New Zealand , North Korea , Paraguay , Slovakia and Slovenia qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . List of qualified teams The following 32 teams , shown with final pre-tournament rankings , qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 4 ) Australia ( 20 ) Japan ( 45 ) North Korea ( 105 ) South Korea ( 47 ) CAF ( 6 ) Algeria ( 30 ) Cameroon ( 19 ) Ghana ( 32 ) Ivory Coast ( 27 ) Nigeria ( 21 ) South Africa ( 83 ) ( hosts ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Honduras ( 38 ) Mexico ( 17 ) United States ( 14 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Brazil ( 1 ) Chile ( 18 ) Paraguay ( 31 ) Uruguay ( 16 ) OFC ( 1 ) New Zealand ( 78 ) UEFA ( 13 ) Denmark ( 36 ) England ( 8 ) France ( 9 ) Germany ( 6 ) Greece ( 13 ) Italy ( 5 ) Netherlands ( 4 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Serbia ( 15 ) Slovakia ( 34 ) Slovenia ( 25 ) Spain ( 2 ) Switzerland ( 24 ) Qualified countries Countries that failed to qualify Countries that did not enter Country not a FIFA member Preparations Five new stadiums were built for the tournament , and five of the existing venues were upgraded . Construction costs were expected to be R 8.4 billion ( just over US $1 billion or € 950 million ) . South Africa also improved its public transport infrastructure within the host cities , including Johannesburg 's Gautrain and other metro systems , and major road networks were improved . In March 2009 , Danny Jordaan , the president of the 2010 World Cup organising committee , reported that all stadiums for the tournament were on schedule to be completed within six months . The country implemented special measures to ensure the safety and security of spectators in accordance with standard FIFA requirements , including a temporary restriction of flight operation in the airspace surrounding the stadiums . At a ceremony to mark 100 days before the event , FIFA president Sepp Blatter praised the readiness of the country for the event . Construction strike On 8 July 2009 , 70,000 construction workers who were working on the new stadiums walked off their jobs . The majority of the workers receive R 2500 per month ( about £ 192 , € 224 or US $313 ) , but the unions alleged that some workers were grossly underpaid . A spokesperson for the National Union of Mineworkers said to the SABC that the `` no work no pay '' strike would go on until FIFA assessed penalties on the organisers . Other unions threatened to strike into 2011 . The strike was swiftly resolved and workers were back at work within a week of it starting . There were no further strikes and all stadiums and construction projects were completed in time for the kick off . Prize money The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US $420 million ( including payments of US $40 million to domestic clubs ) , a 60 percent increase on the 2006 tournament . Before the tournament , each of the 32 entrants received US $1 million for preparation costs . Once at the tournament , the prize money was distributed as follows : US $8 million -- To each team eliminated at the group stage ( 16 teams ) ( $8.98 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $9 million -- To each team eliminated in the round of 16 ( 8 teams ) ( $10.10 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $14 million -- To each team eliminated in the quarter - finals ( 4 teams ) ( $15.71 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $18 million -- Fourth placed team ( $20.20 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $20 million -- Third placed team ( $22.44 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $24 million -- Runner up ( $26.93 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $30 million -- Winner ( $33.67 million in 2018 US dollars ) In a first for the World Cup , FIFA made payments to the domestic clubs of the players representing their national teams at the tournament . This saw a total of US $40 million paid to domestic clubs . This was the result of an agreement reached in 2008 between FIFA and European clubs to disband the G - 14 group and drop their claims for compensation dating back to 2005 over the financial cost of injuries sustained to their players while on international duty , such as that from Belgian club Charleroi S.C. for injury to Morocco 's Abdelmajid Oulmers in a friendly game in 2004 , and from English club Newcastle United for an injury to England 's Michael Owen in the 2006 World Cup . Venues Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX In 2005 , the organisers released a provisional list of 13 venues to be used for the World Cup : Bloemfontein , Cape Town , Durban , Johannesburg ( two venues ) , Kimberley , Klerksdorp , Nelspruit , Orkney , Polokwane , Port Elizabeth , Pretoria , and Rustenburg . This was narrowed down to the ten venues that were officially announced by FIFA on 17 March 2006 . The altitude of several venues affected the motion of the ball and player performance , although FIFA 's medical chief downplayed this consideration . Six of the ten venues were over 1200m above sea level , with the two Johannesburg venues -- the FNB Stadium ( also known as Soccer City ) and Ellis Park Stadium -- the highest at approximately 1750m . The FNB Stadium , the Cape Town Stadium and the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium in Port Elizabeth were the most - used venues , each hosting eight matches . Ellis Park Stadium and the Moses Mabhida Stadium in Durban hosted seven matches each , while the Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria , the Free State Stadium in Bloemfontein and the Royal Bafokeng Stadium in Rustenburg hosted six matches each . The Peter Mokaba Stadium in Polokwane and the Mbombela Stadium in Nelspruit hosted four matches each , but did not host any knockout - stage matches . Johannesburg Cape Town Durban FNB Stadium ( Soccer City ) Ellis Park Stadium Cape Town Stadium ( Green Point Stadium ) Moses Mabhida Stadium ( Durban Stadium ) 26 ° 14 ′ 5.27 '' S 27 ° 58 ′ 56.47 '' E  /  26.2347972 ° S 27.9823528 ° E  / - 26.2347972 ; 27.9823528  ( Soccer City ) 26 ° 11 ′ 51.07 '' S 28 ° 3 ′ 38.76 '' E  /  26.1975194 ° S 28.0607667 ° E  / - 26.1975194 ; 28.0607667  ( Ellis Park Stadium ) 33 ° 54 ′ 12.46 '' S 18 ° 24 ′ 40.15 '' E  /  33.9034611 ° S 18.4111528 ° E  / - 33.9034611 ; 18.4111528  ( Cape Town Stadium ) 29 ° 49 ′ 46 '' S 31 ° 01 ′ 49 '' E  /  29.82944 ° S 31.03028 ° E  / - 29.82944 ; 31.03028  ( Moses Mabhida Stadium ) Capacity : 84,490 Capacity : 55,686 Capacity : 64,100 Capacity : 62,760 Pretoria Johannesburg Durban Cape Town Pretoria Port Elizabeth Bloemfontein Polokwane Rustenburg Nelspruit 2010 FIFA World Cup ( South Africa ) Port Elizabeth Loftus Versfeld Stadium Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium 25 ° 45 ′ 12 '' S 28 ° 13 ′ 22 '' E  /  25.75333 ° S 28.22278 ° E  / - 25.75333 ; 28.22278  ( Loftus Versfeld Stadium ) 33 ° 56 ′ 16 '' S 25 ° 35 ′ 56 '' E  /  33.93778 ° S 25.59889 ° E  / - 33.93778 ; 25.59889  ( Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium ) Capacity : 42,858 Capacity : 42,486 Polokwane Nelspruit Bloemfontein Rustenburg 23 ° 55 ′ 29 '' S 29 ° 28 ′ 08 '' E  /  23.924689 ° S 29.468765 ° E  / - 23.924689 ; 29.468765  ( Peter Mokaba Stadium ) 25 ° 27 ′ 42 '' S 30 ° 55 ′ 47 '' E  /  25.46172 ° S 30.929689 ° E  / - 25.46172 ; 30.929689  ( Mbombela Stadium ) 29 ° 07 ′ 02.25 '' S 26 ° 12 ′ 31.85 '' E  /  29.1172917 ° S 26.2088472 ° E  / - 29.1172917 ; 26.2088472  ( Free State Stadium ) 25 ° 34 ′ 43 '' S 27 ° 09 ′ 39 '' E  /  25.5786 ° S 27.1607 ° E  / - 25.5786 ; 27.1607  ( Royal Bafokeng Stadium ) Peter Mokaba Stadium Mbombela Stadium Free State Stadium Royal Bafokeng Stadium Capacity : 41,733 Capacity : 40,929 Capacity : 40,911 Capacity : 38,646 The following stadiums were all upgraded to meet FIFA specifications : Cecil Payne Stadium Dobsonville Stadium Gelvandale Stadium Giant Stadium HM Pitje Stadium King Zwelithini Stadium Olympia Park Stadium Orlando Stadium Princess Magogo Stadium Rabie Ridge Stadium Rand Stadium Ruimsig Stadium Seisa Ramabodu Stadium Sugar Ray Xulu Stadium Super Stadium Team base camps The base camps are used by 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . In February 2010 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team . Fifteen teams were in Gauteng Province , while six teams were based in KwaZulu - Natal , four in the Western Cape , three in North West Province and one each in Mpumalanga , the Eastern Cape and the Northern Cape . Eastern Cape ( 1 ) Ghana Gauteng ( 15 ) Argentina Australia Germany Honduras Italy Mexico Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland United States KwaZulu - Natal ( 7 ) Algeria Cameroon Greece Ivory Coast Nigeria Paraguay Portugal Mpumalanga ( 1 ) Chile North West Province ( 3 ) England South Korea Spain Northern Cape ( 1 ) Uruguay Western Cape ( 4 ) Brazil Denmark France Japan Final draw See also : 2010 FIFA World Cup seeding The FIFA Organising Committee approved the procedure for the final draw on 2 December 2009 . The seeding was based on the October 2009 FIFA World Ranking and seven squads joined hosts South Africa as seeded teams for the final draw . No two teams from the same confederation were to be drawn in the same group , except allowing a maximum of two European teams in a group . Pot 1 ( Host & Top seven ) Pot 2 ( Asia , North America & Oceania ) Pot 3 ( Africa & South America ) Pot 4 ( Europe ) South Africa Brazil Spain Netherlands Italy Germany Argentina England Australia Japan North Korea South Korea Honduras Mexico United States New Zealand Algeria Cameroon Ghana Ivory Coast Nigeria Chile Paraguay Uruguay Denmark France Greece Portugal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland The group draw was staged in Cape Town , South Africa , on 4 December 2009 at the Cape Town International Convention Centre . The ceremony was presented by South African actress Charlize Theron , assisted by FIFA Secretary General Jérôme Valcke . The balls were drawn by English football star David Beckham and African sporting figures Haile Gebrselassie , John Smit , Makhaya Ntini , Matthew Booth and Simphiwe Dludlu . Referees Main articles : 2010 FIFA World Cup officials and 2010 FIFA World Cup controversies § Refereeing FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 29 referees through its Refereeing Assistance Programme to officiate at the World Cup : four from the AFC , three from the CAF , six from CONMEBOL , four from CONCACAF , two from the OFC and ten from UEFA . English referee Howard Webb was chosen to referee the final , making him the first person to referee both the UEFA Champions League final and the World Cup final in the same year . Squads The Brazilian and North Korean teams before their group stage match Further information : 2010 FIFA World Cup squads As with the 2006 tournament , each team 's squad for the 2010 World Cup consisted of 23 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 23 - player squad by 1 June 2010 . Teams were permitted to make late replacements in the event of serious injury , at any time up to 24 hours before their first game . Of the 736 players participating in the tournament , over half played their club football in five European domestic leagues ; those in England ( 117 players ) , Germany ( 84 ) , Italy ( 80 ) , Spain ( 59 ) and France ( 46 ) . The English , German and Italian squads were made up of entirely home based players , while only Nigeria had no players from clubs in their own league . In all , players from 52 national leagues entered the tournament . FC Barcelona of Spain was the club contributing the most players to the tournament , with 13 players of their side travelling , 7 with the Spanish team , while another 7 clubs contributed 10 players or more . In another first for South Africa 2010 , one squad included three siblings . Jerry , Johnny and Wilson Palacios made history thanks to their inclusion in Honduras 's 23 - man list . Unusually , the game between Germany and Ghana had two brothers playing for opposite nations , with Jérôme Boateng and Kevin - Prince Boateng playing respectively . Match summary The 32 national teams involved in the tournament together played a total of 64 matches starting from the group stage matches and progressing to the knockout stage matches , with teams eliminated through the various progressive stages . Rest days were allocated during the various stages to allow players recovery during the tournament . Preliminary events were also held in celebration of the World Cup event . All times listed in the table below are in South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2010 matches . show Day Time Venue Stage Team 1 Result Team 2 Thursday 10 June Preliminary events 20 : 00 Soweto FIFA Kick - off Celebration Concert Friday 11 June 14 : 00 Johannesburg ( SC ) Opening ceremony First round of group stage matches 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group A South Africa 1 -- 1 Mexico 20 : 30 Cape Town Uruguay 0 -- 0 France Saturday 12 June 13 : 30 Port Elizabeth Group B South Korea 2 -- 0 Greece 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Argentina 1 -- 0 Nigeria 20 : 30 Rustenburg Group C England 1 -- 1 United States Sunday 13 June 13 : 30 Polokwane Algeria 0 -- 1 Slovenia 16 : 00 Pretoria Group D Serbia 0 -- 1 Ghana 20 : 30 Durban Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Monday 14 June 13 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group E Netherlands 2 -- 0 Denmark 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Japan 1 -- 0 Cameroon 20 : 30 Cape Town Group F Italy 1 -- 1 Paraguay Tuesday 15 June 13 : 30 Rustenburg New Zealand 1 -- 1 Slovakia 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group G Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Portugal 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil 2 -- 1 North Korea Wednesday 16 June 13 : 30 Nelspruit Group H Honduras 0 -- 1 Chile 16 : 00 Durban Spain 0 -- 1 Switzerland Second round of group stage matches 20 : 30 Pretoria Group A South Africa 0 -- 3 Uruguay Thursday 17 June 13 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group B Argentina 4 -- 1 South Korea 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Greece 2 -- 1 Nigeria 20 : 30 Polokwane Group A France 0 -- 2 Mexico Friday 18 June 13 : 30 Port Elizabeth Group D Germany 0 -- 1 Serbia 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Group C Slovenia 2 -- 2 United States 20 : 30 Cape Town England 0 -- 0 Algeria Saturday 19 June 13 : 30 Durban Group E Netherlands 1 -- 0 Japan 16 : 00 Rustenburg Group D Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia 20 : 30 Pretoria Group E Cameroon 1 -- 2 Denmark Sunday 20 June 13 : 30 Bloemfontein Group F Slovakia 0 -- 2 Paraguay 16 : 00 Nelspruit Italy 1 -- 1 New Zealand 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group G Brazil 3 -- 1 Ivory Coast Monday 21 June 13 : 30 Cape Town Portugal 7 -- 0 North Korea 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group H Chile 1 -- 0 Switzerland 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Spain 2 -- 0 Honduras Tuesday 22 June Third round of group stage matches 16 : 00 Rustenburg Group A Mexico 0 -- 1 Uruguay 16 : 00 Bloemfontein France 1 -- 2 South Africa 20 : 30 Durban Group B Nigeria 2 -- 2 South Korea 20 : 30 Polokwane Greece 0 -- 2 Argentina Wednesday 23 June 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group C Slovenia 0 -- 1 England 16 : 00 Pretoria United States 1 -- 0 Algeria 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group D Ghana 0 -- 1 Germany 20 : 30 Nelspruit Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Thursday 24 June 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Group F Slovakia 3 -- 2 Italy 16 : 00 Polokwane Paraguay 0 -- 0 New Zealand 20 : 30 Rustenburg Group E Denmark 1 -- 3 Japan 20 : 30 Cape Town Cameroon 1 -- 2 Netherlands Friday 25 June 16 : 00 Durban Group G Portugal 0 -- 0 Brazil 16 : 00 Nelspruit North Korea 0 -- 3 Ivory Coast 20 : 30 Pretoria Group H Chile 1 -- 2 Spain 20 : 30 Bloemfontein Switzerland 0 -- 0 Honduras Saturday 26 June Knockout stage matches 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Round of 16 Uruguay 2 -- 1 South Korea 20 : 30 Rustenburg United States 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Sunday 27 June 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Germany 4 -- 1 England 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Argentina 3 -- 1 Mexico Monday 28 June 16 : 00 Durban Netherlands 2 -- 1 Slovakia 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil 3 -- 0 Chile Tuesday 29 June 16 : 00 Pretoria Paraguay 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 p ) Japan 20 : 30 Cape Town Spain 1 -- 0 Portugal Wednesday 30 June Rest days Thursday 1 July Friday 2 July 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Quarter - finals Netherlands 2 -- 1 Brazil 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Uruguay 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 2 p ) Ghana Saturday 3 July 16 : 00 Cape Town Argentina 0 -- 4 Germany 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Paraguay 0 -- 1 Spain Sunday 4 July Rest days Monday 5 July Tuesday 6 July 20 : 30 Cape Town Semi-finals Uruguay 2 -- 3 Netherlands Wednesday 7 July 20 : 30 Durban Germany 0 -- 1 Spain Thursday 8 July Rest days Friday 9 July Saturday 10 July 20 : 30 Port Elizabeth Third place match Uruguay 2 -- 3 Germany Sunday 11 July 18 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Closing ceremony 20 : 30 Final Netherlands 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Spain Group stage In the first round , or group stage , the 32 teams were divided into eight groups of four , with each team playing the other three teams in their group once . Teams were awarded three points for a win , one point for a draw and none for a defeat . The top two teams in each group advanced to the round of 16 . The South American teams performed strongly , with all five advancing to the round of 16 ( four as group winners ) , and four further advancing to the quarter - finals . However , only Uruguay advanced to the semi-finals . Of the six African teams , only Ghana advanced to the round of 16 . South Africa became the first host nation in World Cup history to be eliminated in the first round , despite beating France and drawing with Mexico , while Ghana and Ivory Coast were the only other African teams to win a match . The overall performance of the African teams , in the first World Cup to be hosted on the continent , was judged as disappointing by observers such as Cameroon great Roger Milla . Only six out of the thirteen UEFA teams advanced to the round of 16 , a record low since the introduction of this stage in 1986 . Nonetheless , the final was contested by two European teams . In another World Cup first , the two finalists from the preceding tournament , Italy and France , were eliminated at the group stage , with Italy becoming the third defending champions to be eliminated in the first round after Brazil in 1966 and France in 2002 . New Zealand , one of the lowest - ranked teams , surprised many by drawing all three of their group matches , ending the tournament as the only undefeated team . Tie - breaking criteria Teams were ranked on the following criteria : 1 . Greater number of points in all group matches 2 . Goal difference in all group matches 3 . Greater number of goals scored in all group matches 4 . Greatest number of points in matches between tied teams 5 . Goal difference in matches between tied teams 6 . Greatest number of goals scored in matches between tied teams 7 . Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Group A Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico + 1 South Africa ( H ) 5 − 2 France 0 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria ( H ) Host . 11 June 2010 South Africa 1 -- 1 Mexico Soccer City , Johannesburg Uruguay 0 -- 0 France Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 16 June 2010 South Africa 0 -- 3 Uruguay Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria 17 June 2010 France 0 -- 2 Mexico Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane 22 June 2010 Mexico 0 -- 1 Uruguay Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg France 1 -- 2 South Africa Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Group B Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage South Korea 5 6 − 1 Greece 0 5 − 3 Nigeria 0 5 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 12 June 2010 South Korea 2 -- 0 Greece Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Argentina 1 -- 0 Nigeria Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 17 June 2010 Argentina 4 -- 1 South Korea Soccer City , Johannesburg Greece 2 -- 1 Nigeria Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 22 June 2010 Nigeria 2 -- 2 South Korea Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Greece 0 -- 2 Argentina Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane Group C Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage England 0 + 1 5 Slovenia 0 Algeria 0 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 12 June 2010 England 1 -- 1 United States Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 13 June 2010 Algeria 0 -- 1 Slovenia Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane 18 June 2010 Slovenia 2 -- 2 United States Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg England 0 -- 0 Algeria Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 23 June 2010 Slovenia 0 -- 1 England Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth United States 1 -- 0 Algeria Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Group D Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 5 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Ghana 0 Australia 6 − 3 Serbia 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2010 Serbia 0 -- 1 Ghana Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban 18 June 2010 Germany 0 -- 1 Serbia Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth 19 June 2010 Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 23 June 2010 Ghana 0 -- 1 Germany Soccer City , Johannesburg Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Group E Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Netherlands 0 0 5 + 4 9 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 + 2 6 Denmark 0 6 − 3 Cameroon 0 0 5 − 3 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 14 June 2010 Netherlands 2 -- 0 Denmark Soccer City , Johannesburg Japan 1 -- 0 Cameroon Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 19 June 2010 Netherlands 1 -- 0 Japan Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Cameroon 1 -- 2 Denmark Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria 24 June 2010 Denmark 1 -- 3 Japan Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Cameroon 1 -- 2 Netherlands Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Group F Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 + 2 5 Advance to knockout stage Slovakia 5 − 1 New Zealand 0 0 0 Italy 0 5 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 14 June 2010 Italy 1 -- 1 Paraguay Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 15 June 2010 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Slovakia Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 20 June 2010 Slovakia 0 -- 2 Paraguay Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Italy 1 -- 1 New Zealand Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit 24 June 2010 Slovakia 3 -- 2 Italy Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Paraguay 0 -- 0 New Zealand Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane Group G Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 7 0 + 7 5 Ivory Coast + 1 North Korea 0 0 12 − 11 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 15 June 2010 Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Portugal Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Brazil 2 -- 1 North Korea Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 20 June 2010 Brazil 3 -- 1 Ivory Coast Soccer City , Johannesburg 21 June 2010 Portugal 7 -- 0 North Korea Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 25 June 2010 Portugal 0 -- 0 Brazil Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban North Korea 0 -- 3 Ivory Coast Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Group H Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 + 2 6 Advance to knockout stage Chile 0 + 1 6 Switzerland 0 Honduras 0 0 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 16 June 2010 Honduras 0 -- 1 Chile Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Spain 0 -- 1 Switzerland Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban 21 June 2010 Chile 1 -- 0 Switzerland Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Spain 2 -- 0 Honduras Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 25 June 2010 Chile 1 -- 2 Spain Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Switzerland 0 -- 0 Honduras Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Knockout stage Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage All times listed are South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 ) The knockout stage comprised the 16 teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament . There were four rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round . The successive rounds were the round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , and the final . There was also a play - off to decide third and fourth place . For each game in the knockout stage , any draw at 90 minutes was followed by thirty minutes of extra time ; if scores were still level , there was a penalty shootout to determine who progressed to the next round . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 26 June -- Port Elizabeth Uruguay 2 July -- Johannesburg ( SC ) South Korea Uruguay ( pen . ) 1 ( 4 ) 26 June -- Rustenburg Ghana 1 ( 2 ) United States 6 July -- Cape Town Ghana ( a.e.t. ) Uruguay 28 June -- Durban Netherlands Netherlands 2 July -- Port Elizabeth Slovakia Netherlands 28 June -- Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil Brazil 11 July -- Johannesburg ( Soccer City ) Chile 0 Netherlands 0 27 June -- Johannesburg ( SC ) Spain ( a.e.t. ) Argentina 3 July -- Cape Town Mexico Argentina 0 27 June -- Bloemfontein Germany Germany 7 July -- Durban England Germany 0 29 June -- Pretoria Spain Third place Paraguay ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 3 July -- Johannesburg ( EP ) 10 July -- Port Elizabeth Japan 0 ( 3 ) Paraguay 0 Uruguay 29 June -- Cape Town Spain Germany Spain Portugal 0 Round of 16 In this round , each group winner ( A-H ) was paired against the runner - up from another group . South American teams again performed strongly in the round of 16 , with four teams advancing to the quarter - finals including Brazil who defeated fellow South Americans Chile . England 's 4 -- 1 loss to Germany was their biggest ever margin of defeat at a World Cup finals . It was also the first time that a World Cup finals match between these two traditional rivals had a decisive result in regulation time , their three previous meetings all being tied at 90 minutes , with two settled in extra time and one in a penalty shootout . Ghana defeated the United States to become the third African team to reach the last eight ( after Cameroon in 1990 and Senegal in 2002 ) , and the only African team to have achieved both a top 8 finish and a separate top 16 finish ( in 2006 ) . Paraguay and Ghana reached the quarter - finals for the first time . The round was marked by some controversial referees ' decisions , including : A disallowed goal by England in their 4 -- 1 loss against Germany , where the shot by Frank Lampard was seen to cross substantially over the goal line when shown on television broadcast replays . An allowed goal by Argentina in their 3 -- 1 win over Mexico , where Argentine striker Carlos Tevez was seen to be offside when shown on television broadcast replays , which were shown inside the stadium shortly after the incident . FIFA President Sepp Blatter took the unusual step of apologising to England and Mexico for the decisions that went against them , saying : `` Yesterday I spoke to the two federations directly concerned by referees ' mistakes ( ... ) I apologised to England and Mexico . The English said thank you and accepted that you can win some and you lose some and the Mexicans bowed their head and accepted it . '' Blatter also promised to re-open the discussion regarding devices which monitor possible goals and make that information immediately available to match officials , saying : `` We will naturally take on board the discussion on technology and have the first opportunity in July at the business meeting . '' Blatter 's call came less than four months after FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said the door was closed on goal - line technology and video replays after a vote by the IFAB . 26 June 2010 16 : 00 Uruguay 2 -- 1 South Korea Suárez 8 ' , 80 ' Report Lee Chung - yong 68 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 30,597 Referee : Wolfgang Stark ( Germany ) 26 June 2010 20 : 30 United States 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Donovan 62 ' ( pen . ) Report Prince 5 ' Gyan 93 ' Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Attendance : 34,976 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) 27 June 2010 16 : 00 Germany 4 -- 1 England Klose 20 ' Podolski 32 ' Müller 67 ' , 70 ' Report Upson 37 ' Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Attendance : 40,510 Referee : Jorge Larrionda ( Uruguay ) 27 June 2010 20 : 30 Argentina 3 -- 1 Mexico Tevez 26 ' , 52 ' Higuaín 33 ' Report Hernández 71 ' Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,377 Referee : Roberto Rosetti ( Italy ) 28 June 2010 16 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Slovakia Robben 18 ' Sneijder 84 ' Report Vittek 90 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 61,962 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 28 June 2010 20 : 30 Brazil 3 -- 0 Chile Juan 34 ' Luís Fabiano 38 ' Robinho 59 ' Report Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Attendance : 54,096 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) 29 June 2010 16 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Japan Report Penalties Barreto Barrios Riveros Valdez Cardozo 5 -- 3 Endō Hasebe Komano Honda Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Attendance : 36,742 Referee : Frank De Bleeckere ( Belgium ) 29 June 2010 20 : 30 Spain 1 -- 0 Portugal Villa 63 ' Report Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 62,955 Referee : Héctor Baldassi ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals The three quarter - finals between European and South American teams all resulted in wins for Europeans . Germany had a 4 -- 0 victory over Argentina , and the Netherlands came from behind to beat Brazil 2 -- 1 , handing the Brazilians their first loss in a World Cup match held outside Europe ( other than in a penalty shootout ) since 1950 when Uruguay won the decisive match 2 -- 1 . Spain reached the final four for the first time since 1950 after a 1 -- 0 win over Paraguay . Uruguay , the only South American team to reach the semi-finals , overcame Ghana in a penalty shoot - out after a 1 -- 1 draw in which Ghana missed a penalty at the end of extra time after Luis Suárez controversially handled the ball on the line . 2 July 2010 16 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Brazil Sneijder 53 ' , 68 ' Report Robinho 10 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 40,186 Referee : Yuichi Nishimura ( Japan ) 2 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Forlán 55 ' Report Muntari 45 + 2 ' Penalties Forlán Victorino Scotti M. Pereira Abreu 4 -- 2 Gyan Appiah Mensah Adiyiah Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,017 Referee : Olegário Benquerença ( Portugal ) 3 July 2010 16 : 00 Argentina 0 -- 4 Germany Report Müller 3 ' Klose 68 ' , 89 ' Friedrich 74 ' Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 64,100 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 3 July 2010 20 : 30 Paraguay 0 -- 1 Spain Report Villa 83 ' Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Attendance : 55,359 Referee : Carlos Batres ( Guatemala ) Semi-finals The Netherlands qualified for the final for the third time with a 3 -- 2 win over Uruguay . Spain reached their first ever final with a 1 -- 0 victory over Germany . As a result , it was the first World Cup final not to feature at least one of Brazil , Italy , Germany or Argentina . 6 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 2 -- 3 Netherlands Forlán 41 ' M. Pereira 90 + 2 ' Report Van Bronckhorst 18 ' Sneijder 70 ' Robben 73 ' Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 62,479 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 7 July 2010 20 : 30 Germany 0 -- 1 Spain Report Puyol 73 ' Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 60,960 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) Third place play - off Germany defeated Uruguay 3 -- 2 to secure third place . Germany holds the record for most third - place finishes in the World Cup ( 4 ) , while Uruguay holds the record for most fourth - place finishes ( 3 ) . 10 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 2 -- 3 Germany Cavani 28 ' Forlán 51 ' Report Müller 19 ' Jansen 56 ' Khedira 82 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 36,254 Referee : Benito Archundia ( Mexico ) Final Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Final The final was held on 11 July 2010 at Soccer City , Johannesburg . Spain defeated the Netherlands 1 -- 0 , with an extra time goal from Andrés Iniesta . Iniesta scored the latest winning goal in a FIFA World Cup final ( 116 ' ) . The win gave Spain their first World Cup title , becoming the eighth team to win it . This made them the first new winner without home advantage since Brazil in 1958 , and the first team to win the tournament after having lost their opening game . A large number of fouls were committed in the final match . Referee Howard Webb handed out 14 yellow cards , more than doubling the previous record for this fixture , set when Argentina and West Germany shared six cards in 1986 , and John Heitinga of the Netherlands was sent off for receiving a second yellow card . The Netherlands had chances to score , most notably in the 60th minute when Arjen Robben was released by Wesley Sneijder to be one - on - one with Spain 's goalkeeper Iker Casillas , only for Casillas to save the shot with an outstretched leg . For Spain , Sergio Ramos missed a free header from a corner kick when he was unmarked . Iniesta finally broke the deadlock in extra time , scoring a volleyed shot from a pass by Cesc Fàbregas . This result marked the first time that two teams from the same continent had won successive World Cups ( following Italy in 2006 ) , and saw Europe reaching 10 World Cup titles , surpassing South America 's nine titles . Spain became the first team since West Germany in 1974 to win the World Cup as European champions . The result also marked the first time that a European nation had won a World Cup Finals that was not hosted on European soil . A closing ceremony was held before the final , featuring singer Shakira . Afterwards , the former South African President Nelson Mandela made a brief appearance on the pitch , wheeled in by a motorcart . 11 July 2010 20 : 30 Netherlands 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Spain Report Iniesta 116 ' Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,490 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) Statistics Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers For the full list of goalscorers , see 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics § Goalscorers . South African winger Siphiwe Tshabalala was the first player to score a goal in the competition , in their 1 -- 1 draw against Mexico , the opening game of the tournament . Danish defender Daniel Agger was credited with the first own goal of the tournament , in his side 's 2 -- 0 loss to the Netherlands . Argentine striker Gonzalo Higuaín was the only player to score a hat - trick in the tournament , in Argentina 's 4 -- 1 win over South Korea . It was the 49th World Cup hat - trick in the history of the tournament . Spain set a new record for the fewest goals scored by a World Cup - winning team , with eight . The previous record low was 11 , set by Brazil in 1994 , England in 1966 , and Italy in 1938 . Spain had the fewest goalscorers for a champion as well ( three -- Villa with five goals , Iniesta with two and Puyol with one ) . They also had the fewest goals conceded for a champion ( 2 ) , equal with Italy ( 2006 ) and France ( 1998 ) . Spain 's victory marked the first time that a team won the World Cup without conceding a goal in the knockout stage . The four top scorers in the tournament had five goals each . All of the four top scorers also came from the teams that finished in the top four , Spain , the Netherlands , Germany , and Uruguay . The Golden Boot went to Thomas Müller of Germany who had three assists , compared to one for the three others . The Silver Boot went to David Villa of Spain , who played a total of 635 minutes , and the Bronze Boot to Wesley Sneijder of the Netherlands , who played 652 minutes . Diego Forlán of Uruguay had five goals and one assist in 654 minutes . A further three players scored four goals . Only 145 goals were scored at South Africa 2010 , the lowest of any FIFA World Cup since the tournament switched to a 64 - game format . This continued a downward trend since the first 64 - game finals were held 12 years earlier , with 171 goals at France 1998 , 161 at Korea / Japan 2002 and 147 at Germany 2006 . Discipline Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record 28 players were suspended after being shown two consecutive yellow cards ( 13 players ) , a single red card ( 8 players ) , or a yellow card followed by a red card ( 7 players ) . Final standings Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage Shortly after the final , FIFA issued a final ranking of every team in the tournament . The ranking was based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . All 32 teams are ranked based on criteria which have been used by FIFA . The final ranking was as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts . Spain 7 6 0 8 + 6 18 Netherlands 7 6 0 12 6 + 6 18 Germany 7 5 0 16 5 + 11 15 Uruguay 7 11 8 + 3 11 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Argentina 5 0 10 6 + 4 12 6 Brazil 5 9 + 5 10 7 Ghana 5 5 + 1 8 8 Paraguay 5 + 1 6 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Japan + 2 7 10 Chile 0 5 − 2 6 11 Portugal 7 + 6 5 12 United States 5 5 0 5 13 England 5 − 2 5 14 Mexico 5 − 1 15 South Korea 6 8 − 2 16 Slovakia 5 7 − 2 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Ivory Coast + 1 18 Slovenia 0 19 Switzerland 0 20 South Africa 5 − 2 21 Australia 6 − 3 22 New Zealand 0 0 0 23 Serbia 0 − 1 24 Denmark 0 6 − 3 25 Greece 0 5 − 3 26 Italy 0 5 − 1 27 Nigeria 0 5 − 2 28 Algeria 0 0 − 2 29 France 0 − 3 30 Honduras 0 0 − 3 31 Cameroon 0 0 5 − 3 0 32 North Korea 0 0 12 − 11 0 Awards Main awards Golden Ball : Diego Forlán ( Uruguay ) Golden Boot : Thomas Müller ( Germany ) Golden Glove : Iker Casillas ( Spain ) Best Young Player : Thomas Müller ( Germany ) FIFA Fair Play Trophy : Spain Dream team For the first time , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead published a Dream Team decided by an online public vote . People were invited to select a team ( in a 4 -- 4 -- 2 formation ) and best coach ; voting was open until 23 : 59 on 11 July 2010 , with entrants going into a draw to win a prize . Six of the eleven players came from the Spanish team , as did the coach . The remainder of the team comprised two players from Germany , and one each from Brazil , the Netherlands and Uruguay . Goalkeeper : Iker Casillas ( Spain ) Defenders : Sergio Ramos , Carles Puyol ( Spain ) , Maicon ( Brazil ) , Philipp Lahm ( Germany ) Midfielders : Andrés Iniesta , Xavi ( Spain ) , Bastian Schweinsteiger ( Germany ) , Wesley Sneijder ( Netherlands ) Forwards : Diego Forlán ( Uruguay ) , David Villa ( Spain ) Coach : Vicente del Bosque ( Spain ) Marketing A Spain shirt , autographed by members of the World Cup - winning squad , on display in Madrid Mascot Main article : Zakumi The official mascot for the 2010 World Cup was Zakumi , an anthropomorphised African leopard with green hair , presented on 22 September 2008 . His name came from `` ZA '' ( the international abbreviation for South Africa ) and the term kumi , which means `` ten '' in various African languages . The mascot 's colours reflected those of the host nation 's playing strip -- yellow and green . Official song Main article : FIFA World Cup official songs The official song of the 2010 World Cup `` Waka Waka '' was performed by the Colombian singer Shakira and the band Freshlyground from South Africa , and is sung in both English and Spanish . The song is based on a traditional African soldiers ' song , `` Zangalewa '' . Shakira and Freshlyground performed the song at the pre-tournament concert in Soweto on 10 June . It was also sung at the opening ceremony on 11 June and at the closing ceremony on 11 July . The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was `` Sign of a Victory '' by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers , which was also performed at the opening ceremony . Match ball Main article : Adidas Jabulani The match ball for the 2010 World Cup , manufactured by Adidas , was named the Jabulani , which means `` bringing joy to everyone '' in Zulu . It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker ; it featured eleven colours , representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa . A special match ball with gold panels , called the Jo'bulani , was used at the final in Johannesburg . The ball was constructed using a new design , consisting of eight thermally bonded , three - dimensional panels . These were spherically moulded from ethylene - vinyl acetate ( EVA ) and thermoplastic polyurethanes ( TPU ) . The surface of the ball was textured with grooves , a technology developed by Adidas called GripnGroove that was intended to improve the ball 's aerodynamics . The design received considerable academic input , being developed in partnership with researchers from Loughborough University , United Kingdom . The balls were made in China , using latex bladders made in India , thermoplastic polyurethane - elastomer from Taiwan , ethylene vinyl acetate , isotropic polyester / cotton fabric , and glue and ink from China . Some football stars complained about the new ball , arguing that its movements were difficult to predict . Brazilian goalkeeper Júlio César compared it to a `` supermarket '' ball that favored strikers and worked against goalkeepers . Argentinian coach Diego Maradona said : `` We wo n't see any long passes in this World Cup because the ball does n't fly straight . '' However , a number of Adidas - sponsored players responded favourably to the ball . Vuvuzelas A man sounding a vuvuzela Main article : Vuvuzela The 2010 finals amplified international public awareness of the vuvuzela , a long horn blown by fans throughout matches . Many World Cup competitors complained about the noise caused by the vuvuzela horns , including France 's Patrice Evra , who blamed the horns for the team 's poor performance . Other critics include Lionel Messi , who complained that the sound of the vuvuzelas hampers communication among players on the pitch , and broadcasting companies , which complained that commentators ' voices were being drowned out by the sound . Others watching on television complained that the ambient audio feed from the stadium only contains the sounds of the vuvuzelas and the natural sounds of people in the stands are drowned out . A spokesperson for ESPN and other networks said that they were taking steps to minimise the ambient noise on their broadcasts . The BBC also investigated the possibility of offering broadcasts without vuvuzela noise . Sponsorship The sponsors of the 2010 World Cup are divided into three categories : FIFA Partners , FIFA World Cup Sponsors and National Supporters . FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors National supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Emirates Hyundai -- Kia Sony VISA Budweiser Castrol Continental Mahindra Satyam McDonald 's MTN Group Seara Foods Yingli Solar BP South Africa Aggreko First National Bank Neo Africa Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa Telkom Event effects A FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour aeroplane , sponsored by Coca - Cola . ( 2010 ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup event effects Social Tournament organiser Danny Jordaan dismissed concerns that the attack on the Togo national team which took place in Angola in January 2010 , had any relevance to the security arrangements for the World Cup . There were also reports of thefts against visitors to the country for the World Cup . Tourists from China , Portugal , Spain , South Korea , Japan and Colombia had become victims of crime . On 19 June after the match between England and Algeria , a fan was able to break through the FIFA - appointed security staff at Green Point stadium and gain access to the England team dressing room . The breach took place shortly after Prince William and Prince Harry had left the room . The trespasser was then released before he could be handed over to the Police . English FA lodged a formal complaint with FIFA and demanded that security be increased . Resettlement and eviction Police patrol Blikkiesdorp , a settlement for the evicted . As with many ' hallmark events ' throughout the world , the 2010 FIFA World Cup has been connected to evictions , which many claim are meant to ' beautify the city ' , impress visiting tourists , and hide shackdwellers . On 14 May 2009 , the Durban - based shack - dwellers ' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo took the KwaZulu - Natal government to court over their controversial Elimination and Prevention of Re-Emergence of Slums Act , meant to eliminate slums in South Africa and put homeless shackdwellers in transit camps in time for the 2010 World Cup . Another prominent controversy surrounding preparations for the World Cup was the N2 Gateway housing project in Cape Town , which planned to remove over 20,000 residents from the Joe Slovo Informal Settlement along the busy N2 Freeway and build rental flats and bond - houses in its place in time for the 2010 World Cup . NGOs , international human rights organisations , and the Anti-Eviction Campaign have publicly criticised the conditions in Blikkiesdorp and said that the camp has been used to accommodate poor families evicted to make way for the 2010 World Cup . However some have argued that evictions are ordinarily common in South Africa and that in the lead up to the tournament many evictions were erreonously ascribed to the World Cup . Economy Some groups experienced complications in regards to scheduled sporting events , advertising , or broadcasting , as FIFA attempted to maximise control of media rights during the Cup . Affected parties included an international rugby union Test match , a South African airline , and some TV networks , all of whom were involved in various legal struggles with World Cup organisers . During the tournament , group ticket - holders who did not utilise all their allotted tickets led to some early - round matches having as many as 11,000 unoccupied seats . While the event did help to boost the image of South Africa , financially it turned out to be a major disappointment . Construction costs for venues and infrastructure amounted to £ 3 billion ( € 3.6 billion ) , and the government expected that increased tourism would help to offset these costs to the amount of £ 570 million ( € 680 million ) . However , only £ 323 million ( € 385 million ) were actually taken in as 309,000 foreign fans came to South Africa , well below the expected number of 450,000 . Local vendors were prohibited from selling food and merchandise within a 1.5 kilometre radius of any stadium hosting a World Cup match . For a vendor to operate within the radius , a registration fee of R 60,000 ( approximately to US $7,888 or € 6,200 ) , had to be paid to FIFA . This fee was out of most local vendors ' reach , as they are simple one - man - operated vendors . This prevented international visitors from experiencing local South African food . Some local vendors felt cheated out of an opportunity for financial gain and spreading South African culture , in favour of multinational corporations . FIFA president Sepp Blatter declared the event `` a huge financial success for everybody , for Africa , for South Africa and for FIFA , '' with revenue to FIFA of £ 2.24 billion ( € 2 billion ) . Quality In a December 2010 Quality Progress , FIFA President Blatter rated South Africa 's organisational efforts a nine out of 10 scale , declaring that South Africa could be considered a plan B for all future competitions . The South African Quality Institute ( SAQI ) assisted in facility construction , event promotion , and organisations . The main issue listed in the article was lack of sufficient public transportation . Media Broadcasting Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Production set of the FIFA international broadcast centre during the event The 2010 FIFA World Cup was expected to be the most - watched television event in history . Hundreds of broadcasters , representing about 70 countries , transmitted the Cup to a TV audience that FIFA officials expect to exceed a cumulative 26 billion people , an average of approximately 400 million viewers per match . FIFA estimated that around 700 million viewers would watch the World Cup final . New forms of digital media have also allowed viewers to watch coverage through alternative means . `` With games airing live on cell phones and computers , the World Cup will get more online coverage than any major sporting event yet , '' said Jake Coyle of the Associated Press . In the United States , ABC , ESPN and ESPN2 averaged a 2.1 rating , 2,288,000 households and 3,261,000 viewers for the 64 World Cup games . The rating was up 31 percent from a 1.6 in 2006 , while households increased 32 percent from 1,735,000 and viewers rose from 2,316,000 . The increases had been higher while the US remained in the tournament . Through the first 50 games , the rating was up 48 percent , households increased 54 percent and viewers rose 60 percent . Univision averaged 2,624,000 viewers for the tournament , up 17 percent , and 1,625,000 households , an increase of 11 percent . An executive of the Nielsen Company , a leading audience research firm in the US , described the aggregate numbers for both networks ' coverage of the USA - Ghana match as `` phenomenal '' . Live World Cup streaming on ESPN3.com pulled in some of the largest audiences in history , as 7.4 million unique viewers tuned in for matches . In total , ESPN3.com generated 942 million minutes of viewing or more than two hours per unique viewer . All 64 live matches were viewed by an average of 114,000 persons per minute . Most impressive were the numbers for the semi-final between Spain and Germany , which was viewed by 355,000 people per minute , making it ESPN3. com 's largest average audience ever . Filming Sony technology was used to film the tournament . 25 of the matches were captured using 3D cameras . Footage was captured in 3D through Sony 's proprietary multi-image MPE - 200 processors , housed in specially designed 3D outside broadcast trucks . It supplied its flagship HDC - 1500 cameras as well as its new HDC - P1 unit , a compact , point - of - view ( POV ) - type camera with 3 , 2 / 3 - inch CCD sensors . The 3D games were produced for FIFA by Host Broadcast Services . Video games In PlayStation Home , Sony has released a virtual space based on the 2010 FIFA World Cup in the Japanese version of Home on 3 December 2009 . This virtual space is called the `` FevaArena '' and is a virtual stadium of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , featuring different areas for events , a FIFA mini-game , and a shop with FIFA related content . On 27 April 2010 , EA Sports released the official 2010 World Cup video game . FIFA Fan Fest FIFA expanded the FIFA Fan Fest , hosting in Sydney , Buenos Aires , Berlin , Paris , Rome , Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City , as well as several venues around South Africa . The Durban Fan Fest was the most popular in South Africa during the tournament followed by the Cape Town Fan Fest . See also Association football portal South Africa portal Book : FIFA World Cup July 2010 Kampala attacks , a series of terrorist bombings in Kampala , Uganda , timed to coincide with the final match Listen Up ! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album Paul the Octopus and Mani the parakeet , animals who predicted results of the matches References Jump up ^ `` Players -- Top goals '' . FIFA.com . 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Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 12 June 2009 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Football brings defining moment for South Africa '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 28 December 2009 ) . `` World Cup Whose Meaning Goes Beyond Soccer '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Economic cleansing ' in BBC 's World Cup backyard , Stewart Maclean '' . The Independent . UK . 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Allie , Mohammed ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` South Africans fight eviction for World Cup car park '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Worth , Christopher ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` Kicked Out for the Cup ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shack Dwellers Fight Demolition in S. Africa Court '' . OneWorld.net. 15 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pooh - slinging Slums Act showdown at Con Court '' . Mail & Guardian Online . 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Reverse Side of the Medal : About the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the Beautification of the N2 in Cape Town '' . Urban Forum . Springer Link. 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` Life in ' Tin Can Town ' for the South Africans evicted ahead of World Cup '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions ask City to reconsider Symphony Way 's eviction to Blikkiesdorp '' . Pambazuka News . 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Courtney ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Homeless S. Africans complain ahead of World Cup '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Soccer World Cup will not boost South Africa 's economy , Rukmini Shrinivasan , Times of India , 12 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Boks ' France Test moved ? '' . SAPA. 30 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kulula to continue with World Cup ad campaign '' . Mail & Guardian Online . 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Us Roar : 2010 World Cup Broadcast Rights '' . REACH . Singapore : Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , Government of Singapore . 6 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empty seats concern FIFA but attendances stay high '' . Reuters Africa . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Neate , Rupert ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` South Africa recoups just a tenth of the £ 3bn cost of staging World Cup 2010 '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : 2010 World Cup A Stunning Financial Success For South Africa & FIFA '' . Goal.com. 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harding , Paul . `` Shining on the World Stage '' . Quality Progress . December 2010 . pp. 56 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` Beaming 2010 to the world '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 700 million to watch World Cup Final '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 12 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( 9 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup coverage expands on the Web , cell phones '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final sets ratings record '' . Associated Press . 12 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup Ratings Certify a TV Winner '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : ESPN3.com , ESPN Digital Draw in Massive Audiences '' . Sports Video Group . 15 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup games to be filmed in 3D '' . BBC News . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Mistry , Bhavna ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Sony providing HDC - 1500 cameras for FIFA World Cup '' . AV Interactive . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Product Detail Page HDCP1 '' . Sony . Archived from the original on 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Preps for World Cup 3D '' . Broadcasting & Cable . 22 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FevaArena ( Fibaarina ) entrance '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Ekberg , Brian ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` FIFA World Cup 2010 Q&A With Simon Humber -- PlayStation 3 News at GameSpot '' . Gamespot UK . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fan Fest '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Sikiti da Silva , Issa ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` FIFA Fan Fests : some facts and figures '' . Bizcommunity.com . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2010 . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2010 FIFA World Cup . 2010 FIFA World Cup Official Site ( Archived ) 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa TM , FIFA.com The official 2010 host country website Official Technical Report RSSSF Archive of finals 2010 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Event effects Matches Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Statistics Squads Symbols and animals Adidas Jabulani Mani the parakeet Official album Official video game Paul the Octopus Vuvuzela Zakumi 2010 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Quarter - finals Argentina Brazil Ghana Paraguay Round of 16 Chile England Japan Mexico Portugal Slovakia South Korea United States Group stage Algeria Australia Cameroon Denmark France Greece Honduras Italy Ivory Coast New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums Cape Town Stadium ( Cape Town ) Ellis Park Stadium ( Johannesburg ) Free State Stadium ( Bloemfontein ) Loftus Versfeld Stadium ( Pretoria ) Mbombela Stadium ( Nelspruit ) Moses Mabhida Stadium ( Durban ) Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium ( Port Elizabeth ) Peter Mokaba Stadium ( Polokwane ) Royal Bafokeng Stadium ( Rustenburg ) Soccer City ( Johannesburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 16058789 - X LCCN : nb2012027246 VIAF : 144977873 Association football portal 2010s portal South Africa portal Football in Africa portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=855716451 '' Categories : 2010 FIFA World Cup 2010 in association football 2009 -- 10 in South African soccer FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by South Africa June 2010 sports events July 2010 sports events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2018 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 96 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 10 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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where did the 2010 world cup take place

The 2010 FIFA World Cup was the 19th FIFA World Cup , the world championship for men 's national association football teams . It took place in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July 2010 . The bidding process for hosting the tournament finals was open only to African nations . In 2004 , the international football federation , FIFA , selected South Africa over Egypt and Morocco to become the first African nation to host the finals .

Rory McCann - wikipedia Rory McCann Jump to : navigation , search For the Irish cricketer , see Rory McCann ( cricketer ) . Rory McCann McCann , San Diego Comic Con International ( 2014 ) ( 1969 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1969 ( age 48 ) Glasgow , Lanarkshire , Scotland Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Height 6 ft 6 in ( 198 cm ) Relatives Sally - Gay McCann ( sister ) Rory McCann ( born 24 April 1969 ) is a Scottish actor , best known for portraying Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones and Lurch in Edgar Wright 's crime - comedy Hot Fuzz . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) McCann was born in Glasgow , Scotland . He has a sister , Sally - Gay McCann , born in 1972 . Before becoming an actor , McCann was a painter who studied at the Scottish School of Forestry near Inverness . He also worked as a bridge painter ( on the Forth Road Bridge ) , landscape gardener and carpenter . Rory McCann was first trained as an actor by writer - artist Robert Parsifal Finch in The Actor 's Workshop , Glasgow. 1998 . Career ( edit ) McCann 's first acting job was as an extra on the film Willow ( 1988 ) . He was fired because he laughed during the takes . He appeared in an advertisement for Scott 's Porage Oats , dressed in a vest and kilt . As his first major acting role , McCann played a disabled personal trainer in the 2002 television comedy drama The Book Group , winning the Scottish BAFTA for the best television performance of 2002 . Since then , he has taken television roles as Detective Inspector Stuart Brown in State of Play , Peter the Great in Peter in Paradise , and a priest in the award - winning British comedy drama series Shameless . He made his Hollywood debut in the 2004 film Alexander , which required the actors to go through a boot - camp in the African desert , and included shooting in Thailand , Morocco as well as a London studio . In 2007 , he appeared as Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong in Hot Fuzz . In 2008 , he played Moby in The Crew and Atilla the Hun in the BBC docudrama Heroes and Villains . McCann portrays Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones . Other projects include a BBC TV Series by writer Jimmy McGovern called Banished , set in Australia in the 18th century . McCann plays a blacksmith named Marston . Personal life ( edit ) McCann 's younger sister , Sally - Gay McCann , works on costumes for film and television ; he worked alongside her on Alexander and Game of Thrones . McCann is a supporter of the Scottish Green Party , and appeared in its 2007 Scottish Parliament general election broadcast . In 1990 , McCann broke multiple bones in a near - fatal rock climbing accident in Yorkshire . McCann is the former frontman of a defunct band called Thundersoup . He plays the piano , guitar , banjo and mandolin . McCann is known for living a solitary , transient lifestyle . He often lives on his boat or in places without modern conveniences . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Pasty Faces Goon 2003 The Devil 's Tattoo Eric 2003 Young Adam Sam Alexander Craterus 2005 Beowulf & Grendel Breca 2006 Sixty Six Policeman 2007 Hot Fuzz Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong 2008 The Crew Moby 2009 Solomon Kane McNess Clash of the Titans Belo 2011 Season of the Witch Soldier Commander Credited as Rory MacCann 2015 Slow West John Ross 2017 xXx : Return of Xander Cage Tennyson `` The Torch '' Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Coming Soon Fergus Television film 2000 Randall & Hopkirk Bouncer Episode : `` Mental Apparition Disorder '' 2000 Monarch of the Glen Roger Episode No . 1.6 2002 London 's Burning Keith Episode No . 14.7 2002 -- 2003 The Book Group Kenny McLeod Main role ; 12 episodes 2003 State of Play Stuart Brown Episode No. 1.1 ; uncredited 2003 Rockface Adam Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2003 Peter in Paradise Peter the Great Television film 2006 Shameless Father Critchon 2 episodes 2008 Heroes and Villains Attila the Hun Episode : `` Attila the Hun '' 2011 The Jury Derek Hatch Main role ( season 2 ) ; 5 episodes 2011 -- present Game of Thrones Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Main role ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) ; 33 episodes 2015 Banished Marston Main role ; 4 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins , Sean ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Q&A : Rory McCann on ' The Hound ' and Season Four '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Scott ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rory McCann ( ' Shameless ' , Beowulf & Grendel ' , `` Alexander ' ) '' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rory McCann -- What I know about women '' . The Scotsman. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McIver , Brian ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Games of Thrones star Rory McCann on his meteoric rise from carpenter to fantasy TV star '' . Daily Record . Glasgow : Trinity Mirror . ISSN 0956 - 8069 . OCLC 500344244 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Jen ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Meet the Hound , Scottish actor Rory McCann '' . LA Times . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ MacLaren , Lorna ( 29 January 2003 ) . `` Why he 's always up for it : From dubious tree surgeon and Forth bridge painter to giant of porridge commercials , Book Group star Rory McCann tells Lorna MacLaren of his next move '' . Herald Scotland . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : English , Paul ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Hulk Rory Leaves No Stone Unturned ; Scott 's Porage Oats Star Rory McCann Spills the Beans on how he won a part in Oliver Stone 's movie Alexander by Telling the Great Man to take a Hike '' . Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail Ltd . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Rory McCann teases road trip of ' death and destruction ' in season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rory McCann Joue Les Petits Rigolos à L'avant - Première de `` Game of Thrones '' à New York , le Mardi 18 ... '' Pure / Trend . 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Davey , Cathie ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Cast announced for Jimmy McGovern 's epic new series , Banished , for BBC Two '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Scottish Green Party ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` First Vote Green on the 3rd of May 2007 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( 28 March 2002 ) . `` I fell into acting says Oats hunk ; Scots actor and climber Rory McCann on the mountain plunge that changed his life '' . Daily Record ( Scotland ) . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Flett , Michael ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Rory McCann - Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , Game of Thrones `` . Geek Chocolate . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` Game Of Thrones ' Hound on bumfluff , hugs and the magic of Wilko Johnson '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` Access Countdown To ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 2 : Q&A Rory McCann Talks Sandor Clegane ( The Hound ) '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Rory McCann on IMDb VIAF : 107576464 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rory_McCann&oldid=811895818 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people Scottish male television actors Scottish male film actors 20th - century Scottish male actors 21st - century Scottish male actors Male actors from Glasgow Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 19 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who plays the character dog in game of thrones

Rory McCann ( born 24 April 1969 ) is a Scottish actor , best known for portraying Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones and Lurch in Edgar Wright 's crime - comedy Hot Fuzz .

List of the highest major summits of the United States - wikipedia List of the highest major summits of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Further information : List of mountain peaks of the United States See also : List of the most prominent summits of the United States and List of the most isolated major summits of the United States Denali in Alaska is the highest mountain peak of the United States and North America . Denali is the third-most topographically prominent and third-most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . The following sortable table comprises the 200 highest mountain peaks of the United States with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways : The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . In the United States , only Denali exceeds 6000 meters ( 19,685 feet ) elevation . Four major summits exceed 5000 meters ( 16,404 feet ) , nine exceed 4500 meters ( 14,764 feet ) , 104 exceed 4000 meters ( 13,123 feet ) , 220 exceed 3500 meters ( 11,483 feet ) , and 302 major summits exceed 3000 meters ' ( 9843 feet ) elevation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest major summits 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Highest major summits ( edit ) Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX See also : List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States , List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States , and List of United States fourteeners Of these 200 highest major summits of the United States , 88 are located in Colorado , 49 in Alaska , 22 in California , 14 in Wyoming , eight in New Mexico , five in Utah , four in Nevada , three in Montana , two in Washington , two in Hawai ʻi , two in Idaho , and one in Arizona . Five of these peaks lie on the international border between Alaska and Yukon , and two lie on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The ten highest major summits of the United States are all located in Alaska . The 200 highest summits of the United States with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence Rank Mountain Peak State Mountain Range Elevation Prominence Isolation Location Denali Alaska Alaska Range 7003619050000000000 ♠ 20,310 ft 6190.5 m 7003614050000000000 ♠ 20,146 ft 6141 m 7006745024000000000 ♠ 4,629 mi 7,450 km 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W  /  63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W  / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063  ( Denali ) Mount Saint Elias Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003548900000000000 ♠ 18,009 ft 5489 m 7003342900000000000 ♠ 11,250 ft 3429 m 7004412500000000000 ♠ 25.6 mi 41.3 km 60 ° 17 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 51 '' W  /  60.2927 ° N 140.9307 ° W  / 60.2927 ; - 140.9307  ( Mount Saint Elias ) Mount Foraker Alaska Alaska Range 7003530353100000000 ♠ 17,400 ft 5304 m 7003220980400000000 ♠ 7,250 ft 2210 m 7004229600000000000 ♠ 14.27 mi 23.0 km 62 ° 57 ′ 37 '' N 151 ° 23 ′ 59 '' W  /  62.9604 ° N 151.3998 ° W  / 62.9604 ; - 151.3998  ( Mount Foraker ) Mount Bona Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003504445000000000 ♠ 16,550 ft 5044 m 7003210312399999999 ♠ 6,900 ft 2103 m 7004800400000000000 ♠ 49.7 mi 80.0 km 61 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 141 ° 44 ′ 58 '' W  /  61.3856 ° N 141.7495 ° W  / 61.3856 ; - 141.7495  ( Mount Bona ) 5 Mount Blackburn Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003499568200000000 ♠ 16,390 ft 4996 m 7003354787900000000 ♠ 11,640 ft 3548 m 7004976400000000000 ♠ 60.7 mi 97.6 km 61 ° 43 ′ 50 '' N 143 ° 24 ′ 11 '' W  /  61.7305 ° N 143.4031 ° W  / 61.7305 ; - 143.4031  ( Mount Blackburn ) 6 Mount Sanford Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003494904700099999 ♠ 16,237 ft 4949 m 7003234300200000000 ♠ 7,687 ft 2343 m 7004647900000000000 ♠ 40.3 mi 64.8 km 62 ° 12 ′ 48 '' N 144 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W  /  62.2132 ° N 144.1292 ° W  / 62.2132 ; - 144.1292  ( Mount Sanford ) 7 Mount Fairweather ( Fairweather Mountain ) Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003467100000000000 ♠ 15,325 ft 4671 m 7003396100000000000 ♠ 12,995 ft 3961 m 7005200280000000000 ♠ 124.4 mi 200 km 58 ° 54 ′ 23 '' N 137 ° 31 ′ 35 '' W  /  58.9064 ° N 137.5265 ° W  / 58.9064 ; - 137.5265  ( Mount Fairweather ) 8 Mount Hubbard Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003455700000000000 ♠ 14,951 ft 4557 m 7003245700000000000 ♠ 8,061 ft 2457 m 7004343500000000000 ♠ 21.3 mi 34.4 km 60 ° 19 ′ 10 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W  /  60.3194 ° N 139.0726 ° W  / 60.3194 ; - 139.0726  ( Mount Hubbard ) 9 Mount Bear Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003452049800099999 ♠ 14,831 ft 4520 m 7003154049800000000 ♠ 5,054 ft 1540 m 7004324200000000000 ♠ 20.1 mi 32.4 km 61 ° 17 ′ 00 '' N 141 ° 08 ′ 36 '' W  /  61.2834 ° N 141.1433 ° W  / 61.2834 ; - 141.1433  ( Mount Bear ) 10 Mount Hunter Alaska Alaska Range 7003444185900000000 ♠ 14,573 ft 4442 m 7003141823700000000 ♠ 4,653 ft 1418 m 7004110700000000000 ♠ 6.88 mi 11.07 km 62 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 151 ° 05 ′ 29 '' W  /  62.9504 ° N 151.0915 ° W  / 62.9504 ; - 151.0915  ( Mount Hunter ) 11 Mount Whitney California Sierra Nevada 7003442100000000000 ♠ 14,505 ft 4421.0 m 7003307239000000000 ♠ 10,080 ft 3072 m 7006264947000000000 ♠ 1,646 mi 2,649 km 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W  /  36.5786 ° N 118.2920 ° W  / 36.5786 ; - 118.2920  ( Mount Whitney ) 12 Mount Alverstone ( Boundary Point 180 ) Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003441960900000000 ♠ 14,500 ft 4420 m 7002594361000000000 ♠ 1,950 ft 594 m 7003362000000000000 ♠ 2.25 mi 3.62 km 60 ° 21 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 30 '' W  /  60.3518 ° N 139.0749 ° W  / 60.3518 ; - 139.0749  ( Mount Alverstone ) 13 University Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003441046500000000 ♠ 14,470 ft 4410 m 7002978410000000000 ♠ 3,210 ft 978 m 7003597000000000000 ♠ 3.71 mi 5.97 km 61 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 141 ° 47 ′ 12 '' W  /  61.3272 ° N 141.7867 ° W  / 61.3272 ; - 141.7867  ( University Peak ) 14 Mount Elbert Colorado Sawatch Range 7003440120000000000 ♠ 14,440 ft 4401.2 m 7003277155200000000 ♠ 9,093 ft 2772 m 7006107915000000000 ♠ 671 mi 1,079 km 39 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W  /  39.1178 ° N 106.4454 ° W  / 39.1178 ; - 106.4454  ( Mount Elbert ) 15 Mount Massive Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439761700000000 ♠ 14,428 ft 4398 m 7002597714000000000 ♠ 1,961 ft 598 m 7003814000000000000 ♠ 5.06 mi 8.14 km 39 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 33 '' W  /  39.1875 ° N 106.4757 ° W  / 39.1875 ; - 106.4757  ( Mount Massive ) 16 Mount Harvard Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439560000000000 ♠ 14,421 ft 4395.6 m 7002719328999900000 ♠ 2,360 ft 719 m 7004240100000000000 ♠ 14.92 mi 24.0 km 38 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W  /  38.9244 ° N 106.3207 ° W  / 38.9244 ; - 106.3207  ( Mount Harvard ) 17 Mount Rainier Washington Cascade Range 7003439439600000000 ♠ 14,417 ft 4394 m 7003402641600000000 ♠ 13,210 ft 4026 m 7006117672000000000 ♠ 731 mi 1,177 km 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W  /  46.8529 ° N 121.7604 ° W  / 46.8529 ; - 121.7604  ( Mount Rainier ) 18 Mount Williamson California Sierra Nevada 7003438270600000000 ♠ 14,379 ft 4383 m 7002510706000000000 ♠ 1,676 ft 511 m 7003870000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.70 km 36 ° 39 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 18 ′ 40 '' W  /  36.6559 ° N 118.3111 ° W  / 36.6559 ; - 118.3111  ( Mount Williamson ) 19 Blanca Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003437412000000000 ♠ 14,351 ft 4374 m 7003162336800000000 ♠ 5,326 ft 1623 m 7005166360000000000 ♠ 103.4 mi 166.4 km 37 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W  /  37.5775 ° N 105.4856 ° W  / 37.5775 ; - 105.4856  ( Blanca Peak ) 20 La Plata Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003437160500099999 ♠ 14,343 ft 4372 m 7002559614000000000 ♠ 1,836 ft 560 m 7004101100000000000 ♠ 6.28 mi 10.11 km 39 ° 01 ′ 46 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 22 '' W  /  39.0294 ° N 106.4729 ° W  / 39.0294 ; - 106.4729  ( La Plata Peak ) 21 Uncompahgre Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003436500000000000 ♠ 14,321 ft 4365.0 m 7003130363200000000 ♠ 4,277 ft 1304 m 7005136810000000000 ♠ 85.0 mi 136.8 km 38 ° 04 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 27 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.0717 ° N 107.4621 ° W  / 38.0717 ; - 107.4621  ( Uncompahgre Peak ) 22 Crestone Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Range 7003435857200000000 ♠ 14,300 ft 4359 m 7003138805900000000 ♠ 4,554 ft 1388 m 7004440400000000000 ♠ 27.4 mi 44.0 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 08 '' W  /  37.9669 ° N 105.5855 ° W  / 37.9669 ; - 105.5855  ( Crestone Peak ) 23 Mount Lincoln Colorado Mosquito Range 7003435650000000000 ♠ 14,293 ft 4356.5 m 7003117714000000000 ♠ 3,862 ft 1177 m 7004362200000000000 ♠ 22.5 mi 36.2 km 39 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 06 ′ 42 '' W  /  39.3515 ° N 106.1116 ° W  / 39.3515 ; - 106.1116  ( Mount Lincoln ) 24 Castle Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003435220000000000 ♠ 14,279 ft 4352.2 m 7002720852999900000 ♠ 2,365 ft 721 m 7004335700000000000 ♠ 20.9 mi 33.6 km 39 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W  /  39.0097 ° N 106.8614 ° W  / 39.0097 ; - 106.8614  ( Castle Peak ) 25 Grays Peak Colorado Front Range 7003435200000000000 ♠ 14,278 ft 4352 m 7002844298000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004402400000000000 ♠ 25.0 mi 40.2 km 39 ° 38 ′ 02 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 03 '' W  /  39.6339 ° N 105.8176 ° W  / 39.6339 ; - 105.8176  ( Grays Peak ) 26 Mount Antero Colorado Sawatch Range 7003435140000099999 ♠ 14,276 ft 4351.4 m 7002762916000000000 ♠ 2,503 ft 763 m 7004284400000000000 ♠ 17.67 mi 28.4 km 38 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 46 '' W  /  38.6741 ° N 106.2462 ° W  / 38.6741 ; - 106.2462  ( Mount Antero ) 27 Mount Evans Colorado Front Range 7003434979800000000 ♠ 14,271 ft 4350 m 7002844269000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004157600000000000 ♠ 9.79 mi 15.76 km 39 ° 35 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.5883 ° N 105.6438 ° W  / 39.5883 ; - 105.6438  ( Mount Evans ) 28 Longs Peak Colorado Front Range 7003434600000000000 ♠ 14,259 ft 4346 m 7002896114000000000 ♠ 2,940 ft 896 m 7004701800000000000 ♠ 43.6 mi 70.2 km 40 ° 15 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 54 '' W  /  40.2550 ° N 105.6151 ° W  / 40.2550 ; - 105.6151  ( Longs Peak ) 29 Mount Wilson Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003434408900000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344 m 7003122651800000000 ♠ 4,024 ft 1227 m 7004531300000000000 ♠ 33.0 mi 53.1 km 37 ° 50 ′ 21 '' N 107 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W  /  37.8391 ° N 107.9916 ° W  / 37.8391 ; - 107.9916  ( Mount Wilson ) 30 White Mountain Peak California White Mountains 7003434400000000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344.0 m 7003219334500099999 ♠ 7,196 ft 2193 m 7005108550000000000 ♠ 67.4 mi 108.6 km 37 ° 38 ′ 03 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 21 '' W  /  37.6341 ° N 118.2557 ° W  / 37.6341 ; - 118.2557  ( White Mountain Peak ) 31 North Palisade California Sierra Nevada 7003434283000000000 ♠ 14,248 ft 4343 m 7002882093000000000 ♠ 2,894 ft 882 m 7004517600000000000 ♠ 32.2 mi 51.8 km 37 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 52 '' W  /  37.0943 ° N 118.5145 ° W  / 37.0943 ; - 118.5145  ( North Palisade ) 32 Mount Princeton Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432930000000000 ♠ 14,204 ft 4329.3 m 7002663551000000000 ♠ 2,177 ft 664 m 7003836000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.36 km 38 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W  /  38.7492 ° N 106.2424 ° W  / 38.7492 ; - 106.2424  ( Mount Princeton ) 33 Mount Yale Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432820000000000 ♠ 14,200 ft 4328.2 m 7002577902000000000 ♠ 1,896 ft 578 m 7003893000000000000 ♠ 5.55 mi 8.93 km 38 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W  /  38.8442 ° N 106.3138 ° W  / 38.8442 ; - 106.3138  ( Mount Yale ) 34 Mount Shasta California Cascade Range 7003432180000000000 ♠ 14,179 ft 4321.8 m 7003297851200000000 ♠ 9,772 ft 2979 m 7005538680000000000 ♠ 335 mi 539 km 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.4092 ° N 122.1949 ° W  / 41.4092 ; - 122.1949  ( Mount Shasta ) 35 Maroon Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003431700000000000 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317.0 m 7002712014000000000 ♠ 2,336 ft 712 m 7004129700000000000 ♠ 8.06 mi 12.97 km 39 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 59 ′ 20 '' W  /  39.0708 ° N 106.9890 ° W  / 39.0708 ; - 106.9890  ( Maroon Peak ) 36 Mount Wrangell Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003431689100099999 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317 m 7003171084600000000 ♠ 5,613 ft 1711 m 7004238100000000000 ♠ 14.79 mi 23.8 km 62 ° 00 ′ 21 '' N 144 ° 01 ′ 07 '' W  /  62.0059 ° N 144.0187 ° W  / 62.0059 ; - 144.0187  ( Mount Wrangell ) 37 Mount Sneffels Colorado Sneffels Range 7003431540000099999 ♠ 14,158 ft 4315.4 m 7002929642000000000 ♠ 3,050 ft 930 m 7004252800000000000 ♠ 15.71 mi 25.3 km 38 ° 00 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W  /  38.0038 ° N 107.7923 ° W  / 38.0038 ; - 107.7923  ( Mount Sneffels ) 38 Capitol Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003430882400099999 ♠ 14,137 ft 4309 m 7002533401000099999 ♠ 1,750 ft 533 m 7004119800000000000 ♠ 7.44 mi 11.98 km 39 ° 09 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W  /  39.1503 ° N 107.0829 ° W  / 39.1503 ; - 107.0829  ( Capitol Peak ) 39 Pikes Peak Colorado Front Range 7003430231000000000 ♠ 14,115 ft 4302.31 m 7003168554700000000 ♠ 5,530 ft 1686 m 7004975600000000000 ♠ 60.6 mi 97.6 km 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.8405 ° N 105.0442 ° W  / 38.8405 ; - 105.0442  ( Pikes Peak ) 40 Windom Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003429551100000000 ♠ 14,093 ft 4296 m 7002666599000000000 ♠ 2,187 ft 667 m 7004424000000000000 ♠ 26.3 mi 42.4 km 37 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W  /  37.6212 ° N 107.5919 ° W  / 37.6212 ; - 107.5919  ( Windom Peak ) 41 Mount Augusta Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003428854500000000 ♠ 14,070 ft 4289 m 7003154900000000000 ♠ 5,082 ft 1549 m 7004231900000000000 ♠ 14.41 mi 23.2 km 60 ° 18 ′ 27 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W  /  60.3074 ° N 140.4584 ° W  / 60.3074 ; - 140.4584  ( Mount Augusta ) 42 Handies Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003428480000000000 ♠ 14,058 ft 4284.8 m 7002581559999900000 ♠ 1,908 ft 582 m 7004180000000000000 ♠ 11.18 mi 18.00 km 37 ° 54 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 30 ′ 16 '' W  /  37.9130 ° N 107.5044 ° W  / 37.9130 ; - 107.5044  ( Handies Peak ) 43 Culebra Peak Colorado Culebra Range 7003428327400000000 ♠ 14,053 ft 4283 m 7003147127300000000 ♠ 4,827 ft 1471 m 7004569400000000000 ♠ 35.4 mi 56.9 km 37 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 105 ° 11 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.1224 ° N 105.1858 ° W  / 37.1224 ; - 105.1858  ( Culebra Peak ) 44 San Luis Peak Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003427380000000000 ♠ 14,022 ft 4273.8 m 7002948844000000000 ♠ 3,113 ft 949 m 7004433700000000000 ♠ 26.9 mi 43.4 km 37 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 106 ° 55 ′ 53 '' W  /  37.9868 ° N 106.9313 ° W  / 37.9868 ; - 106.9313  ( San Luis Peak ) 45 Mount of the Holy Cross Colorado Sawatch Range 7003427051000000000 ♠ 14,011 ft 4270.5 m 7002644034000000000 ♠ 2,113 ft 644 m 7004296300000000000 ♠ 18.41 mi 29.6 km 39 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 54 '' W  /  39.4668 ° N 106.4817 ° W  / 39.4668 ; - 106.4817  ( Mount of the Holy Cross ) 46 Grizzly Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003426560000000000 ♠ 13,995 ft 4265.6 m 7002587655999900000 ♠ 1,928 ft 588 m 7004108900000000000 ♠ 6.77 mi 10.89 km 39 ° 02 ′ 33 '' N 106 ° 35 ′ 51 '' W  /  39.0425 ° N 106.5976 ° W  / 39.0425 ; - 106.5976  ( Grizzly Peak ) 47 Mount Humphreys California Sierra Nevada 7003426478300000000 ♠ 13,992 ft 4265 m 7002781203999900000 ♠ 2,563 ft 781 m 7004236700000000000 ♠ 14.71 mi 23.7 km 37 ° 16 ′ 14 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W  /  37.2705 ° N 118.6730 ° W  / 37.2705 ; - 118.6730  ( Mount Humphreys ) 48 Mount Keith California Sierra Nevada 7003426168800000000 ♠ 13,982 ft 4262 m 7002590000000000000 ♠ 1,936 ft 590 m 7003497000000000000 ♠ 3.09 mi 4.97 km 36 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W  /  36.7001 ° N 118.3436 ° W  / 36.7001 ; - 118.3436  ( Mount Keith ) 49 Mount Ouray Colorado Sawatch Range 7003425549999999999 ♠ 13,961 ft 4255.4 m 7002810465000000000 ♠ 2,659 ft 810 m 7004218600000000000 ♠ 13.58 mi 21.9 km 38 ° 25 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 29 '' W  /  38.4227 ° N 106.2247 ° W  / 38.4227 ; - 106.2247  ( Mount Ouray ) 50 Vermilion Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003423672700000000 ♠ 13,900 ft 4237 m 7002641605000000000 ♠ 2,105 ft 642 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 37 ° 47 ′ 57 '' N 107 ° 49 ′ 43 '' W  /  37.7993 ° N 107.8285 ° W  / 37.7993 ; - 107.8285  ( Vermilion Peak ) 51 Atna Peaks Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003422453600000000 ♠ 13,860 ft 4225 m 7002673609000000000 ♠ 2,210 ft 674 m 7003586000000000000 ♠ 3.64 mi 5.86 km 61 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 143 ° 14 ′ 29 '' W  /  61.7495 ° N 143.2414 ° W  / 61.7495 ; - 143.2414  ( Atna Peaks ) 52 Regal Mountain Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003421996400000000 ♠ 13,845 ft 4220 m 7003133959900000000 ♠ 4,395 ft 1340 m 7004197200000000000 ♠ 12.25 mi 19.72 km 61 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 142 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W  /  61.7438 ° N 142.8675 ° W  / 61.7438 ; - 142.8675  ( Regal Mountain ) 53 Mount Darwin California Sierra Nevada 7003421758299999999 ♠ 13,837 ft 4218 m 7002576378000000000 ♠ 1,891 ft 576 m 7004114800000000000 ♠ 7.13 mi 11.48 km 37 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W  /  37.1669 ° N 118.6721 ° W  / 37.1669 ; - 118.6721  ( Mount Darwin ) 54 Mount Hayes Alaska Alaska Range 7003421600200000000 ♠ 13,832 ft 4216 m 7003350734100000000 ♠ 11,507 ft 3507 m 7005202000000000000 ♠ 125.5 mi 202 km 63 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 146 ° 43 ′ 04 '' W  /  63.6203 ° N 146.7178 ° W  / 63.6203 ; - 146.7178  ( Mount Hayes ) 55 Mount Silverheels Colorado Front Range 7003421500000000000 ♠ 13,829 ft 4215.0 m 7002695860000000000 ♠ 2,283 ft 696 m 7003882000000000000 ♠ 5.48 mi 8.82 km 39 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 00 ′ 19 '' W  /  39.3394 ° N 106.0054 ° W  / 39.3394 ; - 106.0054  ( Mount Silverheels ) 56 Rio Grande Pyramid Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003421449999999999 ♠ 13,827 ft 4214.4 m 7002573330000000000 ♠ 1,881 ft 573 m 7004173100000000000 ♠ 10.76 mi 17.31 km 37 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 33 '' W  /  37.6797 ° N 107.3924 ° W  / 37.6797 ; - 107.3924  ( Rio Grande Pyramid ) 57 Gannett Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003420910000000000 ♠ 13,809 ft 4209.1 m 7003215676900099999 ♠ 7,076 ft 2157 m 7005467280000000000 ♠ 290 mi 467 km 43 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 109 ° 39 ′ 15 '' W  /  43.1842 ° N 109.6542 ° W  / 43.1842 ; - 109.6542  ( Gannett Peak ) 58 Mount Kaweah California Sierra Nevada 7003420851000000000 ♠ 13,807 ft 4209 m 7002617831000000000 ♠ 2,027 ft 618 m 7004172700000000000 ♠ 10.73 mi 17.27 km 36 ° 31 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W  /  36.5261 ° N 118.4785 ° W  / 36.5261 ; - 118.4785  ( Mount Kaweah ) 59 Mauna Kea Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207.3 m 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207 m 7006394700000000000 ♠ 2,453 mi 3,947 km 19 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 155 ° 28 ′ 05 '' W  /  19.8207 ° N 155.4681 ° W  / 19.8207 ; - 155.4681  ( Mauna Kea ) 60 Grand Teton Wyoming Teton Range 7003419870000000000 ♠ 13,775 ft 4198.7 m 7003199492000000000 ♠ 6,545 ft 1995 m 7005111610000000000 ♠ 69.4 mi 111.6 km 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W  /  43.7412 ° N 110.8024 ° W  / 43.7412 ; - 110.8024  ( Grand Teton ) 61 Mount Cook Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003419405700000000 ♠ 13,760 ft 4194 m 7003235001300000000 ♠ 7,710 ft 2350 m 7004234000000000000 ♠ 14.54 mi 23.4 km 60 ° 10 ′ 54 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W  /  60.1816 ° N 139.9811 ° W  / 60.1816 ; - 139.9811  ( Mount Cook ) 62 Mount Morgan California Sierra Nevada 7003419349999999999 ♠ 13,758 ft 4193.4 m 7002807112000000000 ♠ 2,648 ft 807 m 7004158700000000000 ♠ 9.86 mi 15.87 km 37 ° 24 ′ 19 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 58 '' W  /  37.4053 ° N 118.7329 ° W  / 37.4053 ; - 118.7329  ( Mount Morgan ) 63 Mount Gabb California Sierra Nevada 7003419022300000000 ♠ 13,747 ft 4190 m 7002792785999900000 ♠ 2,601 ft 793 m 7003689000000000000 ♠ 4.28 mi 6.89 km 37 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.3769 ° N 118.8025 ° W  / 37.3769 ; - 118.8025  ( Mount Gabb ) 64 Bald Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003417281400000000 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002639776000000000 ♠ 2,099 ft 640 m 7004120900000000000 ♠ 7.51 mi 12.09 km 39 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W  /  39.4448 ° N 105.9705 ° W  / 39.4448 ; - 105.9705  ( Bald Mountain ) 65 Mount Oso Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003417266799999999 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002507188000000000 ♠ 1,664 ft 507 m 7003871000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.71 km 37 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 107 ° 29 ′ 37 '' W  /  37.6070 ° N 107.4936 ° W  / 37.6070 ; - 107.4936  ( Mount Oso ) 66 Mauna Loa Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003416936800000000 ♠ 13,679 ft 4169 m 7003216378000000000 ♠ 7,099 ft 2164 m 7004408300000000000 ♠ 25.4 mi 40.8 km 19 ° 28 ′ 32 '' N 155 ° 36 ′ 19 '' W  /  19.4756 ° N 155.6054 ° W  / 19.4756 ; - 155.6054  ( Mauna Loa ) 67 Mount Jackson Colorado Sawatch Range 7003416850000000000 ♠ 13,676 ft 4168.5 m 7002551689000099999 ♠ 1,810 ft 552 m 7003516000000000000 ♠ 3.21 mi 5.16 km 39 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 106 ° 32 ′ 12 '' W  /  39.4853 ° N 106.5367 ° W  / 39.4853 ; - 106.5367  ( Mount Jackson ) 68 Mount Tom California Sierra Nevada 7003416251700000000 ♠ 13,657 ft 4163 m 7002607163000000000 ♠ 1,992 ft 607 m 7003767000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.67 km 37 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 10 ′ 44 '' W  /  37.3762 ° N 119.1789 ° W  / 37.3762 ; - 119.1789  ( Mount Tom ) 69 Bard Peak Colorado Front Range 7003415949200000000 ♠ 13,647 ft 4159 m 7002518466000000000 ♠ 1,701 ft 518 m 7003874000000000000 ♠ 5.43 mi 8.74 km 39 ° 43 ′ 13 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 16 '' W  /  39.7204 ° N 105.8044 ° W  / 39.7204 ; - 105.8044  ( Bard Peak ) 70 West Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003415468099999999 ♠ 13,631 ft 4155 m 7003112349500099999 ♠ 3,686 ft 1123 m 7004319800000000000 ♠ 19.87 mi 32.0 km 37 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W  /  37.3756 ° N 104.9934 ° W  / 37.3756 ; - 104.9934  ( West Spanish Peak ) 71 Mount Powell Colorado Gore Range 7003414096299900000 ♠ 13,586 ft 4141 m 7002914402000000000 ♠ 3,000 ft 914 m 7004346000000000000 ♠ 21.5 mi 34.6 km 39 ° 45 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W  /  39.7601 ° N 106.3407 ° W  / 39.7601 ; - 106.3407  ( Mount Powell ) 72 Hagues Peak Colorado Mummy Range 7003413700000000000 ♠ 13,573 ft 4137 m 7002737617000000000 ♠ 2,420 ft 738 m 7004252600000000000 ♠ 15.70 mi 25.3 km 40 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 47 '' W  /  40.4845 ° N 105.6464 ° W  / 40.4845 ; - 105.6464  ( Hagues Peak ) 73 Mount Dubois California White Mountains 7003413467000000000 ♠ 13,565 ft 4135 m 7002712929000000000 ♠ 2,339 ft 713 m 7004155000000000000 ♠ 9.63 mi 15.50 km 37 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 36 '' W  /  37.7834 ° N 118.3432 ° W  / 37.7834 ; - 118.3432  ( Mount Dubois ) 74 Tower Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003413245399900000 ♠ 13,558 ft 4132 m 7002503531000000000 ♠ 1,652 ft 504 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 51 ′ 26 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W  /  37.8573 ° N 107.6230 ° W  / 37.8573 ; - 107.6230  ( Tower Mountain ) 75 Treasure Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003412535099999999 ♠ 13,535 ft 4125 m 7002861976000000000 ♠ 2,828 ft 862 m 7004111300000000000 ♠ 6.92 mi 11.13 km 39 ° 01 ′ 28 '' N 107 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W  /  39.0244 ° N 107.1228 ° W  / 39.0244 ; - 107.1228  ( Treasure Mountain ) 76 Kings Peak Utah Uinta Mountains 7003412514999999999 ♠ 13,534 ft 4125 m 7003193792200000000 ♠ 6,358 ft 1938 m 7005268040000000000 ♠ 166.6 mi 268 km 40 ° 46 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 22 ′ 22 '' W  /  40.7763 ° N 110.3729 ° W  / 40.7763 ; - 110.3729  ( Kings Peak ) 77 North Arapaho Peak Colorado Front Range 7003411718099999999 ♠ 13,508 ft 4117 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7004247500000000000 ♠ 15.38 mi 24.8 km 40 ° 01 ′ 35 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W  /  40.0265 ° N 105.6504 ° W  / 40.0265 ; - 105.6504  ( North Arapaho Peak ) 78 Mount Pinchot California Sierra Nevada 7003411478899900000 ♠ 13,500 ft 4115 m 7002643000000000000 ♠ 2,110 ft 643 m 7003758000000000000 ♠ 4.71 mi 7.58 km 36 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 19 '' W  /  36.9473 ° N 118.4054 ° W  / 36.9473 ; - 118.4054  ( Mount Pinchot ) 79 Mount Natazhat Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003409499600000000 ♠ 13,435 ft 4095 m 7003182423200000000 ♠ 5,985 ft 1824 m 7004249300000000000 ♠ 15.49 mi 24.9 km 61 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 06 ′ 11 '' W  /  61.5217 ° N 141.1030 ° W  / 61.5217 ; - 141.1030  ( Mount Natazhat ) 80 Mount Jarvis Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003409072900000000 ♠ 13,421 ft 4091 m 7003145420400000000 ♠ 4,771 ft 1454 m 7004179500000000000 ♠ 11.15 mi 17.95 km 62 ° 01 ′ 24 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 11 '' W  /  62.0234 ° N 143.6198 ° W  / 62.0234 ; - 143.6198  ( Mount Jarvis ) 81 Parry Peak Colorado Front Range 7003408334800000000 ♠ 13,397 ft 4083 m 7002524256999999999 ♠ 1,720 ft 524 m 7004152200000000000 ♠ 9.46 mi 15.22 km 39 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 48 '' W  /  39.8381 ° N 105.7132 ° W  / 39.8381 ; - 105.7132  ( Parry Peak ) 82 Bill Williams Peak Colorado Williams Mountains 7003408088600000000 ♠ 13,389 ft 4081 m 7002512675000099999 ♠ 1,682 ft 513 m 7003600000000000000 ♠ 3.73 mi 6.00 km 39 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W  /  39.1806 ° N 106.6102 ° W  / 39.1806 ; - 106.6102  ( Bill Williams Peak ) 83 Sultan Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003407622400000000 ♠ 13,373 ft 4076 m 7002569368000000000 ♠ 1,868 ft 569 m 7003739000000000000 ♠ 4.59 mi 7.39 km 37 ° 47 ′ 09 '' N 107 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W  /  37.7859 ° N 107.7038 ° W  / 37.7859 ; - 107.7038  ( Sultan Mountain ) 84 Mount Herard Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003406768000000000 ♠ 13,345 ft 4068 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003745000000000000 ♠ 4.63 mi 7.45 km 37 ° 50 ′ 57 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 42 '' W  /  37.8492 ° N 105.4949 ° W  / 37.8492 ; - 105.4949  ( Mount Herard ) 85 West Buffalo Peak Colorado Mosquito Range 7003406360700000000 ♠ 13,332 ft 4064 m 7002605333999900000 ♠ 1,986 ft 605 m 7004154600000000000 ♠ 9.61 mi 15.46 km 38 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W  /  38.9917 ° N 106.1249 ° W  / 38.9917 ; - 106.1249  ( West Buffalo Peak ) 86 Tressider Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003405842000000000 ♠ 13,315 ft 4058 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7003534000000000000 ♠ 3.32 mi 5.34 km 61 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 141 ° 39 ′ 59 '' W  /  61.3590 ° N 141.6664 ° W  / 61.3590 ; - 141.6664  ( Tressider Peak ) 87 Summit Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003405620000000000 ♠ 13,308 ft 4056.2 m 7002841250000000000 ♠ 2,760 ft 841 m 7004636600000000000 ♠ 39.6 mi 63.7 km 37 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 41 ′ 48 '' W  /  37.3506 ° N 106.6968 ° W  / 37.3506 ; - 106.6968  ( Summit Peak ) 88 Middle Peak Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003405565700000000 ♠ 13,306 ft 4056 m 7002597418000000000 ♠ 1,960 ft 597 m 7003769000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.69 km 37 ° 51 ′ 13 '' N 108 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W  /  37.8536 ° N 108.1082 ° W  / 37.8536 ; - 108.1082  ( Middle Peak ) 89 Antora Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404628200000000 ♠ 13,275 ft 4046 m 7002734265000000000 ♠ 2,409 ft 734 m 7004108600000000000 ♠ 6.75 mi 10.86 km 38 ° 19 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 05 '' W  /  38.3250 ° N 106.2180 ° W  / 38.3250 ; - 106.2180  ( Antora Peak ) 90 Henry Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404186400000000 ♠ 13,261 ft 4042 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7004176100000000000 ♠ 10.94 mi 17.61 km 38 ° 41 ′ 08 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.6856 ° N 106.6211 ° W  / 38.6856 ; - 106.6211  ( Henry Mountain ) 91 Hesperus Mountain Colorado La Plata Mountains 7003403477200000000 ♠ 13,237 ft 4035 m 7002869291000000000 ♠ 2,852 ft 869 m 7004394700000000000 ♠ 24.5 mi 39.5 km 37 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 20 '' W  /  37.4451 ° N 108.0890 ° W  / 37.4451 ; - 108.0890  ( Hesperus Mountain ) 92 Mount Silverthrone Alaska Alaska Range 7003402946400000000 ♠ 13,220 ft 4029 m 7002987554000000000 ♠ 3,240 ft 988 m 7004127200000000000 ♠ 7.90 mi 12.72 km 63 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 150 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W  /  63.1157 ° N 150.6755 ° W  / 63.1157 ; - 150.6755  ( Mount Silverthrone ) 93 Jacque Peak Colorado Gore Range 7003402675800000000 ♠ 13,211 ft 4027 m 7002629413000000000 ♠ 2,065 ft 629 m 7003728000000000000 ♠ 4.52 mi 7.28 km 39 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 106 ° 11 ′ 49 '' W  /  39.4549 ° N 106.1970 ° W  / 39.4549 ; - 106.1970  ( Jacque Peak ) 94 Bennett Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003402606400000000 ♠ 13,209 ft 4026 m 7002531267000000000 ♠ 1,743 ft 531 m 7004274900000000000 ♠ 17.08 mi 27.5 km 37 ° 29 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 03 '' W  /  37.4833 ° N 106.4343 ° W  / 37.4833 ; - 106.4343  ( Bennett Peak ) 95 Wind River Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003402240000000000 ♠ 13,197 ft 4022.4 m 7002783947000000000 ♠ 2,572 ft 784 m 7004565600000000000 ♠ 35.1 mi 56.6 km 42 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 109 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W  /  42.7085 ° N 109.1284 ° W  / 42.7085 ; - 109.1284  ( Wind River Peak ) 96 Conejos Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003401700000000000 ♠ 13,179 ft 4017.0 m 7002582779000000000 ♠ 1,912 ft 583 m 7004131200000000000 ♠ 8.15 mi 13.12 km 37 ° 17 ′ 19 '' N 106 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W  /  37.2887 ° N 106.5709 ° W  / 37.2887 ; - 106.5709  ( Conejos Peak ) 97 Mount Marcus Baker Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003401605300000000 ♠ 13,176 ft 4016 m 7003327691100000000 ♠ 10,751 ft 3277 m 7005203300000000000 ♠ 126.3 mi 203 km 61 ° 26 ′ 15 '' N 147 ° 45 ′ 09 '' W  /  61.4374 ° N 147.7525 ° W  / 61.4374 ; - 147.7525  ( Mount Marcus Baker ) 98 Cloud Peak Wyoming Bighorn Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003215707400000000 ♠ 7,077 ft 2157 m 7005233380000000000 ♠ 145.0 mi 233 km 44 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N 107 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W  /  44.3821 ° N 107.1739 ° W  / 44.3821 ; - 107.1739  ( Cloud Peak ) Wheeler Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003103906500000000 ♠ 3,409 ft 1039 m 7004595700000000000 ♠ 37.0 mi 59.6 km 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W  /  36.5569 ° N 105.4169 ° W  / 36.5569 ; - 105.4169  ( Wheeler Peak ) 100 Francs Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003401230000000000 ♠ 13,164 ft 4012.3 m 7003123627100000000 ♠ 4,056 ft 1236 m 7004760200000000000 ♠ 47.2 mi 76.0 km 43 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 109 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W  /  43.9613 ° N 109.3392 ° W  / 43.9613 ; - 109.3392  ( Francs Peak ) 101 Twilight Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003401210300000000 ♠ 13,163 ft 4012 m 7002712624000000000 ♠ 2,338 ft 713 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 43 ′ 37 '' W  /  37.6630 ° N 107.7270 ° W  / 37.6630 ; - 107.7270  ( Twilight Peak ) 102 South River Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003400940000000000 ♠ 13,154 ft 4009.4 m 7002746152000000000 ♠ 2,448 ft 746 m 7004339900000000000 ♠ 21.1 mi 34.0 km 37 ° 34 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 53 '' W  /  37.5741 ° N 106.9815 ° W  / 37.5741 ; - 106.9815  ( South River Peak ) 103 Mount Ritter California Sierra Nevada 7003400778000000000 ♠ 13,149 ft 4008 m 7003121600000000000 ♠ 3,990 ft 1216 m 7004354300000000000 ♠ 22.0 mi 35.4 km 37 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 119 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W  /  37.6891 ° N 119.1996 ° W  / 37.6891 ; - 119.1996  ( Mount Ritter ) 104 Red Slate Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003400179100000000 ♠ 13,129 ft 4002 m 7002528981000000000 ♠ 1,736 ft 529 m 7004133800000000000 ♠ 8.31 mi 13.38 km 37 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.5075 ° N 118.8693 ° W  / 37.5075 ; - 118.8693  ( Red Slate Mountain ) 105 Mount Lyell ( California ) California Sierra Nevada 7003399890000000000 ♠ 13,120 ft 3998.9 m 7002587000000000000 ♠ 1,926 ft 587 m 7003846000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.46 km 37 ° 44 ′ 22 '' N 119 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W  /  37.7394 ° N 119.2716 ° W  / 37.7394 ; - 119.2716  ( Mount Lyell ) 106 Bushnell Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003399580000000000 ♠ 13,110 ft 3995.8 m 7002733045000000000 ♠ 2,405 ft 733 m 7004178200000000000 ♠ 11.07 mi 17.82 km 38 ° 20 ′ 28 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 21 '' W  /  38.3412 ° N 105.8892 ° W  / 38.3412 ; - 105.8892  ( Bushnell Peak ) 107 Truchas Peak New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003399520000000000 ♠ 13,108 ft 3995.2 m 7003121950700000000 ♠ 4,001 ft 1220 m 7004681500000000000 ♠ 42.3 mi 68.2 km 35 ° 57 ′ 45 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W  /  35.9625 ° N 105.6450 ° W  / 35.9625 ; - 105.6450  ( Truchas Peak ) 108 Wheeler Peak Nevada Snake Range 7003398230000000000 ♠ 13,065 ft 3982.3 m 7003230673100000000 ♠ 7,568 ft 2307 m 7005373020000000000 ♠ 232 mi 373 km 38 ° 59 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W  /  38.9858 ° N 114.3139 ° W  / 38.9858 ; - 114.3139  ( Wheeler Peak ) 109 Mount Dana California Sierra Nevada 7003398148700000000 ♠ 13,063 ft 3981.5 m 7002742799000000000 ♠ 2,437 ft 743 m 7004183500000000000 ♠ 11.40 mi 18.35 km 37 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W  /  37.8999 ° N 119.2211 ° W  / 37.8999 ; - 119.2211  ( Mount Dana ) 110 West Elk Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003397520000000000 ♠ 13,042 ft 3975.2 m 7002943358000000000 ♠ 3,095 ft 943 m 7004221800000000000 ♠ 13.78 mi 22.2 km 38 ° 43 ′ 04 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W  /  38.7179 ° N 107.1994 ° W  / 38.7179 ; - 107.1994  ( West Elk Peak ) 111 Mount Moffit Alaska Alaska Range 7003396850400000000 ♠ 13,020 ft 3969 m 7003121005800000000 ♠ 3,970 ft 1210 m 7004164100000000000 ♠ 10.20 mi 16.41 km 63 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 146 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W  /  63.5683 ° N 146.3982 ° W  / 63.5683 ; - 146.3982  ( Mount Moffit ) 112 Mount Centennial ( Peak 13010 ) Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003396727000000000 ♠ 13,016 ft 3967 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003461000000000000 ♠ 2.86 mi 4.61 km 37 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W  /  37.6062 ° N 107.2446 ° W  / 37.6062 ; - 107.2446  ( Mount Centennial ) 113 Clark Peak Colorado Medicine Bow Mountains 7003394840000000000 ♠ 12,954 ft 3948.4 m 7002844602000000000 ♠ 2,771 ft 845 m 7004264000000000000 ♠ 16.40 mi 26.4 km 40 ° 36 ′ 24 '' N 105 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W  /  40.6068 ° N 105.9300 ° W  / 40.6068 ; - 105.9300  ( Clark Peak ) 114 Mount Richthofen Colorado Never Summer Mountains 7003394577800000000 ♠ 12,945 ft 3946 m 7002816866000000000 ♠ 2,680 ft 817 m 7004155400000000000 ♠ 9.66 mi 15.54 km 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.4695 ° N 105.8945 ° W  / 40.4695 ; - 105.8945  ( Mount Richthofen ) 115 Mount Root Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003392800000000000 ♠ 12,887 ft 3928 m 7002908000000000000 ♠ 2,979 ft 908 m 7003879000000000000 ♠ 5.46 mi 8.79 km 58 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 137 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W  /  58.9854 ° N 137.5001 ° W  / 58.9854 ; - 137.5001  ( Mount Root ) 116 Lizard Head Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003391582100000000 ♠ 12,847 ft 3916 m 7002579731000000000 ♠ 1,902 ft 580 m 7004104000000000000 ♠ 6.46 mi 10.40 km 42 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W  /  42.7901 ° N 109.1978 ° W  / 42.7901 ; - 109.1978  ( Lizard Head Peak ) 117 Granite Peak Montana Beartooth Mountains 7003390350000000000 ♠ 12,807 ft 3903.5 m 7003145664200000000 ♠ 4,779 ft 1457 m 7005138450000000000 ♠ 86.0 mi 138.5 km 45 ° 09 ′ 48 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 27 '' W  /  45.1634 ° N 109.8075 ° W  / 45.1634 ; - 109.8075  ( Granite Peak ) 118 Mount Crosson Alaska Alaska Range 7003390144800000000 ♠ 12,800 ft 3901 m 7002502921000000000 ♠ 1,650 ft 503 m 7003822000000000000 ♠ 5.11 mi 8.22 km 63 ° 00 ′ 29 '' N 151 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W  /  63.0081 ° N 151.2763 ° W  / 63.0081 ; - 151.2763  ( Mount Crosson ) 119 Venado Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003388298100000000 ♠ 12,739 ft 3883 m 7002905563000000000 ♠ 2,971 ft 906 m 7004189900000000000 ♠ 11.80 mi 18.99 km 36 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W  /  36.7917 ° N 105.4933 ° W  / 36.7917 ; - 105.4933  ( Venado Peak ) 120 Chair Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003387910000000000 ♠ 12,727 ft 3879.1 m 7002750114000000000 ♠ 2,461 ft 750 m 7004143000000000000 ♠ 8.89 mi 14.30 km 39 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 56 '' W  /  39.0581 ° N 107.2822 ° W  / 39.0581 ; - 107.2822  ( Chair Mountain ) 121 Mount Peale Utah La Sal Mountains 7003387900000000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003188397300000000 ♠ 6,181 ft 1884 m 7005117140000000000 ♠ 72.8 mi 117.1 km 38 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 109 ° 13 ′ 45 '' W  /  38.4385 ° N 109.2292 ° W  / 38.4385 ; - 109.2292  ( Mount Peale ) 122 Mount Crillon Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003387889300000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003218724900099999 ♠ 7,176 ft 2187 m 7004314100000000000 ♠ 19.52 mi 31.4 km 58 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 137 ° 10 ′ 16 '' W  /  58.6625 ° N 137.1712 ° W  / 58.6625 ; - 137.1712  ( Mount Crillon ) 123 Mount Gunnison Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003387870000000000 ♠ 12,725 ft 3878.7 m 7003107868900000000 ♠ 3,539 ft 1079 m 7004190500000000000 ♠ 11.84 mi 19.05 km 38 ° 48 ′ 44 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 57 '' W  /  38.8121 ° N 107.3826 ° W  / 38.8121 ; - 107.3826  ( Mount Gunnison ) 124 East Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003386715800000000 ♠ 12,688 ft 3867 m 7002726340000000000 ♠ 2,383 ft 726 m 7003678000000000000 ♠ 4.21 mi 6.78 km 37 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 104 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W  /  37.3934 ° N 104.9201 ° W  / 37.3934 ; - 104.9201  ( East Spanish Peak ) 125 Borah Peak Idaho Lost River Range 7003386120000000000 ♠ 12,668 ft 3861.2 m 7003182940000000000 ♠ 6,002 ft 1829 m 7005242620000000000 ♠ 150.8 mi 243 km 44 ° 08 ′ 15 '' N 113 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W  /  44.1374 ° N 113.7811 ° W  / 44.1374 ; - 113.7811  ( Borah Peak ) 126 Mount Wood Montana Absaroka Range 7003386029200000000 ♠ 12,665 ft 3860 m 7002877826000000000 ♠ 2,880 ft 878 m 7004120400000000000 ♠ 7.48 mi 12.04 km 45 ° 16 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W  /  45.2749 ° N 109.8078 ° W  / 45.2749 ; - 109.8078  ( Mount Wood ) 127 Mount Gunnar Naslund Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003385816600000000 ♠ 12,658 ft 3858 m 7002642520000000000 ♠ 2,108 ft 643 m 7004110400000000000 ♠ 6.86 mi 11.04 km 61 ° 13 ′ 42 '' N 141 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W  /  61.2282 ° N 141.3140 ° W  / 61.2282 ; - 141.3140  ( Mount Gunnar Naslund ) 128 Mount Conness California Sierra Nevada 7003385550000000000 ♠ 12,649 ft 3855.5 m 7002807722000000000 ♠ 2,650 ft 808 m 7004115500000000000 ♠ 7.18 mi 11.55 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 17 '' W  /  37.9670 ° N 119.3213 ° W  / 37.9670 ; - 119.3213  ( Mount Conness ) 129 Humphreys Peak Arizona San Francisco Peaks 7003385189100000000 ♠ 12,637 ft 3852 m 7003184069100000000 ♠ 6,039 ft 1841 m 7005395660000000000 ♠ 246 mi 396 km 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W  /  35.3464 ° N 111.6780 ° W  / 35.3464 ; - 111.6780  ( Humphreys Peak ) 130 Santa Fe Baldy New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003385010000000000 ♠ 12,632 ft 3850.1 m 7002610211000000000 ♠ 2,002 ft 610 m 7004176900000000000 ♠ 10.99 mi 17.69 km 35 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 29 '' W  /  35.8322 ° N 105.7581 ° W  / 35.8322 ; - 105.7581  ( Santa Fe Baldy ) 131 Gothic Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003385004400000000 ♠ 12,631 ft 3850 m 7002501397000000000 ♠ 1,645 ft 501 m 7003439000000000000 ♠ 2.73 mi 4.39 km 38 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 00 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.9562 ° N 107.0107 ° W  / 38.9562 ; - 107.0107  ( Gothic Mountain ) 132 Castle Mountain Montana Absaroka Range 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002814427000000000 ♠ 2,672 ft 814 m 7004156700000000000 ♠ 9.74 mi 15.67 km 45 ° 05 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 37 ′ 50 '' W  /  45.0989 ° N 109.6305 ° W  / 45.0989 ; - 109.6305  ( Castle Mountain ) Lone Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002692812000000000 ♠ 2,273 ft 693 m 7004135200000000000 ♠ 8.40 mi 13.52 km 37 ° 53 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W  /  37.8880 ° N 108.2556 ° W  / 37.8880 ; - 108.2556  ( Lone Cone ) 134 Mount Moran Wyoming Teton Range 7003384350000000000 ♠ 12,610 ft 3843.5 m 7002806198000000000 ♠ 2,645 ft 806 m 7003994000000000000 ♠ 6.18 mi 9.94 km 43 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 110 ° 46 ′ 35 '' W  /  43.8350 ° N 110.7765 ° W  / 43.8350 ; - 110.7765  ( Mount Moran ) 135 Tlingit Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003384231600000000 ♠ 12,606 ft 3842 m 7002611429999900000 ♠ 2,006 ft 611 m 7003363000000000000 ♠ 2.26 mi 3.63 km 58 ° 53 ′ 35 '' N 137 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W  /  58.8931 ° N 137.3938 ° W  / 58.8931 ; - 137.3938  ( Tlingit Peak ) 136 Little Costilla Peak New Mexico Culebra Range 7003383680000000000 ♠ 12,588 ft 3836.8 m 7002744933000000000 ♠ 2,444 ft 745 m 7004124800000000000 ♠ 7.75 mi 12.48 km 36 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 13 ′ 22 '' W  /  36.8335 ° N 105.2229 ° W  / 36.8335 ; - 105.2229  ( Little Costilla Peak ) 137 Mount Carpe Alaska Alaska Range 7003382524800000000 ♠ 12,550 ft 3825 m 7002548641000099999 ♠ 1,800 ft 549 m 7003660000000000000 ♠ 4.10 mi 6.60 km 63 ° 09 ′ 08 '' N 150 ° 51 ′ 42 '' W  /  63.1521 ° N 150.8616 ° W  / 63.1521 ; - 150.8616  ( Mount Carpe ) 138 Needham Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003382380200000000 ♠ 12,545 ft 3824 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003954000000000000 ♠ 5.93 mi 9.54 km 36 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 14 '' W  /  36.4545 ° N 118.5373 ° W  / 36.4545 ; - 118.5373  ( Needham Mountain ) 139 Graham Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003382110000000000 ♠ 12,536 ft 3821.1 m 7002777546000000000 ♠ 2,551 ft 778 m 7004139000000000000 ♠ 8.64 mi 13.90 km 37 ° 29 ′ 50 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 34 '' W  /  37.4972 ° N 107.3761 ° W  / 37.4972 ; - 107.3761  ( Graham Peak ) 140 Whetstone Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003381810000000000 ♠ 12,527 ft 3818.1 m 7002748590000000000 ♠ 2,456 ft 749 m 7004151100000000000 ♠ 9.39 mi 15.11 km 38 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W  /  38.8223 ° N 106.9799 ° W  / 38.8223 ; - 106.9799  ( Whetstone Mountain ) 141 Kahiltna Dome Alaska Alaska Range 7003381762800000000 ♠ 12,525 ft 3818 m 7002662941000000000 ♠ 2,175 ft 663 m 7003555000000000000 ♠ 3.45 mi 5.55 km 63 ° 03 ′ 18 '' N 151 ° 14 ′ 22 '' W  /  63.0550 ° N 151.2394 ° W  / 63.0550 ; - 151.2394  ( Kahiltna Dome ) 142 Mount Thor Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003381640800000000 ♠ 12,521 ft 3816 m 7002997003000000000 ♠ 3,271 ft 997 m 7004327700000000000 ♠ 20.4 mi 32.8 km 61 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 46 '' W  /  61.4854 ° N 147.1460 ° W  / 61.4854 ; - 147.1460  ( Mount Thor ) 143 Mount Watson Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003380909300000000 ♠ 12,497 ft 3809 m 7002589000000000000 ♠ 1,932 ft 589 m 7003405000000000000 ♠ 2.52 mi 4.05 km 59 ° 00 ′ 32 '' N 137 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W  /  59.0088 ° N 137.5541 ° W  / 59.0088 ; - 137.5541  ( Mount Watson ) 144 Atlantic Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003380848100000000 ♠ 12,495 ft 3808 m 7002655321000000000 ♠ 2,150 ft 655 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 42 ° 36 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W  /  42.6165 ° N 109.0013 ° W  / 42.6165 ; - 109.0013  ( Atlantic Peak ) 145 Specimen Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003380826900000000 ♠ 12,494 ft 3808 m 7002527610000000000 ♠ 1,731 ft 528 m 7003756000000000000 ♠ 4.70 mi 7.56 km 40 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W  /  40.4449 ° N 105.8081 ° W  / 40.4449 ; - 105.8081  ( Specimen Mountain ) 146 Baldy Mountain New Mexico Cimarron Range 7003379330000000000 ♠ 12,445 ft 3793.3 m 7002823266000000000 ♠ 2,701 ft 823 m 7004182400000000000 ♠ 11.33 mi 18.24 km 36 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 105 ° 12 ′ 48 '' W  /  36.6299 ° N 105.2134 ° W  / 36.6299 ; - 105.2134  ( Baldy Mountain ) 147 East Beckwith Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003379210000000000 ♠ 12,441 ft 3792.1 m 7002759563000000000 ♠ 2,492 ft 760 m 7004100500000000000 ♠ 6.24 mi 10.05 km 38 ° 50 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W  /  38.8464 ° N 107.2233 ° W  / 38.8464 ; - 107.2233  ( East Beckwith Mountain ) 148 Knobby Crest Colorado Kenosha Mountains 7003378996200000000 ♠ 12,434 ft 3790 m 7002536144000000000 ♠ 1,759 ft 536 m 7004133100000000000 ♠ 8.27 mi 13.31 km 39 ° 22 ′ 05 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 18 '' W  /  39.3681 ° N 105.6050 ° W  / 39.3681 ; - 105.6050  ( Knobby Crest ) 149 Bison Peak Colorado Tarryall Mountains 7003378940000000000 ♠ 12,432 ft 3789.4 m 7002747066000000000 ♠ 2,451 ft 747 m 7004293400000000000 ♠ 18.23 mi 29.3 km 39 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 52 '' W  /  39.2384 ° N 105.4978 ° W  / 39.2384 ; - 105.4978  ( Bison Peak ) 150 Anthracite Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003377780000000000 ♠ 12,394 ft 3777.8 m 7002647701000000000 ♠ 2,125 ft 648 m 7003768000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.68 km 38 ° 48 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W  /  38.8145 ° N 107.1445 ° W  / 38.8145 ; - 107.1445  ( Anthracite Peak ) 151 Matchless Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003377628700000000 ♠ 12,389 ft 3776 m 7002537363000000000 ♠ 1,763 ft 537 m 7004126700000000000 ♠ 7.87 mi 12.67 km 38 ° 50 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W  /  38.8340 ° N 106.6451 ° W  / 38.8340 ; - 106.6451  ( Matchless Mountain ) 152 Flat Top Mountain Colorado Flat Tops 7003376770000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.7 m 7003123566200000000 ♠ 4,054 ft 1236 m 7004656200000000000 ♠ 40.8 mi 65.6 km 40 ° 00 ′ 53 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 00 '' W  /  40.0147 ° N 107.0833 ° W  / 40.0147 ; - 107.0833  ( Flat Top Mountain ) 153 Mount Nystrom Wyoming Wind River Range 7003376750000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.5 m 7002553518000000000 ♠ 1,816 ft 554 m 7003792000000000000 ♠ 4.92 mi 7.92 km 42 ° 38 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W  /  42.6418 ° N 109.0939 ° W  / 42.6418 ; - 109.0939  ( Mount Nystrom ) 154 Moby Dick ( Alaska ) Alaska Alaska Range 7003376733600000000 ♠ 12,360 ft 3767 m 7002886970000000000 ♠ 2,910 ft 887 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 63 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W  /  63.5561 ° N 146.6026 ° W  / 63.5561 ; - 146.6026  ( Moby Dick ) 155 Greenhorn Mountain Colorado Wet Mountains 7003376500000000000 ♠ 12,352 ft 3765.0 m 7003115123200000000 ♠ 3,777 ft 1151 m 7004406200000000000 ♠ 25.2 mi 40.6 km 37 ° 52 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 48 '' W  /  37.8815 ° N 105.0133 ° W  / 37.8815 ; - 105.0133  ( Greenhorn Mountain ) 156 Elliott Mountain Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003376294900000000 ♠ 12,346 ft 3763 m 7002682753000000000 ♠ 2,240 ft 683 m 7003826000000000000 ♠ 5.13 mi 8.26 km 37 ° 44 ′ 04 '' N 108 ° 03 ′ 29 '' W  /  37.7344 ° N 108.0580 ° W  / 37.7344 ; - 108.0580  ( Elliott Mountain ) 157 Mount Deborah Alaska Alaska Range 7003376093500000000 ♠ 12,339 ft 3761 m 7003158161000000000 ♠ 5,189 ft 1582 m 7004258800000000000 ♠ 16.08 mi 25.9 km 63 ° 38 ′ 16 '' N 147 ° 14 ′ 18 '' W  /  63.6377 ° N 147.2384 ° W  / 63.6377 ; - 147.2384  ( Mount Deborah ) 158 Twin Peaks California Sierra Nevada 7003375777500000000 ♠ 12,329 ft 3758 m 7002653188000000000 ♠ 2,143 ft 653 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 38 ° 05 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 32 '' W  /  38.0836 ° N 119.3588 ° W  / 38.0836 ; - 119.3588  ( Twin Peaks ) 159 Carter Mountain Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003375640000000000 ♠ 12,324 ft 3756.4 m 7002517856000000000 ♠ 1,699 ft 518 m 7004268400000000000 ♠ 16.68 mi 26.8 km 44 ° 11 ′ 50 '' N 109 ° 24 ′ 40 '' W  /  44.1972 ° N 109.4112 ° W  / 44.1972 ; - 109.4112  ( Carter Mountain ) 160 Parkview Mountain Colorado Rabbit Ears Range 7003374940000000000 ♠ 12,301 ft 3749.4 m 7002815646000000000 ♠ 2,676 ft 816 m 7004150700000000000 ♠ 9.36 mi 15.07 km 40 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 106 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W  /  40.3303 ° N 106.1363 ° W  / 40.3303 ; - 106.1363  ( Parkview Mountain ) 161 Cornwall Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003374619000000000 ♠ 12,291 ft 3746 m 7002531572000000000 ♠ 1,744 ft 532 m 7003837000000000000 ♠ 5.20 mi 8.37 km 37 ° 22 ′ 52 '' N 106 ° 29 ′ 31 '' W  /  37.3811 ° N 106.4920 ° W  / 37.3811 ; - 106.4920  ( Cornwall Mountain ) 162 Mount Adams Washington Cascade Range 7003374340000000000 ♠ 12,281 ft 3743.4 m 7003247985800000000 ♠ 8,136 ft 2480 m 7004736300000000000 ♠ 45.8 mi 73.6 km 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W  /  46.2024 ° N 121.4909 ° W  / 46.2024 ; - 121.4909  ( Mount Adams ) 163 Trout Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003373370000000000 ♠ 12,250 ft 3733.7 m 7003112898100000000 ♠ 3,704 ft 1129 m 7004457400000000000 ♠ 28.4 mi 45.7 km 44 ° 36 ′ 04 '' N 109 ° 31 ′ 31 '' W  /  44.6012 ° N 109.5253 ° W  / 44.6012 ; - 109.5253  ( Trout Peak ) 164 Mount Huntington Alaska Alaska Range 7003373075900000000 ♠ 12,240 ft 3731 m 7002880874000000000 ♠ 2,890 ft 881 m 7003624000000000000 ♠ 3.88 mi 6.24 km 62 ° 58 ′ 04 '' N 150 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W  /  62.9677 ° N 150.8996 ° W  / 62.9677 ; - 150.8996  ( Mount Huntington ) 165 Mount Huxley Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003372344400000000 ♠ 12,216 ft 3723 m 7002629718000000000 ♠ 2,066 ft 630 m 7003884000000000000 ♠ 5.49 mi 8.84 km 60 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 141 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W  /  60.3279 ° N 141.1554 ° W  / 60.3279 ; - 141.1554  ( Mount Huxley ) 166 Diamond Peak Idaho Lemhi Range 7003371930000000000 ♠ 12,202 ft 3719.3 m 7003164196100000000 ♠ 5,387 ft 1642 m 7004511800000000000 ♠ 31.8 mi 51.2 km 44 ° 08 ′ 29 '' N 113 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W  /  44.1414 ° N 113.0827 ° W  / 44.1414 ; - 113.0827  ( Diamond Peak ) 167 Mount Jordan Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003371551900000000 ♠ 12,190 ft 3716 m 7002713232999900000 ♠ 2,340 ft 713 m 7004114000000000000 ♠ 7.08 mi 11.40 km 61 ° 23 ′ 55 '' N 141 ° 28 ′ 12 '' W  /  61.3987 ° N 141.4700 ° W  / 61.3987 ; - 141.4700  ( Mount Jordan ) 168 Mount Zirkel Colorado Park Range 7003371410300000000 ♠ 12,185 ft 3714 m 7003105765799999999 ♠ 3,470 ft 1058 m 7004606000000000000 ♠ 37.7 mi 60.6 km 40 ° 49 ′ 53 '' N 106 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W  /  40.8313 ° N 106.6631 ° W  / 40.8313 ; - 106.6631  ( Mount Zirkel ) 169 Delano Peak Utah Tushar Mountains 7003371070000000000 ♠ 12,174 ft 3710.7 m 7003143530600000000 ♠ 4,709 ft 1435 m 7005180480000000000 ♠ 112.1 mi 180.5 km 38 ° 22 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 22 ′ 17 '' W  /  38.3692 ° N 112.3714 ° W  / 38.3692 ; - 112.3714  ( Delano Peak ) 170 Mount Salisbury Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003370942300000000 ♠ 12,170 ft 3709 m 7003122529800000000 ♠ 4,020 ft 1225 m 7003490000000000000 ♠ 3.04 mi 4.90 km 58 ° 51 ′ 02 '' N 137 ° 22 ′ 19 '' W  /  58.8505 ° N 137.3719 ° W  / 58.8505 ; - 137.3719  ( Mount Salisbury ) 171 Crested Butte Colorado Elk Mountains 7003370892500000000 ♠ 12,168 ft 3709 m 7002786995000000000 ♠ 2,582 ft 787 m 7003749000000000000 ♠ 4.65 mi 7.49 km 38 ° 53 ′ 01 '' N 106 ° 56 ′ 37 '' W  /  38.8835 ° N 106.9436 ° W  / 38.8835 ; - 106.9436  ( Crested Butte ) 172 Younts Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003370830000000000 ♠ 12,166 ft 3708.3 m 7002683058000000000 ♠ 2,241 ft 683 m 7004204400000000000 ♠ 12.70 mi 20.4 km 43 ° 58 ′ 55 '' N 109 ° 51 ′ 59 '' W  /  43.9820 ° N 109.8665 ° W  / 43.9820 ; - 109.8665  ( Younts Peak ) 173 Sawtooth Mountain Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003370420000000000 ♠ 12,153 ft 3704.2 m 7002587351000000000 ♠ 1,927 ft 587 m 7004269200000000000 ♠ 16.73 mi 26.9 km 38 ° 16 ′ 26 '' N 106 ° 52 ′ 01 '' W  /  38.2740 ° N 106.8670 ° W  / 38.2740 ; - 106.8670  ( Sawtooth Mountain ) 174 Olancha Peak California Sierra Nevada 7003369780000000000 ♠ 12,132 ft 3697.8 m 7002945796000000000 ♠ 3,103 ft 946 m 7004238900000000000 ♠ 14.84 mi 23.9 km 36 ° 15 ′ 55 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.2652 ° N 118.1182 ° W  / 36.2652 ; - 118.1182  ( Olancha Peak ) 175 Mount Mather Alaska Alaska Range 7003369509800000000 ♠ 12,123 ft 3695 m 7002875692000000000 ♠ 2,873 ft 876 m 7004149200000000000 ♠ 9.27 mi 14.92 km 63 ° 11 ′ 41 '' N 150 ° 26 ′ 10 '' W  /  63.1946 ° N 150.4362 ° W  / 63.1946 ; - 150.4362  ( Mount Mather ) 176 Park Cone Colorado Sawatch Range 7003368996000000000 ♠ 12,106 ft 3690 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003553000000000000 ♠ 3.44 mi 5.53 km 38 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 10 '' W  /  38.7967 ° N 106.6028 ° W  / 38.7967 ; - 106.6028  ( Park Cone ) 177 Ibapah Peak Utah Deep Creek Range 7003368564200000000 ♠ 12,092 ft 3686 m 7003160538500000000 ♠ 5,267 ft 1605 m 7004984500000000000 ♠ 61.2 mi 98.5 km 39 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 113 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W  /  39.8282 ° N 113.9200 ° W  / 39.8282 ; - 113.9200  ( Ibapah Peak ) 178 Carbon Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003368430000000000 ♠ 12,088 ft 3684.3 m 7002664160999900000 ♠ 2,179 ft 664 m 7003631000000000000 ♠ 3.92 mi 6.31 km 38 ° 47 ′ 39 '' N 107 ° 02 ′ 35 '' W  /  38.7943 ° N 107.0431 ° W  / 38.7943 ; - 107.0431  ( Carbon Peak ) 179 Glover Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003367963800000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3680 m 7002520000000000000 ♠ 1,706 ft 520 m 7003400000000000000 ♠ 2.49 mi 4.00 km 43 ° 09 ′ 32 '' N 109 ° 45 ′ 56 '' W  /  43.1589 ° N 109.7656 ° W  / 43.1589 ; - 109.7656  ( Glover Peak ) 180 Mount Moriah Nevada Snake Range 7003367960000000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3679.6 m 7003149611400000000 ♠ 4,909 ft 1496 m 7004327200000000000 ♠ 20.3 mi 32.7 km 39 ° 16 ′ 24 '' N 114 ° 11 ′ 56 '' W  /  39.2732 ° N 114.1988 ° W  / 39.2732 ; - 114.1988  ( Mount Moriah ) 181 Mount Guero Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003367540000000000 ♠ 12,058 ft 3675.4 m 7002741275000000000 ♠ 2,432 ft 741 m 7004102700000000000 ♠ 6.38 mi 10.27 km 38 ° 43 ′ 11 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 10 '' W  /  38.7196 ° N 107.3861 ° W  / 38.7196 ; - 107.3861  ( Mount Guero ) 182 Siris Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003367284700000000 ♠ 12,050 ft 3673 m 7002792482000000000 ♠ 2,600 ft 792 m 7004258300000000000 ♠ 16.05 mi 25.8 km 60 ° 44 ′ 02 '' N 141 ° 00 ′ 50 '' W  /  60.7340 ° N 141.0138 ° W  / 60.7340 ; - 141.0138  ( Siris Peak ) 183 Red Table Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003367070000000000 ♠ 12,043 ft 3670.7 m 7002614783000000000 ♠ 2,017 ft 615 m 7004126800000000000 ♠ 7.88 mi 12.68 km 39 ° 25 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 46 ′ 16 '' W  /  39.4181 ° N 106.7712 ° W  / 39.4181 ; - 106.7712  ( Red Table Mountain ) 184 Chalk Benchmark Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003366930000000000 ♠ 12,038 ft 3669.3 m 7002600761999900000 ♠ 1,971 ft 601 m 7004116800000000000 ♠ 7.26 mi 11.68 km 37 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 45 ′ 00 '' W  /  37.1418 ° N 106.7500 ° W  / 37.1418 ; - 106.7500  ( Chalk Benchmark ) 185 Medicine Bow Peak Wyoming Medicine Bow Mountains 7003366240000000000 ♠ 12,016 ft 3662.4 m 7002988468000000000 ♠ 3,243 ft 988 m 7004653600000000000 ♠ 40.6 mi 65.4 km 41 ° 21 ′ 37 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 03 '' W  /  41.3603 ° N 106.3176 ° W  / 41.3603 ; - 106.3176  ( Medicine Bow Peak ) 186 Mount Witherspoon Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003366126500000000 ♠ 12,012 ft 3661 m 7002658979000000000 ♠ 2,162 ft 659 m 7003963000000000000 ♠ 5.98 mi 9.63 km 61 ° 23 ′ 43 '' N 147 ° 12 ′ 04 '' W  /  61.3954 ° N 147.2010 ° W  / 61.3954 ; - 147.2010  ( Mount Witherspoon ) 187 Mount Zwischen Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003366091700000000 ♠ 12,011 ft 3661 m 7002690678000000000 ♠ 2,266 ft 691 m 7003714000000000000 ♠ 4.44 mi 7.14 km 37 ° 47 ′ 29 '' N 105 ° 27 ′ 19 '' W  /  37.7913 ° N 105.4554 ° W  / 37.7913 ; - 105.4554  ( Mount Zwischen ) 188 Mount Drum Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003366065500000000 ♠ 12,010 ft 3661 m 7003206045200000000 ♠ 6,760 ft 2060 m 7004285400000000000 ♠ 17.73 mi 28.5 km 62 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 144 ° 38 ′ 22 '' W  /  62.1159 ° N 144.6394 ° W  / 62.1159 ; - 144.6394  ( Mount Drum ) 189 Little Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003365400000000000 ♠ 11,988 ft 3654.0 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003835000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.35 km 37 ° 55 ′ 39 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 27 '' W  /  37.9275 ° N 108.0908 ° W  / 37.9275 ; - 108.0908  ( Little Cone ) 190 Sierra Blanca Peak New Mexico Sacramento Mountains 7003365180000000000 ♠ 11,981 ft 3651.8 m 7003169255800000000 ♠ 5,553 ft 1693 m 7005266670000000000 ♠ 165.7 mi 267 km 33 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 31 '' W  /  33.3743 ° N 105.8087 ° W  / 33.3743 ; - 105.8087  ( Sierra Blanca Peak ) 191 Mount Hope Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003364236700000000 ♠ 11,950 ft 3642 m 7002609601000000000 ♠ 2,000 ft 610 m 7003425000000000000 ♠ 2.64 mi 4.25 km 60 ° 42 ′ 14 '' N 141 ° 03 ′ 41 '' W  /  60.7039 ° N 141.0614 ° W  / 60.7039 ; - 141.0614  ( Mount Hope ) 192 Mount Jefferson Nevada Toquima Range 7003364129000000000 ♠ 11,946 ft 3641 m 7003178948400000000 ♠ 5,871 ft 1789 m 7005158710000000000 ♠ 98.6 mi 158.7 km 38 ° 45 ′ 07 '' N 116 ° 55 ′ 36 '' W  /  38.7519 ° N 116.9267 ° W  / 38.7519 ; - 116.9267  ( Mount Jefferson ) 193 Hess Mountain Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002758953999900000 ♠ 2,490 ft 759 m 7003447000000000000 ♠ 2.78 mi 4.47 km 63 ° 38 ′ 18 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 54 '' W  /  63.6382 ° N 147.1482 ° W  / 63.6382 ; - 147.1482  ( Hess Mountain ) Mount Brooks Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003809000000000000 ♠ 5.03 mi 8.09 km 63 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 150 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W  /  63.1875 ° N 150.6479 ° W  / 63.1875 ; - 150.6479  ( Mount Brooks ) 195 Cerro Vista New Mexico Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003363830000000000 ♠ 11,937 ft 3638.3 m 7002767793000000000 ♠ 2,519 ft 768 m 7004228300000000000 ♠ 14.19 mi 22.8 km 36 ° 14 ′ 07 '' N 105 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W  /  36.2353 ° N 105.4108 ° W  / 36.2353 ; - 105.4108  ( Cerro Vista ) 196 Mount Nebo Utah Wasatch Range 7003363705700000000 ♠ 11,933 ft 3637 m 7003167884200000000 ♠ 5,508 ft 1679 m 7005121620000000000 ♠ 75.6 mi 121.6 km 39 ° 49 ′ 19 '' N 111 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W  /  39.8219 ° N 111.7603 ° W  / 39.8219 ; - 111.7603  ( Mount Nebo ) 197 The Grand Parapet Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363627100000000 ♠ 11,930 ft 3636 m 7002664465000000000 ♠ 2,180 ft 664 m 7003847000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.47 km 61 ° 24 ′ 37 '' N 142 ° 01 ′ 36 '' W  /  61.4103 ° N 142.0266 ° W  / 61.4103 ; - 142.0266  ( The Grand Parapet ) 198 Lituya Mountain Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7003111983700000000 ♠ 3,674 ft 1120 m 7003627000000000000 ♠ 3.90 mi 6.27 km 58 ° 48 ′ 19 '' N 137 ° 26 ′ 12 '' W  /  58.8054 ° N 137.4367 ° W  / 58.8054 ; - 137.4367  ( Lituya Mountain ) Haydon Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7003478000000000000 ♠ 2.97 mi 4.78 km 60 ° 15 ′ 38 '' N 140 ° 59 ′ 17 '' W  /  60.2606 ° N 140.9881 ° W  / 60.2606 ; - 140.9881  ( Haydon Peak ) 200 Charleston Peak ( Mount Charleston ) Nevada Spring Mountains 7003363200000000000 ♠ 11,916 ft 3632.0 m 7003251700000000000 ♠ 8,258 ft 2517 m 7005217500000000000 ♠ 135.1 mi 218 km 36 ° 16 ′ 18 '' N 115 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W  /  36.2716 ° N 115.6956 ° W  / 36.2716 ; - 115.6956  ( Charleston Peak ) Gallery ( edit ) 1 . Denali in Alaska is the highest summit of the United States and all of North America . 2 . Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest summit of both Canada and the United States . 3 . Mount Foraker is the second - highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 4 . Mount Bona in Alaska is the highest volcano in the United States . 5 . Mount Blackburn in Alaska is the highest summit of the Wrangell Mountains . 6 . Mount Sanford in Alaska is the third - highest volcano in the United States . 7 . Mount Fairweather lies on the Alaska - British Columbia international border . 10 . Mount Hunter is the third - highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 11 . Mount Whitney highest summit of the Sierra Nevada and California . 14 . Mount Elbert is the highest summit of Colorado and the Rocky Mountains . 17 . Mount Rainier is the highest summit of Washington and the Cascade Range . 25 . Grays Peak in Colorado is the highest point on the Continental Divide in North America . 34 . Mount Shasta in California is the highest summit of the southern Cascade Range . 39 . Pikes Peak in Colorado was the inspiration for America the Beautiful . 54 . Mount Hayes is the highest summit of the eastern Alaska Range . 57 . Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range and Wyoming . 59 . Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . 60 . Grand Teton in Wyoming is the highest summit of the Teton Range . 66 . Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the most voluminous mountain on Earth . 76 . Kings Peak is the highest summit of the Uinta Range and Utah . 97 . Mount Marcus Baker is the highest summit of the Chugach Mountains of Alaska . 98 . Wheeler Peak is the highest summit of New Mexico . 102 . Volcán Tacaná is the highest summit of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas of Chiapas and Guatemala . 108 . Wheeler Peak in Nevada is the highest summit of the Snake Range . 117 . Granite Peak is the highest summit of the Beartooth Range and Montana . 125 . Borah Peak is the highest summit of the Lost River Range and Idaho . 129 . Humphreys Peak is the highest summit of the San Francisco Peaks and Arizona . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of Greenland List of mountain peaks of Canada List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains List of mountain peaks of the United States List of the highest major summits of the United States List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States List of United States fourteeners List of the most prominent summits of the United States List of the ultra-prominent summits of the United States List of the most isolated major summits of the United States List of the major 100 - kilometer summits of the United States List of mountain peaks of Alaska List of mountain peaks of California List of mountain peaks of Colorado List of mountain peaks of Hawai ʻi List of mountain peaks of México List of mountain peaks of Central America List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean United States of America Geography of the United States Geology of the United States Category : Mountains of the United States commons : Category : Mountains of the United States Physical geography Topography Topographic elevation Topographic prominence Topographic isolation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This article defines a significant summit as a summit with at least 100 meters ( 328.1 feet ) of topographic prominence , and a major summit as a summit with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . All summits in this article have at least 500 meters of topographic prominence . An ultra-prominent summit is a summit with at least 1500 meters ( 4921 feet ) of topographic prominence . Jump up ^ All elevations in the 48 states of the contiguous United States include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 ( NGVD 29 ) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ( NAVD 88 ) . For further information , please see this United States National Geodetic Survey note . ^ Jump up to : If the elevation or prominence of a summit is calculated as a range of values , the arithmetic mean is shown . Jump up ^ The topographic prominence of a summit is the topographic elevation difference between the summit and its highest or key col to a higher summit . The summit may be near its key col or quite far away . The key col for Denali in Alaska is the Isthmus of Rivas in Nicaragua , 7642 kilometers ( 4749 miles ) away . Jump up ^ The topographic isolation of a summit is the great - circle distance to its nearest point of equal elevation . Jump up ^ The summit of Denali is the highest point of the Alaska Range , the State of Alaska , the United States of America , and greater North America . Denali is the third most topographically prominent and third most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest major summit of both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Foraker is the westernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Bona is the highest point of the northwest Saint Elias Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Blackburn is the highest point of the Wrangell Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT BLACKBURN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4136 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Fairweather lies on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The peak is the highest point of the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point of the Sierra Nevada , the State of California , and the contiguous United States . Jump up ^ Mount Whitney is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ `` WHITNEY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOUNDARY POINT 180 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV3032 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Elbert is the highest point of the U.S. State of Colorado , the Rocky Mountains of North America , and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ELBERT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0637 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Massive is the second - highest major summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT MASSIVE CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0640 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Massive includes an adjustment of + 2.087 m ( + 6.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Harvard is the highest point of the Collegiate Peaks . Jump up ^ Mount Harvard is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` HARVARD '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0879 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Rainier is the highest point of the Cascade Range and the U.S. State of Washington . Mount Rainier is the most prominent summit in the contiguous United States and the fourth most prominent in North America . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Rainier includes an adjustment of + 1.914 m ( + 6.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Williamson includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the entire Rio Grande drainage basin . Jump up ^ Blanca Peak is the southernmost ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Blanca Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.755 m ( + 5.76 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of La Plata Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.983 m ( + 6.51 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Uncompahgre Peak is the highest point of the San Juan Mountains and the entire Gulf of California drainage basin . Jump up ^ Uncompahgre Peak is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` UNCOMPAHGRE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Crestone Peak is the highest point of the Crestones . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crestone Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.76 m ( + 5.77 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Lincoln is the highest point of the Mosquito Range and the entire Missouri River drainage basin . Jump up ^ Mount Lincoln is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT LINCOLN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Castle Peak is the highest point of the Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CASTLE PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0659 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grays Peak is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide in North America . Jump up ^ Grays Peak is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAYS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2036 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Antero is the highest point of the southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT ANTERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0883 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EVANS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2030 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount Evans includes a vertical offset of + 1.798 m ( + 5.9 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Longs Peak is the highest point of the northern Front Range . Jump up ^ Longs Peak is the northernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` LONGS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1346 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wilson is the highest point of the San Miguel Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Wilson is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wilson includes an adjustment of + 1.899 m ( + 6.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of White Mountain Peak is the highest point of the White Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHITE MOUNTAIN PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2559 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Palisade is the highest point of the Palisades . Jump up ^ `` NORTH PALISADE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Palisade includes an adjustment of + 1.867 m ( + 6.13 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PRINCETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0886 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0889 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Shasta is the highest point of the southern Cascade Range . Jump up ^ `` MT SHASTA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MX1016 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAROON PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0805 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Sneffels is the highest point of the Sneffels Range . Jump up ^ `` SNEFFLES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0826 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAPITOL PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0688 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Capitol Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.991 m ( + 6.53 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pikes Peak is the easternmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit and ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Pikes Peak was the inspiration for the lyrics of America the Beautiful . Jump up ^ `` PIKES PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1242 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Windom Peak is the highest point of the Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Eolus may be higher than Windom Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Windom Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.785 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HANDIES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0635 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Culebra Peak is the highest point of the Culebra Range . Jump up ^ Culebra Peak is the southernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Culebra Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.740 m ( + 5.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of San Luis Peak is the highest point of the La Garita Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SAN LUIS PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0570 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount of the Holy Cross is the highest point of the northern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT HOLY CROSS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0649 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount of the Holy Cross includes a vertical offset of + 0.610 m ( + 2.0 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRIZZLY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0800 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT HUMPHREYS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2626 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Humphreys includes an adjustment of + 1.842 m ( + 6.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT KEITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1807 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Keith includes an adjustment of + 1.795 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ouray is the highest point of the far southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT OURAY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0672 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Vermilion Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.827 m ( + 5.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REGAL MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4133 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT DARWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2631 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Darwin includes an adjustment of + 1.886 m ( + 6.19 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Hayes is the highest point of the Hayes Range . Jump up ^ Mount Hayes is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SILVERHEELS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PYRAMID '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0589 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Gannett Peak is the highest point of the Wind River Range , the U.S. State of Wyoming , and the central Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ Gannett Peak is the northernmost and westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GANNETT PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0356 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Kaweah is the highest point of the Great Western Divide . Jump up ^ Mount Kaweah is the southernmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Kaweah includes an adjustment of + 1.652 m ( + 5.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point of the Island of Hawai ʻi , the U.S. State of Hawai ʻi , and all islands of the Pacific Ocean . Jump up ^ Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . The shield volcano sits on the ocean floor at a depth of 5998 meters ( 19,678 feet ) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters ( 33,482 feet ) . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TU2314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grand Teton is the highest point of the Teton Range . Jump up ^ Grand Teton is the northernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAND TETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0838 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MORGAN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Gabb includes an adjustment of + 1.958 m ( + 6.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bald Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.922 m ( + 6.31 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Oso includes an adjustment of + 1.776 m ( + 5.83 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mauna Loa is the southernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Hawai ʻi and the United States . Jump up ^ The shield volcano Mauna Loa is the most voluminous mountain on Earth with an estimated volume of 74,000 km ( 18,000 cu mi ) , or enough material to fill the Grand Canyon more than 18 times . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT JACKSON ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0650 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT TOM LOOKOUT TOWER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Tom includes an adjustment of + 1.379 m ( + 4.52 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bard Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.707 m ( + 5.60 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ West Spanish Peak is the easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.468 m ( + 4.82 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Powell is the highest point of the Gore Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Powell includes an adjustment of + 1.771 m ( + 5.81 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hagues Peak is the highest point of the Mummy Range . Jump up ^ `` HAGUE RM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1350 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Dubois includes an adjustment of + 1.879 m ( + 6.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Tower Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.796 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Treasure Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.008 m ( + 6.59 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Kings Peak is the highest point of the Uinta Mountains , the U.S. State of Utah , and the western Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Kings Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Arapaho Peak is the highest point of the Indian Peaks . Jump up ^ `` NORTH ARAPAHOE PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1357 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Arapaho Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Pinchot includes an adjustment of + 1.810 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Parry Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bill Williams Peak is the highest point of the Williams Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bill Williams Peak includes an adjustment of + 2.044 m ( + 6.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Sultan Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.649 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Herard includes an adjustment of + 1.640 m ( + 5.38 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BUFFALO WEST PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0653 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Buffalo Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.834 m ( + 6.02 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Summit Peak is the highest point of the southern San Juan Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0503 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolores Peak may be higher than Middle Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Middle Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.809 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Antora Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.883 m ( + 6.18 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Henry Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.037 m ( + 6.68 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hesperus Mountain is the highest point of the La Plata Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Hesperus Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Jacque Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.866 m ( + 6.12 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bennett Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.782 m ( + 5.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wind River Peak is the highest point of the southern Wind River Range . Jump up ^ `` WIND '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0274 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONEJOS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Marcus Baker is the highest point of the Chugach Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cloud Peak is the highest point of the Bighorn Mountains . Jump up ^ Cloud Peak is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLOUD PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PW0524 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Taos Mountains and the U.S. State of New Mexico . Jump up ^ Wheeler Peak is the southernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0779 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Francs Peak is the highest point of the Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` FRANCS PK 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0325 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Twilight Peak is the highest point of the West Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twilight Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.537 m ( + 5.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S RIVER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0558 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ritter is the highest point of the Ritter Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Ritter includes an adjustment of + 1.786 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RED SLATE MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2690 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Red Slate Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.893 m ( + 6.21 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Red Slate Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LYELL 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2884 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1305 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Truchas Peak is the highest point of the Santa Fe Mountains . Jump up ^ Truchas Peak is the southernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` TRUCHAS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0666 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Snake Range . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JP0339 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT DANA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of West Elk Peak is the highest point of the West Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WEST ELK D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0755 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Centennial includes an adjustment of + 1.814 m ( + 5.95 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Centennial '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Clark Peak is the highest point of the Medicine Bow Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLARK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1388 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Richthofen is the highest point of the Never Summer Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Richthofen includes an adjustment of + 1.658 m ( + 5.44 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Lizard Head Peak is the highest point of the Cirque of the Towers . Jump up ^ The elevation of Lizard Head Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.572 m ( + 5.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Granite Peak is the highest point of the Beartooth Mountains and the U.S. State of Montana . Jump up ^ `` GRANITE PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0616 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Venado Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHAIR D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0696 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Peale is the highest point of the La Sal Mountains and the Colorado Plateau . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT PEALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JM0496 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GUNNISON D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0762 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ East Spanish Peak is the easternmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ `` EAST SPANISH PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0488 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of East Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.372 m ( + 4.50 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Borah Peak is the highest point of the Lost River Range and the U.S. State of Idaho . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wood is the highest point of the Granite Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wood includes an adjustment of + 1.516 m ( + 4.97 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnar Naslund '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT CONNESS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2743 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Humphreys Peak is the highest point of the San Francisco Peaks and the U.S. State of Arizona . Jump up ^ The elevation of Humphreys Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.345 m ( + 4.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Baldy is the southernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SANTA FE BALDY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0726 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Gothic Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.936 m ( + 6.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLATEAU '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0613 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LONE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0489 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORAN ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0854 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CUERVO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Needham Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.602 m ( + 5.26 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRAHAM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0620 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHETSTONE MTN CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0732 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Atlantic Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.521 m ( + 4.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Specimen Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.614 m ( + 5.30 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Baldy Mountain is the highest point of the Cimarron Range . Jump up ^ `` BALDY MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0775 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EAST BECKWITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0741 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Knobby Crest is the highest point of the Kenosha Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Knobby Crest includes an adjustment of + 1.595 m ( + 5.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Knobby Crest '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bison Peak is the highest point of the Tarryall Mountains . Jump up ^ `` BISON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK1966 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANTHRACITE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0739 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Matchless Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.941 m ( + 6.37 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Flat Top Mountain is the highest point of the Flat Tops . Jump up ^ `` FLATTOP '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0694 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT NYSTROM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0271 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point of the Wet Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GREENHORN MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0512 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Elliott Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.709 m ( + 5.61 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Deborah is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twin Peaks includes an adjustment of + 1.717 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARTER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0432 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Parkview Mountain is the highest point of the Rabbit Ears Range . Jump up ^ `` PARKVIEW MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0574 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Cornwall Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.715 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ADAMS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station SB1004 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Trout Peak is the highest point of the central Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` TROUT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0457 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Diamond Peak is the highest point of the Lemhi Range . Jump up ^ `` DIAMOND RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0750 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Zirkel is the highest point of the Park Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zirkel includes an adjustment of + 1.632 m ( + 5.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Delano Peak is the highest point of the Tushar Mountains . Jump up ^ `` DELANO PEAK M 5 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JO0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crested Butte includes an adjustment of + 1.940 m ( + 6.36 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YOUNTS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0379 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAWTOOTH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0697 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Olancha Peak is the highest point of the southern Sierra Nevada . Jump up ^ `` OLANCHA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1820 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Park Cone includes an adjustment of + 1.873 m ( + 6.15 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Ibapah Peak is the highest point of the Deep Creek Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Ibapah Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.517 m ( + 4.98 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARBON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Glover Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.609 m ( + 5.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Glover Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORIAH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KP0314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT GUERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0894 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Siris Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RUEDI '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHALK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0510 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chalk Benchmark '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Medicine Bow Peak is the highest point of the Snowy Range . Jump up ^ `` MEDICINE BOW '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MP0546 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zwischen includes an adjustment of + 1.481 m ( + 4.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LITTLE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0486 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Sierra Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sacramento Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SIERRA BLANCA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station DR1010 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Jefferson is the highest point of the Toquima Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Jefferson includes an adjustment of + 1.666 m ( + 5.47 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hess Mountain is the northernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of Alaska and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT BROOKS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TT6450 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cerro Vista is the highest point of the southern Sangre de Cristo Range . Jump up ^ `` CERRO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Nebo is the highest point of the Wasatch Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Nebo includes an adjustment of + 1.395 m ( + 4.58 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Charleston Peak is the highest point of the Spring Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CHARLESTON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GR1965 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMountains of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Geographic Names Information System @ USGS United States National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) Geodetic Glossary @ NGS NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 online elevation converter @ NGS Survey Marks and Datasheets @ NGS Bivouac.com Peakbagger.com Peaklist.org Peakware.com Summitpost.org United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island The 104 highest major summits of the United States of America Denali Mount Saint Elias Mount Foraker Mount Bona Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Hunter Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Atna Peaks Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Mauna Kea Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mauna Loa Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard West Buffalo Peak Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Rainier Mount Fairweather Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Marcus Baker Mount Whitney Haleakalā Mount Shasta Shishaldin Volcano Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Baker Mount Torbert San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Mount Hubbard Mount Isto Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Wheeler Peak Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Mount Griggs Mount Foraker White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Mauna Loa Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Hesperus Mount Bona Mount Drum Mount Chiginagak Grand Teton Sacajawea Peak Mount Neacola Kings Peak Mount Graham Mount Douglas Mount San Antonio Kichatna Spire De Long Peak Telescope Peak Mount Peale Pogromni Volcano Dewey Peak Mount Washington Mount Igikpak Snow Tower Mount Mitchell Truuli Peak Humphreys Peak Borah Peak Mount Natazhat Hanagita Peak Tanaga Volcano Makushin Volcano Sovereign Mountain Mount Jefferson ( Nevada ) Mount Ellen Isanotski Peaks Deseret Peak Mount Jefferson ( Oregon ) Isthmus Peak Frosty Peak Pilot Peak Crazy Peak Great Sitkin Volcano Pu ʻu Kukui Mount Cleveland ( Alaska ) McDonald Peak Mount Wrangell South Sister Devils Paw Mount Seattle Sierra Blanca Peak Pikes Peak Mount Russell Mount Nebo Snowshoe Peak North Schell Peak Hayford Peak Mount Foresta Star Peak Veniaminof Peak Flat Top Mountain Bearhole Peak Mount Steller Mount Stuart Blanca Peak Mount Miller Carlisle Volcano Mount Timpanogos Bashful Peak Ibapah Peak Mount Cleveland ( Montana ) Kawaikini Tetlin Peak Arc Dome Lassen Peak Mount Deborah Necons Peak Abercrombie Mountain Mount Lemmon Gareloi Volcano Chiricahua Peak Stony Peak Mount Eddy Mount Augusta Copper Peak Mount Bear Korovin Volcano Miller Peak Kamakou The 107 most isolated major summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Shishaldin Volcano Tanaga Volcano Mount Isto Signal Hill Mount Shasta Gannett Peak Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Humphreys Peak Wheeler Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Veniaminof Kawaikini Dillingham HP Hall Island HP Spruce Knob Kings Peak Sierra Blanca Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Katahdin Peak 4030 Tooth Benchmark Mount Baldy Borah Peak Cloud Peak Black Elk Peak Slide Mountain Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mount Hayes Mount Marcus Baker Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather Delano Peak Mount Olympus Black Mountain Blanca Peak Mount Tozi Mount Cleveland Mount Jefferson Mount Torbert Mount Chiginagak Hualapai Peak Baldy Peak Ruby Dome Pavlof Volcano Truuli Peak South Baldy Great Sitkin Volcano Eagle Peak Mount Taylor Accomplishment Peak Granite Peak Kiska Volcano Korovin Volcano Uncompahgre Peak Devils Paw Ka ʻala Koniag Peak Cache Peak Makushin Volcano Snowshoe Peak Mount Pinos Granite Peak Mount Graham West Butte Guadalupe Peak Veniaminof Peak McDonald Peak Hilgard Peak Haleakalā Mount Nebo Tweedy Mountain Blackburn Hills Buldir Volcano Mount Peale Mount Tom White Cinnabar Mountain Mount McLoughlin Lassen Peak Clingmans Dome Kaibab Plateau HP Anvil Peak Grand Teton Star Peak Laramie Peak White Mountain Peak Miller Peak Kusilvak HP Copernicus Peak Sugarloaf Mountain Chiricahua Peak Mount Harper Mount Angayukaqsraq Mount Prindle Bearpaw Baldy Mountain peaks of the United States of America States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Coordinates : 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W  /  63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W  / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063  ( Denali ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_the_United_States&oldid=841606799 '' Categories : Mountains of the United States Lists of mountains of the United States United States geography - related lists Lists of landforms of the United States United States - related lists Lists of mountains by country Lists of mountains by elevation Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 21 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what are the highest mountains in the usa

The 200 highest summits of the United States with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence Rank Mountain Peak State Mountain Range Elevation Prominence Isolation Location Denali Alaska Alaska Range 7003619050000000000 ♠ 20,310 ft 6190.5 m 7003614050000000000 ♠ 20,146 ft 6141 m 7006745024000000000 ♠ 4,629 mi 7,450 km 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W  /  63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W  / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063  ( Denali ) Mount Saint Elias Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003548900000000000 ♠ 18,009 ft 5489 m 7003342900000000000 ♠ 11,250 ft 3429 m 7004412500000000000 ♠ 25.6 mi 41.3 km 60 ° 17 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 51 '' W  /  60.2927 ° N 140.9307 ° W  / 60.2927 ; - 140.9307  ( Mount Saint Elias ) Mount Foraker Alaska Alaska Range 7003530353100000000 ♠ 17,400 ft 5304 m 7003220980400000000 ♠ 7,250 ft 2210 m 7004229600000000000 ♠ 14.27 mi 23.0 km 62 ° 57 ′ 37 '' N 151 ° 23 ′ 59 '' W  /  62.9604 ° N 151.3998 ° W  / 62.9604 ; - 151.3998  ( Mount Foraker ) Mount Bona Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003504445000000000 ♠ 16,550 ft 5044 m 7003210312399999999 ♠ 6,900 ft 2103 m 7004800400000000000 ♠ 49.7 mi 80.0 km 61 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 141 ° 44 ′ 58 '' W  /  61.3856 ° N 141.7495 ° W  / 61.3856 ; - 141.7495  ( Mount Bona ) 5 Mount Blackburn Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003499568200000000 ♠ 16,390 ft 4996 m 7003354787900000000 ♠ 11,640 ft 3548 m 7004976400000000000 ♠ 60.7 mi 97.6 km 61 ° 43 ′ 50 '' N 143 ° 24 ′ 11 '' W  /  61.7305 ° N 143.4031 ° W  / 61.7305 ; - 143.4031  ( Mount Blackburn ) 6 Mount Sanford Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003494904700099999 ♠ 16,237 ft 4949 m 7003234300200000000 ♠ 7,687 ft 2343 m 7004647900000000000 ♠ 40.3 mi 64.8 km 62 ° 12 ′ 48 '' N 144 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W  /  62.2132 ° N 144.1292 ° W  / 62.2132 ; - 144.1292  ( Mount Sanford ) 7 Mount Fairweather ( Fairweather Mountain ) Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003467100000000000 ♠ 15,325 ft 4671 m 7003396100000000000 ♠ 12,995 ft 3961 m 7005200280000000000 ♠ 124.4 mi 200 km 58 ° 54 ′ 23 '' N 137 ° 31 ′ 35 '' W  /  58.9064 ° N 137.5265 ° W  / 58.9064 ; - 137.5265  ( Mount Fairweather ) 8 Mount Hubbard Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003455700000000000 ♠ 14,951 ft 4557 m 7003245700000000000 ♠ 8,061 ft 2457 m 7004343500000000000 ♠ 21.3 mi 34.4 km 60 ° 19 ′ 10 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W  /  60.3194 ° N 139.0726 ° W  / 60.3194 ; - 139.0726  ( Mount Hubbard ) 9 Mount Bear Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003452049800099999 ♠ 14,831 ft 4520 m 7003154049800000000 ♠ 5,054 ft 1540 m 7004324200000000000 ♠ 20.1 mi 32.4 km 61 ° 17 ′ 00 '' N 141 ° 08 ′ 36 '' W  /  61.2834 ° N 141.1433 ° W  / 61.2834 ; - 141.1433  ( Mount Bear ) 10 Mount Hunter Alaska Alaska Range 7003444185900000000 ♠ 14,573 ft 4442 m 7003141823700000000 ♠ 4,653 ft 1418 m 7004110700000000000 ♠ 6.88 mi 11.07 km 62 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 151 ° 05 ′ 29 '' W  /  62.9504 ° N 151.0915 ° W  / 62.9504 ; - 151.0915  ( Mount Hunter ) 11 Mount Whitney California Sierra Nevada 7003442100000000000 ♠ 14,505 ft 4421.0 m 7003307239000000000 ♠ 10,080 ft 3072 m 7006264947000000000 ♠ 1,646 mi 2,649 km 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W  /  36.5786 ° N 118.2920 ° W  / 36.5786 ; - 118.2920  ( Mount Whitney ) 12 Mount Alverstone ( Boundary Point 180 ) Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003441960900000000 ♠ 14,500 ft 4420 m 7002594361000000000 ♠ 1,950 ft 594 m 7003362000000000000 ♠ 2.25 mi 3.62 km 60 ° 21 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 30 '' W  /  60.3518 ° N 139.0749 ° W  / 60.3518 ; - 139.0749  ( Mount Alverstone ) 13 University Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003441046500000000 ♠ 14,470 ft 4410 m 7002978410000000000 ♠ 3,210 ft 978 m 7003597000000000000 ♠ 3.71 mi 5.97 km 61 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 141 ° 47 ′ 12 '' W  /  61.3272 ° N 141.7867 ° W  / 61.3272 ; - 141.7867  ( University Peak ) 14 Mount Elbert Colorado Sawatch Range 7003440120000000000 ♠ 14,440 ft 4401.2 m 7003277155200000000 ♠ 9,093 ft 2772 m 7006107915000000000 ♠ 671 mi 1,079 km 39 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W  /  39.1178 ° N 106.4454 ° W  / 39.1178 ; - 106.4454  ( Mount Elbert ) 15 Mount Massive Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439761700000000 ♠ 14,428 ft 4398 m 7002597714000000000 ♠ 1,961 ft 598 m 7003814000000000000 ♠ 5.06 mi 8.14 km 39 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 33 '' W  /  39.1875 ° N 106.4757 ° W  / 39.1875 ; - 106.4757  ( Mount Massive ) 16 Mount Harvard Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439560000000000 ♠ 14,421 ft 4395.6 m 7002719328999900000 ♠ 2,360 ft 719 m 7004240100000000000 ♠ 14.92 mi 24.0 km 38 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W  /  38.9244 ° N 106.3207 ° W  / 38.9244 ; - 106.3207  ( Mount Harvard ) 17 Mount Rainier Washington Cascade Range 7003439439600000000 ♠ 14,417 ft 4394 m 7003402641600000000 ♠ 13,210 ft 4026 m 7006117672000000000 ♠ 731 mi 1,177 km 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W  /  46.8529 ° N 121.7604 ° W  / 46.8529 ; - 121.7604  ( Mount Rainier ) 18 Mount Williamson California Sierra Nevada 7003438270600000000 ♠ 14,379 ft 4383 m 7002510706000000000 ♠ 1,676 ft 511 m 7003870000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.70 km 36 ° 39 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 18 ′ 40 '' W  /  36.6559 ° N 118.3111 ° W  / 36.6559 ; - 118.3111  ( Mount Williamson ) 19 Blanca Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003437412000000000 ♠ 14,351 ft 4374 m 7003162336800000000 ♠ 5,326 ft 1623 m 7005166360000000000 ♠ 103.4 mi 166.4 km 37 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W  /  37.5775 ° N 105.4856 ° W  / 37.5775 ; - 105.4856  ( Blanca Peak ) 20 La Plata Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003437160500099999 ♠ 14,343 ft 4372 m 7002559614000000000 ♠ 1,836 ft 560 m 7004101100000000000 ♠ 6.28 mi 10.11 km 39 ° 01 ′ 46 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 22 '' W  /  39.0294 ° N 106.4729 ° W  / 39.0294 ; - 106.4729  ( La Plata Peak ) 21 Uncompahgre Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003436500000000000 ♠ 14,321 ft 4365.0 m 7003130363200000000 ♠ 4,277 ft 1304 m 7005136810000000000 ♠ 85.0 mi 136.8 km 38 ° 04 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 27 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.0717 ° N 107.4621 ° W  / 38.0717 ; - 107.4621  ( Uncompahgre Peak ) 22 Crestone Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Range 7003435857200000000 ♠ 14,300 ft 4359 m 7003138805900000000 ♠ 4,554 ft 1388 m 7004440400000000000 ♠ 27.4 mi 44.0 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 08 '' W  /  37.9669 ° N 105.5855 ° W  / 37.9669 ; - 105.5855  ( Crestone Peak ) 23 Mount Lincoln Colorado Mosquito Range 7003435650000000000 ♠ 14,293 ft 4356.5 m 7003117714000000000 ♠ 3,862 ft 1177 m 7004362200000000000 ♠ 22.5 mi 36.2 km 39 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 06 ′ 42 '' W  /  39.3515 ° N 106.1116 ° W  / 39.3515 ; - 106.1116  ( Mount Lincoln ) 24 Castle Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003435220000000000 ♠ 14,279 ft 4352.2 m 7002720852999900000 ♠ 2,365 ft 721 m 7004335700000000000 ♠ 20.9 mi 33.6 km 39 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W  /  39.0097 ° N 106.8614 ° W  / 39.0097 ; - 106.8614  ( Castle Peak ) 25 Grays Peak Colorado Front Range 7003435200000000000 ♠ 14,278 ft 4352 m 7002844298000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004402400000000000 ♠ 25.0 mi 40.2 km 39 ° 38 ′ 02 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 03 '' W  /  39.6339 ° N 105.8176 ° W  / 39.6339 ; - 105.8176  ( Grays Peak ) 26 Mount Antero Colorado Sawatch Range 7003435140000099999 ♠ 14,276 ft 4351.4 m 7002762916000000000 ♠ 2,503 ft 763 m 7004284400000000000 ♠ 17.67 mi 28.4 km 38 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 46 '' W  /  38.6741 ° N 106.2462 ° W  / 38.6741 ; - 106.2462  ( Mount Antero ) 27 Mount Evans Colorado Front Range 7003434979800000000 ♠ 14,271 ft 4350 m 7002844269000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004157600000000000 ♠ 9.79 mi 15.76 km 39 ° 35 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.5883 ° N 105.6438 ° W  / 39.5883 ; - 105.6438  ( Mount Evans ) 28 Longs Peak Colorado Front Range 7003434600000000000 ♠ 14,259 ft 4346 m 7002896114000000000 ♠ 2,940 ft 896 m 7004701800000000000 ♠ 43.6 mi 70.2 km 40 ° 15 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 54 '' W  /  40.2550 ° N 105.6151 ° W  / 40.2550 ; - 105.6151  ( Longs Peak ) 29 Mount Wilson Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003434408900000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344 m 7003122651800000000 ♠ 4,024 ft 1227 m 7004531300000000000 ♠ 33.0 mi 53.1 km 37 ° 50 ′ 21 '' N 107 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W  /  37.8391 ° N 107.9916 ° W  / 37.8391 ; - 107.9916  ( Mount Wilson ) 30 White Mountain Peak California White Mountains 7003434400000000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344.0 m 7003219334500099999 ♠ 7,196 ft 2193 m 7005108550000000000 ♠ 67.4 mi 108.6 km 37 ° 38 ′ 03 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 21 '' W  /  37.6341 ° N 118.2557 ° W  / 37.6341 ; - 118.2557  ( White Mountain Peak ) 31 North Palisade California Sierra Nevada 7003434283000000000 ♠ 14,248 ft 4343 m 7002882093000000000 ♠ 2,894 ft 882 m 7004517600000000000 ♠ 32.2 mi 51.8 km 37 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 52 '' W  /  37.0943 ° N 118.5145 ° W  / 37.0943 ; - 118.5145  ( North Palisade ) 32 Mount Princeton Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432930000000000 ♠ 14,204 ft 4329.3 m 7002663551000000000 ♠ 2,177 ft 664 m 7003836000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.36 km 38 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W  /  38.7492 ° N 106.2424 ° W  / 38.7492 ; - 106.2424  ( Mount Princeton ) 33 Mount Yale Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432820000000000 ♠ 14,200 ft 4328.2 m 7002577902000000000 ♠ 1,896 ft 578 m 7003893000000000000 ♠ 5.55 mi 8.93 km 38 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W  /  38.8442 ° N 106.3138 ° W  / 38.8442 ; - 106.3138  ( Mount Yale ) 34 Mount Shasta California Cascade Range 7003432180000000000 ♠ 14,179 ft 4321.8 m 7003297851200000000 ♠ 9,772 ft 2979 m 7005538680000000000 ♠ 335 mi 539 km 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.4092 ° N 122.1949 ° W  / 41.4092 ; - 122.1949  ( Mount Shasta ) 35 Maroon Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003431700000000000 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317.0 m 7002712014000000000 ♠ 2,336 ft 712 m 7004129700000000000 ♠ 8.06 mi 12.97 km 39 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 59 ′ 20 '' W  /  39.0708 ° N 106.9890 ° W  / 39.0708 ; - 106.9890  ( Maroon Peak ) 36 Mount Wrangell Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003431689100099999 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317 m 7003171084600000000 ♠ 5,613 ft 1711 m 7004238100000000000 ♠ 14.79 mi 23.8 km 62 ° 00 ′ 21 '' N 144 ° 01 ′ 07 '' W  /  62.0059 ° N 144.0187 ° W  / 62.0059 ; - 144.0187  ( Mount Wrangell ) 37 Mount Sneffels Colorado Sneffels Range 7003431540000099999 ♠ 14,158 ft 4315.4 m 7002929642000000000 ♠ 3,050 ft 930 m 7004252800000000000 ♠ 15.71 mi 25.3 km 38 ° 00 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W  /  38.0038 ° N 107.7923 ° W  / 38.0038 ; - 107.7923  ( Mount Sneffels ) 38 Capitol Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003430882400099999 ♠ 14,137 ft 4309 m 7002533401000099999 ♠ 1,750 ft 533 m 7004119800000000000 ♠ 7.44 mi 11.98 km 39 ° 09 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W  /  39.1503 ° N 107.0829 ° W  / 39.1503 ; - 107.0829  ( Capitol Peak ) 39 Pikes Peak Colorado Front Range 7003430231000000000 ♠ 14,115 ft 4302.31 m 7003168554700000000 ♠ 5,530 ft 1686 m 7004975600000000000 ♠ 60.6 mi 97.6 km 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.8405 ° N 105.0442 ° W  / 38.8405 ; - 105.0442  ( Pikes Peak ) 40 Windom Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003429551100000000 ♠ 14,093 ft 4296 m 7002666599000000000 ♠ 2,187 ft 667 m 7004424000000000000 ♠ 26.3 mi 42.4 km 37 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W  /  37.6212 ° N 107.5919 ° W  / 37.6212 ; - 107.5919  ( Windom Peak ) 41 Mount Augusta Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003428854500000000 ♠ 14,070 ft 4289 m 7003154900000000000 ♠ 5,082 ft 1549 m 7004231900000000000 ♠ 14.41 mi 23.2 km 60 ° 18 ′ 27 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W  /  60.3074 ° N 140.4584 ° W  / 60.3074 ; - 140.4584  ( Mount Augusta ) 42 Handies Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003428480000000000 ♠ 14,058 ft 4284.8 m 7002581559999900000 ♠ 1,908 ft 582 m 7004180000000000000 ♠ 11.18 mi 18.00 km 37 ° 54 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 30 ′ 16 '' W  /  37.9130 ° N 107.5044 ° W  / 37.9130 ; - 107.5044  ( Handies Peak ) 43 Culebra Peak Colorado Culebra Range 7003428327400000000 ♠ 14,053 ft 4283 m 7003147127300000000 ♠ 4,827 ft 1471 m 7004569400000000000 ♠ 35.4 mi 56.9 km 37 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 105 ° 11 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.1224 ° N 105.1858 ° W  / 37.1224 ; - 105.1858  ( Culebra Peak ) 44 San Luis Peak Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003427380000000000 ♠ 14,022 ft 4273.8 m 7002948844000000000 ♠ 3,113 ft 949 m 7004433700000000000 ♠ 26.9 mi 43.4 km 37 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 106 ° 55 ′ 53 '' W  /  37.9868 ° N 106.9313 ° W  / 37.9868 ; - 106.9313  ( San Luis Peak ) 45 Mount of the Holy Cross Colorado Sawatch Range 7003427051000000000 ♠ 14,011 ft 4270.5 m 7002644034000000000 ♠ 2,113 ft 644 m 7004296300000000000 ♠ 18.41 mi 29.6 km 39 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 54 '' W  /  39.4668 ° N 106.4817 ° W  / 39.4668 ; - 106.4817  ( Mount of the Holy Cross ) 46 Grizzly Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003426560000000000 ♠ 13,995 ft 4265.6 m 7002587655999900000 ♠ 1,928 ft 588 m 7004108900000000000 ♠ 6.77 mi 10.89 km 39 ° 02 ′ 33 '' N 106 ° 35 ′ 51 '' W  /  39.0425 ° N 106.5976 ° W  / 39.0425 ; - 106.5976  ( Grizzly Peak ) 47 Mount Humphreys California Sierra Nevada 7003426478300000000 ♠ 13,992 ft 4265 m 7002781203999900000 ♠ 2,563 ft 781 m 7004236700000000000 ♠ 14.71 mi 23.7 km 37 ° 16 ′ 14 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W  /  37.2705 ° N 118.6730 ° W  / 37.2705 ; - 118.6730  ( Mount Humphreys ) 48 Mount Keith California Sierra Nevada 7003426168800000000 ♠ 13,982 ft 4262 m 7002590000000000000 ♠ 1,936 ft 590 m 7003497000000000000 ♠ 3.09 mi 4.97 km 36 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W  /  36.7001 ° N 118.3436 ° W  / 36.7001 ; - 118.3436  ( Mount Keith ) 49 Mount Ouray Colorado Sawatch Range 7003425549999999999 ♠ 13,961 ft 4255.4 m 7002810465000000000 ♠ 2,659 ft 810 m 7004218600000000000 ♠ 13.58 mi 21.9 km 38 ° 25 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 29 '' W  /  38.4227 ° N 106.2247 ° W  / 38.4227 ; - 106.2247  ( Mount Ouray ) 50 Vermilion Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003423672700000000 ♠ 13,900 ft 4237 m 7002641605000000000 ♠ 2,105 ft 642 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 37 ° 47 ′ 57 '' N 107 ° 49 ′ 43 '' W  /  37.7993 ° N 107.8285 ° W  / 37.7993 ; - 107.8285  ( Vermilion Peak ) 51 Atna Peaks Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003422453600000000 ♠ 13,860 ft 4225 m 7002673609000000000 ♠ 2,210 ft 674 m 7003586000000000000 ♠ 3.64 mi 5.86 km 61 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 143 ° 14 ′ 29 '' W  /  61.7495 ° N 143.2414 ° W  / 61.7495 ; - 143.2414  ( Atna Peaks ) 52 Regal Mountain Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003421996400000000 ♠ 13,845 ft 4220 m 7003133959900000000 ♠ 4,395 ft 1340 m 7004197200000000000 ♠ 12.25 mi 19.72 km 61 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 142 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W  /  61.7438 ° N 142.8675 ° W  / 61.7438 ; - 142.8675  ( Regal Mountain ) 53 Mount Darwin California Sierra Nevada 7003421758299999999 ♠ 13,837 ft 4218 m 7002576378000000000 ♠ 1,891 ft 576 m 7004114800000000000 ♠ 7.13 mi 11.48 km 37 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W  /  37.1669 ° N 118.6721 ° W  / 37.1669 ; - 118.6721  ( Mount Darwin ) 54 Mount Hayes Alaska Alaska Range 7003421600200000000 ♠ 13,832 ft 4216 m 7003350734100000000 ♠ 11,507 ft 3507 m 7005202000000000000 ♠ 125.5 mi 202 km 63 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 146 ° 43 ′ 04 '' W  /  63.6203 ° N 146.7178 ° W  / 63.6203 ; - 146.7178  ( Mount Hayes ) 55 Mount Silverheels Colorado Front Range 7003421500000000000 ♠ 13,829 ft 4215.0 m 7002695860000000000 ♠ 2,283 ft 696 m 7003882000000000000 ♠ 5.48 mi 8.82 km 39 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 00 ′ 19 '' W  /  39.3394 ° N 106.0054 ° W  / 39.3394 ; - 106.0054  ( Mount Silverheels ) 56 Rio Grande Pyramid Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003421449999999999 ♠ 13,827 ft 4214.4 m 7002573330000000000 ♠ 1,881 ft 573 m 7004173100000000000 ♠ 10.76 mi 17.31 km 37 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 33 '' W  /  37.6797 ° N 107.3924 ° W  / 37.6797 ; - 107.3924  ( Rio Grande Pyramid ) 57 Gannett Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003420910000000000 ♠ 13,809 ft 4209.1 m 7003215676900099999 ♠ 7,076 ft 2157 m 7005467280000000000 ♠ 290 mi 467 km 43 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 109 ° 39 ′ 15 '' W  /  43.1842 ° N 109.6542 ° W  / 43.1842 ; - 109.6542  ( Gannett Peak ) 58 Mount Kaweah California Sierra Nevada 7003420851000000000 ♠ 13,807 ft 4209 m 7002617831000000000 ♠ 2,027 ft 618 m 7004172700000000000 ♠ 10.73 mi 17.27 km 36 ° 31 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W  /  36.5261 ° N 118.4785 ° W  / 36.5261 ; - 118.4785  ( Mount Kaweah ) 59 Mauna Kea Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207.3 m 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207 m 7006394700000000000 ♠ 2,453 mi 3,947 km 19 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 155 ° 28 ′ 05 '' W  /  19.8207 ° N 155.4681 ° W  / 19.8207 ; - 155.4681  ( Mauna Kea ) 60 Grand Teton Wyoming Teton Range 7003419870000000000 ♠ 13,775 ft 4198.7 m 7003199492000000000 ♠ 6,545 ft 1995 m 7005111610000000000 ♠ 69.4 mi 111.6 km 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W  /  43.7412 ° N 110.8024 ° W  / 43.7412 ; - 110.8024  ( Grand Teton ) 61 Mount Cook Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003419405700000000 ♠ 13,760 ft 4194 m 7003235001300000000 ♠ 7,710 ft 2350 m 7004234000000000000 ♠ 14.54 mi 23.4 km 60 ° 10 ′ 54 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W  /  60.1816 ° N 139.9811 ° W  / 60.1816 ; - 139.9811  ( Mount Cook ) 62 Mount Morgan California Sierra Nevada 7003419349999999999 ♠ 13,758 ft 4193.4 m 7002807112000000000 ♠ 2,648 ft 807 m 7004158700000000000 ♠ 9.86 mi 15.87 km 37 ° 24 ′ 19 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 58 '' W  /  37.4053 ° N 118.7329 ° W  / 37.4053 ; - 118.7329  ( Mount Morgan ) 63 Mount Gabb California Sierra Nevada 7003419022300000000 ♠ 13,747 ft 4190 m 7002792785999900000 ♠ 2,601 ft 793 m 7003689000000000000 ♠ 4.28 mi 6.89 km 37 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.3769 ° N 118.8025 ° W  / 37.3769 ; - 118.8025  ( Mount Gabb ) 64 Bald Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003417281400000000 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002639776000000000 ♠ 2,099 ft 640 m 7004120900000000000 ♠ 7.51 mi 12.09 km 39 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W  /  39.4448 ° N 105.9705 ° W  / 39.4448 ; - 105.9705  ( Bald Mountain ) 65 Mount Oso Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003417266799999999 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002507188000000000 ♠ 1,664 ft 507 m 7003871000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.71 km 37 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 107 ° 29 ′ 37 '' W  /  37.6070 ° N 107.4936 ° W  / 37.6070 ; - 107.4936  ( Mount Oso ) 66 Mauna Loa Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003416936800000000 ♠ 13,679 ft 4169 m 7003216378000000000 ♠ 7,099 ft 2164 m 7004408300000000000 ♠ 25.4 mi 40.8 km 19 ° 28 ′ 32 '' N 155 ° 36 ′ 19 '' W  /  19.4756 ° N 155.6054 ° W  / 19.4756 ; - 155.6054  ( Mauna Loa ) 67 Mount Jackson Colorado Sawatch Range 7003416850000000000 ♠ 13,676 ft 4168.5 m 7002551689000099999 ♠ 1,810 ft 552 m 7003516000000000000 ♠ 3.21 mi 5.16 km 39 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 106 ° 32 ′ 12 '' W  /  39.4853 ° N 106.5367 ° W  / 39.4853 ; - 106.5367  ( Mount Jackson ) 68 Mount Tom California Sierra Nevada 7003416251700000000 ♠ 13,657 ft 4163 m 7002607163000000000 ♠ 1,992 ft 607 m 7003767000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.67 km 37 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 10 ′ 44 '' W  /  37.3762 ° N 119.1789 ° W  / 37.3762 ; - 119.1789  ( Mount Tom ) 69 Bard Peak Colorado Front Range 7003415949200000000 ♠ 13,647 ft 4159 m 7002518466000000000 ♠ 1,701 ft 518 m 7003874000000000000 ♠ 5.43 mi 8.74 km 39 ° 43 ′ 13 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 16 '' W  /  39.7204 ° N 105.8044 ° W  / 39.7204 ; - 105.8044  ( Bard Peak ) 70 West Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003415468099999999 ♠ 13,631 ft 4155 m 7003112349500099999 ♠ 3,686 ft 1123 m 7004319800000000000 ♠ 19.87 mi 32.0 km 37 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W  /  37.3756 ° N 104.9934 ° W  / 37.3756 ; - 104.9934  ( West Spanish Peak ) 71 Mount Powell Colorado Gore Range 7003414096299900000 ♠ 13,586 ft 4141 m 7002914402000000000 ♠ 3,000 ft 914 m 7004346000000000000 ♠ 21.5 mi 34.6 km 39 ° 45 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W  /  39.7601 ° N 106.3407 ° W  / 39.7601 ; - 106.3407  ( Mount Powell ) 72 Hagues Peak Colorado Mummy Range 7003413700000000000 ♠ 13,573 ft 4137 m 7002737617000000000 ♠ 2,420 ft 738 m 7004252600000000000 ♠ 15.70 mi 25.3 km 40 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 47 '' W  /  40.4845 ° N 105.6464 ° W  / 40.4845 ; - 105.6464  ( Hagues Peak ) 73 Mount Dubois California White Mountains 7003413467000000000 ♠ 13,565 ft 4135 m 7002712929000000000 ♠ 2,339 ft 713 m 7004155000000000000 ♠ 9.63 mi 15.50 km 37 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 36 '' W  /  37.7834 ° N 118.3432 ° W  / 37.7834 ; - 118.3432  ( Mount Dubois ) 74 Tower Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003413245399900000 ♠ 13,558 ft 4132 m 7002503531000000000 ♠ 1,652 ft 504 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 51 ′ 26 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W  /  37.8573 ° N 107.6230 ° W  / 37.8573 ; - 107.6230  ( Tower Mountain ) 75 Treasure Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003412535099999999 ♠ 13,535 ft 4125 m 7002861976000000000 ♠ 2,828 ft 862 m 7004111300000000000 ♠ 6.92 mi 11.13 km 39 ° 01 ′ 28 '' N 107 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W  /  39.0244 ° N 107.1228 ° W  / 39.0244 ; - 107.1228  ( Treasure Mountain ) 76 Kings Peak Utah Uinta Mountains 7003412514999999999 ♠ 13,534 ft 4125 m 7003193792200000000 ♠ 6,358 ft 1938 m 7005268040000000000 ♠ 166.6 mi 268 km 40 ° 46 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 22 ′ 22 '' W  /  40.7763 ° N 110.3729 ° W  / 40.7763 ; - 110.3729  ( Kings Peak ) 77 North Arapaho Peak Colorado Front Range 7003411718099999999 ♠ 13,508 ft 4117 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7004247500000000000 ♠ 15.38 mi 24.8 km 40 ° 01 ′ 35 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W  /  40.0265 ° N 105.6504 ° W  / 40.0265 ; - 105.6504  ( North Arapaho Peak ) 78 Mount Pinchot California Sierra Nevada 7003411478899900000 ♠ 13,500 ft 4115 m 7002643000000000000 ♠ 2,110 ft 643 m 7003758000000000000 ♠ 4.71 mi 7.58 km 36 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 19 '' W  /  36.9473 ° N 118.4054 ° W  / 36.9473 ; - 118.4054  ( Mount Pinchot ) 79 Mount Natazhat Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003409499600000000 ♠ 13,435 ft 4095 m 7003182423200000000 ♠ 5,985 ft 1824 m 7004249300000000000 ♠ 15.49 mi 24.9 km 61 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 06 ′ 11 '' W  /  61.5217 ° N 141.1030 ° W  / 61.5217 ; - 141.1030  ( Mount Natazhat ) 80 Mount Jarvis Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003409072900000000 ♠ 13,421 ft 4091 m 7003145420400000000 ♠ 4,771 ft 1454 m 7004179500000000000 ♠ 11.15 mi 17.95 km 62 ° 01 ′ 24 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 11 '' W  /  62.0234 ° N 143.6198 ° W  / 62.0234 ; - 143.6198  ( Mount Jarvis ) 81 Parry Peak Colorado Front Range 7003408334800000000 ♠ 13,397 ft 4083 m 7002524256999999999 ♠ 1,720 ft 524 m 7004152200000000000 ♠ 9.46 mi 15.22 km 39 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 48 '' W  /  39.8381 ° N 105.7132 ° W  / 39.8381 ; - 105.7132  ( Parry Peak ) 82 Bill Williams Peak Colorado Williams Mountains 7003408088600000000 ♠ 13,389 ft 4081 m 7002512675000099999 ♠ 1,682 ft 513 m 7003600000000000000 ♠ 3.73 mi 6.00 km 39 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W  /  39.1806 ° N 106.6102 ° W  / 39.1806 ; - 106.6102  ( Bill Williams Peak ) 83 Sultan Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003407622400000000 ♠ 13,373 ft 4076 m 7002569368000000000 ♠ 1,868 ft 569 m 7003739000000000000 ♠ 4.59 mi 7.39 km 37 ° 47 ′ 09 '' N 107 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W  /  37.7859 ° N 107.7038 ° W  / 37.7859 ; - 107.7038  ( Sultan Mountain ) 84 Mount Herard Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003406768000000000 ♠ 13,345 ft 4068 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003745000000000000 ♠ 4.63 mi 7.45 km 37 ° 50 ′ 57 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 42 '' W  /  37.8492 ° N 105.4949 ° W  / 37.8492 ; - 105.4949  ( Mount Herard ) 85 West Buffalo Peak Colorado Mosquito Range 7003406360700000000 ♠ 13,332 ft 4064 m 7002605333999900000 ♠ 1,986 ft 605 m 7004154600000000000 ♠ 9.61 mi 15.46 km 38 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W  /  38.9917 ° N 106.1249 ° W  / 38.9917 ; - 106.1249  ( West Buffalo Peak ) 86 Tressider Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003405842000000000 ♠ 13,315 ft 4058 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7003534000000000000 ♠ 3.32 mi 5.34 km 61 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 141 ° 39 ′ 59 '' W  /  61.3590 ° N 141.6664 ° W  / 61.3590 ; - 141.6664  ( Tressider Peak ) 87 Summit Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003405620000000000 ♠ 13,308 ft 4056.2 m 7002841250000000000 ♠ 2,760 ft 841 m 7004636600000000000 ♠ 39.6 mi 63.7 km 37 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 41 ′ 48 '' W  /  37.3506 ° N 106.6968 ° W  / 37.3506 ; - 106.6968  ( Summit Peak ) 88 Middle Peak Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003405565700000000 ♠ 13,306 ft 4056 m 7002597418000000000 ♠ 1,960 ft 597 m 7003769000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.69 km 37 ° 51 ′ 13 '' N 108 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W  /  37.8536 ° N 108.1082 ° W  / 37.8536 ; - 108.1082  ( Middle Peak ) 89 Antora Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404628200000000 ♠ 13,275 ft 4046 m 7002734265000000000 ♠ 2,409 ft 734 m 7004108600000000000 ♠ 6.75 mi 10.86 km 38 ° 19 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 05 '' W  /  38.3250 ° N 106.2180 ° W  / 38.3250 ; - 106.2180  ( Antora Peak ) 90 Henry Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404186400000000 ♠ 13,261 ft 4042 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7004176100000000000 ♠ 10.94 mi 17.61 km 38 ° 41 ′ 08 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.6856 ° N 106.6211 ° W  / 38.6856 ; - 106.6211  ( Henry Mountain ) 91 Hesperus Mountain Colorado La Plata Mountains 7003403477200000000 ♠ 13,237 ft 4035 m 7002869291000000000 ♠ 2,852 ft 869 m 7004394700000000000 ♠ 24.5 mi 39.5 km 37 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 20 '' W  /  37.4451 ° N 108.0890 ° W  / 37.4451 ; - 108.0890  ( Hesperus Mountain ) 92 Mount Silverthrone Alaska Alaska Range 7003402946400000000 ♠ 13,220 ft 4029 m 7002987554000000000 ♠ 3,240 ft 988 m 7004127200000000000 ♠ 7.90 mi 12.72 km 63 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 150 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W  /  63.1157 ° N 150.6755 ° W  / 63.1157 ; - 150.6755  ( Mount Silverthrone ) 93 Jacque Peak Colorado Gore Range 7003402675800000000 ♠ 13,211 ft 4027 m 7002629413000000000 ♠ 2,065 ft 629 m 7003728000000000000 ♠ 4.52 mi 7.28 km 39 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 106 ° 11 ′ 49 '' W  /  39.4549 ° N 106.1970 ° W  / 39.4549 ; - 106.1970  ( Jacque Peak ) 94 Bennett Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003402606400000000 ♠ 13,209 ft 4026 m 7002531267000000000 ♠ 1,743 ft 531 m 7004274900000000000 ♠ 17.08 mi 27.5 km 37 ° 29 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 03 '' W  /  37.4833 ° N 106.4343 ° W  / 37.4833 ; - 106.4343  ( Bennett Peak ) 95 Wind River Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003402240000000000 ♠ 13,197 ft 4022.4 m 7002783947000000000 ♠ 2,572 ft 784 m 7004565600000000000 ♠ 35.1 mi 56.6 km 42 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 109 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W  /  42.7085 ° N 109.1284 ° W  / 42.7085 ; - 109.1284  ( Wind River Peak ) 96 Conejos Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003401700000000000 ♠ 13,179 ft 4017.0 m 7002582779000000000 ♠ 1,912 ft 583 m 7004131200000000000 ♠ 8.15 mi 13.12 km 37 ° 17 ′ 19 '' N 106 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W  /  37.2887 ° N 106.5709 ° W  / 37.2887 ; - 106.5709  ( Conejos Peak ) 97 Mount Marcus Baker Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003401605300000000 ♠ 13,176 ft 4016 m 7003327691100000000 ♠ 10,751 ft 3277 m 7005203300000000000 ♠ 126.3 mi 203 km 61 ° 26 ′ 15 '' N 147 ° 45 ′ 09 '' W  /  61.4374 ° N 147.7525 ° W  / 61.4374 ; - 147.7525  ( Mount Marcus Baker ) 98 Cloud Peak Wyoming Bighorn Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003215707400000000 ♠ 7,077 ft 2157 m 7005233380000000000 ♠ 145.0 mi 233 km 44 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N 107 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W  /  44.3821 ° N 107.1739 ° W  / 44.3821 ; - 107.1739  ( Cloud Peak ) Wheeler Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003103906500000000 ♠ 3,409 ft 1039 m 7004595700000000000 ♠ 37.0 mi 59.6 km 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W  /  36.5569 ° N 105.4169 ° W  / 36.5569 ; - 105.4169  ( Wheeler Peak ) 100 Francs Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003401230000000000 ♠ 13,164 ft 4012.3 m 7003123627100000000 ♠ 4,056 ft 1236 m 7004760200000000000 ♠ 47.2 mi 76.0 km 43 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 109 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W  /  43.9613 ° N 109.3392 ° W  / 43.9613 ; - 109.3392  ( Francs Peak ) 101 Twilight Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003401210300000000 ♠ 13,163 ft 4012 m 7002712624000000000 ♠ 2,338 ft 713 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 43 ′ 37 '' W  /  37.6630 ° N 107.7270 ° W  / 37.6630 ; - 107.7270  ( Twilight Peak ) 102 South River Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003400940000000000 ♠ 13,154 ft 4009.4 m 7002746152000000000 ♠ 2,448 ft 746 m 7004339900000000000 ♠ 21.1 mi 34.0 km 37 ° 34 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 53 '' W  /  37.5741 ° N 106.9815 ° W  / 37.5741 ; - 106.9815  ( South River Peak ) 103 Mount Ritter California Sierra Nevada 7003400778000000000 ♠ 13,149 ft 4008 m 7003121600000000000 ♠ 3,990 ft 1216 m 7004354300000000000 ♠ 22.0 mi 35.4 km 37 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 119 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W  /  37.6891 ° N 119.1996 ° W  / 37.6891 ; - 119.1996  ( Mount Ritter ) 104 Red Slate Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003400179100000000 ♠ 13,129 ft 4002 m 7002528981000000000 ♠ 1,736 ft 529 m 7004133800000000000 ♠ 8.31 mi 13.38 km 37 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.5075 ° N 118.8693 ° W  / 37.5075 ; - 118.8693  ( Red Slate Mountain ) 105 Mount Lyell ( California ) California Sierra Nevada 7003399890000000000 ♠ 13,120 ft 3998.9 m 7002587000000000000 ♠ 1,926 ft 587 m 7003846000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.46 km 37 ° 44 ′ 22 '' N 119 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W  /  37.7394 ° N 119.2716 ° W  / 37.7394 ; - 119.2716  ( Mount Lyell ) 106 Bushnell Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003399580000000000 ♠ 13,110 ft 3995.8 m 7002733045000000000 ♠ 2,405 ft 733 m 7004178200000000000 ♠ 11.07 mi 17.82 km 38 ° 20 ′ 28 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 21 '' W  /  38.3412 ° N 105.8892 ° W  / 38.3412 ; - 105.8892  ( Bushnell Peak ) 107 Truchas Peak New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003399520000000000 ♠ 13,108 ft 3995.2 m 7003121950700000000 ♠ 4,001 ft 1220 m 7004681500000000000 ♠ 42.3 mi 68.2 km 35 ° 57 ′ 45 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W  /  35.9625 ° N 105.6450 ° W  / 35.9625 ; - 105.6450  ( Truchas Peak ) 108 Wheeler Peak Nevada Snake Range 7003398230000000000 ♠ 13,065 ft 3982.3 m 7003230673100000000 ♠ 7,568 ft 2307 m 7005373020000000000 ♠ 232 mi 373 km 38 ° 59 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W  /  38.9858 ° N 114.3139 ° W  / 38.9858 ; - 114.3139  ( Wheeler Peak ) 109 Mount Dana California Sierra Nevada 7003398148700000000 ♠ 13,063 ft 3981.5 m 7002742799000000000 ♠ 2,437 ft 743 m 7004183500000000000 ♠ 11.40 mi 18.35 km 37 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W  /  37.8999 ° N 119.2211 ° W  / 37.8999 ; - 119.2211  ( Mount Dana ) 110 West Elk Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003397520000000000 ♠ 13,042 ft 3975.2 m 7002943358000000000 ♠ 3,095 ft 943 m 7004221800000000000 ♠ 13.78 mi 22.2 km 38 ° 43 ′ 04 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W  /  38.7179 ° N 107.1994 ° W  / 38.7179 ; - 107.1994  ( West Elk Peak ) 111 Mount Moffit Alaska Alaska Range 7003396850400000000 ♠ 13,020 ft 3969 m 7003121005800000000 ♠ 3,970 ft 1210 m 7004164100000000000 ♠ 10.20 mi 16.41 km 63 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 146 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W  /  63.5683 ° N 146.3982 ° W  / 63.5683 ; - 146.3982  ( Mount Moffit ) 112 Mount Centennial ( Peak 13010 ) Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003396727000000000 ♠ 13,016 ft 3967 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003461000000000000 ♠ 2.86 mi 4.61 km 37 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W  /  37.6062 ° N 107.2446 ° W  / 37.6062 ; - 107.2446  ( Mount Centennial ) 113 Clark Peak Colorado Medicine Bow Mountains 7003394840000000000 ♠ 12,954 ft 3948.4 m 7002844602000000000 ♠ 2,771 ft 845 m 7004264000000000000 ♠ 16.40 mi 26.4 km 40 ° 36 ′ 24 '' N 105 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W  /  40.6068 ° N 105.9300 ° W  / 40.6068 ; - 105.9300  ( Clark Peak ) 114 Mount Richthofen Colorado Never Summer Mountains 7003394577800000000 ♠ 12,945 ft 3946 m 7002816866000000000 ♠ 2,680 ft 817 m 7004155400000000000 ♠ 9.66 mi 15.54 km 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.4695 ° N 105.8945 ° W  / 40.4695 ; - 105.8945  ( Mount Richthofen ) 115 Mount Root Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003392800000000000 ♠ 12,887 ft 3928 m 7002908000000000000 ♠ 2,979 ft 908 m 7003879000000000000 ♠ 5.46 mi 8.79 km 58 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 137 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W  /  58.9854 ° N 137.5001 ° W  / 58.9854 ; - 137.5001  ( Mount Root ) 116 Lizard Head Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003391582100000000 ♠ 12,847 ft 3916 m 7002579731000000000 ♠ 1,902 ft 580 m 7004104000000000000 ♠ 6.46 mi 10.40 km 42 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W  /  42.7901 ° N 109.1978 ° W  / 42.7901 ; - 109.1978  ( Lizard Head Peak ) 117 Granite Peak Montana Beartooth Mountains 7003390350000000000 ♠ 12,807 ft 3903.5 m 7003145664200000000 ♠ 4,779 ft 1457 m 7005138450000000000 ♠ 86.0 mi 138.5 km 45 ° 09 ′ 48 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 27 '' W  /  45.1634 ° N 109.8075 ° W  / 45.1634 ; - 109.8075  ( Granite Peak ) 118 Mount Crosson Alaska Alaska Range 7003390144800000000 ♠ 12,800 ft 3901 m 7002502921000000000 ♠ 1,650 ft 503 m 7003822000000000000 ♠ 5.11 mi 8.22 km 63 ° 00 ′ 29 '' N 151 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W  /  63.0081 ° N 151.2763 ° W  / 63.0081 ; - 151.2763  ( Mount Crosson ) 119 Venado Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003388298100000000 ♠ 12,739 ft 3883 m 7002905563000000000 ♠ 2,971 ft 906 m 7004189900000000000 ♠ 11.80 mi 18.99 km 36 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W  /  36.7917 ° N 105.4933 ° W  / 36.7917 ; - 105.4933  ( Venado Peak ) 120 Chair Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003387910000000000 ♠ 12,727 ft 3879.1 m 7002750114000000000 ♠ 2,461 ft 750 m 7004143000000000000 ♠ 8.89 mi 14.30 km 39 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 56 '' W  /  39.0581 ° N 107.2822 ° W  / 39.0581 ; - 107.2822  ( Chair Mountain ) 121 Mount Peale Utah La Sal Mountains 7003387900000000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003188397300000000 ♠ 6,181 ft 1884 m 7005117140000000000 ♠ 72.8 mi 117.1 km 38 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 109 ° 13 ′ 45 '' W  /  38.4385 ° N 109.2292 ° W  / 38.4385 ; - 109.2292  ( Mount Peale ) 122 Mount Crillon Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003387889300000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003218724900099999 ♠ 7,176 ft 2187 m 7004314100000000000 ♠ 19.52 mi 31.4 km 58 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 137 ° 10 ′ 16 '' W  /  58.6625 ° N 137.1712 ° W  / 58.6625 ; - 137.1712  ( Mount Crillon ) 123 Mount Gunnison Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003387870000000000 ♠ 12,725 ft 3878.7 m 7003107868900000000 ♠ 3,539 ft 1079 m 7004190500000000000 ♠ 11.84 mi 19.05 km 38 ° 48 ′ 44 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 57 '' W  /  38.8121 ° N 107.3826 ° W  / 38.8121 ; - 107.3826  ( Mount Gunnison ) 124 East Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003386715800000000 ♠ 12,688 ft 3867 m 7002726340000000000 ♠ 2,383 ft 726 m 7003678000000000000 ♠ 4.21 mi 6.78 km 37 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 104 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W  /  37.3934 ° N 104.9201 ° W  / 37.3934 ; - 104.9201  ( East Spanish Peak ) 125 Borah Peak Idaho Lost River Range 7003386120000000000 ♠ 12,668 ft 3861.2 m 7003182940000000000 ♠ 6,002 ft 1829 m 7005242620000000000 ♠ 150.8 mi 243 km 44 ° 08 ′ 15 '' N 113 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W  /  44.1374 ° N 113.7811 ° W  / 44.1374 ; - 113.7811  ( Borah Peak ) 126 Mount Wood Montana Absaroka Range 7003386029200000000 ♠ 12,665 ft 3860 m 7002877826000000000 ♠ 2,880 ft 878 m 7004120400000000000 ♠ 7.48 mi 12.04 km 45 ° 16 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W  /  45.2749 ° N 109.8078 ° W  / 45.2749 ; - 109.8078  ( Mount Wood ) 127 Mount Gunnar Naslund Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003385816600000000 ♠ 12,658 ft 3858 m 7002642520000000000 ♠ 2,108 ft 643 m 7004110400000000000 ♠ 6.86 mi 11.04 km 61 ° 13 ′ 42 '' N 141 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W  /  61.2282 ° N 141.3140 ° W  / 61.2282 ; - 141.3140  ( Mount Gunnar Naslund ) 128 Mount Conness California Sierra Nevada 7003385550000000000 ♠ 12,649 ft 3855.5 m 7002807722000000000 ♠ 2,650 ft 808 m 7004115500000000000 ♠ 7.18 mi 11.55 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 17 '' W  /  37.9670 ° N 119.3213 ° W  / 37.9670 ; - 119.3213  ( Mount Conness ) 129 Humphreys Peak Arizona San Francisco Peaks 7003385189100000000 ♠ 12,637 ft 3852 m 7003184069100000000 ♠ 6,039 ft 1841 m 7005395660000000000 ♠ 246 mi 396 km 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W  /  35.3464 ° N 111.6780 ° W  / 35.3464 ; - 111.6780  ( Humphreys Peak ) 130 Santa Fe Baldy New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003385010000000000 ♠ 12,632 ft 3850.1 m 7002610211000000000 ♠ 2,002 ft 610 m 7004176900000000000 ♠ 10.99 mi 17.69 km 35 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 29 '' W  /  35.8322 ° N 105.7581 ° W  / 35.8322 ; - 105.7581  ( Santa Fe Baldy ) 131 Gothic Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003385004400000000 ♠ 12,631 ft 3850 m 7002501397000000000 ♠ 1,645 ft 501 m 7003439000000000000 ♠ 2.73 mi 4.39 km 38 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 00 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.9562 ° N 107.0107 ° W  / 38.9562 ; - 107.0107  ( Gothic Mountain ) 132 Castle Mountain Montana Absaroka Range 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002814427000000000 ♠ 2,672 ft 814 m 7004156700000000000 ♠ 9.74 mi 15.67 km 45 ° 05 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 37 ′ 50 '' W  /  45.0989 ° N 109.6305 ° W  / 45.0989 ; - 109.6305  ( Castle Mountain ) Lone Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002692812000000000 ♠ 2,273 ft 693 m 7004135200000000000 ♠ 8.40 mi 13.52 km 37 ° 53 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W  /  37.8880 ° N 108.2556 ° W  / 37.8880 ; - 108.2556  ( Lone Cone ) 134 Mount Moran Wyoming Teton Range 7003384350000000000 ♠ 12,610 ft 3843.5 m 7002806198000000000 ♠ 2,645 ft 806 m 7003994000000000000 ♠ 6.18 mi 9.94 km 43 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 110 ° 46 ′ 35 '' W  /  43.8350 ° N 110.7765 ° W  / 43.8350 ; - 110.7765  ( Mount Moran ) 135 Tlingit Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003384231600000000 ♠ 12,606 ft 3842 m 7002611429999900000 ♠ 2,006 ft 611 m 7003363000000000000 ♠ 2.26 mi 3.63 km 58 ° 53 ′ 35 '' N 137 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W  /  58.8931 ° N 137.3938 ° W  / 58.8931 ; - 137.3938  ( Tlingit Peak ) 136 Little Costilla Peak New Mexico Culebra Range 7003383680000000000 ♠ 12,588 ft 3836.8 m 7002744933000000000 ♠ 2,444 ft 745 m 7004124800000000000 ♠ 7.75 mi 12.48 km 36 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 13 ′ 22 '' W  /  36.8335 ° N 105.2229 ° W  / 36.8335 ; - 105.2229  ( Little Costilla Peak ) 137 Mount Carpe Alaska Alaska Range 7003382524800000000 ♠ 12,550 ft 3825 m 7002548641000099999 ♠ 1,800 ft 549 m 7003660000000000000 ♠ 4.10 mi 6.60 km 63 ° 09 ′ 08 '' N 150 ° 51 ′ 42 '' W  /  63.1521 ° N 150.8616 ° W  / 63.1521 ; - 150.8616  ( Mount Carpe ) 138 Needham Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003382380200000000 ♠ 12,545 ft 3824 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003954000000000000 ♠ 5.93 mi 9.54 km 36 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 14 '' W  /  36.4545 ° N 118.5373 ° W  / 36.4545 ; - 118.5373  ( Needham Mountain ) 139 Graham Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003382110000000000 ♠ 12,536 ft 3821.1 m 7002777546000000000 ♠ 2,551 ft 778 m 7004139000000000000 ♠ 8.64 mi 13.90 km 37 ° 29 ′ 50 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 34 '' W  /  37.4972 ° N 107.3761 ° W  / 37.4972 ; - 107.3761  ( Graham Peak ) 140 Whetstone Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003381810000000000 ♠ 12,527 ft 3818.1 m 7002748590000000000 ♠ 2,456 ft 749 m 7004151100000000000 ♠ 9.39 mi 15.11 km 38 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W  /  38.8223 ° N 106.9799 ° W  / 38.8223 ; - 106.9799  ( Whetstone Mountain ) 141 Kahiltna Dome Alaska Alaska Range 7003381762800000000 ♠ 12,525 ft 3818 m 7002662941000000000 ♠ 2,175 ft 663 m 7003555000000000000 ♠ 3.45 mi 5.55 km 63 ° 03 ′ 18 '' N 151 ° 14 ′ 22 '' W  /  63.0550 ° N 151.2394 ° W  / 63.0550 ; - 151.2394  ( Kahiltna Dome ) 142 Mount Thor Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003381640800000000 ♠ 12,521 ft 3816 m 7002997003000000000 ♠ 3,271 ft 997 m 7004327700000000000 ♠ 20.4 mi 32.8 km 61 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 46 '' W  /  61.4854 ° N 147.1460 ° W  / 61.4854 ; - 147.1460  ( Mount Thor ) 143 Mount Watson Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003380909300000000 ♠ 12,497 ft 3809 m 7002589000000000000 ♠ 1,932 ft 589 m 7003405000000000000 ♠ 2.52 mi 4.05 km 59 ° 00 ′ 32 '' N 137 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W  /  59.0088 ° N 137.5541 ° W  / 59.0088 ; - 137.5541  ( Mount Watson ) 144 Atlantic Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003380848100000000 ♠ 12,495 ft 3808 m 7002655321000000000 ♠ 2,150 ft 655 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 42 ° 36 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W  /  42.6165 ° N 109.0013 ° W  / 42.6165 ; - 109.0013  ( Atlantic Peak ) 145 Specimen Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003380826900000000 ♠ 12,494 ft 3808 m 7002527610000000000 ♠ 1,731 ft 528 m 7003756000000000000 ♠ 4.70 mi 7.56 km 40 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W  /  40.4449 ° N 105.8081 ° W  / 40.4449 ; - 105.8081  ( Specimen Mountain ) 146 Baldy Mountain New Mexico Cimarron Range 7003379330000000000 ♠ 12,445 ft 3793.3 m 7002823266000000000 ♠ 2,701 ft 823 m 7004182400000000000 ♠ 11.33 mi 18.24 km 36 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 105 ° 12 ′ 48 '' W  /  36.6299 ° N 105.2134 ° W  / 36.6299 ; - 105.2134  ( Baldy Mountain ) 147 East Beckwith Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003379210000000000 ♠ 12,441 ft 3792.1 m 7002759563000000000 ♠ 2,492 ft 760 m 7004100500000000000 ♠ 6.24 mi 10.05 km 38 ° 50 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W  /  38.8464 ° N 107.2233 ° W  / 38.8464 ; - 107.2233  ( East Beckwith Mountain ) 148 Knobby Crest Colorado Kenosha Mountains 7003378996200000000 ♠ 12,434 ft 3790 m 7002536144000000000 ♠ 1,759 ft 536 m 7004133100000000000 ♠ 8.27 mi 13.31 km 39 ° 22 ′ 05 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 18 '' W  /  39.3681 ° N 105.6050 ° W  / 39.3681 ; - 105.6050  ( Knobby Crest ) 149 Bison Peak Colorado Tarryall Mountains 7003378940000000000 ♠ 12,432 ft 3789.4 m 7002747066000000000 ♠ 2,451 ft 747 m 7004293400000000000 ♠ 18.23 mi 29.3 km 39 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 52 '' W  /  39.2384 ° N 105.4978 ° W  / 39.2384 ; - 105.4978  ( Bison Peak ) 150 Anthracite Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003377780000000000 ♠ 12,394 ft 3777.8 m 7002647701000000000 ♠ 2,125 ft 648 m 7003768000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.68 km 38 ° 48 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W  /  38.8145 ° N 107.1445 ° W  / 38.8145 ; - 107.1445  ( Anthracite Peak ) 151 Matchless Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003377628700000000 ♠ 12,389 ft 3776 m 7002537363000000000 ♠ 1,763 ft 537 m 7004126700000000000 ♠ 7.87 mi 12.67 km 38 ° 50 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W  /  38.8340 ° N 106.6451 ° W  / 38.8340 ; - 106.6451  ( Matchless Mountain ) 152 Flat Top Mountain Colorado Flat Tops 7003376770000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.7 m 7003123566200000000 ♠ 4,054 ft 1236 m 7004656200000000000 ♠ 40.8 mi 65.6 km 40 ° 00 ′ 53 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 00 '' W  /  40.0147 ° N 107.0833 ° W  / 40.0147 ; - 107.0833  ( Flat Top Mountain ) 153 Mount Nystrom Wyoming Wind River Range 7003376750000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.5 m 7002553518000000000 ♠ 1,816 ft 554 m 7003792000000000000 ♠ 4.92 mi 7.92 km 42 ° 38 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W  /  42.6418 ° N 109.0939 ° W  / 42.6418 ; - 109.0939  ( Mount Nystrom ) 154 Moby Dick ( Alaska ) Alaska Alaska Range 7003376733600000000 ♠ 12,360 ft 3767 m 7002886970000000000 ♠ 2,910 ft 887 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 63 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W  /  63.5561 ° N 146.6026 ° W  / 63.5561 ; - 146.6026  ( Moby Dick ) 155 Greenhorn Mountain Colorado Wet Mountains 7003376500000000000 ♠ 12,352 ft 3765.0 m 7003115123200000000 ♠ 3,777 ft 1151 m 7004406200000000000 ♠ 25.2 mi 40.6 km 37 ° 52 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 48 '' W  /  37.8815 ° N 105.0133 ° W  / 37.8815 ; - 105.0133  ( Greenhorn Mountain ) 156 Elliott Mountain Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003376294900000000 ♠ 12,346 ft 3763 m 7002682753000000000 ♠ 2,240 ft 683 m 7003826000000000000 ♠ 5.13 mi 8.26 km 37 ° 44 ′ 04 '' N 108 ° 03 ′ 29 '' W  /  37.7344 ° N 108.0580 ° W  / 37.7344 ; - 108.0580  ( Elliott Mountain ) 157 Mount Deborah Alaska Alaska Range 7003376093500000000 ♠ 12,339 ft 3761 m 7003158161000000000 ♠ 5,189 ft 1582 m 7004258800000000000 ♠ 16.08 mi 25.9 km 63 ° 38 ′ 16 '' N 147 ° 14 ′ 18 '' W  /  63.6377 ° N 147.2384 ° W  / 63.6377 ; - 147.2384  ( Mount Deborah ) 158 Twin Peaks California Sierra Nevada 7003375777500000000 ♠ 12,329 ft 3758 m 7002653188000000000 ♠ 2,143 ft 653 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 38 ° 05 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 32 '' W  /  38.0836 ° N 119.3588 ° W  / 38.0836 ; - 119.3588  ( Twin Peaks ) 159 Carter Mountain Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003375640000000000 ♠ 12,324 ft 3756.4 m 7002517856000000000 ♠ 1,699 ft 518 m 7004268400000000000 ♠ 16.68 mi 26.8 km 44 ° 11 ′ 50 '' N 109 ° 24 ′ 40 '' W  /  44.1972 ° N 109.4112 ° W  / 44.1972 ; - 109.4112  ( Carter Mountain ) 160 Parkview Mountain Colorado Rabbit Ears Range 7003374940000000000 ♠ 12,301 ft 3749.4 m 7002815646000000000 ♠ 2,676 ft 816 m 7004150700000000000 ♠ 9.36 mi 15.07 km 40 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 106 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W  /  40.3303 ° N 106.1363 ° W  / 40.3303 ; - 106.1363  ( Parkview Mountain ) 161 Cornwall Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003374619000000000 ♠ 12,291 ft 3746 m 7002531572000000000 ♠ 1,744 ft 532 m 7003837000000000000 ♠ 5.20 mi 8.37 km 37 ° 22 ′ 52 '' N 106 ° 29 ′ 31 '' W  /  37.3811 ° N 106.4920 ° W  / 37.3811 ; - 106.4920  ( Cornwall Mountain ) 162 Mount Adams Washington Cascade Range 7003374340000000000 ♠ 12,281 ft 3743.4 m 7003247985800000000 ♠ 8,136 ft 2480 m 7004736300000000000 ♠ 45.8 mi 73.6 km 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W  /  46.2024 ° N 121.4909 ° W  / 46.2024 ; - 121.4909  ( Mount Adams ) 163 Trout Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003373370000000000 ♠ 12,250 ft 3733.7 m 7003112898100000000 ♠ 3,704 ft 1129 m 7004457400000000000 ♠ 28.4 mi 45.7 km 44 ° 36 ′ 04 '' N 109 ° 31 ′ 31 '' W  /  44.6012 ° N 109.5253 ° W  / 44.6012 ; - 109.5253  ( Trout Peak ) 164 Mount Huntington Alaska Alaska Range 7003373075900000000 ♠ 12,240 ft 3731 m 7002880874000000000 ♠ 2,890 ft 881 m 7003624000000000000 ♠ 3.88 mi 6.24 km 62 ° 58 ′ 04 '' N 150 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W  /  62.9677 ° N 150.8996 ° W  / 62.9677 ; - 150.8996  ( Mount Huntington ) 165 Mount Huxley Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003372344400000000 ♠ 12,216 ft 3723 m 7002629718000000000 ♠ 2,066 ft 630 m 7003884000000000000 ♠ 5.49 mi 8.84 km 60 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 141 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W  /  60.3279 ° N 141.1554 ° W  / 60.3279 ; - 141.1554  ( Mount Huxley ) 166 Diamond Peak Idaho Lemhi Range 7003371930000000000 ♠ 12,202 ft 3719.3 m 7003164196100000000 ♠ 5,387 ft 1642 m 7004511800000000000 ♠ 31.8 mi 51.2 km 44 ° 08 ′ 29 '' N 113 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W  /  44.1414 ° N 113.0827 ° W  / 44.1414 ; - 113.0827  ( Diamond Peak ) 167 Mount Jordan Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003371551900000000 ♠ 12,190 ft 3716 m 7002713232999900000 ♠ 2,340 ft 713 m 7004114000000000000 ♠ 7.08 mi 11.40 km 61 ° 23 ′ 55 '' N 141 ° 28 ′ 12 '' W  /  61.3987 ° N 141.4700 ° W  / 61.3987 ; - 141.4700  ( Mount Jordan ) 168 Mount Zirkel Colorado Park Range 7003371410300000000 ♠ 12,185 ft 3714 m 7003105765799999999 ♠ 3,470 ft 1058 m 7004606000000000000 ♠ 37.7 mi 60.6 km 40 ° 49 ′ 53 '' N 106 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W  /  40.8313 ° N 106.6631 ° W  / 40.8313 ; - 106.6631  ( Mount Zirkel ) 169 Delano Peak Utah Tushar Mountains 7003371070000000000 ♠ 12,174 ft 3710.7 m 7003143530600000000 ♠ 4,709 ft 1435 m 7005180480000000000 ♠ 112.1 mi 180.5 km 38 ° 22 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 22 ′ 17 '' W  /  38.3692 ° N 112.3714 ° W  / 38.3692 ; - 112.3714  ( Delano Peak ) 170 Mount Salisbury Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003370942300000000 ♠ 12,170 ft 3709 m 7003122529800000000 ♠ 4,020 ft 1225 m 7003490000000000000 ♠ 3.04 mi 4.90 km 58 ° 51 ′ 02 '' N 137 ° 22 ′ 19 '' W  /  58.8505 ° N 137.3719 ° W  / 58.8505 ; - 137.3719  ( Mount Salisbury ) 171 Crested Butte Colorado Elk Mountains 7003370892500000000 ♠ 12,168 ft 3709 m 7002786995000000000 ♠ 2,582 ft 787 m 7003749000000000000 ♠ 4.65 mi 7.49 km 38 ° 53 ′ 01 '' N 106 ° 56 ′ 37 '' W  /  38.8835 ° N 106.9436 ° W  / 38.8835 ; - 106.9436  ( Crested Butte ) 172 Younts Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003370830000000000 ♠ 12,166 ft 3708.3 m 7002683058000000000 ♠ 2,241 ft 683 m 7004204400000000000 ♠ 12.70 mi 20.4 km 43 ° 58 ′ 55 '' N 109 ° 51 ′ 59 '' W  /  43.9820 ° N 109.8665 ° W  / 43.9820 ; - 109.8665  ( Younts Peak ) 173 Sawtooth Mountain Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003370420000000000 ♠ 12,153 ft 3704.2 m 7002587351000000000 ♠ 1,927 ft 587 m 7004269200000000000 ♠ 16.73 mi 26.9 km 38 ° 16 ′ 26 '' N 106 ° 52 ′ 01 '' W  /  38.2740 ° N 106.8670 ° W  / 38.2740 ; - 106.8670  ( Sawtooth Mountain ) 174 Olancha Peak California Sierra Nevada 7003369780000000000 ♠ 12,132 ft 3697.8 m 7002945796000000000 ♠ 3,103 ft 946 m 7004238900000000000 ♠ 14.84 mi 23.9 km 36 ° 15 ′ 55 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.2652 ° N 118.1182 ° W  / 36.2652 ; - 118.1182  ( Olancha Peak ) 175 Mount Mather Alaska Alaska Range 7003369509800000000 ♠ 12,123 ft 3695 m 7002875692000000000 ♠ 2,873 ft 876 m 7004149200000000000 ♠ 9.27 mi 14.92 km 63 ° 11 ′ 41 '' N 150 ° 26 ′ 10 '' W  /  63.1946 ° N 150.4362 ° W  / 63.1946 ; - 150.4362  ( Mount Mather ) 176 Park Cone Colorado Sawatch Range 7003368996000000000 ♠ 12,106 ft 3690 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003553000000000000 ♠ 3.44 mi 5.53 km 38 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 10 '' W  /  38.7967 ° N 106.6028 ° W  / 38.7967 ; - 106.6028  ( Park Cone ) 177 Ibapah Peak Utah Deep Creek Range 7003368564200000000 ♠ 12,092 ft 3686 m 7003160538500000000 ♠ 5,267 ft 1605 m 7004984500000000000 ♠ 61.2 mi 98.5 km 39 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 113 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W  /  39.8282 ° N 113.9200 ° W  / 39.8282 ; - 113.9200  ( Ibapah Peak ) 178 Carbon Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003368430000000000 ♠ 12,088 ft 3684.3 m 7002664160999900000 ♠ 2,179 ft 664 m 7003631000000000000 ♠ 3.92 mi 6.31 km 38 ° 47 ′ 39 '' N 107 ° 02 ′ 35 '' W  /  38.7943 ° N 107.0431 ° W  / 38.7943 ; - 107.0431  ( Carbon Peak ) 179 Glover Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003367963800000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3680 m 7002520000000000000 ♠ 1,706 ft 520 m 7003400000000000000 ♠ 2.49 mi 4.00 km 43 ° 09 ′ 32 '' N 109 ° 45 ′ 56 '' W  /  43.1589 ° N 109.7656 ° W  / 43.1589 ; - 109.7656  ( Glover Peak ) 180 Mount Moriah Nevada Snake Range 7003367960000000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3679.6 m 7003149611400000000 ♠ 4,909 ft 1496 m 7004327200000000000 ♠ 20.3 mi 32.7 km 39 ° 16 ′ 24 '' N 114 ° 11 ′ 56 '' W  /  39.2732 ° N 114.1988 ° W  / 39.2732 ; - 114.1988  ( Mount Moriah ) 181 Mount Guero Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003367540000000000 ♠ 12,058 ft 3675.4 m 7002741275000000000 ♠ 2,432 ft 741 m 7004102700000000000 ♠ 6.38 mi 10.27 km 38 ° 43 ′ 11 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 10 '' W  /  38.7196 ° N 107.3861 ° W  / 38.7196 ; - 107.3861  ( Mount Guero ) 182 Siris Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003367284700000000 ♠ 12,050 ft 3673 m 7002792482000000000 ♠ 2,600 ft 792 m 7004258300000000000 ♠ 16.05 mi 25.8 km 60 ° 44 ′ 02 '' N 141 ° 00 ′ 50 '' W  /  60.7340 ° N 141.0138 ° W  / 60.7340 ; - 141.0138  ( Siris Peak ) 183 Red Table Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003367070000000000 ♠ 12,043 ft 3670.7 m 7002614783000000000 ♠ 2,017 ft 615 m 7004126800000000000 ♠ 7.88 mi 12.68 km 39 ° 25 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 46 ′ 16 '' W  /  39.4181 ° N 106.7712 ° W  / 39.4181 ; - 106.7712  ( Red Table Mountain ) 184 Chalk Benchmark Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003366930000000000 ♠ 12,038 ft 3669.3 m 7002600761999900000 ♠ 1,971 ft 601 m 7004116800000000000 ♠ 7.26 mi 11.68 km 37 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 45 ′ 00 '' W  /  37.1418 ° N 106.7500 ° W  / 37.1418 ; - 106.7500  ( Chalk Benchmark ) 185 Medicine Bow Peak Wyoming Medicine Bow Mountains 7003366240000000000 ♠ 12,016 ft 3662.4 m 7002988468000000000 ♠ 3,243 ft 988 m 7004653600000000000 ♠ 40.6 mi 65.4 km 41 ° 21 ′ 37 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 03 '' W  /  41.3603 ° N 106.3176 ° W  / 41.3603 ; - 106.3176  ( Medicine Bow Peak ) 186 Mount Witherspoon Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003366126500000000 ♠ 12,012 ft 3661 m 7002658979000000000 ♠ 2,162 ft 659 m 7003963000000000000 ♠ 5.98 mi 9.63 km 61 ° 23 ′ 43 '' N 147 ° 12 ′ 04 '' W  /  61.3954 ° N 147.2010 ° W  / 61.3954 ; - 147.2010  ( Mount Witherspoon ) 187 Mount Zwischen Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003366091700000000 ♠ 12,011 ft 3661 m 7002690678000000000 ♠ 2,266 ft 691 m 7003714000000000000 ♠ 4.44 mi 7.14 km 37 ° 47 ′ 29 '' N 105 ° 27 ′ 19 '' W  /  37.7913 ° N 105.4554 ° W  / 37.7913 ; - 105.4554  ( Mount Zwischen ) 188 Mount Drum Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003366065500000000 ♠ 12,010 ft 3661 m 7003206045200000000 ♠ 6,760 ft 2060 m 7004285400000000000 ♠ 17.73 mi 28.5 km 62 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 144 ° 38 ′ 22 '' W  /  62.1159 ° N 144.6394 ° W  / 62.1159 ; - 144.6394  ( Mount Drum ) 189 Little Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003365400000000000 ♠ 11,988 ft 3654.0 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003835000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.35 km 37 ° 55 ′ 39 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 27 '' W  /  37.9275 ° N 108.0908 ° W  / 37.9275 ; - 108.0908  ( Little Cone ) 190 Sierra Blanca Peak New Mexico Sacramento Mountains 7003365180000000000 ♠ 11,981 ft 3651.8 m 7003169255800000000 ♠ 5,553 ft 1693 m 7005266670000000000 ♠ 165.7 mi 267 km 33 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 31 '' W  /  33.3743 ° N 105.8087 ° W  / 33.3743 ; - 105.8087  ( Sierra Blanca Peak ) 191 Mount Hope Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003364236700000000 ♠ 11,950 ft 3642 m 7002609601000000000 ♠ 2,000 ft 610 m 7003425000000000000 ♠ 2.64 mi 4.25 km 60 ° 42 ′ 14 '' N 141 ° 03 ′ 41 '' W  /  60.7039 ° N 141.0614 ° W  / 60.7039 ; - 141.0614  ( Mount Hope ) 192 Mount Jefferson Nevada Toquima Range 7003364129000000000 ♠ 11,946 ft 3641 m 7003178948400000000 ♠ 5,871 ft 1789 m 7005158710000000000 ♠ 98.6 mi 158.7 km 38 ° 45 ′ 07 '' N 116 ° 55 ′ 36 '' W  /  38.7519 ° N 116.9267 ° W  / 38.7519 ; - 116.9267  ( Mount Jefferson ) 193 Hess Mountain Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002758953999900000 ♠ 2,490 ft 759 m 7003447000000000000 ♠ 2.78 mi 4.47 km 63 ° 38 ′ 18 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 54 '' W  /  63.6382 ° N 147.1482 ° W  / 63.6382 ; - 147.1482  ( Hess Mountain ) Mount Brooks Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003809000000000000 ♠ 5.03 mi 8.09 km 63 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 150 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W  /  63.1875 ° N 150.6479 ° W  / 63.1875 ; - 150.6479  ( Mount Brooks ) 195 Cerro Vista New Mexico Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003363830000000000 ♠ 11,937 ft 3638.3 m 7002767793000000000 ♠ 2,519 ft 768 m 7004228300000000000 ♠ 14.19 mi 22.8 km 36 ° 14 ′ 07 '' N 105 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W  /  36.2353 ° N 105.4108 ° W  / 36.2353 ; - 105.4108  ( Cerro Vista ) 196 Mount Nebo Utah Wasatch Range 7003363705700000000 ♠ 11,933 ft 3637 m 7003167884200000000 ♠ 5,508 ft 1679 m 7005121620000000000 ♠ 75.6 mi 121.6 km 39 ° 49 ′ 19 '' N 111 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W  /  39.8219 ° N 111.7603 ° W  / 39.8219 ; - 111.7603  ( Mount Nebo ) 197 The Grand Parapet Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363627100000000 ♠ 11,930 ft 3636 m 7002664465000000000 ♠ 2,180 ft 664 m 7003847000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.47 km 61 ° 24 ′ 37 '' N 142 ° 01 ′ 36 '' W  /  61.4103 ° N 142.0266 ° W  / 61.4103 ; - 142.0266  ( The Grand Parapet ) 198 Lituya Mountain Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7003111983700000000 ♠ 3,674 ft 1120 m 7003627000000000000 ♠ 3.90 mi 6.27 km 58 ° 48 ′ 19 '' N 137 ° 26 ′ 12 '' W  /  58.8054 ° N 137.4367 ° W  / 58.8054 ; - 137.4367  ( Lituya Mountain ) Haydon Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7003478000000000000 ♠ 2.97 mi 4.78 km 60 ° 15 ′ 38 '' N 140 ° 59 ′ 17 '' W  /  60.2606 ° N 140.9881 ° W  / 60.2606 ; - 140.9881  ( Haydon Peak ) 200 Charleston Peak ( Mount Charleston ) Nevada Spring Mountains 7003363200000000000 ♠ 11,916 ft 3632.0 m 7003251700000000000 ♠ 8,258 ft 2517 m 7005217500000000000 ♠ 135.1 mi 218 km 36 ° 16 ′ 18 '' N 115 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W  /  36.2716 ° N 115.6956 ° W  / 36.2716 ; - 115.6956  ( Charleston Peak )

President of the United States - Wikipedia President of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` POTUS '' redirects here . For the political talk radio channel , see P.O.T.U.S. ( Sirius XM ) . For other uses , see President of the United States ( disambiguation ) . For a list , see List of Presidents of the United States . President of the United States of America Presidential Seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Donald Trump since January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) Executive Branch of the U.S. Government Executive Office of the President Style Mr. President ( informal ) The Honorable ( formal ) His Excellency ( in international correspondence ) Member of Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council Residence White House Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer Electoral College of the United States Term length Four years Limit two elected terms in office Constituting instrument United States Constitution Inaugural holder George Washington Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Salary $400,000 annually Website WhiteHouse.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States ( informally referred to as `` POTUS '' ) is the head of state and head of government of the United States . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . The president is considered to be the world 's most powerful political figure , as the leader of the only contemporary global superpower . The role includes being the commander - in - chief of the world 's most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both domestically and abroad . In ordering the three branches of government , Article II of the Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member . The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States . In addition , Article One of the United States Constitution assigns to the president the power to sign legislation into law or to veto it . Since the office of President was established in 1789 , its power has grown substantially , as has the power of the federal government as a whole . The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four - year term , and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers , the other being the Vice President of the United States . Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president 's intra-term death or resignation . The Twenty - second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term . It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president , or acting president , for more than two years of another person 's term as president . In all , 44 individuals have served 45 presidencies ( counting Grover Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms separately ) spanning 57 full four - year terms . On January 20 , 2017 , Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th and current president . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Powers and duties 2.1 Article I legislative role 2.2 Article II executive powers 2.2. 1 War and foreign affairs powers 2.2. 2 Administrative powers 2.2. 3 Juridical powers 2.2. 4 Legislative facilitator 2.3 Ceremonial roles 2.4 Critics of presidency 's evolution 3 Selection process 3.1 Eligibility 3.2 Campaigns and nomination 3.3 Election and oath 3.4 Tenure and term limits 3.5 Succession , vacancy , or disability 3.6 Political affiliation 4 Compensation 5 Post-presidency 5.1 Presidential libraries 6 Timeline of presidents 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Origin In 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies , acting through the Second Continental Congress , declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution . The new states , though independent of each other as nation states , recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British . Desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy , Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish an alliance between the states . As a central authority , Congress under the Articles was without any legislative power ; it could make its own resolutions , determinations , and regulations , but not any laws , nor any taxes or local commercial regulations enforceable upon citizens . This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion : a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire . Out from under any monarchy , the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives ( e.g. , making war , receiving ambassadors , etc . ) to Congress , while severally lodging the rest within their own respective state governments . Only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1 , 1781 , when Maryland became the final state to ratify them . In 1783 , the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies . With peace at hand , the states each turned toward their own internal affairs . By 1786 , Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another . They witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports , their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates , and their foreign - financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest . Civil and political unrest loomed . Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between Virginia and Maryland at the Mount Vernon Conference in 1785 , Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states , set for September 1786 in Annapolis , Maryland , with an aim toward resolving further - reaching interstate commercial antagonisms . When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states , Alexander Hamilton led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles , to be held the next spring in Philadelphia . Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington 's attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia . When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787 , the 12 state delegations in attendance ( Rhode Island did not send delegates ) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments . Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers , elected annually by the legislature to a single term only , sharing power with an executive council , and countered by a strong legislature . New York offered the greatest exception , having a strong , unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three - year term , and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter . It was through the closed - door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged . Powers and duties Article I legislative role President Ronald Reagan signing the Martin Luther King bill in 1983 . The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto . The Presentment Clause requires that any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law . Once the legislation has been presented , the president has three options : Sign the legislation within ten days , excluding Sundays -- the bill becomes law . Veto the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress in which it originated , expressing any objections -- the bill does not become law , unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a two - thirds vote . Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe -- the bill becomes law , as if the president had signed it , unless Congress by their adjournment prevents its return , in which case a it does not become law ( a legislative maneuver known as a pocket veto ) . In 1996 , Congress attempted to enhance the president 's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act . The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill , particularly any new spending , any amount of discretionary spending , or any new limited tax benefit . Congress could then repass that particular item . If the president then vetoed the new legislation , Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means , a two - thirds vote in both houses . In Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional . Article II executive powers War and foreign affairs powers Abraham Lincoln , the 16th President of the United States , successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is the command of the United States Armed Forces as its commander - in - chief . While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress , the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military . The present - day operational command of the Armed Forces ( belonging to the Department of Defense ) is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense , with assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , to the Combatant Commands , as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan ( UCP ) . The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president 's powers regarding the military ; Alexander Hamilton explains this in Federalist No. 69 : The President is to be commander - in - chief of the army and navy of the United States ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that ( the power ) of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies , all ( of ) which ... would appertain to the legislature . ( Emphasis in the original . ) Congress , pursuant to the War Powers Resolution , must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days , although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed , rendering it ineffectual . Additionally , Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations , including Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990 . Along with the armed forces , the president also directs U.S. foreign policy . Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense , the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States . The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments , and negotiates treaties with other nations , which become binding on the United States when approved by two - thirds vote of the Senate . Administrative powers Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States , and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed . William Rehnquist , Nixon v. General Services Administration , 433 U.S. 425 ( 1977 ) ( dissenting opinion ) The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' . The executive branch has over four million employees , including members of the military . Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments : an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000 more while serving . Ambassadors , members of the Cabinet , and other federal officers , are all appointed by a president with the `` advice and consent '' of a majority of the Senate . When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days , the president may make recess appointments . Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate . The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue . Generally , a president may remove purely executive officials at will . However , Congress can curtail and constrain a president 's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute . The president additionally possesses the ability to direct much of the executive branch through executive orders that are grounded in federal law or constitutionally granted executive power . Executive orders are reviewable by federal courts and can be superseded by federal legislation and Supreme Court 's decisions . To manage the growing federal bureaucracy , Presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff , who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Within the Executive Office , the President 's innermost layer of aides ( and their assistants ) are located in the White House Office . President also has `` unreviewable authority '' over the matters of immigration and can ban entry to the USA of foreign nationals who have no `` credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States '' at will . Juridical powers The president also has the power to nominate federal judges , including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States . However , these nominations require Senate confirmation . Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance . When nominating judges to U.S. district courts , presidents often respect the long - standing tradition of senatorial courtesy . Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves ( Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst on his last day in office ) , as is often done just before the end of a presidential term , but not without controversy . Historically , two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy . The first is executive privilege , which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties . George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , or any other law , Washington 's action created the precedent for the privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) , that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution . When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones , 520 U.S. 681 ( 1997 ) , that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits . These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid , although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined . Additionally , federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees , but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president . President George W. Bush delivering the 2007 State of the Union Address , with Vice President Dick Cheney and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi behind him The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security . Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in Totten v. United States 92 U.S. 105 ( 1876 ) , when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy . However , the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds 345 U.S. 1 ( 1953 ) , where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege . Before the September 11 attacks , use of the privilege had been rare , but increasing in frequency . Since 2001 , the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation , thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims , as in the Ninth Circuit 's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan , Inc . Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions . Legislative facilitator The Constitution 's Ineligibility Clause prevents the President ( and all other executive officers ) from simultaneously being a member of Congress . Therefore , the president can not directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress . However , the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation , especially if the president 's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress . For example , the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress . The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated , periodic reports to Congress . These reports may be either written or oral , but today are given as the State of the Union address , which often outlines the president 's legislative proposals for the coming year . Additionally , the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made . In the 20th century critics began charging that too many legislative and budgetary powers have slid into the hands of presidents that should belong to Congress . As the head of the executive branch , presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress . One critic charged that presidents could appoint a `` virtual army of ' czars ' -- each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House '' . Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it . This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional . Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an `` increasingly swollen executive branch '' and `` the eclipse of Congress '' . According to Article II , Section 3 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , the president may convene either or both houses of Congress . If both houses can not agree on a date of adjournment , the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn . Ceremonial roles President Woodrow Wilson throwing out the ceremonial first ball on Opening Day , 1916 As head of state , the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents . William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. , on the Washington Senators ' Opening Day . Every president since Taft , except for Jimmy Carter , threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day , the All - Star Game , or the World Series , usually with much fanfare . The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America since the founding of the organization . Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays . Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children . Beginning in 1947 during the Harry S. Truman administration , every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation held at the White House . Since 1989 , when the custom of `` pardoning '' the turkey was formalized by George H.W. Bush , the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life . Presidential traditions also involve the president 's role as head of government . Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition . Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president . Four ruffles and flourishes and ' Hail to the Chief ' ( long version ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . During a state visit by a foreign head of state , the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn , a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961 . This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening . The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation 's premier celebrities . Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves . One critic described the presidency as `` propagandized leadership '' which has a `` mesmerizing power surrounding the office '' . Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo - ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras . One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed `` in rich detail '' which `` drew on the power of myth '' regarding the incident of PT 109 and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions . As a result , some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents : voters expect a president to `` drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees '' . Critics of presidency 's evolution Main articles : Imperial Presidency and Imperiled presidency Most of the nation 's Founding Fathers expected the Congress , which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution , to be the dominant branch of government ; they did not expect a strong executive . However , presidential power has shifted over time , which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful , unchecked , unbalanced , and `` monarchist '' in nature . Critic Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards `` undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies '' . She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding `` the many existing uncheckable executive powers -- such as executive orders , decrees , memorandums , proclamations , national security directives and legislative signing statements -- that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid , interference or consent from Congress '' . Activist Bill Wilson opined that the expanded presidency was `` the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule '' . Selection process George Washington , the first President of the United States Eligibility See also : Natural - born - citizen clause Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency : be a natural - born citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the Twenty - second Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Scholars disagree over whether a person precluded by the Twenty - second Amendment to being elected president is also precluded from being vice president . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Campaigns and nomination Main articles : United States presidential primary , United States presidential nominating convention , United States presidential election debates , and United States presidential election The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections , which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions , where the most successful candidate is made the party 's nominee for president . Typically , the party 's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer . Nominees participate in nationally televised debates , and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees , third party candidates may be invited , such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates . Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views , convince voters and solicit contributions . Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives . Election and oath Map of the United States showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the 2010 census to each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections ; it also notes that Maine and Nebraska distribute electors by way of the Congressional District Method. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible . Main articles : Electoral College ( United States ) and Oath of office of the President of the United States The president is elected indirectly . A number of electors , collectively known as the Electoral College , officially select the president . On Election Day , voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors . Each state is allocated a number of electors , equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined . Generally , the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state 's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . The winning slate of electors meet at its state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , to vote . They then send a record of that vote to Congress . The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president -- acting in that role 's capacity as President of the Senate -- and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the president . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election . This date , known as Inauguration Day , marks the beginning of the four - year terms of both the president and the vice president . Before executing the powers of the office , a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath : I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution of the United States . Although not required , presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while swearing the oath and have added , `` So help me God ! '' to the end of the oath . Further , although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths , presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States . Tenure and term limits Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to four terms before the adoption of the Twenty - second Amendment in 1951 . The term of office for president and vice president is four years . George Washington , the first president , set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms . Before Franklin D. Roosevelt , Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt each unsuccessfully sought a third term . In 1940 , Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to a third term after being `` drafted '' by his party . In 1941 , the United States entered World War II , leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944 . Roosevelt died on April 12 , 1945 , 82 days into his fourth term . After the war , and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms , the Twenty - second Amendment was adopted . The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice , or once if that person served more than half of another president 's term . Harry S. Truman , president when this amendment was adopted , was exempted from its limitations and briefly sought a third ( a second full ) term before withdrawing from the 1952 election . Since the amendment 's adoption , five presidents have served two full terms : Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama . Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush sought a second term , but were defeated . Richard Nixon was elected to a second term , but resigned before completing it . Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total , having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy 's assassination . However , Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary , surprising many Americans . Gerald Ford sought a full term , after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon 's second term , but was not elected . Succession , vacancy , or disability See also : Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution , United States presidential line of succession , Presidential Succession Act , and Impeachment in the United States Succession to or vacancies in the office of President may arise under several possible circumstances : death , resignation , and removal from office . Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials , including the president , from office for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' Article I , Section 2 , Clause 5 gives the House of Representatives the power to impeach such officials by a majority vote . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office , given a two - thirds vote to convict . The House has thus far impeached two presidents : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate ; however , Johnson was acquitted by just one vote . Under Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president , who then becomes acting president , by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer . The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting , to those two officials , a written declaration stating that resumption . This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate ; in 2002 and again in 2007 , President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney . In both cases , this was done to accommodate a medical procedure that required Bush to be sedated ; both times , Bush returned to duty later the same day . Under Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the vice president , in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet , may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties . If this occurs , then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president ; however , the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties . If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim , it is up to Congress , which must meet within two days if not already in session , to decide the merit of the claim . The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president , but does not regulate its form or the conditions for its validity . Pursuant to federal law , the only valid evidence of the president 's resignation is a written instrument to that effect , signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State . This has only occurred once , when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect . Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office , death , or resignation of the preceding president . The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of President and Vice President are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person , the next officer in the presidential line of succession , the Speaker of the House , becomes acting president . The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate , followed by every member of the Cabinet . A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of President to be eligible to become acting president ; ineligible individuals are skipped . Political affiliation Throughout most of its history , politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties . Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787 , nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788 -- 1789 . Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid -- 1790s , but political factions , from which organized parties evolved , began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence . Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as `` pro-administration '' and would eventually form the Federalist Party , while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic - Republican Party . Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight - year presidency . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party . Since George Washington , 43 persons have been sworn into office as President , and all have been affiliated with a political party at the time they assumed office . The number of presidents per political party are : 19 with the Republican Party -- Chester A. Arthur , George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush , Calvin Coolidge , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Gerald Ford , James A. Garfield , Ulysses S. Grant , Warren G. Harding , Benjamin Harrison , Rutherford B. Hayes , Herbert Hoover , Abraham Lincoln , William McKinley , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft , and Donald Trump 14 with the Democratic Party -- James Buchanan , Jimmy Carter , Grover Cleveland , Bill Clinton , Andrew Jackson , Lyndon B. Johnson , John F. Kennedy , Barack Obama , Franklin Pierce , James K. Polk , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry S. Truman , Martin Van Buren , and Woodrow Wilson Four with the Democratic - Republican Party -- John Quincy Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe Four with the Whig Party -- Millard Fillmore , William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , and John Tyler One with the Federalist Party -- John Adams One with the National Union Party -- Andrew Johnson Compensation Presidential pay history Date established Salary Salary in 2016 dollars September 24 , 1789 $25,000 $702,755 March 3 , 1873 $50,000 $1,032,868 March 4 , 1909 $75,000 $2,045,483 January 19 , 1949 $100,000 $1,008,433 January 20 , 1969 $200,000 $1,307,940 January 20 , 2001 $400,000 $542,082 Sources : Since 2001 , the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary , along with a $50,000 annual expense account , a $100,000 nontaxable travel account , and $19,000 for entertainment . The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001 . The White House in Washington , D.C. serves as the official place of residence for the president . As well as access to the White House staff , facilities available to the president include medical care , recreation , housekeeping , and security services . The government pays for state dinners and other official functions , but the president pays for personal , family , and guest dry cleaning and food ; the high food bill often amazes new residents . Naval Support Facility Thurmont , popularly known as Camp David , is a mountain - based military camp in Frederick County , Maryland , used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests . Blair House , located next to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park , is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet ( 6,500 m ) of floor space that serves as the president 's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed . For ground travel , the president uses the presidential state car , which is an armored limousine built on a heavily modified Cadillac - based chassis . One of two identical Boeing VC - 25 aircraft , which are extensively modified versions of Boeing 747 - 200B airliners , serve as long distance travel for the president and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board ( although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the President is aboard is designated as `` Air Force One '' for the duration of the flight ) . In - country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes , while overseas trips are handled with both , one primary and one backup . Any civilian aircraft the President is aboard is designated Executive One for the flight . The president also has access to a fleet of thirty - five U.S. Marine Corps helicopters of varying models , designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet . Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the President is actually aboard to any would - be threats . The U.S. Secret Service is charged with protecting the sitting president and the first family . As part of their protection , presidents , first ladies , their children and other immediate family members , and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames . The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted ; today , the names simply serve for purposes of brevity , clarity , and tradition . Presidential amenities The White House Camp David Blair House State car Air Force One Marine One Post-presidency See also : Post-presidency of Ulysses S. Grant and Post-presidency of Bill Clinton The five living former presidents : George H.W. Bush ( far left ) , Barack Obama ( left ) , George W. Bush ( center ) , Bill Clinton ( right ) , and Jimmy Carter ( far right ) . Under the Former Presidents Act , all living former presidents are granted a pension , an office , and a staff . The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval . Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration 's cabinet secretaries , which was $199,700 each year in 2012 . Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect congressional pensions . The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges . Prior to 1997 , all former presidents , their spouses , and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president 's death . In 1997 , Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office . On January 10 , 2013 , President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him , George W. Bush , and all subsequent presidents . A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection . Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office . Prominent examples include William Howard Taft 's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover 's work on government reorganization after World War II . Grover Cleveland , whose bid for reelection failed in 1888 , was elected president again four years later in 1892 . Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House : John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives , serving there for seventeen years , and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875 . John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives , but died before that body first met . Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events . Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman . Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner , international arbiter , and election monitor , as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize . Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador , most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists , Laura Ling and Euna Lee , from North Korea . Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended , working with his wife Hillary on her 2008 and 2016 presidential bids and President Obama on his 2012 reelection campaign . Living former presidents Jimmy Carter ( age 93 ) since 1981 George H.W. Bush ( age 93 ) since 1993 Bill Clinton ( age 71 ) since 2001 George W. Bush ( age 71 ) since 2009 Barack Obama ( age 56 ) since 2017 Presidential libraries Main article : Presidential library Since Herbert Hoover , each president has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers , records , and other documents and materials . Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) ; the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private , non-federal sources . There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system . There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education , such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the State of Illinois , the George W. Bush Presidential library and Museum , which is run by Southern Methodist University , the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by Texas A&M University , and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the University of Texas at Austin . As many presidents live for many years after leaving office , several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries , some even making arrangements for their own burial at the site . Several presidential libraries therefore contain the graves of the president they document , including the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum and Boyhood Home in Abilene , Kansas , Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California , and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley , California . These grave sites are open to the general public . Timeline of presidents Main article : List of Presidents of the United States § Presidents See also Government of the United States portal Curse of Tippecanoe Imperial Presidency The Imperial Presidency Imperiled presidency Mr. President ( title ) President of the Continental Congress Presidential $1 Coin Program Presidential M&M 's Second - term curse United States presidential line of succession in fiction Vice President of the United States White House Office Notes Jump up ^ Donald Trump has announced he will take a salary of only 1 dollar per annum . Jump up ^ The terms POTUS ( and SCOTUS ) originated in the Phillips Code , a shorthand method created in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph . Jump up ^ The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor 's death or resignation and finished - out that unexpired term are John Tyler ( 1841 ) ; Millard Fillmore ( 1850 ) ; Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) ; Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) ; Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) ; Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 ) ; Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) ; Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Foreign - born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency . However , this allowance has since become obsolete . References Jump up ^ `` How To Address The President ; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor , But Mr. President '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Correspondence Handbook -- Chapter 4 '' . Usgs.gov . July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Models of Address and Salutation '' . Ita.doc.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HEADS OF STATE , HEADS OF GOVERNMENT , MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The White House Office of the Press Secretary ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remarks by President Obama , President Mubarak , His Majesty King Abdullah , Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange of Letters '' . Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations . September 1978 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See Owings v. Speed , 18 U.S. 420 ( 1820 ) . See also , Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` How common is Trump 's $1 salary ? '' . BBC World Service . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( October 12 , 1997 ) . `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Von Drehle , David ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World ? '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Who should be the world 's most powerful person ? '' . The Guardian . London . January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` Meacham : The History of Power '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zakaria , Fareed ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` The NEWSWEEK 50 : Barack Obama '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pfiffner , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` The President 's Legislative Agenda '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 499 : 22 -- 35 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716288499001002 . Jump up ^ The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov ... Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms , so he is counted twice ; as the 22nd and 24th presidents . ^ Jump up to : Milkis , Sidney M. ; Nelson , Michael ( 2008 ) . The American Presidency : Origins and Development ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . pp. 1 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 87289 - 336 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Alfred H. ; Harbison , Winfred A. ; Belz , Herman ( 1991 ) . The American Constitution : Its Origins and Development . I ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96056 - 0 . Jump up ^ Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7684 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 '' . United States Department of Defense . April 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 164 Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff . About the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . The Federalist # 69 ( reposting ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James A. ; Baker , III ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` The National War Powers Commission Report '' ( PDF ) . The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult . The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements . Instead , it relies on reporting requirements that , if triggered , begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict . By the terms of the 1973 Resolution , however , Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict ; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act . Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional , and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report `` pursuant '' to these triggering provisions . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times ; Congress has declared war only five times : the War of 1812 , the Mexican War , the Spanish - American War , World War I and World War II . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing . He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( December 20 , 1990 ) . `` U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega ; gunfire is heard in capital '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action , or notified them in advance . Thomas S. Foley , the Speaker of the House , said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration . Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 3 , U.S. Constitution '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute . 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Executive Branch '' . The White House website . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , 572 U.S. __ ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Shurtleff v. United States , 189 U.S. 311 ( 1903 ) ; Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) and Morrison v. Olson , 487 U.S. 654 ( 1988 ) , respectively . Jump up ^ Washington v. Trump ( 9th Cir . ) at 13 Jump up ^ http://www.nationallawjournal.com/id=1202791293240/Supreme-Court-Narrows-TravelBan-Injunctions-Puts-Case-on-October-Calendar?slreturn=20170608215237 Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger 's efforts to hide his notes may have ' forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan ' and formed part of a pattern of ' deception and obstruction . ' ... In light of President Bush 's own misconduct , we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations . Jump up ^ Eisler , Peter ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Clinton - papers release blocked '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office , including several to controversial figures , such as commodities trader Rich , then a fugitive on tax evasion charges . Rich 's ex-wife , Denise , contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton 's Senate campaign ; $5,000 to a related political action committee ; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library . Jump up ^ Millhiser , Ian ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Executive Privilege 101 '' . Center for American Progress . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part III of the opinion in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan '' . Caselaw.findlaw.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frost , Amanda ; Florence , Justin ( 2009 ) . `` Reforming the State Secrets Privilege '' ( PDF ) . American Constitution Society . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weaver , William G. ; Pallitto , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . `` State Secrets and Executive Power '' . Political Science Quarterly . The Academy of Political Science . 120 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2005. tb00539. x . Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty - five years . In the twenty - three years between the decision in Reynolds ( 1953 ) and the election of Jimmy Carter , in 1976 , there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege . Between 1977 and 2001 , there were a total of fifty - one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege . Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated , it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown . But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finn , Peter ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` The 180 - degree reversal of Obama 's State Secrets position '' . Salon . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background on the State Secrets Privilege '' . American Civil Liberties Union . January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Eric ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Suarez , Ray ; et al. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` President 's Use of ' Signing Statements ' Raises Constitutional Concerns '' . PBS Online NewsHour . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . The American Bar Association said President Bush 's use of `` signing statements '' , which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions , disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers . Legal experts discuss the implications . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Balking at the First Pitch '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Report to the Nation '' . Boy Scouts of America . 2007 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` The ( not so ) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Turkey Pardons , The Stuffing of Historic Legend '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` How Presidents Pass The Torch '' . Time . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dorning , Mike ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abbott , James A. ; Rice , Elaine M. ( 1998 ) . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The White House State Dinner '' ( PDF ) . The White House Historical Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dykoski , Rachel ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Book note : Presidential idolatry is `` Bad for Democracy '' `` . Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Dana D. Nelson 's book makes the case that we 've had 200 + years of propagandized leadership ... Jump up ^ Neffinger , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats vs. Science : Why We 're So Damn Good at Losing Elections '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 ... back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan 's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique , the video footage was all drawn from carefully - staged photo - ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl ... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II , when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese ... Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Even before Kennedy ran for Congress , he had become fascinated , through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits , with the idea of image ... ( p. 54 ) Jump up ^ Lexington ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Cult of the Presidency '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises , voters swiftly become disillusioned . Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . the founding fathers had ' scant affection for strong executives ' like England 's king , and ... Bush White House 's claims are rooted in ideas `` about the ' divine ' right of kings '' ... and that certainly did not find their ' way into our founding documents , the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787 . ' Jump up ^ `` The Conquest of Presidentialism '' . The Huffington Post . August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schimke , David ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linker , Ross ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Critical of Presidency , Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite '' . The Johns - Hopkins Newsletter . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED : Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A.O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z . Huq ( authors ) ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` Opinion -- The ' unitary executive ' question -- What do McCain and Obama think of the concept ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . There is the small , minority - owned firm with deep ties to President Obama 's Chicago backers , made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals . ' I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them , ' Mr. Wilson , the group 's president , tells his eager researchers . Jump up ^ See : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis , MN : Minnesota Law Review . 83 ( 565 ) . ; alternatively , see : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 811 , at 856 -- 9 ) . Jump up ^ See GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution , 2002 Ed . Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , at 611 & nn. 772 -- 773 . Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p 10 , Shirley V. Scott -- 2012 Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . II , § 1 , cl. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Judge does n't ban `` God '' in inaugural oath `` . Associated Press . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guardian , `` Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge '' , July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 20 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Party Division '' . senate.gov . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) . Political parties in a new Nation : the American experience , 1776 -- 1809 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries , 1789 + '' . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Relative Value in US Dollars . Measuring Worth . Retrieved May 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator . Inflation Calculator . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How much does the U.S. president get paid ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salaries of Federal Officials : A Fact Sheet Archived April 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Senate website . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Guest House ( includes Lee House and Blair House ) , Washington , DC '' . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet U.S. Secret Service Press Release ( January 14 , 2009 ) Retrieved on January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force One '' . whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/ . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 ... White House Military Office . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the president will use the call sign `` Air Force One . '' Similarly , `` Navy One '' , `` Army One '' , and `` Coast Guard One '' are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services . `` Executive One '' becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards . Jump up ^ `` Junior Secret Service Program : Assignment 7 . Code Names '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail '' . CBS . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schwemle , Barbara L. ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` President of the United States : Compensation '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks '' . Toledo Blade . January 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3056 Jump up ^ `` Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Secret Service : Protection '' . United States Secret Service . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2002 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obama signs protection bill for former presidents '' . The Washington Times . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States '' . Associated Press . March 31 , 1981 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FOUR PRESIDENTS '' . Reagan Presidential Library , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Richard M. Nixon '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ 44 U.S.C. § 2112 Further reading Balogh , Brian and Bruce J. Schulman , eds . Recapturing the Oval Office : New Historical Approaches to the American Presidency ( Cornell University Press , 2015 ) , 311 pp . Bumiller , Elisabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . 215 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 149 . Couch , Ernie . Presidential Trivia . Rutledge Hill Press . March 1 , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 55853 - 412 - 1 Lang , J. Stephen . The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia . Pelican Publishing . 2001 . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 877 - 9 Greenberg , David . Republic of Spin : An Inside History of the American Presidency ( W.W. Norton & Company , 2015 ) . xx , 540 pp . Leo , Leonard -- Taranto , James -- Bennett , William J. Presidential Leadership : Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House . Simon and Schuster . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5433 - 3 Presidential Studies Quarterly , published by Blackwell Synergy , is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency . Świątczak , Wasilewska , Iwona . `` The Toughest Season in the White House '' : The Rhetorical Presidency and the State of the Union Address , 1953 -- 1992 . PhD thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 51 - 0248 - 5 . Primary sources Waldman , Michael -- Stephanopoulos , George . My Fellow Americans : The Most Important Speeches of America 's presidents , from George Washington to George W. Bush . Sourcebooks Trade . 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0027 - 7 Jacobs , Ron . Interview with Joseph G. Peschek and William Grover , authors of The Unsustainable Presidency , a book offering an analysis of the role the US President plays in economics and politics External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : President of the United States Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : President of the United States Official `` Executive Office of the President '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . `` White House '' . Presidential histories A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns , 1787 -- 1825 Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns `` American Presidents : Life Portraits '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Companion website for the C - SPAN television series : American presidents : Life Portraits `` Presidential Documents from the National Archives '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Collection of letters , portraits , photos , and other documents from the National Archives `` The American Presidency Project '' . UC Santa Barbara . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents The History Channel : US Presidents Miscellaneous `` All the President 's Roles '' . Ask Gleaves . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 20 , 2006 . Article analyzing a president 's many hats Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies . Educational site on the American presidency `` Presidents ' Occupations '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Listing of every President 's occupations before and after becoming the Commander in Chief `` The Masonic Presidents Tour '' . The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Brief histories of the Masonic careers of presidents who were members of the Freemasons `` The Presidents '' . American Experience . Retrieved March 4 , 2007 . PBS site on the American presidency Presidents of the United States : Resource Guides from the Library of Congress Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Images of documents written by U.S. presidents ( hide ) Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Q. Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William H. 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the president of the united states is a member of what branch of government

The President of the United States ( informally referred to as `` POTUS '' ) is the head of state and head of government of the United States . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces .

Ion - wikipedia Ion Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ion ( disambiguation ) . In the physical sciences , an ion ( / ˈaɪən , - ɒn / ) is a particle that has a non-zero net electrical charge , such as an atom or molecule whose total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons . A cation is a positively - charged ion , while an anion is negatively charged . Because of their opposite electric charges , cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds , such as salts . Ions can be created by chemical means , such as the dissolution of a salt into water , or by physical means , such as passing a direct current through a conducting solution , which will dissolve the anode via ionization . Ions consisting of only a single atom are atomic or monatomic ions . If they consist of two or more atoms , then they are called molecular ions or polyatomic ions . In the case of physical ionization of a medium such as a gas , what are known as `` ion pairs '' are created by ion impact , and each pair consists of a free electron and a positive ion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discovery 2 Characteristics 2.1 Anions and cations 2.2 Natural occurrences 3 Related technology 3.1 Detection of ionizing radiation 4 Chemistry 4.1 Notation 4.1. 1 Denoting the charged state 4.1. 2 Sub-classes 4.2 Formation 4.2. 1 Formation of monatomic ions 4.2. 2 Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions 4.2. 3 Ionization potential 4.3 Ionic bonding 4.4 Common ions 5 See also 6 References History of discovery ( edit ) The word ion comes from the Greek word ἰόν , ion , `` going '' , the present participle of ἰέναι , ienai , `` to go '' . This term was introduced by English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday in 1834 for the then - unknown species that goes from one electrode to the other through an aqueous medium . Faraday did not know the nature of these species , but he knew that since metals dissolved into and entered a solution at one electrode and new metal came forth from a solution at the other electrode ; that some kind of substance has moved through the solution in a current . This conveys matter from one place to the other . Faraday also introduced the words anion for a negatively charged ion , and cation for a positively charged one . In Faraday 's nomenclature , cations were named because they were attracted to the cathode in a galvanic device and anions were named due to their attraction to the anode . Svante Arrhenius put forth , in his 1884 dissertation , his explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts dissociate into paired charged particles when dissolved , for which he would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Arrhenius ' explanation was that in forming a solution , the salt dissociates into Faraday 's ions . Arrhenius proposed that ions formed even in the absence of an electric current . Characteristics ( edit ) Ions in their gas - like state are highly reactive , and will rapidly interact with ions of opposite charge to give neutral molecules or ionic salts . Ions are also produced in the liquid or solid state when salts interact with solvents ( for example , water ) to produce `` solvated ions , '' which are more stable , for reasons involving a combination of energy and entropy changes as the ions move away from each other to interact with the liquid . These stabilized species are more commonly found in the environment at low temperatures . A common example is the ions present in seawater , which are derived from the dissolved salts . All ions are charged , which means that like all charged objects they are : attracted to opposite electric charges ( positive to negative , and vice versa ) , repelled by like charges when moving , their trajectories that can be deflected by a magnetic field . Electrons , due to their smaller mass and thus larger space - filling properties as matter waves , determine the size of atoms and molecules that possess any electrons at all . Thus , anions ( negatively charged ions ) are larger than the parent molecule or atom , as the excess electron ( s ) repel each other , and add to the physical size of the ion , because its size is determined by its electron cloud . As such , in general , cations are smaller than the corresponding parent atom or molecule due to the smaller size of its electron cloud . One particular cation ( that of hydrogen ) contains no electrons , and thus consists of a single proton - very much smaller than the parent hydrogen atom . Anions and cations ( edit ) Hydrogen atom ( center ) contains a single proton and a single electron . Removal of the electron gives a cation ( left ) , whereas addition of an electron gives an anion ( right ) . The hydrogen anion , with its loosely held two - electron cloud , has a larger radius than the neutral atom , which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation . Hydrogen forms the only cation that has no electrons , but even cations that ( unlike hydrogen ) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived . `` Cation '' and `` Anion '' redirect here . For the particle physics / quantum computing concept , see Anyon . For other uses , see Ion ( disambiguation ) . Since the electric charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron , the net electric charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons . An anion ( − ) ( / ˈæn. aɪ. ən / ) , from the Greek word ἄνω ( ánō ) , meaning `` up '' , is an ion with more electrons than protons , giving it a net negative charge ( since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged ) . A cation ( + ) ( / ˈkæt. aɪ. ən / ) , from the Greek word κάτω ( káto ) , meaning `` down '' , is an ion with fewer electrons than protons , giving it a positive charge . There are additional names used for ions with multiple charges . For example , an ion with a − 2 charge is known as a dianion and an ion with a + 2 charge is known as a dication . A zwitterion is a neutral molecule with positive and negative charges at different locations within that molecule . Cations and anions are measured by their ionic radius and they differ in relative size : `` Cations are small , most of them less than 10 m ( 10 cm ) in radius . But most anions are large , as is the most common Earth anion , oxygen . From this fact it is apparent that most of the space of a crystal is occupied by the anion and that the cations fit into the spaces between them . '' A cation has radius less than 0.8 × 10 m ( 0.8 Å ) while an anion has radius greater than 1.3 × 10 m ( 1.3 Å ) . Natural occurrences ( edit ) Further information : List of oxidation states of the elements Ions are ubiquitous in nature and are responsible for diverse phenomena from the luminescence of the Sun to the existence of the Earth 's ionosphere . Atoms in their ionic state may have a different colour from neutral atoms , and thus light absorption by metal ions gives the colour of gemstones . In both inorganic and organic chemistry ( including biochemistry ) , the interaction of water and ions is extremely important ; an example is the energy that drives breakdown of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . The following sections describe contexts in which ions feature prominently ; these are arranged in decreasing physical length - scale , from the astronomical to the microscopic . Related technology ( edit ) Ions can be non-chemically prepared using various ion sources , usually involving high voltage or temperature . These are used in a multitude of devices such as mass spectrometers , optical emission spectrometers , particle accelerators , ion implanters , and ion engines . As reactive charged particles , they are also used in air purification by disrupting microbes , and in household items such as smoke detectors . As signalling and metabolism in organisms are controlled by a precise ionic gradient across membranes , the disruption of this gradient contributes to cell death . This is a common mechanism exploited by natural and artificial biocides , including the ion channels gramicidin and amphotericin ( a fungicide ) . Inorganic dissolved ions are a component of total dissolved solids , an indicator of water quality in the world . Detection of ionizing radiation ( edit ) Schematic of an ion chamber , showing drift of ions . Electrons drift faster than positive ions due to their much smaller mass . Avalanche effect between two electrodes . The original ionization event liberates one electron , and each subsequent collision liberates a further electron , so two electrons emerge from each collision : the ionizing electron and the liberated electron . The ionizing effect of radiation on a gas is extensively used for the detection of radiation such as alpha , beta , gamma and X-rays . The original ionization event in these instruments results in the formation of an `` ion pair '' ; a positive ion and a free electron , by ion impact by the radiation on the gas molecules . The ionization chamber is the simplest of these detectors , and collects all the charges created by direct ionization within the gas through the application of an electric field . The Geiger -- Müller tube and the proportional counter both use a phenomenon known as a Townsend avalanche to multiply the effect of the original ionizing event by means of a cascade effect whereby the free electrons are given sufficient energy by the electric field to release further electrons by ion impact . Chemistry ( edit ) Notation ( edit ) Denoting the charged state ( edit ) Equivalent notations for an iron atom ( Fe ) that lost two electrons , referred to as ferrous . When writing the chemical formula for an ion , its net charge is written in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the molecule / atom . The net charge is written with the magnitude before the sign ; that is , a doubly charged cation is indicated as 2 + instead of + 2 . However , the magnitude of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules / atoms ; for example , the sodium cation is indicated as Na and not Na . An alternative ( and acceptable ) way of showing a molecule / atom with multiple charges is by drawing out the signs multiple times , this is often seen with transition metals . Chemists sometimes circle the sign ; this is merely ornamental and does not alter the chemical meaning . All three representations of Fe 2 + shown in the figure , are thus equivalent . Mixed Roman numerals and charge notations for the uranyl ion . The oxidation state of the metal is shown as superscripted Roman numerals , whereas the charge of the entire complex is shown by the angle symbol together with the magnitude and sign of the net charge . Monatomic ions are sometimes also denoted with Roman numerals ; for example , the Fe 2 + example seen above is occasionally referred to as Fe ( II ) or Fe . The Roman numeral designates the formal oxidation state of an element , whereas the superscripted numerals denote the net charge . The two notations are , therefore , exchangeable for monatomic ions , but the Roman numerals can not be applied to polyatomic ions . However , it is possible to mix the notations for the individual metal centre with a polyatomic complex , as shown by the uranyl ion example . Sub-classes ( edit ) If an ion contains unpaired electrons , it is called a radical ion . Just like uncharged radicals , radical ions are very reactive . Polyatomic ions containing oxygen , such as carbonate and sulfate , are called oxyanions . Molecular ions that contain at least one carbon to hydrogen bond are called organic ions . If the charge in an organic ion is formally centred on a carbon , it is termed a carbocation ( if positively charged ) or carbanion ( if negatively charged ) . Formation ( edit ) Formation of monatomic ions ( edit ) Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell ( the outer-most electron shell ) in an atom . The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus , and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction . The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called ionization . Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with radiation , but the more usual process of ionization encountered in chemistry is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules . This transfer is usually driven by the attaining of stable ( `` closed shell '' ) electronic configurations . Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy . For example , a sodium atom , Na , has a single electron in its valence shell , surrounding 2 stable , filled inner shells of 2 and 8 electrons . Since these filled shells are very stable , a sodium atom tends to lose its extra electron and attain this stable configuration , becoming a sodium cation in the process Na → Na + + e − On the other hand , a chlorine atom , Cl , has 7 electrons in its valence shell , which is one short of the stable , filled shell with 8 electrons . Thus , a chlorine atom tends to gain an extra electron and attain a stable 8 - electron configuration , becoming a chloride anion in the process : Cl + e − → Cl − This driving force is what causes sodium and chlorine to undergo a chemical reaction , wherein the `` extra '' electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine , forming sodium cations and chloride anions . Being oppositely charged , these cations and anions form ionic bonds and combine to form sodium chloride , NaCl , more commonly known as table salt . Na + + Cl − → NaCl Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions ( edit ) An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion ( NO ) . The 3 - dimensional shell represents a single arbitrary isopotential . Polyatomic and molecular ions are often formed by the gaining or losing of elemental ions such as a proton , H , in neutral molecules . For example , when ammonia , NH , accepts a proton , H -- a process called protonation -- it forms the ammonium ion , NH . Ammonia and ammonium have the same number of electrons in essentially the same electronic configuration , but ammonium has an extra proton that gives it a net positive charge . Ammonia can also lose an electron to gain a positive charge , forming the ion NH + 3 . However , this ion is unstable , because it has an incomplete valence shell around the nitrogen atom , making it a very reactive radical ion . Due to the instability of radical ions , polyatomic and molecular ions are usually formed by gaining or losing elemental ions such as H + , rather than gaining or losing electrons . This allows the molecule to preserve its stable electronic configuration while acquiring an electrical charge . Ionization potential ( edit ) Main article : Ionization potential The energy required to detach an electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the ionization potential , or ionization energy . The nth ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its nth electron after the first n − 1 electrons have already been detached . Each successive ionization energy is markedly greater than the last . Particularly great increases occur after any given block of atomic orbitals is exhausted of electrons . For this reason , ions tend to form in ways that leave them with full orbital blocks . For example , sodium has one valence electron in its outermost shell , so in ionized form it is commonly found with one lost electron , as Na + . On the other side of the periodic table , chlorine has seven valence electrons , so in ionized form it is commonly found with one gained electron , as Cl − . Caesium has the lowest measured ionization energy of all the elements and helium has the greatest . In general , the ionization energy of metals is much lower than the ionization energy of nonmetals , which is why , in general , metals will lose electrons to form positively charged ions and nonmetals will gain electrons to form negatively charged ions . Ionic bonding ( edit ) Main article : Ionic bond Ionic bonding is a kind of chemical bonding that arises from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions . Ions of like charge repel each other , and ions of opposite charge attract each other . Therefore , ions do not usually exist on their own , but will bind with ions of opposite charge to form a crystal lattice . The resulting compound is called an ionic compound , and is said to be held together by ionic bonding . In ionic compounds there arise characteristic distances between ion neighbours from which the spatial extension and the ionic radius of individual ions may be derived . The most common type of ionic bonding is seen in compounds of metals and nonmetals ( except noble gases , which rarely form chemical compounds ) . Metals are characterized by having a small number of electrons in excess of a stable , closed - shell electronic configuration . As such , they have the tendency to lose these extra electrons in order to attain a stable configuration . This property is known as electropositivity . Non-metals , on the other hand , are characterized by having an electron configuration just a few electrons short of a stable configuration . As such , they have the tendency to gain more electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration . This tendency is known as electronegativity . When a highly electropositive metal is combined with a highly electronegative nonmetal , the extra electrons from the metal atoms are transferred to the electron - deficient nonmetal atoms . This reaction produces metal cations and nonmetal anions , which are attracted to each other to form a salt . Common ions ( edit ) Common cations Common name Formula Historic name Simple cations Aluminium Al Barium Ba Beryllium Be Calcium Ca Chromium ( III ) Cr Copper ( I ) Cu cuprous Copper ( II ) Cu cupric Hydrogen Iron ( II ) Fe ferrous Iron ( III ) Fe ferric Lead ( II ) Pb plumbous Lead ( IV ) Pb plumbic Lithium Li Magnesium Mg Manganese ( II ) Mn Mercury ( II ) Hg mercuric Potassium kalic Silver Ag argentous Sodium Na natric Strontium Sr Tin ( II ) Sn stannous Tin ( IV ) Sn stannic Zinc Zn Polyatomic cations Ammonium NH + Hydronium H O Mercury ( I ) Hg 2 + mercurous Common anions Formal name Formula Alt . name Simple anions Azide N − Bromide Br Chloride Cl Fluoride Hydride Iodide Nitride Oxide O Sulfide Oxoanions Carbonate CO 2 − Chlorate ClO − Chromate CrO 2 − Dichromate Cr 2O2 − 7 Dihydrogen phosphate 2PO − Hydrogen carbonate HCO − bicarbonate Hydrogen sulfate HSO − bisulfate Hydrogen sulfite HSO − bisulfite Hydroxide OH Hypochlorite ClO Monohydrogen phosphate HPO 2 − Nitrate NO − Nitrite NO − Perchlorate ClO − Permanganate MnO − Peroxide O2 − Phosphate PO 3 − Sulfate SO 2 − Sulfite SO 2 − Superoxide O − Thiosulfate 2O2 − Silicate SiO 4 − Metasilicate SiO 2 − Aluminium silicate AlSiO − Anions from organic acids Acetate CH 3COO − ethanoate Formate HCOO − methanoate Oxalate 2O2 − ethanedioate Cyanide CN See also ( edit ) Air ionizer Auroras Gaseous ionization detectors Ion beam Ion exchange Ionizing radiation List of ions List of oxidation states of the elements Stopping power of radiation particles Ioliomics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ion '' entry in Collins English Dictionary , HarperCollins Publishers , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Knoll , Glenn F ( 1999 ) . Radiation detection and measurement ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 07338 - 5 . Jump up ^ Michael Faraday ( 1791 - 1867 ) . UK : BBC . Jump up ^ `` Online etymology dictionary '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 '' . www.nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ Harris , William ; Levey , Judith , eds. ( 1975 ) . The New Columbia Encyclopedia ( 4th ed . ) . New York City : Columbia University . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 231035 - 721 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Charles , ed. ( 1992 ) . The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 15 ed . ) . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. p. 587 . ISBN 085 - 229553 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cillispie , Charles , ed. ( 1970 ) . Dictionary of Scientific Biography ( 1 ed . ) . New York City : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 296 -- 302 . ISBN 0 - 684101 - 122 . Jump up ^ Oxford University Press ( 2013 ) . `` Oxford Reference : OVERVIEW anion '' . oxfordreference.com . Jump up ^ University of Colorado Boulder ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Atoms and Elements , Isotopes and Ions '' . colorado.edu . Jump up ^ Oxford University Press ( 2013 ) . `` Oxford Reference : OVERVIEW cation '' . oxfordreference.com . Jump up ^ Douglas W. Haywick , Ph. D. ; University of South Alabama ( 2007 -- 2008 ) . `` Elemental Chemistry '' ( PDF ) . usouthal.edu . Jump up ^ Purdue University ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Amino Acids '' . purdue.edu . Jump up ^ Frank Press & Raymond Siever ( 1986 ) Earth , 14th edition , page 63 , W.H. Freeman and Company ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1743 - 3 Jump up ^ Linus Pauling ( 1960 ) Nature of the Chemical Bond , p. 544 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Chemical elements listed by ionization energy . Lenntech.com Galvanic cells Types Voltaic pile Battery Flow battery Trough battery Concentration cell Fuel cell Thermogalvanic cell Primary cell ( non-rechargeable ) Alkaline Aluminium -- air Bunsen Chromic acid Clark Daniell Dry Edison - Lalande Grove Leclanché Lithium Mercury Nickel oxyhydroxide Silicon -- air Silver oxide Weston Zamboni Zinc -- air Zinc -- carbon Secondary cell ( rechargeable ) Automotive Lead -- acid gel / VRLA Lithium -- air Lithium -- ion Lithium polymer Lithium iron phosphate Lithium titanate Lithium -- sulfur Dual carbon battery Molten salt Nanopore Nanowire Nickel -- cadmium Nickel -- hydrogen Nickel -- iron Nickel -- lithium Nickel -- metal hydride Nickel -- zinc Polysulfide bromide Potassium - ion Rechargeable alkaline Sodium - ion Sodium -- sulfur Vanadium redox Zinc -- bromine Zinc -- cerium Cell parts Anode Binder Catalyst Cathode Electrode Electrolyte Half - cell Ions Salt bridge Semipermeable membrane LCCN : sh85067842 GND : 4027597 - 8 SUDOC : 027673707 BNF : cb11966631g ( data ) NDL : 00616786 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion&oldid=813922233 '' Categories : Ions Physical chemistry Charge carriers Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 23 : 21 . 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an anion is any atom or group of atoms with a positive charge

In the physical sciences , an ion ( / ˈaɪən , - ɒn / ) is a particle that has a non-zero net electrical charge , such as an atom or molecule whose total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons . A cation is a positively - charged ion , while an anion is negatively charged . Because of their opposite electric charges , cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds , such as salts .

The ant and the grasshopper - wikipedia The ant and the grasshopper Coloured print of La Fontaine 's fable by Jean - Baptiste Oudry The Ant and the Grasshopper , alternatively titled The Grasshopper and the Ant ( or Ants ) , is one of Aesop 's Fables , numbered 373 in the Perry Index . The fable describes how a hungry grasshopper begs for food from an ant when winter comes and is refused . The situation sums up moral lessons about the virtues of hard work and planning for the future . Even in Classical times , however , the advice was mistrusted and an alternative story represented the ant 's industry as mean and self - serving . Jean de la Fontaine 's delicately ironical retelling in French later widened the debate to cover the themes of compassion and charity . Since the 18th century the grasshopper has been seen as the type of the artist and the question of the place of culture in society has also been included . Argument over the fable 's ambivalent meaning has generally been conducted through adaptation or reinterpretation of the fable in literature , arts , and music . Contents 1 Fable and counter-fable 2 In art 3 Later adaptations 4 Musical settings 5 Film and television treatments 6 Moral and artistic debate 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Fable and counter-fable ( edit ) The fable concerns a grasshopper ( in the original , a cicada ) that has spent the summer singing while the ant ( or ants in some versions ) worked to store up food for winter . When that season arrives , the grasshopper finds itself dying of hunger and begs the ant for food . However , the ant rebukes its idleness and tells it to dance the winter away now . Versions of the fable are found in the verse collections of Babrius ( 140 ) and Avianus ( 34 ) , and in several prose collections including those attributed to Syntipas and Aphthonius of Antioch . The fable 's Greek original cicada is kept in the Latin and Romance translations . A variant fable , separately numbered 112 in the Perry Index , features a dung beetle as the improvident insect which finds that the winter rains wash away the dung on which it feeds . The fable is found in a large number of mediaeval Latin sources and also figures as a moral ballade among the poems of Eustache Deschamps under the title of La fourmi et le céraseron . From the start it assumes prior knowledge of the fable and presents human examples of provident and improvident behaviour as typified by the insects . As well as appearing in vernacular collections of Aesop 's fables in Renaissance times , a number of Neo-Latin poets used it as a subject , including Gabriele Faerno ( 1563 ) , Hieronymus Osius ( 1564 ) and Candidus Pantaleon ( 1604 ) . The story has been used to teach the virtues of hard work and the perils of improvidence . Some versions state a moral at the end along the lines of `` Idleness brings want '' , `` To work today is to eat tomorrow '' , `` Beware of winter before it comes '' . In La Fontaine 's Fables no final judgment is made , although it has been argued that the author is there making sly fun of his own notoriously improvident ways . But the point of view in most retellings of the fable is supportive of the ant . It is also influenced by the commendation in the biblical Book of Proverbs , which mentions the ant twice . The first proverb admonishes , `` Go to the ant , you sluggard ! Consider her ways and be wise , which having no captain , overseer or ruler , provides her supplies in the summer , and gathers her food in the harvest '' ( 6.6 - 9 ) . Later , in a parallel saying of Agur , the insects figure among the ' four things that are little upon the earth but they are exceeding wise . The ants are a people not strong , yet they provide their food in the summer . ' ( 30.24 - 5 ) There was , nevertheless , an alternative tradition also ascribed to Aesop in which the ant was seen as a bad example . This appears as a counter-fable and is numbered 166 in the Perry Index . It relates that the ant was once a man who was always busy farming . Not satisfied with the results of his own labour , he plundered his neighbours ' crops at night . This angered the king of the gods , who turned him into what is now an ant . Yet even though the man had changed his shape , he did not change his habits and to this day goes around the fields gathering the fruits of other people 's labour , storing them up for himself . The moral given the fable in old Greek sources was that it is easier to change in appearance than to change one 's moral nature . It has rarely been noticed since Classical times . Among the few prominent collectors of fables who recorded it later were Gabriele Faerno ( 1564 ) , and Roger L'Estrange ( 1692 ) . The latter 's comment is that the ant 's `` Vertue and Vice , in many Cases , are hardly Distinguishable but by the Name '' . In art ( edit ) Jules - Joseph Lefebvre , The Grasshopper , National Gallery of Victoria , Australia Because of the influence of La Fontaine 's Fables , in which La cigale et la fourmi stands at the beginning , the cicada then became the proverbial example of improvidence in France : so much so that Jules - Joseph Lefebvre ( 1836 -- 1911 ) could paint a picture of a female nude biting one of her nails among the falling leaves and be sure viewers would understand the point by giving it the title La Cigale . The painting was exhibited at the 1872 Salon with a quotation from La Fontaine , Quand la bise fut venue ( When the north wind blew ) , and was seen as a critique of the lately deposed Napoleon III , who had led the nation into a disastrous war with Prussia . Another with the same title , alternatively known as `` Girl with a Mandolin '' ( 1890 ) , was painted by Edouard Bisson ( 1856 -- 1939 ) and depicts a gypsy musician in a sleeveless dress shivering in the falling snow . Also so - named is the painting by Henrietta Rae ( a student of Lefebvre 's ) of a naked girl with a mandolin slung over her back who is cowering among the falling leaves at the root of a tree . The grasshopper and the ant are generally depicted as women because both words for the insects are of the feminine gender in most Romance languages . Picturing the grasshopper as a musician , generally carrying a mandolin or guitar , was a convention that grew up when the insect was portrayed as a human being , since singers accompanied themselves on those instruments . The sculptor and painter Ignaz Stern ( 1679 -- 1748 ) also has the grasshopper thinly clad and shivering in the paired statues he produced under the title of the fable , while the jovial ant is more warmly dressed . But the anticlerical painter Jehan Georges Vibert has male characters in his picture of `` La cigale et la fourmi '' from 1875 . It is painted as a mediaeval scene in which a minstrel with a tall lute on his back encounters a monk on a snow - covered upland . The warmly shrouded monk has been out gathering alms and may be supposed to be giving the musician a lecture on his improvidence . By contrast , the Naturalist Victor - Gabriel Gilbert ( 1847 -- 1933 ) pictures the fable as being enacted in the marketplace of a small town in Northern France . An elderly stall - keeper is frowning at a decrepit woman who has paused nearby , while her younger companion looks on in distress . In his lithograph from the Volpini Suite , `` Les cigales et les fourmis '' ( 1889 ) , Paul Gauguin avoids making a judgment . Subtitled ' a souvenir of Martinique ' , it pictures a group of women sitting or lying on the ground while in the background other women walk past with baskets on their heads . He is content that they exemplify the behaviour proverbially assigned to the insects without moral comment . For a long time , the illustrators of fable books had tended to concentrate on picturing winter landscapes , with the encounter between the insects occupying only the lower foreground . In the 19th century the insects grew in size and began to take on human dress . It was this tendency that was reproduced in that curiosity of publishing , the 1894 Choix de Fables de La Fontaine , Illustrée par un Groupe des Meilleurs Artistes de Tokio , which was printed in Japan and illustrated by some of the foremost woodblock artists of the day . Kajita Hanko 's treatment of the story takes place in a typical snowy landscape with the cricket approaching a thatched cottage , watched through a window by the robed ant . An earlier Chinese treatment , commissioned mid-century by Baron Félix - Sébastien Feuillet de Conches through his diplomatic contacts , uses human figures to depict the situation . An old woman in a ragged dress approaches the lady of the house , who is working at her spinning wheel on an open verandah . Use of the insects to point a moral lesson extends into the 20th century . In Jean Vernon 's bronze medal from the 1930s , the supplicant cicada is depicted as crouching on a branch while the ant rears up below with its legs about a beechnut . Engraved to one side is its sharp reply , Vous chantiez , j'en suis fort aise. / Eh bien , dansez maintenant . ( You sang ? I 'm glad ; now you can dance . ) Jacob Lawrence depicts much the same scene in his 1969 ink drawing of the fable , but with a different moral intent . There a weeping grasshopper stands before a seated ant who reaches back to lock his storeroom door . It is notable that artistic sentiment has by now moved against the ant with the recognition that improvidence is not always the only cause of poverty . Nevertheless , Hungary used the fable to promote a savings campaign on a 60 forint stamp in 1958 . The following year it appeared again in a series depicting fairy tales , as it did as one of many pendents on a 1.50 tögrög stamp from Mongolia . In this case the main stamp was commemorating the 1970 World 's Fair in Japan with a picture of the Sumitomo fairy tale pavilion . Later adaptations ( edit ) La Fontaine 's portrayal of the Ant as a flawed character , reinforced by the ambivalence of the alternative fable , led to that insect too being viewed as anything but an example of virtue . Jules Massenet 's two - act ballet Cigale , first performed at the Opéra - Comique in Paris in 1904 , portrays the cicada as a charitable woman who takes pity on `` La Pauvrette '' ( the poor little one ) . But La Pauvrette , after being taken in and fed , is rude and heartless when the situation is reversed . Cigale is left to die in the snow at the close of the ballet . La Fontaine 's poem has also been subverted by several French parodies . Tristan Corbière 's A Marcelle - le poete et la cigale is a light - hearted literary criticism of a bad poet . In the 20th century , Jean Anouilh uses it as the basis for two almost independent fables . In La fourmi et la cigale the ant becomes an overworked housewife whom the dust follows into the grave . The cicada 's comment is that she prefers to employ a maid . In La Cigale , Anouilh engages with the reality of the artistic life , reviewing the cicada as the type of the female musician . In this fable she figures as a night - club singer who asks a fox to act as her agent . He believes that she will be an easy victim for his manipulations but she handles him with such frosty finesse that he takes up singing himself . Pierre Perret 's 1990 version in urban slang satirises the cicada 's more traditional role as a thoughtless ' queen of the hit parade ' . The subversion lies in the four - line moral at the end , in which he advises that it is better to be an impresario than a performer . Roland Bacri takes the tale into fresh territory with his Fable Electorale . An unelected politician out of funds visits the ant and , on being asked what he did during the past election , replied that he sang the national anthem . Playing on the final words of La Fontaine 's fable ( Eh bien , dansez maintenant ) , the industrialist advises him to stand for president ( presidensez maintenant ) . On the other hand , Francoise Sagan turns the satire against the too industrious . Her ant has been stockpiling all winter and urges the grasshopper to invest in her wares when spring comes . But the grasshopper 's needs are few and she advises holding a discount sale instead . To take a final example , the Anti-Cancer League has turned the fable into an attack on smoking . The grasshopper 's appeal , out of pocket and desperate for a cigarette , is turned down by another play on the original ending . So , she had smoked all through the summer ? OK , now cough ( Et bien , toussez ) . The English writer W. Somerset Maugham reverses the moral order in a different way in his short story , `` The Ant and The Grasshopper '' ( 1924 ) . It concerns two brothers , one of whom is a dissolute waster whose hard - working brother has constantly to bail out of difficulties . At the end the latter is enraged to discover that his ' grasshopper ' brother has married a rich widow , who then dies and leaves him a fortune . The story was later adapted in the film Encore ( 1951 ) and the English television series Somerset Maugham Hour ( 1960 ) . James Joyce also adapts the fable into a tale of brotherly conflict in `` The Ondt and the Gracehoper '' episode in Finnegans Wake ( 1939 ) and makes of the twin brothers Shem and Shaun opposing tendencies within the human personality : These twain are the twins that tick Homo Vulgaris . In America , John Ciardi 's poetical fable for children , `` John J. Plenty and Fiddler Dan '' ( 1963 ) , makes an argument for poetry over fanatical hard work . Ciardi 's ant , John J. Plenty , is so bent upon saving that he eats very little of what he has saved . Meanwhile , Fiddler Dan the grasshopper and his non-conforming ant wife survive the winter without help and resume playing music with the return of spring . John Updike 's 1987 short story `` Brother Grasshopper '' deals with a pair of brothers - in - law whose lives parallel the fable of the ant and the grasshopper . One , Fred Barrow , lives a conservative , restrained existence ; the other , Carlyle Lothrop , spends his money profligately , especially on joint vacations for the two men 's families , even as he becomes financially insolvent . However , at the end comes an unexpected inversion of the characters ' archetypal roles . When Carlyle dies , Fred , now divorced and lonely , realizes that he has been left with a rich store of memories which would not have existed without his friend 's largesse . Musical settings ( edit ) 1919 illustration of Aesop 's Fables by Milo Winter La Fontaine 's version of the fable was set by the following French composers : Louis - Nicolas Clérambault , to whom the works in the fables section of Nouvelles poésies spirituelles et morales sur les plus beaux airs ( 1730 -- 37 ) have been attributed . The text is modified to fit the tune and is retitled La fourmi et la sauterelle . Jacques Offenbach in Six Fables de La Fontaine ( 1842 ) for soprano and small orchestra Charles Gounod , part - song for a cappella choir ( 1857 ) Benjamin Godard in Six Fables de La Fontaine for voice and piano , ( Op. 17 c. 1871 ) Louis Lacombe , set for 4 male voices ( Op. 88 , 2 1887 ) Charles Lecocq in Six Fables de Jean de la Fontaine for voice and piano ( 1900 ) Camille Saint - Saëns for voice and piano or orchestra ( 1910 ? ) André Caplet in Trois Fables de Jean de la Fontaine ( 1919 ) for voice and piano Paul - Marie Masson , for voice and piano ( 1926 ) Maurice Delage in Deux fables de Jean de la Fontaine ( 1931 ) Marcelle de Manziarly in Trois Fables de La Fontaine ( 1935 ) for voice and piano Jean - René Quignard for 2 children 's voices Charles Trenet , performed with Django Reinhardt and the Hot Club de France in 1941 Marie - Madeleine Duruflé ( 1921 -- 99 ) as the fifth in her 6 Fables de La Fontaine for A cappella female voices ( 1960 ) Claude Ballif , the first of his Chansonettes : 5 Fables de La Fontaine for small mixed choir ( Op. 72 , No1 1995 ) Ida Gotkovsky ( 1933 - ) , the first fable in Hommage à Jean de La Fontaine for mixed choirs and orchestra ( 1995 ) Jean - Marie Morel ( 1934 - ) , a small cantata set for children 's choir and string quartet in La Fontaine en chantant ( 1999 ) Isabelle Aboulker ( b . 1938 ) , the fourth piece in Femmes en fables ( 1999 ) for high voice with piano There were two comic operas that went under the title La cigale et la fourmi in the 19th century . The one by Ferdinand Poise was in one act and dated 1870 . The one by Edmond Audran was in three acts and performed in Paris in 1886 , in London in 1890 and in New York in 1891 . This was shortly followed by the darker mood of Jules Massenet 's ballet Cigale , mentioned above . Later adaptations of the fable to ballet include Henri Sauguet 's La cigale at la fourmi ( 1941 ) and the third episode in Francis Poulenc 's Les Animaux Modèles ( Model Animals , 1941 ) . In the 21st century there has been `` La C et la F de la F '' , in which the dancers interact with the text , choreographed by Herman Diephuis for Annie Sellem 's composite presentation of the fables in 2004 . It also figures among the four in the film Les Fables à la Fontaine directed by Marie - Hélène Rebois in 2004 . The Belgian composer Joseph Jongen set La Fontaine 's fable for children 's chorus and piano ( op . 118 , 1941 ) and the Dutch composer Rudolf Koumans set the French text in Vijf fabels van La Fontaine ( op . 25 , 1964 ) for school chorus and orchestra . There is a happier ending in the American composer Shawn Allen 's children 's opera , The Ant and the Grasshopper ( 1999 ) . At the end of this thirty - minute work , the two insects become musical partners during the winter after the ant revives the dying grasshopper . A Russian version of the fable by Ivan Krylov was written under the title `` The dragonfly and the ant '' ( Strekoza i muravej ) . This was set for voice and piano by Anton Rubinstein in 1851 ; a German version ( Der Ameise und die Libelle ) was later published in Leipzig in 1864 as part of his Fünf Fabeln ( Op. 64 ) . In the following century the Russian text was again set by Dmitri Shostakovich in Two Fables of Krylov for mezzo - soprano , female chorus and chamber orchestra ( op. 4 , 1922 ) . A Hungarian translation of the fable by Dezső Kosztolányi was also set for mezzo - soprano , four - part mixed chorus and 4 guitars or piano by Ferenc Farkas in 1977 . The Catalan composer Xavier Benguerel i Godó set the fable in his 7 Fábulas de la Fontaine for recitation with orchestra in 1995 . These used a Catalan translation by his father , the writer Xavier Benguerel i Llobet ( ca ) . There have also been purely instrumental pieces ; these include the first of Antal Dorati 's 5 Pieces for Oboe ( 1980 ) and the first of Karim Al - Zand 's Four Fables for flute , clarinet and piano ( 2003 ) . Settings of the Aesop version have been much rarer . It was among Mabel Wood Hill 's Aesop 's Fables Interpreted Through Music ( New York , 1920 ) . It was also included among David Edgar Walther 's ' short operatic dramas ' in 2009 . In 2010 Lefteris Kordis set the Greek text as the second fable in his `` Aesop Project '' for octet and voice . Film and television treatments ( edit ) La Fontaine 's fable lent itself to animated film features from early on , the first being a version by George Méliès in France in 1897 . Others produced under the title La cigale et la fourmi were directed by Louis Feuillade ( 1909 ) and Georges Monca ( 1910 ) . There were also Italian films under the title La cicala e la formica by Mario Caserini ( 1908 ) and Renato Molinari ( 1919 ) . The Russo - Polish producer Ladislaw Starewicz made two versions using animated models . The first was in Russia in 1913 under the title Strekoza i muravey , based on Ivan Krylov 's Russian adaptation of La Fontaine ; then , following his flight to France , and using the simplified name of Ladislas Starevich , he filmed a version under the French title ( 1927 ) . In the UK , The Grasshopper and the Ant was created from cut - out silhouettes by Lotte Reiniger in 1954 . In this the main characters , Grasshopper and Miss Ant , are portrayed as humanoid while the rest of the animals and insects are naturalistic . After being refused food and warmth by Miss Ant , Grasshopper is rescued from dying in the snow by squirrels and plays his fiddle for them . Miss Ant wistfully asks if she can join the party and is turned away by the rescuers until Grasshopper intervenes and asks her in to dance with them . In America the Aesop 's Film Fables studio had included The Ants and the Grasshopper ( 1921 ) among its early animated cartoon productions . Then in 1934 Walt Disney provided the story with a socially responsible conclusion in The Grasshopper and the Ants ( discussed in the next section ) . He also adapted the story less directly in the Mickey 's Young Readers Library segment , Mickey and the Big Storm ; in this , Donald Duck and Goofy spend the first day of a winter snowstorm playing out in the snow and do n't bother to stock up on supplies . Fortunately for them , Mickey has more than enough for himself and his friends . Friz Freleng also adapted the tale in his Warner Bros. cartoon Porky 's Bear Facts in which Porky Pig works hard while his lazy neighbor refuses to do anything , only to suffer during winter . Although Porky at last gives him a meal out of good - neighborly feeling , the bear fails to learn his lesson when spring arrives . In the later 20th century , there were a number of cynical subversions in TV shows . A typical example was the Muppet Show sketch in which Sam the Eagle 's reading of the fable is undermined as the ant is stepped on at the end and the grasshopper drives off to Florida in his sports car . Moral and artistic debate ( edit ) Gustave Doré illustration of La Fontaine 's The Ant and the Grasshopper La Fontaine follows ancient sources in his 17th century retelling of the fable , where the ant suggests at the end that since the grasshopper has sung all summer she should now dance for its entertainment . However , his only direct criticism of the ant is that it lacked generosity . The Grasshopper had asked for a loan which it promised to pay back with interest , but `` The Ant had a failing , / She was n't a lender '' . The readers of his time were aware of the Christian duty of charity and therefore sensed the moral ambiguity of the fable . This is further brought out by Gustave Doré 's 1880s print which pictures the story as a human situation . A female musician stands at a door in the snow with the children of the house looking up at her with sympathy . Their mother looks down from the top of the steps . Her tireless industry is indicated by the fact that she continues knitting but , in a country where the knitting - women ( les tricoteuses ) had jeered at the victims of the guillotine during the French Revolution , this activity would also have been associated with lack of pity . Other French fabulists since La Fontaine had already started the counter-attack on the self - righteous ant . In around 1800 Jean - Jacques Boisard has the cricket answering the ant 's criticism of his enjoyment of life with the philosophical proposition that since we must all die in the end , Hoarding is folly , enjoyment is wise . In a Catholic educational work ( Fables , 1851 ) Jacques - Melchior Villefranche offers a sequel in which the ant loses its stores and asks the bee for help . The ant 's former taunt to the grasshopper is now turned on himself : Are you hungry ? Well then , Turn a pirouette , Dine on a mazurka , Have polka for supper . But then the bee reveals that it has already given the grasshopper shelter and invites the ant to join him since ' All who are suffering / Deserve help equally . ' In the 20th century the fable enters the political arena . Walt Disney 's cartoon version , The Grasshopper and the Ants ( 1934 ) confronts the dilemma of how to deal with improvidence from the point of view of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal . The Grasshopper 's irresponsibility is underlined by his song `` The World Owes us a Living '' , which later that year became a Shirley Temple hit , rewritten to encase the story of the earlier cartoon . In the end the ants take pity on the grasshopper on certain conditions . The Queen of the Ants decrees that the grasshopper may stay , but he must play his fiddle in return for his room and board . He agrees to this arrangement , finally learning that he needs to make himself useful , and ' changes his tune ' to Oh I owe the world a living ... You ants were right the time you said You 've got to work for all you get . In recent times , the fable has again been put to political use by both sides in the social debate between the enterprise culture and those who consider the advantaged have a responsibility towards the disadvantaged . A modern satirical version of the story , originally written in 1994 , has the grasshopper calling a press conference at the beginning of the winter to complain about socio - economic inequity , and being given the ant 's house . This version was written by Pittsburgh talk show guru Jim Quinn as an attack on the Clinton administration 's social programme in the USA . In 2008 Conservative columnist Michelle Malkin also updated the story to satirize the policies of ' Barack Cicada ' . There have been adaptations into other languages as well . But the commentary at the end of an Indian reworking explains such social conflict as the result of selective media presentation that exploits envy and fear . The fable is equally pressed into service in the debate over the artist 's place within the work ethic . In Marie de France 's mediaeval version the grasshopper had pleaded that its work was ' to sing and bring pleasure to all creatures , but I find none who will now return the same to me . ' The ant 's reply is thoroughly materialistic , however : ' Why should I give food to thee / When you can not give aid to me ? ' At the end of the 15th century , Laurentius Abstemius makes a utilitarian point using different insects in his similar fable of the gnat and the bee . The gnat applies to the bee for food and shelter in winter and offers to teach her children music in return . The bee 's reply is that she prefers to teach the children a useful trade that will preserve them from hunger and cold . The fable of `` A Gnat and a Bee '' was later to be included by Thomas Bewick in his 1818 edition of Aesop 's Fables . The conclusion he draws there is that ' The many unhappy people whom we see daily singing up and down in order to divert other people , though with very heavy hearts of their own , should warn all those who have the education of children how necessary it is to bring them up to industry and business , be their present prospects ever so hopeful . ' The arts are no more highly regarded by the French revolutionary Pierre - Louis Ginguené whose `` New Fables '' ( 1810 ) include `` The Grasshopper and the Other Insects '' . There the Grasshopper exhorts the others to follow his example of tireless artistic activity and is answered that the only justification for poetry can be if it is socially useful . Such utilitarianism was soon to be challenged by Romanticism and its championship of the artist has coloured later attitudes . In the early decades of the 20th century , the Romanian poet George Topîrceanu was to make the case for pure artistic creation in `` The ballad of a small grasshopper '' ( Balada unui greier mic ) , although more in the telling than by outright moralising . A cricket passes the summer in singing ; autumn arrives , but he continues . It is only in icy winter that the cricket realizes that he has n't provided for himself . He goes to his neighbour , the ant , to ask for something to eat , but the ant refuses saying , `` You wasted your time all summer long . '' The English folk - singer and children 's writer Leon Rosselson subtly turns the tables in much the same way in his 1970s song The Ant and the Grasshopper , using the story to rebuke the self - righteous ant ( and those humans with his mindset ) for letting his fellow creatures die of want and for his blindness to the joy of life . In the field of children 's literature , Slade and Toni Morrison 's rap retelling of the fable , Who 's Got Game ? : The Ant or the Grasshopper ? ( 2003 ) , where the grasshopper represents the artisan , provokes a discussion about the importance of art . An earlier improvisation on the story that involves art and its value was written by the Silesian artist Janosch under the title `` Die Fiedelgrille und der Maulwurf '' ( The fiddling cricket and the mole ) , originally published in 1982 and in English translation in 1983 . There the cricket fiddles for the entertainment of the animals all summer but is rejected by the stag beetle and the mouse when winter comes . She eventually encounters the mole who loves her music , especially because he is blind . and invites her to stay with him . The theme had been treated at an even further distance in Leo Lionni 's Frederick ( 1967 ) . Here a fieldmouse , in a community narrowly focused on efficiently gathering for the winter , concentrates instead on gathering impressions . When the other mice question the usefulness of this , Frederick insists that ' gathering sun rays for the cold dark winter days ' is also work . Indeed , the community comes to recognise this after the food has run out and morale is low , when it is Frederick 's poetry that raises spirits . See also ( edit ) Novels portal The Fly and the Ant The Little Red Hen , a folk tale with a similar moral References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ben Edwin Perry ( 1965 ) . Babrius and Phaedrus . Loeb Classical Library . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 487 , no . 373 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 99480 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brewer 's Concise Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , London reprint 1992 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados , History of the Graeco - Latin fable III , Leiden NL 2003 , p. 146 Jump up ^ `` Aesopica website '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Poésie Morale , Paris 1832 , pp. 191 - 2 Jump up ^ Fable 7 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fable 88 '' . Uni-mannheim.de . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fable 145 '' . Uni-mannheim.de . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jean de La Fontaine . `` Original text and translation '' . Bewilderingstories.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Andrew Calder , The Fables of La Fontaine : Wisdom Brought Down to Earth , Geneva CH 2001 , pp. 18 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Zeus and the Ant '' , `` Mythfolklore.net '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fable LXXXIII , available online . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fable 188 '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` IMENT.com '' . IMENT.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ View on Flickr Jump up ^ Art Value Jump up ^ Available on Flickr Jump up ^ Česky . `` WikiGallery '' . WikiGallery . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Gauguin : The Grasshoppers and the Ants : A Souvenir of Martinique , from the Volpini Suite : Dessins lithographiques ( 22.82. 2 - 4 ) Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . Metmuseum.org. 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Creighton University '' . Creighton.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hood Museum of Art , Hanover NH ; view online Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Colnect.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Les Amours Jaunes ( Paris 1873 ) , text on the French Classics site . Jump up ^ The text is version 4 on this teaching resources site Jump up ^ Fables de Jean Anouilh , Paris , 1962 . The text is on this Online Academy teaching document , pp. 30 - 2 Jump up ^ Le Petit Perret des Fables , Paris , 1990 . Le Dictionnaire Argot Française Jump up ^ Le Canard Enchaîné 1995 . The text is on pp. 35 - 6 of the Online Academy teaching document Jump up ^ La Fourmi et la Cigale , Paris 2010 . The text is on the Académie D'Aix Marseille site Jump up ^ `` L'univers des fables , La cigale , le tabac et la fourmi '' . Itereva.pf . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Maugham , Somerset : Collected Short Stories Vol 1 , story 5 Jump up ^ IMDB Jump up ^ III. 1 , pp. 414 - 19 , Finwake.com Jump up ^ The score appears in John Metz , The Fables of La Fontaine : A Critical Edition of the Eighteenth - Century , Pendragon Press 1986 , p. 43 Jump up ^ performance Jump up ^ `` Jean de La Fontaine - FRLT1800 's Album - WRETCH '' . Wretch.cc . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jean de La Fontaine - FRLT1800 's Album - WRETCH '' . Wretch.cc . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Performance at '' . Wretch.cc . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ A performance on YouTube Jump up ^ Online Wretch.cc performance Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Musimem Jump up ^ The choir enters at 3.05 in this performance on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ The music can be heard on YouTube Jump up ^ Arte TV archives Jump up ^ Margaret Ross Griffel , Operas in English : A Dictionary , Plymouth UK 2013 , p. 22 Jump up ^ The Russian original and an English translation by Lydia Razran Stone appear in The Frogs who begged for a Tsar ( Russian Information Services USA , 2010 ) , available online Jump up ^ `` A commentary and short excerpt '' . Exhaustiveshostakovich.wordpress.com. 2010 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Available on YouTube Jump up ^ Available on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The score '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ The score is available on the Rochester University site Jump up ^ Aesop Project - VIII . The Fox & the Grapes - Lefteris Kordis Octet on YouTube Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Dailymotion.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ An English translation is available at Gutenberg Jump up ^ Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ Temple sang the song in the film Now and Forever . Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Lyricsdownload.com '' . Lyricsdownload.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Warroom.com '' . Warroom.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Michelle ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Michellemalkin.com '' . Michellemalkin.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Devang Vibhakar ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) . `` The ant and the grasshopper story - Indian Version '' . Speakbindas.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ The original and its translation appears at Web.kyoto-inet.or.jp Jump up ^ `` Hecatomythium , fable 94 '' . Aesopus.pbworks.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fable XVI '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fable XXVI , p. 139 - 40 , French text at Google Books Jump up ^ There are modern musical interpretations , including one by singer on YouTube Mihai Constantinescu ( ro ) and a hip hop version on YouTube Jump up ^ `` text '' . Sniff.numachi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ ISBN 978 - 3257007091 Jump up ^ There is a German language animation Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ There is a reading and animation of the story available on on YouTube External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Ants and the Grasshopper `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '' . Prints & Books . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '' , 15th - 20th century book illustrations `` The Grasshopper and the Ants '' , 15th - 20th century book and manuscript illustrations Aesop Aesop 's Fables The Ant and the Grasshopper The Ass and his Masters The Ass and the Pig The Ass Carrying an Image The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Astrologer who Fell into a Well The Bear and the Travelers The Belly and the Members The Bird - catcher and the Blackbird The Bird in Borrowed Feathers The Boy Who Cried Wolf The Cat and the Mice The Cock and the Jewel The Cock , the Dog and the Fox The Crow and the Pitcher The Crow and the Snake The Deer without a Heart The Dog and Its Reflection The Dog and the Wolf The Dove and the Ant The Farmer and the Stork The Farmer and the Viper The Fir and the Bramble The Fisherman and the Little Fish The Fowler and the Snake The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Grapes The Fox and the Lion The Fox and the Mask The Fox and the Sick Lion The Fox and the Stork The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Woodman The Frog and the Ox The Frogs Who Desired a King The Goat and the Vine The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs The Honest Woodcutter The Horse and the Donkey The Horse that Lost its Liberty The Lion and the Mouse The Lion , the Bear and the Fox The Man with two Mistresses The Mischievous Dog The Miser and his Gold The Mountain in Labour The Mouse and the Oyster The North Wind and the Sun The Oak and the Reed The Old Man and Death The Old Woman and the Doctor The Rose and the Amaranth The Satyr and the Traveller The Sick Kite The Snake and the Crab The Snake in the Thorn Bush The Tortoise and the Hare Town Mouse and Country Mouse The Travellers and the Plane Tree The Trees and the Bramble The Two Pots The Walnut Tree Washing the Ethiopian white The Wolf and the Crane The Wolf and the Lamb The Woodcutter and the Trees The Young Man and the Swallow Apocryphal An ass eating thistles The Bear and the Gardener Belling the cat ( also known as The Mice in Council ) The Blindman and the Lame The Boy and the Filberts Chanticleer and the Fox The Dog in the Manger The drowned woman and her husband The Elm and the Vine The Fox and the Cat The Gourd and the Palm - tree The Hawk and the Nightingale Jumping from the frying pan into the fire The milkmaid and her pail The miller , his son and the donkey The Monkey and the Cat The Priest and the Wolf The Scorpion and the Frog The Shepherd and the Lion Still waters run deep The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing Related Jataka tales Panchatantra Perry Index The labyrinth of Versailles The Lion 's Share Aesop 's Fables ( album ) Screen adaptations Aesop 's Film Fables The Grasshopper and the Ants Print adaptations Ysopet The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian `` The Cock and the Jasp '' `` The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith '' `` The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe '' `` The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous '' La Fontaine 's Fables Translators Demetrius of Phalerum Phaedrus Babrius Avianus Dositheus Magister Alexander Neckam Adémar de Chabannes Odo of Cheriton John Lydgate Kawanabe Kyōsai Laurentius Abstemius Roger L'Estrange Gabriele Faerno Hieronymus Osius Marie de France Robert Henryson Jean de La Fontaine Ivan Krylov Nicolas Trigault Zhang Geng Robert Thom Zhou Zuoren portal : Novels The Ant and the Grasshopper from Aesop 's Fables by Aesop Film The Grasshopper and the Ants ( 1934 ) Porky 's Bear Facts ( 1941 ) Encore ( 1951 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Literature The Grasshopper & the Ants ( 2015 ) Music Cigale The Grasshoppers TV Warm and Cozy Related Symphony No. 1 ( Shostakovich ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper&oldid=855616761 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables Fables by Laurentius Abstemius La Fontaine 's Fables Insects in fiction Fictional ants Fictional grasshoppers Literary duos Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Català Deutsch Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 16 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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what is the moral of the story the ant and the cricket

The Ant and the Grasshopper , alternatively titled The Grasshopper and the Ant ( or Ants ) , is one of Aesop 's Fables , numbered 373 in the Perry Index . The fable describes how a hungry grasshopper begs for food from an ant when winter comes and is refused . The situation sums up moral lessons about the virtues of hard work and planning for the future .

Aragorn - wikipedia Aragorn Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fictional character . For the character 's ancestor of the same name , see Aragorn I . For the autonomous community in Spain , see Aragon . For the thoroughbred racehorse , see Aragorn ( horse ) . Aragorn Tolkien 's legendarium character Aliases See Names and titles below Race Man Book ( s ) The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Aragorn II , son of Arathorn is a fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium . He is one of the main protagonists of The Lord of the Rings . Aragorn was a Ranger of the North , first introduced with the name Strider at Bree , as the Hobbits continued to call him throughout The Lord of the Rings . He was eventually discovered to be the heir of Isildur and rightful claimant to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor . He was also a confidant of Gandalf and an integral part of the quest to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron . Aragorn led the Fellowship of the Ring following the loss of Gandalf in the Mines of Moria while fighting the Balrog . When the Fellowship was broken , he tracked the hobbits Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took with the help of Legolas the elf and Gimli the dwarf to Fangorn Forest . He then fought in the battle at Helm 's Deep and the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . After defeating Sauron 's forces in Gondor , he led an army of Gondor and Rohan against the Black Gate of Mordor to distract Sauron 's attention so that Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee could have a chance to destroy the One Ring . At the end of The Lord of the Rings , Aragorn was crowned King Elessar Telcontar ( `` Elfstone Strider '' ) of Gondor . He married Elrond 's daughter , Arwen , and assumed the Sceptre of Annúminas as King of Arnor , uniting the two kingdoms for the first time since the reign of Isildur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances in literature 1.1 History 1.2 The Lord of the Rings 2 Characteristics 3 Names and titles 4 Concept and creation 4.1 Identity 4.2 Further character developments 4.3 Rejected names 4.4 Meaning of names 4.5 Comparisons to Christ 4.6 Basis on real historical characters 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Stage 5.3 Parodies 6 Reception 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Appearances in literature ( edit ) History ( edit ) The son of Arathorn II and his wife Gilraen , Aragorn was born on 1 March , T.A. 2931 . Through his ancestor Elendil ( whom he closely resembled ) Aragorn was a descendant of the first king of Númenor , Elros Tar - Minyatur ; the twin brother of Elrond . When Aragorn was two years old , his father was killed while pursuing orcs . Aragorn was afterwards fostered in Rivendell by Elrond . At the bidding of Elrond , his lineage was kept secret , as Elrond feared he would be killed like his father and grandfather if his true identity as Isildur 's heir became known . Aragorn was renamed Estel ( `` hope '' in Sindarin ) to hide his existence from Sauron and his servants . He was not told about his heritage until he came of age in 2951 . Elrond revealed to Aragorn his true name and ancestry , and delivered to him the shards of Elendil 's sword Narsil , and also the Ring of Barahir . He withheld the Sceptre of Annúminas from him until he earned the right to possess it . Aragorn met and fell in love with Arwen , Elrond 's daughter ( whom he mistook for Tinúviel ) , when she returned from Lórien , her mother 's homeland . Aragorn thereafter assumed his role as the sixteenth Chieftain of the Dúnedain , the Rangers of the North , and went into the wild , living with the remnants of his people , whose kingdom had been destroyed through civil and regional wars centuries before . Aragorn met Gandalf the Grey in 2956 , and they became close friends . The Rangers help to guard the Shire , inhabited by the diminutive , agrarian Hobbits . In the areas around the Shire and Bree he became known as `` Strider '' . From 2957 to 2980 , Aragorn undertook great journeys , serving in the armies of King Thengel of Rohan ( King Théoden 's father ) and of Steward Ecthelion II of Gondor ( father of Denethor ) . His tasks helped to raise morale in the West and to counter the growing threat of Sauron and his allies , and he acquired experience that he would later put to use in the War of the Ring . Aragorn served his lords during that time under the name Thorongil ( Eagle of the Star ) . With a small squadron of ships from Gondor , he led an assault on Umbar in 2980 , burning many of the Corsairs ' ships and personally slaying their lord during the Battle of the Havens . After the victory at Umbar , `` Thorongil '' left the field , to the dismay of his men , and went East . Aragorn also travelled through the Dwarves ' mines of Moria and to Rhûn and Harad , where ( in his own words ) `` the stars are strange '' . In 2980 , he visited Lórien , and there again met Arwen . He gave her an heirloom of his House , the Ring of Barahir , and , on the hill of Cerin Amroth , Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage , renouncing her Elvish lineage and accepting mortality , the `` Gift of Men '' . Elrond withheld from Aragorn permission to marry his daughter until such time as his foster son should be king of Gondor and Arnor reunited . To marry a mortal , Arwen would be required to choose mortality and thus eventually separate the immortal Elrond from his daughter ; and Elrond feared that in the end Arwen might find the prospect of death too difficult to bear . Gandalf grew suspicious of the ring belonging to the hobbit Bilbo Baggins , which was later discovered to be Sauron 's One Ring . Gandalf asked Aragorn to track Gollum , who had previously possessed the Ring . This hunt led Aragorn across Rhovanion , and he finally captured Gollum in the Dead Marshes northwest of Mordor and brought him captive to King Thranduil 's halls in Mirkwood , where Gandalf questioned him . The Lord of the Rings ( edit ) In The Fellowship of the Ring , Aragorn joined Frodo Baggins , Bilbo 's adopted heir , and three of Frodo 's friends at the Inn of the Prancing Pony in Bree ; a letter from Gandalf convinced Frodo to trust Aragorn . The four hobbits had set out from the Shire to bring the One Ring to Rivendell . Aragorn , going by the nickname `` Strider '' , was then aged 87 , nearing the prime of life for one of royal Númenórean descent . With Aragorn 's help the Hobbits escaped the pursuing Nazgûl and reached Rivendell . There Frodo volunteered to destroy the Ring in the fires of Mount Doom , and Aragorn was chosen as a member of the Fellowship of the Ring to accompany him , along with Gandalf , Legolas the elf , Gimli the dwarf , Boromir of Gondor , and the hobbits Pippin , Merry , and Frodo 's faithful gardener Samwise Gamgee . Elven - smiths reforged the shards of Narsil into a new sword , setting into the design of the blade seven stars ( for Elendil ) and a crescent moon ( for Isildur ) , as well as many runes . Aragorn renamed the sword Andúril ( meaning `` flame of the west '' in Sindarin ) , and it was said to have shone with the light of the Sun and the Moon . Aragorn accompanied the group through their attempted crossing of the pass of Caradhras , and subsequently through the mines of Moria . After Gandalf was lost in a battle with a Balrog , Aragorn led the company to Lothlórien and then down the river Anduin to the Falls of Rauros . Originally he planned to go to Gondor to aid its people in the war , but after the loss of Gandalf he became increasingly concerned about his responsibilities to Frodo and the quest . `` I serve no man , '' said Aragorn ; `` but the servants of Sauron I pursue into whatever land they may go ... I am not weaponless . '' Aragorn threw back his cloak . The elven - sheath glittered as he grasped it , and the bright blade of Andúril shone like a sudden flame as he swept it out . `` Elendil ! '' he cried . `` I am Aragorn son of Arathorn and am called Elessar , the Elfstone , Dúnadan , the heir of Isildur Elendil 's son of Gondor . Here is the Sword that was Broken and is forged again ! Will you aid me or thwart me ? Choose swiftly ! '' J.R.R. Tolkien , The Two Towers In The Two Towers , the Fellowship quickly fell apart : Frodo had decided to continue his journey alone ( accompanied by Sam ) and Boromir was slain while defending Merry and Pippin , who were captured by orcs . Aragorn , Legolas , and Gimli ( calling themselves the Three Hunters ) set off to track the Uruk - hai , hoping to rescue Merry and Pippin . They encountered Éomer , who was pursuing rumours of an orc raid in the area . From Éomer , Aragorn learned that the orcs who kidnapped Merry and Pippin had been slaughtered , and that no hobbits were found among the remains . Dejected , he led Legolas and Gimli to the site of the battle . Clues led Aragorn to believe that the hobbits might still be alive , prompting him to lead the party into Fangorn Forest . They found not the hobbits , but Gandalf the White ( whom they initially mistook for Saruman ) , sent back from death to continue his duties in Middle - earth . Gandalf told them that the hobbits were in the care of the Ents of Fangorn . Together , the four travelled to Edoras in Rohan , where Gandalf freed Théoden from Saruman 's enchantment and helped him muster the Rohirrim against Saruman . Aragorn , Legolas and Gimli then helped the people of Rohan in the Battle of the Hornburg , in which Saruman 's army was destroyed . In The Return of the King , Aragorn used a palantír and revealed himself to Sauron as the heir of Isildur , in order to distract Sauron 's attention from Frodo , who was approaching Mordor , and to draw Sauron forth from Mordor . Sauron subsequently made his assault on Minas Tirith prematurely and without adequate preparation . In order to reach the city in time to defend it , Aragorn entered the Paths of the Dead , and summoned the Dead Men of Dunharrow who owed allegiance to the heir of Isildur . It had been prophesied by Isildur and Malbeth the Seer that the Dead would be summoned to pay their debt for betraying Gondor millennia before . With their aid the Corsairs of Umbar were defeated at the port of Pelargir . Aragorn then sailed up the Anduin to Minas Tirith with a small force of Rangers and a large contingent of men and soldiers from the southern regions of Gondor . As they approached Minas Tirith , Aragorn unfurled the royal standard that Arwen had made for him , showing both the White Tree of Gondor and the jewelled crown and seven stars of the House of Elendil . With the help of the southern forces the armies of Gondor and Rohan rallied and defeated Sauron 's army in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . To continue to distract Sauron 's attention from Frodo 's quest , Aragorn led the armies of the West to the gates of Mordor , where Sauron attacked with overwhelming force . But at that moment the Ring was destroyed , and Sauron and his forces were vanquished . The restoration of the line of Elendil to the throne of Gondor is a subplot of The Lord of the Rings ; Aragorn 's adventures not only aid Frodo in his quest , but also bring him closer to his own kingship -- which , though his by right and lineage , had been left unclaimed for centuries due to historical , legal , and military circumstances . Although Isildur and his brother Anárion had ruled Gondor jointly , the royal house of Gondor descended from Anárion and not directly from Isildur . After Isildur 's departure , Meneldil , son of Anárion , ruled Gondor alone , although the formal title of High King remained with the northern line , as Isildur was Elendil 's elder son . When Gondor 's throne became vacant in T.A. 1944 , the separation of the kingdoms had been reinforced when Gondor under Steward Pelendur rejected the claim of the northern prince Arvedui . ( Eärnil , a lateral member of the House of Anárion , was eventually chosen king instead . ) But Arvedui 's wife was also of the House of Anárion , so Aragorn descended not only from Elendil and Isildur but also from the ruling family of Gondor . By the time of the Lord of the Rings , however , Gondor had been under the rule of the Stewards of Gondor for centuries , as it was widely doubted that any of the royal line still lived . In The Return of the King , the Steward Denethor , who years before had seen `` Thorongil '' as a rival for his father 's favour , declared that he would not bow to a descendant of Isildur . Aragorn healed Faramir , Denethor 's heir , who had been expected to die ; Faramir , unlike his father , recognized Aragorn as his lord and the rightful heir to the throne . Aragorn 's humility and self - sacrifice gained him the hearts of the inhabitants of Gondor 's capital city . His healing abilities were noted also by the people of Gondor ; as Ioreth said , `` The hands of the King are the hands of a healer , and so shall the rightful king be known '' . The people hailed Aragorn as King that same evening . Despite his immediate success and popularity , however , Aragorn decided to lay aside his claim to the throne for the time being . To avoid conflict he left Minas Tirith and refused to enter it again until he was crowned King . In order to ensure safe passage across Mordor for Frodo to fulfil his quest , Aragorn then led the Army of the West out from Minas Tirith to make a diversionary feint on the Black Gate of Mordor itself in the Battle of the Morannon . Gandalf had been given supreme command of the war effort after the Pelennor Fields , and acted as chief spokesman in the parley with the Mouth of Sauron ; but Aragorn commanded the allied troops during the battle and its aftermath . Upon Sauron 's defeat , Aragorn was crowned as King Elessar ( a Quenya name given to him by Galadriel , translated as Elfstone ) , and he married Arwen shortly afterward . He became the twenty - sixth King of Arnor , thirty - fifth King of Gondor and the first High King of the Reunited Kingdom . His line was called the House of Telcontar ( Quenya for `` Strider '' , his name in Bree ) . The Appendices of Return of the King explain that Aragorn ruled the Kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor until the year 120 of the Fourth Age . His reign was marked by great harmony and prosperity within Gondor and Arnor , and by a renewal of communication and cooperation between Men , Elves , and Dwarves , fostered by his vigorous rebuilding campaign following the war . Aragorn led the forces of the Reunited Kingdom on military campaigns against some Easterlings and Haradrim , re-establishing rule over much territory that Gondor had lost in previous centuries . He died at the age of 210 , after 122 years as king . The graves of Merry and Pippin ( who had died in Gondor 58 years prior ) were set beside his . He was succeeded on the throne by his son , Eldarion . Arwen , gravely saddened by the loss of her husband , gave up her mortal life shortly afterward in Lothlórien . Arwen and Aragorn also had at least two daughters . Upon hearing of Aragorn 's death , Legolas built a grey ship in Ithilien , and sailed to the Undying Lands , along with Gimli . `` And when that ship passed an end was come in Middle - earth of the Fellowship of the Ring . '' Characteristics ( edit ) Tolkien gives a brief but detailed description of Strider in The Fellowship of the Ring : lean , dark and tall , with shaggy dark hair `` flecked with grey '' , grey eyes , and a stern pale face . It is also stated that he was the tallest of the Company . Some time after the publication of the books , Tolkien wrote that he was at least 6 ft 6 in ( 198 cm ) tall . Although he was 87 years old at the time of the War of the Ring , this was the prime of life for a Dunadan of royal blood , and Tolkien wrote that to those unaware of his lineage `` in character Aragorn was a hardened man of say 45 '' . In `` The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen '' , found in the Appendices , he was described as often grim and sad , with unexpected moments of levity . Aragorn possessed Elven wisdom -- due to his childhood in Rivendell with Elrond -- and the foresight of the Dúnedain . He was a skilled healer , notably with the plant athelas ( also known as Kingsfoil ) . He was a mighty warrior and an unmatched commander ; after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , he , Éomer and Imrahil were unscathed , even though they had been in the thick of the fighting . Due to his position as Isildur 's heir , Aragorn had impressive powers for a man , and , as the rightful owner of the palantír of Orthanc used it to declare himself as the heir of Isildur to Sauron , seeking to distract Sauron from Frodo . Though he was wise and strong , he was not immune to self - doubt . He doubted the wisdom of his decisions while leading the Fellowship after the loss of Gandalf in Moria , and blamed himself for many of their subsequent misfortunes . Names and titles ( edit ) Aragorn , son of Arathorn was called the Dúnadan ( `` Man of the West / Númenórean '' , given by Arwen in Lothlórien and much used by Bilbo ) , Longshanks ( given by Bill Ferny in Bree ) , Strider ( by which he was known in Bree and the outlying areas ) , and Wingfoot ( given by Éomer after discovering that Aragorn had travelled 45 leagues in four days in pursuit of Pippin , Merry , and their Uruk - hai captors ) . He was the founder of the House of Telcontar ( Telcontar is `` Strider '' in Quenya , after the nickname given him by the rustics of the North ) , which ruled Gondor well into the Fourth Age of Middle - earth ; in records , his full regnal name is given as Elessar Telcontar ( `` Elfstone Strider '' ) . In the Houses of Healing , he called himself Envinyatar , the renewer . Before coming of age , he was known as Estel ( `` hope '' ) to hide his true lineage from Sauron 's forces , who sought the heir of Isildur . He was known as Thorongil ( `` Eagle of the Star '' ) in his younger days when he travelled across Middle - earth and took up service in Rohan and Gondor ( often by protecting camps and raiding enemy strongholds as he did when he fought the Corsairs in Umbar ) . Concept and creation ( edit ) Aragorn 's character and story arc underwent a series of developments and name changes before the version seen in The Lord of the Rings , as Tolkien did not have the full plot of the story or its background planned out when he started writing . Identity ( edit ) The `` first germ '' of the character that later evolved into Aragorn or Strider was a peculiar hobbit met by Bingo Bolger - Baggins ( precursor of Frodo Baggins ) at the inn of The Prancing Pony . His description and behaviour , however , was already quite close to the final story , with the difference that the hobbit wore wooden shoes , and was nicknamed Trotter for the `` clitter - clap '' sound that they produced . He was also accounted to be `` one of the wild folk -- rangers '' , and he played the same role in Frodo 's journey to Rivendell as in The Lord of the Rings . Later Tolkien hesitated about the true identity of `` Trotter '' for a long time . One of his notes suggested that the Rangers should not be hobbits as originally planned , and that this would mean that Trotter was either a man , or a hobbit who associated himself with the Rangers and was `` very well known '' ( within the story ) . The latter suggestion was linked to an early comment of Bingo : `` I keep on feeling that I have seen him somewhere before '' . Tolkien considered that Trotter might be Bilbo Baggins himself , but soon rejected that idea after Aragorn identified himself . Another suggestion was that Trotter was Fosco Took ( Bilbo 's first cousin ) , who `` vanished when a lad , owing to Gandalf '' . This story was further elaborated , making Trotter a nephew of Bilbo , named Peregrin Boffin , and an elder cousin of Frodo . He was said to have run away after he came of age , some 20 years before Bilbo left the Shire , and had helped Gandalf in tracking Gollum later . A hint was also given as to why Trotter wore wooden shoes : he had been captured by the Dark Lord in Mordor and tortured , but saved by Gandalf ; a note was added by Tolkien in the margin , saying that it would later be revealed that Trotter had wooden feet . The conception of Trotter as a hobbit was eventually discarded . Another short - lived idea was to make Trotter `` a disguised elf - friend of Bilbo 's in Rivendell , '' and a scout from Rivendell who `` pretends to be a ranger '' . It was not until after Book I was written that Tolkien finally settled on making Trotter a man , introducing him from the beginning as Aragorn , a `` descendant of the ancient men of the North , and one of Elrond 's household '' . While the history of Númenor and the descendants of Elros and Elendil was not yet fully developed , the germs of it were in existence , and would come to be connected with The Lord of the Rings as the character of Aragorn developed . Further character developments ( edit ) The development of Aragorn 's connection to Gondor was long and complex , as was his association with Boromir . Initially it is said that Aragorn 's forefathers were the exiles of Númenor who ruled over the people of Ond ( the early name of Gondor ) but were driven out by the Witch King `` when Sauron raised a rebellion '' . The story of the two branches of Elendil 's descendants ruling over two kingdoms of Men through many generations only emerged gradually ; at one time , Tolkien even seems to have conceived only three generations between Isildur and Aragorn . Aragorn 's relationship with Arwen was established very late in the writing . When Tolkien first introduced Éowyn , the interest she showed towards Aragorn was not one - sided , with suggestions in notes that they would marry at the end of the story . Another proposal was that Éowyn would die to save or avenge Théoden , and Aragorn would never marry after her death . The first mention of Elrond 's daughter , named Finduilas , was made in reference to the banner she made for Aragorn , but Tolkien did not give any hint whether she had any further part to play . The references to her marriage with Aragorn came later , but it was explicitly stated only near the completion of the book . Only in his work on the appendices for The Lord of the Rings did Tolkien record the full tale of Aragorn and Arwen . A passing idea was that Galadriel gave her Ring to Aragorn , and that he would accordingly be titled the `` Lord of the Ring '' . Rejected names ( edit ) The original nickname Trotter was retained for a long time , and Tolkien decided to change it to Strider only after the story was completed . There were also several experimental translations of Trotter to Sindarin : Padathir , Du - finnion , and Rimbedir , with Ethelion possibly an equivalent of Peregrin ( Boffin ) . Before the later title `` the Dúnadan '' emerged , Tarkil ( Quenya for ' noble Man ' ) was used , as a synonym for Númenórean . Tolkien hesitated for some time over Strider 's `` real '' name . Although Aragorn was the first suggestion when his Mannish descent was determined , the name was changed a number of times . At one point Tolkien decided that an Elvish name does not suit a Man , and thus altered it from Aragorn via Elfstone to Ingold , an Old English name with ing - representing `` west '' . Later , however , a new plot element was introduced : Galadriel 's gift of a green stone , and Tolkien reverted to Elfstone in order to make an additional connection . This was retained into the final version of the legendarium as a translation of Elessar . Among other names Tolkien considered Elfstan , Elfmere , Elf - friend , Elfspear , Elfwold and Erkenbrand , with various Elvish forms : Eldamir , Eldavel , Eledon , Qendemir . The name of Aragorn 's father also passed through many transient forms : Tolkien paired Aramir or Celegorn with Aragorn before settling upon Arathorn ; Elfhelm and Eldakar with Elfstone and Eldamir ; and Ingrim with Ingold . Meaning of names ( edit ) The meaning of the name Aragorn is unexplained , though it is presumably Sindarin meaning noble warrior , Lord of the Tree , or kingly valour depending on who is translating . The English word Strider stems from the similarly pronounced Dutch word Strijder . Depending on the context the word can mean fighter , warrior , defender activist , campaigner or one that works for another . Comparisons to Christ ( edit ) Aragorn has been referred to as a Christ - as - King character ; Tolkien 's use of prophecy has been compared to the Old Testament 's foretelling of the coming of the Messiah . Basis on real historical characters ( edit ) According to archaeologist Max Adams in his book The King of the North : the life and times of Oswald of Northumbria Tolkien based Aragorn on Oswald , a prince of the Northumbrian royal house exiled to the Kingdom of Dal Riata after Cadwallon King of Gwynedd and Penda King of Mercia laid waste to his ancestral homelands , and who returned years later with a raised army of Anglian exiles and retook his kingdom slaying Cadwallon in the process . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Aragorn in Ralph Bakshi 's animated version of The Lord of the Rings . Aragorn as he appears in the Rankin / Bass animated production of The Return of the King . Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Aragorn was voiced by John Hurt in Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film version of The Lord of the Rings . Bakshi 's Aragorn , unlike all other portrayals that were to follow to date , has no beard . This actually conforms to a statement appearing in Unfinished Tales that implicitly says that Aragorn was not supposed to have one , due to his Elvish ancestry ( Elves did not grow beards ) . However , Tolkien actually wrote elsewhere that Elves did have beards ; in The Lord of the Rings itself Círdan is described as having a beard . Also , some viewers and critics have said that this version of Aragorn looks Native American . Aragorn was voiced by Theodore Bikel in the 1980 Rankin / Bass animated version of The Return of the King , made for television . Robert Stephens voiced Aragorn in the 1981 BBC Radio serial of The Lord of the Rings . Kari Väänänen portrayed him in the 1993 Finnish television miniseries Hobitit . In the Lord of the Rings film trilogy ( 2001 -- 2003 ) directed by Peter Jackson , Aragorn is played by Danish - American actor Viggo Mortensen who took over the role from Stuart Townsend after four days of shooting because Jackson felt Townsend was too young for the role . In these movies , Aragorn begins his journey with the Fellowship with no desire to claim the kingship ; he only arrives at such a decision in the third film after spending much time battling his own self - doubt . This specific element of self - doubt is not present in Tolkien 's book , where Aragorn intends to claim the throne from the time he enters the story , with the additional motivation that he must do so to marry Arwen . Another notable difference in Jackson 's films is that Aragorn does not at first wield Andúril . Instead he uses a different , unnamed sword throughout the first two films and receives his ancestor 's reforged sword in the third film . Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn won him the title of 15th greatest movie characters of all time ( in 2015 ) by Empire . The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , the third and last part of Jackson 's film adaptation of The Hobbit , refers to Aragorn near the end of the film . The Elven - king Thranduil tells his son Legolas to seek a young Dúnadan Ranger called Strider . He goes on to say that he is the son of Arathorn and has greatness in him . This is a clear reference to Aragorn , though by the timeline in Appendix B of The Lord of the Rings , he would have been only 10 at the time . This may be explained by the fact that the filmmakers compressed the events of The Fellowship of the Ring , changing the timeline so that Frodo sets off on his journey almost immediately after receiving the One Ring , rather than seventeen years later , as in the novel . In the film version of The Two Towers , Aragorn describes himself to Éowyn as being eighty - seven years old , as he was at that point in the books . However , as the filmmakers cut seventeen years from the time period between the events of The Hobbit and the beginning of Frodo 's journey in The Fellowship of the Ring , Aragorn would have had to have been in his twenties , and an established Ranger , at the time the film The Battle of the Five Armies takes place . In the 2009 fan film The Hunt for Gollum , Aragorn is portrayed by Adrian Webster . The film is set during the time of The Fellowship of the Ring . It takes place after Gandalf has discovered the true nature of Bilbo Baggins 's ring and just before Frodo leaves the Shire for Rivendell . Stage ( edit ) On stage , Aragorn was portrayed by Evan Buliung in the three - hour production of The Lord of the Rings , which opened in 2006 in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . In the London production the role was played by Jerome Pradon , and the role was taken over by Robbie Scotcher on 23 June 2008 . In the United States , Aragorn was portrayed by Josh Beshears in the Cincinnati , Ohio production of The Return of the King ( 2003 ) for Clear Stage Cincinnati . At Chicago 's Lifeline Theatre , Aragorn was played by Robert McLean in the 1999 production of The Two Towers and the 2001 production of The Return of the King . Parodies ( edit ) In the parody Bored of the Rings , Aragorn is portrayed as ' Arrowroot son of Arrowshirt ' and nicknamed ' Stomper ' and is quite deranged . He is also rather inept at actual fighting and disables an entire battalion of ' Nozdrul ' simply with his combative ineptitude and random shouting of nonsensical battle - cries ( which induces uncontrollable laughter and allows the group to successfully disable the Nozdrul while they are incapacitated with hysteria ) . In the Veggie Tales episode `` Lord of the Beans '' , Aragorn is parodied as Larry the Cucumber dressed up as a Ranger named `` Ear - o ' - Corn '' . Reception ( edit ) UGO Networks listed Aragorn as one of their best heroes of all time . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal Halbarad References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Return of the King , appendices Jump up ^ `` He was Aragorn son of Arathorn , the nine and thirtieth heir in the right line from Isildur , and yet more like Elendil than any before him . '' Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 303 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , `` Strider '' . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings , Appendix B . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , `` The Shadow of the Past '' . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , `` The Council of Elrond '' . ^ Jump up to : The Fellowship of the Ring , passim . Jump up ^ The Two Towers , passim . Jump up ^ The Return of the King , `` The Last Debate '' . ^ Jump up to : The Return of the King , passim . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion : `` The Ring Goes South , '' p. 272 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1996 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Peoples of Middle - earth , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 167 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 82760 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1988 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Return of the Shadow , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , pp. 137 -- 8 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 49863 - 5 ^ Jump up to : The Return of the Shadow , pp 223 -- 4 . Jump up ^ The Return of the Shadow , p. 208 -- 8 . Jump up ^ The Return of the Shadow , pp. 371 , 385 . Jump up ^ The Return of the Shadow , pp. 401 , 413 . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1989 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Treason of Isengard , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 6 - t , ISBN 0 - 395 - 51562 - 9 Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , p. 116 . Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , pp. 360 -- 1 . Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , pp. 445 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1990 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 307 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 56008 - X ^ Jump up to : The War of the Ring , pp. 425 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1992 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Sauron Defeated , Boston , New York , & London : Houghton Mifflin , p. 52 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 60649 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1996 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Peoples of Middle - earth , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , pp. 262 -- 270 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 82760 - 4 Jump up ^ The Return of the Shadow , pp. 476 , 478 , 488 -- 9 . Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , p. 499 . ^ Jump up to : See the index to The Treason of Isengard and pp. 277 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mike . `` Meaning , origin and history of the name Aragorn '' . Behind the Name . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` strijder - English translation - bab.la Dutch - English dictionary '' . en.bab.la . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Emily ( 2005 ) . `` Wilderness , Wanderers and Their Theological Significance in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings '' . In Sugirtharajah , R.S. Wilderness : Essays in Honour of Frances Young . T&T Clark International . pp. 175 -- 186 . ISBN 0 - 567 - 04142 - 5 . Jump up ^ Max Adams . The King in the North : The Life and Times of Oswald of Northumbria . ISBN 1781854181 . Jump up ^ `` In a note written in 1972 or later , among the last writings of my father 's on the subject of Middle - earth , there is a discussion of the Elvish strain in Men , as to its being observable in the beardlessness of those who were so descended ( it was a characteristic of all Elves to be beardless ) . '' Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1980 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Unfinished Tales , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 29917 - 9 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. The Return of the King ; Book 6 , Chapter IX , `` The Grey Havens '' : `` As they came to the gates Círdan the Shipwright came forth to greet them . Very tall he was , and his beard was long ... '' Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060617194840/http://www.coldfusionvideo.com/l/lordofrings.html . Archived from the original on 17 June 2006 . Retrieved 18 July 2006 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Stomp Tokyo Video Review -- Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) '' . Stomp Tokyo . 19 December 2001 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings ( Animated ) '' . Mutant Viewings . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time : 15 . Aragorn '' . Empire . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Grassi , John ( 20 April 2010 ) . `` ' The Hunt for Gollum ' Is a Fabulous ' Lord of the Rings ' Fan Film '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ UGO Team ( 21 January 2010 ) . `` Best Heroes of All Time '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . External links ( edit ) Aragorn on IMDb `` Aragorn '' . Tolkien Gateway . Aragorn at The Thain 's Book A History and Complete Chronology of Númenor -- A detailed chronology of Númenor , its successor states and their rulers . Aragorn at One Wiki to Rule Them All J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets J.R.R. 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who was aragorn in lord of the rings

Aragorn II , son of Arathorn is a fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium . He is one of the main protagonists of The Lord of the Rings . Aragorn was a Ranger of the North , first introduced with the name Strider at Bree , as the Hobbits continued to call him throughout The Lord of the Rings . He was eventually discovered to be the heir of Isildur and rightful claimant to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor . He was also a confidant of Gandalf and an integral part of the quest to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron .

Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now - wikipedia Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now Jump to : navigation , search `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' Single by McFadden & Whitehead from the album McFadden & Whitehead B - side `` I Got the Love '' Released April 1979 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded Sigma Sound Studios , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Genre Funk , disco Length 7 : 02 ( album version ) 3 : 38 ( single edit ) 10 : 45 ( 12 '' version ) Label Philadelphia International Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Cohen , Gene McFadden , John Whitehead Producer ( s ) Jerry Cohen , Gene McFadden , John Whitehead McFadden & Whitehead singles chronology `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' ( 1979 ) `` I 've Been Pushed Aside '' ( 1979 ) `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' ( 1979 ) `` I 've Been Pushed Aside '' ( 1979 ) `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is a 1979 disco song performed by R&B duo McFadden & Whitehead , from their debut album McFadden & Whitehead . They wrote and produced the song along with keyboard player Jerry Cohen . Released as the lead single from the album , the song spent a week at number one on the R&B singles chart . It also proved to be a successful crossover hit , peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and reached number 5 in the UK . The single also made it to number 10 on the disco charts . It eventually went double platinum , selling over 2 million copies . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is about succeeding despite having faced previous disadvantages ( `` so many things that held us down '' ) . It was widely interpreted to be about the experience of the African American community , and after attaining popularity , became referred to as `` the new black national anthem '' ( the original being the 1900 song `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' ) . McFadden & Whitehead would revisit the song in their 1984 single `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' ( Ai n't No Way ) . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions 4 Soundtrack appearances 5 Other appearances 6 References Production ( edit ) Despite being seen as social commentary , in an interview conducted by Philadelphia video producer Bob Lott , John and Gene revealed that the song was actually about their frustration with Philadelphia International Records owners Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff , who for many years preferred that they remain as house songwriters and not performers . Gamble has confirmed that upon first hearing `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' , he tried unsuccessfully to convince McFadden and Whitehead to give the song to The O'Jays , as he felt it was better to write and produce for the prominent recording artists of the day than to try to compete with them as on - stage performers . The bass hook was played by Philadelphia International Records house musician Jimmy Williams . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Canada RPM 25 UK 5 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 13 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B U.S. Billboard Disco 10 U.S. Cashbox Top 100 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Canada 169 UK 53 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 65 U.S. Cash Box 82 Cover versions ( edit ) UK dance group Undercover released their own version of the song , naming their third album after the song in 1994 . Luther Vandross did a cover version of this song for his 1994 cover album Songs . His version of the song was also performed as a duet with British girl group the Spice Girls for their An Audience With ... special on the UK 's ITV in 1997 , and later appeared as a B - Side to their single `` Stop '' . In 1996 , the jazz fusion / contemporary jazz group The Rippingtons recorded a cover version for their album Brave New World . Kate Pierson and Cindy Wilson of The B - 52 's recorded the song for the 1996 soundtrack The Associate . Smooth jazz artist Ben Tankard did a gospel / jazz rendition of the song on his 2004 album Piano Prophet . Wayman Tisdale recorded a cover version for his album Hang Time . George Michael covered the song during his Cover to Cover tour in 1991 . He also recorded a demo version , released on Trojan Souls in 1993 . The Chipmunks and The Chipettes covered this song for the album in the 2011 film Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked , sung alongside Lady Gaga 's `` Born This Way '' and Katy Perry 's `` Firework '' . This mashup also appeared in the film 's soundtrack album . Venezuelan boys ' group Los Chamos had a Spanish cover of this song , entitled `` No Nos Pararán '' , based in a previous recording of the New York ensemble `` Charanga ' 76 '' , in 1979 . Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) The song was featured in the movie Boogie Nights and its accompanying soundtrack album . Other appearances ( edit ) In 1979 , New York radio station WBLS 107.5 FM used this song as their summer anthem , when the station became number one in Arbitron ratings that year . The song served as the 1980 theme song for the Philadelphia Phillies , 1980 - 81 Philadelphia Eagles and 2000 - 2001 Philadelphia 76ers . ( McFadden and Whitehead sung a Phillies , Eagles and Sixers version of `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' . For example , the line in the chorus would instead mention the team : `` Ai n't no stoppin ' us now , the Phillies got the groove '' ) . The song is played at the end of Detroit Red Wings games after a victory . The song was played following goals scored by the St. Louis Steamers of the MISL indoor soccer league . The song served as the theme song for former heavyweight champion of the world and boxing hall - of - fame Larry Holmes . This song is also the ring walk song of former WBA Heavyweight title holder and former The Ring WBA , WBC & WBO Cruiserweight champion , David Haye . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' was played at the 2008 Democratic National Convention on the night Barack Obama accepted the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is the theme song for the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Marching Band , known As `` The Marching Musical Machine of the Mid-South '' or `` M4 '' . The band performed the song as they marched by the viewing stand for President Obama 's Inaugural Parade . The song served as the theme song for the Baltimore Orioles during the 1979 World Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates . The song was also considered the unofficial theme song for the Los Angeles Rams ' 1979 regular season as they reached Super Bowl XIV versus the Pittsburgh Steelers . The song was used in Only Fools and Horses episode Go West Young Man when it was played in a club Del and Rodney visited . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now by McFadden & Whitehead Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 390 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 172 . Jump up ^ A House on Fire : The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul , John A. Jackson , 2004 , page 228 Jump up ^ Sag Harbor , Colson Whitehead , 2009 Jump up ^ `` John Whitehead '' . Celebrity Crime Files . August 2013 . TV One . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1970s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Songs overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` The Rippingtons : Discography : Brave New World '' . Vervemusicgroup.com . Jump up ^ `` Hang Time overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Wayman Tisdale Continues Retro Run '' . Allmusic.com . Preceded by `` I Wanna Be with You ( Part 1 ) '' by The Isley Brothers Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number one single June 2 , 1979 Succeeded by `` We Are Family '' by Sister Sledge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_No_Stoppin%27_Us_Now&oldid=800485099 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1979 songs Disco songs Debut singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Gene McFadden Songs written by John Whitehead ( singer ) Philadelphia International Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sings the song ain't no stopping us now

`` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is a 1979 disco song performed by R&B duo McFadden & Whitehead , from their debut album McFadden & Whitehead . They wrote and produced the song along with keyboard player Jerry Cohen . Released as the lead single from the album , the song spent a week at number one on the R&B singles chart . It also proved to be a successful crossover hit , peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and reached number 5 in the UK . The single also made it to number 10 on the disco charts . It eventually went double platinum , selling over 2 million copies .

Harry Gant - wikipedia Harry Gant Jump to : navigation , search Harry Gant Gant in 1996 at North Wilkesboro Speedway ( 1940 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1940 ( age 78 ) Taylorsville , North Carolina , U.S. Achievements 1985 IROC Champion 1984 , 1991 Southern 500 Winner 1991 Winston 500 Winner Awards NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers National Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame inductee International Motorsports Hall of Fame Inductee 1991 NMPA Driver of the Year Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series career 474 races run over 22 years Best finish 2nd ( 1984 ) First race 1973 National 500 ( Charlotte ) Last race 1994 Hooters 500 ( Atlanta ) First win 1982 Virginia National Bank 500 ( Martinsville ) Last win 1992 Champion Spark Plug 400 ( Michigan ) Wins Top tens Poles 18 208 17 NASCAR Xfinity Series career 128 races run over 11 years Best finish 19th ( 1988 , 1992 ) First race 1982 Goody 's 300 ( Daytona ) Last race 1994 AC Delco 200 ( Rockingham ) First win 1982 Mello Yello 300 ( Charlotte ) Last win 1994 Busch Light 300 ( Atlanta ) Wins Top tens Poles 21 71 14 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series career 11 races run over 1 year Best finish 24th ( 1996 ) First race 1996 Coca - Cola 200 ( Bristol ) Last race 1996 Carquest 420K ( Las Vegas ) Wins Top tens Poles 0 0 Statistics current as of December 18 , 2012 . Harold Phil Gant ( born January 10 , 1940 ) , better known as `` Handsome Harry '' , is a retired American racecar driver best known for driving the No. 33 Skoal Bandit car on the NASCAR Winston Cup ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) circuit during the 1980s and 1990s and his 4 - race win streak in 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nicknames 2 Career prior to Winston Cup 3 Winston Cup career 4 1990 's and Mr. September streak 5 Cup records 6 Movie appearances 7 Motorsports career results 7.1 NASCAR 7.1. 1 Winston Cup Series 7.1. 1.1 Daytona 500 7.1. 2 Busch Series 7.1. 3 Craftsman Truck Series 7.2 International Race of Champions 8 References 9 External links Nicknames ( edit ) Gant gained a lot of nicknames throughout his racing career . He was known as `` Handsome Harry Gant '' due to his Hollywood - style good looks , the `` Bandit '' after his longtime sponsor Skoal Bandit , `` Mr. September '' after winning four consecutive Winston Cup races and two Busch Series races in September 1991 , and `` High Groove Harry '' after the high line he often took through the corner . Career prior to Winston Cup ( edit ) Gant 's 1983 racecar The North Carolina native began his racing career at the old dirt track in Hickory . He built a hobby class car with his friends , and took turns behind the wheel . Gant became the full - time driver and won the track championship . Hickory Speedway was paved in 1967 after Ned Jarrett became the promoter . Gant excelled on the asphalt , and won his first race in the sportsman division . He won over 300 races with the car builder and crew chief Kenneth H. Sigmon , in the NASCAR Sportsman on his way to winning three national championships , in 1972 , 1973 , and 1974 . He finished second three times in the NASCAR Late Model Sportsman ( now Nationwide Series ) in 1969 , 1976 , and 1977 . He finished in the top 10 of the final points standing in several other years . He sold half of his construction business in 1979 upon deciding to race full - time in the Winston Cup Series . Winston Cup career ( edit ) Gant driving in 1994 , his final season Gant made his first Cup start in 1973 at Charlotte Motor Speedway , finishing eleventh in the No. 90 Truxmore Industries Ford . He made six starts over the next four years and had two top - ten finishes . His first full season in Winston Cup was in 1979 . He competed for the rookie of the year honors against Dale Earnhardt and Terry Labonte . He finished fourth in the overall rookie battle in the No. 47 Race Hill Farm car for Jack Beebe . He split the next season between the No. 47 and the No. 75 RahMoc Enterprises entry , finishing 21st in points . After starting out the 1981 season driving for various teams , he moved to the No. 33 Skoal Bandit Pontiac , which was owned by Hal Needham and Burt Reynolds , and Leo Jackson after 1988 . Gant debuted with the team by placing second at Darlington Raceway , followed by five more second - place finishes and three poles , ending the season third in points standings . He stayed with the team for the rest of his career . Gant finished second 10 times before winning his first Winston Cup race , at Martinsville April 25 , 1982 , in the Virginia National Bank 500 and he would finish fourth in the final points standings . In 1983 , Gant would only win once at Darlington in the Transouth 400 and collect 10 top 5 's and 16 top ten finishes en route to seventh in the final points standings . In 1984 , Harry Gant notched 3 poles , 15 top five finishes , and 23 top ten finishes and won at Pocono and Martinsville in the fall , he would end up finishing second to eventual Winston Cup champion Terry Labonte . In 1985 , Gant would win at Martinsville in the spring , and at Dover and at North Wilkesboro in the fall , notching a career best for Gant up to that point . He would finish third in championship standings , 259 points behind eventual champion Darrell Waltrip . Gant would go winless for three years from 1986 - 1988 and in 1989 , he would break a three year winless streak winning at Darlington in the spring which caused the veteran driver to exclaim `` The Bandit is back '' in victory lane. . He would not win again in 1989 but he would finish seventh in the final points standings . Gant won the International Race of Champions ( IROC ) championship in 1985 . He tied on points with Darrell Waltrip but was awarded the title on tiebreak by finishing higher in the final race : a photo - finish win over Labonte at Michigan International Speedway Gant drove the No. 33 in the 1985 Talladega NASCAR race with the first telemetry data system ever installed on a race car . The data from the car was sent to the CBS television network and broadcast during the TV coverage of the race . 1990 's and Mr. September streak ( edit ) Harry Gant entered the decade with a win at Pocono in the spring of 1990 . He would finish 17th in the final points standings with 6 top 5 's and 9 top 10 's . In 1991 , Gant would have a career year . He won the 1991 Winston 500 in the spring . He gambled on fuel mileage and won . Fellow competitor Rick Mast drafted behind Gant to give him a push the last few laps but let off in the final laps to preserve the victory . Gant earned the nickname `` Mr. September '' in 1991 after winning all four September Cup races ( Darlington , Richmond , Dover and Martinsville ) and two Busch races ( Richmond and Dover ) at age 51 . His crew chief was Andy Petree . The four consecutive cup victories tied the modern era record set in 1972 . Dominating at the next race at North Wilkesboro Speedway , Gant had his brakes fail , ending his hopes of five consecutive victories . Gant would get 5 victories in 1991 , and would notch 15 top five finishes and 17 top tens and he would finish fourth in the final point standings . Gant would follow up 1991 with a strong 1992 and finish 4th in points again and was one of five drivers in contention for the championship but six finishes of 13th or worse in the final races doomed his championship hopes . Gant would win at Dover in the spring and he would get his last Cup victory on August 16 , 1992 , at the Champion Spark Plug 400 at Michigan International Speedway , gambling on fuel . This would also be the final victory for Oldsmobile in Cup competition . Harry Gant and the Leo Jackson team would switch to Chevrolets in 1993 and at the end of the season Gant announced that 1994 would be his last season . Gant finished his career with a pole and seven top ten finishes and finished 25th in the final point standings . In 1996 , Gant substituted for the injured Bill Elliott in the 1996 Winston Select , driving Elliott 's No. 94 McDonald 's Ford Thunderbird after Elliott 's injuries at Talladega . Gant also ran a partial season in the Craftsman Truck Series in 1996 , driving his own No. 33 Westview Capital Chevrolet C / K. He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame on April 27 , 2006 . Currently , Gant continues to work on his 300 - acre ranch in North Carolina and enjoys riding his motorcycle . In 2015 , he was in attendance at Darlington for the Southern 500 to take part in the retro weekend . He also still works on roofs and carpentry in his spare time . Gant once admitted that he `` was a good race car driver , but a great carpenter '' . Cup records ( edit ) He holds the record as the oldest driver ever to win a Cup Series race ( 52 years , 219 days ) and as the oldest driver ever to collect his first career Cup victory ( 42 years and 105 days ) . He is the second oldest driver to win in NASCAR 's second - level circuit , now known as the Xfinity Series , after Dick Trickle In his career he has collected 18 Cup wins and one runner - up finish in 1984 and third in 1981 and 1985 , 21 Busch Series wins , and three runner - up finishes in the Busch Series championship ( 69 , 76 , and 77 ) . In 1985 won the IROC title . He won four races in a row in 1991 tying a `` new era '' ( 1972 -- present ) record and came in second in the fifth race . His five Winston Cup and five Busch Grand National wins in 1991 made him the only driver , at that time , to post the most wins in both series in the same year , although he tied with Davey Allison with five Cup wins ( Allison also scored a victory in the non-points All - Star Race ) . Movie appearances ( edit ) He appeared in the 1983 Burt Reynolds movie Stroker Ace . He also gave a short interview in the film Days of Thunder and was mentioned for spinning out in the Daytona 500 late in the movie ( although it was actually the No. 26 of Brett Bodine ) . He also appeared as a mob henchman in the 1984 movie Cannonball Run II . His line in the film was `` Better not let the boss hear you say that . '' Motorsports career Results ( edit ) NASCAR ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics -- Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * -- Most laps led . ) Winston Cup Series ( edit ) NASCAR Winston Cup Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 NWCC Pts 1973 Donlavey Racing 90 Ford RSD DAY RCH CAR BRI ATL NWS DAR MAR TAL NSV CLT DOV TWS RSD MCH DAY BRI ATL TAL NSV DAR RCH DOV NWS MAR CLT 11 CAR 85th - RSD DAY RCH CAR BRI ATL DAR NWS 9 MAR TAL NSV DOV 64th 10.3 Faustina Racing 5 Dodge CLT 14 RSD MCH DAY BRI NSV ATL POC TAL MCH DAR RCH DOV NWS MAR CLT 35 CAR ONT Neil Castles 06 Chevy RSD DAY RCH CAR BRI ATL NWS DAR MAR TAL NSV DOV CLT 31 RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH DAR DOV NWS MAR CLT RCH CAR BRI ATL ONT 104th 70 1976 Frasson Racing 18 Chevy RSD DAY CAR RCH BRI ATL NWS DAR MAR TAL NSV DOV CLT 9 RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR NWS CLT CAR ATL ONT 84th 138 1977 Sherrill Enterprises 6 Chevy RSD DAY RCH CAR ATL NWS DAR BRI MAR TAL NSV DOV CLT 30 RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR NWS CLT CAR ATL ONT 101st 73 1978 Ray Emerson 66 Buick RSD DAY 41 RCH CAR ATL BRI DAR NWS MAR TAL DOV 53rd 325 Kennie Childers Racing 12 Chevy CLT 36 NSV RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR 28 NWS CLT 19 CAR ATL 7 ONT 1979 RSD 10 CAR 26 RCH ATL NWS 21st 2664 Olds DAY 33 Race Hill Farm Team 47 Olds BRI 21 DAR TAL 39 DAY 7 ATL 11 Chevy MAR 6 NSV 28 DOV 25 CLT 23 TWS RSD MCH 17 NSV 22 POC 15 TAL 7 MCH 25 BRI 16 DAR 12 RCH 9 DOV 28 MAR 12 CLT 20 NWS 14 CAR 21 ONT 20 1980 RahMoc Enterprises 75 Olds RSD 12 11th 3703 Race Hill Farm Team 47 Olds DAY 42 TAL 37 DAY 16 TAL 5 Chevy RCH 12 CAR 8 ATL 16 BRI 7 DAR NWS MAR 21 NSV 9 DOV CLT 28 MCH 28 NSV 29 POC 5 MCH 37 BRI 14 DAR RCH 20 DOV 2 * NWS MAR 29 CLT 16 CAR ATL 36 ONT 41 RahMoc Enterprises 75 Chevy TWS 8 RSD 7 1981 Hamby Racing 17 Chevy RSD 15 3rd 4210 Race Hill Farm Team 47 Buick DAY 23 RCH 6 CAR 18 ATL Hylton Motorsports 48 Pontiac BRI 8 Kennie Childers Racing 12 Olds NWS 5 MAR 4 * NSV 22 Mach 1 Racing 33 Pontiac DAR 33 TAL 34 TWS 10 MCH NSV 8 POC MCH BRI 11 DAR 14 RCH DOV 23 MAR 2 * NWS 24 CLT 41 CAR ATL 20 RSD 8 Chevy DOV 16 CLT RSD 31 Buick DAY TAL 1982 DAY 7 RCH 30 BRI 6 ATL 5 CAR 8 DAR 19 NWS 6 MAR 1 * TAL 14 NSV 29 CLT 13 POC RSD 35 MCH 10 DAY 24 NSV POC 22 TAL 38 MCH BRI DAR 11 RCH 7 DOV 12 NWS CLT MAR 8 CAR 32 ATL RSD 26 4th 3877 Pontiac DOV 30 Buick DAY 37 RCH 5 CAR 5 ATL 11 DAR NWS MAR TAL NSV DOV 9 BRI 27 CLT 25 RSD POC 18 MCH 8 DAY 11 NSV 8 POC 5 TAL 5 MCH 30 BRI 6 DAR 22 RCH 20 DOV 17 MAR 8 NWS 9 CLT 29 CAR 23 ATL 37 RSD 31 7th 3790 1984 Chevy DAY 6 RCH 8 CAR 24 ATL 6 BRI 23 NWS DAR 6 MAR 13 TAL NSV 16 DOV 27 * CLT RSD 29 POC MCH DAY NSV 9 POC 1 * TAL 7 MCH BRI 5 DAR 1 * RCH 9 DOV 1 * MAR CLT NWS CAR 2 * ATL 26 RSD 8 2nd 4443 1985 DAY 26 RCH 5 CAR 2 * ATL 24 BRI 20 DAR 14 NWS 10 MAR 1 * TAL 38 DOV CLT RSD POC MCH 16 DAY 24 POC 5 TAL 7 MCH BRI 6 DAR 21 RCH 6 DOV 1 * MAR NWS 1 * CLT 24 * CAR ATL 8 RSD 3rd 4033 1986 DAY 30 RCH 28 CAR ATL 12 BRI DAR 14 NWS 7 MAR 25 TAL 21 DOV 14 * CLT RSD 9 POC 26 MCH 2 * DAY 31 POC 30 TAL 22 GLN 34 MCH 8 BRI 5 DAR 27 RCH 7 DOV 35 MAR NWS 5 CLT CAR ATL 28 RSD 37 11th 3498 DAY 31 CAR 29 RCH 25 ATL 34 DAR 7 NWS 11 BRI 6 MAR 27 TAL 29 CLT 24 DOV 30 POC 32 RSD 25 MCH 13 DAY 9 POC 30 TAL 31 GLN 18 MCH 26 BRI 8 DAR 39 RCH 25 DOV 25 MAR 14 NWS 31 CLT 33 CAR 13 RSD 28 ATL 24 22nd 2725 1988 DAY 29 RCH 28 CAR 28 ATL 21 DAR 38 BRI 18 NWS 12 MAR 26 TAL 36 CLT 30 DOV RSD POC MCH DAY POC 10 TAL 16 GLN 31 MCH 21 BRI 6 DAR 40 RCH 32 DOV 11 MAR 30 CLT 24 NWS 30 CAR 7 PHO 12 ATL 30 27th 2266 1989 Jackson Bros. Motorsports Olds DAY 12 CAR 31 ATL 29 RCH 14 DAR 1 * BRI 10 NWS 23 MAR 12 TAL 7 CLT 40 DOV 23 SON 12 POC MCH 32 DAY 32 POC 5 TAL 8 GLN 19 MCH BRI DAR 6 RCH 5 DOV 38 MAR CLT NWS CAR 29 PHO 8 ATL 17 7th 3610 1990 Leo Jackson Motorsports DAY 18 RCH 36 CAR 11 ATL 9 DAR 6 BRI NWS 13 MAR 26 TAL 36 CLT 25 DOV 34 SON 19 POC MCH 5 DAY 7 POC 14 TAL 15 GLN 21 MCH 13 BRI 26 DAR 5 RCH 36 DOV MAR 5 NWS 28 CLT 26 CAR PHO 37 ATL 19 17th 3182 1991 DAY 25 RCH CAR ATL 19 DAR 27 BRI 11 NWS 23 MAR 5 TAL CLT DOV SON 27 POC MCH 10 DAY 23 POC 26 TAL 39 GLN 28 MCH 6 BRI 19 DAR 1 * RCH DOV 1 * MAR 1 * NWS 2 * CLT CAR 2 * PHO 23 ATL 4th 3985 1992 DAY 12 CAR RCH ATL DAR BRI 29 NWS 5 MAR 5 TAL 24 CLT 5 DOV SON 17 POC 23 MCH 7 DAY 23 POC TAL 17 GLN 18 MCH BRI 26 DAR 16 * RCH 8 DOV 6 MAR 19 NWS 13 CLT 8 CAR 6 PHO 14 ATL 13 4th 3955 1993 Chevy DAY 21 CAR 31 RCH 9 ATL 21 DAR 37 BRI 28 NWS 13 MAR 31 TAL 23 SON 19 CLT 18 DOV 7 POC MCH 10 DAY 21 NHA 17 POC 9 TAL 8 GLN 10 MCH 30 BRI DAR 7 RCH 11 DOV 5 MAR 33 NWS 6 CLT 12 CAR PHO 12 ATL 28 11th 3524 1994 DAY 34 CAR 37 RCH 34 ATL 30 DAR 8 BRI 37 NWS 8 MAR DNQ TAL 23 SON 10 CLT 7 DOV 42 POC 16 MCH 35 DAY 31 NHA 17 POC 38 TAL 21 IND 37 GLN 10 MCH 25 BRI 9 DAR 41 RCH 22 DOV 13 MAR 8 NWS 32 CLT 22 CAR 31 PHO 23 ATL 33 25th 2720 Daytona 500 ( edit ) Year Team Manufacturer Start Finish 1978 Ray Emerson Buick 20 41 1979 Kennie Childers Racing Oldsmobile 14 33 1980 Race Hill Farm Team Oldsmobile 10 42 1981 Buick 31 23 1982 Mach 1 Racing Buick 7 13 37 1984 Chevrolet 6 6 1985 10 26 1986 15 30 12 31 1988 20 29 1989 Jackson Bros. Motorsports Oldsmobile 12 12 1990 Leo Jackson Motorsports 5 18 1991 11 25 1992 11 12 1993 Chevrolet 37 21 1994 36 34 Busch Series ( edit ) NASCAR Busch Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 NBSC Pts 1982 Harry Gant 77 Pontiac DAY 6 RCH BRI MAR DAR 14 HCY SBO CRW RCH LGY DOV 15 HCY CLT ASH HCY SBO CAR CRW SBO HCY LGY IRP BRI HCY RCH MAR CLT DNQ HCY MAR 43rd 469 Johnny Hayes Racing 28 Pontiac DAY RCH CAR HCY MAR NWS SBO GPS LGY DOV BRI CLT SBO HCY ROU SBO ROU CRW ROU SBO HCY LGY IRP GPS BRI HCY DAR RCH NWS SBO MAR ROU CLT HCY MAR 102nd 160 1986 Ingram Racing 11 Pontiac DAY CAR HCY MAR BRI DAR SBO LGY JFC DOV CLT SBO HCY ROU IRP SBO RAL OXF SBO HCY LGY ROU BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR 8 ROU CLT CAR MAR 109th - Whitaker Racing 7 Buick DAY 18 HCY MAR DAR 5 BRI 23 LGY SBO CLT DOV 24 * IRP ROU JFC OXF SBO HCY RAL LGY ROU BRI 31 JFC DAR 1 * RCH 7 DOV 24 * MAR 31 CLT CAR 30 MAR 31 26th 1509 1988 DAY 8 HCY 11 CAR 5 MAR DAR 2 * BRI 8 LNG NZH SBO NSV CLT 6 DOV ROU LAN LVL MYB 23 OXF SBO HCY LNG IRP ROU BRI DAR 1 * RCH DOV 7 MAR CLT 38 CAR MAR 19th 2238 1989 DAY 26 CAR 11 * MAR 20 HCY 6 DAR BRI 30 NZH SBO LAN NSV CLT 29 DOV 28 ROU LVL VOL MYB SBO HCY DUB IRP ROU BRI 28 DAR RCH 25 DOV 15 MAR 26 CLT 7 CAR 1 * MAR 20th 1907 1990 Olds DAY 23rd 2134 Buick RCH 34 CAR MAR 28 HCY 9 DAR 1 * BRI LAN SBO NZH HCY 9 CLT DOV ROU VOL MYB OXF NHA SBO DUB IRP ROU BRI DAR RCH 10 DOV 1 * MAR CLT 30 NHA CAR 7 MAR 1991 DAY 5 RCH CAR 5 MAR 24 * VOL HCY DAR 40 * BRI 7 LAN SBO NZH CLT DOV 16 * ROU HCY MYB GLN OXF NHA SBO DUB IRP ROU BRI 30 DAR 7 RCH DOV 1 * CLT NHA CAR 5 MAR 1 * 21st 2309 1992 DAY DNQ CAR RCH 1 * ATL MAR DAR BRI 1 * HCY LAN DUB NZH CLT DOV 17 ROU MYB GLN VOL NHA BRI 22 DAR 31 * RCH 9 DOV MAR 26 CAR 5 HCY 19th 1887 Chevy TAL 33 IRP ROU MCH 5 NHA CLT 7 1993 DAY DAR BRI 26 HCY ROU MAR NZH CLT 38 DOV 31 MYB GLN MLW 29 TAL 41 IRP MCH 13 NHA BRI 16 DAR 32 RCH DOV 34 ROU CLT 35 MAR CAR 29 HCY ATL 19th 1887 Buick CAR 7 RCH 33 1994 Chevy DAY 32 CAR RCH ATL 1 * MAR DAR 5 HCY BRI 7 ROU NHA NZH CLT 30 DOV 32 MYB GLN MLW 12 SBO TAL 31 HCY IRP 32 MCH 24 BRI 28 DAR 23 RCH DOV 2 * CLT 35 MAR CAR 4 * 23rd 1939 Craftsman Truck Series ( edit ) NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 NCTC Pts Harry Gant 33 Chevy HOM PHO POR EVG TUS CNS HPT BRI 13 NZH 21 MLW LVL I70 IRP 12 FLM 8 GLN NSV 20 RCH 8 NHA 24 MAR 10 NWS 31 SON MMR PHO 10 LVS 21 24th 1267 International Race of Champions ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position . * -- Most laps led . ) International Race of Champions results Year Make Pos . Pts Ref 1985 Chevy DAY 5 MOH 6 TAL MCH 1 * 1st 45 1986 DAY 8 * MOH 6 TAL GLN 11 6th 41 1992 Dodge DAY TAL 5 MCH MCH 6 5th 46.5 1993 DAY 8 DAR TAL 7 MCH 7th 44 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Harry P. Gant '' . ^ Jump up to : http://search.proquest.com/docview/273091779 Jump up ^ Caraviello , David ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TOP 10 DEBUTS WITH NEW TEAMS '' . NASCAR . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 1989 Transouth 400 interview Jump up ^ `` IROC Results for 1985 - Racing-Reference.info '' . Jump up ^ Callahan , Terry . `` Skoal Racing 's final ride to come at Atlanta '' 1999 . http://www.theautochannel.com/news/date/19991116/news003231.html Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/280434725 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/423621093 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/273508661 Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1985 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1986 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1992 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1993 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Harry Gant driver statistics at Racing - Reference Harry Gant owner statistics at Racing - Reference Harry Gant on IMDb Harry Gant at Nascar.com Harry Gant at decadesofracing.net Sporting positions Preceded by Cale Yarborough IROC Champion IROC IX ( 1985 ) Succeeded by Al Unser , Jr . ( hide ) International Race of Champions winners Donohue B. Unser Foyt Unser Sr Andretti Allison Yarborough Gant Unser Jr Bodine T. Labonte Earnhardt Wallace Rudd Allison / Labonte Martin B. Labonte Harvick Busch Kenseth Stewart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Gant&oldid=833181086 '' Categories : Living people 1940 births People from Alexander County , North Carolina Racing drivers from North Carolina NASCAR drivers American Speed Association drivers International Race of Champions drivers International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees 20th - century American racing drivers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 03 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who drove the number 33 car in nascar

Harold Phil Gant ( born January 10 , 1940 ) , better known as `` Handsome Harry '' , is a retired American racecar driver best known for driving the No. 33 Skoal Bandit car on the NASCAR Winston Cup ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) circuit during the 1980s and 1990s and his 4 - race win streak in 1991 .

Airboat - wikipedia Airboat An airboat Airboating is a popular ecotourism attraction in the Florida Everglades An airboat , also known as a fanboat , is a flat - bottomed watercraft propelled by an aircraft - type propeller and powered by either an aircraft or automotive engine . They are commonly used for fishing , bowfishing , hunting , and ecotourism . Airboats are a very popular means of transportation in marshy and / or shallow areas where a standard inboard or outboard engine with a submerged propeller would be impractical , most notably in the Florida Everglades but also in the Indian River Lagoon , the Kissimmee and St. Johns rivers , and the Mekong River and Delta , as well as the Louisiana bayous and Mesopotamian Marshes . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Soviet airboats and aerosleds 2 History 2.1 Antecedents 2.2 Early airboats 2.3 First American airboats 3 Manufacture and design 4 Safety 4.1 Regulation 5 Rescue 6 Military use 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The characteristic flat - bottomed design of the airboat , in conjunction with the fact that there are no operating parts below the waterline , allows for easy navigation through shallow swamps and marshes ; in canals , rivers , and lakes ; and on ice and frozen lakes . This design also makes it ideal for flood and ice rescue operations . The airboat is pushed forward by the propeller , which produces a rearward column of air behind it . The resulting prop wash averages 150 miles per hour ( 241 km / h ) . Steering is accomplished by diverting that column of air left or right as it passes across the rudders , which the pilot controls via a `` stick '' located on the operator 's left side . Overall steering and control is a function of water current , wind , water depth , and propeller thrust . Airboats are very fast compared to comparably - sized motorboats : commercial airboats generally sail at speeds of around 35 miles per hour ( 30 kn ) and modified airboats can go as fast as 135 miles per hour ( 117 kn ) . Stopping and reversing direction are dependent upon high operator skill , since airboats do not have brakes . They are incapable of traveling in reverse , unless equipped with a reversible propeller . Some designs use a clam shell reversing device intended for braking or backing up very short distances but these systems are not commonly used . The operator and passengers , are typically seated in elevated seats that allow visibility over swamp vegetation . High visibility lets the operator and passengers see floating objects , stumps and other submerged obstacles , and animals in the boat 's path . In the United States , a typical good - quality airboat costs between $33,000 and $70,000 . In a developing country like Iraq , however , an airboat can be purchased for as little as 2.5 million Iraqi dinars , or $2,147 . In spite of their high cost , airboats are very widely used by civilians and tour operators : there are 12,164 airboats , 1,025 of them commercial , in Florida alone as of December 2017 . Airboats are widely used in other Gulf Coast states , especially Louisiana , but they can be found in rivers , marshes , and icy areas around the world , from Nebraska to Siberia . Soviet airboats and aerosleds ( edit ) Main article : Aerosled Airboats and airboat - like craft have been used in the Soviet Union and its successor states since the Second World War and possibly earlier . Some true airboats -- vessels that operated entirely in the water -- were used by the Soviet military in World War II . These true airboats include the NKL - 5 , a 1,200 kilograms ( 2,600 lb ) WWII armed boat reportedly capable of speeds up to 60 kilometres per hour ( 37 mph ; 32 kn ) . However , most Soviet airboats are aerosleds ( referred to as `` aerosanis '' in Russian ) . An aerosled is an aircraft propeller driven amphibious vehicle best described as a hybrid of a sled , airboat , and ground effect vehicle . Thousands of aerosleds were used as cargo and passenger vehicles in Siberia , where they excelled because they could cope equally well with the icy Siberian winter and the muddy , marshy conditions of Rasputitsa season ( similar to the American mud season ) , when raw or thawing snow makes travel by road impossible . Aerosleds are still in use today . The Tupolev A-3 Aerosledge is a quintessential example of this type of vehicle ; it can reach speeds of up to 120 kilometers per hour ( 74.6 mph ) on snow and 65 km / h ( 40.4 mph ) on water . History ( edit ) The earliest airboats date to 1915 , when they were used by the British Army in the World War I Mesopotamian Campaign . However , airboats were not widely used by civilians until the 1940s and 1950s , following the invention of a more practical airboat design in 1946 in Utah . Antecedents ( edit ) Dr. Alexander Graham Bell with his aircraft engine test boat and airboat ancestor , the Ugly Duckling The earliest ancestors of the airboat were waterborne vehicles for testing aircraft engines . The oldest ancestor of the airboat was the Ugly Duckling , an aircraft propeller testing vehicle built in 1905 in Nova Scotia , Canada by a team led by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell . Ugly Duckling was a catamaran - type boat propelled by an `` aerial propeller '' hooked up to a water - cooled aircraft engine weighing 2,500 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The makeshift raft - like vessel was unable to obtain a speed faster than 4 miles per hour ( 3.5 knots ) , though the `` rapid rotation of the propeller '' led Dr. Bell to believe that the vessel could have had a theoretical top speed of `` thirty or forty miles an hour , '' comparable to some modern airboats , if drag was completely eliminated . Brazilian aviation pioneer Santos Dumont built a similar catamaran vessel for testing an aircraft engine in 1907 , which he termed a hydrofoil . The Tellier brothers , French aviation pioneers , made major steps towards modern airboats with their 1907 speedboat La Rapière II ( Rapier II ) . La Rapière II was an 8 metres ( 26 ft ) long mahogany speedboat powered by an above water aircraft propeller hooked up to a 20 hp 4 cylinder Panhard - Levassor engine . The boat was steered by a conventional rudder in the water , which was hooked up to a ship 's wheel . La Rapière II could achieve speeds of up to 26 kilometres per hour ( 16 mph ; 14 kn ) with two people on board and 25 kilometres per hour ( 16 mph ; 13 kn ) with 3 - 4 people on board . Early airboats ( edit ) Early British Army airboats in Mesopotamia in 1918 The earliest true airboats date to 1915 . The British Army used airboats , which they referred to as Lambert `` Hydro - Glisseurs '' , in the Mesopotamian Campaign of the First World War . These `` Hydro - Glisseurs '' were small , flat - bottomed hydroplanes with metal - plated wooden hulls propelled by a large aircraft fan that allowed them to reach speeds of up to 55 miles per hour ( 48 kn ) . They were primarily used for reconnaissance on the Tigris River . The first of these airboats , HG 1 Ariel , was constructed using the engine and propeller of a wrecked Royal Australian Air Force Farman MF. 7 biplane and was provided to the forces in Mesopotamia by the British Raj . Following Ariel 's successful deployment in the campaign upriver to Kut in 1915 - 1916 , Britain ordered seven purpose - built airboats from Charles de Lambert 's eponymous company De Lambert . Eight of these vessels were in operation in 1917 , increasing to nine by the 1918 Armistice . A dedicated repair slipway for these boats was built at the Motor Repair Dockyard in Baghdad , indicating both their importance to the British war effort and the difficulty of maintaining them . A 1917 Scientific American cover depicting a British Army airboat on the Tigris River in Iraq Following the war , Lambert airboats were used as ferries on the shallow waters of the upper Yangtze River , on the Huangpu River , and elsewhere . Like their military counterparts , these airboats were manufactured in France , though they were assembled in Shanghai . They had drafts of only seven inches and could cruise at up to 32 miles per hour ( 28 kn ) . Lambert airboats were also used widely on the upper Missouri River and on the marshes of the Florida Everglades . Farman Aircraft , the company that built the engines for WWI military airboats , began producing civilian airboats in the 1920s . It marketed airboats for use as water taxis and as light cargo vessels or patrol boats for French colonial governments . Its airboats sold for 25,000 to 50,000 francs depending on the model , a price that proved too steep for potential buyers ; the company pulled out of the boat business by the end of the 1920s . Farman airboat prototype Le Ricocheur in 1924 . She was capable of speeds of up to 125 km / h ( 67.5 knots ) These early European airboats were significantly different from their modern counterparts . Compared to the airboats of today , early European airboats tended to be somewhat larger , had higher freeboards , and lacked a protective cage surrounding the propeller . They also had a different steering mechanism : early airboats were steered with a rudder in the water controlled by a steering wheel with throttle control provided by a gas pedal , like an automobile . More modern airboats use an air rudder controlled with a joystick for steering . Glenn Curtiss is credited with building a type of airboat in 1920 to help facilitate his hobby of bow and arrow hunting in the Florida backwoods . The millionaire , who later went on to develop the cities of Hialeah and Miami , combined his talents in the fields of aviation and design to facilitate his hobby , and the end result was Scooter , a 6 - passenger , closed - cabin , propeller - driven boat powered by an aircraft engine that allowed it to slip through wetlands at 50 miles per hour ( 43 kn ) . First American airboats ( edit ) Cecil Williams operating Alligator I , one of the first airboats , at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge in 1946 Airboats first became popular in the United States following the invention of an airboat more suitable for wetland use in 1943 by Cecil Williams , Leo Young , and G. Hortin Jensen . Their boat , developed and used near Brigham City , Utah , is often erroneously considered the first airboat . At the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge in northern Utah , Cecil S. Williams and G. Hortin Jensen sought a solution to the problem of conducting avian botulism studies in the shallow , marshy hinterlands . By installing a 40 - horsepower Continental aircraft engine , purchased for $99.50 , on a flat - bottomed 12 - foot long aluminum boat , they built one of the world 's first modern airboats . Their airboat , pictured at left , had no seat , so the skipper was forced to kneel in the boat . They dubbed it the Alligator I as a response to a joking comment from US Fish and Wildlife Service headquarters that they should `` get an alligator from Louisiana , saddle up and ride the critter during their botulism studies . '' Their airboat was the first to use an air rudder ( a rudder directing the propeller exhaust rather than the water ) , a major improvement in modern airboat design . The purpose of Williams , Young , and Jensen 's airboat was to help preserve and protect bird populations and animal life at the world 's largest migratory game bird refuge . The Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge near Brigham City , Utah is a wetlands oasis amid the Great Basin Desert and an essential stopping point for birds migrating across North America . The need for a practical way to navigate a challenging environment of wetlands , shallow water , and thick mud helped inspire Williams , Young , and Jensen to create the flat - bottom airboat , which they initially called an `` air thrust boat . '' Designs and subsequent improvements and practical use of the air thrust boats appears to have been a collaborative effort . LeeRue Allen , who worked at the Refuge since 1936 appears to have also been involved and helped to document a history of the events . Many of the early airboats built at the refuge in Utah were shipped to Florida . Early records show it cost roughly $1,600 to build a boat , including the engine . Other people -- all Floridians -- who are sometimes claimed to have invented the airboat include frog hunter Johnny Lamb , who allegedly built a 75 horsepower airboat in 1933 he called the `` whooshmobile '' and Chokoloskee Gladesmen Ernest and Willard Yates , who claim to have built an airboat in 1935 they steered via reins attached to a crude wooden rudder . Over the years a variety of designs were tried and through trial - and - error , the standard design used today arose : an open , flat bottom boat with an engine mounted on the back , the driver sitting in an elevated position , and a cage to protect the propeller from objects flying into them . The US Army Corps of Engineers uses an airboat to collect herbicide - resistant hydrilla from Lake Seminole in northern Florida Manufacture and design ( edit ) Airboat manufacturers tend to be small , family run businesses that assemble built - to - order boats . Most airboats are manufactured in the United States , although they are also built in Russia , , Italy , Finland , Japan , Australia , and elsewhere . Prior to 1950 , most airboats were manufactured in France by companies and individuals such as Farman , De Lambert , and René Couzinet . Modern , commercially manufactured airboat hulls are made of aluminum or fiberglass . The choice of material is determined by the type of terrain in which the vessel will be operated ; airboats intended for use in icy conditions will have sturdier polymer coated aluminum hulls while airboats intended for use in marshes will have lighter fiberglass hulls , for instance . Standard hunt / trail boats are 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) long with a two - to three - passenger capacity . Tour boats can be much larger , accommodating 18 passengers or more . Engines are either an air - cooled , 4 - or 6 - cylinder aircraft or water - cooled , large - displacement , V8 automotive engine , ranging from 50 to over 600 hp . Automotive engines tend to be less expensive due to readily - available replacement parts and less expensive high octane automotive gas . Since an opposed , 4 - or 6 - cylinder ( O4 or O6 ) aircraft powerplant contains fewer moving parts than a standard automotive engine , it is easier to repair and weighs less . However , automotive engines can be repaired by more - common car mechanics and do not require specialized repair personnel like aircraft engines do . Most of the sound produced by an airboat comes from the propeller , although the engine itself also contributes some noise . Modern airboat designs are significantly quieter thanks to mufflers and multi-blade carbon - fiber propellers . Safety ( edit ) Aft view of a safety cage during operation As with any vehicle , the safety of an airboat is dependent on the training and skill of its operator and the use of safety features like seat belts and flotation devices / life jackets . Airboats should only be piloted by trained and qualified operators , and knowledge of operational safety is essential when operating an airboat . Over 75 airboat accidents happened in Florida between 2014 and 2017 , resulting in seven deaths and 102 severe injuries . Most ( five of seven ) deaths were drownings , and 90 percent of accident victims were not wearing life jackets , even though only 30 percent knew how to swim . Not wearing a seat belt is another major predictor of injury in an accident : 40 percent of injured victims and the only two non-drowning fatalities were flung from their seats in the crashes . The most common injuries suffered in airboat accidents are severe cuts , bruises , and broken limbs . Other severe injuries are not uncommon : 10 percent of injured people suffered neck and back injuries requiring surgery and long - term pain medication and another 10 percent suffered traumatic head and brain injuries . Most airboat accidents -- 64 % -- are the fault of the operator , according to a 2017 analysis by the Miami New Times , almost always due to one of three factors : a lack of boating education or training ; a lack of safety equipment , such as seat belts or flotation devices , or a failure to properly use safety equipment ; or reckless behavior , including drug or alcohol consumption and improper lookout . The engine and propeller of an airboat are enclosed in a protective metal cage that prevents objects , such as tree limbs , branches , clothing , beverage containers , passengers , or wildlife , from coming into contact with the whirling propeller , which can cause traumatic injury to the operator and passengers or devastating damage to the vessel . Safety cages do not always work perfectly , however : people have had their fingers sliced off by airboat propellers , and tree branches entering safety cages have wrecked airboat propellers and sprayed the operators and passengers with woodchips and other shrapnel . Airboats are prone to capsizing and sinking because they are top - heavy , unstable , and extremely shallow draft . This makes them especially dangerous on the open sea or in rough or stormy conditions . Airboats with a `` long - belt gear reduction drive unit '' and an automobile engine avoid these risks because the long belt allows for the engine to be mounted inside the hull , which lowers the center of gravity and lowers the capsizing risk . Some companies and organizations , including Airboat West and the Los Alamos National Laboratory , have built airboats with low centers of gravity for use in windy or rough conditions or in rescues with obstacles like low - hanging power lines . Airboats can also be equipped with auotinflation devices , similar to car airbags or autoinflating personal life vests , that can reduce the risk of capsizing . In 1999 the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 's National Conservation Training Center , located in Shepherdstown , West Virginia , produced a 70 - minute training video entitled Airboat Safety -- Design - Operation - Maintenance in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Jacksonville , Florida . The video includes an early history of airboats and interviews with two airboat manufacturers in Florida . It was considered to be the only airboat video of its kind when it was made and may still be the only one with the range of airboat subject matter ever produced in the US . Since it was produced by the federal government of the United States , it is in the public domain . Five hundred copies of the video were produced . Regulation ( edit ) On March 30 , 2018 Gov. Rick Scott of Florida signed `` Ellie 's Law , '' which requires operators to complete CPR instruction and a course on airboats run by the state 's wildlife commission . The law is named after Elizabeth `` Ellie '' Goldenberg , who died from an airboat accident in Miami - Dade County the day after her graduation from college . Beginning July 1 , 2019 , airboat operators will need to be able to show proof they completed the training courses . Violations are a misdemeanor offense punishable by up to a $500 fine . Florida state law also stipulates that airboats must have an `` automotive - style factory muffler , underwater exhaust , or other manufactured device capable of adequately muffling the sound of the engine exhaust '' and an international orange flag that is at least 10 '' by 12 '' flying from a mast or flagpole that is at least 10 feet taller than the lowest point on the boat , in order to increase visibility and reduce the odds of a collision . Airboat operators , pilots , or drivers in Florida must be 14 or older . Rescue ( edit ) A resident is transported by airboat after Hurricane Katrina In recent years , airboats have proven indispensable for flood , shallow water , and ice rescue operations . As a result , they have grown in popularity for public safety uses . During the flooding of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina , August 29 , 2005 , airboats from across the United States rescued thousands of flood victims . Thirty airboats crewed by civilian volunteers evacuated over 1,100 patients and 4,000 medical personnel and family members from four downtown New Orleans hospitals in less than 36 hours . Numerous articles have been published in fire - rescue trade journals such as Fire Engineering and National Fire and Rescue Magazine describing the advantages , capabilities , and benefits of using airboats for water rescue operations , and providing in - depth description of actual water rescue incidents , including the flooding of New Orleans . Airboats are particularly effective at water rescues in shallow , marshy , or icy winter environments . Airboats are partially amphibious and can therefore navigate effectively over obstacles , such as partially submerged buildings and wreckage or sea ice , that would stop a normal boat . In ice rescues , use of airboats cuts the average rescue time from 45 to 60 minutes to seven to 12 minutes , according to data from Minnesota fire departments departments . They are also faster , larger , safer , and more durable than other small boats used in ice rescues . Though airboats are highly effective at water and ice rescues , airboats and helicopters do not work well together . Rotor wash from low - flying helicopters can push and even capsize airboats . During post-Katrina rescue operations , a helicopter 's rotor wash was reported to have capsized one airboat , and many airboats were blown into the sides of buildings , standing utility poles , and bridge pilings by low - flying helicopters . U.S. Customs and Border Protection patrols the Rio Grande River border in an airboat Military use ( edit ) Airboats are used by various militaries and border patrols around the world as well as by the U.S. Coast Guard . In addition to the aforementioned uses of airboats by the British Army in the Mesopotamian Campaign of WWI and by the Soviet Union in the Eastern Front of WWII , airboats have been used by the US Army and Iraqi security forces in the Vietnam and Iraq wars , respectively . US Special Forces Aircat airboat in Vietnam During the Vietnam War the Hurricane Aircat airboat was used by U.S. Special Forces and South Vietnamese troops to patrol riverine and marshy areas where larger boats could not go . Two of these airboats were also used by the Khmer National Navy after they were captured from the U.S. Special Forces by the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) in September 1967 . Airboats are also used in Texas and Iraq for border patrol . The airboats used in Iraq were supplied by American companies and assembled in Iraq by American civilian contractors , and they are used by both American and Iraqi forces to patrol the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , the marshes of southeastern Iraq , and the Shatt al - Arab waterway , the latter two of which include parts of the Iran - Iraq border . Modern Iraqi military airboats are 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) long , powered by 454 hp engines hooked up to 78 - inch ( 2.0 m ) Whirlwind propellers , and armed with M240 crew - served machine guns . The Nov / Dec 2007 issue of Airboating Magazine had an article on airboats used in Vietnam and in Iraq and has had numerous articles on airboats used by U.S Coast Guard and other state and county EMS units for rescue of ice fisherman and rescue in floods or after hurricanes . In 2013 the Iraqi Ministry of Oil purchased 20 airboats for use as personnel transport , patrol , and cable laying and light cargo boats in the rivers and marshes of Iraq . See also ( edit ) Hovercraft Hydrocopter Rotor ship , a similar type of vessel using a vertical `` pipe '' to propel the air Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In early aviation history the term airboat was applied to seaplanes or flying boats , i.e. amphibian aircraft capable of taking off and landing on water surfaces . Early airboats were known as `` hydroglisseurs '' ( airboat in French , lit . `` water slider '' ) , hydroplanes , hydrofoils , or other names . See e.g. Flying Volume 4 ( 1915 - 1916 ) and Cercle du Mononautisme Classique Archives historiques ( in French ) . Jump up ^ The source cited states the price of an airboat as $25,000 to $40,000 in 2004 , which is equal to between $33,000 and $53,000 in 2018 dollars . Jump up ^ Lambert refers to their manufacturer , the De Lambert company of France , and `` Hydro - Glisseur '' means `` airboat '' in French . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Robert ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Rescue on The Chattahoochee '' . Fire Engineering . Vol. 159 no . 1 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Ideas in Boat Design '' . Helsinki , Finland : Arctic Airboat. 2015 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vi Gomes , Isabella ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Airboat Accidents Have Killed Seven and Injured Dozens in Recent Years '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airboats International -- About Us '' . Carrington , NSW , Australia : Airboats International . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Robert ( March 1 , 2004 ) . `` The Use of Airboats in Ice and Water Rescue Emergencies '' . Fire Engineering . Vol. 157 no . 3 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Owned Airboats '' . American Airboat Corp . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` تجهيز زوارق هوائة نهرية '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) ( in Arabic ) . Baghdad : جمهوريى العراق وزارة النفط شركة الاستكشاف النفطية. 2013 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 -- via Iraq Business News . Jump up ^ Mensik , Dan , ed . ( October 2017 ) . `` Uniting to Preserve Our River Rights '' ( PDF ) . RiverTalk . Fremont , NE : Nebraska Airboaters Association . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` WWII navy information and facts '' . War is Over . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Mike ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` The remarkable part boat , part sled , part ground - effect Tupelov aerosled '' . New Atlas . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McLeavy , Roy , ( 1982 ) . `` Jane 's Surface Skimmers '' , pp 65 -- 67 , London , England : Jane 's Publishing Company Limited . ISBN 0 - 86720 - 614 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Delano , Anthony ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) . Guy Gaunt : The Boy From Ballarat Who Talked America Into the Great War . Australian Scholarly Publishing . p. 184 . ISBN 9781925333206 . ^ Jump up to : Grass , Ray ( May 8 , 2007 ) . `` World 's first airboat hatched at Bear River refuge in ' 40s '' . Deseret News . Deseret Morning News . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alexander Graham ; Adler , Cyrus ( 1907 ) . Aërial Locomotion : With a Few Notes of Progress in the Construction of an Aërodrome . Press of Judd & Detweiler , Incorporated . pp. 21 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archives historiques '' . Cercle du Mononautisme Classique ( in French ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Les hydravions d'Alphonse Tellier ( PDF ) ( Report ) ( in French ) . hydroretro.net . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Hydro - Gliders '' the latest thing in Chinese transportation , expected to open the upper Yangtze to rapid navigation `` . Far Eastern Fortnightly . New York : The Far Eastern Bureau . 8 ( 1 ) : 6 . January 3 , 1921 . Jump up ^ `` Reminiscence of the Essen Raids '' . Flying . Vol. 4 no . 1 . New York City : Flying Association at the office of the Aero Club of America . January 1916 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Leonard Joseph ; Hughes , Robert Herbert Wilfrid ( 1921 ) . The Inland water transport in Mesopotamia . London Constable . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Farman , Avion ( 1922 ) . `` Hydroglisseurs Farman '' ( Press release ) ( in French ) . Boulogne Billancourt , France : Farman Aviation Works . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 -- via Gallica . Jump up ^ Curtiss , Richard . `` The 1920 Curtiss `` Scooter '' airboat `` . CurtissWay . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McIver , Stuart B. ( 1998 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Who Invented the Airboat ? '' . Dreamers , Schemers and Scalawags . Pineapple Press Inc . ISBN 9781561641550 . Jump up ^ World 's First Airboat https://scontent-sjc2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15109419_1779337522340086_2556976957131532493_n.jpg?oh=dbe23a6b7eb63dce33d92050b0c8f303&oe=59886030 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Trivia : U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Airboat . '' U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service History -- Facebook . U.S. Department of the Interior . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge , Grassland Unit Restoration Project - Phase I '' . Ducks Unlimited . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Lee Rue . `` Oral History Program '' ( 1972 ) . History . Ogden , Utah : Weber State University . Jump up ^ Anderson , Lars ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lars Anderson : Talking Airboats : Can You Hear Me Now ? '' . The Gainesville Sun . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McLeavy , Roy , ( 1982 ) . `` Jane 's Surface Skimmers '' , pp 65 -- 67 , London , England : Jane 's Publishing Company Limited . ISBN 0 - 86720 - 614 - 4 Jump up ^ Pearce , William ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Idroscivolanti and the Raid Pavia - Venezia '' . Old Machine Press . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Torsti tietää , Helsingin Sanomat , 28.3. 2010 s . D 7 Jump up ^ Ko . `` エアボート を 、 レジャー 用 として 、 救助 用 として 、 広く 日本 で 普及 させ たい '' . Airboats.jp ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo : Fresh Air Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Enfield , Samuel ; Burr , R. ; Badgett , R. ; et al. , eds. ( April 15 , 1966 ) . Airboats ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . San Francisco : Army Concept Team in Vietnam . R - 1590.0 -- via DTIC . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Butterman , Eric ( August 2013 ) . `` A boat that walks on water '' . ASME . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Ken ( 1999 ) . Airboat safety design , operation , maintenance ( Videodisk ) . Shepherdstown , WV : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Event occurs at 70 minutes . OCLC 79818231 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swisher , Skyler . `` Gov. Scott signs ' Ellie 's Law ' creating new safety rules for Everglades airboat operators '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Florida Atlantic University Diving and Boating Safety Committee ( February 2014 ) . Diving and Boating Safety Manual . Boca Raton : Florida Atlantic University Environmental Health and Safety . pp. 91 -- 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chapter 327.39 , The 2010 Florida Statutes ( including Special Session A ) , Statute No . Title XXIV of 2014 . Retrieved on July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mercedes , Cheryl ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` LIFE BEYOND KATRINA : Cajun couple rescues hundreds from flooded homes '' . WAFB . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Robert ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` The Evacuation of New Orleans After The Levees Broke '' . Fire Engineering . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rescuing New Orleans -- Nov. / Dec. 2005 Jump up ^ `` You Want To Buy A What '' - March / April 2004 Jump up ^ Saving Lives Across America -- August 2004 Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Station Burlington Demonstrates New Airboat '' . Coast Guard News . Burlington , Vermont . February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2007 - 09 - 18 ) . Mobile Strike Forces in Vietnam 1966 -- 70 . New York : Osprey Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 9781846031397 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Conboy , Kenneth Bowra , and Mike Chappell , The War in Cambodia 1970 -- 75 , Men - at - arms series 209 , Osprey Publishing Ltd , London 1989 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 851 - X . pp. 23 Jump up ^ * Kenneth Conboy , FANK : A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces , 1970 -- 1975 , Equinox Publishing ( Asia ) Pte Ltd , Djakarta 2011 . ISBN 9789793780863 pp. 239 '' Jump up ^ Floyd , Faron . `` Whirl Wind Goes to Iraq '' . Whirlwind Propellers . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Airboatcapt2 ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Airboats in Iraq '' . Southern Airboat . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Airboats . On the propulsion of ships by air propellers Italian racing `` Idroscivolanti '' of the 1930 's Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airboat&oldid=856862172 '' Categories : Motorboats Marine propulsion Boat types Hidden categories : CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Date and year Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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what kind of boat is used in the everglades

Airboats are a very popular means of transportation in marshy and / or shallow areas where a standard inboard or outboard engine with a submerged propeller would be impractical , most notably in the Florida Everglades but also in the Indian River Lagoon , the Kissimmee and St. Johns rivers , and the Mekong River and Delta , as well as the Louisiana bayous and Mesopotamian Marshes .

Five - star rank - wikipedia Five - star rank The insignia used by US generals and admirals of OF - 10 rank . A five - star rank is a very senior military rank , first established in the United States in 1944 , with a five - star general insignia , and corresponding ranks in other countries . The rank is that of the most senior operational military commanders , and within NATO 's `` standard rank scale '' it is designated by the code OF - 10 . Not all armed forces have such a rank , and in those that do the actual insignia of the `` five - star ranks '' may not contain five stars . For example : the insignia for the French OF - 10 rank maréchal de France contains 7 stars ; the insignia for the Portuguese marechal contains four gold stars ; and many of the insignia of the ranks in Commonwealth of Nations contain no stars at all . Typically , five - star officers hold the rank of general of the army , admiral of the fleet , field marshal , marshal or general of the air force , and several other similarly named ranks . Five - star ranks are extremely senior -- usually the highest ranks . As an active rank , the position exists only in a minority of countries and is usually held by only a very few officers during wartime . In times of peace , it is usually held only as an honorary rank . Traditionally , five - star ranks are granted to distinguished military commanders for notable wartime victories and / or in recognition of a record of achievement during the officer 's career , whether in peace or in war . Alternatively , a five - star rank ( or even higher ranks ) may be assumed by heads of state in their capacities as commanders - in - chief of their nation 's armed forces . Despite the rarity and seniority of five - star officers , even more senior ranks have been adopted in the United States , namely , admiral of the navy and general of the armies . Other names for highly senior ranks from the twentieth century include généralissime ( France ) , generalisimo ( Spain ) and generalissimus ( USSR ) . Contents 1 Australian five - star ranks 2 Brazilian five - star ranks 3 Croatian five - star ranks 4 Indian five - star ranks 5 Indonesian five - star ranks 6 Italian five - star ranks 7 Pakistani five - star ranks 8 Polish five - star ranks 9 Spanish five - star ranks 10 Thai five - star ranks 11 UK five - star ranks 12 U.S. five - star ranks 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References Australian five - star ranks ( edit ) Admiral of the fleet Field marshal Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force Only one Australian born officer ( Sir Thomas Blamey ) has held a substantive Australian five - star rank ( field marshal ) . HM King George VI and HRH Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh have held all three Australian five - star ranks in an honorary capacity , and have been the only holders of the Australian ranks of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the RAAF . Australian Army Field Marshal shoulder board RAN Admiral of the Fleet shoulder board Marshal of the RAAF sleeve / shoulder insignia Brazilian five - star ranks ( edit ) Five - star ranks in Brazil are only used in wartime . Marshal ( Brazil ) ( Marechal ) Grand Admiral ( Almirante ) Marshal of the Air ( Marechal - do - Ar ) Almirante Marechal Marechal - do - Ar Croatian five - star ranks ( edit ) Stožerni general ( lit . `` staff general '' , usually translated as general of the army ) awarded to six men , none of whom are in active duty . Admiral flote ( admiral of the fleet ) . The rank was called stožerni admiral ( lit . `` staff admiral '' ) until 1999 ; only Sveto Letica was awarded this rank -- in March 1996 , three months before his retirement . Croatian Armed Forces ( stožerni general ) insignia Croatian Navy ( admiral flote ) insignia Indian five - star ranks ( edit ) Flag used on the official car of Marshal of the Air Force in India . It has five stars on it . Admiral of the fleet , never been held Field marshal , held by K.M. Cariappa and Sam Manekshaw Marshal of the Air Force , held by Arjan Singh Field marshal epaulette Marshal of the Indian Air Force shoulder insignia Marshal of the Indian Air Force sleeve insignia Around 1998 , the Indian Air Force introduced gorget patches ( or collar tabs ) for its air officers . For marshals of the Indian Air Force , the patches display five stars . Indonesian five - star ranks ( edit ) The Indonesian five star ranks are : Jenderal besar ( grand general ) - only held by three people : Jenderal Besar Soedirman , Jenderal Besar Abdul Haris Nasution , Jenderal Besar Soeharto ( 2nd President of Indonesia ) Laksamana besar ( grand admiral ) - never awarded Marsekal besar ( grand marshal ) - never awarded Jenderal besar rank insignia Laksamana besar rank insignia Marsekal besar rank insignia Italian five - star ranks ( edit ) General of the Italian Army - shoulder board Admiral of the Italian Navy - sleeve General of the Italian Air Force - sleeve Pakistani five - star ranks ( edit ) Field marshal ( Pakistan Army five - star rank ) , Ayub Khan The following ranks have never been awarded : Admiral of the fleet Marshal of the Pakistan Air Force Polish five - star ranks ( edit ) Marshal of Poland ( Marszałek Polski ) is a Polish Army five - star rank . There are today no living marshals of Poland , since this rank is bestowed only on military commanders who have achieved victory in war . Marshal of Poland cap insignia Marshal of Poland shoulder - strap insignia Spanish five - star ranks ( edit ) Captain general ( Army ) Captain general of the Navy Air captain general ( Air Force ) These ranks have been reserved for the reigning monarch . Capitán general ( `` Captain general '' ) shoulder board Capitán general de la Armada ( `` Captain general of the Navy '' ) shoulder board and sleeve Capitán general del Aire ( `` Air captain general '' ) shoulder board and sleeve Thai five - star ranks ( edit ) Chom Phon ( Thai : จอมพล ) , Royal Thai Army Chom Phon Ruea ( Thai : จอมพล เรือ ) , Royal Thai Navy Chom Phon Akat ( Thai : จอมพล อากาศ ) , Royal Thai Air Force Chom Phon ( Field Marshal ) Chom Phon Ruea ( Admiral of the Fleet ) Chom Phon Akat ( Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force ) The monarch of Thailand is appointed to the three ranks automatically upon accession as he is the constitutional Head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces . Since 1973 the three ranks have been reserved for members of the royal family . Uk five - star ranks ( edit ) The worn insignia of British five - star commanders do not contain stars ; the vehicle star plate , mounted on the front of a staff car , does display five stars . Admiral of the fleet ( awarded to 121 men to date ) Field Marshal ( awarded to 140 men to date ) Marshal of the Royal Air Force ( awarded to 27 men to date ) Captain General of the Royal Marines ( awarded to five members of the British Royal Family , currently held by Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex ) Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet shoulder board Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet sleeve lace Field Marshal Army epaulette Captain General of the Royal Marines epaulette Marshal of the RAF shoulder board Marshal of the RAF sleeve insignia Promotion to the ranks of Admiral of the Fleet and Marshal of the Royal Air Force is now generally held in abeyance in peacetime with exceptions for special circumstances . Promotion to the rank of Field Marshal was generally stopped in 1995 as a cost - cutting measure but is still made in some cases . The most recent appointments to five - star ranks are the promotions in 2012 of The Prince of Wales to honourary five - star rank in all three services , and of former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank to the honorary rank of Field Marshal . In 2014 the former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Stirrup was promoted to the honourary rank of Marshal of the Royal Air Force . During World War II and after , serving NATO , a small number of British five - star commanders have held the additional title Supreme Allied Commander , given operational control over all air , land , and sea units led by the four - star commanders of multi-national forces . US five - star ranks ( edit ) Fleet Admiral ( held by four officers ) General of the Army ( held by five officers ) General of the Air Force ( held by one officer ) Before the five - star ranks were established in 1944 , two officers had previously been promoted from their four - star ranks to the superior and unique ranks of Admiral of the Navy and General of the Armies : Admiral George Dewey ( appointment 1903 retroactive to 1899 , died 1917 ) and General John J. Pershing ( appointed 1919 , died 1948 ) . In 1944 the Navy and Army specified that these officers were considered senior to any officers promoted to the five - star ranks within their services ( but it was not clear if they were senior by rank or by seniority due to an earlier date of rank ) . Five - star ranks were created in the US military during World War II because of the awkward situation created when some American senior commanders were placed in positions commanding allied officers of higher rank . US officers holding five - star rank never retire ; they draw full active duty pay for life . The five - star ranks were retired in 1981 on the death of General of the Army Omar Bradley . Nine Americans have been promoted to five - star rank , one of them , Henry H. Arnold , in two services ( US Army then later in the US Air Force ) . As part of the bicentennial celebration , George Washington was , 177 years after his death , permanently made senior to all other US generals and admirals with the title General of the Armies effective on 4 July 1976 . The appointment stated he was to have `` rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army , past or present '' . During World War II and ( later ) serving NATO , a small number of American five - star commanders have also held the additional title of Supreme Allied Commander , given operational control over all air , land , and sea units led by the four - star commanders of multi-national forces . Fleet admiral collar device , sleeve stripes and shoulder board General of the Army shoulder strap General of the Air Force shoulder epaulet See also ( edit ) Ranks and insignia of NATO List of fleet and grand admirals List of field marshals List of marshals of the Air Force Design of US army insignia Heraldic origin of the use of five - pointed star Six - star rank Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Australian insignia for admiral of the fleet , field marshal and marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force , depending on the era , are either identical to , or very similar to , the British insignia . Currently , Prince Philip is the only holder of these Australian ranks . Note that although the highest active New Zealand rank is three - star , ( there are no New Zealand four - star rank holders ) , Prince Philip holds five - star ranks in the New Zealand Armed Forces . Jump up ^ With the exception of Thomas Blamey and the Englishman William Birdwood , who both held the rank of field marshal , all other holders of Australian five - star ranks have been ceremonial . Jump up ^ The following Americans have been promoted to five - star rank : Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy 15 December 1944 General of the Army George Marshall 16 December 1944 Fleet Admiral Ernest King 17 December 1944 General of the Army Douglas MacArthur 18 December 1944 Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz 19 December 1944 General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower 20 December 1944 General of the Army & Air Force Henry H. Arnold 21 December 1944 & 7 May 1949 Fleet Admiral William Halsey , Jr . 11 December 1945 General of the Army Omar Bradley 20 September 1950 General of the Armies George Washington 4 July 1976 , with an effective appointment date of 4 July 1776 The timing of the first seven appointments was to establish both a clear order of seniority and a near - equivalence between the Army and Navy services . In 1949 , Arnold was honored by being made the first , and to date only , general of the air force . He is the only American to serve in a five - star rank in two of its military services . By a Congressional Act of 24 March 1903 , Admiral George Dewey 's rank was established as admiral of the navy , a rank which was specified to be senior to the four - star rank of admiral and was equal to admiral of the fleet in the British Royal Navy . Admiral Dewey was the only individual ever appointed to this rank , which lapsed with his death on 16 January 1917 . Admiral of the navy was considered superior to fleet admiral during World War II . On 3 September 1919 , John Pershing was promoted to the rank of General of the Armies ( officially General of the Armies of the United States ) in recognition of his service during World War I. He is the only person promoted to this rank during their lifetime . ^ a During the United States Bicentennial year , George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94 - 479 passed on 19 January 1976 , with an effective appointment date of 4 July 1976 but having rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army , past or present . This restored Washington 's position as the most senior US military officer . Between the joint resolution concerning Washington 's rank , the fact that Omar Bradley was still alive , and thus still considered to be on active duty , and statements made and actions taken during and after World War II about the relationship between General of the Armies and General of the Army , it appears General of the Armies is superior in rank to General of the Army . ^ b No official law or regulation established exact seniority or reciprocity between Admiral of the Navy Dewey , and Generals of the Armies Washington and Pershing . While Congress clearly indicated that Washington was senior to Pershing , and also all other `` officers of the United States Army , '' and by decades of custom Pershing was considered senior to all 5 - star and other 4 - star generals of the US Army , nowhere is Dewey 's exact seniority established . As Washington was explicitly made senior only to Pershing and other officers of the US Army , ambiguity remains whether Admiral Dewey , with a date of rank as early as 1899 above a 4 - star , and senior to all later 5 - stars , is not actually senior to Washington by date of rank , and by operation of Naval custom making Dewey senior to all 5 - stars . As Dewey died ( and his rank died with him ) before Pershing was appointed to his final rank , and the Army and Navy were far more independent before the creation of the Department of Defense unified them , this could indicate Admiral of the Navy Dewey , not General of the Armies Washington , is actually the most senior ranking US military officer in US history . By definition , officers of each Armed Force rank amongst themselves by seniority . And when they serve with other Armed Services ( Army and Navy , for example ) , they rank amongst themselves by date of rank notwithstanding their parent Service . In the case of Dewey , he is undisputedly the senior most Navy officer ever to have served in the US Navy , and he had nearly 20 years of seniority over Pershing as a `` special rank , above 4 - star . '' Washington 's own , revised , date of rank in 1976 does not precede Dewey 's date of rank nearly 75 years before , nor did Congress describe in unambiguous wording that Washington was -- in fact -- senior to all officers of the US Army , as well as all other US Armed Forces including the US Navy . Had Congress chosen to explicitly so state , there would be no ambiguity , but it remains unsettled if -- in spite of the desired outcome that Washington be the senior US military officer to have ever served -- Congress ' ways and means achieved their object . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , 2nd Edition , 1989 . `` five '' ... `` five - star adj. , ... ( b ) U.S. , applied to a general or admiral whose badge of rank includes five stars ; '' Jump up ^ Indian Air Force : : Collar Tabs Archived 2009 - 12 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Vexillology , Rank Plate Archived 2014 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heathcote , Tony ( 1999 ) . The British Field Marshals , 1736 -- 1997 : A Biographical Dictionary . Barnsley : Pen and Sword Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 696 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prince Charles awarded highest military ranks by Queen '' . BBC News . 15 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Five Star Rank appointment '' . The British Monarchy. 16 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians '' . Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : E. Kelly Taylor ( 2009 ) . America 's Army and the Language of Grunts : Understanding the Army Lingo Legacy . AuthorHouse . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4389 - 6249 - 8 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . pp. 1685 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 961 - 0 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 07 . Star officer grades General officer Flag officer Air officer By star ranks Six - star rank ( proposed ) Five - star rank Four - star rank Three - star rank Two - star rank One - star rank By titles Generalissimo Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Supreme Allied Commander Admiral of the Navy General of the Armies Generalfeldmarschall Field marshal Mareşal Marshal of the air force Marshal of the Russian Federation Marshal of the Soviet Union Mushir / Müşir Caudillo Magister militum Spāhbed Ispahsalar Beylerbey Constable of France Grand Domestic Dux bellorum Grand marshal Hetman Jenderal besar Reichsmarschall Sardar Serasker Strategos autokrator First marshal of the empire Dai - gensui Taewonsu Voivoda Wonsu Yuan shuai / Da yuan shuai Marshal of Yugoslavia Highest military ranks General officer Flag officer Air officer Ancient Autokrator Beylerbey Constable of France Domestic of the Schools Dux bellorum Grand Domestic Imperator Ispahsalar Magister militum Megas doux Polemarch Rigsmarsk Sardar Shōgun Spahbed Voivode Modern Admiral of the Navy Da yuan shuai Dai - gensui Field marshal ( Serbia and Yugoslavia ) First marshal of the empire General of the Air Force General of the Armies Generalfeldmarschall Generalissimo Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Grand marshal Chom Thap Thai Hetman Jenderal besar Marshal Mareşal Marshal of Italy Marshal of the air force Marshal of the Russian Federation Marshal of the Soviet Union Marshal of Yugoslavia Mushir Reichsmarschall Serasker Supreme Allied Commander Taewonsu Wonsu Yuan shuai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-star_rank&oldid=854343917 '' Categories : Military ranks 5 star officers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Thai - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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has there ever been a 5 star marine general

Captain General of the Royal Marines ( awarded to five members of the British Royal Family , currently held by Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex )

Electron transport chain - wikipedia Electron transport chain Jump to : navigation , search The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes . The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized , providing energy to power ATP synthase . Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane . An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox ( both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously ) reactions , and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons ( H ions ) across a membrane . This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds . The molecules of the chain include peptides , enzymes ( which are proteins or protein complexes ) , and others . The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration . Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or , such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars , cellular respiration . In eukaryotes , an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase . It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes . In bacteria , the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane . In chloroplasts , light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes . In mitochondria , it is the conversion of oxygen to water , NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient . Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen , generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 In mitochondria 2.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers 2.1. 1 Complex I 2.1. 2 Complex II 2.1. 3 Complex III 2.1. 4 Complex IV 2.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation 2.3 Summary 3 In bacteria 3.1 Electron donors 3.2 Dehydrogenases 3.3 Quinone carriers 3.4 Proton pumps 3.5 Cytochrome electron carriers 3.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases 3.7 Electron acceptors 3.8 Summary 4 Photosynthetic 5 Summary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule . The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products . The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ( `` free '' ) to do work . Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous . The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions . If protons flow back through the membrane , they enable mechanical work , such as rotating bacterial flagella . ATP synthase , an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life , converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP , which powers most cellular reactions . A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation , for example , in glycolysis . In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains , while only some obtain ATP by fermentation . In mitochondria ( edit ) Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria , which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle , fatty acid oxidation , and amino acid oxidation . At the mitochondrial inner membrane , electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water . The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors . Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor , which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor , a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen , the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain . Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy , which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively `` pumping '' protons into the intermembrane space , producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work . The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation , since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps . A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen , resulting in the formation of the free - radical superoxide , a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging . Mitochondrial redox carriers ( edit ) Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( IMM ) . This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨ ) . It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate . Complex I ( NADH coenzyme Q reductase ; labeled I ) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) , and passes them to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ; labeled Q ) , which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase ; labeled II ) . Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc complex ; labeled III ) , which passes them to cytochrome c ( cyt c ) . Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; labeled IV ) , which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water . Four membrane - bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria . Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane . Three of them are proton pumps . The structures are electrically connected by lipid - soluble electron carriers and water - soluble electron carriers . The overall electron transport chain : NADH + H → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I ( edit ) In Complex I ( NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , NADH - CoQ reductase , or NADH dehydrogenase ; EC 1.6. 5.3 ) , two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid - soluble carrier , ubiquinone ( UQ ) . The reduced product , ubiquinol ( UQH ) , freely diffuses within the membrane , and Complex I translocates four protons ( H ) across the membrane , thus producing a proton gradient . Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs , thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide . The pathway of electrons is as follows : NADH is oxidized to NAD , by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH in one two - electron step . FMNH is then oxidized in two one - electron steps , through a semiquinone intermediate . Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH to an Fe - S cluster , from the Fe - S cluster to ubiquinone ( Q ) . Transfer of the first electron results in the free - radical ( semiquinone ) form of Q , and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form , QH . During this process , four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space . As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane . This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH . Complex II ( edit ) In Complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase or succinate - CoQ reductase ; EC 1.3. 5.1 ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool ( Q ) originating from succinate and transferred ( via flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) ) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits : succinate dehydrogenase , ( SDHA ) ; succinate dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) iron - sulfur subunit , mitochondrial , ( SDHB ) ; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C , ( SDHC ) and succinate dehydrogenase complex , subunit D , ( SDHD ) . Other electron donors ( e.g. , fatty acids and glycerol 3 - phosphate ) also direct electrons into Q ( via FAD ) . Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1 , but unlike complex 1 , no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway . Therefore , the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process . Complex III ( edit ) In Complex III ( cytochrome bc complex or CoQH - cytochrome c reductase ; EC 1.10. 2.2 ) , the Q - cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption / release of protons . Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c , a water - soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space . The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol . A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2H + 2e - ) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone ( 2H + 2e - ) at the Q site . ( in total four protons are translocated : two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules ) . QH2 + 2 cytochrome c ( FeIII ) + 2 H + in → Q + 2 cytochrome c ( FeII ) + 4 H + out When electron transfer is reduced ( by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A ) , Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen , resulting in superoxide formation . Complex IV ( edit ) In Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; EC 1.9. 3.1 ) , sometimes called cytochrome AA3 , four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen ( O ) , producing two molecules of water . At the same time , eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix ( although only four are translocated across the membrane ) , contributing to the proton gradient . The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Depiction of ATP synthase , the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel . Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol ) also exist , and , at high doses , are lethal . Summary ( edit ) In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor ( NADH or QH ) to a terminal electron acceptor ( O ) via a series of redox reactions . These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane . There are three proton pumps : I , III , and IV . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium . This means that these reactions are readily reversible , by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants ( for example , by increasing the proton gradient ) . ATP synthase is also readily reversible . Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient , which in turn can be used to make NADH . This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains . In bacteria ( edit ) In eukaryotes , NADH is the most important electron donor . The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I , III and IV are proton pumps , while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers . The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) the situation is more complicated , because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors . The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is : Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase ( reductase ) oxidase ( reductase ) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels : at the level of a dehydrogenase , at the level of the quinone pool , or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier . These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials , or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor . In other words , they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor . Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains , often simultaneously . Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors , a number of different dehydrogenases , a number of different oxidases and reductases , and a number of different electron acceptors . For example , E. coli ( when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source ) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases , for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously . A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient . Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps , like mitochondria , or they may contain only one or two . They always contain at least one proton pump . Electron donors ( edit ) In the present day biosphere , the most common electron donors are organic molecules . Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs . Organotrophs ( animals , fungi , protists ) and phototrophs ( plants and algae ) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms . Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source . Such an organism is called a lithotroph ( `` rock - eater '' ) . Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia , nitrite , sulfur , sulfide , manganese oxide , and ferrous iron . Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth . Because of their volume of distribution , lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere . The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution . This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source . Dehydrogenases ( edit ) Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors . When organic matter is the energy source , the donor may be NADH or succinate , in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex I in mitochondria ) or succinate dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex II ) . Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources : formate dehydrogenase , lactate dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , H dehydrogenase ( hydrogenase ) , etc . Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps ; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool . Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow . Quinone carriers ( edit ) Quinones are mobile , lipid - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons ( and protons ) between large , relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane . Bacteria use ubiquinone ( the same quinone that mitochondria use ) and related quinones such as menaquinone . Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10 . Proton pumps ( edit ) A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane . Protons can be physically moved across a membrane ; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV . The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction . The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm . Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump , which is mediated by a quinone ( the Q cycle ) . Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps ; others are not . Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps , but some are not . Cytochrome bc is a proton pump found in many , but not all , bacteria ( it is not found in E. coli ) . As the name implies , bacterial bc is similar to mitochondrial bc ( Complex III ) . Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process . They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP . Cytochrome electron carriers ( edit ) Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron . They are found in two very different environments . Some cytochromes are water - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large , immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane . The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c . Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers . Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV . They also function as electron carriers , but in a very different , intramolecular , solid - state environment . Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier . For example , electrons from inorganic electron donors ( nitrite , ferrous iron , etc . ) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level . When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH , the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary , higher - energy molecule . Terminal oxidases and reductases ( edit ) When bacteria grow in aerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor ( O ) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase . When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase . In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex ( Complex IV ) is cytochrome oxidase . Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases . For example , E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc complex . Under aerobic conditions , it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases ( both proton pumps ) to reduce oxygen to water . Anaerobic bacteria , which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor , have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor . For example , E. coli can use fumarate reductase , nitrate reductase , nitrite reductase , DMSO reductase , or trimethylamine - N - oxide reductase , depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment . Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible . They are synthesized by the organism as needed , in response to specific environmental conditions . Electron acceptors ( edit ) Just as there are a number of different electron donors ( organic matter in organotrophs , inorganic matter in lithotrophs ) , there are a number of different electron acceptors , both organic and inorganic . If oxygen is available , it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor , because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy . In anaerobic environments , different electron acceptors are used , including nitrate , nitrite , ferric iron , sulfate , carbon dioxide , and small organic molecules such as fumarate . Since electron transport chains are redox processes , they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs . For example , the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD / NADH redox pair and the O / H O redox pair . NADH is the electron donor and O is the electron acceptor . Not every donor - acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible . The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor . Furthermore , actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions ( 1 molar concentrations , 1 atm partial pressures , pH = 7 ) , which apply to standard redox potentials . For example , hydrogen - evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10 atm . The associated redox reaction , which is thermodynamically favorable in nature , is thermodynamic impossible under `` standard '' conditions . Summary ( edit ) Bacterial electron transport pathways are , in general , inducible . Depending on their environment , bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes . Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases , terminal oxidases and terminal reductases . The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched , modular , and inducible . Photosynthetic ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from a low - energy electron donor ( e.g. , NADH ) to an acceptor ( e.g. , O ) through an electron transport chain . In photophosphorylation , the energy of sunlight is used to create a high - energy electron donor and an electron acceptor . Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain . Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above . They use mobile , lipid - soluble carriers ( quinones ) and mobile , water - soluble carriers ( cytochromes , etc . ) . They also contain a proton pump . It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III . Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation , Photosynthesis , Photosynthetic reaction center and Light - dependent reaction . Summary ( edit ) Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor . The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane , producing a proton gradient . The proton gradient is used to produce useful work . About 30 work units are produced per electron transport . See also ( edit ) CoRR hypothesis Electron equivalent Hydrogen hypothesis Respirasome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ; Daryl K. Granner ; Peter A. Mayes ; Victor W. Rodwell ( 2003 ) . Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry . New York , NY : Lange Medical Books / MgGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 2008 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Biochemistry , Johnson / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham , Biochemistry , Brooks / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham ( 2016 ) . biochemistry . University of Virginia . p. 687 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 57720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonckheere , An I. ; Smeitink , Jan A.M. ; Rodenburg , Richard J.T. ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Mitochondrial ATP synthase : architecture , function and pathology '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 35 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 011 - 9382 - 9 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage learning . p. 664 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 10629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fillingame , Robert H ; Angevine , Christine M ; Dmitriev , Oleg Y ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c - ring rotation in ATP synthase '' . FEBS Letters. 555 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 03 ) 01101 - 3 . ISSN 1873 - 3468 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Jump up ^ Cannon , Barbara ; Nedergaard , Jan ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Brown Adipose Tissue : Function and Physiological Significance '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 359 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2003 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 14715917 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps '' . Fenchel T ; King GM ; Blackburn TH ( September 2006 ) . Bacterial Biogeochemistry : The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 103455 - 9 . Lengeler JW ( January 1999 ) . Drews G ; Schlegel HG , eds . Biology of the Prokaryotes . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05357 - 5 . Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( April 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( July 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 518121 - 1 . Stumm W ; Morgan JJ ( 1996 ) . Aquatic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51185 - 4 . Thauer RK ; Jungermann K ; Decker K ( March 1977 ) . `` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriol Rev. 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . White D. ( September 1999 ) . The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512579 - 5 . Voet D ; Voet JG ( March 2004 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Kim HS. ; Patel , K ; Muldoon - Jacobs , K ; Bisht , KS ; Aykin - Burns , N ; Pennington , JD ; Van Der Meer , R ; Nguyen , P ; et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` SIRT3 is a mitochondria - localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress '' . Cancer Cell. 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2009.11. 023 . PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 . External links ( edit ) Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Khan Academy , video lecture UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 3 - Complexes with cytochrome b - like domains UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 4 - Bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 2 - Photosynthetic reaction centers and photosystems UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 78 - Cytochrome PORN renodoxin reductase UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 130 - Electron transfer flavoproteins Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=815125753 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . 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where are the protons of the electron transport chain located

According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel . Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol ) also exist , and , at high doses , are lethal .

List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many countries have been in a world cup final

Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018

2018 American Athletic conference Men 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 American Athletic conference Men 's Basketball tournament 2018 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Classification Division I Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 12 Site Amway Center Orlando , Florida Champions Cincinnati ( 1st title ) Winning coach Mick Cronin ( 1st title ) MVP Gary Clark ( Cincinnati ) Attendance 50,259 Television CBS , ESPNU , ESPN2 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2017 2019 → 2017 -- 18 American Athletic Conference men 's basketball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT No. 6 Cincinnati † 16 -- . 889 31 -- 5 . 861 No. 21 Houston 14 -- . 778 27 -- 8 . 771 No. 16 Wichita State 14 -- . 778 25 -- 8 . 758 Tulsa 12 -- 6 . 667 19 -- 12 . 613 Memphis 10 -- 8 . 556 21 -- 13 . 618 UCF 9 -- 9 . 500 19 -- 13 . 594 Temple 8 -- 10 . 444 17 -- 16 . 515 Connecticut 7 -- 11 . 389 14 -- 18 . 438 SMU 6 -- 12 . 333 17 -- 16 . 515 Tulane 5 -- 13 . 278 14 -- 17 . 452 East Carolina -- 14 . 222 10 -- 20 . 333 South Florida -- 15 . 167 10 -- 22 . 313 † 2018 AAC Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2018 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament ended the 2017 -- 18 season of the American Athletic Conference . It was held from March 8 through March 11 , 2018 at the Amway Center in Orlando , Florida . Regular - season champion Cincinnati won the tournament and with it the league 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule 3 Bracket 4 References Seeds ( edit ) All 12 conference teams participated in the conference tournament . The top four teams received a bye into the quarterfinals . Teams were seeded by record within the conference , with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records . Tiebreakers : win / loss record , head - to - head record , record against the highest ranked team outside of the tied teams , record against the second highest ranked team outside of the tied teams , etc . Seed School Conference Tiebreaker Cincinnati 16 -- 2 Wichita State 14 -- 4 1 -- 0 vs. Memphis Houston 14 -- 4 0 -- 1 vs. Memphis Tulsa 12 -- 6 5 Memphis 10 -- 8 6 UCF 9 -- 9 7 Temple 8 -- 10 8 Connecticut 7 -- 11 9 SMU 6 -- 12 10 Tulane 5 -- 13 1 -- 1 vs. Houston 11 East Carolina 5 -- 13 0 -- 2 vs. Houston 12 South Florida 3 -- 15 Schedule ( edit ) Game Time Matchup Score Television Attendance First round -- Thursday , March 8 Noon No. 8 Connecticut vs No. 9 SMU 73 -- 80 ESPNU 7,856 2 : 30 pm No. 5 Memphis vs No. 12 South Florida 79 -- 77 7 : 00 pm No. 7 Temple vs No. 10 Tulane 82 -- 77 7,918 9 : 30 pm No. 6 UCF vs No. 11 East Carolina 66 -- 52 Quarterfinals -- Friday , March 9 5 Noon No. 1 Cincinnati vs No. 9 SMU 61 -- 51 ESPN2 8,491 6 2 : 30 pm No. 4 Tulsa vs No. 5 Memphis 64 -- 67 7 7 : 00 pm No. 2 Wichita State vs No. 7 Temple 89 -- 81 ESPNU 8,680 8 9 : 30 pm No. 3 Houston vs No. 6 UCF 84 -- 56 Semifinals -- Saturday , March 10 9 1 : 00 pm No. 1 Cincinnati vs. No. 5 Memphis 70 -- 60 CBS 8,644 10 3 : 30 pm No. 2 Wichita State vs. No. 3 Houston 74 - 77 Championship -- Sunday , March 11 11 3 : 00 pm No. 1 Cincinnati vs. No. 3 Houston 56 -- 55 CBS 8,670 Game times in ET . Rankings denote tournament seeding . Bracket ( edit ) First round Thursday , March 8 Quarterfinals Friday , March 9 Semifinals Saturday , March 10 Championship Sunday , March 11 Cincinnati 61 9 SMU 51 8 Connecticut 73 9 SMU 80 Cincinnati 70 5 Memphis 60 Tulsa 64 5 Memphis 67 5 Memphis 79 12 South Florida 77 Cincinnati 56 Houston 55 Wichita State 89 7 Temple 81 7 Temple 82 10 Tulane 77 Wichita State 74 Houston 77 Houston 84 6 UCF 56 6 UCF 66 11 East Carolina 52 References ( edit ) College basketball portal Jump up ^ `` American Men 's Basketball Semifinals , Championship to be Broadcast on CBS in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ http://sidearm.sites.s3.amazonaws.com/theamerican.sidearmsports.com/documents/2018/3/4/2018_MBB_Championship_Bracket_Final_.pdf?id=1650 hide 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT hide American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Broadcasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_American_Athletic_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=830288984 '' Categories : American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 -- 18 American Athletic Conference men 's basketball season Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 22 : 33 . About Wikipedia

where is the american conference tournament being played

2018 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Classification Division I Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 12 Site Amway Center Orlando , Florida Champions Cincinnati ( 1st title ) Winning coach Mick Cronin ( 1st title ) MVP Gary Clark ( Cincinnati ) Attendance 50,259 Television CBS , ESPNU , ESPN2 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2017 2019 →

Rifling - wikipedia Rifling Conventional rifling of a 90 mm M75 cannon ( production year 1891 , Austro - Hungary ) Rifling of a 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 tank gun . In firearms , rifling is the helical groove pattern that is machined into the internal ( bore ) surface of a gun 's barrel , for the purpose of exerting torque and thus imparting a spin to a projectile around its longitudinal axis during shooting . This spin serves to gyroscopically stabilize the projectile by conservation of angular momentum , improving its aerodynamic stability and accuracy over smoothbore designs . Rifling is often described by its twist rate , which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one full revolution , such as `` 1 turn in 10 inches '' ( 1 : 10 inches ) , or `` 1 turn in 254 mm '' ( 1 : 254 mm ) . A shorter distance indicates a `` faster '' twist , meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a higher spin rate . The combination of length , weight and shape of a projectile determines the twist rate needed to stabilize it -- barrels intended for short , large - diameter projectiles like spherical lead balls require a very low twist rate , such as 1 turn in 48 inches ( 122 cm ) . Barrels intended for long , small - diameter bullets , such as the ultra-low - drag , 80 - grain 0.223 inch bullets ( 5.2 g , 5.56 mm ) , use twist rates of 1 turn in 8 inches ( 20 cm ) or faster . In some cases , rifling will have twist rates that increase down the length of the barrel , called a gain twist or progressive twist ; a twist rate that decreases from breech to muzzle is undesirable , since it can not reliably stabilize the bullet as it travels down the bore . Extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates ; these projectiles must be inherently stable , and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel . Contents 1 History 1.1 Recent developments 1.1. 1 Polygonal rifling 1.1. 2 Extended range , full bore 1.1. 3 Gain - twist rifling 2 Manufacture 3 Construction and operation 4 Fitting the projectile to the bore 5 Twist rate 5.1 Expressing twist rate 5.2 Twist rate and bullet stability 5.3 Bullet spin 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Calculators for stability and twist History ( edit ) Traditional rifling of a 9 mm handgun barrel . Main article : Rifle Muskets were smoothbore , large caliber weapons using ball - shaped ammunition fired at relatively low velocity . Due to the high cost and great difficulty of precision manufacturing , and the need to load readily and speedily from the muzzle , musket balls were generally a loose fit in the barrels . Consequently , on firing the balls would often bounce off the sides of the barrel when fired and the final destination after leaving the muzzle was less predictable . This was countered when accuracy was more important , for example when hunting , by using a tighter combination of a closer to bore sized ball and a patch . The accuracy was improved , but still not reliable for precision shooting over long distances . Barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg , Germany in 1498 . In 1520 August Kotter , an armourer of Nuremberg , Germany improved upon this work . Though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century , it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century . The concept of stabilizing the flight of a projectile by spinning it was known in the days of bows and arrows , but early firearms using black powder had difficulty with rifling because of the fouling left behind by the combustion of the powder . The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol . Recent developments ( edit ) Polygonal rifling ( edit ) Conventional rifling ( left ) and polygonal rifling ( right ) . Both types of rifling use a spiraling pattern . Main article : Polygonal rifling The spiraling pattern ( here with polygonal rifling ) is shown . The grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges . More recently , polygonal rifling , a throwback to the earliest types of rifling , has become popular , especially in handguns . Polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land ( the grooves are the spaces that are cut out , and the resulting ridges are called lands ) reduces erosion of the barrel . Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy . Polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ , Heckler & Koch , Glock , Tanfoglio , and Kahr Arms , as well as the Desert Eagle . Extended range , full bore ( edit ) For tanks and artillery pieces , the extended range , full bore concept developed by Gerald Bull for the GC - 45 howitzer reverses the normal rifling idea by using a projectile with small fins that ride in the grooves , as opposed to using a projectile with a slightly oversized driving band which is forced into the grooves . Such guns have achieved significant increases in muzzle velocity and range . Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH 2000 . Gain - twist rifling ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gain - twist rifling , also called progressive rifling , begins with very little change in the projectile 's angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat . This enables the bullet to remain essentially undisturbed and trued to the case mouth . After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel . By only gradually increasing the spin rate , torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel , rather than only at the throat where rifling is eroded through repeated rifling engagement . Gain - twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) . Colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain - twist rifling . Gain - twist rifling , however , is more difficult to produce than uniform rifling , and therefore is more expensive . The military has used gain - twist rifling in a variety of weapons such as the 6998200000000000000 ♠ 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun used in some current fighter jets and the larger 6998300000000000000 ♠ 30 mm GAU - 8 Avenger Gatling gun used in the A10 Thunderbolt II close air support jet . In these applications it allows lighter construction of the barrels by decreasing chamber pressures through the use of low initial twist rates but ensuring the projectiles have sufficient stability once they leave the barrel . It is seldom used in commercially available products , though notably on the Smith & Wesson Model 460 ( X-treme Velocity Revolver ) . Manufacture ( edit ) Rifling in a French 19th century cannon . Further information : internal ballistics An early method of introducing rifling to a pre-drilled barrel was to use a cutter mounted on a square - section rod , accurately twisted into a spiral of the desired pitch , mounted in two fixed square - section holes . As the cutter was advanced through the barrel it twisted at a uniform rate governed by the pitch . The first cut was shallow but as repeated cuts were made the cutter points were gradually expanded -- the blades were in slots in a wooden dowel which were gradually packed out with slips of paper -- until the required depth was obtained . The process was finished off by casting a slug of molten lead into the barrel , withdrawing it and using it with a paste of emery and oil to smooth the bore . Most rifling is created by either : cutting one groove at a time with a machine tool ( cut rifling or single point cut rifling ) ; cutting all grooves in one pass with a special progressive broaching bit ( broached rifling ) ; pressing all grooves at once with a tool called a `` button '' that is pushed or pulled down the barrel ( button rifling ) ; forging the barrel over a mandrel containing a reverse image of the rifling , and often the chamber as well ( hammer forging ) ; flow forming the barrel preform over a mandrel containing a reverse image of the rifling ( rifling by flow forming ) The grooves are the spaces that are cut out , and the resulting ridges are called lands . These lands and grooves can vary in number , depth , shape , direction of twist ( right or left ) , and twist rate . The spin imparted by rifling significantly improves the stability of the projectile , improving both range and accuracy . Typically rifling is a constant rate down the barrel , usually measured by the length of travel required to produce a single turn . Occasionally firearms are encountered with a gain twist , where the rate of spin increases from chamber to muzzle . While intentional gain twists are rare , due to manufacturing variance , a slight gain twist is in fact fairly common . Since a reduction in twist rate is very detrimental to accuracy , gunsmiths who are machining a new barrel from a rifled blank will often measure the twist carefully so they may put the faster rate , no matter how minute the difference is , at the muzzle end . Construction and operation ( edit ) A barrel of circular bore cross-section is not capable of imparting a spin to a projectile , so a rifled barrel has a non-circular cross-section . Typically the rifled barrel contains one or more grooves that run down its length , giving it a cross-section resembling an internal gear , though it can also take the shape of a polygon , usually with rounded corners . Since the barrel is not circular in cross-section , it can not be accurately described with a single diameter . Rifled bores may be described by the bore diameter ( the diameter across the lands or high points in the rifling ) , or by groove diameter ( the diameter across the grooves or low points in the rifling ) . Differences in naming conventions for cartridges can cause confusion ; for example , the projectiles of the . 303 British are actually slightly larger in diameter than the projectiles of the . 308 Winchester , because the ``. 303 '' refers to the bore diameter in inches ( bullet is . 312 ) , while the ``. 308 '' refers to the bullet diameter in inches ( 7.92 mm and 7.82 mm , respectively ) . Despite differences in form , the common goal of rifling is to deliver the projectile accurately to the target . In addition to imparting the spin to the bullet , the barrel must hold the projectile securely and concentrically as it travels down the barrel . This requires that the rifling meet a number of tasks : It must be sized so that the projectile will swage or obturate upon firing to fill the bore . The diameter should be consistent , and must not increase towards the muzzle . The rifling should be consistent down the length of the bore , without changes in cross-section , such as variations in groove width or spacing . It should be smooth , with no scratches lying perpendicular to the bore , so it does not abrade material from the projectile . The chamber and crown must smoothly transition the projectile into and out of the rifling . Rifling may not begin immediately forward of the chamber . There may be an unrifled throat ahead of the chamber so a cartridge may be chambered without pushing the bullet into the rifling . This reduces the force required to load a cartridge into the chamber , and prevents leaving a bullet stuck in the rifling when an unfired cartridge is removed from the chamber . The specified diameter of the throat may be somewhat greater than groove diameter , and may be enlarged by use if hot powder gas melts the interior barrel surface when the rifle is fired . Freebore is a groove - diameter length of smoothbore barrel without lands forward of the throat . Freebore allows the bullet to transition from static friction to sliding friction and gain linear momentum prior to encountering the resistance of increasing rotational momentum . Freebore may allow more effective use of propellants by reducing the initial pressure peak during the minimum volume phase of internal ballistics before the bullet starts moving down the barrel . Barrels with freebore length exceeding the rifled length have been known by a variety of trade names including paradox . When the projectile is swaged into the rifling , it takes on a mirror image of the rifling , as the lands push into the projectile in a process called engraving . Engraving takes on not only the major features of the bore , such as the lands and grooves , but also minor features , like scratches and tool marks . The relationship between the bore characteristics and the engraving on the projectile are often used in forensic ballistics . Fitting the projectile to the bore ( edit ) 57 - N - 231 standard 7.62 × 39mm military bullets with steel core - the one on the left is unfired , the one on the right is fired , with the rifling grooves visible . Notice the copper wash scraped off and the steel jacket is exposed on the groove marks . Three recovered 7.62 × 51mm NATO bullets ( next to an unfired cartridge ) , showing rifling marks imparting anti-clockwise spin Russian 122 mm shrapnel shell ( which has been fired ) showing rifling marks on the copper alloy driving band around its base , indicating clockwise spin Cannonball equipped with winglets for rifled cannons circa 1860 Ogival shell of the La Hitte system , 1858 , designed to engage with clockwise rifling The original firearms were loaded from the muzzle by forcing a ball from the muzzle to the chamber . Whether using a rifled or smooth bore , a good fit was needed to seal the bore and provide the best possible accuracy from the gun . To ease the force required to load the projectile , these early guns used an undersized ball , and a patch made of cloth , paper , or leather to fill the windage ( the gap between the ball and the walls of the bore ) . The patch provided some degree of sealing , kept the ball seated on the charge of black powder , and kept the ball concentric to the bore . In rifled barrels , the patch also provided a means to transfer the spin from the rifling to the bullet , as the patch is engraved rather than the ball . Until the advent of the hollow - base Minié ball , which obturates upon firing to seal the bore and engage the rifling , the patch provided the best means of getting the projectile to engage the rifling . In breech - loading firearms , the task of seating the projectile into the rifling is handled by the throat of the chamber . Next is the freebore , which is the portion of the throat down which the projectile travels before the rifling starts . The last section of the throat is the throat angle , where the throat transitions into the rifled barrel . The throat is usually sized slightly larger than the projectile , so the loaded cartridge can be inserted and removed easily , but the throat should be as close as practical to the groove diameter of the barrel . Upon firing , the projectile expands under the pressure from the chamber , and obturates to fit the throat . The bullet then travels down the throat and engages the rifling , where it is engraved , and begins to spin . Engraving the projectile requires a significant amount of force , and in some firearms there is a significant amount of freebore , which helps keep chamber pressures low by allowing the propellant gases to expand before being required to engrave the projectile . Minimizing freebore improves accuracy by decreasing the chance that a projectile will distort before entering the rifling . Twist rate ( edit ) For best performance , the barrel should have a twist rate sufficient to spin stabilize any bullet that it would reasonably be expected to fire , but not significantly more . Large diameter bullets provide more stability , as the larger radius provides more gyroscopic inertia , while long bullets are harder to stabilize , as they tend to be very backheavy and the aerodynamic pressures have a longer arm ( `` lever '' ) to act on . The slowest twist rates are found in muzzleloading firearms meant to fire a round ball ; these will have twist rates as low as 1 in 72 inches ( 180 cm ) , or slightly longer , although for a typical multi-purpose muzzleloader rifle , a twist rate of 1 in 48 inches ( 120 cm ) is very common . The M16A2 rifle , which is designed to fire the 5.56 × 45mm NATO SS109 ball and L110 tracer bullets , has a 1 in 7 - inch ( 18 cm ) or 32 calibers twist . Civilian AR - 15 rifles are commonly found with 1 in 12 inches ( 30 cm ) or 54.8 calibers for older rifles and 1 in 9 inches ( 23 cm ) or 41.1 calibers for most newer rifles , although some are made with 1 in 7 inches ( 18 cm ) or 32 calibers twist rates , the same as used for the M16 rifle . Rifles , which generally fire longer , smaller diameter bullets , will in general have higher twist rates than handguns , which fire shorter , larger diameter bullets . Expressing twist rate ( edit ) There are three methods in use to describe the twist rate : The , traditionally speaking , most common method expresses the twist rate in terms of the ' travel ' ( length ) required to complete one full projectile revolution in the rifled barrel . This method does not give an easy or straightforward understanding of whether a twist rate is relatively slow or fast when bores of different diameters are compared . The second method describes the ' rifled travel ' required to complete one full projectile revolution in calibers or bore diameters . T w i s t = L D b o r e ( \ displaystyle ( Twist ) = ( \ frac ( L ) ( D_ ( bore ) ) ) ) where : Twist = twist rate expressed in bore diameters L = the twist length required to complete one full projectile revolution ( in mm or in ) D = bore diameter ( diameter of the lands , in mm or in ) Note that the twist travel L and the bore diameter D must be expressed in a consistent unit of measure , i.e. metric ( mm ) or imperial ( in ) . The third method simply reports the angle of the grooves relative to the bore axis , measured in degrees . Note that the latter two methods have the inherent advantage of expressing twist rate as a ratio and give an easy understanding if a twist rate is relatively slow or fast even when comparing bores of differing diameters . Twist rate and bullet stability ( edit ) In 1879 , George Greenhill , a professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy ( RMA ) at Woolwich , London , UK developed a rule of thumb for calculating the optimal twist rate for lead - core bullets . This shortcut uses the bullet 's length , needing no allowances for weight or nose shape . The eponymous Greenhill Formula , still used today , is : T w i s t = C D 2 L × S G 10.9 ( \ displaystyle Twist = ( \ frac ( CD ^ ( 2 ) ) ( L ) ) \ times ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( SG ) ( 10.9 ) ) ) ) where : C = 150 ( use 180 for muzzle velocities higher than 2,800 f / s ) D = bullet 's diameter in inches L = bullet 's length in inches SG = bullet 's specific gravity ( 10.9 for lead - core bullets , which cancels out the second half of the equation ) The original value of C was 150 , which yields a twist rate in inches per turn , when given the diameter D and the length L of the bullet in inches . This works to velocities of about 840 m / s ( 2800 ft / s ) ; above those velocities , a C of 180 should be used . For instance , with a velocity of 600 m / s ( 2000 ft / s ) , a diameter of 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) and a length of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) , the Greenhill formula would give a value of 25 , which means 1 turn in 25 inches ( 640 mm ) . Improved formulas for determining stability and twist rates include the Miller Twist Rule and the McGyro program developed by Bill Davis and Robert McCoy . A Parrott rifle , used by both Confederate and Union forces in the American Civil War . If an insufficient twist rate is used , the bullet will begin to yaw and then tumble ; this is usually seen as `` keyholing '' , where bullets leave elongated holes in the target as they strike at an angle . Once the bullet starts to yaw , any hope of accuracy is lost , as the bullet will begin to veer off in random directions as it precesses . Conversely , too - high a rate of twist can also cause problems . The excessive twist can cause accelerated barrel wear , and coupled with high velocities also induce a very high spin rate which can cause projectile jacket ruptures causing high velocity spin stabilized projectiles to disintegrate in flight . Projectiles made out of mono metals can not practically achieve flight and spin velocities such that they disintegrate in flight due to their spin rate . Smokeless powder can produce muzzle velocities of approximately 1,600 m / s ( 5,200 ft / s ) for spin stabilized projectiles and more advanced propellants used in smoothbore tank guns can produce muzzle velocities of approximately 1,800 m / s ( 5,900 ft / s ) . A higher twist than needed can also cause more subtle problems with accuracy : Any inconsistency within the bullet , such as a void that causes an unequal distribution of mass , may be magnified by the spin . Undersized bullets also have problems , as they may not enter the rifling exactly concentric and coaxial to the bore , and excess twist will exacerbate the accuracy problems this causes . Bullet spin ( edit ) A bullet fired from a rifled barrel can spin at over 300,000 rpm ( 5 kHz ) , depending on the bullet 's muzzle velocity and the barrel 's twist rate . The general definition of the spin S ( \ displaystyle S ) of an object rotating around a single axis can be written as S = υ C ( \ displaystyle S = ( \ frac ( \ upsilon ) ( C ) ) ) where υ ( \ displaystyle \ upsilon ) is the linear velocity of a point in the rotating object ( in units of distance / time ) and C ( \ displaystyle C ) refers to the circumference of the circle that this measuring point performs around the axis of rotation . A bullet that matches the rifling of the firing barrel will exit that barrel with a spin S = υ 0 L ( \ displaystyle S = ( \ frac ( \ upsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( L ) ) ) where υ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ upsilon _ ( 0 ) ) is the muzzle velocity and L ( \ displaystyle L ) is the twist rate . For example , an M4 Carbine with a twist rate of 1 in 7 inches ( 177.8 mm ) and a muzzle velocity of 3,050 feet per second ( 930 m / s ) will give the bullet a spin of 930 m / s / 0.1778 m = 5.2 kHz ( 314,000 rpm ) . Excessive rotational speed can exceed the bullet 's designed limits and the resulting centrifugal force can cause the bullet to disintegrate radially during flight . See also ( edit ) Rifle Smoothbore Paradox gun Comparison microscope Gun barrel sequence ( James Bond ) Greenhill formula Glossary of firearms terminology Miller twist rate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Randy D. Smith . `` The . 54 Caliber Muzzleloader '' . Chuck Hawks . Jump up ^ `` Products : : Rifle Barrels : : Calibers and Twists '' . Shilen Rifles , Inc . Jump up ^ `` gain twist '' . MidwayUSA GunTec Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Dan Lilja . `` What makes a barrel accurate ? '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ W.S. Curtis . `` Long Range Shooting : A Historical Perspective '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 22 . ; Petzal , David E. , and Bourjaily , Phil , with Fenson , Brad . The Total Gun Manual ( Canadian edition ) ( San Francisco : WeldonOwen , 2014 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Product : Model 460XVR TM '' . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Henry ( 1840 ) . Engines of War , Or , Historical and Experimental Observations on Ancient and Modern Warlike Machines and Implements . London : Longman . pp. 108 -- 110 . OCLC 254626119 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Ballistics '' . Hornady . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Holland & Holland . `` Definition of a Paradox Gun '' . Classic Shooting Company . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sam Fadala ( 2006 ) . The Complete Blackpowder Handbook : The Latest Guns and Gear . Gun Digest . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 390 - 1 . Chapter 18 , The Cloth Patch Jump up ^ P.O. Ackley ( 1966 ) . Handbook for Shooters & Reloaders Volume II . Plaza Publishing . pages 97 - 98 Jump up ^ Daniel Lilja . `` Thoughts on Throats for the 50 BMG '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , Scotland . Alfred George Greenhill ( October 2003 ) . http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Greenhill.html Jump up ^ Mosdell , Matthew . The Greenhill Formula. http://www.mamut.net/MarkBrooks/newsdet35.htm ( Accessed 2009 AUG 19 ) Jump up ^ Miller , Don . How Good Are Simple Rules For Estimating Rifling Twist , Precision Shooting - June 2009 Jump up ^ R.L. McCoy ( April 1986 ) . `` McGyro '' ( TXT ) . JBM Ballistics ( BASIC ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GS CUSTOM BULLETS - The 22x64 Experiment '' . Jump up ^ `` 120mm Tank Gun KE Ammunition '' . Defense Update. 2006 - 11 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Calculating Bullet RPM '' . 3 June 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twist Rate '' . 18 August 2012 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rifling . Article on barrel making from an IHMSA shooter Article on barrel making from Lilja , a maker of world class competition barrels Article on making and measuring rifling by Lilja ; includes pictures of button rifling machine Article on rifle barrel manufacturing process including gundrilling , reaming , rifling , and finishing 6mmBR article on barrels Bore slugging tutorial , explaining now to determine the true bore and groove size and choose appropriate bullet diameters Calculating Bullet RPM -- Spin Rates And Stability Common rifling dimensions of revolver , pistol and rifle ammunition Calculators for stability and twist ( edit ) Bowman - Howell Twist Rate Calculator Miller Formula Calculator Drag / Twist Calculator based on Bob McCoy 's `` McGyro '' algorithm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rifling&oldid=852827607 '' Categories : Artillery components Firearm components Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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why is rifling present in the bore of the barrel

In firearms , rifling is the helical groove pattern that is machined into the internal ( bore ) surface of a gun 's barrel , for the purpose of exerting torque and thus imparting a spin to a projectile around its longitudinal axis during shooting . This spin serves to gyroscopically stabilize the projectile by conservation of angular momentum , improving its aerodynamic stability and accuracy over smoothbore designs .

Protein biosynthesis - wikipedia Protein biosynthesis RNA is transcribed in the nucleus ; once completely processed , it is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome ( shown in very pale grey behind the tRNA ) . Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins ; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export . Translation , the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes , is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway , along with generation of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , aminoacylation of transfer RNA ( tRNA ) , co-translational transport , and post-translational modification . Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps . They are principally during transcription ( phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template ) and translation ( phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA ) . The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates . The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain . Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA . However , when a protein must be available on short notice or in large quantities , a protein precursor is produced . A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during posttranslational modification . A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence ( an N - terminal signal peptide ) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes , i.e. , targets them for secretion . The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum . Preproproteins have both sequences ( inhibitory and signal ) still present . In protein synthesis , a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base - pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA . The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain , and the tRNAs , no longer carrying amino acids , are released . This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome , formed of two main chains of RNA , called ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) , and more than 50 different proteins . The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it , capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain . Protein biosynthesis , although very similar , is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transcription 2 Translation 3 Events during or following protein translation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Transcription ( edit ) Main article : Transcription ( genetics ) Diagram showing the process of transcription In transcription an mRNA chain is generated , with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template . This strand is called the template strand . Transcription can be divided into 3 stages : initiation , elongation , and termination , each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed . Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus , where the DNA is held and is never able to leave . The DNA structure of the cell is made up of two helixes made up of sugar and phosphate held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases of opposite strands . The sugar and the phosphate in each strand are joined together by stronger phosphodiester covalent bonds . The DNA is `` unzipped '' ( disruption of hydrogen bonds between different single strands ) by the enzyme helicase , leaving the single nucleotide chain open to be copied . RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand from the 3 - prime ( 3 ' ) end to the 5 - prime ( 5 ' ) end , while it synthesizes a single strand of messenger RNA in the 5 ' - to - 3 ' direction . The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure , but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA . The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores , and migrates into the cytoplasm . The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells , as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA , which needs no post-transcriptional modification , whereas , in eukaryotic cells , the first product is called primary transcript , that needs post-transcriptional modification ( capping with 7 - methyl - guanosine , tailing with a poly A tail ) to give hnRNA ( heterogeneous nuclear RNA ) . hnRNA then undergoes splicing of introns ( noncoding parts of the gene ) via spliceosomes to produce the final mRNA . Translation ( edit ) Main article : Translation ( biology ) Diagram showing the process of translation Diagram showing the translation of mRNA and the synthesis of proteins by a ribosome Phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA . The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as translation . In eukaryotes , translation occurs in the cytoplasm , where the ribosomes are located . Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit that surround the mRNA . In translation , messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the trinucleotide genetic code . This uses an mRNA sequence as a template to guide the synthesis of a chain of amino acids that form a protein . Translation proceeds in four phases : activation , initiation , elongation , and termination ( all describing the growth of the amino acid chain , or polypeptide that is the product of translation ) . In activation , the correct amino acid ( AA ) is joined to the correct transfer RNA ( tRNA ) . While this is not , in the technical sense , a step in translation , it is required for translation to proceed . The AA is joined by its carboxyl group to the 3 ' OH of the tRNA by an ester bond . When the tRNA has an amino acid linked to it , it is termed `` charged '' . Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to 5 ' end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors ( IF ) , other proteins that assist the process . Elongation occurs when the next aminoacyl - tRNA ( charged tRNA ) in line binds to the ribosome along with GTP and an elongation factor . Termination of the polypeptide happens when the A site of the ribosome faces a stop codon ( UAA , UAG , or UGA ) . When this happens , no tRNA can recognize it , but releasing factor can recognize nonsense codons and causes the release of the polypeptide chain . The capacity of disabling or inhibiting translation in protein biosynthesis is used by some antibiotics such as anisomycin , cycloheximide , chloramphenicol , tetracycline , streptomycin , erythromycin , puromycin , etc . Events during or following protein translation ( edit ) Main articles : Proteolysis , Posttranslational modification , and Protein folding Events that occur during or following biosynthesis include proteolysis , post-translational modification and protein folding . Proteolysis may remove N - terminal , C - terminal or internal amino - acid residues or peptides from the polypeptide . The termini and side - chains of the polypeptide may be subjected to post-translational modification . These modifications may be required for correct cellular localisation or the natural function of the protein . During and after synthesis , polypeptide chains often fold to assume , so called , native secondary and tertiary structures . This is known as protein folding and is typically required for the natural function of the protein . See also ( edit ) Central dogma of molecular biology Cistron Gene expression Genetic code Operon Peptide synthesis Protein production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kafri M , Metzl - Raz E , Jona G , Barkai N. 2016 . The Cost of Protein Production . Cell Rep 14 : 22 -- 31 . https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.015 ^ Jump up to : Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell . New York : Garland Science . p. 760 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce . Molecular Biology of the Cell , 5e . New York : Garland Science , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation . From Center for Models of Life at the Niels Bohr Institute . A website focused primarily on Protein Synthesis . Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications General Peptide bond Protein biosynthesis Proteolysis Racemization N-O acyl shift N terminus Acetylation Carbamylation Formylation Glycation Methylation Myristoylation ( Gly ) C terminus Amidation Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) O - methylation Detyrosination Single specific AAs Serine / Threonine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Glycosylation Methylidene - imidazolone ( MIO ) formation Tyrosine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Sulfation Porphyrin ring linkage Adenylylation Flavin linkage Topaquinone ( TPQ ) formation Detyrosination Cysteine Palmitoylation Prenylation Aspartate Succinimide formation Glutamate Carboxylation Methylation Polyglutamylation Polyglycylation Asparagine Deamidation Glycosylation Glutamine Transglutamination Lysine Methylation Acetylation Acylation Adenylylation Hydroxylation Ubiquitination Sumoylation ADP - ribosylation Deamination Oxidative deamination to aldehyde O - glycosylation Imine formation Glycation Carbamylation Succinylation Arginine Citrullination Methylation ADP - ribosylation Proline Hydroxylation Histidine Diphthamide formation Adenylylation Tryptophan C - mannosylation Crosslinks between two AAs Cysteine - Cysteine Disulfide bond Methionine - Hydroxylysine Sulfilimine bond Lysine - Tyrosylquinone Lysine tyrosylquinone ( LTQ ) formation Tryptophan - Tryptophylquinone Tryptophan tryptophylquinone ( TTQ ) formation Three consecutive AAs ( chromophore formation ) Serine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine p - Hydroxybenzylidene - imidazolinone formation Histidine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine 4 - ( p - hydroxybenzylidene ) - 5 - imidazolinone formation Crosslinks between four AAs Allysine - Allysine - Allysine - Lysine Desmosine Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Edestin Albumin Fibrous protein Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_biosynthesis&oldid=825964844 '' Categories : Gene expression Proteins Biosynthesis Metabolism Protein biosynthesis Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 12 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where do the amino acids come from in protein synthesis

In protein synthesis , a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base - pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA . The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain , and the tRNAs , no longer carrying amino acids , are released . This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome , formed of two main chains of RNA , called ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) , and more than 50 different proteins . The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it , capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain .

German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin - wikipedia German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin Graf Zeppelin after her launching on 8 December 1938 History Germany Name : Graf Zeppelin Namesake : Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin Builder : Deutsche Werke Laid down : 28 December 1936 Launched : 8 December 1938 Fate : Sunk as a target ship on 16 August 1947 General characteristics Class and type : Graf Zeppelin - class aircraft carrier Displacement : 33,550 long tons ( 34,088.4 t ) ( full load ) Length : 262.5 m ( 861 ft 2.6 in ) Beam : 36.2 m ( 118 ft 9.2 in ) Draft : 8.5 m ( 27 ft 10.6 in ) Installed power : 200,000 shaft horsepower ( 149,140.0 kW ) Propulsion : 4 geared turbines Speed : 33.8 kn ( 62.6 km / h ; 38.9 mph ) Range : 8,000 nmi ( 14,816.0 km ; 9,206.2 mi ) at 19 kn ( 35.2 km / h ; 21.9 mph ) Complement : 1,720 Armament : 16 × 15 cm SK C / 28 guns 12 × 10.5 cm SK C / 33 guns 22 × 3.7 cm SK C / 30 guns 28 × 2 cm FlaK guns Armor : Belt : 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) Flight deck : 45 mm ( 1.8 in ) Main deck : 60 mm ( 2.4 in ) Aircraft carried : Proposed complement of 42 1930 proposal : 30 fighters & 12 dive bombers 1939 proposal : 12 fighters & 30 dive bombers The German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin was the lead ship in a class of two carriers of the same name ordered by the Kriegsmarine . She was the only aircraft carrier launched by Germany and represented part of the Kriegsmarine 's attempt to create a well - balanced oceangoing fleet , capable of projecting German naval power far beyond the narrow confines of the Baltic and North Seas . The carrier would have had a complement of 42 fighters and dive bombers . Construction on Graf Zeppelin began on 28 December 1936 , when her keel was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel . Named in honor of Graf ( Count ) Ferdinand von Zeppelin , the ship was launched on 8 December 1938 , and was 85 % complete by the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 . Graf Zeppelin was not completed and was never operational due to shifting construction priorities necessitated by the war . She remained in the Baltic for the duration of the war ; with Germany 's defeat imminent , the ship 's custodian crew scuttled her just outside Stettin in March 1945 . The Soviet Union raised the ship in March 1946 , and she was ultimately sunk in weapons tests north of Poland 17 months later . The wreck was discovered by a Polish survey ship in July 2006 . Contents 1 Design 2 Construction and cancellation 3 Fate after the war 3.1 Discovery in 2006 4 Notes 4.1 Footnotes 4.2 Citations 5 References 6 External links Design ( edit ) Main article : Graf Zeppelin - class aircraft carrier Projected recognition drawing of Graf Zeppelin had she been completed in September 1942 Graf Zeppelin was 262.5 meters ( 861.2 ft ) long overall ; she had a beam of 36.2 m ( 118.8 ft ) and a maximum draft of 8.5 m ( 27.9 ft ) . At full combat load , she would have displaced 33,550 long tons ( 34,088.4 t ) . The ship 's propulsion system consisted of four Brown , Boveri & Cie geared turbines with sixteen oil - fired , ultra-high - pressure LaMont boilers . The power plant was rated at 200,000 shaft horsepower ( 149,140.0 kW ) and a top speed of 33.8 knots ( 62.6 km / h ; 38.9 mph ) . Graf Zeppelin had a projected cruising radius of 8,000 nautical miles ( 14,816.0 km ; 9,206.2 mi ) at a speed of 19 kn ( 35.2 km / h ; 21.9 mph ) . She would have had a crew of 1760 officers and enlisted men , plus flight crews . The ship 's primary offensive power would have been its aircraft complement . Graf Zeppelin would have carried 42 aircraft as designed : 12 navalized Junkers Ju 87 `` Stuka '' dive bombers , 10 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters , and 20 Fieseler Fi 167 torpedo bombers . Later during the construction process , the aerial complement was reworked to consist of thirty Ju 87s and twelve Bf 109s , and the Fi 167s were removed altogether . As designed , Graf Zeppelin was to be fitted with eight 15 cm SK C / 28 guns for defense against surface warships . This number was later increased to sixteen . Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of ten 10.5 cm SK C / 33 guns -- later increased to twelve -- twenty - two 3.7 cm SK C / 30 guns , and twenty - eight 2 cm guns . The ship 's flight deck was protected with up to 45 millimeters ( 1.8 in ) of Wotan Weich steel armor . A 60 mm ( 2.4 in ) thick armored deck was located under the deck to protect the ship 's vitals from aerial attacks . Graf Zeppelin had a waterline armor belt that was 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) thick in the central area of the ship . Construction and cancellation ( edit ) The keel for Graf Zeppelin in December 1936 On 16 November 1935 , the contract for Flugzeugträger A ( Aircraft carrier A ) -- later christened Graf Zeppelin -- was awarded to the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel . Construction of the ship was delayed since Deutsche Werke was working at capacity , and the slipway needed for Graf Zeppelin was occupied by the new battleship Gneisenau , which was launched on 8 December 1936 . Work started on Graf Zeppelin on 28 December , when her keel was laid down . She was launched on 8 December 1938 , the 24th anniversary of the Battle of the Falkland Islands , and she was christened by Helene von Zeppelin , the daughter of the ship 's namesake . At the launching ceremony , Hermann Göring gave a speech . By the end of 1939 , she was 85 % complete , with a projected completion by the middle of 1940 . By September 1939 , one carrier - borne wing , Trägergruppe 186 , had been formed by the Luftwaffe at Kiel Holtenau , composed of three squadrons equipped with Bf 109s and Ju 87s . Meanwhile , the German conquest of Norway in April 1940 further eroded any chance of completing Graf Zeppelin . Now responsible for defending Norway 's long coastline and numerous port facilities , the Kriegsmarine urgently needed large numbers of coastal guns and anti-aircraft batteries . During a naval conference with Hitler on 28 April 1940 , Admiral Erich Raeder proposed halting all work on Graf Zeppelin , arguing that even if she was commissioned by the end of 1940 , final installation of her guns would need another ten months or more ( her original fire control system had been sold to the Soviet Union under an earlier trade agreement ) . Hitler consented to the stop work order , allowing Raeder to have Graf Zeppelin 's 15 cm guns removed and transferred to Norway . The carrier 's heavy flak armament of twelve 10.5 cm guns had already been diverted elsewhere . In July 1940 , Graf Zeppelin was towed from Kiel to Gotenhafen ( Gdynia ) and remained there for nearly a year . While there , she was used as a storage depot for Germany 's hardwood supply . Just before Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , the carrier was again moved , this time to Stettin , to safeguard her from Soviet air attacks . By November , the German army had pushed deep enough into Russian territory to remove any further threat of air attack and Graf Zeppelin was returned to Gotenhafen . There , she was used as a store ship for timber . Graf Zeppelin moored at Stettin in mid-1941 By the time Raeder met with Hitler for a detailed discussion of naval strategy in April 1942 , the usefulness of aircraft carriers in modern naval warfare had been amply demonstrated . British carriers had crippled the Italian fleet at Taranto in November 1940 , critically damaged the German battleship Bismarck in May 1941 and prevented battleship Tirpitz from attacking two convoys bound for Russia in March 1942 . In addition , a Japanese carrier raid on Pearl Harbor had devastated the American battle fleet in December 1941 . Raeder , anxious to secure air protection for the Kriegsmarine 's heavier surface units , informed Hitler that Graf Zeppelin could be finished in about a year , with another six months required for sea trials and flight training . On 13 May 1942 , with Hitler 's authorization , the German Naval Supreme Command ordered work resumed on the carrier . But daunting technical problems remained . Raeder wanted newer planes , specifically designed for carrier use . Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring , head of the Luftwaffe , replied that the already overburdened German aircraft industry could not possibly complete the design , testing and mass production of such aircraft before 1946 . Instead , he proposed converting existing aircraft ( again the Junkers Ju 87 and Messerschmitt Bf 109 ) as a temporary solution until newer types could be developed . Training of carrier pilots at Travemünde would also resume . The converted carrier aircraft were heavier versions of their land - based predecessors and this required a host of changes to Graf Zeppelin 's original design : the existing catapults needed modernization ; stronger winches were necessary for the arresting gear ; the flight deck , elevators and hangar floors also required reinforcement . Changes in naval technology dictated other alterations as well : installation of air search radar sets and antennas ; upgraded radio equipment ; an armored fighter - director cabin mounted on the main mast ( which in turn meant a heavier , sturdier mast to accommodate the cabin 's added weight ) ; extra armoring for the bridge and fire control center ; a new curved funnel cap to shield the fighter - director cabin from smoke ; replacing the single - mount 20mm AA guns with quadruple Flakvierling 38 guns ( with a corresponding increase in ammunition supply ) to improve overall AA defense ; and additional bulges on either side of the hull to preserve the ship 's stability under all this added weight . The German naval staff hoped all these changes could be accomplished by April 1943 , with the carrier 's first sea trials taking place in August that year . Towards that end , Chief Engineer Wilhelm Hadeler was reassigned to oversee Graf Zeppelin 's completion . Hadeler planned on getting the two inner shafts and their respective propulsion systems operational first , giving the ship an initial speed of 25 -- 26 knots , fast enough for sea trials to commence and for conducting air training exercises . By the winter of 1943 -- 1944 she was expected to be combat - ready . On the night of 27 -- 28 August 1942 , while still moored at Gotenhafen , Graf Zeppelin was the target of the only Allied air attack aimed at her during the war . Three Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster heavy bombers from 106 Squadron were dispatched against the German aircraft carrier , each one carrying a single `` Capital Ship '' bomb , a 5,600 lb ( 2,540 kg ) device with a shaped charge warhead intended for armored targets . One pilot , who was unable to see the carrier due to haze , dropped his bomb instead on the estimated position of the German battleship Gneisenau . Another believed he had scored a direct hit on Graf Zeppelin , but there is no known record of the ship suffering any damage from a bomb strike that night . Graf Zeppelin in drydock in March 1943 On 5 December 1942 , Graf Zeppelin was towed back to Kiel and placed in a floating drydock . It seemed she might well see completion after all , but by late January 1943 Hitler had become so disenchanted with the Kriegsmarine , especially with what he perceived as the poor performance of its surface fleet , that he ordered all of its larger ships taken out of service and scrapped . Raeder was shortly relieved of command and replaced with the Commander of Submarines Karl Dönitz . Though Admiral Dönitz eventually persuaded Hitler to void most of the order , work on all new surface ships and even those nearing completion , including Graf Zeppelin , was halted . On 30 January 1943 , all major work on the ship ceased , though some limited , temporary work continued until March . In April 1943 Graf Zeppelin was again towed eastward , first to Gotenhafen , then to the roadstead at Swinemünde and finally berthed at a back - water wharf in the Parnitz River , two miles ( 3 km ) from Stettin , where she had been briefly docked in 1941 . There she languished for the next two years with only a 40 - man custodial crew in attendance . When Red Army forces neared the city in April 1945 , the ship 's Kingston valves were opened , flooding her lower spaces and settling her firmly into the mud in shallow water . A ten - man engineering squad then rigged the vessel 's interior with demolition and depth charges in order to hole the hull and destroy vital machinery . At 6pm on 25 April 1945 , just as the Soviets entered Stettin , commander Wolfgang Kähler radioed the squad to detonate the explosives . Smoke billowing from the carrier 's funnel confirmed the charges had gone off , rendering the ship useless to her new owners for many months to come . Fate after the war ( edit ) Graf Zeppelin in Soviet custody at Świnoujście , April 5 , 1947 . Bow view of a model of Graf Zeppelin , at the Aeronauticum . The carrier 's history and fate after Germany 's surrender was unknown outside the Soviet Union for decades after the war . The Soviets could not repair the ship in the length of time specified by the terms of the Allied Tripartite Commission , so she was designated a `` Category C '' ship . This classification required that she would be destroyed or sunk in deep water by 15 August 1946 . Instead , the Soviets decided to salvage the damaged ship and it was refloated in March 1946 . A number of speculations from Western historians about the ship 's fate arose in the decades after the end of the war . According to German historian Erich Gröner , after the Soviets raised the scuttled ship , they towed her to Leningrad . While en route , she reportedly struck a mine off Finland during a storm . After arriving in Leningrad , Graf Zeppelin was broken up for scrap in 1948 -- 1949 . Naval historians Robert Gardiner and Roger Chesneau state that the ship was towed out of Stettin in September 1947 , but she never arrived in Leningrad ; they speculated that a mine sank the ship while she was under tow . According to Soviet records , on 19 March 1947 , the Council of Ministers decreed the destruction of former German ships . The first ship to be sunk , Lützow , was sunk off Swinemunde on 22 July 1947 . On 14 August Graf Zeppelin was towed into Swinemunde harbor , and two days later to its final position . It was subjected to five series of controlled explosions of 180 mm ( 7.1 in ) shells and FAB series bombs . The first test imitated a FAB - 1000 detonation in the exhaust funnel and lesser bombs below the flight deck . The second in the series was a single FAB - 1000 explosion above the flight deck . The third , the fourth and the fifth series imitated penetration of FAB - 100 , FAB - 250 and FAB - 500 bombs at flight deck , hangar deck and gun battery deck levels . These bombs were placed in cutouts in their target decks to imitate the effects of dive bombing . Graf Zeppelin remained afloat , and Admiral Yury Rall ordered a torpedo strike . A torpedo fired from an Elco PT boat exploded in the anti-torpedo bulge but did not penetrate the belt armor . A torpedo fired by the destroyer Slavny penetrated the unprotected hull section below the bow elevator ; Graf Zeppelin sank 25 minutes later . Discovery in 2006 ( edit ) The exact position of the wreck was unknown for decades . On 12 July 2006 , the research vessel RV St. Barbara , a ship belonging to the Polish oil company Petrobaltic , found a 265 - meter - long ( 869 ft ) wreck 55 km ( 34 mi ) north of Władysławowo , which they thought was most likely Graf Zeppelin . The wreck rests at a depth of more than 80 m ( 260 ft ) below the surface . After the wreck was located , the Polish Navy began a two - day survey of the wreckage to confirm its identity . Using remote - controlled underwater robots , they concluded that they were `` 99 % certain '' it was Graf Zeppelin . Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wotan Weich '' -- `` Wotan soft '' -- was a type of steel armor developed by the German navy . It had a breaking strength of 65 -- 75 kilograms / square millimeters and expanded up to 25 percent . `` Wotan Hart '' -- `` Wotan Hard '' -- was more rigid and had a breaking strength of 85 -- 96 kg / mm and expanded up to 20 percent . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chesneau , pp. 76 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Gröner , p. 71 Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. 44 Jump up ^ Gröner , p. x Jump up ^ Breyer , p. 11 Jump up ^ Gardiner & Chesneau , p. 226 Jump up ^ Israel , pp. 67 -- 69 ^ Jump up to : Gardiner & Chesneau , p. 227 Jump up ^ Whitley ( 1984 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Schenk , p. 143 Jump up ^ Whitley ( 1985 ) , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Gröner , p. 72 Jump up ^ Schenk , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , p. 47 Jump up ^ Barker , p. 283 Jump up ^ Whitley ( 1985 ) , p. 31 Jump up ^ Lake , p. 50 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 21 Jump up ^ Mann & Jörgensen , pp. 139 -- 141 Jump up ^ Whitley ( 1985 ) , p. 32 Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. 48 Jump up ^ Kuzin & Litinskii , p. 161 Jump up ^ Rohwer & Monakov , p. 199 Jump up ^ Shirokorad , pp. 108 -- 112 . Jump up ^ `` ' Nazi aircraft carrier ' located '' . BBC News . 28 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Boyes , Roger ( 27 July 2006 ) . `` Divers find Hitler 's aircraft carrier '' . The Times . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . References ( edit ) Barker , Lt. Cmdr Edward L. ( March 1954 ) . `` War Without Aircraft Carriers '' . Proceedings . Annapolis : United States Naval Institute Proceedings . OCLC 61522996 . Burke , Stephen ( Sep 2007 ) . Without Wings : The Story of Hitler 's Aircraft Carrier . Victoria : Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4251 - 2216 - 7 . Breyer , Siegfried ( 1989 ) . Graf Zeppelin : The German Aircraft Carrier . Atglen : Schiffer Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0887402429 . Chesneau , Roger ( 1998 ) . Aircraft Carriers of the World , 1914 to the Present An Illustrated Encyclopedia . London : Brockhampton Press . p. 288 . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 875 - 9 . Gröner , Erich ( 1990 ) . German Warships : 1815 -- 1945 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 790 - 9 . Israel , Ulrich H. - J. ( 1994 ) . Graf Zeppelin : Einziger Deutscher Flugzeugträger . Hamburg : Verlag Koehler / Mittler . ISBN 3782206029 . Kuzin , V.P. ; Litinskii , D. Iu. ( 2008 ) . `` Avianosets `` Graf Zeppelin '' -- boevoi trofei Krasnoi Armii ( Aircraft Carrier Graf Zeppelin -- Battle Trophy of the Red Army ) `` . Warship International . Toledo : International Naval Research Organization . 45 ( 2 ) : 161&ndash , 165 . ISSN 0043 - 0374 . OCLC 1647131 . Lake , Jon ( 2002 ) . Lancaster Squadrons 1942 - 43 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 313 - 6 . Mann , Chris ; Jörgensen , Christer ( 2003 ) . Hitler 's Arctic War : the German campaigns in Norway , Finland , and the USSR , 1940 -- 1945 . New York , NY : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 31100 - 1 . Marshall , Francis L. ( 1994 ) . Sea Eagles : The Operational History of the Messerschmitt Bf 109T . Walton on Thames : Air Research Publications . ISBN 1871187230 . Reynolds , Clark G. ( January 1967 ) . `` Hitler 's Flattop : The End of the Beginning '' . Proceedings . United States Naval Institute Proceedings . OCLC 61522996 . Rohwer , Jürgen ; Monakov , Mikhail S. ( 2001 ) . Stalin 's Ocean - going Fleet . London : Frank Cass . ISBN 0714648957 . Schenk , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` German Aircraft Carrier Developments '' . Warship International . Toledo : International Naval Research Organization . 45 ( 2 ) : 129&ndash , 158 . ISSN 0043 - 0374 . OCLC 1647131 . Shirokorad , Alexander ( 2004 ) . Флот , который уничтожил Хрущёв ( Flot , kotoryi unichtozhil Khruschev ( in Russian ) . Moscow : AST publishers . ISBN 5 - 9602 - 0027 - 9 . Whitley , M.J. ( July 1984 ) . Warship 31 : Graf Zeppelin , Part 1 . VIII . Annapolis : United States Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 85177 - 354 - 0 . Whitley , M.J. ( 1985 ) . Warship 33 : Graf Zeppelin , Part 2 . IX . Annapolis : United States Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 984 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Launching Ceremony of the Graf Zeppelin Graf Zeppelin - class aircraft carriers Graf Zeppelin List of Kriegsmarine ships Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1945 Shipwrecks 1 Apr : Awa Maru 2 Apr : USS Dickerson , U-321 3 Apr : Brummer , USS S - 16 , U-1221 , U-2542 , U-3505 4 Apr : USS Dickerson , U-237 , U-749 , U-3003 5 Apr : U-242 , USS S - 17 6 Apr : Amatsukaze , USS Bush , USS Colhoun , USS Leutze , USS Morris , USS Newcomb , USS Witter 7 Apr : Asashimo , Hamakaze , Isokaze , Isuzu , Kasumi , USS LST - 447 , Oldenburg , USS PGM - 18 , U-1195 , Yahagi , Yamato 8 Apr : U-774 , U-1001 9 Apr : Admiral Scheer , U-677 , U-747 , U-804 , U-843 , U-982 , U-1065 , U-2509 , U-2514 , U-3512 10 Apr : U-878 , Weser 12 Apr : USS Mannert L. Abele , U-486 13 Apr : U-1024 14 Apr : Belgian Airman , U-235 , U-1206 15 Apr : U-103 , U-285 , U-1063 , U-1235 16 Apr : HMCS Esquimalt , Lützow , USS Pringle , U-78 , U-880 , U-1274 17 Apr : Goya 19 Apr : Aquila , U-251 , U-548 , U-879 21 Apr : U-636 22 Apr : USS Swallow , U-518 23 Apr : USS Eagle Boat 56 , U-183 24 Apr : USS Frederick C. Davis , U-108 , U-546 25 Apr : Graf Zeppelin , TA 32 , U-326 28 Apr : U-56 29 Apr : U-56 , U-286 , U-307 , U-1017 30 Apr : HMS Goodall , TA 43 , U-879 , U-1107 Unknown date : USS Snook , U-246 , U-325 , U-396 , U-398 , U-548 , U-857 , U-1055 Other incidents 2 Apr : USS Dickerson 5 Apr : USS Thornton 6 Apr : USS Defense , USS Emmons , USS Mullany , USS Rodman 12 Apr : USS Lindsey , U-1024 . USS Zellars 14 Apr : USS Sigsbee 15 Apr : HMS Ekins , USS Laffey 16 Apr : USS Bryant , Goya , USS Harding 19 Apr : USS Tolman 27 Apr : HMS Redmill 30 Apr : U-3525 1944 1945 1946 March 1945 May 1945 Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1947 Shipwrecks 5 Jan : Varvassi 13 Mar : Empire Jonquil 22 Mar : Empire Contamar 3 Apr : Stancliffe 16 Apr : Grandcamp , High Flyer , Wilson B. Keene 23 Apr : Samtampa , HMS Warspite 29 Apr : HMS Witherington 8 May : Muirchú 13 May : General Botha 17 May : USS Oklahoma 22 May : USS Mallard 31 May : Berlin 4 Jun : Emperor June ( unknown date ) : Ourang Medan 17 Jul : Ramdas 21 Jul : Nascopie 22 Jul : Lützow 31 Jul : USS Chewink 16 Aug : Graf Zeppelin 18 Aug : Rovena 25 Aug : USS S - 24 6 Sep : Matagalpa 13 Sep : HMAS Warrnambool 6 Oct : USS Crittenden 21 Oct : U-190 11 Nov : Aqueity 20 Nov : U-234 28 Nov : U-530 Unknown date : Ponaganset , U-858 , U-889 Other incidents 1 Jan : Jan Steen 19 Jan : Wanganella 21 Jan : HMS Bonaventure 17 Mar : RFA Wave Laird 28 Mar : Clio 5 Apr : Empire Chamois 14 Apr : Queen Elizabeth 16 Apr : Texas City disaster 18 Jul : Exodus 8 Sep : Ocean Vigour 1946 1948 Coordinates : 55 ° 31 ′ 03 '' N 18 ° 17 ′ 09 '' E  /  55.51750 ° N 18.28583 ° E  / 55.51750 ; 18.28583 GND : 4198900 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin&oldid=866455799 '' Categories : Graf Zeppelin - class aircraft carriers World War II aircraft carriers of Germany Shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea Proposed aircraft carriers Germany -- Soviet Union relations 1938 ships Maritime incidents in April 1945 Maritime incidents in 1947 Ships sunk as targets Proposed ships of Germany Ships built in Kiel Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 13 : 04 ( UTC ) . 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did germany have any aircraft carriers during world war ii

Construction on Graf Zeppelin began on 28 December 1936 , when her keel was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel . Named in honor of Graf ( Count ) Ferdinand von Zeppelin , the ship was launched on 8 December 1938 , and was 85 % complete by the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 . Graf Zeppelin was not completed and was never operational due to shifting construction priorities necessitated by the war . She remained in the Baltic for the duration of the war ; with Germany 's defeat imminent , the ship 's custodian crew scuttled her just outside Stettin in March 1945 . The Soviet Union raised the ship in March 1946 , and she was ultimately sunk in weapons tests north of Poland 17 months later . The wreck was discovered by a Polish survey ship in July 2006 .

Thomas & Friends - wikipedia Thomas & Friends Jump to : navigation , search Thomas & Friends Thomas the Tank Engine Also known as ' ' Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ( original title ) Genre Television series Created by Britt Allcroft Based on The Railway Series by Rev. W. Awdry Christopher Awdry Written by Rev. W. Awdry ( 1984 -- 95 ) Christopher Awdry ( 1986 -- 95 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 98 ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2002 ) Various ( 2002 -- present ) Sharon Miller ( 2008 -- 12 ; head writer ) Andrew Brenner ( 1991 -- 92 , 1998 , 2013 -- present ; head writer ) Directed by David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Steve Asquith ( 2002 , 2004 -- 08 ) Greg Tiernan ( 2009 -- 12 ) David Baas ( 2013 -- 14 ) David Stoten ( 2014 -- present ) Rob Silvestri ( feature length specials 2013 -- 14 ) Don Spencer ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dianna Basso ( 2015 -- present ) Voices of See List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Narrated by Ringo Starr UK / US : ( 1984 -- 90 ) Michael Angelis UK : ( 1991 -- 2012 ) George Carlin US : ( 1991 -- 96 ) Alec Baldwin US : ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Michael Brandon US : ( 2003 -- 12 ) Pierce Brosnan UK / US : ( 2008 ; The Great Discovery ) Mark Moraghan UK / US : ( 2013 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Mike O'Donnell Junior Campbell ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Robert Hartshorne ( 2004 -- 16 ) Ed Welch ( 2004 -- 08 ) Peter Hartshorne ( 2011 -- 16 ) Chris Renshaw ( 2016 -- present ) Oliver Davis ( 2016 -- present ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 21 No. of episodes 512 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 86 , 2002 ) Angus Wright ( 1991 -- 98 ) Peter Urie ( 2002 -- 03 ) Jocelyn Stevenson ( 2003 -- 06 ) Christopher Skala ( 2007 -- 11 ) Marion Edwards ( 2009 -- 15 ) Lenora Hume ( 2009 -- 10 ) Karen Barnes ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kallan Kagan ( 2013 -- 17 ) Jeff Young ( 2013 -- 15 ) Steven Hecht ( 2013 -- 15 ) Michael Carrington ( 2013 -- 14 ) Christopher Keenan ( 2014 -- present ) Edward Catchpole ( 2015 ) Marianne Culbert ( 2016 ) Kyle MacDougall ( 2016 -- present ) Jamie LeClaire ( 2016 -- present ) Phil LaFrance ( 2016 -- present ) Producer ( s ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 98 ) Robert D. Cardona ( 1984 -- 86 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1991 -- 98 ) Phil Fehrle ( 2002 -- 03 ) Simon Spencer ( 2004 -- 08 ) Nicole Stinn ( 2008 -- 12 ) Ian McCue ( 2011 -- 17 ) Halim Jabbour ( 2013 ) Robert Anderson ( 2013 ; 2015 -- present ) Brian Lynch ( 2013 -- 15 ) Jennifer Hill ( 2014 -- 15 ) Lynda Craigmyle ( 2016 ) Jane Sobol ( 2016 ) Tracy Blagdon ( 2016 -- present ) Micaela Winter ( 2016 -- present ) Location ( s ) Clapham Junction ( 1984 ) Clearwater Studios Battersea ( 1984 ) Shepperton Studios ( 1986 -- 2008 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Editor ( s ) Michael Dixon ( 1984 ) Rebecca de Burgh Mound ( 1986 ) John Wright ( 1991 -- 2002 ) Kate Buckland ( 2004 -- 08 ) Kevin Pavlovic ( 2009 -- 12 ) Adam Garner ( 2013 -- present ) Gavin Ebedes ( 2014 -- present ) Running time 4 - 5 minutes ( 1984 -- 2003 ) ; 7 minutes ( 2004 -- 08 ) ; 9 - 10 minutes ( 17 min. ; one episode ) ( 2004 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Central ITV ( 1984 - 86 ) FilmFair ( 1984 - 96 ) Woodland Animations ( 1984 - 96 ) Clearwater Features ( 1984 -- 86 ) The Britt Allcroft Company ( 1984 -- present ) Thames Television ( 1991 - 92 ) Gullane Entertainment ( 1999 -- present ) HiT Entertainment ( 2003 -- present ; Mattel ) Hot Animation ( 2004 - 2008 ) Cosgrove Hall Films ( 2005 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Distributor Various distributors Release Original network ITV ( UK ; 1984 -- 2006 , 2013 -- present ) Channel 5 ( UK ; 2005 -- present ) Cartoon Network ( UK ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) , Nick Jr . Too ( UK ; 2006 -- present ) FOUR ( NZ ; 2011 -- 16 ) TVNZ 2 ( NZ ; 2016 -- present ) Cartoonito ( UK ; 2017 -- present ) PTV ( US ; 1989 -- 98 ( only as a segment on Shining Time Station ) ) PBS KIDS ( US ; 2004 -- present ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) Fox Family ( US ; 1998 -- 2001 ) PBS KIDS Sprout / Sprout ( US ; 2005 -- 15 ) Picture format 4 : 3 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 1 - 5 ) 16 : 9 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 6 -- 10 ) 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 11 ) 16 : 9 1080p ( HDTV ) ( CGI ) ( Series 12 -- present ) Audio format Stereo ( 1984 -- 95 ) Dolby Surround ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2003 -- present ) Original release 9 October 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 09 ) -- present External links Website www.thomasandfriends.com Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ( simply referred to as Thomas & Friends or Thomas the Tank Engine ) is a British children 's television series . It had its first broadcast on the ITV network in Great Britain in 1984 . It is based on The Railway Series of books by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son , Christopher Awdry . These books follow the adventures of a group of anthropomorphised locomotives and road vehicles who live on the fictional Island of Sodor . The books were based on stories Wilbert told to entertain his son , Christopher , during his recovery from measles . Many of the stories from the first four series are based on events from Awdry 's personal experience . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Precursors 1.2 Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its success 1.3 Thomas & Friends and its recent developments 2 Cast 3 List of productions 3.1 Television series 3.2 Films , specials , and miniseries 3.3 Home video history 4 Production 4.1 Characters 4.2 Storytelling 4.3 Models 4.4 Face movements 4.5 Music 4.6 Head writer 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Internet popularity 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Official websites 8.2 Other sites History Precursors Before the airing of the first episode of Thomas & Friends in 1984 , previous attempts had been made to adapt Awdry 's stories for television , but not all attempts were successful . The first was in 1953 , when the editor of the Railway Series books , Eric Marriott , was approached by the BBC , who wished to use live - action model trains to re-create two stories from Awdry 's first book , The Three Railway Engines . The engines were portrayed by 00 gauge Hornby Dublo models and driven on authentic sets in the style of the original illustrations . The first episode , based on `` The Sad Story of Henry '' , was broadcast live on the evening of Sunday 14 June 1953 from Lime Grove Studios . The live broadcast did not fare well . Reportedly , a failure to switch the points caused the model of Henry to derail and viewers of the live broadcast witnessed a human hand , said to be the one of a crew member , picking him up and placing him back on the rails . Models moved jerkily , and all effects and music had to be superimposed . By 23 June , news of the broadcast hit the front pages of the Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail . Awdry himself branded the episode as `` unprofessional '' , and the point - switching debacle as an `` elementary mistake '' . As a result , the second episode scheduled for 28 June 1953 was put on hold , and then later cancelled . After the `` Sad Story of Henry '' fiasco , the BBC did attempt to rescue the project by offering to give Awdry and the Railway Series publishers greater creative control over the production of the episodes , but the publishers declined the offer , preferring to focus on publishing new books for the series . Nearly twenty years later , the BBC incorporated Awdry 's stories once again . Fourteen years before Thomas and Friends was aired , Ted Ray , sitting in a stationmaster 's office , read out five Railway Series books between 20 September to 2 October 1970 on the popular television story - telling show Jackanory . Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its Success In 1979 , British television producer Britt Allcroft was producing a documentary on the Bluebell Railway , a heritage railway in Sussex which actually featured in the Railway Series book Stepney the Bluebell Engine . As part of her research before filming , Allcroft read some books in The Railway Series and was highly entertained and impressed with the stories which Awdry had written , later remarking that `` there was something in the stories that I felt I could develop that would connect with children . I saw a strong emotional content that would carry with little children 's experiences with life . '' Allcroft worked to convince Awdry that she could , with funding , convert the stories into a successful television show . Her efforts were successful , and she purchased the television rights from the publishers of The Railway Series at a cost of what was then £ 50,000 ( $74,000 in U.S. dollars at the time ) . Allcroft still had to work to raise the money to finance production and , despite showing a keen interest , wanted a level of creative control which she did not want to forego . In the end , after several years of searching and having to place a second mortgage on her home , Allcroft raised sufficient funding from her local bank manager . By 1981 , Allcroft had secured the finances to produce the show , she started to assemble the crew , including producer and director David Mitton , also the founder of Clearwater Features Ltd. ; crew member Steve Asquith ; American - born producer Robert D. Cardona ; and the selected team of composers and songwriters Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The series started production in 1984 by Allcroft 's production company , The Britt Allcroft Company ; Clearwater Features Ltd . ( Mitton and Cardona 's company ) ; and the ITV company Central Independent Television . The series was originally shot and produced with live action models at the Clearwater in house studio in Battersea , a suburb of London , for Series 1 . It later relocated to Shepperton Studios , Middlesex , southwest of London for subsequent series . The use of moving models was seen at the time of the series ' conception as an effective method of animating the stories . Locomotives and other vehicles were operated by radio , while humans and animals were static figures . Stop - motion was occasionally employed for instances in which a human or animal character would move . Hand - drawn animation was used in Series 3 to create bees . The first series ( 1984 ) used stories from the first eight books , along with one specially written by the Rev. W. Awdry , Thomas 's Christmas Party . The second series ( 1986 ) used stories from Book 9 ( Edward the Blue Engine ) to Book 30 ( More About Thomas the Tank Engine ) . This book was unusual , as it was written specifically by Christopher Awdry to be adapted by the show . At that time , it was a contractual obligation that the series could only adapt stories that appeared in print . The series also used a story from a Thomas Annual , `` Thomas and Trevor '' , and a specially written stand - alone story , Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree . The second series was actually a 27 - episode series , as a single ( unaired ) episode ( `` The Missing Coach '' ) was in the process of being filmed , but despite being filmed it was never shown because Allcroft decided it was too confusing for young viewers . The production team went on to use `` Thomas , Percy and the Coal '' instead . In between production of the second and third series , the production team were focused in producing two other television series : Tugs , which ran for one series from 1988 to 1990 for Television South ( TVS ) ; and the American television series Shining Time Station , which repackaged Thomas & Friends for the American television market from 1989 to 1995 . Just before production of series three , Clearwater closed on 31 December 1990 , with The Britt Allcroft Company becoming the sole producer . Series three was broadcast in 1991 for Thames Television . It was made at a cost of £ 1.3 million ( approximately $9.3. million in U.S. dollars at the time ) . The series was a combination of episodes derived from The Railway Series , stories in the Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends magazine ( written by the series ' current head writer , Andrew Brenner ) , and a couple of original stories by Allcroft and Mitton . One of the primary reasons for diverging from the original books was that many of the stories not yet used featured large numbers of new characters , which would be expensive to produce . Another reason was that the producers wanted more stories about Thomas , the nominal main character . Awdry worried that the new stories would be unrealistic ( see Henry the Green Engine for more details ) . Robert D. Cardona left as producer , while Britt Allcroft joined David Mitton as co-producer . Angus Wright took over as executive producer . Series four was broadcast in 1994 on Cartoon Network . The producers planned to introduce some new female characters , including motor car Caroline , Nancy , and The Refreshment Lady . Some commentators took this as a response to accusations of sexism levelled against the series two years earlier . In reality , these were not `` new '' characters , but creations of Awdry from the original Railway Series books . Series four was almost entirely based on The Railway Series . The narrow gauge engines were introduced , and were the focus of a number of episodes . Only one original story ( `` Rusty to the Rescue '' , written by Allcroft and Mitton ) was used , but this took certain elements of plot and dialogue from Stepney the `` Bluebell '' Engine . The fifth series ( 1998 ) , also broadcast on Cartoon Network , was a radical shift , as all episodes were written by Allcroft and Mitton with no further stories being adapted from the `` Railway Series '' . This series saw the introduction of new characters , such as Cranky , The Horrid Lorries and Old Slow Coach . It also focused on more dramatic and edgy plot - lines , with more severe accidents , than in the earlier seasons . After series 5 , Angus Wright stepped down as executive producer . Thomas and the Magic Railroad was released in July 2000 in the UK , Canada , and the United States . It featured new characters created by Allcroft , along with characters from the show that introduced Thomas to the U.S. , Shining Time Station . Despite high production values and the popularity of the show , the film was criticised by British reviewers who were unfamiliar with Shining Time Station . The movie was well received by young children on both sides of the Atlantic , but made only $19.7 million at the box office , against a cost of $19 million to produce . The film was broadcast on BBC1 on 1 January 2004 and again on 29 December 2008 . Thomas & Friends and its recent developments The Britt Allcroft Company ( which changed its name to Gullane Entertainment in 1999 ) was purchased by HiT Entertainment in September 2003 , a company specialising in children 's entertainment . The sixth and seventh series ( both broadcast on CITV ) continued to introduce action - packed storylines and new characters , and saw the introduction of a writing staff . The sixth series in 2002 was notable for its attempt to create a spin - off based on the successful `` Bob the Builder '' series . Two episodes introduced a group of construction machine characters known as `` The Pack '' . The spin - off did n't materialise for some time . Eventually , in 2006 , thirteen episodes were released straight to DVD as a collection called On Site with Thomas . The fact that older sets were used and the episodes were shot on 35mm camera ( as opposed to the digital camera used at the time of the episodes ' release ) suggest it was filmed some time before Series 8 . In Series 7 ( 2003 ) the programme title was officially shortened to Thomas & Friends , this name having been used on merchandise and video covers for three years previously . Phil Fehrle replaced Allcroft and Mitton as producer , though Mitton remained as the director . Executive producer Angus Wright was replaced by Peter Urie and Allcroft as executive producers for Series 6 . In 2003 , Allcroft stepped down as executive producer , making Urie the sole executive producer for Gullane Entertainment , and Jocelyn Stevenson was the executive producer for HiT Entertainment . The eighth series ( 2004 ) was the first released directly to VHS and DVD as four episodes in the US and six in the UK were released before airing on television on Nick Jr. in the UK and PBS in the US . It introduced a number of significant changes to the show . Many of the original founding team involved in the original show since 1984 left the production , notably Britt Allcroft , director and writer David Mitton , and original composers Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The latter two had been embroiled in a protracted legal dispute with HiT before their departure . Steve Asquith , who was part of the original production team since 1984 , took over as director , while Simon Spencer replaced Phil Fehrle as producer . A new theme song and incidental music were composed by Ed Welch and Robert Hartshorne , respectively . Episode runtime was increased to seven minutes . The series was produced using digital video camera , creating a somewhat different look for the show . Other changes included the additions of CGI educational sequences and transitions between stories . Executive producer Peter Urie also left , while Jocelyn Stevenson remained in her role as executive producer . Sam Barlow became the story executive , while Abi Grant and Paul Larson served as script editors . This series saw the adoption of a centralised cast , including Thomas the Tank Engine , Edward , Henry , Gordon , James , Percy , Toby and Emily . HiT Entertainment was itself then acquired by Apax Partners , a private equity company , in March 2005 . A straight - to - video film , Calling All Engines ! , was released shortly before Series 9 in 2005 . While featuring characters from Thomas and the Magic Railroad , it was not a direct sequel . It proved successful , which resulted in more direct - to - video specials being produced . Series 9 ( 2005 ) and 10 ( 2006 ) saw the expansion of the supporting cast with new and old characters . From Series 9 the narrator would call out the episodes ' names and from Series 11 the theme song was sung starting with the sound of a train whistle . Series 10 aired with twenty - eight episodes rather than the twenty - six of previous years . The eleventh series ( 2007 ) was filmed in high definition format . Twenty episodes aired in the original broadcast , while six were released directed to DVD as Engines and Escapades . Jocelyn Stevenson had stepped down as executive producer after Series 10 , with Christopher Skala taking her place as executive producer for Series 11 . Sharon Miller became the script editor from Series 9 to 11 . Series 12 ( 2008 ) saw the introduction of CGI effects ( provided by HiT Entertainment 's subsidiary Hot Animation ) , with the intent of producing the show entirely in CGI the following year . The traditional models and sets were still used , but with computer animated faces superimposed on the models to allow for changing facial expressions . Humans and animals were fully computer animated to allow for walking movement . Only twenty episodes were broadcast ( the U.S. broadcast featured six additional episodes from Engines and Escapades ) . Sharon Miller became the head writer , starting with Series 12 . HiT announced multiple changes to the show beginning in 2009 . One new aspect was the introduction of live - action host segments to Thomas ' home video releases . The host took the form of a character who worked on The Fat Controller 's ( Sir Topham Hatt 's ) railway , who would instruct viewers in craft projects . For the final 2 DVDs released for Season 12 in 2009 , the host was named Mr. Arkwright ( played by Robert Slate ) . In 2010 , beginning with the DVD Splish splash splosh , the host was named Mr. Perkins ( played by Ben Forster ) and has remained host ever since . For budgetary reasons , the other major changes were a move to production in CGI , rather than using physical models , and the addition of a voice cast to support the established narrator . The DVD feature , Hero of the Rails , was the first Thomas & Friends production to show these changes , and Series 13 was the first television series in the new format . The CGI animation for the series was provided by Nitrogen Studios of Vancouver . In September 2010 , Apax was preparing to sell off HiT Entertainment and its franchises , including Thomas -- regarded as the single most valuable asset -- in order to help clear HiT 's debts , and in February 2012 , sold the company , along with the Thomas properties , to US toy giant Mattel . During production of Series 16 ( 2012 ) , Sharon Miller stepped down as head writer , and Andrew Brenner , who had written some Thomas stories in the third series , assumed the role after serving as script editor for `` Blue Mountain Mystery '' . Additionally , Sam Barlow stepped down as story executive after the sixteenth series , and the production of the CGI animation was moved from Nitrogen Studios ( of Vancouver ) to Arc Productions ( of Toronto ) . King of the Railway and Series 17 , both released during 2013 , serve as the first special and series developed by the new animation and production team respectively . 2014 saw Tale of the Brave and Series 18 , the second special and series animated by Arc , respectively . And in the following year , 2015 saw The Adventure Begins , a special coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the franchise ; and Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure . Series 19 began airing that same year . 2016 saw some changes . Longtime composers Robert and Peter Hartshorne , father and son team , left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took over . 2016 also saw Thomas & Friends : The Great Race and Series 20 began airing the same year . Cast Main article : List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Originally , a narrator was used as the only voice in the series until 2008 . Britt Allcroft thought it essential to convey the episode as a story that would be read from a book at home . Individual voice - over actors were given to both the UK and US dubs of the Series , following the switch to full CGI animation in 2009 . List of Productions Television series Main article : List of Thomas & Friends episodes Series Year Episodes DVD release date ( R2 ) DVD release date ( R4 ) 1984 26 31 January 2005 2 May 2006 1986 18 April 2005 13 April 2006 1991 -- 92 23 January 2006 6 July 2006 1994 -- 95 24 July 2006 8 September 2006 5 1998 5 February 2007 8 September 2006 6 2002 2 July 2007 5 January 2009 7 2003 14 January 2008 4 June 2009 8 28 July 2008 4 June 2009 9 2005 19 January 2009 2 March 2010 10 2006 28 17 May 2010 2 June 2010 11 2007 26 26 July 2010 2 June 2011 12 2008 20 21 February 2011 1 March 2012 13 13 February 2012 14 22 July 2013 15 2011 7 July 2014 16 2012 25 May 2015 17 2013 -- 14 26 18 July 2016 18 2014 -- 15 19 June 2017 19 2015 -- 17 20 2016 -- 17 28 21 2017 Films , specials , and miniseries Main article : Thomas & Friends ( franchise ) § Direct - to - video specials Home video history Main article : Thomas and Friends video releases Over the history of the programme , the TV episodes and specials have been released for home viewing in a variety of compilations , formats and languages , by a variety of publishing houses . Production Characters Further information : List of Thomas & Friends railway engines , List of Thomas & Friends narrow - gauge engines , Arlesdale Railway , List of Thomas & Friends rolling stock , List of Thomas & Friends non-rail vehicles , List of people and animals from Thomas & Friends , and Thomas the Tank Engine film characters Storytelling Up until Series 12 , narration and dialogue were performed by a single storyteller . This was the choice of Allcroft , who wanted the television stories to be an extension of the way they would be told at home in a comforting environment . All character emotions would come from the nuances of the storyteller 's voice , in conjunction with facial expressions , music , and actions on - screen . Models The original live action models were filmed on an extensive model railway layout built at the studios . The models were built to the 1 : 32 scale , known in model railway circles as `` Gauge 1 '' . The locomotives used chassis made by Märklin with specially made bodies . Along with the moving - eye and eyelid mechanisms and clay faces , these bodies also included smoke generators . Coaches and trucks were made using Tenmille kits . Later models were constructed entirely from scratch . Some of the models from the sister television series Tugs were reused in later episodes of the series . From Series 5 to 12 , some larger - scale models were used for the narrow gauge characters , to more easily fit the complex mechanisms into them while retaining a sufficient level of detail . In Series 6 , the characters known as `` the Pack '' ( construction machines ) were also constructed on a large scale , and larger models of Thomas and Percy were made to interact with them . In the ninth series , another larger Thomas model was built to the same scale as the narrow gauge engines to provide greater possibilities for interaction . It was joined by a large version of James in the tenth series . In 2009 , some of these models were put on display in a special exhibit at Drayton Manor Theme Park 's Thomas Land . Nitrogen Studios , who provided the animation for the series from series 12 to 16 , also has some of the original models on display . Face movements At the show 's conception in 1984 , live action model animation would not deliver lip sync , but show co-creator Britt Allcroft and model director David Mitton did not see this as an inhibition . About 20 years later however , with advancement in technology , the show saw the introduction of CGI by HIT Entertainment 's subsidiary HOT Animation . At first this was used to generate smoke and other effects , but later , HIT ( the current owners of Thomas ) announced its intent to introduce a fully CGI series in 2009 . With Series 12 , CGI by Nitrogen Studios was used to animate characters ' faces and to make people and animals mobile within the stories . The following series saw a transition to full CGI animation . Music Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell composed the show 's original main title theme , incidental music and songs , which were used for series 1 -- 7 comprising 182 episodes between 1984 and 2003 . In 2004 , Robert Hartshorne took O'Donnell and Campbell 's place as composer , while Ed Welch became the show 's songwriter from Series 8 to The Great Discovery , and Welch left after The Great Discovery . Hartshorne took his place as songwriter from Series 12 and onwards . From Day of the Diesels / 2011 - 2016 , Robert 's son Peter Hartshorne helped him with the music . In 2016 the Hartshornes left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took their places . Head writer This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since series 12 , there has been a head writer for the series . Prior to the introduction of a head writer , the script editor performed similar duties . Sharon Miller served as head writer from series 12 -- 16 and stepped down after series 16 and was replaced by Andrew Brenner , who had written many `` Thomas '' stories for various magazines as well as his own original stories , several of which were later adapted for television episodes for Series 3 and Series 5 , for which he had remained uncredited . Brenner had been a writer of several other children 's animated series , such as Angelina Ballerina , Tractor Tom , Fireman Sam , The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers , Spot , Poppy Cat , and Binka , as well as being the creator of Caribou Kitchen , and Humf and writer for several magazines featuring children 's characters such as The Real Ghostbusters , Fireman Sam , Scooby - Doo , Tom and Jerry , and Thomas 's sister series Tugs and has written scripts and took over as head writer for Thomas for King of the Railway and onwards . Sharon Miller has also been the voice director since the second CGI animated film Misty Island Rescue , and continues to work on the series in this capacity . Script editors Abi Grant ( series 6 ) Jan Page ( series 7 ) Abi Grant and Paul Larson ( series 8 ) Sharon Miller ( series 9 - 11 ) Becky Evans ( series 16 , last few episodes ) Head writer Sharon Miller ( series 12 -- 16 ) Andrew Brenner ( series 17 -- present ) Broadcast This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends was originally broadcast on ITV until 1992 . In the United States , the series premiered on PBS Kids in 2004 . The series had first appeared only as sequences on Shining Time Station during the program 's run from 1989 to 1995 . The sequences of the series later aired in 1996 on Mr. Conductor 's Thomas Tales . The series aired on Storytime with Thomas on Fox Family ( now Freeform ) from 1998 to 2001 . When Thomas & Friends premiered on PBS , it was first distributed from 2004 to 2007 by Connecticut Public Television and by WNET from 2008 onwards . The program airs in Australia on ABC Kids and on FOUR in New Zealand . In Canada , it plays on TVO , Family Jr. , and Knowledge Kids . Reception Critical response Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars stating `` Parents can be assured that this series has educational aspects as well as behavioral modeling . The Thomas the Tank Engine stories were conceived by a young British boy early in the 20th century , who would listen to the trains as they chuffed through the countryside . The stories he told his son -- who has consequently passed them on to his own son -- have been documented in books and toy train models . Since the series was introduced to television viewers in the 1980s , Thomas & Friends has seen a healthy fan base sprout worldwide . Some of the expressions on the train 's faces can be a tiny bit creepy , but the intention behind the animation is good , as follows the tradition of a well - told story . '' Internet popularity In the 2010s , Thomas & Friends became the subject of several internet memes , and was even the centerpiece of an article for The New Yorker , which explored supposedly totalitarian subtexts present in the show . References Notes Jump up ^ `` Universal Studios Home Entertainment HIT Entertainment And Universal Studios Home Entertainment Enter Into Distribution Pact For Thomas & Friends ® , Angelina Ballerina ® , Barney & Friends ® , Bob The Builder ® And HIT 's Greater Preschool Portfolio In North America '' ( Press release ) . CNW Group . 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boomerang UK And Cartoonito UK March 2017 Highlights '' . RegularCapital : Cartoon Network International News . Turner Broadcasting System Europe ( Press Release ) . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The TV Series -- A History of Thomas on Screen '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory , Michael ; Whitlock , Natalie . `` Thomas the Tank Engine and TV '' . Ultimate Guide to Thomas the Tank Engine . TLC . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Rhodri ( 19 May 2005 ) . `` Still Building Steam at 60 '' . The Journal . Newcastle - upon - Tyne : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Storytellers '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bluebell Railway -- FAQ '' . Bluebell Railway . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the £ 1billion Tank Engine '' . Daily Mirror. 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Friends ( Television prodyction ) . 60 Minutes . 1995 . Event occurs at 2 : 50 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bfi Film & Tv Database Thomas The Tank Engine And Friends '' . Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Case for the Missing Coach '' . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Drove Thomas To Success ? '' . sodor-island.net . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , Brian ( 1995 ) . The Thomas the Tank Engine Man . Heinemann . p. 318 . ISBN 0 - 434 - 96909 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sibley , p320 Jump up ^ Sibley , p309 Jump up ^ http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/ThomasTheTankEngine?from=Main.ThomasTheTankEngine#Darker and Edgier Jump up ^ `` Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FE Investegate Gullane Ent. PLC Announcements Gullane Ent. PLC : Offer by HIT Entertainment '' . Investegate.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIT TAKES OVER GULLANE . News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 5 September 2002 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Dohmann QC '' . Blackstone Chambers . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hickman '' . Blackstone Chambers . 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apax buys Hit for £ 490m News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 21 March 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce Brosnan Announced As New Narrator For Thomas & Friends '' . ( Press Release ) . HIT Entertainment . 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends and Bob the Builder Move to CGI Animation in 2009 Broadcast Season '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bob the Builder owner prepares for a disposal '' . Business-sale.com . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Thomas the Tank Engine sale steaming ahead `` , Daily Mail Online , 19 September 2010 '' . Daily Mail . 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas The Tank Engine ' For Sale Cheap '' . Deadline London . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barbie maker Mattel to buy Thomas the Tank Engine owner '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arc Productions Comes On Board As Animation Studio For HIT Entertainment 's Thomas & Friends '' . Hit Entertainment . 6 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends : The Complete First Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Ringo Starr , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft , Robert D. Cardona : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 1 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 2 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 2 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 3 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 3 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fourth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 4 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fifth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 5 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 6 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 6 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection : Series 7 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas the Tank Engine : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 7 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 8 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 8 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 9 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 9 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Complete Series 10 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Marc Seal , Wayne Jackman , Simon Nicholson , James Mason : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 10 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 11 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 11 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas and Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 12 DVD 2011 : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Andrew Viner , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Wayne Jackman , Anna Starkey : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Series 12 '' . Ezydvd.com.au. 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Series 13 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Ben Small , Teresa Gallagher , Keith Wickham , Matt Wilkinson , Togo Igawa , Kerry Shale , Jules de Jongh , Greg Tiernan , Nicole Stinn , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Allan Plenderleith , David Richard Fox , Miranda Larson , Robyn Charteris , Louise Kramskoy , Alan Hescott : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 14 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete 16th Series ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 17 '' . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Complete Series 18 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Land exhibit '' . Thomaslanduk.co.uk . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Michael ( 6 November 2006 ) . `` How Thomas the Tank Engine Works '' . Entertainment.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hit reveals new look for Bob and Thomas '' . ( Press Release ) . Licensing.biz. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends - TV Review '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 22 Funniest Things The Internet Has Ever Done With Thomas The Tank Engine '' . smosh . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Repressive Authoritarian Soul of Thomas the Tank Engine '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas and Friends . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thomas and Friends Official websites Official website Awdry Family Site Other sites Thomas and Friends at TV.com Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends on IMDb ( hide ) The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends Engines Thomas Edward Henry Gordon James Percy Toby Duck Donald and Douglas Oliver Emily Bill and Ben Diesel Mavis Salty Harvey Diesel 10 Narrow - gauge engines Skarloey Rheneas Sir Handel Peter Sam Rusty Duncan Duke Minimum - gauge engines Mike Bert Rex Other characters The Fat Controller The Thin Controller Annie and Clarabel Bertie Harold Terence Trevor Major characters in The Railway Series Minor characters in The Railway Series Railways North Western Skarloey Culdee Fell Arlesdale Mid Sodor Sodor & Mainland The Other Railway Places The Island of Sodor Locations in Thomas and Friends The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry List of Railway Series books Major characters Minor characters Authors Rev. W.V. Awdry ( creator ) Christopher Awdry Illustrators C. Reginald Dalby John T. Kenney Peter and Gunvor Edwards Clive Spong Thomas & Friends , the television show Characters Railway engines Narrow - gauge engines Arlesdale engines Rolling stock Non-rail vehicles People and animals Film characters Television series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Films and specials Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) Calling All Engines ! ( 2005 ) The Great Discovery ( 2008 ) Hero of the Rails ( 2009 ) Misty Island Rescue ( 2010 ) Day of the Diesels ( 2011 ) Blue Mountain Mystery ( 2012 ) King of the Railway ( 2013 ) Tale of the Brave ( 2014 ) The Adventure Begins ( 2015 ) Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure ( 2015 ) The Great Race ( 2016 ) Journey Beyond Sodor ( 2017 ) Production List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Merchandise Annuals Day out with Thomas My Thomas Story Library Thomas Land at Drayton Manor Thomas the Tank Engine pictureback books Related Shining Time Station PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Thomas & Friends ( since 1989 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Bob the Builder ( since 1998 ) Cyberchase ( since 2000 ) SciGirls ( since 2010 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( February 19 , 2018 ) Luna Around the World ( Fall 2018 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block Ringo Starr Ringo Starr Studio albums Sentimental Journey Beaucoups of Blues Ringo Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Ringo the 4th Bad Boy Stop and Smell the Roses Old Wave Time Takes Time Vertical Man I Wanna Be Santa Claus Ringo Rama Choose Love Liverpool 8 Y Not Ringo 2012 Postcards from Paradise Give More Love Live albums Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2 : Live from Montreux 4 - Starr Collection Ringo Starr and His Third All - Starr Band - Volume 1 VH1 Storytellers King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All - Starr Band Extended Versions Tour 2003 Ringo Starr and Friends Ringo Starr : Live at Soundstage Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006 Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 Compilations Blast from Your Past Starr Struck : Best of Ringo Starr , Vol. 2 The Anthology ... So Far Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr Icon Books Postcards From the Boys Related Articles Discography Song list Filmography The Concert for Bangladesh Ring O ' Records Scouse the Mouse Ringo 's Yellow Submarine Ringo ( 1978 film ) `` Brush with Greatness '' Thomas & Friends Shining Time Station The Hollywood Vampires Bands Rory Storm and the Hurricanes The Beatles Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band People / Artists Maureen Starkey ( first wife ) Zak Starkey ( son ) Barbara Bach ( second wife ) Francesca Gregorini ( stepdaughter ) George Harrison Mark Hudson Harry Nilsson Vini Poncia Book Wikiquote Ringo Starr singles 1970s 1970 `` Beaucoups of Blues '' / `` Coochy Coochy '' 1971 `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Early 1970 '' 1972 `` Back Off Boogaloo '' / `` Blindman '' 1973 `` Photograph '' / `` Down and Out '' `` You 're Sixteen '' `` Oh My My '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` No No Song '' / `` Snookeroo '' `` ( It 's All Down to ) Goodnight Vienna '' 1976 `` Oh My My '' / `` No No Song '' `` A Dose of Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` You Do n't Know Me at All '' ( Europe ; except UK ) `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Las Brisas '' ( Mexico ) 1977 `` Wings '' `` Drowning in the Sea of Love '' `` Sneaking Sally Through the Alley '' ( Australia ) 1978 `` Tango All Night '' ( Spain ) `` Lipstick Traces ( On a Cigarette ) '' `` Heart on My Sleeve '' `` Tonight '' 1980s 1981 `` Wrack My Brain '' 1982 `` Private Property '' `` In My Car '' ( Germany ) 1984 `` I Keep Forgettin ' '' ( Mexico ) 1985 `` Sun City '' ( with Artists United Against Apartheid ) 1986 `` You Know It Makes Sense '' `` Act Naturally '' ( with Buck Owens ) 1990s 1991 `` You Never Know '' ( promo ) `` Do n't Go Where the Road Do n't Go '' `` Weight of the World '' 1998 `` La De Da '' `` King of Broken Hearts '' ( promo ) `` One '' ( promo ) `` Mr. Double - It - Up '' ( promo ) 1999 `` Come On Christmas , Christmas Come On '' ( promo ) 2000s 2003 `` Never Without You '' `` Imagine Me There '' ( promo ) 2005 `` Fading In Fading Out '' ( promo ) 2007 `` Liverpool 8 '' 2009 `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' ( with Peter Kay 's Animated All Star Band ) `` Walk with You '' ( with Paul McCartney ) 2010s 2012 `` Wings '' 2015 `` Postcards from Paradise '' 2017 `` Give More Love '' George Carlin Albums Burns and Carlin at the Playboy Club Tonight Take - Offs and Put - Ons FM & AM Class Clown Occupation : Foole Toledo Window Box An Evening with Wally Londo Featuring Bill Slaszo On the Road A Place for My Stuff Carlin on Campus Playin ' with Your Head What Am I Doing in New Jersey ? Parental Advisory : Explicit Lyrics Jammin ' in New York Back in Town You Are All Diseased Complaints and Grievances George Carlin on Comedy Life Is Worth Losing It 's Bad for Ya I Kinda Like It When a Lotta People Die Compilations Indecent Exposure Classic Gold The Little David Years ( 1971 -- 1977 ) HBO specials On Location Again ! Carlin at Carnegie On Campus Playin ' with Your Head What Am I Doing in New Jersey ? Doin ' It Again Jammin ' in New York Back in Town 40 Years of Comedy You Are All Diseased Complaints and Grievances Life Is Worth Losing It 's Bad for Ya Books Sometimes a Little Brain Damage Can Help Brain Droppings Napalm and Silly Putty More Napalm and Silly Putty When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops ? Three Times Carlin : An Orgy of George Last Words Watch My Language Related articles Seven dirty words Bill & Ted `` D'oh - in ' in the Wind '' Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation The George Carlin Show The Kraft Summer Music Hall Shining Time Station Thomas & Friends MusicBrainz : cd153bb1 - c5b1 - 4c08 - a00a - d7f5959decd6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_%26_Friends&oldid=808246877 '' Categories : Thomas & Friends 1984 British television programme debuts 1980s British children 's television series 1990s British children 's television series 2000s British children 's television series 2010s British children 's television series 1980s British animated television series 1990s British animated television series 2000s British animated television series 2010s British animated television series British children 's animated television programmes Channel 5 ( UK ) television programmes Computer - animated television series ITV children 's television programmes Nick Jr. shows Rail transport in fiction PBS network shows Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows Fox Family shows Fuji Television shows Television programs based on children 's books Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series by HIT Entertainment Television series by ITV Studios Television series revived after cancellation Trains in fiction Treehouse TV shows TVOntario shows Family Channel shows English - language television programs Preschool education television series Children 's comedy television series Children 's fantasy television series PBS Kids shows Television series by WNET TV5 ( Philippines ) shows Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use British English from May 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hawaiʻi Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 19 : 17 . 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who replaced ringo starr on thomas the tank engine

Thomas & Friends Thomas the Tank Engine Also known as ' ' Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ( original title ) Genre Television series Created by Britt Allcroft Based on The Railway Series by Rev. W. Awdry Christopher Awdry Written by Rev. W. Awdry ( 1984 -- 95 ) Christopher Awdry ( 1986 -- 95 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 98 ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2002 ) Various ( 2002 -- present ) Sharon Miller ( 2008 -- 12 ; head writer ) Andrew Brenner ( 1991 -- 92 , 1998 , 2013 -- present ; head writer ) Directed by David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Steve Asquith ( 2002 , 2004 -- 08 ) Greg Tiernan ( 2009 -- 12 ) David Baas ( 2013 -- 14 ) David Stoten ( 2014 -- present ) Rob Silvestri ( feature length specials 2013 -- 14 ) Don Spencer ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dianna Basso ( 2015 -- present ) Voices of See List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Narrated by Ringo Starr UK / US : ( 1984 -- 90 ) Michael Angelis UK : ( 1991 -- 2012 ) George Carlin US : ( 1991 -- 96 ) Alec Baldwin US : ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Michael Brandon US : ( 2003 -- 12 ) Pierce Brosnan UK / US : ( 2008 ; The Great Discovery ) Mark Moraghan UK / US : ( 2013 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Mike O'Donnell Junior Campbell ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Robert Hartshorne ( 2004 -- 16 ) Ed Welch ( 2004 -- 08 ) Peter Hartshorne ( 2011 -- 16 ) Chris Renshaw ( 2016 -- present ) Oliver Davis ( 2016 -- present ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 21 No. of episodes 512 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 86 , 2002 ) Angus Wright ( 1991 -- 98 ) Peter Urie ( 2002 -- 03 ) Jocelyn Stevenson ( 2003 -- 06 ) Christopher Skala ( 2007 -- 11 ) Marion Edwards ( 2009 -- 15 ) Lenora Hume ( 2009 -- 10 ) Karen Barnes ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kallan Kagan ( 2013 -- 17 ) Jeff Young ( 2013 -- 15 ) Steven Hecht ( 2013 -- 15 ) Michael Carrington ( 2013 -- 14 ) Christopher Keenan ( 2014 -- present ) Edward Catchpole ( 2015 ) Marianne Culbert ( 2016 ) Kyle MacDougall ( 2016 -- present ) Jamie LeClaire ( 2016 -- present ) Phil LaFrance ( 2016 -- present ) Producer ( s ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 98 ) Robert D. Cardona ( 1984 -- 86 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1991 -- 98 ) Phil Fehrle ( 2002 -- 03 ) Simon Spencer ( 2004 -- 08 ) Nicole Stinn ( 2008 -- 12 ) Ian McCue ( 2011 -- 17 ) Halim Jabbour ( 2013 ) Robert Anderson ( 2013 ; 2015 -- present ) Brian Lynch ( 2013 -- 15 ) Jennifer Hill ( 2014 -- 15 ) Lynda Craigmyle ( 2016 ) Jane Sobol ( 2016 ) Tracy Blagdon ( 2016 -- present ) Micaela Winter ( 2016 -- present ) Location ( s ) Clapham Junction ( 1984 ) Clearwater Studios Battersea ( 1984 ) Shepperton Studios ( 1986 -- 2008 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Editor ( s ) Michael Dixon ( 1984 ) Rebecca de Burgh Mound ( 1986 ) John Wright ( 1991 -- 2002 ) Kate Buckland ( 2004 -- 08 ) Kevin Pavlovic ( 2009 -- 12 ) Adam Garner ( 2013 -- present ) Gavin Ebedes ( 2014 -- present ) Running time 4 - 5 minutes ( 1984 -- 2003 ) ; 7 minutes ( 2004 -- 08 ) ; 9 - 10 minutes ( 17 min. ; one episode ) ( 2004 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Central ITV ( 1984 - 86 ) FilmFair ( 1984 - 96 ) Woodland Animations ( 1984 - 96 ) Clearwater Features ( 1984 -- 86 ) The Britt Allcroft Company ( 1984 -- present ) Thames Television ( 1991 - 92 ) Gullane Entertainment ( 1999 -- present ) HiT Entertainment ( 2003 -- present ; Mattel ) Hot Animation ( 2004 - 2008 ) Cosgrove Hall Films ( 2005 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Distributor Various distributors Release Original network ITV ( UK ; 1984 -- 2006 , 2013 -- present ) Channel 5 ( UK ; 2005 -- present ) Cartoon Network ( UK ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) , Nick Jr . Too ( UK ; 2006 -- present ) FOUR ( NZ ; 2011 -- 16 ) TVNZ 2 ( NZ ; 2016 -- present ) Cartoonito ( UK ; 2017 -- present ) PTV ( US ; 1989 -- 98 ( only as a segment on Shining Time Station ) ) PBS KIDS ( US ; 2004 -- present ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) Fox Family ( US ; 1998 -- 2001 ) PBS KIDS Sprout / Sprout ( US ; 2005 -- 15 ) Picture format 4 : 3 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 1 - 5 ) 16 : 9 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 6 -- 10 ) 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 11 ) 16 : 9 1080p ( HDTV ) ( CGI ) ( Series 12 -- present ) Audio format Stereo ( 1984 -- 95 ) Dolby Surround ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2003 -- present ) Original release 9 October 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 09 ) -- present External links Website www.thomasandfriends.com

Martin Van Buren - wikipedia Martin Van Buren Jump to : navigation , search `` Van Buren '' redirects here . For other uses , see Van Buren ( disambiguation ) . Martin Van Buren 8th President of the United States In office March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Vice President Richard M. Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Succeeded by William Henry Harrison 8th Vice President of the United States In office March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1837 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by John C. Calhoun Succeeded by Richard M. Johnson United States Minister to the United Kingdom In office August 8 , 1831 -- April 4 , 1832 Nominated by Andrew Jackson Preceded by Louis McLane Succeeded by Aaron Vail ( Acting ) 10th United States Secretary of State In office March 28 , 1829 -- May 23 , 1831 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by Henry Clay Succeeded by Edward Livingston 9th Governor of New York In office January 1 , 1829 -- March 12 , 1829 Lieutenant Enos T. Throop Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Succeeded by Enos T. Throop United States Senator from New York In office March 4 , 1821 -- December 20 , 1828 Preceded by Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Attorney General of New York In office February 17 , 1815 -- July 8 , 1819 Governor Daniel D. Tompkins John Tayler ( Acting ) DeWitt Clinton Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley Member of the New York State Senate In office 1813 -- 1820 Preceded by Edward Philip Livingston Succeeded by John I. Miller Surrogate of Columbia County , New York In office 1808 -- 1813 Preceded by James I. Van Alen Succeeded by James Vanderpoel Personal details Maarten van Buren ( 1782 - 12 - 05 ) December 5 , 1782 Kinderhook , New York , U.S. July 24 , 1862 ( 1862 - 07 - 24 ) ( aged 79 ) Kinderhook , New York , U.S. Resting place Kinderhook Cemetery Nationality American Political party Democratic - Republican ( 1799 -- 1825 ) Democratic ( 1825 -- 48 ; 1852 -- 62 ) Free Soil ( 1848 -- 52 ) Spouse ( s ) Hannah Hoes ( m . 1807 ; d . 1819 ) Children Abraham , John , Martin Jr. , Smith , and Winfield . Parents Abraham Van Buren Maria Hoes Van Alen Profession Lawyer , politician Signature Nickname ( s ) Old Kinderhook , The Little Magician Martin Van Buren ( born Maarten van Buren ; December 5 , 1782 -- July 24 , 1862 ) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 . A founder of the Democratic Party , he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government , including eighth Vice President ( 1833 -- 1837 ) and tenth Secretary of State ( 1829 -- 1831 ) , both under Andrew Jackson . Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson 's policies . The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection . During his half - century of public service , he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level ; at the end of his life , he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln 's policies during the American Civil War . Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen . Of Dutch descent , he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language . A delegate to a political convention at age 18 , he quickly moved from local to state politics , gaining fame both as a political organizer and an accomplished lawyer . Elected to the U.S. Senate by the New York State Legislature in 1821 , he reorganized the Democratic - Republican Party in New York and established the Albany Regency to keep it in power . Van Buren supported William H. Crawford for President in the 1824 election . John Quincy Adams was then made president in a contingent election . The supporters of Jackson , who had won a plurality of the popular and electoral vote , coalesced around Jackson to create the new Democratic Party . Van Buren , alarmed by the nationalist policies of the Adams administration , soon joined them . Van Buren was a major supporter and organizer for Jackson in the 1828 election , and ran for Governor of New York in the hope of using his personal popularity to boost Jackson 's campaign . Jackson and Van Buren were elected , and after serving as governor for two months , Van Buren resigned to become Jackson 's Secretary of State . During Jackson 's eight years as President , Van Buren was a key advisor , and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party , particularly in New York . He resigned as Secretary of State in 1831 to help resolve the Petticoat affair . Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as American Minister to Britain . Van Buren 's nomination was rejected by the Senate , cutting short his service in London , but he was elected Vice President in the 1832 election . With Jackson 's strong support , Van Buren faced little opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention , and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election . As President , Van Buren was blamed for the depression of 1837 ; hostile newspapers called him `` Martin Van Ruin '' . He attempted to cure the economic problems by keeping control of federal funds in an independent treasury , rather than in state banks , but Congress would not approve of this until 1840 . In foreign affairs , he denied the application of Texas for admission to the Union , unwilling to upset the balance of free and slave states in the Missouri Compromise , and hoping to avoid war with Mexico over Texas annexation . Additionally , relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada proved to be strained from the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair . In the 1840 election , Van Buren was voted out of office , losing to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison . Van Buren was the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1844 , but his continued opposition to the annexation of Texas caused him to lose to James K. Polk , who went on to win the election . In the 1848 election , Van Buren ran unsuccessfully as the candidate of the anti-slavery Free Soil Party . He returned to the Democratic fold to endorse Franklin Pierce ( 1852 ) , James Buchanan ( 1856 ) , and Stephen A. Douglas ( 1860 ) for the presidency . His increasingly abolitionist views and support for the Union led him to support Abraham Lincoln after the start of the American Civil War . Van Buren 's health began to fail in 1861 , and he died in July 1862 at age 79 . He has been generally ranked as a below - average president . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 2.1 U.S. Senate and national politics 3 Secretary of State 3.1 Petticoat affair 4 Vice-Presidency 5 Presidential election of 1836 6 Presidency 1837 -- 1841 6.1 White House hostess 6.2 Panic of 1837 6.3 Indian removals 6.4 Mormons 6.5 Texas 6.6 British North America 6.7 United States v . The Amistad 6.8 Cabinet 6.9 Judicial appointments 6.10 Midterm elections of 1838 6.11 Presidential election of 1840 7 Election of 1844 8 Later life 9 Memorials and popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Books by Van Buren 13.2 Books about Van Buren 14 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Record of Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church `` Maarten '' Van Buren ( Dutch sp . ) baptism December 15 , 1782 Martin Van Buren was born on December 5 , 1782 , in the village of Kinderhook , New York about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Albany on the Hudson River . He was the first President not born a British subject , or even of British ancestry . He was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen of the village of Buurmalsen , near the town of Buren in the Netherlands , who had come to North America in 1631 and had purchased a plot of land on Manhattan Island ; his son Martin Cornelisen took the surname Van Buren . His father , Abraham Van Buren ( 1737 -- 1817 ) , owned and operated an inn and tavern , and Martin was born in a house that was attached to the tavern . Abraham Van Buren supported the Patriot cause during the American Revolution as a captain in the Albany County Militia 's 7th Regiment , and later joined the Jeffersonian Republicans . He was active in local politics and government , and served as Kinderhook 's town clerk from 1787 to 1797 . In 1776 , Abraham Van Buren married Maria Hoes ( or Goes ) Van Alen ( 1747 -- 1818 ) , the widow of Johannes Van Alen . Although both Abraham and Maria Van Buren were fifth generation residents of the Province of New York , all of their forebears were of Dutch ancestry , as was the case for most of Kinderhook 's residents , and they still spoke Dutch as their first language . The future president was baptized on December 15 , 1782 , as `` Maarten Van Buren '' , the original Dutch spelling of his name . He had four full siblings and three half - siblings . From his mother 's first marriage : Marytje ( or Maria ) Van Alen ( 1768 -- 1829 ) , married John L. Hoes . John I. Van Alen ( 1770 -- 1805 ) James I. Van Alen ( 1772 - 1822 ) , who practiced law with Van Buren for a time and also served as a member of Congress ( 1807 -- 1809 ) . From his parents ' marriage : Dirckie `` Derike '' Van Buren ( 1777 -- 1865 ) , married Barent Hoes ( 1777 -- 1853 ) . Barent Hoes was the brother of Martin Van Buren 's wife , and served in local offices including town clerk . Jannetje ( Called `` Hannah '' or `` Jane '' ) Van Buren ( 1780 -- 1838 ) , who never married and who resided with her sister Dirckie Van Buren and brother - in - law Barent Hoes . Lawrence Van Buren ( 1786 -- 1868 ) , a store owner and attorney who served as a militia officer in the War of 1812 and held local offices including Kinderhook Town Supervisor , postmaster , and presidential elector in 1852 . Abraham Van Buren ( 1788 -- 1836 ) , an attorney who served as Columbia County Surrogate after Martin Van Buren and James I. Van Alen . Van Buren received a basic education at the village schoolhouse and briefly studied Latin at the Kinderhook Academy and at Washington Seminary in Claverack . His formal education ended in 1796 , when he began reading law at the office of Peter Silvester and his son Francis , prominent Federalist attorneys in Kinderhook . Van Buren learned early to interact with people from varied ethnic , income , and societal groups , which he would later use to his advantage as a political organizer . Hannah Van Buren He was small in stature ; as an adult he was 5 feet 6 inches tall , and was often referred to as `` Little Van . '' When he first began his legal studies , he often presented an unkempt appearance in rough , homespun clothing . The Silvesters admonished Van Buren about how crucial a lawyer 's clothing and personal appearance were to the success of his practice . He accepted their advice and patterned his clothing , appearance , bearing and conduct after theirs . After six years under the Silvesters , the elder Silvester and Democratic - Republican political figure John Peter Van Ness suggested that Van Buren 's political leanings constrained him to complete his education with a Democratic - Republican attorney . Accepting this advice , he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of John Van Ness 's brother William P. Van Ness , a political lieutenant of Aaron Burr. Van Buren was admitted to the New York bar in 1803 . Van Buren married Hannah Hoes , his childhood sweetheart and a daughter of his first cousin , on February 21 , 1807 , in Catskill , New York . Like Van Buren , she was raised in a Dutch home ; she spoke primarily Dutch , and spoke English with a distinct accent . The couple had five sons : Abraham ( 1807 -- 1873 ) a graduate of West Point and career military officer John ( 1810 -- 1866 ) , graduate of Yale and Attorney General of New York Martin , Jr. ( 1812 -- 1855 ) , secretary to his father and editor of his father 's papers until a premature death from tuberculosis Winfield Scott ( born and died in 1814 ) Smith Thompson ( 1817 -- 1876 ) , an editor and special assistant to his father during Van Buren 's presidency . After 12 years of marriage , Hannah Van Buren contracted tuberculosis and died on February 5 , 1819 , at the age of 35 . Martin Van Buren never remarried . Early political career ( edit ) Van Buren had been active in politics from age 18 if not before ; he attended a Democratic - Republican Party convention in Troy , New York where he worked successfully to secure for John Peter Van Ness the party nomination in a special election for the 6th Congressional District seat . He formed a law partnership with his half - brother James I. Van Alen and became financially secure enough to increase his focus on politics . He was a supporter of Aaron Burr , and allied himself with the George Clinton faction of the Democratic - Republican Party . Van Buren supported Daniel D. Tompkins for Governor over incumbent Morgan Lewis in 1807 . Tompkins won , and his allies won a majority in the state legislature . As a result , Van Buren was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County , New York , replacing Van Alen , who had supported Lewis . He served as Surrogate from 1808 until 1813 , when the Federalist Party gained a majority in the state legislature and replaced him . Van Buren was a member of the New York State Senate from 1813 to 1820 , and in 1813 joined the opposition party -- New York Democratic - Republicans who fought DeWitt Clinton for control of that party in New York . Van Buren served as New York Attorney General from 1815 to 1819 . He replaced William Floyd as a presidential elector in 1820 , and voted for James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins . Though he never served in the military , during the War of 1812 Van Buren worked in the State Senate to pass war measures , including bills to expand the New York Militia and increase soldier pay . In addition , he was a special judge advocate appointed to serve as a prosecutor of William Hull during Hull 's court - martial following the surrender of Detroit . In the winter of 1814 -- 15 he collaborated with Winfield Scott on ways to reorganize the New York Militia in anticipation of another military campaign in 1815 . The reorganization would have included a position for Van Buren at a rank to be determined , but the war 's end in February 1815 ended their work on the project . He initially opposed DeWitt Clinton 's plan for the Erie Canal , but relented when the Bucktails , the anti-DeWitt Clinton Democratic - Republicans , were able to gain a majority on the Erie Canal Commission ; he supported a bill to finance its construction through the sale of state bonds . From 1816 to 1829 , Van Buren served as a member of the University of the State of New York Board of Regents . In 1817 , Van Buren 's connection with so - called `` machine politics '' started when he created the first political organization encompassing all of New York , the Bucktails . The Bucktails succeeded in emphasizing party loyalty and used it to capture and control many patronage posts throughout New York . Van Buren gained the nickname of `` Little Magician '' for the skill with which he exploited the `` spoils system '' . He was a member of the 1820 state constitutional convention , where he favored expanded voting rights , but opposed universal suffrage and tried to maintain property requirements for voting . He was the leading figure in the Albany Regency , a group of Bucktail leaders who for more than a generation dominated New York politics and influenced national politics . The Regency , together with other political organizations such as Tammany Hall , played a major role in expanding the spoils system and making it a recognized and accepted procedure . While organizing and overseeing the operations of the Regency , Van Buren resided in Albany ; his housemate was Roger Skinner , a lifelong bachelor who was also a key Van Buren lieutenant in the State Senate and as Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York . Van Buren was the prime architect of the first nationwide political party : the Jacksonian Democrats or Democratic Party , which evolved from the Democratic - Republicans and relied on party loyalty and patronage to prevent contentious sectional issues , including tariffs and slavery , from becoming national crises . In Van Buren 's words , `` Without strong national political organizations , there would be nothing to moderate the prejudices between free and slaveholding states . '' As had James Madison and other Democratic Party organizers who favored states ' rights and local control , Van Buren was struggling to find an institutional solution to the Constitution 's seeming inability to prevent concentration of power in an administrative republic . Early in his life Van Buren owned a slave , a man named Tom who served as his personal valet . Tom ran away in 1814 and eventually settled in Canada , with Van Buren making no effort to locate him . In 1824 Tom was found to be living in Worcester , Massachusetts . Since he still legally owned Tom ( under New York 's gradual emancipation law , slavery was scheduled to be completely abolished in the state in 1827 ) , Van Buren privately agreed to sell Tom to the finder for $50 , provided the finder , a resident of Rensselaer County , could guarantee that Tom would be captured without violence . He could not make such a guarantee , and his willingness to pay was lessened by the knowledge that Tom would be emancipated in fewer than three years even if he was re-enslaved , so Tom remained free , as Van Buren probably intended . ( Allowing Tom to remain in Massachusetts unmolested without notice enabled Van Buren to avoid offending southern slave owners , as he would do if he publicly allowed a former slave to remain free . At the same time , he avoided offending northern abolitionists , which he would do if he captured and re-enslaved a former slave . ) U.S. Senate and National politics ( edit ) Gubernatorial portrait of Martin Van Buren by Daniel Huntington In February 1821 Van Buren was elected a U.S. Senator from New York , defeating incumbent Nathan Sanford , who ran as the Clintonian candidate . Van Buren initially favored internal improvements , such as road repairs and canal construction ; he proposed a constitutional amendment in 1824 to authorize such undertakings , but changed his position the following year . He voted for the tariffs of 1824 and 1828 , and then gradually abandoned this protectionist position , later supporting tariffs `` for revenue only . '' In the presidential election of 1824 , Van Buren supported the nominee of a Congressional caucus , Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford , and received the electoral votes of Georgia for Vice President . None of the presidential candidates -- Crawford , John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , or Henry Clay -- had received a majority of the electoral college votes , so the choice fell to the United States House of Representatives . The House had to choose from among the top three candidates , so Clay was eliminated . Van Buren had originally hoped to block John Quincy Adams by denying him the state of New York , which was divided between supporters of Crawford and Adams . However , Representative Stephen Van Rensselaer swung New York to Adams . Adams won , and appointed Clay as Secretary of State . Because Clay had supported Adams in the House election , Jackson and Crawford supporters alleged corruption . After the House contest , Van Buren shrewdly kept out of the controversy which followed , and began looking forward to 1828 . He switched his support early from Crawford , whose ill health after a stroke had made him a less than viable candidate , to Andrew Jackson , who had won the popular vote in 1824 . Jackson was angered to see the presidency go to Adams after he received fewer popular votes , and eagerly looked forward to a rematch . Always notably courteous in his treatment of opponents , Van Buren showed no bitterness toward either Adams or Henry Clay , and he voted for Clay 's confirmation as Secretary of State , notwithstanding Jackson 's `` corrupt bargain '' charge . At the same time , he opposed the Adams - Clay plans for internal infrastructure improvements ( roads , canals , bridges , etc . ) and declined to support U.S. participation in the Congress of Panama . As chair of the Judiciary Committee , he brought forward a number of measures for the improvement of judicial procedure , including one ( not adopted ) , which would have required a super-majority vote by the United States Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional . In May 1826 , Van Buren joined with Senator Thomas Hart Benton in reporting on patronage in the executive branch , going against his own use of the spoils system to propose , in vain , that Presidents not be able to remove officeholders at will , and that Presidents report to Congress on the reason for dismissal of federal position holders . The 1828 `` Tariff of Abominations '' was recognized as his work . Since Democrats , especially Southerners , were generally opposed to tariffs that increased the price of manufactured goods from the North but did not benefit the raw materials produced in the South , Van Buren could normally have been expected to oppose tariffs . Political observers of the time viewed Van Buren 's efforts to pass the 1828 tariff as part of the campaign to elect Jackson as President . Anticipating that most Southerners would vote for Andrew Jackson no matter who else was running , Van Buren intended the tariff proposed by Jackson 's Northern Democratic supporters in Congress to attract to Jackson 's candidacy Northern voters , who generally favored high tariffs to protect the manufactured goods they produced . Van Buren voted in favor , later adopting the cover story that he had done so only in response to instructions from the New York State Legislature . Most Democrats , especially Southerners , continued to oppose tariffs after 1828 . Van Buren 's political opponents in the Democratic Party used his 1828 vote against him for years afterwards to prevent him from obtaining Southern support for his candidacies . Van Buren was not an exceptional orator like Henry Clay or Daniel Webster , but his more important speeches show careful preparation and his opinions carried weight ; the oft - repeated charge that he refrained from declaring himself on crucial questions is hardly borne out by scrutiny of his senatorial career . In February 1827 , he was re-elected to the Senate by a large majority . He became one of the recognized managers of the Jackson campaign , and his tour of Virginia , the Carolinas , and Georgia in the spring of 1827 won support for Jackson from Crawford as Van Buren sought to reorganize and unify `` the old Republican party '' behind Jackson . At the state level , Jackson 's committee chairs would split up the responsibilities around the state and organize volunteers at the local level . `` Hurra Boys '' would plant hickory trees ( in honor of Jackson 's nickname , `` Old Hickory '' ) or hand out hickory sticks at rallies . In 1828 Van Buren ran for Governor of New York in an effort to use his personal popularity to bolster Jackson 's chances of carrying New York in the presidential election . Jackson defeated Adams handily , leading the pro-Adams New York American to editorialize `` Organization is the secret of victory . By the want of it we have been overthrown . '' Van Buren won his election , and resigned from the Senate to start the gubernatorial term , which began on January 1 , 1829 . Van Buren 's tenure as New York governor is the second shortest on record . While his term was short , he did manage to pass the Bank Safety Fund Law ( an early form of deposit insurance ) through the Legislature . Secretary of state ( edit ) On March 5 , 1829 , President Jackson appointed Van Buren Secretary of State , an office which probably had been promised him before the 1828 elections , and Van Buren resigned the governorship on March 12 . He was succeeded by his Lieutenant Governor , Enos T. Throop , a member of the Regency . As Secretary of State , Van Buren sought congeniality with the Kitchen Cabinet , Jackson 's informal advisers . He sometimes opposed Jackson in the matter of removing political appointees from office to replace them with Jackson loyalists , but also saw to the replacement of postmasters in New York with Van Buren loyalists . In July 1829 , Rutgers College awarded Van Buren the honorary degree of LL. D . No serious diplomatic crises arose during Van Buren 's tenure , but he achieved several notable successes , such as settling long - standing claims against France and winning reparations for property that had been seized during the Napoleonic Wars . He reached an agreement with the British to open trade with the British West Indies colonies and concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that gained American merchants access to the Black Sea . Items on which he did not achieve success included settling the Maine - New Brunswick boundary dispute with Great Britain , gaining settlement of the U.S. claim to the Oregon Country , concluding a commercial treaty with Russia , and persuading Mexico to sell Texas . Van Buren also advised Jackson informally on matters of domestic policy -- in the controversy over the Bank of the United States , he sided with Jackson . He also allied with Jackson on the Indian Removal Act . After the breach between Jackson and Calhoun , which culminated with the Nullification Crisis , Van Buren 's position as one of Jackson 's primary political supporters and policy advisors clearly branded him as the most prominent candidate for the vice presidency in 1832 , and Jackson 's most likely successor in 1836 . Petticoat Affair ( edit ) Mrs Floride Calhoun , a leader of the `` petticoats '' Further information : Petticoat affair In Jackson 's first term , Van Buren won the president 's lasting regard by his courtesies to Peggy Eaton , wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton , whom the wives of the cabinet members and others had shunned over the circumstances surrounding their marriage and her alleged moral failures as a cabinet wife . Led by Floride Calhoun , wife of Vice President Calhoun , these women ( the `` petticoats '' ) socially ostracized the Eatons , refused to pay courtesy calls at their home or receive them as visitors , and denied them invitations to social events . Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration , Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy to gain political leverage . As a widower , Van Buren was unaffected by the position of the Cabinet wives , and he supported Jackson 's position that criticism of the Eatons would not be tolerated . By siding with Jackson , Van Buren helped create a counter-coalition that weakened Calhoun . The dispute was resolved when Van Buren offered to resign ; in April 1831 , Jackson accepted , and took the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for the resignations of Cabinet members whose wives were part of the anti-Eaton coalition . Postmaster General William T. Barry , who had sided with Jackson and Van Buren , was the lone cabinet member to stay , and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington , first as governor of Florida Territory , and then as minister to Spain . Vice-presidency ( edit ) After resigning as Secretary of State , Van Buren remained in office until June 1831 , and continued to play a part in Jackson 's Kitchen Cabinet . In August 1831 Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as Minister to the Court of St. James ( Britain ) and he arrived in London in September . He was cordially received , but in February he learned his nomination was rejected by the Senate on January 25 , 1832 . The rejection was attributed to Van Buren 's instructions while Secretary of State to Louis McLane , the American minister to Britain , which concerned the opening of the West Indies trade , and repudiated the foreign policy of Jackson 's predecessors , which the Senate claimed was a breach of decorum . The rejection of Van Buren was essentially the work of Calhoun , who had opposed Van Buren 's confirmation , believing that Van Buren had attempted to keep him from becoming vice president by making overtures to Henry Clay to run on a ticket with William H. Crawford , Van Buren 's preferred candidate for president in 1824 . Calhoun also opposed Van Buren for his role in the Petticoat Affair and his work on the 1828 tariff . When the vote on Van Buren 's nomination was taken , enough pro-Calhoun Democrats refrained from voting to produce a tie , thus giving Calhoun , in his role as presiding officer , the ability to cast a vote . He voted against Van Buren , and so achieved `` vengeance '' on Van Buren . Calhoun was elated , convinced that he had ended Van Buren 's career . `` It will kill him dead , sir , kill him dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick , '' Calhoun exclaimed to a friend within earshot of Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton . A painting of Van Buren by Francis Alexander , c. 1830 -- 1840 Benton recognized the significance of Calhoun 's action , saying `` You have broken a minister and made a vice president . '' John Tyler , then serving as a Senator from Virginia , also recognized Calhoun 's overreach , writing to a friend that `` Van Buren is elevated by the silly thing of rejecting him . '' As Benton and Tyler foresaw , Calhoun 's move backfired , by making Van Buren appear the victim of petty politics , thus raising him in both Jackson 's regard and the esteem of others in the Democratic Party . Far from ending Van Buren 's career , Calhoun 's action gave greater impetus to Van Buren 's candidacy for vice president . After a brief tour of Europe , Van Buren reached New York on July 5 , 1832 . The May 1832 Democratic National Convention , the party 's first , had nominated him for vice president on the Jackson ticket . Van Buren 's nomination was not as strongly supported as Jackson 's , particularly among southerners who recalled his work on the tariff in 1828 , but he somewhat placated southerners by denying the right of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia without the consent of the slave states . The Jackson - Van Buren ticket won the election of 1832 by a landslide , and Van Buren took office as Vice President in March 1833 . During his time in office Van Buren continued to be one of Jackson 's primary advisors and confidants , and accompanied Jackson on his tour of the northeastern United States in 1833 . Jackson 's confidence in Van Buren was further demonstrated after Jackson named Benjamin F. Butler , Van Buren 's political ally and former law partner , to serve as Attorney General , and John Forsyth , another Van Buren ally , to serve as Secretary of State . Van Buren 's support of Jackson in the Nullification Crisis and the decision not to recharter the Second Bank of the United States made him a target of Jackson 's most vocal opponents . Van Buren was threatened with violence , including explicit comments from Senator George Poindexter of Mississippi , which prompted Van Buren to carry pistols for self - defense . However he also demonstrated both the willingness and the ability to work with his opponents , cooperating with Clay and Calhoun ( now a Senator ) to pass the compromise Tariff of 1833 , which helped end the Nullification Crisis . During one contentious debate on the bank issue , Van Buren presided over the Senate as Clay spoke passionately about the harm he believed Jackson 's bank policy would cause . Directing his remarks to Van Buren , Clay asked rhetorically whether Van Buren would approach Jackson and persuade him to change his mind . After Clay concluded , observers wondered how Van Buren would react . Van Buren 's response was to descend from the rostrum and ask Clay if he could borrow a pinch of snuff . Caught off guard , Clay reflexively handed over his snuff box . Van Buren took a pinch , bowed to Clay , and left the chamber , both deflating the effect of Clay 's remarks and preventing tension from escalating , as would have happened if Van Buren had attempted to reply directly . Presidential election of 1836 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1836 1836 electoral vote results Jackson , not running in 1836 , was determined to make Van Buren his successor in order to continue the Jackson administration 's policies . This conclusion on Jackson 's part soon became public . When the Democratic Convention met in Baltimore , Maryland in May , 1835 , 18 months before the election , the delegates nominated Van Buren unanimously . Two names were put forward for the vice-presidential nomination : Representative Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky , and former senator William Cabell Rives of Virginia . Southern Democrats , and Van Buren himself , strongly preferred Rives. Jackson , on the other hand , strongly preferred Johnson . Again , Jackson 's considerable influence prevailed , however , Johnson received the required two - thirds vote only after New York Senator Silas Wright prevailed upon non-delegate Edward Rucker to cast the 15 votes of the absent Tennessee delegation in his favor . On the issue of slavery , Van Buren moved to obtain the support of southerners by assuring them that he opposed abolitionism and supported the maintaining of slavery in states where it had already existed . Regarding the national bank , Van Buren made clear that he opposed rechartering a national bank . To demonstrate consistency regarding his opinions on slavery , Van Buren cast the tie - breaking Senate vote in favor of engrossing a bill to subject abolitionist mail to state laws , thus ensuring that its circulation would be prohibited in the South . Martin Van Buren 's competitors in the election of 1836 were three members of the newly established Whig Party . Still a loose coalition bound by mutual opposition to Jackson 's anti-bank policies but lacking the party unity or organizational strength to field a single ticket or define a coherent platform , the Whigs ran several regional candidates in hopes of sending the election to the House of Representatives , where each state delegation would have one vote and the Whigs would stand a better chance of winning . They were : Hugh White of Tennessee , Daniel Webster of Massachusetts , and William Henry Harrison of Indiana . Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank , the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension , and attacked Jackson for `` acts of aggression and usurpation of power . '' The Whigs nominated New York Anti-Mason Francis Granger and former Democrat John Tyler of Virginia for vice president . Richard Johnson , Van Buren 's running mate , was a hero of the War of 1812 , and claimed to have killed Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames . Since Harrison was campaigning for president as the `` hero of Tippecanoe , '' Johnson 's friends countered with : Rumpsey , dumpsey , rumpsey dumpsey , Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh ! Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes , only 50.9 percent of the total , and 170 electoral votes . Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes , White receiving 26 and Webster 14 . Willie P. Mangum of South Carolina received his state 's 11 electoral votes . Van Buren 's victory resulted from a combination of his own attractive political and personal qualities , Jackson 's popularity and endorsement , the organizational power of the Democratic party , and the inability of the Whig Party -- at this point -- to muster an effective candidate and campaign . Johnson , however , received only 147 electoral votes , 70 more than his closest contender , Francis Granger , but one less than the number required to elect . Virginia 's electors had remained loyal to Van Buren , who carried the state by a close margin , but instead , they all refused to vote for Johnson . Van Buren was the first president to be born after the United States Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain . On February 8 , 1837 , the U.S. Senate convened , and in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment chose the vice president from the two top electoral vote recipients , Johnson , and Granger . Johnson won the contingent vote , 33 - 17 , and became the nation 's ninth vice president . Presidency 1837 -- 1841 ( edit ) File : VAN BUREN , Martin - President ( BEP engraved portrait ). jpg BEP engraved portrait of Van Buren as President Main article : Presidency of Martin Van Buren White House hostess ( edit ) For the first half of his presidency , Van Buren , who had been a widower for many years , did not have a specific person fill the role of White House hostess at administration social events , but tried to assume such duties himself . When his eldest son Abraham Van Buren married Angelica Singleton in 1838 , he quickly acted to install his daughter - in - law as his hostess . She solicited the advice of her distant relative , Dolley Madison , who had moved back to Washington after her husband 's death , and soon the president 's parties livened up . After the 1839 New Year 's Eve reception , the Boston Post raved : `` ( Angelica Van Buren is a ) lady of rare accomplishments , very modest yet perfectly easy and graceful in her manners and free and vivacious in her conversation ... universally admired . '' As the nation endured a deep economic depression , Angelica van Buren 's receiving style at receptions was influenced by her heavy reading on European court life ( and her naive delight in being received as the Queen of the United States when she visited the royal courts of England and France after her marriage ) . Newspaper coverage of this , in addition to the claim that she intended to re-landscape the White House grounds to resemble the royal gardens of Europe , was used in a political attack on her father - in - law by a Pennsylvania Whig Congressman Charles Ogle . He referred obliquely to her as part of the presidential `` household '' in his famous Gold Spoon Oration . The attack was delivered in Congress and the depiction of the President as living a royal lifestyle was a primary factor in his defeat for re-election . Panic of 1837 ( edit ) The modern balaam and his ass , an 1837 caricature placing the blame for the Panic of 1837 and the perilous state of the banking system on outgoing President Andrew Jackson , shown riding a donkey , while President Martin Van Buren comments approvingly . When Van Buren entered office , the nation 's economic health had taken a turn for the worse and the prosperity of the early 1830s was over . Two months into his presidency , on May 10 , 1837 , some important state banks in New York , running out of hard currency reserves , refused to convert paper money into gold or silver , and other financial institutions throughout the nation quickly followed suit . This financial crisis would become known as the Panic of 1837 . The Panic was followed by a five - year depression in which banks failed and unemployment reached record highs . Van Buren blamed the economic collapse on greedy American and foreign business and financial institutions , as well as the over-extension of credit by U.S. banks . Whig leaders in Congress blamed the Democrats , along with Andrew Jackson 's economic policies , specifically his 1836 Specie Circular . Cries of `` rescind the circular ! '' went up and former President Jackson sent word to Van Buren asking him not to rescind the order , believing that it had to be given enough time to work . Others , like Nicholas Biddle , believed that Jackson 's dismantling of the Bank of the United States was directly responsible for the irresponsible creation of paper money by the state banks which had precipitated this panic . To deal with the crisis , the Whigs proposed rechartering the national bank . The president countered by proposing the establishment of an independent U.S. treasury , which would take the politics out of the nation 's money supply ; the government would hold all of its money balances in the form of gold or silver and would be restricted from printing paper money at will , a measure designed to prevent inflation . Van Buren announced his proposal in September 1837 ; but that was too much for state banking interests , and an alliance of conservative Democrats and Whigs prevented it from becoming law until 1840 . The independent treasury lasted only one year -- the Whigs , who won a congressional majority and the presidency in the 1840 elections , promptly repealed the law . By the time Congress finally acted , the nation 's economy had been mired in a depression for nearly four years ; the problems would continue into the early 1840s . More important for Van Buren 's immediate future , the depression would be a major issue in his upcoming re-election campaign . Indian removals ( edit ) In 1838 , Van Buren directed General Winfield Scott to forcibly institute the removal of all those Cherokee who had not complied with the 1835 Treaty of New Echota -- by departing from the Southeastern United States and moving west ( to present day Oklahoma ) . The Cherokee were herded violently into internment camps , where they were kept for the summer of 1838 . The actual transportation west was delayed by intense heat and drought , but in the fall , the Cherokee reluctantly agreed to transport themselves west . During the Cherokee removal , part of the Trail of Tears , some 20,000 people were involuntarily relocated . In the course of Van Buren 's presidency the federal government negotiated 19 treaties with Indian nations . The administration also contended with the Seminole in Florida , who engaged the army in a seven - year battle . Known as the Second Seminole War , the battle began in 1835 during Jackson 's presidency . Fighting was not resolved until 1842 , after Van Buren had left office . It is regarded as the longest and most costly of the nation 's Indian conflicts . Mormons ( edit ) In 1839 , Joseph Smith , Jr. , the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , visited Van Buren to plead for the U.S. to help roughly 20,000 Mormon settlers of Independence , Missouri ( who were forced from the state during the 1838 Mormon War . ) The Governor of Missouri , Lilburn Boggs , had issued an executive order on October 27 , 1838 , known as the `` Extermination Order '' . It authorized troops to use force against Mormons to `` exterminate or drive ( them ) from the state '' . In 1839 , after moving to Illinois , Smith and his party appealed to members of Congress and to President Van Buren to intercede for the Mormons . According to Smith 's grandnephew , Van Buren said to Smith , `` Your cause is just , but I can do nothing for you ; if I take up for you I shall lose the vote of Missouri '' . Texas ( edit ) In a bold step , Van Buren reversed Andrew Jackson 's policies and sought peace at home , as well as abroad . Instead of settling a financial dispute between American citizens and the Mexican government by force , Van Buren wanted to seek a diplomatic solution . In an action that upset political leaders of the pro-slavery states , in August 1837 , Van Buren denied Texas ' formal request to join the United States , partly to prevent the upset of the slave state / free state balance in the Missouri Compromise , and partly because he hoped to avoid a possible war with Mexico over Texas annexation . British North America ( edit ) British subjects in Lower Canada ( now Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) rose in rebellion in 1837 and 1838 respectively , protesting their lack of responsible government . The rebellion in Upper Canada was led by William Lyon Mackenzie and Charles Duncombe . `` Destruction of the Caroline '' , illustration by John Charles Dent ( 1881 ) While the initial insurrection in Upper Canada ended quickly ( following the December 7 Battle of Montgomery 's Tavern ) , many of the rebels fled across the Niagara River into New York , where Mackenzie began recruiting volunteers in Buffalo . On December 13 , Mackenzie declared establishment of the Republic of Canada and put into motion a plan whereby volunteers would invade Upper Canada from Navy Island on the Canadian side of the Niagara River . Several hundred volunteers procured the steamboat Caroline to deliver supplies and arms to Navy Island from Fort Schlosser . To deter an imminent invasion , British forces crossed to the American bank of the river , where they burned and sank the ship . When an American was killed and others wounded , considerable sentiment arose within the United States to declare war , and a British ship was burned in revenge . Soon afterward , Mackenzie 's `` republic '' collapsed , and the rebels withdrew into the U.S. ; the initial uprising in Lower Canada by then collapsed as well . Van Buren , looking to avoid a war with Great Britain , sent General Winfield Scott to the border with broad discretionary powers for its protection and its peace . Scott impressed upon American citizens the need for a peaceful resolution to the crisis , and made it clear that the U.S. government would not support adventuresome Americans attacking the British . Also , in early January 1838 , the president proclaimed U.S. neutrality with regard to the Canadian independence issue , a declaration which Congress endorsed by passing a neutrality law discouraging the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts . Simultaneously Charles Duncombe and Robert Nelson helped foment a largely American militia , the Hunters ' Lodge / Frères chasseurs , which carried out several attacks in Upper Canada between December 1837 and December 1838 , collectively known as the Patriot War . The administration followed through on its enforcement of the Neutrality Act , encouraged the prosecution of filibusters , and actively deterred U.S. citizens from subversive activities abroad . In the long term , the Patriot War contributed to the construction of healthy Anglo -- American and U.S. -- Canadian relationships in the 20th century ; it also led , more immediately , to a backlash among citizens against the overreach of federal authority , which hurt congressional Democrats in the 1838 midterm elections . Another crisis surfaced in late 1838 , in the disputed territory on the Maine -- New Brunswick frontier , where Americans were settling on disputed land claimed by the United States and Great Britain . Both American and New Brunswick lumberjacks cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838 -- 39 . On December 29 , New Brunswick lumbermen were spotted cutting down trees on an American 's estate near the Aroostook River . American woodcutters rushed to stand guard . A shouting match , known as the Battle of Caribou , ensued . Tensions quickly boiled over into a near war with both Maine and New Brunswick arresting each other 's citizens . The crisis seemed ready to turn into an armed conflict . British troops began to gather on the Saint John River . The American press clamored for war ; `` Maine and her soil , or BLOOD ! '' screamed one editorial . `` Let the sword be drawn and the scabbard thrown away ! '' Congress authorized 50,000 troops and a $10 million budget . To settle the crisis , Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States . They agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically . Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area to show military resolve and more importantly to lower the tensions . Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration . The dispute was put to rest a few years later , with the signing of the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty . United States V. . The Amistad ( edit ) The Amistad case was a freedom suit that involved international issues and parties , as well as United States law , resulting from the rebellion of Africans on board the Spanish schooner La Amistad in 1839 , . The Van Buren administration supported the Spanish government 's demand that the ship and its cargo ( including the Africans ) be turned over to them . When a Federal District Court judge ruled that the Africans were legally free and should be transported home , the administration appealed the case to the Supreme Court . In February 1840 , former President ( and sitting U.S. Representative from Massachusetts ) John Quincy Adams argued passionately for the Africans ' right to freedom . Attorney General Henry D. Gilpin presented the government 's case . In March 1841 , the Supreme Court issued its final verdict : the Amistad Africans were free people and should be allowed to return home . The unique nature of the case , people of color testifying in federal court , and being represented by prominent lawyers , heightened public interest in the saga , as did the participation of former president Adams . The Amistad case drew attention to the personal tragedies of slavery and attracted new support for the growing abolition movement in the North . It also transformed the courts into the principal forum for a national debate on the legal foundations of slavery . Cabinet ( edit ) Portrait of Martin Van Buren The Van Buren Cabinet Office Name Term President Martin Van Buren 1837 -- 1841 Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of State John Forsyth 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of Treasury Levi Woodbury 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett 1837 -- 1841 Attorney General Benjamin Butler 1837 -- 1838 Felix Grundy 1838 -- 1840 Henry D. Gilpin 1840 -- 1841 Postmaster General Amos Kendall 1837 -- 1840 John M. Niles 1840 -- 1841 Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson 1837 -- 1838 James K. Paulding 1838 -- 1841 Martin Van Buren announced his intention `` to follow in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor '' , and retained all but one of Jackson 's cabinet . Judicial appointments ( edit ) Main article : Martin Van Buren judicial appointments Van Buren appointed two Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : John McKinley -- confirmed September 25 , 1837 Peter Vivian Daniel -- confirmed March 2 , 1841 Van Buren also appointed eight other federal judges , all to United States district courts . Midterm elections of 1838 ( edit ) The Panic of 1837 loomed large over the 1838 election cycle , as the carryover effects of the economic downturn led to Whig gains in both the U.S. House and Senate . Also , while the Democratic Party retained a majority in both chambers , a split among House Democrats led to Whig Congressman Robert M.T. Hunter being elected Speaker of the House for the 26th Congress . Likewise , state elections in 1837 and 1838 were disastrous for the Democrats , and the partial economic recovery in 1838 was offset by a second commercial crisis later that year . Presidential election of 1840 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1840 1840 electoral vote results Van Buren easily won renomination for a second term at the 1840 Democratic National Convention , but he and his party faced a difficult election in 1840 . Van Buren 's presidency had been problematic , with the U.S. economy mired in a severe downturn ; also of concern were several divisive issues -- slavery , western expansion , and tensions with Great Britain -- that provided opportunities for Van Buren 's political opponents , and even some fellow Democrats to criticize him . Although Van Buren 's renomination was never in doubt , Democratic strategists began to question the wisdom of keeping Johnson on the ticket . Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was a liability and insisted on former House Speaker James K. Polk of Tennessee as Van Buren 's new running mate . With William Henry Harrison , Johnson 's former commander and comrade - in - arms and the `` Hero of Tippecanoe , '' emerging as a likely Whig presidential contender , Van Buren was reluctant to drop the Democrats ' own hero from the ticket . The convention decided to allow state Democratic Party leaders to select the vice-presidential candidates for their states . The Whigs did select Harrison as their nominee , and presented him to the nation as the antithesis of the president , whom they derided as ineffective , corrupt , and effete . Van Buren was blamed for the hard economic times , and ridiculed as `` Martin Van Ruin '' . Van Buren 's rather elegant personal style was also an easy target for Whig attacks , such as the Gold Spoon Oration . Van Buren remained optimistic about his chances for reelection until October 1840 , by which time it became unlikely that he would defeat Harrison . An astonishing 80 percent of eligible voters went to the polls on election day . Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033 , and an electoral vote margin of 234 to 60 . Additionally , Whigs won majorities for the first time in both the U.S. House and the Senate . A linguistic legacy of the 1840 campaign was attributed to Van Buren himself -- the expression `` OK . '' Although some language experts attribute OK to other proposed origins , including words from the Choctaw or Wolof languages , and others to an abbreviation of `` oll korrect , '' misspellings attributed to Andrew Jackson , the prevailing opinion is that it derives from `` Old Kinderhook , '' one of the many nicknames for Van Buren . The first recorded use of `` OK '' in the sense of approval dates back to 1839 when a newspaper referred to a Democratic meeting of `` the roarers , the butt - enders , ringtails and OKs , '' adding , `` the allusion was probably to those who put their OK on the nomination of Van Buren . '' Election of 1844 ( edit ) On the expiration of his term , Van Buren returned to his estate , Lindenwald in Kinderhook , where he planned his return to the White House . He seemed likely to be nominated by the Democrats in 1844 , but in April of that year a Van Buren letter to William H. Hammett was made public . In it , Van Buren opposed the immediate annexation of Texas , but said that he would support annexation once the state of war between Texas and Mexico was resolved . President John Tyler had pursued the annexation of Texas as his chief foreign policy goal , and many Democrats , particularly in the South , were anxious to quickly complete the annexation of Texas . Van Buren 's opposition to immediate annexation cost him the support of pro-slavery Democrats ; he began the Democratic National Convention with a majority of the delegates , but with no southern support he could not reach the two - thirds threshold required for nomination . He won 146 of the 266 votes on the first presidential ballot , with only 12 of his votes coming from Southern states . Van Buren 's name was withdrawn after eight ballots , and a dark horse , James K. Polk , received the nomination and went on to win the 1844 presidential election . After taking office , Polk used George Bancroft as an intermediary to offer Van Buren the ambassadorship to London . Van Buren declined , partly because he was upset with Polk over the treatment the Van Buren delegates had received at the 1844 convention , and partly because he was content in his retirement . Later Life ( edit ) 1858 portrait by GPA Healy , on display at the White House Van Buren had resisted the slightest interference with the institution of slavery in the states where it existed . After leaving the White House , Van Buren grew increasingly opposed to slavery , and his earlier views about its constitutional standing gave way over time to acceptance of anti-slavery positions including opposing slavery 's expansion into newly organized western states . In 1848 , he was nominated for president by two minor parties , first by the `` Barnburner '' faction of the Democratic Party in New York , then by the Free Soil Party , with whom the `` Barnburners '' coalesced . The Barnburners and Free Soilers opposed Democratic nominee Lewis Cass , who opposed the Wilmot Proviso and was otherwise seen as friendly to slavery . In addition , Van Buren , who had been denied the 1844 nomination in part due to the efforts of Cass supporters , may have run in order to exact a measure of revenge by denying Cass the presidency . Van Buren won no electoral votes , but finished second to Whig nominee Zachary Taylor in New York , taking enough votes from Cass to give the state -- and perhaps the election -- to Taylor . Daguerreotype of Martin Van Buren , circa 1855 Unlike many anti-slavery Democrats of the 1840s and 1850s , who later joined the Republican Party , Van Buren and most of his followers remained in the Democratic fold . Those followers include his son John Van Buren and Samuel J. Tilden , who later served as Governor of New York and was the Democratic nominee for President in 1876 . Van Buren supported Franklin Pierce for President in 1852 , and James Buchanan in 1856 , though he later opposed the Buchanan administration 's efforts to accommodate the southern states when they threatened secession . In the election of 1860 , he supported Stephen A. Douglas , the candidate of northern Democrats , and helped create a fusion ticket in New York of Democratic electors pledged to both Douglas and John C. Breckinridge , but Abraham Lincoln carried New York and every northern state except New Jersey . Once the American Civil War began , Van Buren made public his support for the Union , and supported Abraham Lincoln 's efforts to prevent the southern states from seceding . In April 1861 , former President Pierce wrote to the other living former Presidents and asked them to consider meeting in order to use their stature and influence to propose a negotiated end to the war . Pierce asked Van Buren to use his role as the senior living ex-President to issue a formal call . Van Buren 's reply suggested that Buchanan should be the one to call the meeting , since he was the former President who had served most recently , or that Pierce should issue the call himself if he strongly believed in the merit of his proposal . Neither Buchanan nor Pierce was willing to make Pierce 's proposal public , and nothing more resulted from it . Van Buren 's health began to fail later in 1861 , and he was bedridden with pneumonia during the fall and winter of 1861 -- 62 . He did not recover , and died of bronchial asthma and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate in Kinderhook at 2 : 00 a.m. on July 24 , 1862 , at the age of 79 . He is buried in the Kinderhook Reformed Dutch Church Cemetery , as are his wife Hannah , his parents , and his son Martin Van Buren , Jr . He is the only U.S. president to have been alive during both the U.S. Revolutionary War and the U.S. Civil War . As of 2017 , he is the most recent Democrat elected to succeed an incumbent Democratic president who had served two presidential terms . Memorials and popular culture ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials to Martin Van Buren Van Buren 's home in Kinderhook , New York , which he called Lindenwald , is now the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Counties are named for Van Buren in Michigan , Iowa , Arkansas , and Tennessee . A mountain , a ship , three state parks and numerous towns were named after him . During the 1988 presidential campaign , George H.W. Bush , a Yale University graduate and member of the Skull and Bones secret society , was attempting to become the first incumbent Vice President to win election to the presidency since Van Buren . In the comic strip Doonesbury artist Garry Trudeau depicted members of Skull and Bones as attempting to rob Van Buren 's grave , apparently intending to use the relics in a ritual that would aid Bush in the election . On the television show Seinfeld , the episode `` The Van Buren Boys '' is about a fictional street gang that admires Van Buren and bases its rituals and symbols on him , including the hand sign of eight fingers pointing up . Eight fingers signifies Van Buren , the eighth President . Van Buren is portrayed by Nigel Hawthorne in the 1997 film Amistad . The film depicts the controversy and legal battle surrounding the status of slaves who in 1839 rebelled against their transporters on La Amistad slave ship . See also ( edit ) Book : Presidents of the United States ( 1789 -- 1860 ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Charlotte Dupuy , slave who worked for Van Buren at Decatur House , while her suit for freedom against Henry Clay proceeded List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States , sortable by previous experience List of Presidents of the United States who owned slaves U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ pronunciation ( help info ) ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Life in Brief '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , Noah ( 2006 ) . The Essential Book of Presidential Trivia . Random House . p. 44 . ISBN 9780307432186 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . 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Jump up ^ Marsh , Dwight Whitney ( 1895 ) . Marsh Genealogy : Giving Several Thousand Descendants of John Marsh of Hartford , Ct. 1636 - 1895 . Amherst , MA : Carpenter & Morehouse . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Van Buren 1867 , pp. 103 -- 114 Jump up ^ Derthick 1999 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Bob ( 2006 ) . The Era of Change : Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion . Xlibris . p. 78 . ISBN 1 - 4257 - 0473 - 5 . Jump up ^ Van Buren , Martin , author ; West , Elizabeth Howard , editor ( 1910 ) . Calendar of the papers of Martin Van Buren . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 72 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dodd , William Edward ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Company . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Holland , William M. ( 1836 ) . The Life and Political Opinions of Martin Van Buren . Belknap & Hammersley . pp. 269 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Krabbendam , Hans , editor ( 2009 ) . Four Centuries of Dutch - American Relations : 1609 -- 2009 . State University of New York Press . p. 251 . ISBN 9781438430133 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 44 . ISBN 9780742522442 . Jump up ^ Shea , M.V. , editor - in - chief ( 1920 ) . The World Book Encyclopedia , Volume 10 . W.F. Quarrie & Co. p. 6026 . Jump up ^ Stoddard , William Osborn ( 1887 ) . Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren . Frederick A. Stokes . p. 284 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 111 . ISBN 9781400853618 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Nova Science Publishers . p. 51 . ISBN 9781604567731 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Edward M. ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Company . p. 138 . 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The Detroit Evening News , revised for the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society . pp. 11 -- 12 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lacroix , Patrick ( 2016 ) . `` Choosing Peace and Order : National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland , 1837 -- 42 '' . The International History Review . 38 ( 5 ) : 943 -- 960 . Jump up ^ `` 1837 - Aroostook War '' . Historycentral . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The High Comedy of the Bloodless Aroostook War '' . Stonington , Maine : New England Historical Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States v . The Amistad , Findlaw , accessed 30 March 2013 Jump up ^ Kidder , David S. ; Oppenheim , Noah D. ( 2007 ) . The Intellectual Devotional : American History ; Revive Your Mind , Complete Your Education , and Converse Confidently about Our Nation 's Past . TID Volumes , LLC . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 744 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Amistad Story '' . Amistad : Seeking Freedom in Connecticut . National Park Service 's National Register of Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Narrative '' . Teaching and Civic Outreach Resources Amistad : The Federal Courts and the Challenge to Slavery -- Historical Background and Documents . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Judicial Center : Search by Nominating President ; Martin Van Buren '' . Federal Judicial Center . Federal Judicial Center Foundation . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party Divisions of the House of Representatives '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party Division in the Senate , 1789 - Present '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Mob in Search of a Speaker '' . House.gov . US House of Representatives . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Gerald ( 2002 ) . The Invention of Party Politics : Federalism , Popular Sovereignty , and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2744 - 4 . Jump up ^ Churella , Albert J. ( 2013 ) . The Pennsylvania Railroad : Building an Empire , 1846 - 1917 . 1 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0812207629 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic National Political Conventions 1832 - 2008 '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Jonathan ( 2016 ) . From Confederation to Nation : The Early American Republic , 1789 - 1848 . New York , NY : Routledge . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 91621 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Elizabeth L. ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . Knickerbocker : The Myth behind New York . New Brusnwick , NJ : Rivergate Books . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4516 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Faber , Harold ( November 10 , 1991 ) . `` Sunday Outing ; House Where the Legacy Of Van Buren Lives On '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Jacqueline ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` OK , So Here 's The Real Story Of Where ' OK ' Comes From '' . Huffington Post . New York , NY . Jump up ^ Lederer , Richard ; McCullagh , Caroline ( 2012 ) . American Trivia . Gibbs Smith . pp. 49 -- 50 . ISBN 9781423622789 . Jump up ^ Polk , James K. ; Cutler , Wayne ( 1996 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : Volume IX ( January - June 1845 ) . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 947 - 5 . Jump up ^ Polk , James K. ; Cutler , Wayne ( 1993 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : Volume VIII ( September - December 1844 ) . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 777 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Robert S. ( March 1955 ) . `` The Democratic National Convention of 1844 '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly . 14 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 23 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , John Trotwood ; Foster , Austin Powers ( 1923 ) . Tennessee : The Volunteer State , 1769 -- 1923 . S.J. Clarke Publishing Company . p. 422 . Jump up ^ Walker , Dale L. ( 1999 ) . Bear Flag Rising : The Conquest of California , 1846 . New York : Forge : Tom Doherty Associates , LLC . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 86685 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 405 . ISBN 9781400853618 . Jump up ^ Cole , p. 405 Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , First Inaugural , March 4 , 1837 AMDOCS : Documents for the Study of American History '' . Vlib.us . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . I must go into the Presidential chair with the inflexible and uncompromising opponent of every attempt on the part of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia against the wishes of the slaveholding States , and also with a determination equally decided to resist the slightest interference with it in the States where it exists . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Claudine L. ( 2006 ) . The Abolitionist Movement . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33180 - 4 . Jump up ^ Current , Richard N. ( 1996 ) . The Civil War Era , 1848 -- 1873 : History of Wisconsin . Stevens , WI : Worsalla Publishing Company . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 87020 - 122 - 0 . Jump up ^ Reichley , James ( 1992 ) . The Life of the Parties : A History of American Political Parties . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 0888 - 9 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency in 4 Volumes , Volume 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stebbins , Homer Adolph ( 1913 ) . A Political History of the State of New York , 1865 -- 1869 . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1940 ) . New York City Guide . Albany , NY : New York State Historical Association . p. 415 . Jump up ^ Whittier , John Greenleaf ( 1975 ) . The Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier , Volume II : 1828 -- 1845 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 52830 - 1 . Jump up ^ Frémont , Jessie Benton ( 1993 ) . The Letters of Jessie Benton Frémont . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01942 - 3 . Jump up ^ Macy , Jesse ( 1900 ) . Political Parties in the United States , 1846 -- 1861 . New York , NY : The MacMillan Company . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren : The American Presidents Series : The 8th President , 1837 -- 1841 . New York : Henry Holt and Company , LLC . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04715 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Leslie Whittaker ( 1988 ) . Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies . Metuchen , NJ : Scarecrow Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Butler , William Allen ( 1862 ) . Martin Van Buren : Lawyer , Statesman and Man . New York , NY : D. Appleton and Company . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Brian & the C - SPAN staff ( 2000 ) . Who 's Buried in Grant 's Tomb ? : A Tour of Presidential Gravesites . Washington , DC : National Cable Satellite Corporation . ISBN 1 - 881846 - 07 - 5 . Jump up ^ Murse , Tom ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the Last Time Consecutive Democratic Presidents Were Elected '' . ThoughCo . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred Years in the Making : Lindenwald Celebrates `` Being Forty and Fabulous '' `` . Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Washington , DC : National Park Service . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( 2005 ) . The American Presidents Series : Martin Van Buren , The 8th President , 1837 -- 1841 . Henry Holt and Company , LLC . p. 170 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Nova Science Publishers . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Van Buren Boys '' . Seinfeld Scripts . SeinfeldScripts.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Spielberg 's `` Amistad '' ( 1997 ) `` . University of Missouri - Kansas City . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Brooke , John L. ( 2010 ) . Columbia Rising : Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3323 - 0 . Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04715 - 7 . Remini , Robert V. ( 1959 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0231022883 . Shepard , Edward M. ( 1899 ) ( 1888 ) . Martin Van Buren ( Kindle ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton , Mifflin and Co . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 1 . OCLC 396967 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 5 . Widner , Edward L. ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren . The American Presidents ( Kindle ed . ) . New York : Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 8 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1984 ) . The Presidency of Martin Van Buren . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0238 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Books by Van Buren ( edit ) These were published posthumously : Van Buren , Martin ( 1867 ) . Van Buren , Abraham ; Van Buren , John , eds . Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States . New York : Hurd and Houghton . ISBN 1 - 4181 - 2924 - 0 . Van Buren , Martin ( 1920 ) . Fitzpatrick , John Clement , ed . The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren . Annual Report Of The American Historical Association For The Year 1918 . II . Washington D.C. : Govt . Print . Off . ISBN 0 - 678 - 00531 - 1 . Books about Van Buren ( edit ) Alexander , Holmes ( 1935 ) . The American Talleyrand : Martin Van Buren . Curtis , James C. ( 1970 ) . The Fox at Bay : Martin Van Buren and the Presidency , 1837 -- 1841 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 1214 - 5 . Derthick , Martha ( 13 June 1999 ) . Dilemmas of Scale in America 's Federal Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64039 - 8 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Gammon , Samuel Rhea ( 1922 ) . The Presidential Campaign of 1832 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Henretta , James A. ( 2004 ) . `` Martin Van Buren '' . In Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis . The American Presidency . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 103 -- 114 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 38273 - 9 . Holt , Michael F. ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party : Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505544 - 3 . Lynch , Denis Tilden ( 1929 ) . An Epoch and a Man : Martin Van Buren and His Times . New York : H. Liveright . Niven , John ( 1983 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Romantic Age of American Politics . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503238 - 3 . Schouler , James ( 1889 ) . History of the United States of America : 1831 -- 1847 . Democrats and Whigs. 4 . Washington , D.C. : W.H. Morrison . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2009 ) . Party Over Section : The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848 . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1640 - 4 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837 -- 1861 . Wiley . pp. 109 -- 154 . ISBN 9781118609293 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMartin Van Burenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity White House biography United States Congress . `` Martin Van Buren ( id : V000009 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Martin Van Buren : A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress The Papers of Martin Van Buren at Cumberland University American President : Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia Inaugural Address ( March 4 , 1837 ) , at the Miller Center Martin Van Buren National Historic Site ( Lindenwald ) , National Park Service `` Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , May 3 , 1999 Works by Martin Van Buren at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Martin Van Buren at Internet Archive Offices and distinctions Legal offices Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Attorney General of New York 1815 -- 1819 Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley U.S. Senate Preceded by Nathan Sanford Senator ( Class 1 ) from New York 1821 -- 1828 Served alongside : Rufus King , Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Preceded by William Smith Chairperson of the Senate Judiciary Committee 1823 -- 1828 Succeeded by John Macpherson Berrien Political offices Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Governor of New York 1829 Succeeded by Enos T. Throop Preceded by Henry Clay United States Secretary of State 1829 -- 1831 Succeeded by Edward Livingston Preceded by John C. Calhoun Vice President of the United States 1833 -- 1837 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson President of the United States 1837 -- 1841 Succeeded by William Henry Harrison Diplomatic posts Preceded by Louis McLane United States Minister to the United Kingdom 1831 -- 1832 Succeeded by Aaron Vail Acting Party political offices Preceded by John C. Calhoun Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1832 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1836 , 1840 Succeeded by James K. Polk New political party Free Soil nominee for President of the United States 1848 Succeeded by John P. Hale Honorary titles Preceded by John Quincy Adams Oldest living President of the United States 1848 -- 1862 Succeeded by James Buchanan Articles related to Martin Van Buren Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt first 100 days Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama first 100 days Trump first 100 days Book Category Vice Presidents of the United States ( list ) John Adams ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801 -- 1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805 -- 1812 ) Elbridge Gerry ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John C. Calhoun ( 1825 -- 1832 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1833 -- 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson ( 1837 -- 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 ) George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1849 -- 1850 ) William R. King ( 1853 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) Schuyler Colfax ( 1869 -- 1873 ) Henry Wilson ( 1873 -- 1875 ) William A. Wheeler ( 1877 -- 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) Thomas A. Hendricks ( 1885 ) Levi P. Morton ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson ( 1893 -- 1897 ) Garret Hobart ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) James S. Sherman ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles Curtis ( 1929 -- 1933 ) John N. Garner ( 1933 -- 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Alben W. Barkley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hubert Humphrey ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Nelson Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Walter Mondale ( 1977 -- 1981 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Dan Quayle ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017 -- present ) Category Commons Governors and Lieutenant Governors of New York Governors G. Clinton Jay G. Clinton Lewis Tompkins Tayler D. Clinton Yates D. Clinton Pitcher Van Buren Throop Marcy Seward Bouck Wright Young Fish Hunt Seymour Clark King Morgan Seymour Fenton Hoffman J. Adams Dix Tilden Robinson Cornell Cleveland Hill Flower Morton Black T. Roosevelt Odell Higgins Hughes White J. Alden Dix Sulzer Glynn Whitman Smith Miller Smith F. Roosevelt Lehman Poletti Dewey Harriman Rockefeller Wilson Carey M. Cuomo Pataki Spitzer Paterson A. Cuomo Lieutenant Governors Van Cortlandt S. Van Rensselaer J. Van Rensselaer Broome Tayler Clinton Tayler Swift Tayler Root Tallmadge Pitcher P. Livingston Dayan Throop Stebbins Oliver E. Livingston Tracy Bradish Dickinson Gardiner Lester Fish Patterson Church Raymond Selden Campbell Floyd - Jones Alvord Woodford Beach Robinson Dorsheimer Hoskins Hill McCarthy Jones Sheehan Saxton Woodruff Higgins Bruce Raines Chanler White Cobb Conway Glynn Wagner Schoeneck Walker Wood Lusk Lunn Lowman Corning Lehman Bray Poletti Hanley Wallace Hanley Moore Wicks Mahoney DeLuca Wilson Anderson Krupsak Cuomo DelBello Anderson Lundine McCaughey Donohue Paterson Bruno Skelos Smith Espada Ravitch Duffy Hochul Italics indicate acting officeholders United States Senators from New York Class 1 Schuyler Burr Schuyler Hobart North Watson Morris Bailey Armstrong Mitchill German Sanford Van Buren Dudley Tallmadge Dickinson Fish P. King Morgan Fenton Kernan Platt Miller Hiscock Murphy Depew O'Gorman Calder Copeland Mead Ives Keating Kennedy Goodell Buckley Moynihan H. Clinton Gillibrand Class 3 R. King Laurance Armstrong D. Clinton Armstrong Smith R. King Sanford Marcy Wright Foster Dix Seward Harris Conkling Lapham Evarts Hill Platt Root Wadsworth Wagner Dulles Lehman Javits D'Amato Schumer Attorneys General of New York Benson Varick Burr M. Lewis Lawrence J. Hoffman Spencer Woodworth Hildreth Van Vechten Hildreth Emmet Van Vechten M. Van Buren Oakley Talcott Bronson Beardsley Hall Barker J. Van Buren Jordan Chatfield Stow O Hoffman Cushing Tremain Myers Dickinson Cochrane Martindale Champlain Barlow Pratt Fairchild Schoonmaker Ward , Sr . Russell O'Brien Tabor Rosendale Hancock Davies Cunneen Mayer Jackson O'Malley Carmody Parsons Woodbury M.E. Lewis Newton Sherman Ottinger Ward , Jr . Bennett Goldstein Javits Lefkowitz Abrams Koppell Vacco Spitzer Cuomo Schneiderman United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James 's Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1785 -- 1811 John Adams ( 1785 -- 1788 ) Thomas Pinckney ( 1792 -- 1796 ) Rufus King ( 1796 -- 1803 ) James Monroe ( 1803 -- 1807 ) William Pinkney ( 1808 -- 1811 ) Jonathan Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1811 -- 1812 ) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1815 -- 1893 John Quincy Adams ( 1815 -- 1817 ) Richard Rush ( 1818 -- 1825 ) Rufus King ( 1825 -- 1826 ) Albert Gallatin ( 1826 -- 1827 ) James Barbour ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Louis McLane ( 1829 -- 1831 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1831 -- 1832 ) Aaron Vail ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Andrew Stevenson ( 1836 -- 1841 ) Edward Everett ( 1841 -- 1845 ) Louis McLane ( 1845 -- 1846 ) George Bancroft ( 1846 -- 1849 ) Abbott Lawrence ( 1849 -- 1852 ) Joseph R. Ingersoll ( 1852 -- 1853 ) James Buchanan ( 1853 -- 1856 ) George M. Dallas ( 1856 -- 1861 ) Charles Adams Sr. ( 1861 -- 1868 ) Reverdy Johnson ( 1868 -- 1869 ) John Lothrop Motley ( 1869 -- 1870 ) Robert C. Schenck ( 1871 -- 1876 ) Edwards Pierrepont ( 1876 -- 1877 ) John Welsh ( 1877 -- 1879 ) James Russell Lowell ( 1880 -- 1885 ) Edward J. Phelps ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1893 -- present Thomas F. Bayard Sr. ( 1893 -- 1897 ) John Hay ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Joseph Choate ( 1899 -- 1905 ) Whitelaw Reid ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Walter Page ( 1913 - 1918 ) John W. Davis ( 1918 -- 1921 ) George Harvey ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Frank B. Kellogg ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Alanson B. Houghton ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Andrew W. Mellon ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Robert Bingham ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( 1938 -- 1940 ) John G. Winant ( 1941 -- 1946 ) W. Averell Harriman ( 1946 ) Lewis W. Douglas ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Walter S. Gifford ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Winthrop W. Aldrich ( 1953 -- 1957 ) John Hay Whitney ( 1957 -- 1961 ) David K.E. Bruce ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Walter H. Annenberg ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Anne Armstrong ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Kingman Brewster Jr. ( 1977 -- 1981 ) John J. Louis Jr. ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Charles H. Price II ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Henry E. Catto Jr. ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Raymond G.H. Seitz ( 1991 -- 1994 ) William J. Crowe ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Philip Lader ( 1997 -- 2001 ) William Stamps Farish III ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Robert H. Tuttle ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Louis Susman ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Matthew Barzun ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Woody Johnson ( 2017 -- ) Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Chase Crittenden Burrill Smith Van Buren Berrien Rowan Marcy Wilkins Clayton Grundy Wall Berrien Ashley Butler Bayard Trumbull Wright Edmunds Thurman Edmunds Hoar Pugh Hoar Platt Clark Culberson Nelson Brandegee Cummins Norris Ashurst Van Nuys McCarran Wiley McCarran Langer Kilgore Eastland Kennedy Thurmond Biden Hatch Leahy Hatch Leahy Hatch Specter Leahy Grassley United States Democratic Party Chairpersons of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Presidential tickets Jackson / Calhoun Jackson / Van Buren Van Buren / R. Johnson Van Buren / None Polk / Dallas Cass / Butler Pierce / King Buchanan / Breckinridge Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) McClellan / Pendleton Seymour / Blair Greeley / Brown Tilden / Hendricks Hancock / English Cleveland / Hendricks Cleveland / Thurman Cleveland / Stevenson I W. Bryan / Sewall W. Bryan / Stevenson I Parker / H. Davis W. Bryan / Kern Wilson / Marshall ( twice ) Cox / Roosevelt J. Davis / C. Bryan Smith / Robinson Roosevelt / Garner ( twice ) Roosevelt / Wallace Roosevelt / Truman Truman / Barkley Stevenson II / Sparkman Stevenson II / Kefauver Kennedy / L. Johnson L. Johnson / Humphrey Humphrey / Muskie McGovern / ( Eagleton , Shriver ) Carter / Mondale ( twice ) Mondale / Ferraro Dukakis / Bentsen B. Clinton / Gore ( twice ) Gore / Lieberman Kerry / Edwards Obama / Biden ( twice ) H. Clinton / Kaine State / Territorial Parties Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia Guam Puerto Rico Conventions ( List ) 1832 ( Baltimore ) 1835 ( Baltimore ) 1840 ( Baltimore ) 1844 ( Baltimore ) 1848 ( Baltimore ) 1852 ( Baltimore ) 1856 ( Cincinnati ) 1860 ( Baltimore ) 1864 ( Chicago ) 1868 ( New York ) 1872 ( Baltimore ) 1876 ( Saint Louis ) 1880 ( Cincinnati ) 1884 ( Chicago ) 1888 ( Saint Louis ) 1892 ( Chicago ) 1896 ( Chicago ) 1900 ( Kansas City ) 1904 ( Saint Louis ) 1908 ( Denver ) 1912 ( Baltimore ) 1916 ( Saint Louis ) 1920 ( San Francisco ) 1924 ( New York ) 1928 ( Houston ) 1932 ( Chicago ) 1936 ( Philadelphia ) 1940 ( Chicago ) 1944 ( Chicago ) 1948 ( Philadelphia ) 1952 ( Chicago ) 1956 ( Chicago ) 1960 ( Los Angeles ) 1964 ( Atlantic City ) 1968 ( Chicago ) 1972 ( Miami Beach ) 1976 ( New York ) 1980 ( New York ) 1984 ( San Francisco ) 1988 ( Atlanta ) 1992 ( New York ) 1996 ( Chicago ) 2000 ( Los Angeles ) 2004 ( Boston ) 2008 ( Denver ) 2012 ( Charlotte ) 2016 ( Philadelphia ) Affiliated groups Fundraising Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Conference of Democratic Mayors Sectional College Democrats of America Democrats Abroad National Federation of Democratic Women Stonewall Democrats Young Democrats of America High School Democrats of America Related articles History Primaries Debates Party factions Superdelegate 2005 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election Liberalism portal ( 1832 ← ) United States presidential election , 1836 ( 1840 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Nominees William H. Harrison Hugh L. White Daniel Webster Willie P. Mangum VP nominees Francis Granger John Tyler Other 1836 elections : House Senate ( 1836 ← ) United States presidential election , 1840 ( 1844 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee William H. Harrison ( campaign ) VP nominee John Tyler Candidates Henry Clay Winfield Scott Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee None Other 1840 elections : House Senate ( 1840 ← ) United States presidential election , 1844 ( 1848 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee James K. Polk VP nominee George M. Dallas Candidates Martin Van Buren James Buchanan Lewis Cass Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Convention Nominee Henry Clay VP nominee Theodore Frelinghuysen Other 1844 elections : House Senate ( 1844 ← ) United States presidential election , 1848 ( 1852 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee Zachary Taylor VP nominee Millard Fillmore Candidates Henry Clay John M. Clayton Winfield Scott Daniel Webster Democratic Party Convention Nominee Lewis Cass VP nominee William O. Butler Candidates James Buchanan Levi Woodbury Martin Van Buren Free Soil Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Charles F. Adams Candidates John P. Hale Joshua R. Giddings Other 1848 elections : House Senate VIAF : 69725811 LCCN : n80057180 ISNI : 0000 0000 8150 1034 GND : 118803824 SUDOC : 027747565 BNF : cb119724137 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90116949 NDL : 00526954 NKC : xx0105898 US Congress : V000009 IATH : w6q34p4z Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&oldid=817867695 '' Categories : 1782 births 1862 deaths Presidents of the United States Vice Presidents of the United States 18th - century American people 18th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians 19th - century American diplomats 19th - century American politicians 19th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom American members of the Dutch Reformed Church American people of Dutch descent Burials in New York ( state ) Claverack College alumni Deaths from asthma Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Democratic Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party Presidents of the United States Democratic Party Vice Presidents of the United States Democratic Party state governors of the United States Democratic - Republican Party United States Senators Governors of New York ( state ) Jackson administration cabinet members New York ( state ) Democratic - Republicans New York ( state ) Democrats New York ( state ) Free Soilers New York State Attorneys General New York State Senators People from Kinderhook , New York Reformed Church in America members American slave owners United States Secretaries of State United States Senators from New York ( state ) United States presidential candidates , 1836 United States presidential candidates , 1840 United States presidential candidates , 1844 United States presidential candidates , 1848 United States presidential electors , 1820 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1824 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1832 American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Van Buren family Martin Van Buren Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from January 2014 Pages using infobox officeholder with ambassador from or minister from Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 01 : 17 . 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who was the first president born a citizen of the united states

Martin Van Buren ( born Maarten van Buren ; December 5 , 1782 -- July 24 , 1862 ) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 . A founder of the Democratic Party , he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government , including eighth Vice President ( 1833 -- 1837 ) and tenth Secretary of State ( 1829 -- 1831 ) , both under Andrew Jackson . Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson 's policies . The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection . During his half - century of public service , he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level ; at the end of his life , he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln 's policies during the American Civil War . Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen . Of Dutch descent , he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language .

Reunited ( song ) - Wikipedia Reunited ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Reunited '' Single by Peaches & Herb from the album 2 Hot B - side `` Easy as Pie '' Released March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1977 Genre R&B Length 5 : 46 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Dino Fekaris Freddie Perren Producer ( s ) Freddie Perren Peaches & Herb singles chronology `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' ( 1978 ) `` Reunited '' ( 1979 ) `` We 've Got Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Reunited '' was a hit song for R&B vocal duo Peaches & Herb . As the second single release from their 1978 album , 2 Hot , the song was a huge crossover smash , topping both the pop and soul charts . It spent four weeks at number one on both the R&B singles chart and the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1979 and sold over 2 million copies . Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1979 . In Canada , `` Reunited '' likewise reached number one and was the No. 9 song for the year . The song was written by Dino Fekaris and Freddie Perren , and was the sequel song to the duo 's 1968 hit `` ( We 'll Be ) United '' , which was itself a cover of The Intruders ' original 1966 hit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly singles charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Sales and certifications 3 Cover versions 4 Sampled versions 5 Uses in popular culture 6 References 7 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia 8 Canada Netherlands New Zealand UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard R&B U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia 58 Canada 9 New Zealand 18 UK 27 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Cash Box 9 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) A version by Louise Mandrell and R.C. Bannon reached # 13 on the Hot Country Singles chart in 1979 . It was regularly covered by Faith No More as the intro song to the live shows on their 2009 / 2010 reunion tour . It was sung by David Hasselhoff at the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 . Lulu recorded a version with Cliff Richard for her Together album . Raven - Symoné and Bobb'e J. Thompson sang `` Reunited '' in 2005 in the season 3 episode of That 's So Raven , `` The Grill Next Door '' . Sampled versions ( edit ) South Korean rapper Cho PD sampled in First Love ( 첫사랑 ) from the 2007 album Money Talks . Uses in popular culture ( edit ) Peaches and Herb 's version appears in a 2014 TV commercial for H&R Block . It appears in the TV shows Son of the Beach , Haven , Grounded for Life , King of the Hill , Brooklyn Nine - Nine and was also used as the theme for the BBC TV series Stars Reunited between 2003 and 2004 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 454 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Intruders - ( We 'll Be ) United '' . YouTube . 2008 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ( We 'll Be ) United - Peaches & Herb '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Reunited ( Peaches & Herbs ) with lyrics '' . YouTube . 2010 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Peaches & Herb on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 1942 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1979 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 32 , No. 13 , December 22 , 1979 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1979 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1979 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1970s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Peaches & Herb -- Reunited '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Peaches & Herb -- Reunited '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Enter Reunited in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Peaches & Herb -- Reunited '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song Preceded by `` Heart of Glass '' by Blondie Billboard Hot 100 number - one single May 5 -- 26 , 1979 Succeeded by `` Hot Stuff '' by Donna Summer Preceded by `` Disco Nights ( Rock - Freak ) '' by GQ Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single April 28 - May 19 , 1979 Succeeded by `` I Wanna Be with You ( Part 1 ) '' by The Isley Brothers Peaches & Herb Studio albums 2 Hot Singles `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' `` Reunited '' Related topics Freddie Perren Meritxell Negre Book : Peaches & Herb Louise Mandrell Notable singles `` Everlasting Love '' `` Save Me '' `` Too Hot to Sleep '' `` I 'm Not Through Loving You Yet '' `` Maybe My Baby '' `` I Wanna Say Yes '' `` Some Girls Have All the Luck '' `` I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips '' Collaboration singles `` Reunited '' ( with R.C. Bannon ) Related articles Barbara Mandrell Irlene Mandrell This 1970s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1970s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reunited_(song)&oldid=804061684 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1978 songs Peaches & Herb songs R.C. Bannon songs Louise Mandrell songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Vocal duets Songs written by Freddie Perren RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Dino Fekaris Polydor Records singles 1970s pop song stubs 1970s R&B song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 13 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who sings the song reunited and it feels so good

`` Reunited '' Single by Peaches & Herb from the album 2 Hot B - side `` Easy as Pie '' Released March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1977 Genre R&B Length 5 : 46 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Dino Fekaris Freddie Perren Producer ( s ) Freddie Perren Peaches & Herb singles chronology `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' ( 1978 ) `` Reunited '' ( 1979 ) `` We 've Got Love '' ( 1979 )

Roger Dean Stadium - wikipedia Roger Dean Stadium Jump to : navigation , search Roger Dean Stadium Full name Roger Dean Stadium Location 4751 Main Street Jupiter , Florida 33458 ( 561 ) 775 - 1818 26 ° 53 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 06 ′ 59 '' W  /  26.89111 ° N 80.11639 ° W  / 26.89111 ; - 80.11639 Owner Palm Beach County Operator Jupiter Stadium Limited Capacity 6,871 Field size Left Field : 335 ft Left - Center : 380 ft Center Field : 400 ft Right - Center : 375 ft Right Field : 325 ft Surface Grass Construction Broke ground March 6 , 1997 Opened February 28 , 1998 Construction cost US $28 million ( $41.1 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Populous Structural engineer Bliss & Nyitray , Inc . Services engineer Bredson & Associates , Inc . General contractor Case Contracting Company Tenants GCL Cardinals ( GCL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Jupiter Hammerheads ( FSL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Montreal Expos ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- 2002 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- present ) Palm Beach Cardinals ( FSL ) ( 2003 -- present ) GCL Marlins ( GCL ) ( 2003 -- present ) Miami Marlins ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 2003 -- present ) Roger Dean Stadium is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter , Florida . The stadium was built in 1998 , holds 6,871 people , and features luxury sky - box seating , two levels of permanent seating , parking and concessions . The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams : the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League , and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie - level Gulf Coast League . Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training : the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals ( the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches , which opened in 2017 , hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros ) . In both venues , the teams share the main stadium where the games are played . However , the teams have their own practice fields , outdoor batting cages , several pitching mounds , and state - of - the - art conditioning rooms . History ( edit ) Through 2002 the Montreal Expos shared the stadium with the Cardinals , until they swapped with the Marlins as part of the Marlins sale to Jeffrey Loria . The Expos , now known as the Washington Nationals , then moved to Space Coast Stadium in Viera , Florida . Roger Dean Stadium was badly damaged in 2004 by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne . Cliff Politte threw the first pitch in the stadium 's history in spring training , 1998 . In September 2012 , the stadium hosted a qualifying round for the 2013 World Baseball Classic . Spain , France , Israel , and South Africa took part in the qualifier . Roger Dean Stadium References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Knight , Graham . `` Roger Dean Stadium '' . Baseball Pilgrimages . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jarvis , Gary . `` Roger Dean Stadium '' . Minor League Ballparks . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Baseball Sports Facilities '' . Bredson & Associates , Inc . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muret , Don ( September 13 , 2004 ) . `` Teams Face Repairs at Spring Training Facilities '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McGwire Christens New Park for Cards '' . Southeast Missourian . Cape Girardeau , Missouri . March 1 , 1998 . pp. 1B , 4B . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dorado , Juan ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Roger Dean Stadium to Host World Baseball Classic Qualifier '' . TCPalm. Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Roger Dean Stadium Official website Stadium Fact Sheet Miami Marlins Spring training ballpark St. Louis Cardinals Spring training ballpark Roger Dean Stadium Minor League Ball Parks Roger Dean Stadium Views -- Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues Miami Marlins Formerly the Florida Marlins Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Seasons History Expansion Expansion Draft Records No - hitters Award winners and league leaders Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Miami Marlins Radio Network Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Pro Player Stadium Marlins Park Spring training : Cocoa Expo Stadium Space Coast Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Billy the Marlin Fire sale Marlins Man The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Lore Steve Bartman incident Fort Bragg Game Rivalries Tampa Bay Rays Retired numbers 42 Key personnel Owner : Bruce Sherman Team President : Derek Jeter President of Baseball Operations : Michael Hill General Manager : Michael Hill Manager : Don Mattingly World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1997 2003 National League Pennants ( 2 ) 1997 2003 Division titles National League East : none Wild card berths 1997 2003 Minor League affiliates AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes AA Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp A Adv . Jupiter Hammerheads Greensboro Grasshoppers Short A Batavia Muckdogs Rookie Gulf Coast League Marlins DSL Marlins Seasons ( 26 ) 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Montreal Expos Now the Washington Nationals Based in Montreal , Quebec ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Franchise Seasons Expansion Expansion draft Records No - hitters Players Opening Day starting pitchers Player of the Year Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Jarry Park Olympic Stadium Hiram Bithorn Stadium Spring training City Island Ball Park Municipal Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Space Coast Stadium Culture `` The Happy Wanderer '' Youppi ! Expo 67 TSN The Cap Lore Blue Monday Dennis Martínez 's perfect game Meilleure équipe de baseball David Cone 's perfect game Rivalries Toronto Blue Jays Retired numbers 8 10 10 30 42 Championships National League East : 1981 ( second half ) Seasons ( 36 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 St. Louis Cardinals Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Hall of Fame Members of the National Hall of Fame Awards & League Leaders Records No - hitters Roster Players Coaches Managers General Managers and Owners Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor League Players First - round draft picks All articles History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 52 1953 -- 89 1990 -- present Seasons Ballparks Robison Field Sportsman 's Park Busch Memorial Stadium Busch Stadium Spring training Whittington Park Herald Park West End Park City Park City Island Ball Park Ninth Street Park Al Lang Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Jack Buck Cardinal Nation Fredbird `` Here Comes the King '' Gashouse Gang KMOX Mike Shannon Rally Squirrel Whiteyball The Pride of St. Louis Budweiser Clydesdales Ballpark Village Lore 1946 NL tie - breaker series Slaughter 's Mad Dash Brock for Broglio `` Go Crazy , Folks ! '' The Call Home run chase Fernando Tatís ' two grand slams Game 6 of the 2011 World Series 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Chicago Cubs Kansas City Royals Key personnel Owner : Bill DeWitt , Jr . President of Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak General Manager : Mike Girsch Manager : Mike Matheny Minor league affiliates AAA Memphis Redbirds AA Springfield Cardinals A Adv . Palm Beach Cardinals Peoria Chiefs Short A State College Spikes Rookie Adv . Johnson City Cardinals Rookie Gulf Coast League Cardinals Dominican Summer League Cardinals World Series Championships pre-MLB 1885 1886 MLB 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 League pennants American Association 1885 1886 1887 1888 National League 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 Division titles National League East 1982 1985 National League Central 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 Wild card titles 2001 2011 2012 All Star Games hosted 1940 1957 1966 2009 Seasons ( 137 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Stadiums of the Grapefruit League Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Champion Stadium Charlotte Sports Park Ed Smith Stadium First Data Field Florida Auto Exchange Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Hammond Stadium JetBlue Park at Fenway South LECOM Park Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Spectrum Field Ballparks in the Florida State League North Division Florida Auto Exchange Stadium Osceola County Stadium Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Radiology Associates Field at Jackie Robinson Ballpark Spectrum Field Steinbrenner Field South Division Charlotte Sports Park First Data Field Hammond Stadium LECOM Park Roger Dean Stadium Current ballparks in the Gulf Coast League East First Data Field Roger Dean Stadium Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Northeast Champion Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Pirate City Complex Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Northwest Bobby Mattick Training Center at Englebert Complex Carpenter Complex George M. Steinbrenner Field Joker Marchant Stadium South Charlotte Sports Park Ed Smith Stadium JetBlue Park at Fenway South Lee County Sports Complex NAIA World Series Ballparks Kokernot Field ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Soos Park ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Phil Welch Stadium ( 1962 -- 1969 , 1974 -- 1978 ) Phoenix Municipal Stadium ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Herschel Greer Stadium ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Chaparral Stadium ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Harris Field ( 1984 -- 1991 , 2000 -- present ) Sec Taylor Stadium ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Lewis and Clark Park ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Drillers Stadium ( 1998 ) Roger Dean Stadium ( 1999 ) Tournaments 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Dean_Stadium&oldid=801989433 '' Categories : Florida State League ballparks Minor league baseball venues Spring training ballparks Grapefruit League venues Miami Marlins spring training venues Montreal Expos spring training venues St. Louis Cardinals spring training venues Baseball venues in Florida Sports venues completed in 1998 Jupiter , Florida Sports venues in Palm Beach County , Florida NAIA World Series venues 1998 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 07 : 50 . 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Roger Dean Stadium Full name Roger Dean Stadium Location 4751 Main Street Jupiter , Florida 33458 ( 561 ) 775 - 1818 26 ° 53 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 06 ′ 59 '' W  /  26.89111 ° N 80.11639 ° W  / 26.89111 ; - 80.11639 Owner Palm Beach County Operator Jupiter Stadium Limited Capacity 6,871 Field size Left Field : 335 ft Left - Center : 380 ft Center Field : 400 ft Right - Center : 375 ft Right Field : 325 ft Surface Grass Construction Broke ground March 6 , 1997 Opened February 28 , 1998 Construction cost US $28 million ( $41.1 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Populous Structural engineer Bliss & Nyitray , Inc . Services engineer Bredson & Associates , Inc . General contractor Case Contracting Company Tenants GCL Cardinals ( GCL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Jupiter Hammerheads ( FSL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Montreal Expos ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- 2002 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- present ) Palm Beach Cardinals ( FSL ) ( 2003 -- present ) GCL Marlins ( GCL ) ( 2003 -- present ) Miami Marlins ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 2003 -- present )

List of Dallas Mavericks seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Mavericks seasons The Dallas Mavericks are an American professional basketball team based in Dallas , Texas . They are members of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Mavericks began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1980 -- 81 season . In their inaugural season , they posted a win - loss record of 15 -- 67 . From 1983 to 1990 , the Mavericks , led by key players including Mark Aguirre , Brad Davis and Rolando Blackman , made the postseason six out of seven times , appearing in the Conference Finals in 1988 . For the rest of the decade the Mavericks were dreadful : they bottomed out with an 11 -- 71 record and the worst average point differential in NBA history during the 1992 -- 93 season . This was followed by a 13 -- 69 mark in the 1993 -- 94 season -- easily the worst two - season record in NBA history -- and the Mavericks did not win more than thirty - six games in any season until 1999 -- 2000 . The Mavericks returned to prominence in the 2000s , coinciding with the franchise 's purchase by Mark Cuban . Leading by the trio of Dirk Nowitzki , Michael Finley and Steve Nash , they returned to the playoffs in 2001 and to the Conference Finals in 2003 . While Nash and Finley left in 2004 and 2005 respectively , Nowitzki emerged as the team 's leader , leading the Mavericks to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2006 , only to lose to the Miami Heat . After a series of early exits from the playoffs , the Mavericks returned to the NBA Finals again in 2011 and won their first NBA Championship . The Mavericks have played 36 seasons , and advanced to the playoffs in 21 of those seasons . They have won three division titles , have been conference champions two times and have won one NBA Championship . Their overall record ( including playoffs ) is 1573 wins and 1527 losses . Contents 1 Table key 2 Seasons 2.1 All - time records 3 Notes 4 References Table key ( edit ) COY Coach of the Year Finish Final position in league or division standings GB Games behind first - place team in division Italics Season in progress Losses Number of regular season losses FMVP Finals Most Valuable Player MVP Most Valuable Player ROY Rookie of the Year SMOY Sixth Man of the Year SPOR Sportmanship Award Wins Number of regular season wins Seasons ( edit ) Note : Statistics are correct as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . NBA Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Playoff berth Season League Conference Finish Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Playoffs Awards Ref . 1980 -- 81 NBA Western 12th Midwest 6th 15 67 . 183 37 -- -- 1981 -- 82 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 28 54 . 341 20 -- -- 1982 -- 83 NBA Western 8th Midwest 4th 38 44 . 463 15 -- -- 1983 -- 84 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 43 39 . 524 Won First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 -- 1984 -- 85 NBA Western 4th Midwest 3rd 44 38 . 537 8 Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 1 -- 1985 -- 86 NBA Western 4th Midwest 3rd 44 38 . 537 7 Won First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 -- 1986 -- 87 NBA Western 2nd Midwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Lost First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 1 -- 1987 -- 88 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 53 29 . 646 Won First Round ( Rockets ) 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 Roy Tarpley ( SIX ) 1988 -- 89 NBA Western 9th Midwest 4th 38 44 . 463 13 -- -- 1989 -- 90 NBA Western 6th Midwest 3rd 47 35 . 573 9 Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 0 -- 1990 -- 91 NBA Western 12th Midwest 6th 28 54 . 341 27 -- -- 1991 -- 92 NBA Western 12th Midwest 5th 22 60 . 268 33 -- -- 1992 -- 93 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 11 71 . 134 44 -- -- 1993 -- 94 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 13 69 . 159 45 -- -- 1994 -- 95 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 36 46 . 439 26 -- Jason Kidd ( ROY ) 1995 -- 96 NBA Western T - 12th Midwest 5th 26 56 . 317 33 -- -- 1996 -- 97 NBA Western 11th Midwest 4th 24 58 . 293 40 -- -- 1997 -- 98 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 20 62 . 244 42 -- -- 1998 -- 99 NBA Western 11th Midwest 5th 19 31 . 380 18 -- -- 1999 -- 00 NBA Western 9th Midwest 4th 40 42 . 488 15 -- -- 2000 -- 01 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 53 29 . 646 5 Won First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 -- 2001 -- 02 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 57 25 . 695 Won First Round ( Timberwolves ) 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 1 -- 2002 -- 03 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 60 22 . 732 -- Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 -- 2003 -- 04 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 52 30 . 634 6 Lost First Round ( Kings ) 4 -- 1 Antawn Jamison ( SIX ) 2004 -- 05 NBA Western 4th Southwest 2nd 58 24 . 707 Won First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Suns ) 4 -- 2 -- 2005 -- 06 NBA Western 4th Southwest 2nd 60 22 . 732 Won First Round ( Grizzlies ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals ( Suns ) 4 -- 2 Lost NBA Finals ( Heat ) 4 -- 2 Avery Johnson ( COY ) 2006 -- 07 NBA Western 1st Southwest 1st 67 15 . 817 -- Lost First Round ( Warriors ) 4 -- 2 Dirk Nowitzki ( MVP ) 2007 -- 08 NBA Western 7th Southwest 4th 51 31 . 622 5 Lost First Round ( Hornets ) 4 -- 1 -- 2008 -- 09 NBA Western 6th Southwest 3rd 50 32 . 610 Won First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 1 Jason Terry ( SIX ) 2009 -- 10 NBA Western 2nd Southwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 -- 2010 -- 11 NBA Western 3rd Southwest 2nd 57 25 . 695 Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Finals ( Thunder ) 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals ( Heat ) 4 -- 2 Dirk Nowitzki ( FMVP ) 2011 -- 12 NBA Western 7th Southwest 3rd 36 30 . 545 14 Lost First Round ( Thunder ) 4 -- 0 -- 2012 -- 13 NBA Western 10th Southwest 4th 41 41 . 500 19 -- -- 2013 -- 14 NBA Western 8th Southwest 4th 49 33 . 598 13 Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 3 -- 2014 -- 15 NBA Western 7th Southwest 4th 50 32 . 610 6 Lost First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 1 -- 2015 -- 16 NBA Western 6th Southwest 2nd 42 40 . 512 25 Lost First Round ( Thunder ) 4 -- 1 -- 2016 -- 17 NBA Western 11th Southwest 5th 33 49 . 402 28 -- -- 2017 -- 18 NBA Western 13th Southwest 4th 24 58 . 293 28 -- -- All - time records ( edit ) Statistic Wins Losses Win % Regular season record ( 1980 -- present ) 1,539 1,529 . 502 Postseason record ( 1980 -- present ) 91 105 . 464 All - time regular and post-season record ( 1980 -- present ) 1,630 1,634 . 515 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The formula is as followed : G a m e s b e h i n d = ( T e a m A ′ s w i n s − T e a m B ′ s w i n s ) + ( T e a m B ′ s l o s s e s − T e a m A ′ s l o s s e s ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Games ) \ \ mathrm ( behind ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( TeamA 's ) \ \ mathrm ( wins ) - \ mathrm ( TeamB 's ) \ \ mathrm ( wins ) ) + ( \ mathrm ( TeamB 's ) \ \ mathrm ( losses ) - \ mathrm ( TeamA 's ) \ \ mathrm ( losses ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( 2 ) ) ) ) Jump up ^ Kidd shared Rookie of the Year honors with Grant Hill of the Detroit Pistons . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . References ( edit ) General `` Dallas Mavericks '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Wright , Kyle ; The NBA from Top to Bottom : A History of the NBA from the No. 1 Team to the No . 1,153 ; pp. 74 , 115 - 116 . ISBN 9780595697960 Jump up ^ `` 1980 -- 81 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 -- 82 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- 84 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 -- 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 86 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 -- 87 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 -- 88 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 -- 89 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 -- 91 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 92 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 93 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 95 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 -- 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 -- 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 -- 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 -- 09 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 -- 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Dallas Mavericks Founded in 1980 Based in Dallas , Texas Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Draft history Expansion Draft Head coaches Current season Arenas Reunion Arena Moody Coliseum American Airlines Center General managers Norm Sonju Keith Grant Frank Zaccanelli Nelson Sr . Nelson Jr . G League affiliates Fort Worth Flyers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Texas Legends Retired numbers 12 15 22 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2011 Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) 2006 2011 Division Championships ( 3 ) 2007 Rivals Houston Rockets Culture and lore Don Carter Mark Cuban Nellie Ball Moody Madness German Wunderkind `` Eminence Front '' Media TV KTXA Fox Sports Southwest Radio KESN - FM KFLC - AM Announcers Mark Followill Derek Harper Chuck Cooperstein Brad Davis Victor Villalba Dallas Mavericks seasons Franchise History Seasons 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory NBA season - by - season team history Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Mavericks_seasons&oldid=846288680 '' Categories : Dallas Mavericks seasons Dallas Mavericks lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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Season League Conference Finish Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Playoffs Awards Ref . 1980 -- 81 NBA Western 12th Midwest 6th 15 67 . 183 37 -- -- 1981 -- 82 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 28 54 . 341 20 -- -- 1982 -- 83 NBA Western 8th Midwest 4th 38 44 . 463 15 -- -- 1983 -- 84 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 43 39 . 524 Won First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 -- 1984 -- 85 NBA Western 4th Midwest 3rd 44 38 . 537 8 Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 1 -- 1985 -- 86 NBA Western 4th Midwest 3rd 44 38 . 537 7 Won First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 -- 1986 -- 87 NBA Western 2nd Midwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Lost First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 1 -- 1987 -- 88 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 53 29 . 646 Won First Round ( Rockets ) 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 Roy Tarpley ( SIX ) 1988 -- 89 NBA Western 9th Midwest 4th 38 44 . 463 13 -- -- 1989 -- 90 NBA Western 6th Midwest 3rd 47 35 . 573 9 Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 0 -- 1990 -- 91 NBA Western 12th Midwest 6th 28 54 . 341 27 -- -- 1991 -- 92 NBA Western 12th Midwest 5th 22 60 . 268 33 -- -- 1992 -- 93 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 11 71 . 134 44 -- -- 1993 -- 94 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 13 69 . 159 45 -- -- 1994 -- 95 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 36 46 . 439 26 -- Jason Kidd ( ROY ) 1995 -- 96 NBA Western T - 12th Midwest 5th 26 56 . 317 33 -- -- 1996 -- 97 NBA Western 11th Midwest 4th 24 58 . 293 40 -- -- 1997 -- 98 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 20 62 . 244 42 -- -- 1998 -- 99 NBA Western 11th Midwest 5th 19 31 . 380 18 -- -- 1999 -- 00 NBA Western 9th Midwest 4th 40 42 . 488 15 -- -- 2000 -- 01 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 53 29 . 646 5 Won First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 -- 2001 -- 02 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 57 25 . 695 Won First Round ( Timberwolves ) 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 1 -- 2002 -- 03 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 60 22 . 732 -- Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 -- 2003 -- 04 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 52 30 . 634 6 Lost First Round ( Kings ) 4 -- 1 Antawn Jamison ( SIX ) 2004 -- 05 NBA Western 4th Southwest 2nd 58 24 . 707 Won First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Suns ) 4 -- 2 -- 2005 -- 06 NBA Western 4th Southwest 2nd 60 22 . 732 Won First Round ( Grizzlies ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals ( Suns ) 4 -- 2 Lost NBA Finals ( Heat ) 4 -- 2 Avery Johnson ( COY ) 2006 -- 07 NBA Western 1st Southwest 1st 67 15 . 817 -- Lost First Round ( Warriors ) 4 -- 2 Dirk Nowitzki ( MVP ) 2007 -- 08 NBA Western 7th Southwest 4th 51 31 . 622 5 Lost First Round ( Hornets ) 4 -- 1 -- 2008 -- 09 NBA Western 6th Southwest 3rd 50 32 . 610 Won First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 1 Jason Terry ( SIX ) 2009 -- 10 NBA Western 2nd Southwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 -- 2010 -- 11 NBA Western 3rd Southwest 2nd 57 25 . 695 Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Finals ( Thunder ) 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals ( Heat ) 4 -- 2 Dirk Nowitzki ( FMVP ) 2011 -- 12 NBA Western 7th Southwest 3rd 36 30 . 545 14 Lost First Round ( Thunder ) 4 -- 0 -- 2012 -- 13 NBA Western 10th Southwest 4th 41 41 . 500 19 -- -- 2013 -- 14 NBA Western 8th Southwest 4th 49 33 . 598 13 Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 3 -- 2014 -- 15 NBA Western 7th Southwest 4th 50 32 . 610 6 Lost First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 1 -- 2015 -- 16 NBA Western 6th Southwest 2nd 42 40 . 512 25 Lost First Round ( Thunder ) 4 -- 1 -- 2016 -- 17 NBA Western 11th Southwest 5th 33 49 . 402 28 -- -- 2017 -- 18 NBA Western 13th Southwest 4th 24 58 . 293 28 -- --

Timeline of Young People 's rights in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Timeline of Young People 's rights in the United Kingdom The timeline of children 's rights in the United Kingdom includes a variety of events that are both political and grassroots in nature . The UK government maintains a position that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC ) is not legally enforceable and is hence ' aspirational ' only , although a 2003 ECHR ruling states that , `` The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realising these rights for all children are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child . '' Eighteen years after ratification , the four Children 's Commissioners in the UK ( including those for the three devolved administrations ) have united in calling for adoption of the Convention into domestic legislation , making children 's rights recognised and legally binding . Opponents of children 's rights often raise the objection that rights must entail responsibilities . The children 's rights movement asserts rather that children have rights which adults , states and the government have a responsibility to uphold . Overall , a 2008 report stated that there had been no improvement in children 's rights in the UK since 2002 . Warning that there is a `` widely held fear of children and young people '' in the UK , the report says : `` The incessant portrayal of children as thugs and yobs '' not only reinforces the fears of the public but also influences policy and legislation . '' The report does not address the question of the degree to which the fear of uncontrolled children in the UK is justified . The UNCRC defines children , for the purposes of the Convention , as persons under the age 18 , unless domestic legislation provides otherwise . In that spirit , this timeline includes as children all those below the UK age of majority , which was 21 until 1970 when it was reduced to 18 . Although the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man , Guernsey and Jersey are not constitutionally part of the UK , the British government is responsible for their external affairs and therefore for their international treaty obligations , so this timeline includes references to matters in those dependencies . Contents 1 Pre-19th century 2 19th century 3 20th century 4 21st century 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Pre-19th century ( edit ) Timeline of pre-19th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image Pre-16th century The care of orphans was particularly commended to bishops and monasteries during the Middle Ages . Many orphanages practised a form of `` binding - out '' in which children , as soon as they were old enough , were given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and their learning an occupation . Common law maintaining the King 's peace was administered by the Court of Common Pleas ( England ) dealing with civil cases between parties by ordering the fine of debts and seizure of the goods of outlaws . Following the Peasants ' Revolt , British constables were authorised under a 1383 statute to collar vagabonds and force them to show their means of support ; if they could not , the penalty was gaol . Under a 1494 statute , vagabonds could be sentenced to the stocks for three days and nights ; in 1530 , whipping was added . The assumption was that vagabonds were unlicensed beggars . January 1561 Scotland The national Church of Scotland set out a programme for spiritual reform , setting the principle of a school teacher for every parish church and free education . This was provided for by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland , passed in 1633 , which introduced a tax to pay for this programme . 1367 -- 1607 Ireland Suppression of the Brehon Laws which enumerated the rights and responsibilities of fostered children , their birth - parents and foster - parents . The Brehon Law concept of family was eroded and the Gaelic tradition of fosterage lost . It was ultimately replaced by the State controlled Poor Law system . 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law The Poor Law was the social security system operating in England and Wales from the 16th century until the establishment of the Welfare State in the 20th century . The Impotent poor was a classification of poverty used to refer to those poor considered deserving of poor relief ; a vagrant was a person who could work , but preferred not to . The law did not distinguish between the impotent poor and the criminal , so both received the same punishments . The law provided for `` the putting out of children to be apprentices '' . 17th century Where an unmarried mother concealed the death of her baby , she was presumed guilty of infanticide unless she could prove that the baby was born dead . This requirement that the defendant prove her innocence was a reversal of the normal practice of requiring the prosecution to prove the defendant 's guilt . Women were acquitted of this charge if they could demonstrate that they had prepared for the birth of the baby , for example by acquiring bedding . In 1678 children aged 10 were deemed able to engage in consensual sex . 1732 -- 1744 Bastardy In 1732 , a woman pregnant with a `` bastard '' was required to declare the fact and to name the father . In 1733 , the putative father became responsible for maintaining his illegitimate child ; failing to do so could result in gaol . The parish would then support the mother and child , until the father agreed to do so , whereupon he would reimburse the parish -- although this rarely happened . In 1744 , a bastard took the ' settlement ' of its mother ( under the Poor Law , a person 's place of origin or later established residence , being the parish responsible for the person if destitute ) regardless of where the child was actually born . Previously , a bastard took settlement from its place of birth . The mother was to be publicly whipped . 1739 The Foundling Hospital Established in London by the philanthropic sea captain Thomas Coram as a home for the `` education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children . '' Children were seldom taken after they were twelve months old . On reception they were sent to wet nurses in the countryside , where they stayed until they were about four or five years old . At sixteen girls were generally apprenticed as servants for four years ; at fourteen , boys became apprentices in varying occupations for seven years . 1779 The Penitentiary Act Drafted by Prison reformer John Howard , the Act introduced state prisons as an alternative to the death penalty or transportation . The prison population had risen after the US Declaration of Independence , because the American Colonies had been used as the destination for transported criminals . Howard 's 1777 report had identified appalling conditions in most of the prisons he inspected . The Howard League for Penal Reform emerged as a result , publishing in 2006 the findings of an independent inquiry by Lord Carlile of Berriew QC into physical restraint , solitary confinement and forcible strip searching of children in prisons , secure training centres and local authority secure children 's homes . 1795 Speenhamland system An amendment to the Poor Law , named after a meeting at the Pelican Inn in Speenhamland , Berkshire , where the local magistrates or squirearchy devised the system as a means to alleviate hardship caused by a spike in grain prices . Families were paid extra to top up wages to a set level , which varied according to the number of children and the price of bread . For example , if bread was 1s 2d a loaf , the wages of a family with two children was topped up to 8s 6d . If bread rose to 1s 8d the wages were topped up to 11s 0d . The system aggravated the underlying causes of poverty , allowing employers ( often farmers ) to pay below subsistence wages , because the parish made up the difference to keep their workers alive . Low incomes remained unchanged and the poor rate contributors subsidised the farmers , so that landowners sought other means of dealing with the poor e.g. the workhouse . The Poor Law Commissioners ' Report of 1834 called the Speenhamland System a `` universal system of pauperism . '' 1796 Thomas Spence Publication of The Rights of Infants by the revolutionary philosopher. ( 11 ) 19th century ( edit ) Timeline of 19th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 1802 UK Parliament The Factory Acts were a series of Acts of Parliament passed to limit the number of hours worked by women and children , first in the textile industry , then later in all industries . The Factories Act 1802 , sometimes called the `` Health and Morals of Apprentices Act , '' 1806 Philanthropic Society The Society was incorporated by Act of Parliament , sanctioning its work with juvenile delinquents and began by opening homes where children were trained in cottage industries working under the instruction of skilled tradesmen . Remaining central in development of measures dealing with young offenders the Society is now the charity , Catch 22 , formerly Rainer . 1818 Ragged schools A cobbler , John Pounds , began to use his shop in Portsmouth as a base for educational activity for local poor children neglected by other institutions . Part of his concern was also to educate his disabled nephew . The Ragged School movement subsequently found powerful support in active philanthropists when public attention was aroused to the prevalence of juvenile delinquency by Thomas Guthrie in 1840 . An estimated 300,000 children passed through the London Ragged Schools alone between the early 1840s and 1881 1818 Elizabeth Fry After visiting Newgate Prison , Fry became particularly concerned at the conditions in which women prisoners and their children were held . Fry later presented evidence to the House of Commons in 1818 , which led to the interior of Newgate being rebuilt with individual cells . 1834 Workhouse The workhouse system was set up in England and Wales under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 , although many individual houses existed before this legislation . Inmates entered and left as they liked and would receive free food and accommodation . However , workhouse life was made as harsh and degrading as possible so that only the truly destitute would apply . Accounts of the terrible conditions in some workhouses include references to women who would not speak and children who refused to play . 1838 Charles Dickens Oliver Twist , Dickens ' second novel , is the first in the English language to centre upon a child protagonist throughout . The book calls attention to various contemporary social evils , including the Poor Law , which required that poor people work in workhouses , child labour and the recruitment of children as criminals . A later character , Jo in Bleak House , is portrayed as a street child , relentlessly pursued by a police inspector . 1839 Custody of Infants Act Custody of children under 7 years old was assigned to mothers 1840 Mettray Penal Colony In Mettray , north of the city of Tours , France a private reformatory , without walls , was opened by penal reformer Frédéric - Auguste Demetz in 1840 for the rehabilitation of young males aged between 6 and 21 . At that time children and teenagers were routinely imprisoned with adults . Boys who were mostly deprived , disadvantaged or adandoned children , many of whom had committed only Summary offences or petty crime , were housed . Their heads were shaved , they wore uniforms , and up to age 12 spent most of the day studying arithmetic , writing and reading . Older boys had one hour of classes , with the rest of the day spent working . Reformatory Schools were modelled on Mettray , and the Borstal system , established in 1905 , separated adolescents from adult prisoners . In the twentieth century Mettray became the focus for Michel Foucault because of its various systems and expressions of power and led Foucault to suggest that Mettray began the descent into modern penal theories and their inherent power structures . 1847 Juvenile Offenders Act The Act allowed children under the age of fourteen to be tried summarily before two magistrates , speeding up the process of trial for children , and removing it from the publicity of the higher courts . The age limit was raised to sixteen in 1850 . 1850 Irish Workhouse Returns , 8 June 1850 . The number of children aged 15 years and younger in Irish Workhouses reaches its historic high , at 115,639 . 1854 Reformatory Schools Mary Carpenter 's research and lobbying contributed to the Youthful Offenders Act 1854 and the Reformatory Schools ( Scotland ) Act 1854 . These enabled voluntary schools to be certified as efficient by the Inspector of Prisons , and allowed courts to send them convicted juvenile offenders under 16 for a period of 2 to 5 years , instead of prison . Parents were required to contribute to the cost . Carpenter 's 1851 publication Reformatory Schools for the Children of the Perishing and Dangerous Classes and for Juvenile Offenders was the first to coin the term ' Dangerous Classes ' with respect to the lower classes , and the perceived propensity to criminality , of poor people . 1857 Industrial Schools The Industrial Schools Act 1857 allowed magistrates to send disorderly children to a residential industrial school , resolving the problems of juvenile delinquency by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment into a boarding school . An 1876 Act led to non-residential day schools of a similar kind . In 1986 Professor Sir Leon Radzinowitz noted the practice of Economic conscription , where , ' there was a network of 208 schools : 43 reformatories , 132 industrial schools , 21 day industrial schools and 12 truant schools ' by the eve of the First World War , alongside a negligible education system for the poor . 1870 UK Government Prior to the Elementary Education Act 1870 act , very few schools existed , other than those run by the Church . The National Education League was established to promote elementary education for all children , free from religious control . The Act first introduced and enforced compulsory school attendance between the ages of 5 and 12 , with school boards set up to ensure that children attended school ; although exemptions were made for illness and travelling distance . The London School Board was highly influential and launched a number of political careers . The Church / State ethical divide in schooling , persists into the present day . 1870 Thomas John Barnardo The first of 112 Barnardo 's Homes was founded , with destitution as the criterion for qualification . The project was supported by the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury and the first Earl Cairns . The system of operation was broadly as follows : infants and younger girls and boys are chiefly `` boarded out '' in rural districts ; girls above 14 years of age are sent to ' industrial training homes ' to be taught useful domestic occupations ; boys above 17 years old are first tested in labour homes and then placed in employment at home , sent to sea or emigrated ; boys between 13 -- 17 years old were trained for trades for which they may be mentally or physically fitted . 1880 UK Government Following campaigning by the National Education League the Elementary Education Act 1880 made schooling compulsory until the age of ten and also established attendance officers to enforce attendance , so that parents who objected to compulsory education , arguing they needed children to earn a wage , could be fined for keeping their children out of school . School leaving age was raised with successive Acts from ten to age fourteen in 1918 . 1885 UK Government Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 raises age of consent from 13 to 16 , introduced measures intended to protect girls from sexual exploitation and widens the criminalisation of male homosexual behaviour . 1891 UK Government The practice of ' spiriting ' i.e. kidnapping children for work in the Americas , had been sanctioned by the Privy Council since 1620 , but the Custody of Children Act ( the ' Barnardo 's Act ) legalised the work of private emigration societies for removing poor children from workhouses , industrial schools , reformatories and private care facilities , to British colonies . 1899 UK Government The Elementary Education ( Defective and Epileptic Children ) Act allowed school authorities to make arrangements for ascertaining which children , by reason of mental or physical defect , were incapable of receiving proper benefit from instruction in the ordinary schools . 20th century ( edit ) Timeline of 20th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 1904 UK Government The Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act gave the NSPCC a statutory right to intervene in child protection cases . 1905 UK Government A specialist juvenile offenders court was tried in Birmingham , and formally established in the Children Act 1908 , along with juvenile courts . Borstals , a kind of youth prison , were established under the Prevention of Crime Act , with the aim of separating youths from adult prisoners . 1910 Home Office Allegations in John Bull of abuse at a boys ' reformatory , the Akbar Nautical Training School , Heswall , included accusations that boys were gagged before being birched , that boys who were ill were caned as malingerers , and that punishments included boys being drenched with cold water or being made to stand up all night for a trivial misdemeanour . John Bull further alleged that boys had died as a result of such punishments . The Home Office investigation rejected the allegations , but found that there had been instances of `` irregular punishments '' . 1914 New Ideals in Education Conferences In 1914 the first Montessori Conference was held in the UK , at a beachside village called East Runton , Norfolk , at the site of the first Montessori School created outside Italy . The organisers were Rev Bertrand Hawker ( whose house and grounds hosted the conference ) , Edmond Holmes ( a previous chief Inspector of Schools ) , and Earl Lytton . The heroes of the conference were Homer Lane , Harriet Finlay Johnson and Norman MacMunn . They went on to form a committee to organise annual conferences founded on ' liberating the child ' , they called the events New Ideals in Education Conferences . They went on to have ' experimental days ' that celebrated and shared good practice for liberating the child . People who spoke at the conferences included Percy Nunn ( first director of Institute of Education ) , Lord Baden Powell , The Rt Hon . H.A.L Fisher MP cabinet war member for Education , Dr Arthur Brock ( therapist to Wilfred Owen ) . They helped through legislation , practice and teacher training , to define the good primary school as child centred , group work , project work , learning through creativity , self - expression , peer teaching , play . They new from the beginning that they may fail with the secondary schools because of exams , national curriculum , and parents . 1915 A.S. Neill In 1915 the teacher A.S. Neill wrote his first book in his Dominie series of semi-autobiographical novels , A Dominie 's Log . This was the first of his writings to promote and advocate for children 's rights in UK schools , especially the rights to play , to protection and to control their own learning . He went on to found what is now the oldest school based on children 's rights , Summerhill ( 1921 ) . The school and Neill 's writings went on to influence schools and education systems around the world , including the UK . January 1916 UK Government In the early years of the 20th century the National Service League had urged compulsory military training for all men aged between 18 and 30 . After the outbreak of World War I , two million men enlisted voluntarily , some in Pals battalions but mostly in regular regiments and corps . Enthusiasm diminished as casualties increased , and the Military Service Act of January 1916 introduced conscription . Boys from the age of 18 were liable to be called up for service Men of Class 1 ( that is , 18 - year - olds ) , once enrolled , were given the option of returning home or remaining with the Colours and undergoing special training until they were 19 . At the start of 1914 the British Army had a reported strength of 710,000 men including reserves . By the end of the war almost 1 in 4 of the total male population of the UK had joined , over five million men , and almost half the infantry were 19 or younger . Conscription ceased with the termination of hostilities on 11 November 1918 and all conscripts were discharged , if they had not already been so , on 31 March 1920 . 1918 Maternity and Child Welfare Act The War prompted the government to direct funds towards infant welfare centres , and the Act encouraged local authorities to continue this work by introducing the principle of free ante - natal care and free medical care of under - fives . Most of the work was undertaken by volunteers , who were able to claim support for the resources they used . These measures taken together contributed to an astonishing decline in infant mortality in the first three decades of the 20th century . 1919 Save the Children Fund In the aftermath of the Great War social reformer Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton documented the terrible misery in which the children of Central , Eastern and Southern Europe were plunged , and believing there was no such thing as an `` enemy '' child , founded the Save the Children Fund in London to address their needs . The Save the Children International Union ( SCIU ) was founded in Geneva in 1920 with Save the Children and Swedish Rädda Barnen as leading members . Jebb went on to draft the Declaration of the Rights of the Child . 1921 Summerhill School As portrayed in his Dominie book , A Dominie Abroad ( Herbert Jenkins , 1923 ) , A.S. Neill founded what would become known as Summerhill School in Hellerau , a suburb of Dresden . It was part of an International school called the Neue Schule . Neill moved his school to Sonntagsberg in Austria . By 1923 Neill had moved to the town of Lyme Regis in the south of England , to a house called Summerhill where he began with 5 pupils . The school continued there until 1927 , when it moved to the present site at Leiston in the county of Suffolk , taking the name of Summerhill with it . The Secretary of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child wrote in support of the school when it faced closure from Government inspectors , that it ' surpasses all expectations ' in its implementation of children 's rights , particularly Article 12 . Children 's BBC made a four - part drama called Summerhill based on its fight for survival against the government . March 1921 Family Planning Marie Stopes opened the UK 's first family planning clinic in London , the Mothers ' Clinic , offering a free service to married women and gathering scientific data about contraception . The opening of the clinic created a major social impact on the 20th century , marking the start of a new era in fertility control by promising an opportunity for the modern world to break out of the Malthusian Trap . A Eugenicist , Stopes ' brand of Feminism sought selective breeding to achieve racial purity , sterilisation of those ' unfit for parenthood ' . 1932 Children and Young Persons ( Scotland ) Act The Act provided for young offenders , to be sent to an Approved School , put on probation , or put into the care of a `` fit person '' . Courts could , in addition , still sentence male juvenile offenders , as previously , to be `` whipped with not more than six strokes of a birch rod by a constable '' . 1932 / 33 UK Government The Children and Young Persons Act 1932 broadened the powers of juvenile courts in England and Wales and introduced supervision orders for children at risk . The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 provided for young offenders , to be sent to an Approved School , put on probation , or put into the care of a `` fit person '' . Courts could , in addition , still sentence male juvenile offenders , as previously , to be `` whipped with not more than six strokes of a birch rod by a constable '' . The Act also introduced Remand Homes for youths temporarily held in custody , to await a court hearing . The Home Office maintained a team of inspectors who visited each institution from time to time . Offenders , as well as receiving academic tuition , were assigned to work groups for such activities as building and bricklaying , metalwork , carpentry and gardening . Approved schools were known for strict discipline , and were essentially `` open '' institutions from which it was relatively easy to abscond . This allowed the authorities to claim that they were not `` Reformatories '' , and set them apart from Borstal . The age of criminal responsibility was raised from 7 to 8 , and no - one could be hanged for an offence committed under the age of 18 . The Act consolidated most existing child protection legislation , enforcing strict punishments for anyone over 16 found to have neglected a child . Guidelines on the employment of school - age children were set , with a minimum age of 14 for full - time employment . November 1938 Kindertransport A few days after Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany , a delegation of British Jewish leaders , appealed in person to the Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , on the eve of a major Commons debate on refugees . They requested that the British government permit the temporary admission of Jewish children and teenagers who would later re-emigrate , among other measures . The Jewish community promised to pay guarantees for the refugee children . The Cabinet decided that the nation would accept unaccompanied children ranging from infants up to teenagers under the age of 17 . April 1939 UK Government The Military Training Act sought to ' call up ' boys from age 18 as ' militiamen ' , to distinguish them from the regular army . The intention was for conscripts to undergo six months basic training before being discharged into an active reserve , for subsequent recall to short training periods and an annual camp . Superseded by the National Service ( Armed Forces ) Act 1939 enacted immediately by Parliament on 3 September 1939 - the date of declaration of war on Germany . Liability to full - time conscription was enforced on all males between 18 and 41 . By 1942 , all male British subjects resident in Great Britain aged 18 -- 50 were liable to call - up , with only a few categories exempted , and female subjects aged 20 -- 29. National Service ( No 2 ) Act 1941 1944 UK Government In 1939 the government had considered raising school leaving age to 15 , but this was delayed by the onset of World War Two . The Education Act succeeded in extending compulsory education to age 15 , which took effect from 1947 . 1945 UNESCO Following dissolution of the League of Nations , the United Nations was founded on 24 October , but had already in 1943 begun operating UNRRA , a relief organization to combat famine and disease in liberated Europe . UNESCO was also established with Julian Huxley as the first Director General , standing at the centre of the post-World War II revival of education . Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society , and one of the liberal intellectual elite of the time who believed in birth control and ' voluntary ' sterilization for the `` virtual elimination of the few lowest and most degenerate types '' . Huxley 's six - year term of office , defined in the Charter , was reduced to two years , and UNESCO 's education programme became a collaboration with the International Bureau of Education , of which Jean Piaget was Director from 1929 until 1968 . Piaget had declared during the second world war in 1940 : `` The common wealth of all civilizations is the education of the child . '' 11 December 1946 United Nations General Assembly The first major step on behalf of children taken by the United Nations , was UNICEF 's creation in 1946 co-founded by Maurice Pate and Ludwik Rajchman to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries devastated by World War II . Two years later , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly . 1947 UK Government After World War II the National Service Act 1947 and subsequent measures ordained peacetime conscription of all males aged 18 for a set period ( originally 1 year , later two years ) until National Service ceased in 1960 , with final Demobilization in 1963 . 1,132,872 men were conscripted after 1945 to serve the British Army on reaching the age of 18 . About 125,000 served in an active theatre of operations , and were expected to fight guerrillas or cope with riots or civil war situations with minimal training in such combat situations as Korea , Malaya , Suez and Aden . July 1948 UK Government The War landed more than a million children , evacuated from town centres , on to local councils with inadequate resources to care for them . Many were placed in foster homes and became emotionally disturbed , reacting by bed - wetting , stealing and running away . After the war , children who had no families to return to , became ' nobody 's children ' . The Children Act 1948 finally brought together responsibility for children without adequate parents , formerly dealt with under the Poor Law , and responsibility for delinquent children in Remand Homes , formerly under the aegis of Local Education Authorities , with the requirement for every County and County Borough to establish a Children 's Committee and appoint a Children 's Officer . This has been the basis on which social workers have acted on behalf of children ever since . Detention Centres , under the Prison Department of the Home Office , were later introduced for miscreants , designed to administer a `` short sharp shock '' to older teenagers through drilling , physical jerks , military - style discipline , and cold showers before dawn . 1950s Society and media Teenagers first came to public attention during the war years , when there were fears of juvenile delinquency . By the 1950s , the media presented the teenagers in terms of generational rebellion . The exaggerated moral panic among politicians and the older generation was typically belied by the growth in intergenerational cooperation between parents and children . Many working - class parents , enjoying newfound economic security , eagerly took the opportunity to encourage their teens to enjoy more adventurous lives . Schools were falsely portrayed as dangerous blackboard jungles under the control of rowdy kids . The media distortions of the teens as too affluent , and as promiscuous , delinquent , counter-cultural rebels do not reflect the actual experiences of ordinary young adults , particularly young women , 20 November 1959 United Nations General Assembly An expanded version of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child , covering children 's rights , maternal protection , health , adequate food , shelter and education , was adopted by the General Assembly in 1959 as a milestone in the commitment of world governments to focus on the needs of children -- an issue once considered peripheral to development , but serving as a moral , rather than legally binding framework . 1967 Court Lees Approved School The Gibbens report into allegations of excessive punishment at the school prompted Home Secretary Roy Jenkins to announce its immediate closure , and the need to phase out corporal punishment in all Approved Schools . Under the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 responsibility for Approved Schools was devolved from the Home Office to local social services authorities , and they were renamed `` Community Homes with Education '' . 1968 Scotland Following publication of the Kilbrandon report in 1964 , the Social Work ( Scotland ) Act 1968 set up the Scottish Children 's Hearings system and revolutionised juvenile justice in Scotland by removing children in trouble from the criminal courts . The institutional framework for supporting children and families established on the basis of the key recommendations of the report has been largely unchanged since it was introduced in 1971 . Changes from the latest review , currently under way in 2008 , are planned for implementation from 2010 . 1970 United Kingdom Having concluded that the historical causes for fixing 21 years as the age of majority were no longer relevant to contemporary society , the Latey Committee 's recommendation was accepted , that the age of majority , including voting age , should be reduced to 18 years . 1972 UK Government The Children Act 1972 set the minimum school leaving age at 16 . After the 1972 Act schools were provided with temporary buildings to house their new final year , known as ROSLA ( Raising School Leaving Age ) buildings and were delivered to schools as self - assembly packs . Although not designed for long - term use , many schools continued using them . 1972 Murder of Maxwell Confait Three boys aged 14 , 15 and 18 with a mental age of eight confessed under police questioning to starting the fire that killed the victim . They were convicted of arson , manslaughter and murder . In subsequent developments it became apparent that their confessions were untrue and that they had been extracted by improper police pressure . The case caused a major review of police procedures and of how suspects are treated , particularly children and `` the educationally subnormal '' . After a successful appeal court hearing , the publication of a book , The Confait Confessions by Christopher Price and Jonathan Caplan , and the setting up of two major inquiries , some of the most radical reforms of the prosecution process ever to have taken place were instituted . The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 gave new rights to police suspects and made the tape - recording of police interviews compulsory . The Phillips Commission , which reported in 1981 , proposed a national prosecution service , one of whose aims would be to attempt to ensure that prosecution evidence was properly scrutinised , and that weak cases such as the one relating to the murder of Confait would not even reach the courts . The Crown Prosecution Service eventually came into being in 1986 . 1981 1981 Brixton riot One of the most serious riots in the 20th century fuelled by racial and social discord , brought black and white youth into violent confrontation with thousands of police . Further riots ensued that year throughout Britain . The Scarman Report detailed a loss of confidence and mistrust in the police and their methods of policing after liaison arrangements between police , community and local authority had collapsed . Recommendations for policing reforms were introduced in 1984 . However , the 1999 MacPherson Inquiry into teenager Stephen Lawrence 's murder , found that Scarman 's recommendations had been ignored , and concluded that the Metropolitan Police Service was institutionally racist . 1984 UK Government Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Part IV 37 ( 15 ) . A child is defined as under 17 years old . The Act provides for an Appropriate adult to be called to the police station whenever a child has been detained in police custody . 1985 The Children 's Society The first refuge is opened for runaways . After 20 + years of campaigning , the government in 2008 set out plans to improve work with the estimated 100,000 under - 16s who run away from home or care each year . 1985 House of Lords Gillick competence ruling in the case Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority , which sought to decide in medical law whether a child is able to consent to his or her own medical treatment , without the need for parental permission or knowledge . A child is defined as 16 years or younger . The ruling , which applies in England and Wales ( but not in Scotland ) , is significant in that it is broader in scope than merely medical consent . It lays down that the authority of parents to make decisions for their minor children is not absolute , but diminishes with the child 's evolving maturity ; except in situations that are regulated otherwise by statute , the right to make a decision on any particular matter concerning the child shifts from the parent to the child when the child reaches sufficient maturity to be capable of making up his or her own mind on the matter requiring decision . 1986 Child Migrants Scandal Social worker Margaret Humphreys ' received a letter from a woman in Australia who had been sent on a boat from the UK to a children 's home in Australia , age four , and wanted help in tracing her parents in Britain . Humphrey 's subsequent research exposed the abuses of private emigration societies operating under the 1891 Custody of Children Act - a key subtext of which was the aim of supplying Commonwealth countries with sufficient `` white stock '' particularly in relation to Australia . A Department of Health Report shows that at least 150,000 children aged between 3 and 14 were sent to Commonwealth countries , in a programme that did not end until 1967 . The children -- the majority of whom were already in some form of social or charitable care -- were cut off from their families and even falsely informed that they were orphans . Most were sent with the promise of a better life -- but the reality was often very different , with many facing abuse and a regime of unpaid labour . A number of organisations , including Fairbridge , Barnardo 's , the Salvation Army , the Children 's Society and Catholic groups , were involved in sending children abroad . 1986 Wales , Bryn Estyn Although Care workers in Clwyd had been convicted of sex abuse as long ago as 1976 , with allegations and investigations in Gwynedd in the 1980s , the scandal was only exposed after Alison Taylor , a children 's home head in Gwynedd , pressed her concerns at the highest levels . During police investigations into Ms Taylor 's concerns in 1986 - 87 , the authorities constructed a `` wall of disbelief '' from the outset . An inquiry ordered by the Home Secretary in 1996 into quality of care and standards of education , found both to be below acceptable levels in all the homes investigated . 1989 United Nations General Assembly The UN Convention on Children 's Rights was adopted into international law . 1989 UK Government The Children Act 1989 was intended as the main piece of legislation setting out the legal framework for child protection procedures e.g. enquiries and conferences and introduced the notion of parental responsibility . Provisions apply to all children under 18 . It was very wide - ranging and covered all paid childcarers outside the parental home for under - 8 's , adoption and fostering , and aspects of family law including divorce . Although the Act aimed to enshrine consistency with the UNCRC approach that ' the best interests of the child are pre-eminent ' , UN monitoring committee reports issued in 1995 and 2002 noted that the principle of primary consideration for the best interests of the child was not consistently reflected in legislation and policies affecting children . 1990 / 1991 The Pindown Enquiry Allan Levy QC inquired into a method of discipline used in Staffordshire children 's homes in the 1980s . Pindown was named after the notion that it would `` pin down the problem '' relating to a particular `` difficult '' child , and involved locking children in `` pindown rooms '' , sometimes for periods of weeks or months . The 2000 Kilgallon report into Northumberland housing for children with special needs revealed that Pindown tactics were employed between 1972 and 1984 . 12 July 1990 Phillip Knight The 17 - year - old died in custody at HM Prison Swansea as a result of self - inflicted injuries . An inquest yielded an open verdict . Knight was the first of 30 children to die in custody since 1990 . The inquest into 16 - year - old Joseph Scholes ' death in custody in March 2002 led the coroner to support the call for a public inquiry . 1991 United Kingdom UK ratification of United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , with a number of reservations . UNCRC defines a child as under 18 years old , unless an earlier age of majority is recognised by a country 's law . February 1993 James Bulger The murder of two - year - old James Bulger , by Jon Venables and Robert Thompson , both aged 10 , prompted national debate about the relationship between Childhood and criminality , which led to abolition in 1998 of the distinction with regard to criminal responsibility between young persons aged at least 14 and children aged between 10 and 14 . June 1994 Fred West After their children alerted authorities to the West 's rape of their daughter , investigations revealed that between 1967 and 1987 , Fred and his wife Rosemary tortured , raped and murdered at least 12 girls and young women , whose disappearance had previously gone unnoticed . The case highlighted the inadequacies of the National Missing Persons Bureau and eventually gave rise to the National Policing Improvement Agency established in 2007 . February 1995 United Nations The committee responsible for monitoring implementation of UNCRC issued first concluding observations on the UK 's progress . 1990 -- 1996 UK Government Concerns about children in residential care led to the commissioning of 10 public enquiries between 1990 and 1996 , including the Utting report ( 1991 ) and the Warner report ( 1992 ) , which exposed large - scale institutional abuse of children and young people . Sir William Utting CBE was Chief Inspector of Social Services during the period when the worst cases of abuse happened . Asked why safeguarding steps were not taken when he was directly responsible for overseeing Social Services , he replied : `` ... the crude answer to that question would be ignorance . There were tremendous pressures , I think , on everybody in the system at that time to deny that those of us working in the system and accepted by the community as being ' devoted to the interests of children ' were in fact exploiting them and abusing them . So there was a period of ignorance and ... denial and then the ... process of the revelation of these awful things that had gone on for a long time . '' 1998 UK Government The Human Rights Act 1998 received Royal Assent , mostly coming into force in 2002 . January 1998 UK Government The Public Interest Disclosure Act received Royal Assent , paving the way for whistleblowers of child abuse and other illegal corporate activities to receive support and protection via the industrial tribunal system . Employees such as those in the army , are excluded 1998 UK Government The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 abolished the distinction in England and Wales with regard to criminal responsibility between young persons aged at least 14 and children aged between 10 and 14 . Hitherto , a child over 10 but under 14 was deemed in law to be doli incapax , i.e. incapable of crime , unless the prosecution could satisfy the court that a particular child was in fact of such maturity , education and social development as to rebut that presumption . ( Children under 10 in England and Wales remain doli incapax , as they have been since the minimum age for criminal responsibility was raised from 8 to 10 under the Children and Young Persons Act 1963 ; power under the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 to raise the minimum age from 10 to 14 has never been implemented . In Scotland the minimum age remains at 8 , but the presumption of doli incapax also remains ) . Describing Youth Courts as the ' secret garden ' of the legal system , Home Secretary Jack Straw established the Youth Justice system , with Restorative Justice premised as the key underlying principle for resolving youth crime . 1999 UK Government Protection of Children Act 1999 required a list to be kept of persons considered unsuitable to work with children . 1999 Professor Sir Roy Meadow In the trial of Sally Clark accused of murdering her two babies at age 11 weeks and 8 weeks , Meadow 's testimony as expert witness postulated Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy , or MSbP , convinced that many apparent cot deaths were in fact the result of child abuse brought on by MSbP . Clark 's conviction was overturned in 2003 , after 3 years of wrongful imprisonment . Throughout the 1990s Meadow had contributed to a number of convictions of ( mostly ) women whose children had suffered apparent cot deaths and a greater number of parents , whom Meadow suspected of MSbP , had their children forcibly removed and taken into care . Meadow was struck off the medical register , but reinstated in 2006 after an appeal . The Society of Expert Witnesses had commented that the severity of his punishment would cause many professionals to reconsider whether to stand as expert witnesses . 1999 UK Government Prime Minister Tony Blair announced the historic aim to end child poverty in a generation . At that time , the UK had the worst child poverty rate in the European Union . The Government set ambitious targets to cut child poverty by a half by 2010 , en route to eradicating it by 2020 . 2000 UK Government The Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 changed the age of consent for male homosexual sexual activities and defined the offence of Abuse of Trust , generally to protect 16 - and 17 - year - olds from sexual advances , both homosexual and heterosexual , from those in positions of trust . February 2000 Sir Ronald Waterhouse The report of an inquiry about abuse in Bryn Estyn and other children 's homes in North Wales between 1974 and 1990 was released , which included a recommendation for creation of the post of Children 's Commissioner to prevent such scandals in the future . March 2000 Summerhill School wins Court Case Defended by the international human rights barrister , Sir Geoffrey Robertson QC , after three days at the Royal Courts of Justice , Summerhill won its right to continue to be based on children 's rights . The DfES accepted its demands , expressed in a joint agreement . The agreement was voted on by the children from the school in the court room . This agreement accepted the right of children at Summerhill to control their own learning , and has been used by Home Educators as part of their legal fights with the government . Summerhill is now the most legally protected school in the country with a unique inspection process that is the first to include the voices of children , preceding the newly announced OFSTED plans to take account of students ' views . Summerhill is the only school that has direct input into its inspections through legally appointed experts . Its children have continued to lobby for all children to have the rights they have , attending and lobbying at the UN Special Session on the Child ( 2002 ) and the UNESCO conference of Education Ministers when a student spoke during the closing ceremony . 8 September 2000 United Nations The Millennium Development Declaration was signed by 189 countries , setting the Millennium Development Goals as targets for monitoring progress . November 2000 Murder of Damilola Taylor Research into the backgrounds of four teenagers accused of murdering Damilola Taylor found that some had been excluded from school , all had substantial histories of serious offending and antisocial behaviour , and had come to police attention before they were 10 . 21st century ( edit ) Timeline of 21st century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 2001 Wales Children 's Commissioner for Wales was appointed . 2001 Sarah 's Law Following the abduction and murder of eight - year - old Sarah Payne , the News of the World newspaper spearheaded a controversial campaign for the government to allow controlled access to the Sex Offenders Register , so that parents with young children could know if a child sex - offender was living in their area . The campaign derived from the USA 's so - called Megan 's Law , operating in honour of murder victim Megan Kanka and allowing publication of a sex offender 's photograph and address . 2002 UK Government The Care Standards Act reformed the law relating to the inspection and regulation of various care institutions including children 's homes , and created the new post of Director of Children 's Rights with the power to investigate individual cases . October 2002 The UK committee responsible for monitoring the implementation of the UNCRC in the UK issued its second concluding observations on the UK 's progress . 2003 Northern Ireland The Commissioner for Children and Young People for Northern Ireland was appointed . 2003 UK Government The Sexual Offences Act 2003 lowered the age of consent for certain sexual activities from 18 to 16 in England and Wales . Section 45 defines a `` child '' for the purposes of the Protection of Children Act 1978 as a person under 18 years , rather than under 16 years , of age . Despite a previous `` deep lack of understanding '' of incidents of abuse in children 's homes run by Islington , Margaret Hodge is appointed Children 's Minister in June 2003 . 29 January 2003 Victoria Climbie The Laming report on the murder of Victoria Climbie recommended the creation of the post of Children 's Commissioner and generated legislation known as Every Child Matters . A revised Children Act based on Every Child Matters was enacted in 2004 . December 2003 Sir Michael Bichard After the murder of Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells , the Bichard report severely criticised the Chief Constable of Humberside Police for ordering the destruction of criminal records of child abusers as required under the Protection of Children Act 1999 . A revised registration scheme for people working with children and vulnerable adults was recommended . The report also revealed that investigation into the murders was severely compromised by involvement of some of the police officers in child pornography , or were Operation Ore suspects . Zahid Mubarek Inquiry After a long legal battle by the family , the Law Lords ordered Home Secretary David Blunkett to hold an Inquiry into Zahid 's murder . Sentenced to 3 months imprisonment in Feltham Young Offenders ' Institution for stealing razors and interfering with a motor vehicle , the 19 - year - old was murdered by his cell - mate on the eve of returning home in 2000 . The report 's findings are a ' devastating indictment ' of the prison system , to which teenagers are routinely consigned . Scotland The Scotland 's Commissioner for Children and Young People was appointed , with Children 's Hearings and the Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration as significant components of children 's rights in Scotland . 2005 England The Children 's Commissioner for England was appointed . September 2005 United Nations General Assembly A Special Summit on the Millennium Development Goals reviewed progress since 2000 on the Goals , which included halving the proportion of people living in poverty by 2015 . November 2005 Ampleforth College A monk admitted to 20 incidents of child abuse at a leading Catholic boarding school . At least six paedophiles were active for decades following a decision by former Abbot Basil Hume not to call in police during his tenure , which commenced in 1963 . March 2006 British Army An independent review commissioned by the Minister for Armed Forces into circumstances surrounding the deaths of four soldiers recruited under the age of 18 at Princess Royal Barracks , Deepcut between 1995 and 2002 , concludes that the deaths were self - inflicted , despite a catalogue of allegations of misconduct at the relevant times . The call for a public enquiry is rejected . 2006 End Child Poverty Following the Make Poverty History march and Live 8 events , NGOs launch a coalition to secure the Government 's 1999 pledge to halve the numbers of children living below the poverty line by 2010 and eliminate child poverty by 2020 . February 2006 Howard League for Penal Reform Publication of Lord Carlile 's inquiry into the treatment of children in penal custody . The 47 recommendations include : severely restricting physical intervention ; stopping the Strip searching of children ; and an end to prison segregation . 2007 Jersey Social Worker Simon Bellwood was dismissed after making a complaint about a `` Dickensian '' system in a secure unit where children as young as 11 were routinely locked up for 24 hours or more , in solitary confinement . Police subsequently commenced investigations at the site of former children 's home Haut de la Garenne . July 2007 UK Government The third report on progress is issued to the UN Committee responsible for monitoring implementation of the UNCRC . 2007 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 The Act was extended to apply to prisoners and young offenders killed or injured whilst in custody , with effect from April 2008 . From monitoring and analysis of deaths in custody , NGO INQUEST propose an independent , overarching standing commission on custodial deaths , with statutory powers to address the breadth of social and political issues that arise when these deaths occur . November 2007 Scottish Government Following publication of the Shaw report `` Historical Abuse Systemic Review : Residential Schools and Children 's Homes in Scotland 1950 to 1995 '' , the Scottish Government proposed a truth and reconciliation forum for victims of historic abuse . The discussion paper named `` Acknowledgement and Accountability '' will be published 2008 / 9 . 9 June 2008 United Kingdom The Children 's Commissioner for Wales , Children 's Commissioner for England , Scotland 's Commissioner for Children and Young People and the Commissioner for Children and Young People , Northern Ireland jointly report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , in preparation for the 30th Anniversary of the International Year of the Child . The remit of individual UK Commissioners differ in the devolved administrations , however the first report by federal Commissioners is unanimous in calling for incorporation of UNCRC into domestic legislation and a ban on police indefinitely keeping children 's DNA on record . Amongst 100 recommendations are : increasing the age of criminal responsibility ; a reduction in the number of children in custody ; and a public inquiry into the deaths of 30 children in custody over the past 10 years . UK 's main NGO 's including UNICEF and CRAE also attended the Pre Sessional Working Group with the UN Committee . 12 Children and Young People represented England as well . November 2008 Death of Baby P After details of the tragic life and death of the 17 - month - old at the hands of his parent and carers , whilst on the ' At Risk ' register of Haringey Social Services were revealed , Ofsted confirmed that between April 2007 and August 2008 , 282 children died of neglect , abuse or in the care system . Of that total , 72 died in accidents , stabbings or shootings while in foster or residential care , while the remaining 210 died of abuse or neglect at the hands of their families . This means that 12 children are killed by abuse each month . 1 May 2012 Protection of Freedoms Act Part 1 , Chapter 2 gives a child the right to prevent their biometric information ( e.g. fingerprints ) from being collected by an educational establishment and requires the processing of biometric information to be discontinued should the child object at any time . The right of a child to refuse the collection of their biometric information stands regardless of whether parental consent is offered or not . It also requires one parent to provide consent for the processing of biometric data and if any parent is to object to such collection of data the data processing must be discontinued . See also ( edit ) List of children 's rights topics List of Acts of Parliament List of youth rights topics Student rights Timeline of children 's rights in the United States Youth rights References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Extract from Sahin v Germany , Grand Chamber judgment of the ECHR , 8 July 2003 , as quoted in `` 4 . Memorandum from Allan Levy QC and Peter Newell '' , Joint Committee on Human Rights . Retrieved 18 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2008 ) UK Commissioners ' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Commissioners . p 34 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Travis , A. `` Children 's jail staff given wider powers of restraint '' , The Guardian , London , 19 June 2007 ... Jump up ^ Adtunji , J. `` Prisons : Child secure units still use adult restraint methods , says inspector '' , The Guardian , London , 9 July 2008 ... ^ Jump up to : ( 2008 ) UK Commissioners ' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Commissioners . p 4 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2008 ) UK Commissioners ' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Commissioners . p 33 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Heinze , Rudolph W. ( 1976 ) . The proclamations of the Tudor kings , p. 118 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20938 - 2 Jump up ^ Records of the Parliament of Scotland official website . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Sophie pp37 - 55 : Liberty , order and law under native Irish rule Jump up ^ Crimes tried at the Old Bailey . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Crimes tried at the Old Bailey . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , P. `` Workhouses - the Story of Workhouses . '' Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Coram : 1668 - 1751 '' . Retrieved 7 / 25 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` Victorian London - Health and Hygiene - Hospitals - Foundling Hospital '' . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Howard League for Penal Reform . Jump up ^ Shore , Heather . `` The Idea of Juvenile Crime in 19th - century England '' Archived 20 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... History Today , vol. 2 ( 6 ) , June 2000 . Jump up ^ Goodchild , Sophie . `` The 200 - year - old Asbos ( they make Blair 's Britain seem a soft touch ) '' , The Independent , London , 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Catch 22 '' . Archived from the original on 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.infed.org/youthwork/ragged_schools.htm Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fry ( 1780 - 1845 ) . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ England and Wales Poor Law History Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter . `` Workhouse - the Story of Workhouses '' Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Foucault , Michel . Discipline and Punish . London : Penguin Books 1977 . p. 293 . Jump up ^ The Duty Of The State Towards The Pauper Children Of Ireland , 1909 Archived 29 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . p. 254 . To access report , scroll down and click View / Open . Jump up ^ Radzinowicz , Leon ; Hood , Roger ( 1990 ) . The emergence of penal policy in Victorian and Edwardian England Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 825663 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Parishes in Barnet '' , British History Online . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Faith school judgment fails to consider human rights angle '' . Ekklesia . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas John Barnardo ( ' The Doctor ' ) '' . Infed.org . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Retrieved 25 August 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.goldonian.org/barnardo/child_migrationl.htm A child Migration timeline . The Goldonian . Retrieved 29 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Elementary Education of Defective and Epileptic Children '' . Br Med J. 2 : 1207 -- 8 . 1899 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.2026. 1207 . PMC 2412294 . PMID 20758708 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Birmingham '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 985 . Jump up ^ `` Borstal - What 's in a Name ? '' . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Historical abuse in residential child care in Scotland 1950 - 1995 : A literature review , The Scottish Government , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Neil . `` It was our duty to protect these children in remand homes . Instead they were sexually abused by staff for years '' Archived 8 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Herald , Glasgow , 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter . www.workhouses.org.uk `` Reformatories and Industrial Schools '' , workhouses.org.uk . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ A.S. Neill . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ World War 1 Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC History . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Call - up Notice . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ The Long , Long Trail - Recruitment . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Meller , Helen . Medicine , Biology and Women 's Bodies , 1840 - 1940 Archived 22 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ UNICEF Company history . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Summerhill School . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ CBBC Summerhill drama . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Court Lees Approved School Affair '' , World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter . Workhouse - the Story of Workhouses Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` UK 's ' Schindler ' awaits Nobel vote '' BBC News Online , London , 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Education leaving age . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Hubback D. ( 1989 ) . `` Julian Huxley and eugenics '' , in Keynes M. and Harrison G.A. ( eds ) , Evolutionary studies : a centenary celebration of the life of Julian Huxley . Macmillan , London . Jump up ^ Armytage W.H.G. ( 1989 ) . `` The first Director - General of UNESCO '' , in Keynes M. and Harrison G.A. ( eds ) , Evolutionary studies : a centenary celebration of the life of Julian Huxley . Macmillan , London , p. 188 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Education Historical Note . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Education Directors . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Jean Piaget . International Bureau of Education . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ UNICEF Briefing . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ UN Chronicle 1965 review after UNICEF received the Nobel Peace Prize . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . British Armed Forces & National Service website . Retrieved 6 September 2008 Jump up ^ ' Warfare to Welfare ' . Community Care Article . Retrieved 29 November 2009 Jump up ^ Linklater , Magnus ; Holman , Bob . `` Letter to The Times prompted huge response and The Children Act of 1948 '' , The Times , London , 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Melanie Tebbutt , Making Youth : A History of Youth in Modern Britain ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Selina Todd , and Hilary Young . `` Baby - Boomers to ' Beanstalkers ' Making the Modern Teenager in Post-War Britain . '' Cultural and Social History 9 # 3 ( 2012 ) : 451 - 467 . Jump up ^ Tisdall , Laura ( 2015 ) . `` Inside the ' blackboard jungle ' male teachers and male pupils at English secondary modern schools in fact and fiction , 1950 to 1959 '' . Cultural and Social History . 12 ( 4 ) : 489 -- 507 . doi : 10.1080 / 14780038.2015. 1088265 . Jump up ^ Mills , Helena ( 2016 ) . `` Using the personal to critique the popular : women 's memories of 1960s youth '' . Contemporary British History . 30 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 483 . doi : 10.1080 / 13619462.2016. 1206822 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Resolution 1386 adopted at the 14th session of the General Assembly . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ UN Background Note . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corporal Punishment In British Reformatories And Institutions '' , World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) The 1964 Kilbrandon report . Retrieved 26 August 2008 Jump up ^ ' Offender management ' in Scotland : the first hundred years Archived 21 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Law Reform Commission Paper Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 24 August 2008 Jump up ^ Education leaving age . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Scarman Report '' , BBC News Online , London , 27 April 2004 . Jump up ^ The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry , The Stationery Office , 1999 . Jump up ^ Guide for Appropriate Adults Archived 26 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The Home Office . Jump up ^ `` Our children are missing : Most vulnerable youngsters are targeted '' . The Independent , London , 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Children 's services - Young runaways : a strategy at last - Log in to Children & Young People Now '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Rosemary ( 11 January 2008 ) . `` Safe Refuges to stop child runaways sleeping rough '' . The Times , London . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) A child migration timeline . The Goldonian . Retrieved 29 November 2009 Jump up ^ Walker , Peter ( 15 November 2009 ) . `` Brown to apologise to care home children sent to Australia and Canada '' . London : Guardian . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) ' Former British Child Migrants . Retrieved 28 November 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Questions and answers that surround a catalogue of abuse against children '' . The Guardian , London , 16 February 2000 . Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child . Jump up ^ UNCRC Monitoring committee 2nd report Archived 10 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 4 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Inquiry reveals abuse at Northumberland homes '' . Community Care , 13 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` INQUEST - United Campaigns For Justice '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Multilateral treaties deposited with the Secretary - General - TREATY I - IV - 15. asp ^ Jump up to : `` UN Convention on the Rights of the Child : reporting process '' Archived 12 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Every Child Matters . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ House of Commons - Health - Second Report Jump up ^ `` Sex abuse priest given four years '' . BBC News Online , London , 23 September 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Exclusive : UK social worker blows the whistle on Jersey Jump up ^ Hill , Amelia . `` Judge admits : Britain 's youth courts ' in chaos ' '' . The Observer , London , 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1999/ukpga_19990014_en_1 Jump up ^ Boseley , Sarah . `` Paediatricians reluctant to court ' backlash ' '' . The Guardian , London , 19 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Confusion over doctors ' role in protecting children Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Child Poverty across Industrialized Nations , UNICEF 1999 . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Narey , Martin . `` Do n't give up on poor children '' . guardian.co.uk ( blog ) , 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ House of Lords - Explanatory Note Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 9 / 5 / 00 . `` After Waterhouse , what ? '' Community Cares . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Summerhill Court Case . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Summerhill student evidence . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Summerhill student report for IHEU Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Summerhill student speech . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution adopted by the General Assembly . 55 / 2 . United Nations Millennium Declaration '' , United Nations . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ UNICEF - Monitoring and statistics - Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) monitoring Jump up ^ Early warning . Community Care , 5 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Director of Children 's Rights . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Commissioner . Announcement of Appointment . Archived 30 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Paul ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Another minister under fire : call for Hodge to quit over child abuse scandal '' . The Independent , London . Jump up ^ Victoria Climbie Inquiry - Phase Two Archived 12 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dickson , Niall ( 17 December 2002 ) . `` Climbie : Legacy of an inquiry '' . BBC News Online , London . Note : Up to Victoria 's death , the police , the social services department of many local authorities , the National Health Service , the NSPCC , and local churches all had contact with her , and noted the signs of abuse . Jump up ^ `` Aims '' Archived 1 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Every Child Matters . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ The Bichard Report Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ First phase of the Mubarek inquiry Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Zahid Mubarek case '' . BBC News Online , 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Devastating indictment ' of prisons '' . BBC News Online , London , 29 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration : Frequently Asked Questions Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Branagan , Mark ( 18 November 2005 ) . `` Ampleforth child abuse scandal hushed up by Basil Hume '' . Yorkshire Post , Leeds . Jump up ^ `` Deepcut Review '' . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . Jump up ^ End Child Poverty - Why End Child Poverty ? Jump up ^ Press release Archived 20 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Howard League for Penal Reform , 17 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Press release from Operation Rectangle . States of Jersey Police , 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Resources and practice - Every Child Matters '' . Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Justice Briefing Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Haldane Society article Archived 28 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 10 September 2008 . Jump up ^ An independent review of the systems in place to protect children and keep them safe in residential care between 1950 - 1995 . The Scottish Government , November 2007 . Jump up ^ Scottish Parliament Written answers , 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Policy & Practice : Children 's commissioners - Four nations '' , Children and Young People Now . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Rosemary ( 11 December 2008 ) . `` Safeguards ' still not in place to prevent repeat of Baby P case ' '' . The Times , London . Graham , Dr. Olga. ( 2009 ) Autism : The Teratogen Fallout . Toronto : Free Press 777 . Rights are needed for children with autism regarding training and educating using visual methodology , proper diagnosis and treatment etc . Rights of children to a non-hazardous environment has become urgent . http://autismfallout.com External links ( edit ) Child Advocacy Documents - Worldwide Peter Higginbotham 's history of the workhouse Andrew Roberts ' Mental Health History Timeline International Legal Standards for Children 's Rights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_young_people%27s_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=856051515 '' Categories : Children 's rights in the United Kingdom Child care History of youth British history timelines Youth in the United Kingdom Human rights Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 14 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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when did the age of majority change from 21 to 18 in the uk

The UNCRC defines children , for the purposes of the Convention , as persons under the age 18 , unless domestic legislation provides otherwise . In that spirit , this timeline includes as children all those below the UK age of majority , which was 21 until 1970 when it was reduced to 18 . Although the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man , Guernsey and Jersey are not constitutionally part of the UK , the British government is responsible for their external affairs and therefore for their international treaty obligations , so this timeline includes references to matters in those dependencies .

Hunter Tylo - wikipedia Hunter Tylo Hunter Tylo Tylo at the 2012 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Deborah Jo Hunter ( 1962 - 07 - 03 ) July 3 , 1962 ( age 56 ) Fort Worth , Texas , U.S. Other names Deborah Morehart Alma mater Fordham University Occupation Actress , author Years active 1980 -- present Spouse ( s ) Tom Morehart ( m . 1980 ; div. 1984 ) Michael Tylo ( m . 1987 ; div. 2005 ) Gersson Archila ( m . 2009 ; annulled 2018 ) Children Hunter Tylo ( born Deborah Jo Hunter , July 3 , 1962 ) is an American actress , author and former model . She is best known for her role as Taylor Hayes ( 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 -- ) on The Bold and the Beautiful . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Lawsuit 3 Personal life 3.1 Marriages and children 3.2 Religion 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Tylo was born Deborah Jo Hunter in Fort Worth , Texas , the daughter of Jo Anne and Morris Jabez Hunter . She is of Cherokee Native American descent on her mother 's side . She has an older brother Jay , who passed away August 29 , 2018 , and a younger brother named Cliff . Tylo has been credited as Deborah Morehart ; Morehart was the last name of her first husband . Career ( edit ) In 1984 , credited as Deborah Morehart , Tylo appeared in the sorority slasher film The Initiation with future Melrose Place actress Daphne Zuniga . Tylo subsequently became well known after playing regular roles in US daytime soap operas . Her television debut was on All My Children in 1985 . She was fired from the role in 1988 , on the grounds of having a relationship with another cast member , Michael Tylo ( whom she married in 1987 ) . In 1989 , she was cast as Marina Toscano on Days of Our Lives . The character was a rival who caused trouble for one of the soap 's most popular couples , Steven `` Patch '' Johnson and Kayla Brady . Tylo later said , `` Everyone hated my character. ( ... ) I hated her . They ( producers ) said they were going to do something with her , but they never did . ( ... ) I dreaded going to work for the last few weeks I was on the show . '' The character was killed off and Tylo left the series in 1990 . Discouraged by her lack of success on soap operas , Tylo decided to quit acting , and enrolled at Fordham University in the Bronx , New York , intending to be a pre-med student . As she and her husband were preparing to move to New York City , she was offered a role of Dr. Taylor Hayes on The Bold and the Beautiful . She initially resisted the part but eventually relented . She began her tenure in 1990 , while still pursuing her degree at Fordham . In 2000 , Tylo released her autobiography , Making a Miracle . Tylo left The Bold and the Beautiful in 2002 . She returned to the show in 2004 for a two - episode appearance as a vision . In May 2005 , she returned as a series regular and left the series again in July 2013 . In 2014 she returned to the show for a several weeks story arc . Lawsuit ( edit ) In 1996 , Tylo was cast in the primetime soap opera Melrose Place and opted to leave The Bold and the Beautiful to take the role . However , she was fired by Melrose Place producer Aaron Spelling prior to filming any episodes for the series , when she announced she was pregnant . The character she was to play , Taylor McBride , was recast , Lisa Rinna taking the role . Tylo quickly returned to The Bold and the Beautiful . Tylo sued Spelling on grounds of discrimination for being pregnant and won $4.8 million from a Los Angeles jury . Spelling argued that Tylo 's pregnancy rendered her unable to play the character , who was supposed to be a sexy seductress . During the trial , Tylo published pictures of herself while pregnant which showed that she retained a slim figure . Prior to trial , during the discovery phase of the litigation , Tylo 's lawyers won a partial victory in an interlocutory appeal challenging a lower court 's order compelling her to answer a broad range of personal questions . The Court of Appeal established Tylo 's right to refuse to answer questions in her deposition about marital problems and psychological treatment , although the Court sustained the portion of the order which compelled her to answer questions about her efforts to become pregnant , her husband 's ability or inability to impregnate her , and communications with her agent with respect to her efforts and ability to become pregnant . The case is widely recognized as an important one in establishing the right of privacy in deposition and the right of actresses to continue to work while pregnant . Personal Life ( edit ) Marriages and children ( edit ) Tylo has been married three times and has four children . She married her first husband , Tom Morehart , in 1980 . They have a son , Christopher `` Chris '' Morehart , and divorced in 1984 . In 1987 , she married actor Michael Tylo , with whom she had daughters Izabella Gabrielle and Katya Ariel Tylo and son Michael Edward `` Mickey '' Tylo , Jr . In 1998 , the couple 's daughter Katya was diagnosed with a rare cancer of the eye called retinoblastoma . Doctors removed the affected right eye and began chemotherapy . Later in the year a tumor was detected in Katya 's other eye ; that tumor inexplicably disappeared . Katya recovered and wears a prosthetic right eye . The couple divorced in 2005 . On October 18 , 2007 , their son , Michael Tylo , Jr. , drowned in the family pool in Henderson , Nevada . The Clark County Coroner concluded that Michael Tylo , Jr. 's death was caused by `` drowning due to seizure disorder , '' and was ruled accidental . In May 2008 , Tylo filed a restraining order against boyfriend Corey Cofield , claiming that he had acted violently towards her and her children . Shortly after the death of her mother , Joanne Hunter , on November 29 , 2009 , Tylo married Gersson Archila in a secret ceremony in Las Vegas , Nevada . The marriage was annulled on August 30 , 2018 due to Court findings of Gersson being of poor moral character ; 3 convicted counts of spousal abuse , auto theft , drug paraphernalia , misrepresentation by false identity , and hiding a criminal past . Religion ( edit ) Tylo is a born again Christian . She attributes her daughter Katya 's recovery from cancer to constant prayer and credits her faith for helping her deal with the death of her son , Michael . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref 1984 The Initiation Alison Credited as Deborah Morehart Final Cut Anna Credited as Deborah Morehart Longshot Rachel Montgomery A Place Called Home Billie Jeeters TV film They Are Among Us June TV film 2005 Down and Derby Teri Montana Hammerhead : Shark Frenzy Amelia Lockhart Syfy TV film Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref 1985 -- 88 All My Children Robin McCall Credited as Deborah Morehart 1989 -- 90 Days of Our Lives Marina Toscano Zorro Senora Del Reynoso Episode : `` Family Business '' 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 -- The Bold and the Beautiful Dr. Taylor Hayes Series regular ( 1990 -- 2002 ; 2005 -- 13 ) Guest ( 2004 , 2014 ) Recurring role ( 2018 -- ) The Maharaja 's Daughter Messua Shandar TV miniseries 1994 -- 95 Burke 's Law Ingrid Rose Penelope Jordan Episode : `` Who Killed the Hollywood Headshrinker ? '' ( 1995 ) Episode : `` Who Killed the Soap Star ? '' ( 1994 ) Baywatch Heather Episode : `` Windswept '' 1997 Diagnosis : Murder Claire McKenna Episode : `` Physician , Murder Thyself '' 2003 She Spies Dr. Marks / Andres Sarlin Episode : `` Daze of Future Past '' 2015 Queens of Drama Herself Series regular Awards and nominations ( edit ) Tylo has been listed twice on People magazine 's list of `` 50 Most Beautiful People In The World '' . Year Award Work Result Ref Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Actress The Bold and the Beautiful Won 1995 Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Love Story ( shared with Katherine Kelly Lang and Ronn Moss ) Nominated 1997 Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Actress Won 1998 Telvis Award for Most Popular Television Stars in Finland -- ( shared with John McCook ) Won 1999 Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated 2002 Telvis Award for Favorite Foreign Actress Won 2003 Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Plot Twist -- ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hart , marla ( 17 June 1993 ) . `` Three 's A Charm After Two Bad Starts , Hunter Tylo Comes Into Her Own In ` B & B ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo : Biography '' . tvguide.com . ^ Jump up to : `` A Real - Life ' The Bold & the Beautiful ' Wedding '' . etonline.com . December 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wasko , Beth ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` B&B 's Tylo Leaving , Too ! '' . soapoperadigest.com . Jump up ^ Text of Tylo v. Superior Court ( Spelling Entertainment Group , Inc . ) ( 1997 ) 55 CA4th 1379 is available from : ceb.com ^ Jump up to : Smolowe , Jill ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` A Soap Star 's Devastating Loss '' . people.com . Jump up ^ Gray , Mark ; Nudd , Tim ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Actress Hunter Tylo 's Son Drowns '' . People.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Noelle ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Hunter Tylo 's Son Dies in Accidental Drowning '' . Usmagazine.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Hunter Tylo married in secret ceremony '' . Soapcentral . Jump up ^ Gliatto , Tom ( December 1 , 1997 ) . `` Thrown a Curve '' . people.com . Jump up ^ `` People : Praise Be '' . Beaver County Times . October 14 , 1998 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo : ' Nothing More Painful Than Losing a Child ' '' . people.com . November 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Har , Marla ( June 17 , 1993 ) . `` Three 's a Charm '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Executive producers : Lee Phillip Bell and William J. Bell ; Head writer : William J. Bell ( June 6 , 1990 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 25 . Episode 804 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` They 're Back ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 23 -- 24 . August 16 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : ' Queens of Drama ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards List '' . boldandbeautiful.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hunter Tylo . Hunter Tylo Official Site Hunter Tylo on IMDb Hunter Tylo on the Net Retinoblastoma International WorldCat Identities BNF : cb15521833j ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1369 9955 SNAC : w6m051vx VIAF : 48879930 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunter_Tylo&oldid=863149924 '' Categories : 1962 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Texas American evangelicals American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses American people of Cherokee descent Fordham University alumni Living people People from Fort Worth , Texas Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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who plays taylor on bold and the beautiful

Hunter Tylo ( born Deborah Jo Hunter , July 3 , 1962 ) is an American actress , author and former model . She is best known for her role as Taylor Hayes ( 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 -- ) on The Bold and the Beautiful .

Raviv Ullman - wikipedia Raviv Ullman Raviv Ullman Ullman during the production of Choice in 2015 Raviv Ullman ( 1986 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1986 ( age 32 ) Eilat , Israel Other names Ricky Ullman Occupation Actor , musician Years active 1997 -- present Raviv Ullman ( Hebrew : רביב אולמן ‎ ; born January 24 , 1986 ) , is an Israeli - American actor and musician . He is best known for playing Phil Diffy , the main character in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future . The actor was credited as Ricky Ullman from 1997 until 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early Career : 1997 -- 2003 2.2 Prominence in television : 2004 -- 2009 2.2. 1 Phil of the Future and Disney 2.2. 2 Rita Rocks and other television and film 2.2. 3 Music 2.3 Post-television career : 2009 -- Present 2.3. 1 Theater 2.3. 2 Music 2.3. 3 Filmmaking 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Films 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Ullman was born in Eilat , Israel , to American parents Laura ( née Ehrenkranz ) , a teacher , and Brian Ullman , a printer . He has a younger sister and younger brother named Tali and Nadav , respectively . After his first birthday , his family left their kibbutz in Israel for Norwalk , Connecticut , USA , and then to Fairfield , Connecticut the following year . When Ullman was younger , his father worked as a clown . While attending summer camp , he played Peter Pan , which helped him discover his talents in acting , singing , dancing , and reading drama novels . Ullman was raised in the Conservative and Orthodox denominations of Judaism . His maternal grandfather , Joseph Ehrenkranz , was an Orthodox rabbi in Stamford , Connecticut . Ullman is a first cousin , twice removed , of Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman . Lieberman 's mother and Ullman 's matrilineal great - grandmother were sisters . Ullman taught himself how to play the trombone . Ullman was selected to attend the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation ( HOBY ) youth leadership program of Connecticut in March 2002 where he was selected as the `` outstanding ambassador '' enabling him to attend the HOBY World Leadership Congress in the summer of 2002 . He went to Hillel Academy and is a graduate of Fairfield Warde High School . He was active in National Conference of Synagogue Youth . Career ( edit ) Early career : 1997 -- 2003 ( edit ) Ullman 's first professional role was as Louis in the national touring company of The King and I along with Jesse McCartney . Other productions he worked on include Peter Pan at the Polka Dot Playhouse , The Music Man with the New England Repertory Company , and Just People at the Long Wharf Theatre . He received a 1998 -- 1999 Best Actor nomination from the Connecticut Critics ' Awards for his character Stanley in Stamford Theater Work 's A Rosen by Any Other Name . He had small roles in film and television shows , notably portraying Christopher Knight in the 2000 movie Growing Up Brady . Prominence in television : 2004 -- 2009 ( edit ) Phil of the Future and Disney ( edit ) Ullman is best known for his starring role as Phil Diffy , a teen from the year 2121 on Disney Channel 's Phil of the Future , a series that debuted June 2004 . He also starred as Roscoe in Disney 's made - for - television film Pixel Perfect . During this period , Ullman appeared in other Disney Channel programming like and was an identified member of the Disney Channel Circle of Stars , and appeared with other members of the Circle in the music video for `` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes , '' where he sang as well as played the drums . Rita Rocks and other television and film ( edit ) In 2004 , Ullman starred as Sam in ABC Family 's television film Searching for David 's Heart . He appeared in a string of independent films including The Big Bad Swim and Driftwood ( 2006 ) , Normal Adolescent Behavior ( 2007 ) , and Prom Wars ( 2008 ) . During this period , he guest - starred in TV shows like Big Love and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Ullman was cast as Kip in the Lifetime sitcom Rita Rocks , which premiered in 2009 . His character was the drummer in the titular character 's band and her daughter 's boyfriend . The show was canceled after two seasons . While Ullman previously went by the stage name Ricky , he started using his real name in 2006 when he guest - starred on an episode of House and continued to use Raviv on all projects since . Music ( edit ) In June 2006 , Ullman and a few of his friends created parody hip - hop music videos under the name the Webee Boys . In December 2006 , Ullman met actor Douglas Smith of Big Love fame and together they formed a band called Goodbye Ian . The group expanded to as many as seven people and later changed its name to His Orchestra . Ullman plays drums and glockenspiel in the band , which released its debut album , Field Guide to the Wilds , on February 24 , 2009 . Post-television career : 2009 -- present ( edit ) Theater ( edit ) After completing Rita Rocks in 2009 , Ullman had some small roles in short films , television , and film but began to focus his career on theater acting , starring in Off - Broadway and regional theater productions . From January 2012 to March 24 , 2012 , Ullman starred as the character Alex in the New Group 's production of Russian Transport Off - Broadway in New York . On April 30 , 2012 , it was announced that Ullman joined the cast of Alena Smith 's new Off - Broadway play The Bad Guys . It began performances on May 22 at the McGinn / Cazale Theater on the Upper West Side in New York City . In 2014 , Ullman acted opposite of Holly Hunter and Richard Chamberlain in the first revival of Sticks and Bones . Sticks and Bones opened November 6 , 2014 and closed December 14 , 2014 . Ullman 's last professional acting credit was in 2015 . However , he has acted since , starring in the 2017 benefit play Right Before I Go at The Town Hall . Music ( edit ) Ullman is an accomplished musician and plays drums and guitar . He has worked as a touring musician , notably with Soko on her 2012 tour . Ullman was a member of the band Reputante , which released their 2013 debut on Julian Casablancas ' record label Cult Records . He departed the band sometime in 2015 . With Reputante members James Levy and Jimmy Giannopoulos , Ullman helped form the band Lolawolf with actress Zoë Kravitz . They released their self - titled debut EP on February 4 , 2014 . He left Lolawolf before the release of their first full - length record , Come Down , in October 2014 . Filmmaking ( edit ) In October 2016 , Ullman announced his project Standing Ground , a documentary that explores the Standing Rock Sioux Nation , the North Dakota Access Pipeline and the fossil fuels industry . Production of the film took place throughout 2017 . Ullman also directs music videos . Personal life ( edit ) Ullman speaks fluent Hebrew and keeps a kosher kitchen . Ullman is an environmentalist and has called himself `` a fourth generation activist '' . He works with TAP ( Teens AIDS Prevention ) . Ullman lives in Brooklyn , New York . Filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1998 Crossfire Aziz 2000 Growing Up Brady Christopher Knight TV movie The Boys of Sunset Ridge John Burroughs at 13 Pixel Perfect Roscoe TV movie Searching for David 's Heart Sam TV movie Costume Party Capers : The Incredibles Himself TV movie 2005 Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama Eric Voice Totally Suite New Year 's Eve Himself TV movie 2006 The Big Bad Swim Hunter McCarthy Driftwood David Forrester That Guy Logan TV Movie 2007 Normal Adolescent Behavior Price The Violin David Short 2008 Prom Wars Percy Mother Goose Parade Himself How to Make Love to a Woman Scott Conners The Trouble with Cali Lois 2011 A Sense of Humor Laughing Man Short 2013 Contest Rip 2015 The Other Side Jacob TBD Spring Break ' 83 Billy Filming completed in 2007 ; release postponed . Television ( edit ) Year Show Role Notes 2002 Guiding Light Jacky Episode dated 16 May 2002 Law & Order : Criminal Intent 1st Boy Episode : `` Crazy '' ( January 13 , 2002 ) 2004 -- 2006 Phil of the Future Phil Diffy 43 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Danny Spencer Episode : `` Obscene '' ( October 12 , 2004 ) 2005 That 's So Raven Jake Haskell `` On Top of Old Oaky '' ( April 22 , 2005 ) 2006 Big Love Donna 's makeout partner Episode : `` Eclipse '' ( April 2 , 2006 ) House Jeremy Episode : `` Fools for Love '' ( October 31 , 2006 ) 2007 Cold Case Phil DiPreta , ' 98 Episode : `` That Woman '' ( September 30 , 2007 ) 2007 Phineas and Ferb Additional voices Episode : `` Rollercoaster / Candace Loses It '' ( August 17 , 2007 ) 2008 The Middleman Derek Episode : `` The Obsolescent Cryogenic Meltdown '' ( August 11 , 2008 ) 2008 -- 2009 Rita Rocks Kip 40 episodes 2011 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Ben Episode : `` The Time Is Now '' ( May 4 , 2011 ) 2015 Broad City Reginald Carolla Episode : `` In Heat '' ( January 14 , 2015 ) Stage ( edit ) Year Play Role Venue Notes The King and I Louis National tour 1999 A Rosen By Any Other Name Stanley 2005 Dead End Tommy Ahmanson Theatre 2012 Russian Transport Alex The New Group @ Theatre Row 2012 The Bad Guys Paul McGinn / Cazale Theatre 2014 The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner Gunthorpe Stage 2 2014 Deathtrap Clifford Anderson Bucks County Playhouse 2014 Sticks and Bones Rick The Pershing Square Signature Center 2015 Bad Jews Jonah Geffen Playhouse 2015 Choice Hunter Huntington Theatre 2018 Right Before I Go The Town Hall One - night benefit References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Linda Tishler ( 19 November 2004 ) . `` Fairfield youth is ' Phil of the Future ' on Disney Channel '' . Jewish Ledger . Fairfield , Connecticut . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fairfield Actor in Disney Channel Program This June '' . Fairfield Citizen News . 19 March 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Ullman '' . NNDB . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ricky Ullman : Jewish A'Phil'iation '' . Babaganews . Behrman House . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A teen idol with a difference '' . December 9 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , Judie ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` Jewish Geography : The Celebrity Edition '' . Jewish Ledger . Archived from the original on 23 June 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Screen capture from House '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The following film posters feature his real name : 1 , 2 Jump up ^ `` Webee Boys on MySpace Music '' . MySpace . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` His Orchestra on MySpace Music '' . MySpace . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BWW TV : STICKS AND BONES ' Richard Chamberlain , Holly Hunter , Bill Pullman & More Meet the Press ! Video '' . www.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Choice Huntington Theatre Company '' . www.huntingtontheatre.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Standing Ground - A Documentary Film '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` I Was Very on Edge : Zoe Kravitz Explains Why Her New Band Lolawolf Came Together at Just the Right Time '' . ELLE. 2014 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Standing Ground - A Documentary Film '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAST '' . Right Before I Go A New Play by Stan Zimmerman December 4 , 2018 Town Hall NYC . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ League , The Broadway . `` Ricky Ullman -- Broadway Cast & Staff IBDB '' . www.ibdb.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` The New Group Closes RUSSIAN TRANSPORT '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Michael Braun et al. Star in Second Stage Theatre 's THE BAD GUYS , Opening Tonight , 6 / 4 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Photo Flash : Meet the Cast of Atlantic Theater 's LONELINESS OF THE LONG DISTANCE RUNNER '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Marakay . `` BWW Reviews : DEATHTRAP With Marsha Mason at Bucks County Playhouse '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Grigware , Don . `` BWW Reviews : BAD JEWS a Riotous Dramedy at the Geffen '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Choice Huntington Theatre Company '' . www.huntingtontheatre.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Raviv Ullman on IMDb VIAF : 169363828 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raviv_Ullman&oldid=835883456 '' Categories : 1986 births American male child actors American drummers American male stage actors American male television actors American people of Israeli descent Israeli emigrants to the United States Jewish Israeli male actors Israeli people of American descent Jewish American male actors Living people Actors from Fairfield , Connecticut People from Eilat 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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who played phil in phil of the future

Raviv Ullman ( Hebrew : רביב אולמן ‎ ; born January 24 , 1986 ) , is an Israeli - American actor and musician . He is best known for playing Phil Diffy , the main character in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future . The actor was credited as Ricky Ullman from 1997 until 2006 .

Batting order ( baseball ) - wikipedia Batting order ( baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the term `` batting order '' as used in baseball . For usage of the term in cricket , see Batting order ( cricket ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lineup card from a 2001 spring training game between the St. Louis Cardinals and Atlanta Braves In baseball , the batting order or batting lineup is the sequence in which the members of the offense take their turns in batting against the pitcher . The batting order is the main component of a team 's offensive strategy . In Major League Baseball , the batting order is set by the manager , who before the game begins must present the home plate umpire with two copies of his team 's lineup card , a card on which a team 's starting batting order is recorded . The home plate umpire keeps one copy of the lineup card of each team , and gives the second copy to the opposing manager . Once the home plate umpire gives the lineup cards to the opposing managers , the batting lineup is final and a manager can only make changes under the Official Baseball Rules governing substitutions . If a team bats out of order , it is a violation of baseball 's rules and subject to penalty . According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary , a team has `` batted around '' when each of the nine batters in the team 's lineup has made a plate appearance , and the first batter is coming up again during a single inning . Dictionary.com , however , defines `` bat around '' as `` to have every player in the lineup take a turn at bat during a single inning . '' It is not an official statistic . Opinions differ as to whether nine batters must get an at - bat , or if the opening batter must bat again for `` batting around '' to have occurred . In modern American baseball , some batting positions have nicknames : `` leadoff '' for first , `` cleanup '' for fourth , and `` last '' for ninth . Others are known by the ordinal numbers or the term # - hole ( 3rd place hitter would be 3 - hole ) . In similar fashion , the third , fourth , and fifth batters are often collectively referred to as the `` heart '' or `` meat '' of the batting order , while the seventh , eighth , and ninth batters are called the `` bottom of the lineup , '' a designation generally referring both to their hitting position and to their typical lack of offensive prowess . At the start of each inning , the batting order resumes where it left off in the previous inning , rather than resetting to start with the # 1 hitter again . If the current batter has not finished his at - bat , by either putting a ball in play or being struck - out , and another baserunner becomes a third out , such as being picked - off or caught stealing , the current batter will lead off the next inning , with the pitch count reset to 0 - 0 . While this ensures that the players all bat roughly the same number of times , the game will almost always end before the last cycle is complete , so that the # 1 hitter ( for example ) almost always has one plate appearance more than the # 9 hitter , which is a significant enough difference to affect tactical decisions . This is not a perfect correlation to each batter 's official count of `` at - bats , '' as a sacrifice ( bunt or fly ) that advances a runner , or a walk ( base on balls or hit by pitch ) is not recorded as an `` at - bat '' as these are largely out of the batter 's control and should not hurt his batting average ( base hits per at - bats . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development of the Set Batting Order 1.2 Contrast with Cricket 2 Positions in the lineup 2.1 # 1 2.2 # 2 2.3 # 3 2.4 # 4 2.5 # 5 , # 6 2.6 # 7 , # 8 2.7 # 9 3 Bragan 's Brainstorm 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Development of the set batting order ( edit ) Early forms of baseball or rounders from the mid 19th - Century did not require a fixed batting order , any player who was not on base could be called upon to bat . The concept of a set batting order is said to have been invented by Alexander Cartwright , who also instituted rules such as the foul ball and tagging the runner ( as opposed to pegging him with the ball ) , and devised the shortstop position . In the early days of baseball , the rules did not require that the batting order be announced before game time . This permitted strategic decisions regarding batting order to occur while the game was in progress . For example , Cap Anson was known to wait to see if the first two men got on base in the first inning . If they did not , he would wait and hit in the next inning . However , in the 1880s , organized baseball began mandating that the batting order be disclosed before the first pitch . For example , Rule 36 ( `` The Batsman 's Position -- Order of Batting '' ) in The Playing Rules of Professional Base Ball Clubs of 1896 stated the following : `` The Batsmen must take their positions within the batsmen 's lines ... in the order in which they are named in the batting order , which batting order must be submitted by the Captains of the opposing teams to the Umpire before the game , and this batting order must be followed except in the case of a substitute player , in which case the substitute must take the place of the original player in the batting order . After the first inning the first striker in each inning shall be the batsman whose name follows that of the last man who completed his turn ... in the preceding inning . '' Contrast with cricket ( edit ) Main article : Batting order ( cricket ) In cricket , the batting order is generally fixed so that players are sure of their role within the team , but there is no obligation to submit a definitive batting order and stick to it . A batsman can be `` promoted '' to a higher spot ( or conversely , demoted to a lower one ) in the batting order according to the team 's wishes . The idea of a `` revolving '' batting order is unique to baseball , in which the on - deck batter at the time the final out is made in one inning becomes the lead - off batter ( unless the current batter had not been struck - out or put a ball in play , in which case he returns as the lead - off batter with a 0 - 0 reset pitch count ) in the next inning ( unless his spot is taken by a pinch - hitter ) . In the shorter form of cricket , there is only one inning per side , while in the longer form each side bats a maximum of two times . In a typical innings of this latter form , all eleven players on the team will have a chance to bat , and the innings finishes when 10 players are out . In the team 's second innings , the batting order is usually maintained , but the team can make any changes it desires . As in baseball , many batting order configurations are possible , but a standard order might be : Two opening batsmen - able players who can negotiate a typically difficult period of play . Four middle order batsmen - specialist batsmen who may be more attacking . A wicket - keeper - the equivalent of the catcher , who is also expected to contribute with the bat . Four bowlers - the equivalent of pitchers ; players who may or may not have any ability with the bat . It has been noted that the concept of a batting order in baseball is `` profoundly democratic ; no matter how good a hitter you are , you have to wait your turn . '' In that respect , although baseball , like cricket , `` may have begun as a gentlemen 's game , '' Americans gravitated toward baseball as a better embodiment of the country 's egalitarian ideal , and as a symbol of cultural as well as political independence from the British colonial legacy . However , it should also be remembered that in cricket a single innings lasts hours or even days , and there are periods in which batting can be markedly easier or more difficult . A related factor is that a single ball is used in an innings for around 80 overs ( approximately 5 hours of play ) . At the beginning of an innings , therefore , when bowlers are fresh and the ball is hard , it would be appreciably more challenging for the non-specialist batsmen to make an impact . Conversely , if such a player bats when the ball is old and the bowlers are tired , he can thrive , and this can often be a great source of pleasure to spectators , as insult is added to injury for the other side . Finally , in cricket , there is no such thing as a designated hitter , so even if a bowler has no batting ability , he will still be required to bat , usually as the last man in the order . Positions in the lineup ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) # 1 ( edit ) The first player in the batting order is known as the leadoff hitter . The leadoff batter is traditionally an individual with a high on - base percentage , plate discipline , bat control , good speed , and the ability to steal bases . His goal is to ensure the team has baserunners when the later , more powerful hitters come to bat . Once on base , his main goal is to get into scoring position ( that is , 2nd or 3rd base ) as quickly as possible , either through steals , hit and run plays or intelligent baserunning decisions , and then on to score . His need for a high on - base percentage ( OBP ) exceeds that of the other lineup spots . Because leadoff hitters are selected primarily for their speed and ability to reach base , they are typically not power hitters , but contact hitters . Leadoff hitters typically hit mostly singles and doubles and draw walks to get on base . However , speed is not essential , as was shown by Wade Boggs , but it is highly desired among leadoff hitters . However , today 's model for a leadoff hitter developed only gradually . An early `` job description '' for a leadoff hitter by baseball pioneer Henry Chadwick in 1867 advised only , `` Let your first striker always be the coolest hand of the nine . '' By 1898 , though , a Sporting Life article noted , `` It is customary to have a small , active fellow who can hit , run and steal bases , and also worry a pitcher into a preliminary base on balls , as a leader in the list . '' Examples of classic leadoff hitters are Phil Rizzuto , Richie Ashburn , Maury Wills , Lou Brock , Pete Rose , Rod Carew , Tim Raines , and Ichiro Suzuki , with some having somewhat more power ( Lou Whitaker , Rickey Henderson , Paul Molitor , Derek Jeter , Carlos Gómez , Gerardo Parra , Johnny Damon ) . It should be noted that the term `` leadoff hitter '' can be used interchangeably to describe not only the first batter on the lineup card , but also the first batter up in any particular inning . For example , if , in the second inning , the fifth batter in the lineup card is the first batter up , it will be said that he is leading off or that he is the leadoff batter for that particular inning . # 2 ( edit ) The second batter is usually a contact hitter with the ability to bunt or sacrifice a baserunner over or get a hit . His main goal is to move the leadoff man into scoring position and to avoid grounding into double plays . Managers often like to have a left - handed hitter bat second because of the potential gap in the infield defense caused by the first baseman holding the leadoff batter . As early as 1892 , it was recognized that a left - handed hitter in the second spot would make it easier for a man on base to steal second . On a very good team this batter can have characteristics of both a leadoff hitter and a power hitter ( Manny Machado , Curt Flood , Joe Morgan , Robin Yount , Alan Trammell ) , in some such cases abandoning the advantage of having a left - hand hitter in favor of a good right - handed hitter . # 3 ( edit ) The third batter , in the three - hole , is generally the best all - around hitter on the team , often hitting for a high batting average but not necessarily very fast . Part of his job is to reach base for the cleanup hitter , and part of it is to help drive in baserunners himself . Third - place hitters are best known for `` keeping the inning alive '' . However , in recent years , some managers have tended to put their best slugger in this position . Typically the greatest hitters for a combination of power and OBP on their teams bat third , as is shown by the use of such hitters as Babe Ruth , Mel Ott , Ted Williams , Willie Mays , Chipper Jones , Barry Bonds , Mickey Mantle , Carl Yastrzemski , Albert Pujols , Joey Votto , Andrew McCutchen , Miguel Cabrera , Ken Griffey Jr. , Josh Hamilton , Evan Longoria , José Bautista , Edwin Encarnación , Mike Trout , and Hank Aaron in this position in the lineup . Even without the combination of extreme power ( Yogi Berra , Al Kaline , George Brett ) or high batting average ( Ernie Banks , Harmon Killebrew , Johnny Bench , Mike Schmidt , Reggie Jackson ) this batting position contains an inordinate number of hitters who eventually become members of the Baseball Hall of Fame . # 4 ( edit ) The fourth player in the batting order is known as the cleanup hitter , also known as the cleanup spot and in modern baseball is almost always one of the best hitters on the team , often the one with the most power and ability to drive in runs with extra-base hits ( double , triple , or home run ) . Baseball managers tend to place hitters who are most likely to reach base ahead of the clean - up man , so that the fourth batter can `` clean '' the bases by driving these baserunners home to score runs . His main goal is to drive in runs , although he is expected to score runs as well . Hitting cleanup requires an exceptional level of talent , and the ability to deliver big hits in important situations ( such as the bases loaded with two out ) . Examples of # 4 hitters include Lou Gehrig , Eddie Mathews , Willie McCovey , Billy Williams , Tony Pérez , Eddie Murray , Daniel Murphy , Alex Rodriguez , Prince Fielder , David Ortiz , Edgar Martínez , and Ryan Howard . The theory behind the cleanup hitter is that , at the beginning of the game , if at least one of the first three batters reaches base with a single - base hit or walk , a home run will result in two or more runs rather than just one ( a `` solo '' home run ) . If all three players reach base , thereby loading the bases , the cleanup hitter has the chance to hit a grand slam , scoring four runs . But even without the grand slam , this batter can extend an inning with a high batting average and frequent walks . However , since home runs were a rarity before 1920 , the concept of slotting a home run hitter fourth was slow to develop . However , the need for a good run producer in that position was recognized from the early days in baseball history , as demonstrated by Cap Anson generally penciling his name there . As power came to play a larger role in the game , the tendency to bat home run hitters fourth developed accordingly . In 1904 , sportswriter Tim Murnane stated unequivocally that `` The heavy hitter of the team is located at the fourth place . '' The # 3 and # 4 hitters can often be switched in roles . For example , the 2011 Detroit Tigers had Miguel Cabrera as their # 4 hitter but moved him to the # 3 hitter after acquiring Prince Fielder as a free agent before the 2012 season . # 5 , # 6 ( edit ) The fifth and sixth ( and sometimes seventh ) batters have traditionally been RBI men , with the main goal of driving runners home , especially with sacrifice flies . The 3rd , 4th and 5th hitters in the lineup are called the `` heart of the order '' , signifying their collective ability to get on base , hit for power and drive in runs . Modern sabermetric baseball theories suggests that even the 5th and 6th batters should have high on - base percentages , though this approach has not been universally adopted . The fifth batter is usually a team 's second - best power hitter , and his purpose is often to `` protect '' the clean - up hitter in the batting order . He is expected to pose enough of a threat that the opposing team refrains from intentionally walking the clean - up hitter in potential scoring situations . The sixth hitter serves as a backup to the fifth hitter in case he fails to score runs or to drive more in himself if another scoring opportunity presents itself . # 7 , # 8 ( edit ) The seventh and eighth batters are often not as powerful as the earlier batters , and do not have as high a batting average . They are often players who are in the lineup more because of their defensive ability ( typically catcher , second baseman or shortstop ) than their ability as hitters . They are still expected to produce ( as is the case for any regular starter ) , but they have less pressure in those spots . The main pressure on the eighth hitter comes when there are two outs : in this case , he must battle the pitcher to get on base so that the ninth hitter can come up . That way , even if the ninth hitter gets out , the top of the order comes up next . Very often the # 7 hitter is a catcher , commonly the slowest baserunner on a team whose lack of speed would contribute to a large number of double plays higher in the order even if he is a good hitter ( Bill Freehan ) . The eighth batter is often a good contact hitter , and can be used as a back - up # 2 hitter . In leagues without designated hitters ( DHs ) , the catcher often bats eighth , as they are often employed for their defensive skills and handling of the pitching staff , and tend to have a relatively low batting average . However , this is by no means always the case . In a situation where the pitcher is batting in the # 9 slot , # 8 hitters are sometimes intentionally walked to get to the pitcher 's spot in the # 9 hole ; however , with two outs the opposing pitcher is expected to battle the # 8 hitter , so in the event of an out the pitcher leads off the following inning . # 9 ( edit ) In the presence of the designated hitter , the ninth batter is often like the second leadoff . Ninth - hitters tend to be fast , and have a decent on - base percentage like the leadoff hitter . In leagues where the DH rule is not in effect , the starting pitcher almost always fills the ninth spot , although relief pitchers may occupy a different spot due to a double switch . If there is a man on first or second base with fewer than two outs when the ninth hitter is up , he almost always bunts . However , a notable alternative exists to this , in which the pitcher or weakest hitter actually bats in the 8th slot , and another player with decent OBP and speed bats in the 9th slot , thus creating a kind of second leadoff hitter , at the bottom of the lineup , that loops to the top of the order afterwards . This has been used sparingly in the major leagues , but was notably employed by St. Louis Cardinals manager Tony La Russa in the second half of the 1998 baseball season , and again in August 2007 and in 2008 , and by Milwaukee Brewers manager Ned Yost in 2008 . Joe Maddon is currently placing the pitcher in the # 8 spot during the beginning of the 2017 Cubs season . Bragan 's brainstorm ( edit ) In 1957 major league manager Bobby Bragan placed his best hitter in the leadoff position and the remainder of his lineup in descending batting average order . Earnshaw Cook in his 1966 book , Percentage Baseball , claimed that , using a computer , Bragan 's lineup would result in 1 to 2 more wins per season . A recent computer simulation demonstrates the superiority of Bragan 's lineup . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baseball Explained by Phillip Mahony , McFarland Books , 2014 . See www.baseballexplained.com Archived 2014 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dickson , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 82 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Batted around - Define Batted around at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` MLB : Here 's a Perplexing Question to Bat Around '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerard , David P. ( 2013 ) . Baseball GPA : A New Statistical Approach to Performance and Strategy . McFarland . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 9780786472567 . ^ Jump up to : Zirin , Dave ( 2008 ) . A People 's History of Sports in the United States : 250 Years of Politics . New York , USA : The New Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781595581006 . ^ Jump up to : James , Bill ( 2010 ) . The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract . USA : Simon and Schuster . p. 40 . ISBN 9781439106938 . Jump up ^ Henry Chadwick , ed. ( 1896 ) . Spalding 's Base Ball Guide and Official League Book for ... : Volume 1896 . American Sports Publishing Company . Jump up ^ Knight , Jullian ( 2013 ) . Cricket For Dummies . John Wiley & Son . ISBN 9781118480342 . Jump up ^ http://cricket.about.com/od/cricketforbeginners/tp/How-To-Interpret-A-Cricket-Batting-Order.htm ^ Jump up to : Alvin L. Hall ; et al. , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture , 2000 . McFarland . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 9780786481705 . Jump up ^ http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/5-of-the-best-innings-by-the-tail-enders-in-international-cricket ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary ( Third Edition ) . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 193 , 498 . ISBN 9780393073492 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Peter ( 2006 ) . A Game of Inches : The Stories Behind the Innovations that Shaped Baseball . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 218 -- 220 . ISBN 9781566636773 . Jump up ^ MLB.com La Russa shakes up lineup . August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Official Site of The St. Louis Cardinals : News : Notes : La Russa to bat pitcher eighth External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly Single Slap bunt Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Passed ball Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Baseball positions Pitchers by role Ace pitcher Starting pitcher Relief pitcher Middle relief pitcher Long reliever Setup man Closer Left - handed specialist by style Power pitcher Control pitcher Ground ball pitcher Fly ball pitcher Switch pitcher Defensive players by number Pitcher ( 1 / P ) Catcher ( 2 / C ) First baseman ( 3 / 1B ) Second baseman ( 4 / 2B ) Third baseman ( 5 / 3B ) Shortstop ( 6 / SS ) Left fielder ( 7 / LF ) Center fielder ( 8 / CF ) Right fielder ( 9 / RF ) by type Pitcher Catcher Infielder Outfielder Utility player Utility infielder Position player Fourth outfielder Corner outfielder Offensive players by role Batter Runner Batting order ( 1 -- 9 ) Designated hitter Pinch hitter Pinch runner Lead off Leadoff hitter Cleanup hitter by style Clutch hitter Contact hitter Power hitter Switch hitter Non-players Official scorer Umpire Manager Coaches Batboy Ball boy / girl General manager Related Captain Battery Disabled list Phantom ballplayer Platoon system Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batting_order_(baseball)&oldid=805390996 '' Categories : Batting ( baseball ) Baseball positions Baseball strategy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from July 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 02 : 01 . 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what is the clean up hitter in baseball

The fourth player in the batting order is known as the cleanup hitter , also known as the cleanup spot and in modern baseball is almost always one of the best hitters on the team , often the one with the most power and ability to drive in runs with extra-base hits ( double , triple , or home run ) . Baseball managers tend to place hitters who are most likely to reach base ahead of the clean - up man , so that the fourth batter can `` clean '' the bases by driving these baserunners home to score runs . His main goal is to drive in runs , although he is expected to score runs as well . Hitting cleanup requires an exceptional level of talent , and the ability to deliver big hits in important situations ( such as the bases loaded with two out ) . Examples of # 4 hitters include Lou Gehrig , Eddie Mathews , Willie McCovey , Billy Williams , Tony Pérez , Eddie Murray , Daniel Murphy , Alex Rodriguez , Prince Fielder , David Ortiz , Edgar Martínez , and Ryan Howard .

Anything you can do ( I can do better ) - wikipedia Anything you can do ( I can do better ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Anything You Can Do '' is a song composed by Irving Berlin for the 1946 Broadway musical , Annie Get Your Gun . The song is a duet , with one male singer and one female singer attempting to outdo each other in increasingly complex tasks . In the musical , the song sets the scene for the climactic sharpshooting contest between Annie Oakley and Frank Butler . Its most memorable lines are , `` Anything you can do I can do better ; I can do anything better than you . '' The song was first performed in Annie Get Your Gun by Ethel Merman and Ray Middleton . During the song , they argue playfully about who can , for example , sing softer , sing higher , sing sweeter , and hold a note for longer , and boast of their abilities and accomplishments , such as opening safes and living on bread and cheese , although Annie always seems to counter Frank 's argument . Neither can `` bake a pie , '' though . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable versions 2 Other recorded versions 3 Variants 4 References Notable versions ( edit ) Ethel Merman and Ray Middleton from original cast recording ( 1946 ) . Bing Crosby , Dick Haymes and The Andrews Sisters - recorded for Decca Records on March 19 , 1947 . Groucho Marx and his daughter Melinda Marx ( a child at the time ) in home movie footage used for select TV specials . Ethel Merman and Howard Keel ( 1950 ) Betty Hutton and Howard Keel in the 1950 film version of the musical Mary Martin and John Raitt on the 1957 National Tour recording Doris Day and Robert Goulet for the Columbia Records album Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) Ethel Merman and Bruce Yarnell in the 1966 revival recording . Dusty Springfield and Freddie Paris on Bandstand ( 1967 ) . Robert Morse and an office computer in 1968 TV series That 's Life , episode S1E11 `` Bobby 's Pink Slip '' Barbara Walters and Howard Cosell on Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell in 1975 debating who interviews people better . Ethel Merman and Miss Piggy ( 1976 ) in The Muppet Show , episode 1.22 In 1963 , Heidi Brühl and Robert Trehy performed a German version in the stage version of this musical at the Theater des Westens in Berlin . In 1977 , Tina Arena and John Bowles recorded a version for their album Tiny Tina and Little John . In 1990 , Kidsongs released Ride the Roller Coaster , which contained a version of this song . Fran Drescher and Madeline Zima ( 1994 ) in The Nanny , episode S1E22 `` I Do n't Remember Mama '' Michael Jordan and Mia Hamm , Gatorade `` Michael vs. Mia '' commercial ( 1997 ) , performed by Sophia Ramos Bernadette Peters and Tom Wopat in the 1999 Broadway revival version of the musical Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso in a 2007 Mercedes - Benz commercial with Mika Häkkinen performing the last line . Blaire Elbert and Madeline Powell Cactus Cuties Performed at Cactus Theatere in Texas in 2008 . American rapper J. Cole used the `` Anything you can do '' line in his 2010 single `` Who Dat '' . Lindsay Pearce sang a mashup of `` Anything Goes '' / `` Anything You Can Do '' in the Glee 2011 third - season premiere , `` The Purple Piano Project '' . Dirty Rice sampled the opening lines of the song in the 116 Clique song `` Envy '' off the 2011 album Man Up by the 116 Clique . Julianne Hough and Derek Hough on their Move Live on Tour in 2014 Dame Shirley Bassey performed this song with the group BLAKE on the 2016 TV Special titled , David Walliams Celebrates Dame Shirley Bassey Barbra Streisand and Melissa McCarthy perform the duet as part of Streisand 's 2016 album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway , with altered lyrics . Lusamine and Guzma MMD on a popular video on the website YouTube . AP - 5 and Chopper on the Star Wars Rebels 2017 episode `` Double Agent Droid . '' Darci Lynne Farmer and Terry Fator with their two puppets , Petunia and Winston on the finale of season 12 of America 's Got Talent . Other recorded versions ( edit ) Ethel Merman and Neilson Taylor ( 1973 ) Judy Garland and Howard Keel ( Pre-Production of film Annie Get Your Gun ) The Majors Von Trapp Children ( Song is on their Live in Concert DVD . ) Variants ( edit ) Peter Tosh : `` I 'm the Toughest '' Neil Patrick Harris and Hugh Jackman : Live performance , 2011 Tony Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annie Get Your Gun listing at Internet Broadway Database ibdb.com , accessed November 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mordden , Ethan ( 8 August 2013 ) . Anything Goes : A History of American Musical Theatre . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 931357 - 0 . Jump up ^ Flinn , Caryl ( 2007 ) . Brass Diva : The Life and Legends of Ethel Merman . University of California Press . p. 455 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22942 - 6 . Jump up ^ Corp. , Hal Leonard ( 1 February 2006 ) . Lyrics ( Songbook ) : Complete Lyrics for Over 1000 Songs from Broadway to Rock . Hal Leonard . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4584 - 6657 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV.com entry on episode S1E11 of That 's Life Jump up ^ Schechter , Scott ( 25 August 2006 ) . Judy Garland : The Day - by - Day Chronicle of a Legend . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3555 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris and Former Tony Host Hugh Jackman Face Off '' . Playbill . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Irving Berlin , Dorothy Fields , and Herbert Fields ' Annie Get Your Gun ( 1946 ) Characters Annie Oakley Frank Butler Chief Sitting Bull Buffalo Bill Pawnee Bill Adaptations Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 film ) Annie du Far - West ( 1950 French operetta ) Recordings Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) Annie Get Your Gun - 1986 London Cast ( 1986 ) Music `` Doin ' What Comes Natur'lly '' `` The Girl That I Marry '' `` You Ca n't Get a Man with a Gun '' `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' `` Moonshine Lullaby '' `` My Defenses Are Down '' `` I 'm an Indian , Too '' `` I Got Lost In His Arms '' `` Who Do You Love , I Hope ? '' `` I Got the Sun in the Mornin ' '' `` Anything You Can Do '' Related Songs ( fuller list ) Irving Berlin songs `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` All Alone '' `` All by Myself '' `` All My Life '' `` Always '' `` Any Bonds Today ? '' `` Anything You Can Do ( I Can Do Better ) '' `` The Best Thing for You ( Would Be Me ) '' `` Blue Skies '' `` Change Partners '' `` Cheek to Cheek '' `` Count Your Blessings '' `` Daddy , Come Home '' `` Doin ' What Comes Natur'lly '' `` Easter Parade '' `` Follow the Crowd '' `` Get Thee Behind Me Satan '' `` The Girl That I Marry '' `` God Bless America '' `` Happy Holiday '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Heaven Watch the Philippines '' `` How About Me ? '' `` How Deep Is the Ocean ? '' `` How 's Chances ? '' `` I Got Lost in His Arms '' `` I Got the Sun in the Mornin ' ( and the Moon at Night ) '' `` I Used to Be Color Blind '' `` I Want To Go Back To Michigan '' `` I 'm an Indian Too '' `` I 'm Gonna Pin My Medal on the Girl I Left Behind '' `` I 'm Putting All My Eggs in One Basket '' `` I 've Got My Captain Working for Me Now '' `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' `` Is n't This a Lovely Day ? '' `` It 's a Lovely Day Today '' `` Lazy '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' `` Let 's Have Another Cup of Coffee '' `` Let 's Take an Old - Fashioned Walk '' `` Mandy '' `` Moonshine Lullaby '' `` My Defenses Are Down '' `` The Near Future '' `` No Strings ( I 'm Fancy Free ) '' `` Now It Can Be Told '' `` Oh ! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning '' `` Play a Simple Melody '' `` A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody '' `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' `` Reaching for the Moon '' `` Remember '' `` San Francisco Bound '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Sisters '' `` Slumming on Park Avenue '' `` The Song Is Ended ( but the Melody Lingers On ) '' `` Stay Down Here Where You Belong '' `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' `` Supper Time '' `` That International Rag '' `` That Mysterious Rag '' `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' `` Top Hat , White Tie and Tails '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When I Lost You '' `` White Christmas '' `` Who Do You Love , I Hope ? '' `` You Can Have Him '' `` You Ca n't Get a Man with a Gun '' `` You Keep Coming Back Like a Song '' `` You 'd Be Surprised '' `` You 're Just in Love '' `` You 're Laughing at Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anything_You_Can_Do_(I_Can_Do_Better)&oldid=813094098 '' Categories : Songs from Annie Get Your Gun Songs written by Irving Berlin 1946 songs Doris Day songs Vocal duets The Muppets songs Songs with feminist themes Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the song anything you can do from

`` Anything You Can Do '' is a song composed by Irving Berlin for the 1946 Broadway musical , Annie Get Your Gun . The song is a duet , with one male singer and one female singer attempting to outdo each other in increasingly complex tasks .

Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game - wikipedia Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game New York Knicks Philadelphia Warriors 147 169 Total New York Knicks 26 42 38 41 147 Philadelphia Warriors 42 37 46 44 169 Date March 2 , 1962 Venue Hershey Sports Arena , Hershey , Pennsylvania Attendance 4,124 Wilt Chamberlain set the single - game scoring record in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) by scoring 100 points for the Philadelphia Warriors in a 169 -- 147 win over the New York Knicks on March 2 , 1962 , at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . It is widely considered one of the greatest records in basketball . Chamberlain set five other league records that game including most free throws made , a notable achievement , as he was regarded as a poor free throw shooter . The teams broke the record for most combined points in a game ( 316 ) . That season , Chamberlain averaged a record 50.4 points per game , and he had broken the NBA single - game scoring record ( 71 ) earlier in the season in December with 78 points . The third - year center had already set season scoring records in his first two seasons . In the fourth quarter , the Knicks began fouling other players to keep the ball away from Chamberlain , and they also became deliberate on offense to reduce the number of possessions for Philadelphia . The Warriors countered by committing fouls of their own to get the ball back . The game was not televised , and no video footage of the game has been recovered ; there are only audio recordings of the game 's fourth quarter . The NBA was not yet a major sports league and struggled to compete against college basketball . The attendance at this game was around half of capacity , and no members of the New York press were at the game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prologue 2 Game report 2.1 First three quarters 2.2 Breaking records 2.3 Finale 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Box score 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Prologue ( edit ) Chamberlain was in his third season in the NBA , having set season scoring records in each of his first two seasons with 37.6 and then 38.4 points per game . Frank McGuire , the Warriors ' new coach , started the season vowing to get the ball to Chamberlain `` two - thirds of the time . '' Sports Illustrated wrote that McGuire 's `` eventual effect may be to measurably change the character of professional basketball from the brawling , hustling , cigar - in - the - face and eye - on - the - till game it has been for decades to the major league sport which it longs and deserves to be . '' He was determined to play Chamberlain every minute of every game ; the 7 - foot - 1 - inch ( 2.16 m ) and 260 - pound ( 120 kg ) center had missed only eight minutes and 33 seconds that season due to disqualification in a game from technical fouls . In three earlier games that week , Chamberlain had scored 67 , 65 , and 61 points respectively , giving him an already - record 15 times scoring 60 or more points in his career . He was closing in on 4,000 points for the season , needing 237 more ; no other player had ever scored 3,000 points at that point . On December 8 , 1961 , in a triple overtime game versus the Los Angeles Lakers , he set a new NBA record by scoring 78 points , breaking the record of 71 previously set by Elgin Baylor . Legendary Laker broadcaster Chick Hearn often told the story that after the game , he asked Baylor if it bothered him that Chamberlain had an extra 15 minutes to break the record . According to Hearn , Baylor said he was n't concerned because `` someday that guy is going to score 100 '' . Rival center Bill Russell predicted , `` ( Chamberlain ) has the size , strength , and stamina to score one hundred some night . '' In a high school game in 1955 , Chamberlain had scored 90 points in a 123 -- 21 victory . The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote , `` Chamberlain might have hit 100 if he had played the entire 32 minutes . '' George Mikan ( # 99 ) , here shown in his collegiate uniform , dominated the NBA before Chamberlain . Before Chamberlain , the most dominant big man in the NBA was 6 - foot - 10 - inch ( 2.08 m ) George Mikan . In November 1950 , the Fort Wayne Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting to limit the impact of the Minneapolis Lakers ' Mikan . The Pistons attempted 13 shots in the game , and won 19 -- 18 . NBA President Maurice Podoloff said , `` In our game , with the number of stars we have , we of necessity run up big scores . '' In the 1950 -- 51 season , teams averaged just above 80 points per game . The NBA introduced the 24 - second shot clock in 1954 , and league scoring and attendance increased . By the 1961 -- 62 season , teams were averaging 119 points each game . Chamberlain that season was one of 37 black players in the league , the NBA having started integration of blacks in 1950 . With their emergence , the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim . Many of the league 's great players were black , and blacks believed they were limited by a league quota of four black players per team . Critics suggested that basketball was becoming uninteresting with taller players dominating . Warriors teammate Joe Ruklick thought that `` the attitude ( among white players in the NBA ) was , in my opinion , ' ( Chamberlain ) is a freak who will come and go . There will never be a black guy doing this again . ' '' Chamberlain , nicknamed Dipper , was revolutionizing the sport with his slam dunks , nicknamed the Dipper Dunk . Traditionalists considered dunking poor sportsmanship , and their occurrence was rare . As the league 's second tallest player , Chamberlain began dunking more regularly . He was still more of a finesse player , preferring fadeaway shots and finger rolls . He rarely dunked forcefully . Teammate Paul Arizin believed Chamberlain did not want to be perceived as great merely from being tall . There was little advance excitement about the pending Warriors - Knicks game that Friday . Only five games remained in the regular season , with the Warriors ( 46 -- 29 ) in second place -- eleven games behind the Boston Celtics -- and the Knicks in last place . Chamberlain had spent the night before the game in New York City , partying all night with a female companion before dropping her off at her home at 6 am With no sleep and suffering from a hangover , he boarded the train to Philadelphia at 8 am , met several friends at the Philadelphia train station , and had a long lunch with them , thus almost missing the team bus to Hershey . The other players were similarly bored . Warriors player York Larese said : `` The biggest thrill in my life was to see that . There was nothing exciting about the Knicks playing the Warriors in Hershey . Chocolate was more exciting . '' The game was played at Hershey Sports Arena , an old drafty gym originally built for ice hockey . The league occasionally played games in remote towns to attract new fans . This was the Warriors ' third `` home '' game of the season in Hershey , which was 85 miles ( 137 km ) from Philadelphia . The Warriors ' Tom Meschery called the arena `` god - forsaken place ... The town of Hershey was built around a huge chocolate factory ; everything there became permeated with the smell of chocolate . It was practically impossible to stay indoors ; people felt sick . I was just dreaming to leave the place as fast as I could . '' On a cold , rainy Friday night , only 4,124 spectators paid to see the game , more to see players from the Philadelphia Eagles , the local American football team , play an exhibition basketball game against their colleagues from the Baltimore Colts before the NBA game started . The arena 's capacity was over 8,000 , and Warriors owner Eddie Gottlieb was infamous for exaggerating attendance numbers . Warriors home attendance had dropped from 7,000 in Chamberlain 's rookie season to less than 5,000 in this , his third , season . College basketball had started offering doubleheaders during the Great Depression to provide customers value for their money . Fans had grown accustomed to watching two games , so doubleheaders in the NBA became common . The National Basketball Association was still struggling in its 16th season , not yet a major sports league and less established than college basketball . The league was hardly national , with only one team , the Los Angeles Lakers , west of St. Louis . The NBA received low television ratings , and this game was not televised . The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) considered not renewing the league 's television contract . No members from the New York press were present as reporters were in Florida covering spring training for the New York Yankees and the expansion New York Mets . With few in the media present , the Warriors ' publicist was tasked this night with being the stringer for the Associated Press ( AP ) , United Press International ( UPI ) , and The Philadelphia Inquirer . Only two photographers were at the game . The Knicks were shorthanded with their starting center , Phil Jordon , out sick . Jordon 's illness was officially reported as influenza but it was widely suspected he was simply hung over . Jordon , in an early - season game , had played Chamberlain even , scoring 33 points to the Warriors center 's 34 . The Knicks instead started 6 - foot - 10 - inch ( 2.08 m ) , 220 - pound ( 100 kg ) , second - year player Darrall Imhoff , a strong defensive player in college who led the California Golden Bears to the NCAA championship in 1959 and won a gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics . New York also had 6 - foot - 9 - inch ( 2.06 m ) , 210 - pound ( 95 kg ) , backup center Cleveland Buckner , a better shooter than a defender who Chamberlain overpowered for an NBA record 28 points in one quarter two days earlier . Game report ( edit ) First three quarters ( edit ) According to McGuire , the game did not start with any game plan to get Chamberlain 100 points . After a few minutes , the Warriors led 19 -- 3 , and their star center had already scored 13 points and made his first five shots . At the end of the first quarter , the Knicks trailed 42 -- 26 , and in his typical style , Chamberlain had already scored 23 points , making all nine of his free throws . Free throws were the weakest part of his game , making barely more than half in his first seasons . He had started shooting free throws underhanded that season per McGuire 's suggestion . Chamberlain at that point was thinking more about a free throw shooting record than scoring a lot of points ; the NBA record was 24 free throws made in a game . Imhoff was soon benched because of foul trouble . After one foul , he snapped at the referee , `` Well , why do n't you just give the guy a hundred now and we 'll all go home ! '' Neither referee had ever been a lead official before , and Imhoff privately wished a stronger lead was working the game . By halftime , the Warriors had lost some of their edge , but still led 79 -- 68 . Chamberlain 's point total stood at 41 . The Warriors felt little excitement , as he had scored 60 or more points on 15 previous occasions . `` I often came into the locker room with 30 or 35 points , therefore , 41 points was not a big deal '' , Chamberlain later explained . During halftime , the Warriors ' Guy Rodgers said , `` Let 's get the ball to Dip . Let 's see how many he can get . '' McGuire agreed . This simple tactic proved unstoppable . Soon , he had surpassed the 50 - point barrier , causing arena speaker Dave Zinkoff to fire up the previously sleepy crowd . Chamberlain also kept his cool despite getting perpetually triple and quadruple - teamed by the Knicks , who did not shy away from hard fouls to distract the center . McGuire was irate and demanded that the referees call more fouls , but Chamberlain could not be stopped . He scored another 28 points to lift his Warriors to a commanding 125 -- 106 lead by the end of the third quarter . His own total stood at 69 , nine shy of his previous scoring record . The Knicks ' third center , Dave Budd , who alternated with the foul - troubled Imhoff at pivot , later stated that resistance was futile : `` You could n't play ( Chamberlain ) conventionally because he was so big . The only thing you could attempt to do was either front him , and in that case they 'd try to lob it in to him , or beat him down the floor and set up where he wanted to get and force him out a couple of extra steps . The guy weighed 300 or 270 ( pounds ) , so that was n't easy , either . '' Chamberlain now realized he could break his own 73 - point scoring record ( for a regulation 48 - minute game ) or his record 78 points , set in triple overtime . Breaking records ( edit ) Dave Zinkoff , the public address announcer , began announcing Chamberlain 's point total after each of his baskets . With ten minutes to play in the game , Warriors forward Tom Meschery sensed the team concept breaking down . The team 's offense had shifted to getting Chamberlain the ball and then stopping and watching instead of cutting and moving without the ball . Chamberlain needed 25 points with eight minutes remaining to reach 100 , a rate equivalent to 150 points in a full game . He scored his 79th point with 7 : 51 left , breaking his own record and sending the crowd into a frenzy . The 4,124 spectators screamed , `` Give it to Wilt ! Give it to Wilt ! '' After he reached 80 , the crowd yelled for 100 . Chamberlain thought , `` Man , these people are tough . I 'm tired . I 've got 80 points and no one has ever scored 80 . '' The Warriors continued giving Chamberlain the ball . Warrior Al Attles later explained , `` We wanted that Wilt got the record , because we all liked him . '' Attles himself led by example , passing up on an easy layup so that Chamberlain could score points 88 and 89 , five minutes before the end . With six minutes remaining , the Knicks began intentionally fouling any Warrior except Chamberlain , keeping the ball out of the center 's hands . New York also began moving the ball slowly and using as much of the shot clock as possible to leave fewer opportunities for Chamberlain to score . Effectively , they played the opposite of what a normal club would do if they faced a deficit , willingly giving up many easy points instead of making attempts to rally back . Meschery said the Warriors lobbed the ball in from the sideline across the floor directly to Chamberlain , who would use his size and strength to get the ball . Chamberlain was the only Warrior to make a field goal in almost four minutes before Meschery made a jump shot at 4 : 15 . Philadelphia began quickly fouling New York with around four minutes left , reciprocating the intentional foul strategy . Warriors coach Frank McGuire at one point pulled out his entire starting five , save Chamberlain , and replaced them with bench players . The intention was to foul the Knicks , get the ball back after free throws and give Chamberlain the ball . Thus each team spent the last minutes fouling each other . The Warriors ended with 25 personal fouls , and the Knicks with 32 , and lost Imhoff and Willie Naulls with six fouls . With 2 : 12 left , Chamberlain had 94 points , and he scored on a fadeaway for his 96th point . His next basket at 1 : 19 came off a lob pass from York Larese for a powerful dunk that was rare for Chamberlain . Gary M. Pomerantz in his book Wilt , 1962 : The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era wrote that Chamberlain 's usual `` Dipper Dunk '' was `` a considerably less emphatic basket stuff , like a rock that barely ripples the pond . '' With less than a minute left in the game , Chamberlain set up in the post . Ruklick passed to Rodgers , who passed to Chamberlain close to the basket , but he missed the shot . Ted Luckenbill rebounded and passed it back to Chamberlain , who missed again . Luckenbill again rebounded and this time passed to Ruklick , who eschewed an easy layup and instead lobbed a high pass to Chamberlain . With 46 seconds left , Chamberlain got free from the five Knicks , jumped high and put the ball into the basket to hit the century mark . Eyewitness accounts of the historic basket differ as to whether Chamberlain merely laid the ball in or actually stuffed the ball through the hoop for an alley - oop slam dunk . In any event , the arena exploded in a frenzy and over 200 spectators stormed the floor , wanting to touch the hero of the night . Ruklick immediately ran to the scorer 's table to ensure that he was officially credited with the assist . Finale ( edit ) For years , the belief was that the final 46 seconds of the game were not played after Chamberlain scored his 100th point due to the celebration on the court ; Chamberlain himself was quoted as having made that claim . However , recordings from the WCAU radio broadcast include announcer Bill Campbell resuming his play - by - play call after Chamberlain 's 100th point and calling the game to its conclusion . A copy of the radio broadcast of the game was only uncovered in 1988 . WCAU 's original game tape had been recorded over by one of its engineers , a standard practice in those days . However , a Philadelphian had recorded with a Dictaphone part of Campbell 's coverage in the fourth quarter , but only the Warriors possessions . Two years later , a reel - to - reel tape of Campbell 's entire fourth quarter call surfaced ; Jim Trelease , then a college student at the University of Massachusetts , had recorded a 3 am re-broadcast of the fourth quarter of the game . The NBA merged the reel - to - reel with the Dictaphone tape , which also included a short postgame show . German sports journalist Gunter Bork specified that the interruption resulting from Chamberlain 's 100th point lasted for nine minutes , after which play continued . Over the years , Harvey Pollack , who at the time was in charge of publicity and statistics for the Warriors , has given conflicting statements on the question . In a 1992 book , he was twice quoted as saying that the game ended with 46 seconds remaining . But in a 2002 interview quoted by Chamberlain biographer Robert Cherry , Pollack said that the last 46 seconds were played , and that Chamberlain just stood in the middle circle , waiting for the game to end and not wanting to touch the ball , as `` 100 sounded better than 102 '' . The game 's official box score notes that Warrior Joe Ruklick missed two free throws after the break . Ruklick said he planned to miss the second free throw in hopes that Chamberlain might rebound it and get 102 points . The radio postgame show reported the Warriors defeating the Knicks 169 -- 150 . However , the official scorer 's report recorded the game as 169 -- 147 , a discrepancy that has never been explained . Chamberlain made 36 of 63 field - goals and 28 of 32 free throws , the latter a far better rate than his roughly 50 % career average . In two earlier games at Hershey that season , Chamberlain had made a combined 27 of 38 free throws , 71 percent . The basket rims at the arena were aged , flimsy , and forgiving . Balls would bounce off of typical firm rims , whereas balls near the rim in Hershey were apt to get a good roll and fall in . Playing all 48 minutes of the game , Chamberlain set NBA records for field goals attempted ( 63 ) and made ( 36 ) , free throws made ( 28 ) , most points in a quarter ( 31 ) , and half ( 59 ) . He averaged 73 points in four games that week , exceeding 60 in all of them . Rodgers finished with a game - high 20 assists and later said : `` It was the easiest game ever for me to get assists , all I had to do was pass it to Wilt . '' Attles was a defensive specialist who rarely scored , yet went 8 -- 8 from the field and hit his single free throw . He later lamented , `` In the game where I literally could n't miss , Wilt had to go out and score 100 . '' The Warriors and Knicks combined for a record 316 points . Philadelphia fell short of the Boston Celtics ' then - record of 173 points in a game . It was not uncommon for late - season NBA games to feature little defense . Celtics guard Bob Cousy said that the level of play in the NBA decreased as the season progressed , and `` defenses are out of gas '' by the end of the season . The following night , Chamberlain got permission to travel back to New York with three Knicks players . According to Cherry , Chamberlain drifted in and out of sleep and got a kick overhearing the New York players talk about the `` S.O.B. who scored 100 points on us '' . On March 4 , the Warriors played the Knicks again in Madison Square Garden , and Imhoff got a standing ovation for `` holding '' Chamberlain to 58 points . Aftermath ( edit ) `` True , over-anxiousness caused Wilt to miss some shots he 'd ordinarily make . But he made some he would n't have dared taken under ordinary circumstances . Long jumpers from 25 -- 30 feet out with two and three men clinging onto the wiry , 260 - pound frame . Power - packed dunk shots when he had to bull through , around and over a tight knot of defenders . Blazing speed that carried him downcourt for layups after he had launched the fast break with a rebound himself . He earned every point . '' -- Jack Kiser , The Philadelphia Inquirer The record was not highly anticipated like the four - minute mile had been . In Philadelphia , there was little fanfare in The Philadelphia Inquirer or The Philadelphia Bulletin , which both had a box on the front page announcing the achievement with a story in the sports section . Philadelphia Daily News had no mention on its cover . The Bulletin wrote , `` Thus was fulfilled a prophecy made the first time the magnificent 7'1 '' scoring star of the Warriors played a game in the National Basketball Association three years ago . '' New York City papers ran stories from the news agencies . The New York Times and The New York Herald Tribune ran the AP story on pages 14 and 11 , respectively . The New York Daily News ran the UPI story on page 26 . The New York Post gave prominent back - page coverage to Chamberlain 's feat on Sunday . The New York Daily News on Sunday wrote , `` Basketball is not prospering because most normal sized American youngsters or adults can not identify themselves with the freakish stars ... You just ca n't sell a seven - foot basket stuffing monster to even the most gullible adolescent . '' In his prime , Chamberlain was such a dominant scorer that his feat was mostly taken for granted . Warriors player Al Attles said that after Chamberlain 's previous record 78 - point game , `` It was only a matter of time until he reached 100 , you could wait for it . '' Warriors coach Frank McGuire initially thought the same thing , then said , `` I always thought it was inevitable that he would do it . But when he did , I stopped and thought about it . I could n't believe it . '' Chamberlain thanked his teammates . `` It would n't even have been close to possible without them . They wanted me to get it as much I did . '' He added , `` They had to do more than just give up open shots . They had to avoid fouls and pass me the ball in traffic . '' Knicks ' player Richie Guerin felt the Warriors broke a code of honor in sports by embarrassing an opponent and setting a record outside the normal flow of the game . Although effusive in his praise of Chamberlain , Guerin nonetheless estimated that if the game had played out normally , Chamberlain would have finished 15 to 20 points shy of 100 . Chamberlain countered he could have scored 140 if the Knicks `` had played straight - up basketball . '' New York coach Eddie Donovan suggested , `` The game was a farce . They would foul us and we would foul them . '' The Knicks ' Naulls stated , `` The game was not a fluke ... I thought it was absolutely authentic . '' Imhoff said Zinkoff 's announcements did not help the Knicks ' cause . Johnny Kerr of the Syracuse Nationals marveled , `` How about this : He 's the world 's worst free - throw shooter and he 's 28 out of 32 ! '' Cousy figured the game must have gone out of control , just as when Cousy had 29 assists when the Celtics scored 173 points against Minneapolis . Boston coach Red Auerbach laughed , `` He 's playing against nobody . '' Bill Russell smiled and said , `` The Big Fella finally did it . '' In a conversation with Naulls after the game , Chamberlain predicted he would win his NBA championships but still be known for his individualism , versus Russell who was credited for making his team -- the Boston Celtics -- great . Two days after the historic feat , Chamberlain made a guest appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show . Chamberlain finished the season with a record of 50.4 points per game . He scored a record 4,029 points , more than the division - winning Warriors in 1947 -- 48 scored as a team . He played in a record 3,882 minutes -- including every minute of 79 ( a record ) of 80 games . He averaged 48.5 minutes per game . An NBA game is 48 minutes , but Chamberlain played in 10 overtime periods in seven games . He was second in the league in field goal percentage at . 506 and made 61 percent of his free throws , a career high . The Warriors finished the season with a 49 -- 31 record . They lost in the conference finals of the playoffs to the Celtics , losing the seventh game 109 -- 107 . The closest Chamberlain came again to 100 was 73 and 72 points the next season , when he also averaged 44.8 points . The NBA in 1964 widened the lane from 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) to 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) to limit Chamberlain , and he averaged 36.9 that season . Legacy ( edit ) Chamberlain ( # 13 ) predicted comparisons to Bill Russell ( left ) . The anniversary of the game was not widely commemorated until its silver anniversary in 1987 . By that time , the NBA had grown to be a popular sports league with average attendance of 13,000 fans per game and star players like Magic Johnson , Larry Bird , and Michael Jordan . The Warriors ' PR director Harvey Pollack said an impossible 40,000 people claimed to have seen the game , and some even testified it took place in Madison Square Garden . Chamberlain later stated it was one of his favorite games , but not the favorite : that title belonged to the match in which he grabbed an NBA record 55 rebounds against perennial rival Bill Russell . He did not want to feed the criticism that he was more interested in personal stardom than winning . Although Chamberlain won two NBA championships and was the NBA 's all - time leading scorer and rebounder when he retired , he was mostly remembered as the man who had single - handedly scored 100 points in a game . Chamberlain publicly embraced the 100 - point game in his final years . On a radio show commemorating the game 's 31st anniversary in 1993 , he said , `` As time goes by , I feel more a part of that 100 - point game . '' He explained that growing up on the streets , he would have been derisively labelled a gunner , a glory - hound , for attempting 63 shots . `` You take that many shots on the playground , and no one ever wants you on their team again . '' He said he took shots he normally would not , noting that in contests which he considered to be better he scored 50 to 60 points on around 75 percent shooting , as opposed to his 57 percent shooting in the 100 - point game . He was proud that people who knew nothing about basketball would point out the game to their kids when they saw him . `` I know that it has been my tag . I am definitely proud of it . But it was definitely a team effort . You had to see some of the things my teammates did to get me the ball ... It was almost like a circus out there for a while . '' Two other participants were profoundly affected . Firstly , Knicks center Darrall Imhoff was branded as the player who let Chamberlain score 100 on him , although he only played 20 of 48 minutes and was not on the court when it happened . On the other hand , the game immortalized little - used Warriors reserve player Joe Ruklick as the man who gave Chamberlain the 100 - point assist . Decades later , The New York Times interviewed Ruklick and found out that he refers to himself as `` a walking footnote '' of one of basketball 's greatest moments . The game also produced the famous picture of Chamberlain sitting on a bench , holding up a paper with a scribbled `` 100 '' . The photograph was actually a matter of improvisation : when Warriors PR manager Harvey Pollack entered the Warriors locker room , he took a paper and scribbled the number on it , and Associated Press photographer Paul Vathis who was there at the game ( not for professional reasons , but rather because he wanted to give his son a treat ) took the now - famous photo . Cherry calls it the `` ultimate picture '' of Wilt Chamberlain . Chamberlain 's 100 points is widely considered one of basketball 's greatest records . Decades after his record , many NBA teams did not even average 100 points as fewer field goals per game were being attempted . The closest any player has gotten to 100 points was the Los Angeles Lakers ' Kobe Bryant , who scored 81 in a 122 -- 104 win over the Toronto Raptors on January 22 , 2006 . Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win , Bryant created his own shot -- mostly from the outside -- in a game which the Lakers trailed at halftime by 14 and did not pull away until the fourth quarter . Chamberlain , playing in an era when the games were paced faster and scoring opportunities were more plentiful , accounted for 59 percent of his team 's points , compared to Bryant scoring 66 percent of the Lakers ' 122 points . Bryant afterwards said Chamberlain 's record was `` unthinkable ... It 's pretty exhausting to think about it . '' David Thompson broke Chamberlain 's record for points in a quarter by scoring 32 in the first quarter of his 73 - point game . Adrian Dantley tied the record of 28 free throws made in a regular season game on January 4 , 1984 , but through the 2010 -- 11 season , all of Chamberlain 's other records set that day still stand . Twenty years after the Warriors and Knicks combined for 316 points , the San Antonio Spurs defeated the Milwaukee Bucks 171 -- 166 in triple overtime on March 6 , 1982 , for a total of 337 points . That record was broken more quickly as the Detroit Pistons defeated the Denver Nuggets 186 -- 184 ( also in triple overtime ) on December 13 , 1983 , for 370 points . Pomerantz wrote in his 2005 book that the lack of videotape of the 100 - point game `` only added to its mystique . '' For a while , NBA Commissioner David Stern 's office phone would play Campbell 's call of the 100 - point basket to callers on hold : `` He made it ! He made it ! He made it ! A Dipper Dunk ! '' Kerry Ryman , who was 14 years old when he attended the game , claimed to have left the arena with the basketball that Chamberlain used to score his famous basket . The ball was auctioned by Leland 's Auction in 2000 for $551,844 , which was the then - third highest sports memorabilia auction price . After controversy over the ball 's authenticity , the sale was suspended . The ball was relisted months later and sold for only $67,791 . Attles contends that Chamberlain gave him the actual 100 - point ball . In 2014 , Josh Pastner , then head coach of the Memphis Tigers , stated that his father , who was a ballboy for the Warriors , had taped the game starting in the second quarter . Pastner 's father had been attempting to locate the footage among his many boxes , but he also conceded that the footage might be lost . In 1961 -- 62 , the NBA 's three highest scoring averages were by black players ( Chamberlain , Baylor , Walt Bellamy ) . Oscar Robertson , a Hall of Famer , believes the NBA would have lost its small television contract and not survived without the emergence of black superstars . `` People heard about Wilt scoring a 100 , averaging 50 a night , and they wanted to see the guy do it ... I believe Wilt Chamberlain single - handedly saved the league . '' Naulls wrote , `` Wilt had rung the bell of freedom loud and clear , shouting , ' Let my people be free to express themselves . ' For we were and will be for all time those who withstood the humiliation of racial quotas even to the point of the NBA 's facing extinction because of retarded expression and stagnating growth . '' Box score ( edit ) Source March 2 , 1962 Boxscore Philadelphia Warriors 169 , New York Knicks 147 Scoring by quarter : 42 -- 26 , 37 -- 42 , 46 -- 38 , 44 -- 41 Pts : Wilt Chamberlain 100 Rebs : Wilt Chamberlain 25 Asts : Guy Rodgers 20 Pts : Richie Guerin 39 Rebs : Dave Budd 10 Asts : Richie Guerin 6 Hershey Sports Arena , Hershey , Pennsylvania Attendance : 4,124 Referees : Willie Smith and Pete D'Ambrosio Legend Pos Position Min Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goals attempted FTM Free throws made FTA Free throws attempted Reb Rebounds Ast Assists PF Personal fouls Pts Points Philadelphia Warriors Player Pos Min FGM FGA FTM FTA Reb Ast PF Pts Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin 31 7 18 5 0 16 Meschery , Tom Tom Meschery 40 7 12 7 16 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain 48 36 63 28 32 25 100 Rodgers , Guy Guy Rodgers 48 9 12 7 20 5 11 Attles , Al Al Attles 34 8 8 5 6 17 Larese , York York Larese 14 5 5 9 Conlin , Ed Ed Conlin 14 0 0 0 0 Ruklick , Joe Joe Ruklick 8 0 0 0 Luckenbill , Ted Ted Luckenbill 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 Team rebounds 02 Team totals 240 63 115 43 52 60 39 25 169 New York Knicks Player Pos Min FGM FGA FTM FTA Reb Ast PF Pts Naulls , Willie Willie Naulls 43 9 22 13 15 7 5 31 Green , Johnny Johnny Green 21 7 0 0 7 5 6 Imhoff , Darrall Darrall Imhoff 20 7 6 0 6 7 Guerin , Richie Richie Guerin 46 13 29 13 17 8 6 5 39 Butler , Al Al Butler 32 13 0 0 7 8 Buckner , Cleveland Cleveland Buckner 33 16 26 8 0 33 Budd , Dave Dave Budd 27 6 8 10 13 Butcher , Donnie Donnie Butcher 18 6 6 5 10 01 Team rebounds 02 Team totals 240 57 118 33 41 60 17 32 147 Wilt Chamberlain 's statistics by quarter Quarter Min FGM FGA FTM FTA Reb Ast PF Pts 1st 12 7 14 9 9 10 0 0 23 2nd 12 7 12 5 18 3rd 12 10 16 8 8 6 0 28 4th 12 12 21 7 10 5 0 31 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game List of career achievements by Wilt Chamberlain Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swede Halbrook of the Syracuse Nationals was 7 feet 3 inches ( 2.21 m ) Jump up ^ Despite playing for Philadelphia , Chamberlain lived in Manhattan ; he commuted to Philadelphia each day for the team 's activities . Jump up ^ Starters Meschery , Attles , Rodgers , and Arizin were replaced by reserves Ruklick , Larese , Ed Conlin and Ted Luckenbill . Jump up ^ Associated Press wrote that Chamberlain scored 54 points . It also reported Imhoff played all 48 minutes , while Wilt , 1962 said he fouled out near the end of the game . Jump up ^ George Gervin broke that record seven hours later by scoring 33 points in a quarter . Carmelo Anthony later tied Gervin 's record . The current record of 37 is held by Klay Thompson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , pp. 97 , 99 Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Gary M. ( 2005 ) . Wilt , 1962 : The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era . New York : Crown . p. 80 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5160 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cave , Ray ( October 30 , 1961 ) . `` Mcguire Raises A Standard '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. xviii , 81 , 119 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Curry , Chuck . ( 2001 , October 24 ) . `` A Tribute to Wilt Chamberlain '' , NBA.com . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 159 -- 60 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 31 -- 2 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ `` History of the Shot Clock '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures . October 22 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 33 -- 4 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 52 -- 3 , 186 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 53 , 123 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 57 -- 8 , 112 -- 3 , 122 Jump up ^ Povich , Shirley ( December 8 , 1958 ) . `` Basketball Is For The Birds '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , pp. 22 -- 3 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 20 , 36 -- 7 , 57 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Bork , Gunter ( 1995 ) . Basketball Sternstunden ( in German ) . Munich : Copress . pp. 33 -- 35 . ISBN 3 - 7679 - 0456 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Quotebook from Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point Game '' . hoophall.com . February 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 11 , 24 , 74 -- 5 Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , p. 109 ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Meschery : The First Russian in the NBA '' . sport-express.ru . Sport Express Daily . January 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 117 -- 18 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. xiii , 102 , 106 ^ Jump up to : `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point Game '' . hoophall.com . February 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. xiii , 56 -- 7 , 111 ^ Jump up to : Pluto 2000 , p. 220 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 62 , 81 ^ Jump up to : Cherry , Robert ( 2004 ) . Wilt : Larger than Life . Chicago : Triumph Books . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 672 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Charlotte Observer ; Elder , Jeff ; ( January 18 , 2007 ) Page 1E `` Truth about Wilt scoring 100 points . '' Retrieved on April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 37 -- 8 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Cherry 2004 , pp. 109 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 147 , 168 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Pluto 2000 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Cherry 2004 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 169 , 172 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Berkow , Ira ( July 2 , 2002 ) . `` Pro Basketball ; A Footnote To History After 40 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pluto , Terry ( 2000 ) . Tall Tales : The Glory Years of the NBA . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 217 -- 222 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8766 - 6 . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( February 1 , 2006 ) . `` Remembering 100 '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Ostler , Scott . ( March 2 , 1987 ) . `` 100 Astonishing Points 25 Years Ago Today , Wilt Chamberlain Made NBA History . '' Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Schneider , Marv . Associated Press . ( March 5 , 1982 ) . `` A 20th Anniversary Sneaks Up on Wilt '' , The Deseret News , page 2D . Jump up ^ `` '' Wilt 1962 '' By Gary M. Pomerantz `` . Crown Publishing Group ( Random House ) . ( The web page 's interactive audio broadcast of the game uses Adobe Flash Player . ) Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Frank ( May 11 , 2005 ) . `` From Wilt 's big night , a tale of the tape In 1962 , a radio listener in a college dormitory turned on his reel - to - reel recorder -- and preserved history forever '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trelease , Jim ( June 4 , 2005 ) . `` Wilt 's Big Night '' . Weekend America ( Interview ) . Interview with Radke , Bill . American Public Media . Archived from the original ( RealAudio ) on February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maaddi , Rob . ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Wilt 's 100 - point game Brings Back Memories '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 179 -- 80 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 180 Jump up ^ `` Wilt Chamberlain NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com. 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 116 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Adande , J.A. ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Where There 's Wilt ... '' Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , pp. 112 -- 3 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 112 Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Warriors at New York Knicks Box Score , March 4 , 1962 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( February 10 , 2007 ) . `` Until his Dying Day , Wilt was Invincible '' . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 188 -- 9 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Cherry 2004 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt : ' I Maybe Could have Scored 140 ' '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 186 Jump up ^ `` Wilt Chamberlain 100 Point Game '' . EdSullivan.com . SOFA Entertainment . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , pp. 106 , 117 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 123 Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 193 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 159 , 182 , 196 ^ Jump up to : Pluto 2000 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Pluto 2000 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Hunt , Donald ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty years later : Wilt 's 100 - point game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roundtable : Reliving Wilt 's feats '' . SI.com . Time Inc . March 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports ' 10 Greatest Records '' . SportingNews.com . American City Business Journals . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Are all sports records made to be broken ? '' . Chron.com . Hearst Communications . Associated Press . July 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Sorry , Wilt : You 're no Kobe '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors vs. Los Angeles Lakers recap '' . ESPN.com . January 22 , 2006 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` In Most Areas , Good or Bad , Kobe Bryant Has Simply Done More '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helin , Kurt ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` What was more impressive : Chamberlain 's 100 point game or Kobe 's 81 ? '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Better scoring night : Kobe 's 81 or Wilt 's 100 ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tramel , Barry ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe vs. Wilt '' . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` 40 stats you wo n't believe about Kobe Bryant 's historic NBA career '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 23 , 2006 ) . `` 81 for the Books '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Through the 2004 -- 05 Season . `` Regular Season Records : Points '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ This Date in History . NBA.com . Retrieved on January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 177 -- 9 , 186 -- 7 , 208 -- 15 Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( July 22 , 2002 ) . `` Collectors already cashing in on hoop star '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gardner , Sam ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Does footage of Chamberlain 's 100 - point game actually exist ? '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 204 Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . Philadelphia 76ers . NBA.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Video : Wilt 's 100 Point Game at NBA.com . ( Adobe Flash ) ( hide ) Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 2018 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ - FM Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilt_Chamberlain%27s_100-point_game&oldid=841799614 '' Categories : Wilt Chamberlain 1961 -- 62 NBA season New York Knicks games Philadelphia Warriors games Hershey , Pennsylvania National Basketball Association games 1962 in sports in Pennsylvania March 1962 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français עברית Latviešu Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 04 : 11 . 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wilt chamberlain stats in the 100 point game

The radio postgame show reported the Warriors defeating the Knicks 169 -- 150 . However , the official scorer 's report recorded the game as 169 -- 147 , a discrepancy that has never been explained . Chamberlain made 36 of 63 field - goals and 28 of 32 free throws , the latter a far better rate than his roughly 50 % career average . In two earlier games at Hershey that season , Chamberlain had made a combined 27 of 38 free throws , 71 percent . The basket rims at the arena were aged , flimsy , and forgiving . Balls would bounce off of typical firm rims , whereas balls near the rim in Hershey were apt to get a good roll and fall in . Playing all 48 minutes of the game , Chamberlain set NBA records for field goals attempted ( 63 ) and made ( 36 ) , free throws made ( 28 ) , most points in a quarter ( 31 ) , and half ( 59 ) . He averaged 73 points in four games that week , exceeding 60 in all of them .

Automotive industry in Russia - wikipedia Automotive industry in Russia Jump to : navigation , search Lada Vesta went into production in 2015 Automotive production is a significant industry in Russia , directly employing around 600,000 people or 1 % of the country 's total workforce . Russia produced 1,303,989 vehicles in 2016 , ranking 16th among car - producing nations in 2016 , and accounting for 1.4 % of the worldwide production . The main local brands are light vehicle producers AvtoVAZ and GAZ , while KamAZ is the leading heavy vehicle producer . Eleven foreign carmakers have production operations or are constructing their plants in Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Soviet era 1.3 Post-Soviet adjustments 1.4 2000 to 2008 1.5 Global financial crisis 1.6 Recent developments 2 Manufacturers 2.1 Domestic car brands 2.2 Foreign car brands 2.3 Commercial and heavy vehicles 2.4 Short - lived projects 3 Economic and political significance 4 Sales statistics 4.1 Manufacturers 4.2 Car models 4.3 Best - selling model by year 5 Factories 5.1 Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast 5.2 Kaluga 5.3 Volga Federal District 5.4 Rest of Russia 6 Manufacturers of automobile engines 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Yakovlev & Freze ( 1896 ) Hippolyte Romanov 's electric bus in Gatchina The Russian Empire had a long history of progress in the development of machinery . As early as in the eighteenth century Ivan I. Polzunov constructed the first two - cylinder steam engine in the world , while Ivan P. Kulibin created a human - powered vehicle that had a flywheel , a brake , a gearbox , and roller bearings . One of the world 's first tracked vehicles was invented by Fyodor A. Blinov in 1877 . In 1896 , the Yakovlev engine factory and the Freze carriage - manufacturing workshop manufactured the first Russian petrol - engine automobile , the Yakovlev & Freze . The turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was marked by the invention of the earliest Russian electrocar , nicknamed the `` Cuckoo '' , which was created by the engineer Hippolyte V. Romanov in 1899 . Romanov also constructed a battery - electric omnibus . In the years preceding the 1917 October Revolution , Russia produced a growing number of Russo - Balt , Puzyryov , Lessner , and other vehicles , held its first motor show in 1907 and had car enthusiasts who successfully participated in international motor racing . A Russo - Balt car placed 9th in the Monte Carlo Rally of 1912 , despite the extreme winter conditions that threatened the lives of the driver and riding mechanic on their way from Saint Petersburg , 2nd in the San Sebastián Rally and covered more than 15,000 km in Western Europe and Northern Africa in 1913 . The driver of the car , Andrei P. Nagel , was personally awarded by Emperor Nicholas II for increasing the prestige of the domestic car brand . By 1915 , about 1,000 motor vehicles had been built in Russia . Imported vehicles vastly exceeded domestic production , with the latter accounting for less than 10 % of total stock by 1914 . In February 1916 the Tsarist government allocated funds for the construction of six automotive plants : AMO in Moscow , Russo - Balt in the village of Fili , the State Plant of Military Self - Propelled Vehicles ( KZVS ) in Mytishchi , Russian Renault in Rybinsk , Aksai in Nakhichevan - on - Don , and Lebedev in Yaroslavl . None of the plants were completed before the October Revolution . Soviet era ( edit ) See also : Automobile industry of the Soviet Union The AvtoVAZ assembly line in 1969 After the 1917 October Revolution , Russo - Balt was nationalised on August 15 , 1918 , and renamed to Prombron by the new leadership . It continued the production of Russo - Balt cars and launched a new model on October 8 , 1922 , while AMO built FIAT 15 Ter trucks under licence and released a more modern FIAT - derived truck developed by a team of AMO designers , the AMO - F - 15 . About 6,000 -- 6,500 F - 15s were built in the years 1924 -- 1931 . In 1927 , engineers from the Scientific Automobile & Motor Institute ( NAMI ) created the first original Soviet car NAMI - I , which was produced in small numbers by the Spartak State Automobile Factory in Moscow , between 1927 and 1931 . In 1929 , due to a rapidly growing demand for automobiles and in cooperation with its trade partner , the Ford Motor Company , the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy established GAZ . A year later , a second automobile plant was founded in Moscow , which would become a major Soviet car maker after World War II and earn nationwide fame under the name Moskvitch . The beginning of the 1960s saw the release of the Moskvitch 408 , intended to be an economy car that would spread the use of cars among the population . Other manufacturers such as MZMA , GAZ and ZAZ were offering a variety of cars intended for the mass market . The Soviet government opted to build an even larger car manufacturing plant that would produce a people 's car and help to meet the demand for personal transport . For reasons of cost - efficiency , it was decided to produce the car on the basis of an existing , modern foreign model . After considering several options , the Fiat 124 was chosen because of its simple and sturdy design , being easy to manufacture and repair . The plant was built in just 4 years ( 1966 -- 1970 ) in the small town of Stavropol Volzhsky , which later grew to a population of more than half a million and was renamed Togliatti to commemorate Palmiro Togliatti . At the same time , the Izhmash car plant was established in the city of Izhevsk as part of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant , with the initiative coming from the Minister of Defence and in order to increase the overall production of cars in the Soviet Union . It produced Moskvitchs and Moskvitch - based kombi hatchbacks . KaMAZ , Europe 's largest heavy truck plant , was built in Naberezhnye Chelny , while GAZ , ZIL , UralAZ , KrAZ , MAZ , BelAZ , and plants continued to produce other types of trucks . By the early 1980s , Soviet automobile industry consisted of several main plants , which produced vehicles for various market segments . In late 1987 , the industry produced 2 million cars , satisfying 45 % of the domestic demand . Post-Soviet adjustments ( edit ) In the early 1990s the Russian car market expanded dramatically , largely due to a drastic cut on import duties , so that by 1993 foreign - made imported cars made up 49 % of all sales . At the same time , Russian automakers were integrated into a market economy and immediately hit by a crisis due to the loss of financial support , economic turmoil , criminal activities and stiffer competition in the domestic market during the 1990s . The main domestic manufacturers in the early 1990s were AvtoVAZ , AZLK , IzhAvto , GAZ and UAZ . Some of them , like AvtoVAZ , turned to cooperation with other companies ( such as GM - AvtoVAZ ) in order to obtain substantial capital investment and overcome the crisis . By 1993 , total output was down 14 % compared to 1990 levels . Lada 's declining sales during the 1990s , and toughening European Union emissions requirements , saw exports to Western Europe discontinued by the end of the decade . Lada had enjoyed particularly strong sales in Britain , peaking at more than 30,000 sales a year in the late 1980s , but had failed to remain competitive with other budget brands over the subsequent few years . 850,000 cars were sold in 1996 . As demand kept rising , local brands continued to be affected by a reputation for poor manufacturing quality . In was estimated in 1996 that a newly bought AvtoVAZ car needed $1 - 2,000 worth of repairs to bring it to a comfortable level of safety . The 1998 Russian financial crisis affected the industry , as car manufacturers stopped using imported components because of higher import prices . Nevertheless , the industry quickly recovered in subsequent years . In 1997 , car production increased by 13.2 % in comparison with 1996 and achieved 981,000 . AvtoVAZ and UAZ extended their output by 8.8 and 52 percent respectively , whereas KamAZ doubled it . The overall truck production in Russia increased by 7 percent , reaching 148,000 in 1997 and 184,000 in 2000 . The overall production of cars rose from about 800,000 in 1993 to more than 1.16 million in 2000 , or 965,000 ( 969,235 according to OICA ) excluding commercial vehicles . Throughout the 1990s , the unavailability of dealer financing meant that cars had to be purchased in cash . 2000 to 2008 ( edit ) Lada Samara assembly line in 2005 In the early 2000s , the Russian economy recovered . Russian metal companies , having achieved significant profits on foreign markets , sought to invest in Russia 's automotive sector . Siberian Aluminum initially bought Pavlovo Bus Factory and accumulated increasing ownership stakes in GAZ . At the same time , Severstal gained control of UAZ . In 2001 Ford became the first western manufacturer to establish its own assembly plant in Russia , investing $150 million in their Vsevolozhsk factory , manufacturing the Ford Focus , which briefly became the best - selling foreign - branded car in Russia . In 2003 Russian manufacturers still accounted for over 90 % of car production in Russia , either under their own brand or in partnership with a foreign company . The six main automotive groups were AvtoVAZ , SOK Group , Kamaz , RusPromAvto , SeverstalAvto and AZLK . Just 11,000 cars were locally assembled by foreign manufacturers in 2002 . Macroeconomic trends were strong and growing incomes of the population led to a surging demand , and by 2005 the Russian car market was booming . In 2005 , 1,446,525 new cars were sold , including 832,200 Russian models and 614,325 foreign ones . During the first quarter of 2005 , foreign - branded cars outsold local ones for the first time in Russian history ( including used imports ) . Foreign companies started to massively invest in production in Russia : the number of foreign cars produced in the Russian Federation surged from 157,179 in 2005 to 456,500 in 2007 . To keep up with the competition , local brands launched more modern - looking models , such as Lada Kalina . The value of the Russian market grew at a brisk pace : 14 % in 2005 , 36 % in 2006 and 67 % in 2007 -- making it the world 's fastest growing automotive market by 2008 . Foreign companies started flocking to enter Russia in the 2000s , seeing it as a local production location and export powerhouse . Russia 's labour , material and energy costs were only 1 / 6 compared to those in Western Europe . To boost the market share of locally produced vehicles , the Russian government implemented several protectionist measures and launched programs to attract foreign producers into the country . In late 2005 , the Russian leadership enacted legislation to create special economic zones ( SEZ ) with the aim of encouraging investments by foreign automotive companies . The benefits of operating in the special economic zones include tax allowances , exemption from asset and land taxes and protection against changes in the tax regime . Some regions also provide extensive support for large investors ( over $100 million . ) These include Saint Petersburg / Leningrad Oblast ( Toyota , GM , Nissan ) and Kaluga Oblast ( VW ) . Kaluga has been especially successful in attracting foreign companies , as has been Kaliningrad Oblast . Global financial crisis ( edit ) President Vladimir Putin meeting with AvtoVAZ employees in the company 's factory in Tolyatti . Russia 's automotive industry was hit hard by the late 2000s recession . Production of passenger cars dropped from 1,470,000 units in 2008 to just 597,000 units in 2009 . Lorry production fell from 256,000 to 91,000 in the same period . In late 2008 , the Russian government introduced protectionist measures , worth $5 billion , to improve the situation in the industry . This included $2 billion of bailouts for troubled companies and $3 billion of credits for buyers of Russian cars . Prime minister Vladimir Putin described the move as vital in order to save jobs . The tariffs for imported foreign cars and trucks were increased to a minimum of 50 % and go up to 100 % . The tariffs are linked to the engine size of the vehicle . The increased duties led to protests in Russian cities , most notably in Vladivostok , where the importation of Japanese cars is an important sector of the city 's economy . To compensate for the losses of the Vladivostok businesses , Prime Minister Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok . The move was completed in 2009 , and the factory now employs about 700 locals . It was planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010 . The most efficient anti-crisis measure executed by the Russian government was the introduction of a car scrappage scheme in March 2010 . Under the scheme , buyers of new cars could receive a subsidy of up to 600,000 rubles ( 20,000 USD ) . Sales of Russia 's largest carmaker Avtovaz doubled in the second quarter of 2010 as a result , and the company returned to profit . Recent developments ( edit ) By the end of 2010 , automotive production had returned to pre-crisis levels . Nine out of the ten most sold models in Russia in 2010 were domestically produced , with Avtovaz 's Lada models topping the list . In the first 7 months of 2010 , sales of Lada cars increased by 60 % , the Korean KIA reported a jump of 101 % , and Chevrolet 's sales rose by 15 % . In 2010 , Russia was the world 's 15th largest producer of cars . The Russian automotive industry currently ( as of 2010 ) accounts for about 2 % of worldwide car production . The market share of Russian - branded vehicles fell to 34 % in 2010 and to 21 % in 2012 . At the same time , the market share of foreign - branded cars made in Russia kept rising , reaching 45 % in 2012 . Imported vehicles account for a sizable portion of the Russian automotive market : in 2014 they made up 27 % of cars and 46 % of trucks . The 2014 economic crisis led to a new fall in car sales and production levels , and reduced forecasts for future growth . The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016 . Lada cars accounted for 34.6 % of the total , down from 41.6 % five years earlier . Almost half of those cars were over ten years old , and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva . Manufacturers ( edit ) Cars produced in Russia between 1997 - 2015 The Russian automotive industry can be divided into four types of companies : local brand producers , foreign OEMs , joint ventures and Russian companies producing foreign brands . In 2008 , there were 5,445 companies manufacturing vehicles and related equipment in Russia . The volume of production and sales amounted to 1,513 billion rubles . Cars with diesel engines are not popular in Russia , accounting for just 7.6 % of all sales as of 2015 , compared to half of the market in much of Western Europe . There are 145,000 natural gas vehicles in Russia as of 2016 , or 0.3 % of all vehicles in the country . The sale of leaded gasoline was outlawed in 2003 . Domestic car brands ( edit ) The four most popular cars in Russia in 2009 were all AvtoVAZ models . The economy car Lada Priora topped the list with 84,779 sold units . Lada Samara was second with 77,679 units sold in Russia , and the classic Lada 2105 / 2107 was third with sales of 57,499 . Lada 2105 was expected to considerably increase sales following the car scrappage scheme launched in March 2010 . The higher - end Lada Kalina was the fourth most sold car in Russia in 2009 , selling 52,499 units that year . In the light commercial vehicle sector , the GAZelle van , manufactured by GAZ has been very popular , occupying a market share of 49 % in 2009 and selling 42,400 units . The Avtoperevozchik magazine declared GAZelle as the most successful vehicle of 2009 in the Russian automotive market . The largest company of Russia 's automotive industry is Avtovaz , located in the city of Tolyatti . It currently employs more than 130,000 people , and its Lada models dominate the Russian car market . Avtovaz models account for about 50 % of Russia 's total car production . Russian car manufacturing companies are represented by two associations , ASM - Holding ( АСМ - холдинг ) and the Association of Russian Automakers ( Объединением автопроизводителей России ) . Foreign car brands ( edit ) Hyundai Solaris , the first foreign car to top Russian sales chart Russia 's second largest car manufacturer is Avtotor , located in Kaliningrad Oblast . Avtotor performs SKD , CKD or full - cycle assembly of foreign models , such as BMW , Kia , and General Motors ' Cadillac and Chevrolet vehicles . In 2009 , Avtotor produced 60,000 cars and accounted for 10 % of Russian car production . Avtoframos , the third largest car manufacturer , produced 49,500 cars in 2009 . Its plant is located in the south - east part of the city of Moscow . Avtoframos is a joint venture between France 's Renault and the Moscow city administration , but is majority owned by Renault . The company manufactures Renault Logan and Renault Sandero models . The ratio of Russian - made parts is 54 % . The figure was expected to rise to 74 % by 2012 . The fourth and fifth largest carmakers in Russia are Volkswagen and Ford , respectively . In total , the five largest companies of the industry account for 80 % of all cars made in Russia . In 2016 , Hyundai Solaris became the first foreign - branded car to be the best - selling vehicle in the country since sales statistics began in 1970 . Commercial and heavy vehicles ( edit ) The GAZelle NEXT van , produced by GAZ , is popular on the light commercial vehicle market In the heavy vehicle sector , the largest company is the truckmaker KaMAZ . It is also one of the largest companies in the whole Russian automotive industry . In 2010 , KaMAZ sold a total of 32,293 trucks ; 28,254 in Russia and 4,039 in foreign countries . Another very important company is GAZ , which makes vans , trucks and busses , among other products . Its most popular product is the GAZelle van , which has a market share of 49 % in the light commercial vehicle market . In 2009 , the company launched an improved version , called GAZelle Business . In the bus sector , the GAZ Group Bus Division occupied a market share of 77 % . In 2009 it sold 6,169 buses in the small - class , 1,806 in the medium class and 1,156 in the large class . Russia 's largest tractor maker , and one of the largest machine building companies in the world , is Concern Tractor Plants , located in Cheboksary . The company employs around 45,000 people . Short - lived projects ( edit ) Marussia B2 The Marussia brand , produced by Marussia Motors , became the first modern sports car and the first supercar produced in Russia . The Marussia B1 was launched on 16 December 2008 in the New Manezh Hall in Moscow . On 10 September 2010 the first Marussia Motors show room opened in Moscow . Marussia Motors was led by Nikolay Fomenko , a notable Russian showman , singer , actor and racer . His company acquired a ' significant stake ' in the Virgin Racing Formula One team , which was renamed Marussia Virgin Racing from 2011 . This team is to become the first ever Russian - owned team in Formula One . Marussia Motors declared bankruptcy and ceased both support for their F1 team and overall trading in 2014 . Another short - lived project was the Yo - mobile , a city car that could burn both gasoline and natural gas and was connected to a pair of electric motors . The car was introduced on 13 December 2010 in Moscow , a product of a joint venture between Yarovit , a producer of trucks based in St. Petersburg , Russia and the Onexim investment group , headed by Mikhail Prokhorov , who was the leader and financier of the project . In 2014 the entire project was sold to the Russian government for a nominal sum , thus signalling the abandonment of the idea . No actual vehicles other than a few concept cars were ever produced . Economic and political significance ( edit ) The main administration building of Avtovaz in Togliatti Russia 's automotive industry is a significant economic sector . It directly employs 600,000 people and supports around 2 -- 3 million people in related industries . It is politically a very important part of the country 's economy : firstly , due to the large number of employed people and secondly , because many citizens depend on the social services provided by automotive companies . For example , the well - being of the giant AvtoVAZ factory in Tolyatti is massively important to the city or to the region of Samara Oblast . Tolyatti is a typical monotown , a city whose economy is dependent on a single company . The factory employed around 100,000 people of the city 's population of 700,000 in 2009 . In 2009 , former President Dmitry Medvedev launched the Medvedev modernisation programme , which aims to diversify Russia 's raw materials and energy - dominated economy , turning it into a modern high - tech economy based on innovation . Following this , Russia 's automotive industry has been in the spotlight due to its great potential for modernisation . Former Prime Minister and current President Vladimir Putin has taken a personal interest in the automotive industry . In a symbolic gesture of support , Putin made a highly publicized road trip on the new Amur Highway in August 2010 , driving 2,165 kilometers in a Lada Kalina Sport . Putin described the car as `` excellent , even beyond my expectations '' , and praised it as `` comfortable '' and `` almost noise - free . '' The event was intended to show support for AvtoVAZ , which was recovering from the serious economic crisis . Sales statistics ( edit ) Top ten manufacturers and car models on the Russian market according to AEB sales figures for 2016 : Manufacturers ( edit ) Rank Brand Sales Market share Renault - Nissan ( includes AvtoVAZ ) 477,279 33.5 % VW Group 156,712 11.0 % Kia 149,567 10.5 % Hyundai Group 145,300 10.2 % 5 Toyota Group 118,685 8.3 % 6 GAZ 55,803 3.9 % 7 UAZ 48,848 3.4 % 8 Mercedes - Benz 43,912 3.1 % 9 Ford 42,528 3.0 % 10 General Motors 31,737 2.2 % Total 1,425,791 100 % Car models ( edit ) Rank Model Sales Group Hyundai Solaris 90,380 Hyundai Motor Group Lada Granta 87,726 Renault Kia Rio 87,662 Hyundai Motor Group Lada Vesta 55,174 Renault 5 Volkswagen Polo 47,702 Volkswagen Group 6 Renault Duster 44,001 Renault 7 Toyota RAV4 30,603 Toyota 8 Chevrolet Niva 29,844 General Motors 9 Renault Logan 29,565 Renault 10 Lada Largus 29,341 Renault Best - selling model by year ( edit ) 2008 : Lada 2105 / 2107 2009 : Lada Priora 2010 : Lada 2105 / 2107 2011 : Lada Kalina 2012 : Lada Priora 2013 : Lada Granta 2014 : Lada Granta 2015 : Lada Granta 2016 : Hyundai Solaris Factories ( edit ) Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast ( edit ) The Hyundai plant in Saint Petersburg Hyundai : established in 2010 , produced over 200,000 vehicles in 2016 . As of 2016 the plant is the second largest in Russia , and employs 2,200 workers . Nissan : started production in June 2009 , produced 33,600 vehicles in 2015 . Toyota : manufactured 39,000 vehicles in 2016 . Toyota Motors Manufacturing Russia ( TMMR ) , 224 - ha factory in Shushary laid down in 2005 and launched production on December 21 , 2007 . In 2007 it produced 20,000 2.4 L and 3.5 L Toyota Camry vehicles per year . General Motors : opened in July 2008 , closed in 2015 . Scania AB , truck plant Scania - Piter , established in 2002 . Produces Scania P , R , G . MAN Truck & Bus truck plant , established in 2013 . Ford Sollers in Vsevolozhsk : opened in 2002 . It was the first foreign - owned car plant to be established in Russia . Caterpillar Inc. in Tosno , established in 2000 , produces rigid dump trucks . Kaluga ( edit ) Volkswagen Group Rus in Kaluga Volkswagen : started production in November 2007 , produced 110,000 cars in 2016 . A 200 m2 facility with a projected full annual output capacity of 150,000 vehicles , reached during 2010 , with employees rising to 3,000 . All vehicles produced were initially semi knock downs ( SKD ) , with full production planned to start 2010 . Served by Grabtsevo Airport , part of Volkswagen Group Russia ( OOO Volkswagen Rus ) . Peugeot Citroen Mitsubishi Automotive : opened in April 2010 , produced 25,733 vehicles in 2015 . Volvo Vostok truck plant in Kaluga , established in 2009 . Produces Volvo FH , Volvo FMX , Volvo FM , Renault Premium , Renault Kerax . Volga federal district ( edit ) Nizhny Novgorod - GAZ , produced 41,691 vehicles in 2015 . The plant also Volkswagen and Skoda vehicles due to a partnership between Volkswagen Group Rus and GAZ Group . Tolyatti AvtoVAZ , produced 356,602 vehicles in 2015 . GM - AvtoVAZ , produced 34,218 vehicles in 2015 . Izhevsk : IzhAvto ( Nissan ) , produced 72,884 vehicles in 2015 . Naberezhnye Chelny : Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny , produced 10,000 vehicles in 2015 . Yelabuga : Ford Sollers , produced 10,300 vehicles in 2015 . Naberezhnye Chelny : Kamaz truck plant , also produces Mercedes - Benz trucks under a joint venture established in 2010 . Produces Mercedes - Benz Axor , Mercedes - Benz Actros , Mercedes - Benz Unimog . Syzran : JBC truck plant , established in 2014 on the production facilities of the former RosLada plant . Produces JBC SY1041 , JBC SY1060 . Rest of Russia ( edit ) Mazda Sollers plant in Vladivostok Kaliningrad : Avtotor ( Kia , Hyundai , BMW ) , produced 92,200 vehicles in 2015 . Moscow : Renault Russia , produced 73,633 vehicles in 2015 . Vladivostok : Sollers ( Toyota , Mazda ) , produced 31,823 vehicles in 2015 . Cherkessk - Derways ( Lifan , Geely , Great Wall Hover , Chery ) , produced 24,800 cars in 2014 . Argun : ChechenAvto - produced 6,700 cars in 2016 . Yaroslavl , Komatsu Limited established in 2010 , produces rigid dump trucks . Miass , Iveco truck plant ( Iveco AMT , former joint venture Iveco - UralAZ ) established in 1994 . Produces Iveco Trakker , Iveco Stralis . Uzlovaya : Great Wall Motors plant under construction . Esipovo , Moscow Oblast : Mercedes - Benz plant under construction . Lipetsk : Lifan plant under construction . Manufacturers of automobile engines ( edit ) AvtoVAZ , based in Togliatti and established in 1966 . Manufactures gasoline engines for passenger cars under the Lada brand . Cummins Kama , based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 2006 as a joint venture between Cummins and Kamaz . Manufactures diesel engines for trucks under the Kamaz brand . Ford Sollers , engine plant established in 2015 . Kamaz , based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 1969 . Manufactures diesel engines for heavy - duty trucks and large buses under the brands KAMAZ , NefAZ , and also for the BTR - 80 . Tutaev Motor Plant ( TMZ ) , based in Tutaev and established in 1969 . Manufactures diesel engines for heavy trucks under the brands MZKT ( MZKT - 742910 ) , BAZ . Ulyanovsk Motor Plant ( UMZ ) , based in Ulyanovsk and established in 1944 , part of the GAZ Group . Manufactures gasoline and gasoline - gas engines for light commercial vehicles and SUVs under the brands GAZ ( GAZ Gazelle , GAZ Sobol ) , UAZ ( UAZ - 3151 military performance ) . Volkswagen Group Rus , plant in Kaluga producing 1.6 MPI engines . Yaroslavl Motor Plant ( YaMZ ) , based in Yaroslavl and established in 1916 ( as Autoworks ) , 1958 ( conversion to the production of engines ) , part of the GAZ Group . Manufactures diesel engines for trucks , small buses , large buses , armored vehicles , armored personnel carriers under the brands UralAZ , PAZ ( PAZ - 3205 , PAZ - 4234 ) , LiAZ ( LiAZ - 5256 ) , BTR - 80 , GAZ Tigr ( AMZ Tigr ) , BAZ , MAZ , KrAZ , MZKT , BelAZ ( younger models with BelAZ - 7540 - 7547 to BelAZ - 7547 ) , MoAZ ( MoAZ - 7505 ) . Zavolzhye Motor Plant ( ZMZ ) , based in Zavolzhye and established in 1958 , owned by UAZ . Manufactures petrol and diesel engines for off - road vehicles , light commercial vehicles and small buses under the brands UAZ , PAZ ( PAZ - 3203 , PAZ - 3204 , PAZ - 3205 ) . ZiL , based in Moscow and established in 1916 . Manufactures gasoline engines for medium trucks under the brands ZiL ( ZiL - 4331 ) . See also ( edit ) List of automobile manufacturers of Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Statistics '' . OICA . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill M. 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Jump up ^ `` Russia gaining the importance in the world car industry '' . Autostat Analytic Agency . 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An overview of the Russian and CIS automotive industry '' ( PDF ) . EY . Archived from the original on 28 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia may ban import of cars if West applies new sanctions : paper '' . Reuters. 18 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2015 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapoza , Kenneth . `` Russia 's Incredibly Shrinking Auto Industry '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Парк легковых автомобилей в России к началу 2016 года вырос умеренно , но 40 - миллионный барьер взял '' . Автостат ИНФО . Archived from the original on 25 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brand structure of passenger car parc on 01.01. 2011 '' . Autostat.ru . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emerging Trends and Future Prospects in Russian Automotive Industry '' . Growth Consulting . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russians still dislike diesel '' . eng.autostat.ru . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics '' . NGV Global Knowledgebase . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Этилированный бензин могут запретить '' . РИА Новости ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Самые популярные автомобили в России за 10 месяцев 2009 года '' . NEWSru.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAZ Group Annual Report 2009 '' . GAZ Group . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Московский международный автомобильный салон '' . РИА Новости ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Renault says Avtoframos ' 10 output up 70 % to 87,600 vehicles '' . RIA Novosti. 25 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Full Year 2016 : Hyundai Solaris ends 45 years of Lada domination '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Archived from the original on 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KAMAZ in January '' . KaMAZ . January 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Marussia Motors has launched its Moscow plant and started the official sales of its cars Archived 25 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Marussia Motors website ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Russian buys ' significant ' stake in Virgin '' . TheF1Times.com . Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Formula One . `` Marussia ceases trading and makes all 200 staff redundant '' . Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Andrew E. ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` Russian Billionaire Backs New Hybrid Car '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 10 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Popova , Nadia ( 14 December 2010 ) . `` Russian Billionaire Ventures Into Hybrid Cars '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ 08.04. 2014 . `` One of Russia 's wealthiest men sells Yo - Mobile project for 1 euro - PravdaReport '' . English.pravda.ru . Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ INFOGRAPHICS AvtoVAZ ecosystem in Russia , May 2013 Archived 3 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` From Lada the Car to Winnie the Pooh '' . Russia Today . 16 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Putin 's Lada Kalina Sport Image galleries RIA Novosti Archived 8 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... En.rian.ru . Retrieved on 23 February 2011 . 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Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan celebrates the 10th anniversary of St Petersburg plant with the launch of the new Nissan Murano '' . Global Newsroom . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Опубликована статистика производства автомобилей в России в 2015 году '' ( in Russian ) . Wroom.ru . Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Petersburg Toyota plant has increased production by 19 % in 2016 '' . Rusautonews. 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kostyakova , Elena ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Toyota запустила огромный завод в Питере '' ( Toyota has launched a huge plant in St. Petersburg ) . autonews.ru ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jeff ; Stoll , John D. ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` GM to Close Russian Assembly Plant '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . 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Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese automaker Lifan to begin plant construction in Lipetsk on July 16 '' . Russia & India Report . 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ford opens $275 million engine plant in Russia '' . Reuters. 3 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 000 engines produced at the VW engine plant in Kaluga '' . Rusautonews. 23 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile manufacturers of Russia . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobiles of the Russian Federation . 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what is the most popular car in russia

The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016 . Lada cars accounted for 34.6 % of the total , down from 41.6 % five years earlier . Almost half of those cars were over ten years old , and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva .

Lovey Howell - wikipedia Lovey Howell Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Lovey '' Howell Gilligan 's Island character First appearance `` Marooned '' Gilligan 's Island ( pilot , 1963 ) Last appearance `` Gilligan 's Army '' Gilligan 's Planet ( 1982 ) Created by Sherwood Schwartz Portrayed by Natalie Schafer Information Gender Female Occupation Socialite Spouse ( s ) Thurston Howell III `` Lovey '' Howell ( née Wentworth ) , referred to as `` Mrs. Howell '' by characters other than her husband , is a fictional character from the 1964 to 1967 television show Gilligan 's Island . Played by Natalie Schafer , the character was a rich , spoiled socialite , married to Thurston Howell III . Character summary ( edit ) While Mr. Howell always called her `` Lovey '' , the other castaways always called her `` Mrs. Howell '' . There are only two times someone besides Thurston calls her Lovey : in the pilot , when the radio is announcing the missing people , the announcer says `` Thurston Howell III and his wife , international hostess Lovey Howell '' ; and in the episode in which Gilligan thinks he wins the lottery and invites all the people into the Howells ' club , The Professor greets Mr. and Mrs. Howell as Thurston and Lovey . In episode 31 of season 2 , `` Mr. and Mrs. ? ? ? '' , in which the Howells were having marital problems , she mentioned her maiden name was Wentworth . Her actual first name was never mentioned in the series itself or its unaired pilot episode . Not much information was revealed about her life before being marooned with her fellow castaways , but she introduced herself in episode 6 of season 2 ( `` Quick Before It Sinks '' ) as `` Mrs. Thurston Howell III , from New York , Palm Beach and of course , Paris , mon cher . '' She also mentions in episode 17 of season 2 : `` You 've Been Disconnected '' that she spoke fluent French and Italian , hinting at a classical education . In episode 9 of season 3 ( `` Ring Around Gilligan '' ) , Mr. Howell mentions her having studied at Vassar , saying `` Mommy warned me about you Vassar girls and your long gym classes '' . During episode 4 of season 2 : `` Smile , You 're on Mars Camera '' Thurston Howell indicates that Lovey , or at least her family , had money of their own ; Mr. Howell describes her as being an heiress who is `` loaded '' . It is also revealed that Mrs. Howell 's father gave them an oil company ( apparently dry ) in `` Dustbowl , Oklahoma '' as a wedding gift , which she claims he thought was a football stadium ( episode 13 of season 1 : `` Three Million Dollars More or Less '' ) . Lovey claimed she was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) ( episode 30 of season 2 , `` ' V ' for Vitamins '' ) , to have been presented at the Court of St. James and to have been selected the `` Queen of the Prune - Bowl Parade '' ( episode 30 of season 3 , `` Gilligan , the Goddess '' ) . Although spoiled and preoccupied with social status , Mrs. Howell was also kind and genuinely cared about the well - being of her fellow castaways . She frequently served as something of a mother figure to the two younger female castaways , Ginger Grant and Mary Ann Summers , offering advice ( though she sometimes also displays jealousy toward the two younger women ) . One of the Island `` Visitors '' she ca n't stand is socialite Erika - Tiffany Smith ( played by Zsa Zsa Gabor ) because her name appears before the Howells in the `` Social Register '' . She also claims to be close friends with `` Grace and Prince Rainier '' on several episodes . Several times she acted as a motherly figure to Gilligan , such as psychoanalyzing him , adopting him , and praising him for his accomplishments when no one else did . She often plotted with her husband several times to steal / access / manipulate things from the other survivors . She once tried to get Gilligan and Mary Ann to wed , kept a gold mine secret from the rest of the group , divulged secrets about stolen jewelry from a parrot , schemed to convince a burnt out artist to leave the island and got through to an uncivilized jungle boy played by Kurt Russell . It was once quoted by Thurston Howell himself that their brilliance together was exceeded only by their greed . They had also proven to have a house in each state and several staffs of servants , including an upstairs maid , a downstairs maid and a butler who served him breakfast in bed . Thurston once quoted that the neighborhood of one million dollars apiece was considered a slum area where they resided . Although the Howells were portrayed as childless in the original series , their son Thurston Howell IV ( portrayed by David Ruprecht ) was introduced in the reunion movie The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island . Gilligan 's Island Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Characters Gilligan The Skipper The Professor Ginger Grant Mary Ann Summers Thurston Howell III Lovey Howell Spin - offs The New Adventures of Gilligan Rescue from Gilligan 's Island The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Planet Surviving Gilligan 's Island Related Episodes S.S. Minnow The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island pinball machine The Real Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Wake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lovey_Howell&oldid=789866840 '' Categories : Fictional socialites Gilligan 's Island characters Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional characters introduced in 1964 Female characters in television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what was mrs howell's first name on gilligan's island

`` Lovey '' Howell ( née Wentworth ) , referred to as `` Mrs. Howell '' by characters other than her husband , is a fictional character from the 1964 to 1967 television show Gilligan 's Island . Played by Natalie Schafer , the character was a rich , spoiled socialite , married to Thurston Howell III .

Curling - wikipedia Curling Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sport . For other uses , see Curling ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Curling Curling games taking place during the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier Highest governing body World Curling Federation Nicknames Chess On Ice , The Roaring Game First played Approximately late medieval Scotland Registered players est . 1,500,000 Characteristics Contact No Team members 4 or 3 per team ( 2 in mixed doubles ) Mixed gender Yes ; see mixed curling Type Precision and accuracy Equipment Curling brooms , stones ( rocks ) , curling shoes Venue Curling sheet Glossary Glossary of curling Presence Olympic First event in 1924 ( retroactively made official in 2006 ) . Demonstration sport in 1932 , 1988 and 1992 . Officially added in 1998 . Paralympic Wheelchair curling officially added in 2006 . Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles . It is related to bowls , boules and shuffleboard . Two teams , each with four players , take turns sliding heavy , polished granite stones , also called rocks , across the ice curling sheet towards the house , a circular target marked on the ice . Each team has eight stones , with each player throwing two . The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game ; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end , which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones . A game usually consists of eight or ten ends . The curler can induce a curved path by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides , and the path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms who accompany it as it slides down the sheet , using the brooms to alter the state of the ice in front of the stone . Sweeping a rock makes it curl less , and decreases the friction that slows the rock down . A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation , and the skills of the curlers determine the degree to which the stone will achieve the desired result . This gives curling its nickname of `` chess on ice '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Olympic curling 2 Equipment 2.1 Curling sheet 2.2 Curling stone 2.3 Curling broom 2.4 Shoes 2.5 Other equipment 3 Gameplay 3.1 Delivery 3.2 Sweeping 3.3 Burning a stone 3.4 Types of shots 3.5 Free guard zone 3.6 Hammer 3.7 Strategy 3.8 Conceding a game 3.9 Dispute resolution 4 Scoring 5 Curling culture 5.1 Good sportsmanship 5.2 Accessibility in curling 6 Terminology 7 Champions and major championships 8 Notable curling clubs 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Detail from a reproduction of Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap ( Bruegel , 1565 ) Evidence that curling existed in Scotland in the early 16th century includes a curling stone inscribed with the date 1511 uncovered ( along with another bearing the date 1551 ) when an old pond was drained at Dunblane , Scotland . The world 's oldest curling stone and the world 's oldest football are now kept in the same museum ( the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum ) in Stirling . The first written reference to a contest using stones on ice coming from the records of Paisley Abbey , Renfrewshire , in February 1541 . Two paintings , `` Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap '' and `` The Hunters in the Snow '' ( both dated 1565 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Flemish peasants curling , albeit without brooms ; Scotland and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period , which is also evident in the history of golf . A curling match at Eglinton Castle , Ayrshire , Scotland in 1860 . The curling house is located to the left of the picture . The word curling first appears in print in 1620 in Perth , Scotland , in the preface and the verses of a poem by Henry Adamson . The sport was ( and still is , in Scotland and Scottish - settled regions like southern New Zealand ) also known as `` the roaring game '' because of the sound the stones make while traveling over the pebble ( droplets of water applied to the playing surface ) . The verbal noun curling is formed from the Scots ( and English ) verb curl , which describes the motion of the stone . Group of people curling on a lake in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , Canada , c. 1897 Kilsyth Curling Club claims to be the first club in the world , having been formally constituted in 1716 ; it is still in existence today . Kilsyth also claims the oldest purpose - built curling pond in the world at Colzium , in the form of a low dam creating a shallow pool some 100 by 250 metres ( 330 by 820 ft ) in size . The International Olympic Committee recognises the Royal Caledonian Curling Club ( founded as the Grand Caledonian Curling Club in 1838 ) as developing the first official rules for the sport . Men curling in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 1909 In the early history of curling , the playing stones were simply flat - bottomed stones from rivers or fields , which lacked a handle and were of inconsistent size , shape and smoothness . Some early stones had holes for a finger and the thumb , akin to ten - pin bowling balls . Unlike today , the thrower had little control over the ' curl ' or velocity and relied more on luck than on precision , skill and strategy . The sport was often played on frozen rivers although purpose - built ponds were later created in many Scottish towns . For example , the Scottish poet David Gray describes whisky drinking curlers on the Luggie Water at Kirkintilloch . Curling on Lake of Menteith from 2010 . The last official Grand Match was held here in 1979 . In Darvel , East Ayrshire , the weavers relaxed by playing curling matches using the heavy stone weights from the looms ' warp beams , fitted with a detachable handle for the purpose . Many a wife would keep her husband 's brass curling stone handle on the mantelpiece , brightly polished until the next time it was needed . Central Canadian curlers often used ' irons ' rather than stones until the early 1900s ; Canada is the only country known to have done so , while others experimented with wood or ice - filled tins . Outdoor curling was very popular in Scotland between the 16th and 19th centuries because the climate provided good ice conditions every winter . Scotland is home to the international governing body for curling , the World Curling Federation in Perth , which originated as a committee of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club , the mother club of curling . Today , the sport is most firmly established in Canada , having been taken there by Scottish emigrants . The Royal Montreal Curling Club , the oldest established sports club still active in North America , was established in 1807 . The first curling club in the United States was established in 1830 , and the sport was introduced to Switzerland and Sweden before the end of the 19th century , also by Scots . Today , curling is played all over Europe and has spread to Brazil , Japan , Australia , New Zealand , China , and Korea . The first world championship for curling was limited to men and was known as the Scotch Cup , held in Falkirk and Edinburgh , Scotland , in 1959 . The first world title was won by the Canadian team from Regina , Saskatchewan , skipped by Ernie Richardson . ( The skip is the team member who calls the shots ; see below . ) Curling was one of the first sports that was popular with women and girls . Olympic curling ( edit ) Curling at Youth Olympic Games 2012 Main article : Curling at the Winter Olympics Curling pictogram Curling has been a medal sport in the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics . It currently includes men 's , women 's and mixed doubles tournaments ( the mixed tournament was held for the first time in 2018 ) . In February 2002 , the International Olympic Committee retroactively decided that the curling competition from the 1924 Winter Olympics ( originally called Semaine des Sports d'Hiver , or International Winter Sports Week ) would be considered official Olympic events and no longer be considered demonstration events . Thus , the first Olympic medals in curling , which at the time was played outdoors , were awarded for the 1924 Winter Games , with the gold medal won by Great Britain and Ireland , two silver medals by Sweden , and the bronze by France . A demonstration tournament was also held during the 1932 Winter Olympic Games between four teams from Canada and four teams from the United States , with Canada winning 12 games to 4 . Since the 1998 Olympics , Canada has dominated the sport with their men 's teams winning gold in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 , and silver in 1998 and 2002 . The women 's team won gold in 1998 and 2014 , a silver in 2010 , and a bronze in 2002 and 2006 . The mixed doubles team won gold in 2018 . Equipment ( edit ) The playing area in curling is shown here . Stones must land between the hog line ( bottom of photo ) and the back line ( behind the rings ) and may not contact boards or out lines ( on the sides ) at any time during travel . Curling sheet ( edit ) The playing surface or curling sheet is defined by the World Curling Federation Rules of Curling . It is a rectangular area of ice , carefully prepared to be as flat and level as possible , 146 to 150 feet ( 45 to 46 m ) in length by 14.5 to 16.5 feet ( 4.4 to 5.0 m ) in width . The shorter borders of the sheet are called the backboards . Because of the elongated shape , several sheets may be laid out side by side in the same arena , allowing multiple games to be played simultaneously . A target , the house , is centred on the intersection of the centre line , drawn lengthwise down the centre of the sheet and the tee line , drawn 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . These lines divide the house into quarters . The house consists of a centre circle ( the button ) and three concentric rings , of diameters 4 , 8 and 12 feet , formed by painting or laying coloured vinyl sheet under the ice and are usually distinguished by colour . A stone must at least touch the outer ring in order to score ( see Scoring below ) ; otherwise the rings are merely a visual aid for aiming and judging which stone is closer to the button . Two hog lines are drawn 37 feet ( 11 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . The hacks are fixed 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) behind each button ; a hack gives the thrower something to push against when making the throw . On indoor rinks , there are usually two fixed hacks , rubber - lined holes , one on each side of the centre line , with the inside edge no more than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) from the centre line and the front edge on the hack line . A single moveable hack may also be used . The ice may be natural but is usually frozen by a refrigeration plant pumping a brine solution through numerous pipes fixed lengthwise at the bottom of a shallow pan of water . Most curling clubs have an ice maker whose main job is to care for the ice . At the major curling championships , ice maintenance is extremely important . Large events , such as the Brier or other national / international championships , are typically held in an arena that presents a challenge to the ice maker , who must constantly monitor and adjust the ice and air temperatures as well as air humidity levels to ensure a consistent playing surface . It is common for each sheet of ice to have multiple sensors embedded in order to monitor surface temperature , as well as probes set up in the seating area ( to monitor humidity ) and in the compressor room ( to monitor brine supply and return temperatures ) . The surface of the ice is maintained at a temperature of around 23 ° F ( − 5 ° C ) . A key part of the preparation of the playing surface is the spraying of water droplets onto the ice , which form pebble on freezing . The pebbled ice surface resembles an orange peel , and the stone moves on top of the pebbled ice . As the stone moves over the pebble , any rotation of the stone causes it to curl to the inside or outside . The amount of curl ( commonly referred to as the feet of curl ) can change during a game as the pebble wears ; the ice maker must monitor this and be prepared to scrape and re-pebble the surface prior to each game . A curling sheet , with dimensions in feet ( 1 ' = 1 ft = 0.3 m ) . CL : Centreline HOL : Hogline TL : Teeline BL : Backline HA : Hackline with Hacks FGZ : Free Guard Zone Curling stone ( edit ) The curling stone ( also sometimes called a rock in North America ) is made of granite and is specified by the World Curling Federation , which requires a weight between 38 and 44 pounds ( 17.24 and 19.96 kg ) , a maximum circumference of 36 inches ( 914.4 mm ) and a minimum height of 4.5 inches ( 114.3 mm ) . The only part of the stone in contact with the ice is the running surface , a narrow , flat annulus or ring , 0.25 to 0.50 inches ( 6.4 to 12.7 mm ) wide and about 5 inches ( 130 mm ) in diameter ; the sides of the stone bulge convex down to the ring and the inside of the ring is hollowed concave to clear the ice . This concave bottom was first proposed by J.S. Russell of Toronto , Ontario , Canada sometime after 1870 , and was subsequently adopted by Scottish stone manufacturer Andrew Kay . The curling stone or rock is made of granite An old - style curling stone The granite for the stones comes from two sources : Ailsa Craig , an island off the Ayrshire coast of Scotland , and the Trefor Granite Quarry in Wales . Ailsa Craig is the traditional source and produces two types of granite , Blue Hone and Ailsa Craig Common Green . Blue Hone has very low water absorption , which prevents the action of repeatedly freezing water from eroding the stone . Ailsa Craig Common Green is a lesser quality granite than Blue Hone . In the past , most curling stones were made from Blue Hone but the island is now a wildlife reserve and the quarry is restricted by environmental conditions that exclude blasting . Kays of Scotland has been making curling stones in Mauchline , Ayrshire , since 1851 and has the exclusive rights to the Ailsa Craig granite , granted by the Marquess of Ailsa , whose family has owned the island since 1560 . According to the 1881 Census , Andrew Kay employed 30 people in his curling stone factory in Mauchline . The last harvest of Ailsa Craig granite by Kays took place in 2013 , after a hiatus of 11 years ; 2,000 tons were harvested , sufficient to fill anticipated orders through at least 2020 . Kays have been involved in providing curling stones for the Winter Olympics since Chamonix in 1924 and has been the exclusive manufacturer of curling stones for the Olympics since the 2006 Winter Olympics . Trefor granite comes from the Yr Eifl or Trefor Granite Quarry in the village of Trefor on the north coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd , Wales and has produced granite since 1850 . Trefor granite comes in shades of pink , blue and grey . The quarry supplies curling stone granite exclusively to the Canadian , Canada Curling Stone Co. , which has been producing stones since 1992 and supplied the stones for the 2002 Winter Olympics . A handle is attached by a bolt running vertically through a hole in the centre of the stone . The handle allows the stone to be gripped and rotated upon release ; on properly prepared ice the rotation will bend ( curl ) the path of the stone in the direction in which the front edge of the stone is turning , especially as the stone slows . Handles are coloured to identify each team , two popular colours in major tournaments being red and yellow . In competition , an electronic handle known as the eye on the hog may be fitted to detect hog line violations . This electronically detects whether the thrower 's hand is in contact with the handle as it passes the hog line and indicates a violation by lights at the base of the handle . The eye on the hog eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials . It is mandatory in high - level national and international competition , but its cost , around US $ 650 each , currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling . Curling broom ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Curling broom The curling broom , or brush , is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone ( see sweeping ) and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone . Prior to the 1950s , most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the day . In 1958 , Fern Marchessault of Montreal inverted the corn straw in the centre of the broom . This style of corn broom was referred to as the Blackjack . Artificial brooms made from man - made fabrics rather than corn , such as the Rink Rat , also became common later during this time period . Prior to the late sixties , Scottish curling brushes were used primarily by some of the Scots , as well as by recreational and elderly curlers , as a substitute for corn brooms , since the technique was easier to learn . In the late sixties , competitive curlers from Calgary , Alberta , such as John Mayer , Bruce Stewart , and , later , the world junior championship teams skipped by Paul Gowsell , proved that the curling brush could be just as ( or more ) effective without all the blisters common to corn broom use . During that time period , there was much debate in competitive curling circles as to which sweeping device was more effective : brush or broom . Eventually , the brush won out with the majority of curlers making the switch to the less costly and more efficient brush . Today , brushes have replaced traditional corn brooms at every level of curling ; it is rare now to see a curler using a corn broom on a regular basis . Curling brushes may have fabric , hog hair , or horsehair heads . Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel . These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles , allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex . New , `` directional fabric '' brooms , which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required , have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage . The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015 -- 2016 season . The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes . Shoes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Curling shoes , showing a slider sole Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles ; the slider shoe ( usually known as a `` slider '' ) is designed for the sliding foot and the `` gripper shoe '' ( usually known as a gripper ) for the hack foot . The slider is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole . It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the skip to glide down the ice when sweeping or otherwise traveling down the sheet quickly . Stainless steel was once common for slider soles , and `` red brick '' sliders with lateral blocks of PVC on the sole are also available . Most shoes have a full - sole sliding surface , but some shoes have a sliding surface covering only the outline of the shoe and other enhancements with the full - sole slider . Some shoes have small disc sliders covering the front and heel portions or only the front portion of the foot , which allow more flexibility in the sliding foot for curlers playing with tuck deliveries . When a player is not throwing , the player 's slider shoe can be temporarily rendered non-slippery by using a slip - on gripper . Ordinary athletic shoes may be converted to sliders by using a step - on or slip - on Teflon slider or by applying electrical or gaffer tape directly to the sole or over a piece of cardboard . This arrangement often suits casual or beginning players . The gripper is worn by the thrower on the hack foot during delivery and is designed to grip the ice . It may have a normal athletic shoe sole or a special layer of rubbery material applied to the sole of a thickness to match the sliding shoe . The toe of the hack foot shoe may also have a rubberised coating on the top surface or a flap that hangs over the toe to reduce wear on the top of the shoe as it drags on the ice behind the thrower . Other equipment ( edit ) Other types of equipment include : Curling pants , made to be stretchy to accommodate the curling delivery . A stopwatch to time the stones over a fixed distance to calculate their speed . Stopwatches can be attached either to clothing or the broom . Curling gloves and mittens , to keep the hands warm and improve grip on the broom . Gameplay ( edit ) At the 2006 Winter Olympics , Mark Nichols from Team Canada delivers a stone while his teammates look on , ready to begin sweeping . The curler uses his broom to help keep his balance during delivery . The purpose of a game is to score points by getting stones closer to the house centre , or the `` button '' , than the other team 's stones . Players from either team alternate in taking shots from the far side of the sheet . An end is complete when all eight rocks from each team have been delivered , a total of sixteen stones . If the teams are tied at the end of the game , play continues for as many ends as may be required to break the tie . The winner is the team with the highest score after all ends have been completed ( see Scoring below ) . A game may be conceded if considered unwinnable . International competitive games are generally ten ends , so most of the national championships that send a representative to the World Championships or Olympics also play ten ends . However , there is a movement on the World Curling Tour to make the games only eight ends . Most tournaments on that tour are eight ends , as are the vast majority of recreational games . In international competition , each side is given 73 minutes to complete all of its throws . Each team is also allowed two minute - long timeouts per 10 - end game . If extra ends are required , each team is allowed 10 minutes of playing time to complete its throws and one added 60 - second timeout for each extra end . However , the `` thinking time '' system , in which the delivering team 's game timer stops as soon as the shooter 's rock crosses the t - line during the delivery , is becoming more popular , especially in Canada . This system allows each team 38 minutes per 10 ends , or 30 minutes per 8 ends , to make strategic and tactical decisions , with 4 minutes and 30 seconds an end for extra ends . The `` thinking time '' system was implemented after it was recognized that teams playing aggressively ( using draws and other low - weight shots which take more time for the stones to come to rest ) were essentially being penalized in terms of the time they had available compared to teams which primarily use hits which require far less time per shot . Delivery ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The process of sliding a stone down the sheet is known as the delivery . The skip , or the captain of the team , will usually determine the required weight , turn , and line of the stone . These will be influenced by the tactics at this point in the game , which may involve taking out , blocking or tapping another stone . The weight of the stone is its velocity , which depends on the leg drive of the delivery rather than the arm . The turn or curl is the rotation of the stone , which gives it a curved trajectory . The line is the direction of the throw ignoring the effect of the turn . The skip may communicate the weight , turn , line , and other tactics by calling or tapping a broom on the ice . In the case of a takeout , guard , or a tap , the skip will indicate the stones involved . Before delivery , the running surface of the stone is wiped clean and the path across the ice swept with the broom if necessary , because any dirt on the bottom of a stone or in its path can alter the trajectory and ruin the shot . Intrusion by a foreign object is called a pick - up or pick . Players must push out of the hack to deliver their stones . 95 % of hacks in use around the world are Marco Hacks , which were invented in the 1980s by Marco Ferraro . Outdoor curling on Stormont Loch . The stone is delivered from an iron crampit rather than the hack used indoors The thrower throws from the hack . Another player , usually the skip , is stationed behind the button to determine the tactics , weight , turn , and line , and the other two may sweep in front of the stone to influence the trajectory ( see Sweeping , below ) . The players , with the exception of the skip , take turns throwing and sweeping ; when one player ( e.g. , the lead ) throws , the players not throwing ( the second and third ) sweep . When the skip throws , the third , or vice-skip , takes his role . The thrower 's gripper shoe ( with the non-slippery sole ) is positioned against one of the hacks ; for a right - handed curler the right foot is placed against the left hack and vice versa for a left - hander . The thrower , now in the hack , lines the body up with shoulders square to the skip 's broom at the far end for line . The stone is placed in front of the foot now in the hack . Rising slightly from the hack , the thrower pulls the stone back ( some older curlers may actually raise the stone in this backward movement ) then lunges smoothly out from the hack pushing the stone ahead while the slider foot is moved in front of the gripper foot , which trails behind . The thrust from this lunge determines the weight and hence the distance the stone will travel . While not compulsory , most curlers deliver the stone while sliding out from the hack . Balance may be assisted by a broom held in the free hand with the back of the broom down so that it slides . One older writer suggests the player keep `` a basilisk glance '' at the mark . There are two current types of delivery , the common flat - foot deliver as well as the Manitoba tuck delivery where the curler slides on the front ball of his foot . The stone is released as the thrower approaches the hog line , at which point the turn is imparted by a slight clockwise or counter-clockwise twist of the handle from around the two or ten o'clock position to the twelve o'clock on release . A typical rate of turn is about ​ 2 ⁄ rotations before coming to a rest . The stone must be released before its front edge crosses the near hog line , and it must clear the far hog line or else be removed from play ( hogged ) ; an exception is made if a stone fails to come to rest beyond the far hog line after rebounding from a stone in play just past the hog line . The release rule is rarely enforced in club play unless abuse is suspected . However , in major tournaments it is strictly enforced ; the `` eye on the hog '' sensor in the stone will indicate whether the stone has been legally thrown or not . The lights on the stone handle will either light up green , indicating that the stone has been legally thrown , or red , in which case the illegally thrown stone will be immediately pulled from play instead of waiting for the stone to come to rest . Sweeping ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The skip of Team Sweden joins the front end in sweeping a stone into the house at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver After the stone is delivered , its trajectory is still influenced by the two sweepers under instruction from the skip . Sweeping is done for several reasons : to reduce friction underneath the stone , to decrease the amount of curl , and to clean debris from the stone 's path . The stones curl more as they slow down , so sweeping early in travel tends to increase distance as well as straighten the path , and sweeping after sideways motion is established can increase the sideways distance . When sweeping , pressure and speed of the brush head are key in slightly increasing the layer of moisture that builds up under the stone . One of the basic technical aspects of curling is knowing when to sweep . When the ice in front of the stone is swept , a stone will usually travel both farther and straighter . In some situations , one of the two alterations in path is not desirable . For example , a stone may have too much weight , but require sweeping to prevent curling into a guard . The team must decide which is better : getting by the guard but traveling too far , or hitting the guard . Much of the yelling that goes on during a curling game is the skip calling the line of the shot and the sweepers calling the weight . The skip evaluates the path of the stone and calls to the sweepers to sweep as necessary to maintain the intended track . The sweepers themselves are responsible for judging the weight of the stone , ensuring the length of travel is correct and communicating the weight of the stone back to the skip . Some teams use stopwatch timing , from back line to the nearest hog line as a sweeping aid . Many teams use the Number System to communicate in which of 10 playable zones it is estimated the stone will stop . Usually , the two sweepers will be on opposite sides of the stone 's path , although depending on which side the sweepers ' strengths lie this may not always be the case . Speed and pressure are vital to sweeping . In gripping the broom , one hand should be one third of the way from the top ( non-brush end ) of the handle while the other hand should be one third of the way from the head of the broom . The angle of the broom to the ice should be so that the most force possible can be exerted on the ice . The precise amount of pressure may vary from relatively light brushing ( `` just cleaning '' - to ensure debris will not alter the stone 's path ) to maximum - pressure scrubbing . Sweeping is allowed anywhere on the ice up to the tee line , as long as it is only for one 's own team stones . Once the leading edge of a team stone crosses the tee line only one player may sweep it . Additionally , when a stone crosses the tee line , one player from the other team is allowed to sweep it . This is the only case that a stone may be swept by an opposing team member . In international rules , this player must be the skip ; or if the skip is throwing , then the sweeping player must be the third . Burning a stone ( edit ) Occasionally , players may accidentally touch a stone with their broom or a body part . This is often referred to as burning a stone . Players touching a stone in such a manner are expected to call their own infraction as a matter of good sportsmanship . Touching a stationary stone when no stones are in motion ( there is no delivery in progress ) is not an infraction ( unless the stationary stone is struck in such a manner that its position is altered ) , and is a common way for the skip to indicate a stone that is to be taken out . When a stone is touched when stones are in play , the remedies vary between placing the stones as they end up after the touch , replacing the stones as they would have been if no stone were touched , or removal of the touched stone from play . In non-officiated league play , the skip of the non-offending team has the final say on where the stones are placed after the infraction . Types of shots ( edit ) Two ways to get the end with the last stone , playing a draw Many different types of shots are used to carefully place stones for strategic or tactical reasons ; they fall into three fundamental categories as follows : Guards are thrown in front of the house in the free guard zone , usually to protect the shot - rock ( the stone closest to the button at the time ) or to make the opposing team 's shot difficult . Guard shots include the centre - guard , on the centreline and the corner - guards to the left or right sides of the centre line . See Free Guard Zone below . Draws are thrown only to reach the house . Draw shots include raise and angle - raise , come - around , and freeze shots . Takeouts are intended to remove stones from play and include the peel , hit - and - roll and double shots . For a more complete listing , see Glossary of curling terms . Free guard zone ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Until four stones have been played ( two from each side ) , stones in the free guard zone ( those stones left in the area between the hog and tee lines , excluding the house ) may not be removed by an opponent 's stone ( although they can be moved as long as they are not taken out of play ) . These are known as guard rocks . If the guard rocks are removed , they are placed back in the positions they were before the shot was thrown , and the opponent 's stone is removed from play and can not be replayed . This rule is known as the four - rock rule or the free guard zone rule ( for a while in Canada , a `` three - rock rule '' was in place , but that rule has been replaced by the four - rock rule ) . This rule , a relatively recent addition to curling , was added in response to a strategy of `` peeling '' opponents ' guard stones ( knocking them out of play at an angle that caused the shooter 's stone to also roll out of play , leaving no stones on the ice ) . A team in the lead would often employ this strategy during the game . By knocking all stones out , the opponents could at best score one point ( if they had the hammer ) . Alternatively , the team with the hammer could peel rock after rock , which would blank the end , keeping the last rock advantage for another end . This strategy had developed ( mostly in Canada ) as ice - makers had become skilled at creating a predictable ice surface and the adoption of brushes allowed greater control over the rock . While a sound strategy , this made for an unexciting game . Observers at the time noted that if two teams equally skilled in the peel game faced each other on good ice , the outcome of the game would be predictable from who won the coin flip to have last rock ( or had earned it in the schedule ) at the beginning of the game . The 1990 Brier was considered by many curling fans as boring to watch because of the amount of peeling and the quick adoption of the Free Guard Zone the following year reflected how disliked this aspect of the game had become . The free guard zone was originally called the Modified Moncton Rule and was developed from a suggestion made by Russ Howard for the Moncton 100 cashspiel ( with the richest prize ever awarded at the time in a tournament ) in Moncton , New Brunswick , in January 1990 . `` Howard 's Rule '' ( later known as the Moncton Rule ) , used for the tournament and based on a practice drill his team used , had the first four rocks in play unable to be removed no matter where they were at any time during the end . This method of play was altered by restricting the area in which a stone was protected to the free guard zone only for the first four rocks thrown and adopted as a Four - rock Free Guard Zone for international competition shortly after . Canada kept to the traditional rules until a three - rock Free Guard Zone rule was adopted for the 1993 -- 94 season . After several years of having the three - rock rule used for the Canadian championships and the winners then having to adjust to the four - rock rule in the World Championships , the Canadian Curling Association adopted the now - standard Free Guard Zone in the 2002 -- 2003 season . One strategy that has been developed by curlers in response to the Free Guard Zone ( Kevin Martin from Alberta is one of the best examples ) is the `` tick '' game , where a shot is made attempting to knock ( tick ) the guard to the side , far enough that it is difficult or impossible to use but still remaining in play while the shot itself goes out of play . The effect is functionally identical to peeling the guard but significantly harder , as a shot that hits the guard too hard ( knocking it out of play ) results in its being replaced , while not hitting it hard enough can result in its still being tactically useful for the opposition . There is also a greater chance that the shot will miss the guard entirely because of the greater accuracy required to make the shot . Because of the difficulty of making this type of shot , only the best teams will normally attempt it , and it does not dominate the game the way the peel formerly did . Steve Gould from Manitoba popularized ticks played across the face . These are easier to make because they impart less speed on the object stone , therefore increasing the chance that it remains in play even if a bigger chunk of it is hit . Hammer ( edit ) Last - rock or last - stone advantage in an end is called the hammer . Before the game , teams typically decide who gets the hammer in the first end either by chance ( such as a coin toss ) , by a `` draw - to - the - button '' contest , where a representative of each team shoots to see who gets closer to the centre of the rings , or , particularly in tournament settings like the Winter Olympics , by a comparison of each team 's win - loss record . In all subsequent ends , the hammer belongs to the team that did not score in the preceding end . In the event that neither team scores , the hammer remains with the same team . Naturally , it is easier to score points with the hammer than without ; in tournament play , the team with the hammer generally tries to score two or more points . If only one point is possible , the skip will often try to avoid scoring at all in order to retain the hammer until the next end , when two or more points may lie . This is called a blank end . Scoring without the hammer is commonly referred to as stealing , or a steal , and is much more difficult . Strategy ( edit ) Diagram of the play area in curling , showing the four - foot zone , corner guard , and centre line guard Curling is a game of strategy , tactics and skill . The strategy depends on the team 's skill , the opponent 's skill , the conditions of the ice , the score of the game , how many ends remain and whether the team has last - stone advantage ( the hammer ) . A team may play an end aggressively or defensively . Aggressive playing will put a lot of stones in play by throwing mostly draws ; this makes for an exciting game and is very risky but the reward can be very great . Defensive playing will throw a lot of hits preventing a lot of stones in play ; this tends to be less exciting and less risky . A good drawing team will usually opt to play aggressively , while a good hitting team will opt to play defensively . If a team does not have the hammer in an end , it will opt to try to clog up the four - foot zone in the house to deny the opposing team access to the button . This can be done by throwing `` centre line '' guards in front of the house on the centre line , which can be tapped into the house later or drawn around . If a team has the hammer , they will try to keep this four - foot zone free so that they have access to the button area at all times . A team with the hammer may throw a corner guard as their first stone of an end placed in front of the house but outside the four - foot zone to utilize the free guard zone . Corner guards are key for a team to score two points in an end , because they can either draw around it later or hit and roll behind it , making the opposing team 's shot to remove it more difficult . Ideally , the strategy in an end for a team with the hammer is to score two points or more . Scoring one point is often a wasted opportunity , as they will then lose last - rock advantage for the next end . If a team can not score two points , they will often attempt to `` blank an end '' by removing any leftover opposition rocks and rolling out ; or , if there are no opposition rocks , just throwing the rock through the house so that no team scores any points , and the team with the hammer can try again the next end to score two or more with it . Generally , a team without the hammer would want to either force the team with the hammer to only one point ( so that they can get the hammer back ) or `` steal '' the end by scoring one or more points of their own . Generally , the larger the lead a team will have in a game , the more defensively they should play . By hitting all of the opponent 's stones , it removes opportunities for their getting multiple points , therefore defending the lead . If the leading team is quite comfortable , leaving their own stones in play can also be dangerous . Guards can be drawn around by the other team , and stones in the house can be tapped back ( if they are in front of the tee line ) or frozen onto ( if they are behind the tee line ) . A frozen stone is difficult to remove , because it is `` frozen '' ( in front of and touching ) to the opponents stone . At this point , a team will opt for `` peels '' , meaning that the stones they throw will be to not only hit their opposition stones , but to roll out of play as well . Peels are hits that are thrown with the most amount of power . Conceding a game ( edit ) It is not uncommon at any level for a losing team to terminate the match before all ends are completed if it believes it no longer has a realistic chance of winning . Competitive games end once the losing team has `` run out of rocks '' -- that is , once it has fewer stones in play and available for play than the number of points needed to tie the game . Dispute resolution ( edit ) Measuring which stone is closest to the centre of the house Most decisions about rules are left to the skips , although in official tournaments , decisions may be left to the officials . However , all scoring disputes are handled by the vice skip . No players other than the vice skip from each team should be in the house while score is being determined . In tournament play , the most frequent circumstance in which a decision has to be made by someone other than the vice skip is the failure of the vice skips to agree on which stone is closest to the button . An independent official ( supervisor at Canadian and World championships ) then measures the distances using a specially designed device that pivots at the centre of the button . When no independent officials are available , the vice skips measure the distances . Scoring ( edit ) A typical curling scoreboard used at clubs , which use a method of scoring different from the ones used on television The winner is the team having the highest number of accumulated points at the completion of ten ends . Points are scored at the conclusion of each of these ends as follows : when each team has thrown its eight stones , the team with the stone closest to the button wins that end ; the winning team is then awarded one point for each of its own stones lying closer to the button than the opponent 's closest stone . Only stones that are in the house are considered in the scoring . A stone is in the house if it lies within the 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) zone or any portion of its edge lies over the edge of the ring . Since the bottom of the stone is rounded , a stone just barely in the house will not have any actual contact with the ring , which will pass under the rounded edge of the stone , but it still counts . This type of stone is known as a biter . It may not be obvious to the eye which of two rocks is closer to the button ( centre ) or if a rock is actually biting or not . There are specialized devices to make these determinations , but these can not be brought out until after an end is completed . Therefore , a team may make strategic decisions during an end based on assumptions of rock position that turn out to be incorrect . The score is marked on a scoreboard , of which there are two types ; the baseball type and the club scoreboard . The baseball - style scoreboard was created for televised games for audiences not familiar with the club scoreboard . The ends are marked by columns 1 through 10 ( or 11 for the possibility of an extra end to break ties ) plus an additional column for the total . Below this are two rows , one for each team , containing the team 's score for that end and their total score in the right hand column . The club scoreboard is traditional and used in most curling clubs . Scoring on this board only requires the use of ( up to ) 11 digit cards , whereas with baseball - type scoring an unknown number of multiples of the digits ( especially low digits like 1 ) may be needed . The numbered centre row represents all possible accumulated scores , and the numbers placed in the team rows represent the end in which that team achieved that cumulative score . If the red team scores three points in the first end ( called a three - ender ) , then a 1 ( indicating the first end ) is placed beside the number 3 in the red row . If they score two more in the second end , then a 2 will be placed beside the 5 in the red row , indicating that the red team has five points in total ( 3 + 2 ) . This scoreboard works because only one team can get points in an end . However , some confusion may arise if neither team scores points in an end , this is called a blank end . The blank end numbers are usually listed in the farthest column on the right in the row of the team that has the hammer ( last rock advantage ) , or on a special spot for blank ends . The following example illustrates the difference between the two types . The example illustrates the men 's final at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Baseball - style scoreboard Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada 0 0 6 0 0 x x 10 Finland 0 0 0 0 0 x x Curling club - style scoreboard Canada 6 Points 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Blank ends Finland 5 8 7 Eight points -- all the rocks thrown by one team counting -- is the highest score possible in an end , and is known as an `` eight - ender '' or `` snowman '' . Scoring an eight - ender against a relatively competent team is very difficult ; in curling , it is considered the equivalent of pitching a perfect game in baseball . Probably the best - known snowman came at the 2006 Players ' Championships . Future ( 2007 ) World Champion Kelly Scott scored eight points in one of her games against 1998 World bronze medalist Cathy King . Curling culture ( edit ) The Curlers ( 1835 ) by Sir George Harvey Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park ( 1862 ) by John George Brown Curling at Carsebreck ( 1899 ) by Charles Martin Hardie Competition teams are normally named after the skip , for example , Team Martin after skip Kevin Martin . Amateur league players can ( and do ) creatively name their teams , but when in competition ( a bonspiel ) the official team will have a standard name . Top curling championships are typically played by all - male or all - female teams . It is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women . For many years , in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events , national championships ( of which the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was the most prominent ) were the highest - level mixed curling competitions . However , a European Mixed Curling Championship was inaugurated in 2005 , a World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was established in 2008 , and the European Mixed Championship was replaced with the World Mixed Curling Championship in 2015 . A mixed tournament was held at the Olympic level for the first time in 2018 , although it was a doubles tournament , not a four - person . Curling tournaments may use the Schenkel system for determining the participants in matches . Curling is played in many countries , including Canada , the United Kingdom ( especially Scotland ) , the United States , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , Denmark , Finland and Japan , all of which compete in the world championships . Curling has been depicted by many artists including : George Harvey , John Levack , The Dutch School , Charles Martin Hardie , John Elliot Maguire , John McGhie , and John George Brown . Curling is particularly popular in Canada . Improvements in ice making and changes in the rules to increase scoring and promote complex strategy have increased the already high popularity of the sport in Canada , and large television audiences watch annual curling telecasts , especially the Scotties Tournament of Hearts ( the national championship for women ) , the Tim Hortons Brier ( the national championship for men ) , and the women 's and men 's world championships . Despite the Canadian province of Manitoba 's small population ( ranked 5th of 10 Canadian provinces ) , Manitoban teams have won the Brier more times than teams from any other province . The Tournament of Hearts and the Brier are contested by provincial and territorial champions , and the world championships by national champions . Curling is the provincial sport of Saskatchewan . From there Ernie Richardson and his family team dominated Canadian and international curling during the late 1950s and early 1960s and have been considered to be the best male curlers of all time . Sandra Schmirler led her team to the first ever gold medal in women 's curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics . When she died two years later from cancer , over 15,000 people attended her funeral , and it was broadcast on national television . Good sportsmanship ( edit ) More so than in many other team sports , good sportsmanship , often referred to as the `` Spirit of Curling '' , is an integral part of curling . In the United States there was even a theology of curling . The Spirit of Curling also leads teams to congratulate their opponents for making a good shot , strong sweeping or spectacular form . Perhaps most importantly , the Spirit of Curling dictates that one never cheers mistakes , misses or gaffes by one 's opponent ( unlike most team sports ) and one should not celebrate one 's own good shots during the game beyond modest acknowledgement of the shot such as a head nod , fist bump or thumbs - up gesture . Modest congratulation , however , may be exchanged between winning team members after the match . On - the - ice celebration is usually reserved for the winners of a major tournament after winning the final game of the championship . It is completely unacceptable to attempt to throw opposing players off their game by way of negative comment , distraction or heckling . A match traditionally begins with players shaking hands with and saying `` good curling '' or `` have a pleasant game '' to each member of the opposing team . It is also traditional in some areas for the winning team to buy the losing team a drink after the game . Even at the highest levels of play , players are expected to call their own fouls . It is not uncommon for a team to concede a curling match after it believes it no longer has any hope of winning . Concession is an honourable act and does not carry the stigma associated with quitting , and also allows for more socializing . To concede a match , members of the losing team offer congratulatory handshakes to the winning team . Thanks , wishes of future good luck and hugs are usually exchanged between the teams . To continue playing when a team has no realistic chance of winning can be seen as a breach of etiquette . Accessibility in curling ( edit ) Main article : Wheelchair curling Team China at WWHCC 2009 Curling has been adapted for wheelchair users and people otherwise unable to throw the stone from the hack . These curlers may use a device known as a `` delivery stick '' . The cue holds on to the handle of the stone and is then pushed along by the curler . At the end of delivery , the curler pulls back on the cue , which releases it from the stone . The Canadian Curling Association Rules of Curling allows the use of a delivery stick in club play but does not permit it in championships . The delivery stick was specifically invented for elderly curlers in Canada in 1999 . In early 2016 an international initiative started to allow use of the delivery sticks by players over 60 years of age in World Curling Federation Senior Championships , as well as in any projected Masters ( 60 + ) Championship that develops in the future . Terminology ( edit ) For an extensive glossary of terminology , see Glossary of curling . Terms used to describe the game include : The ice in the game may be fast ( keen ) or slow . If the ice is keen , a rock will travel farther with a given amount of weight ( throwing force ) on it . The speed of the ice is measured in seconds . One such measure , known as `` hog - to - hog '' time , is the speed of the stone and is the time in seconds the rock takes from the moment it crosses the near hog line till it crosses the far hog line . If this number is lower , the rock is moving faster , so again low numbers mean more speed . The ice in a match will be somewhat consistent and thus this measure of speed can also be used to measure how far down the ice the rock will travel . Once it is determined that a rock taking ( for example ) 13 seconds to go from hog line to hog line will stop on the tee line , the curler can know that if the hog - to - hog time is matched by a future stone , that stone will likely stop at approximately the same location . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 16 seconds for guards , 14 seconds for draws , and 8 seconds for peel weight . The back line to hog line speed is used principally by sweepers to get an initial sense of the weight of a stone . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 4.0 seconds for guards , 3.8 seconds for draws , 3.2 for normal hit weight , and 2.9 seconds for peel weight . Especially at the club level , this metric can be misleading , due to amateurs sometimes pushing stones on release , causing the stone to travel faster than the back - to - hog speed . Champions and major championships ( edit ) World Women 's Championship trophy Curling at the Winter Olympics World Curling Championships World Junior Curling Championships World Senior Curling Championships World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship European Curling Championships Continental Cup of Curling Tim Hortons Brier Scotties Tournament of Hearts United States Men 's Curling Championship United States Women 's Curling Championship Canada Cup of Curling European Mixed Curling Championship Notable curling clubs ( edit ) Main article : List of curling clubs Notable curling clubs Bemidji Curling Club -- Bemidji , Minnesota , Home of the 2006 United States Men 's & Women 's Olympic Curling Teams Broomstones Curling Club -- Wayland , Massachusetts Chicago Curling Club -- Chicago , Illinois Dakota Curling Club -- Burnsville , Minnesota -- a leading example of the development of new curling clubs on arena ice in the USA Detroit Curling Club -- Ferndale , Michigan Garrison Golf and Curling Club , Kingston , Ontario Grand National Curling Club -- Organization in the United States covering clubs on the east coast Granite Curling Club -- Winnipeg , Manitoba Granite Curling Club -- Seattle , Washington , the only dedicated curling facility on the west coast of the United States Ice Melters Curling Club -- England Markinch Curling Club -- Fife , Scotland Mayflower Curling Club -- Halifax , Nova Scotia Milwaukee Curling Club -- Mequon , Wisconsin -- The oldest curling club in the U.S. -- Since 1845 Ottawa Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario Potomac Curling Club -- Laurel , Maryland -- Near Washington , D.C Pittsburgh Curling Club -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania -- Established in 2002 Plainfield Curling Club -- South Plainfield , New Jersey Rideau Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario Royal Caledonian Curling Club -- Scotland , the official Mother Club of curling Royal Montreal Curling Club -- Montreal , Quebec , the oldest active athletic club in North America Royal City Curling Club -- New Westminster , British Columbia Saint Paul Curling Club -- St. Paul , Minnesota -- Founded in 1885 . Club with largest active membership in the United States ( over 1000 members ) . Utica Curling Club -- Utica , New York Kilsyth Curling Club -- the first constituted curling club in the world Wausau Curling Club -- Wausau , Wisconsin -- Home of the Tietge Bonspiel , the oldest and largest high school curling bonspiel in the U.S. In popular culture ( edit ) Curling is featured prominently in `` Boy Meets Curl '' , the twelfth episode of the comedy series The Simpsons ' twenty - first season . The episode aired on the Fox network in the United States on 14 February 2010 . Men with Brooms is a 2002 Canadian film that takes a satirical look at curling . A TV adaptation , also titled Men with Brooms , debuted in 2010 on CBC Television . The Corner Gas episode `` Hurry Hard '' involves the townspeople of Dog River competing in a local curling bonspiel for the fictitious `` Clavet Cup '' . The episode also features cameos by Canadian curlers Randy Ferbey and Dave Nedohin . See also ( edit ) Scotland portal Sport portal Olympics portal Glossary of curling Grand Slam of Curling List of curlers United States Curling Association University and college curling Women 's curling Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Curling Makes Gains in U.S. Popularity '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 19 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` Do n't take curling for granite '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chess on ice ' '' . Princeton Allumni Weekly . 28 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chess on ice '' . The Curling News . 22 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . 23 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's oldest curling stone '' . The Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Game '' . Scottish Curling . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Eberlin , Amy . `` The Flemish and the game of ' curling ' '' . Scotland and the Flemish People . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . The History of Curling : And Fifty Years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 79 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Henry . `` The muses threnodie , or , mirthfull mournings , on the death of Master Gall Containing varietie of pleasant poëticall descriptions , morall instructions , historiall narrations , and divine observations , with the most remarkable antiquities of Scotland , especially at Perth By Mr. H. Adamson . '' Jump up ^ `` Curling '' . Olympic Games . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SND '' . Dsl.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 115 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kilsyth Curling History '' . Paperclip.org.uk . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curling : History '' . Olympic Sport History . International Olympic Committee . 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramsay , John ( 1882 ) . An Account of the Game of Curling , with Songs for the Canon - Mills Curling Club . Edinburgh . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society ( in Lodi ) . 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Cairnie , J. ( 1833 ) . Essay on curling , and artificial pond making . Glasgow : W.R. McPhun . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Watson , Thomas ( 1894 ) . Kirkintilloch , town and parish . Glasgow : J. Smith . p. 312 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Henry Glassford ( 1874 ) . The Poetical Works of David Gray . J. Maclehose . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Schorstein , Jon ( director ) . `` The Grand Match '' . Moving Image Archive . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nate Baker ( ed . ) . The Book of Old Darvel and Some of its Famous Sons . Darvel : Walker & Connell . pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Doug Maxwell . Canada Curls - An Illustrated History of Curling in Canada . Whitecap Books . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Montreal Curling Club '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WCF rankings '' . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Scott ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` A brief curling club history '' . Arnprior Chronicle - Guide . Ontario . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed Doubles curling confirmed for PyeongChang 2018 Olympics '' . World Curling Federation . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lattimer , George M. , ed. ( 1932 ) . `` III Winter Olympic Games , Lake Placid 1932 , Official Report '' ( PDF ) . pp. 255 -- 258 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians Win At Curling : Beat United States , 12 Games to 3 , in Exhibition Series and after all olympic matches they have a giant ice orgy with all the countries ! '' . The New York Times . 6 February 1932 . Sports , p. 20 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rules of Curling and Rules of Competition '' . World Curling Federation . June 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` Curlers Are Finicky When It Comes to Their Olympic Ice '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA - Today : Curlers Play Nice and Leave No Stone Unturned '' ( Press release ) . Twin Cities Curling Association . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smooth operators : They make Olympic ice nice '' . Today in Vancouver . MSNBC. 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Curling / Stones '' . Anchorage Curling Club . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1881 Census entry for Haugh , Mauchline , Ayrshire GRO Ref Volume 604 EnumDist 1 Page 3 '' . Scotland 's People . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Kays of Scotland . Archived from the original on 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mauchline , 9 Barskimming Road , Kay 's Curling Stone Factory '' . Canmore . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh Stone Forum newsletter '' ( PDF ) . October 2004 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Curling '' . Canadian Curling Association . 18 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top curling teams say they wo n't use high - tech brooms '' . CBC News . 16 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curling Canada bans broom heads with ' directional fabric ' '' . Ctvnews.ca . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ouellette , Jennifer ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Here 's the Physics Behind the ' Broomgate ' Controversy Rocking the Sport of Curling '' . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curling Shoes : Choosing a Slider '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curling Explained to non Curlers by Cameron Scott '' . Sporting Life 360 . 14 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eight is Great ! Asham World Curling Tour Events , Including Grand Slams , move to Eight - End Format '' . World Curling Tour . World Curling Tour . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' . Canadian Curling Association . October 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ DeSaulniers , Darren ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Ferraro 's hack innovation remains curling standard '' . Ottawa Citizen . Pressreader.com . p . B5 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bannerman , Gordon ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` Curling : Stormont Loch hosts outdoor bonspiel '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Syers , Edgar and Madge ( 1908 ) . The book of winter sports . London : Edward Arnold . p. 29 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 402 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Wiecek ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` Team of ' tuckers ' '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Why Curlers Sweep the Ice `` '' . Business Insider. 14 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Curling Association . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 7 Basic Strategy '' . The Curling Manual . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting Percentages '' . CurlingZone . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Curling 8 Ender '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Levack , John . `` The Curlers at Rawyards '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch School '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Charles Martin . `` Curling at Carsebreck '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Maguire , John Elliot . `` Curling Stone Workshop '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McGhie , John . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park '' . The Museum of Fine Arts , Houston . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of the World : The Curling Richardsons '' . CBC Television . 13 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , S. B ( 1898 ) . Curler 's sermons : preached before the Grand National Curling Club . New York : Bonnell , Silver & Co . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit of Curling '' . RCMP Curling Club , Ottawa . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Patricia ( March -- April 2009 ) . `` How one woman fell in love with curling '' . Best Health . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 4 - Using a Throwing Device '' . The Curling School . Curltech . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ World Masters Curling World Masters Curling Archived 10 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Catch the fanfare of Fox February '' . The Futon Critic. 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Men With Brooms IMDB Entry '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Glennon , Morgan ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Men With Brooms : Requiem for an Obscure Canadian Sitcom '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Mott , Morris ; Allardyce , John ( 1989 ) . Curling Capital Winnipeg and the Roarin ' Game , 1876 to 1988 . Winnipeg : University of Manitoba Press . ISBN 0 - 88755 - 145 - 9 . Richard , Pierre ( 2006 ) . Une Histoire Sociale du Curling au Québec , de 1807 à 1980 ( in French ) . Trois - Rivières : Université du Québec . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curling . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Curling . World Curling Federation CBC Digital Archives -- Curling : Sweeping the Nation Bonspiel ! The History of Curling in Canada at Library and Archives Canada curling stones , Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage . The Game Of The Magic Broom , March 1944 one of the first magazine articles to introduce the game of curling to the American public The Canadian Curler 's Manual transcription of 1840 text Sportlistings.com - World Curling Federation Directory listing Team sports Sport Governing bodies Sportspeople National sport Basket sports Basketball beach deaf 3x3 water wheelchair Cestoball Korfball Netball Fast5 indoor wheelchair Rezball Ringball Slamball Football codes Association football amputee beach freestyle Futsal indoor Jorkyball paralympic powerchair roller street walking Australian rules football AFLX Lightning football Metro footy Nine - a-side Rec footy Gaelic football Ladies ' Circle rules football Gridiron codes American football eight - man flag nine - man six - man sprint touch wheelchair Canadian football Indoor American football Arena football Hybrid codes Austus Eton wall game International rules football Samoa rules Speedball Swedish football Universal football Volata Medieval football codes Ba game Caid Calcio fiorentino Camping Cnapan Cornish hurling Cuju Harpastum Kemari Ki - 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when is the other team allowed to sweep in curling

Sweeping is allowed anywhere on the ice up to the tee line , as long as it is only for one 's own team stones . Once the leading edge of a team stone crosses the tee line only one player may sweep it . Additionally , when a stone crosses the tee line , one player from the other team is allowed to sweep it . This is the only case that a stone may be swept by an opposing team member . In international rules , this player must be the skip ; or if the skip is throwing , then the sweeping player must be the third .

Anne with an E - wikipedia Anne with an E Anne with an E Also known as Anne Genre Drama Created by Moira Walley - Beckett Based on Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery Screenplay by Moira Walley - Beckett Starring Amybeth McNulty Geraldine James R.H. Thomson Lucas Jade Zumann Dalila Bela Corrine Koslo Aymeric Jett Montaz Opening theme `` Ahead by a Century '' by The Tragically Hip Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Elizabeth Bradley Alex Sapot Sally Catto Debra Hayward Alison Owen Miranda de Pencier Moira Walley - Beckett Ken Girotti Producer ( s ) Susan Murdoch John Calvert Cinematography Bobby Shore Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Pelican Ballet Northwood Entertainment Distributor Netflix Release Original network CBC Television Netflix ( worldwide ) Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Anne with an E is a Canadian drama television series based on the 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery , and adapted by Emmy Award - winning writer and producer Moira Walley - Beckett . It airs on CBC Television in Canada , and elsewhere in the world it is available for streaming on Netflix . The first season consists of seven episodes , with Niki Caro directing the 90 - minute season premiere . The series premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC , the first season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . The first season was titled simply Anne in Canada , while Netflix used Anne with an E. CBC adopted the Anne with an E name beginning in the second season . On August 3 , 2017 , both CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode second season , which began production in November 2017 . Season 2 premiered on Netflix on July 6 , 2018 , and on CBC on September 23 , 2018 . In August 2018 , CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode third season to premiere in 2019 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Personnel 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming locations 3.4 Music 4 Themes 5 Broadcast and release 6 Episodes 6.1 Series Overview 6.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) In the late 19th century , brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , both in their old age , decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables , on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea , on Prince Edward Island . When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station , he finds not a boy , but a high - spirited and talkative girl , Anne Shirley . At first , the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back , particularly after Marilla 's brooch goes missing , and Anne , in despair , runs away . The family reconciles and Anne settles in her new home . Upon starting school , Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong , which they often do . Slowly , her ebullient nature wins over those around her . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert R.H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert Dalila Bela as Diana Barry Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian `` Bash '' Lacroix ( season 2 ) Cory Grüter - Andrew as Cole Mackenzie ( season 2 ) Others ( edit ) Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian Lacroix Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie May Barry Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry Wayne Best as John Blythe Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews Lia Pappas - Kemps as Jane Andrews Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane Joanna Douglas as Miss Muriel Stacy Trenna Keating as Mrs. Pye Production ( edit ) The production companies are listed as Northwood Anne , Northwood Entertainment and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ; Netflix is only the distributor . The executive producers are Miranda de Pencier and series creator Moira Walley - Beckett . According to de Pencier , the adaptation of the novel for this television series was intended to provide a different look and feel compared to past productions ; they were aiming for a `` documentary level of realism '' , as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes . Production on Season 3 was planned to start in late 2018 Personnel ( edit ) Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male , women serving as executive producer and showrunner , the series has several female directors . For the second season , showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley - Beckett was joined by a team of women writers . Season 3 will also feature a team of women writers . Casting ( edit ) Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley . Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is `` incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful '' , according to Miranda de Pencier . Walley - Beckett describes her as at once `` luminous , '' transparent , smart , soulful and emotional . Filming locations ( edit ) The series has occasionally filmed on Prince Edward Island but , for budgetary reasons , it has primarily been filmed in Southern Ontario , at a Toronto studio , at outdoor locations in or near Toronto including Black Creek Pioneer Village , in Waterloo Region at locations including Doon Pioneer Village , and in communities such as Millbrook , Pickering , Hamilton , and Caledon . Music ( edit ) The opening theme is the song `` Ahead by a Century '' performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip . Themes ( edit ) Moira Walley - Beckett had this to say about her treatment , which is darker than the previous productions : `` In this day and age , themes of identity , prejudice , bullying , being an outsider , searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant , and those are themes that are built into the story of ' Anne . ' '' She went on to call Anne Shirley an `` accidental feminist '' , and how she `` really wanted to tell this story now . '' For the second season , according to what she called her `` master plan '' , Walley - Beckett introduced an entirely new character of her own , Bash , to reflect the racial diversity present in and around Charlottetown at the time of the novel , with a view to representing a community absent from previous adaptations , achieving this by having Gilbert travel on a steamship and meet with the new character in Trinidad : `` Bash is the vehicle to explore intolerance and inequality , even more when he goes to The Bog , when he learns that other black people live there . '' Walley - Beckett explained : `` The Bog is the community that 's just outside of Charlottetown , where people of color were marginalized and had their own community there . '' The plan for Season 3 was to cover topics such as identity , feminism , bullying and gender parity . Walley - Beckett provided this additional hint : `` Our beloved Anne will be 16 years old when we return to this season full of romantic complications , bold adventures and dramatic discoveries . I will explore important , contemporary themes that I hope will continue to resonate with , and inspire and uplift , our audience . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The series initially premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC and aired on a weekly basis , the season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . The series debuted on Netflix on May 12 , 2017 , under the title Anne With An E. The second and later seasons were retitled to match Netflix 's title by the CBC which had initially used the title Anne . The CBC premier for Season 2 was in late September , after it had been streaming on Netflix for some time . Episodes ( edit ) Series Overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 7 March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 10 July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) `` Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny '' Niki Caro Moira Walley - Beckett March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 0.999 When a miscommunication brings a girl , Anne Shirley , to Green Gables instead of a boy , Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life - changing decision . `` I Am No Bird , and No Net Ensnares Me '' Helen Shaver Moira Walley - Beckett March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 0.780 Hoping all is not lost , Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables . `` But What Is So Headstrong as Youth ? '' Sandra Goldbacher Moira Walley - Beckett April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 0.994 Anne is excited to begin school and make friends , but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she does n't fit in . Marilla too , is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a `` Progressive Mothers '' group . `` An Inward Treasure is Born '' David Evans Moira Walley - Beckett April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 0.654 Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school . But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne 's generous actions help her in her choice . 5 5 `` Tightly Knotted to a Similar String '' Patricia Rozema Moira Walley - Beckett April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) N / A Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period . At the same time , Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne . 6 6 `` Remorse Is the Poison of Life '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.656 When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill , Diana runs to Anne for help . Meanwhile , the Blythe farm sees change , as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news . 7 7 `` Wherever You Are Is My Home '' Amanda Tapping Moira Walley - Beckett April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) N / A The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) 8 `` Youth is the Season of Hope '' Helen Shaver Moira Walley - Beckett July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A The Cuthberts ' boarders stir excitement with a question : Could there be gold in Avonlea ? Elsewhere , Gilbert makes a new friend at sea . 9 `` Signs are Small Measurable Things , but Interpretations are Illimitable '' Paul Fox Shernold Edwards July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A The steamer lands in Trinidad , bringing Bash face to face with his past . The Barrys get behind the gold rush , but Matthew and Marilla are n't so sure . 10 `` The True Seeing is Within '' Ken Girotti Kathryn Borel , Jr . July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A An adventure away with the Barrys teaches Anne to trust her instincts . Marilla begins to suspect that her boarders are n't as innocent as they seem . 11 `` The Painful Eagerness of Unfed Hope '' Anne Wheeler Jane Maggs July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Anne writes letters as an `` agent of romance '' while Diana trains at home to be a lady . A life - changing encounter steers Gilbert toward his destiny . 12 5 `` The Determining Acts of Her Life '' Norma Bailey Amanda Fahey July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A A game of spin the bottle prompts burning questions about love and beauty . Anne and Cole bond over their differences as Gilbert makes his way home . 13 6 `` I Protest Against Any Absolute Conclusion '' Ken Girotti Naledi Jackson July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Anne faces the world with a shocking new look while the town preps for its annual Christmas pantomime . Gilbert and Bash join the Cuthberts for dinner . 14 7 `` Memory Has as Many Moods as The Temper '' Anne Wheeler Jane Maggs July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Cole accompanies the girls to Aunt Josephine 's for a lavish party filled with surprises . Back at home , Marilla 's health takes a worrisome turn . 15 8 `` Struggling Against the Perception of Facts '' Amanda Tapping Shernold Edwards July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A With a wedding on the horizon , Anne wonders what kind of bride she 'd like to be . Marilla sees an oculist , and Bash meets a friendly face in `` The Bog . '' 16 9 `` What We Have Been Makes Us What We Are '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A A brand - new teacher brings unconventional methods -- and a motorbike -- to Avonlea . Gilbert 's plan to speed up his studies leaves Bash feeling lost . 17 10 `` The Growing Good of the World '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Anne rallies her friends to save Miss Stacy in the wake of a disastrous incident . Bash gets an unexpected gift , and Cole makes a surprising choice . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season has achieved a rating of 84 % on Rotten Tomatoes , the site 's critical consensus stating : `` Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish , emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right . '' The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Emily Ashby , writing for Common Sense Media , calls the series an `` exceptional '' and `` spectacular '' interpretation , giving it four out of five stars . Tasha Cerny , contributor for the Tracking Board , praises the cinematography as lush and colourful , the characters vibrant , and the plot `` surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century . I laughed , I cried , and I did n't expect either from a show about a little girl . '' Gwen Inhat of The A.V. Club calls the series `` at once darker and sweeter than the original '' novel , praising the core cast , reserving the highest for the series lead : `` Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that 's less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession . It ca n't be easy to make Anne 's fanciful language sing the way she does , and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with . '' Writing of the 90 - minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star , Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley - Beckett 's departures from the novel , bringing its subtext to the fore : `` Reading between the novel 's lines and adding verisimilitude , she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture . '' Hanh Nguyen , reviewing the series for IndieWire , concurs with this assessment , saying : `` Rather than ruining the series , they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature , basic human decency and having a family to call her own . Montgomery had based much of Anne 's need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood , and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter . '' Jen Chaney , writing for Vulture.com , agrees , saying : `` What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story 's softness , just enough , to create an element of realism that period pieces , Gables - related or not , can be inclined to avoid . '' Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times , commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness , goes so far as to call the adaptation `` richer '' than the source material : `` Ms. McNulty 's Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable ; she 's just not the one - dimensional figure of other adaptations '' . Annie Hirschlag , writing for Mic , suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times ( the 2010s ) : `` Since today 's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes -- characters who are far from perfect , even occasionally villainous -- it makes sense that Anne 's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony . '' Some reviewers were more ambivalent , mainly about Walley - Beckett 's changes to the story . Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz , who reviewed the 90 - minute first episode for Toronto Life , said she enjoyed it more than she expected , particularly the set designs and costumes , as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson , and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material . She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material , and disapproved of the `` manufactured drama , such as Matthew 's wild horse ride '' . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings , but , `` putting the source material aside , it 's a fine show on its own '' , and she conceded that `` inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today 's TV landscape '' . Allison Keene , writing for Collider , agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms , but allows it is `` only a fair adaptation '' of the novel , at its best in the home scenes : `` Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we 've ever seen of Anne of Green Gables . But its desire to reveal more of Anne 's miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery 's story . '' Writing for Variety , critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent , describing the series as on the one hand `` a brilliant adaptation '' which `` succeeds admirably '' , but on the other hand , `` the show ca n't quite sustain the brilliance , veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone '' , contending that `` the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne 's dysfunction '' , presenting `` a slightly soapy view of Anne 's trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others , are rather infantilizing '' . Sarah Larson , writing for The New Yorker , was not at all impressed with changes made to the story , arguing that they alter Anne 's character to the point of non-recognition . While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea , she is not pleased with the execution , saying that the result is part `` the Anne we know and love '' and part `` untrustworthy stranger '' , calling the alteration and addition of scenes a `` betrayal '' of Montgomery 's novel , comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema 's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen 's Mansfield Park . For Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , a central problem with the show is that it `` seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure , she has to butt up against a straw - man - filled patriarchy , '' and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists , most notably the Reverend Allan , who is considered by Anne to be a `` kindred spirit '' in the book : `` Anne with an E seems to think Anne 's triumphs are only noteworthy if she 's continually told she ca n't succeed , when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition . It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when , in fact , the story of her success was feminist in its own right . '' This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes , that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone : `` this series thrives on non-stop tragedy . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katie Rogers . `` Oh , Gilbert ! ' Anne of Green Gables ' Is Coming to Netflix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix rebrands Anne TV series as Anne with an E '' . CBC News . The Canadian Press . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E : Season One Recap '' . Anne with an E. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . August 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` CBC and Netflix renew reimagined Anne of Green Gables '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne ( with an E ) : Season Two Filming Begins for CBC and Netflix Series '' . TV Series Finale . November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anne with an E Season 2 - Official Trailer '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Anne With An E : Season 2 Official Trailer Netflix '' . youtube . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Anne With An E ' Renewed For Third Season By Netflix & CBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne of Green Gables ' Adaptation Finds Its Anne Shirley , Casts 2 Other Roles '' . Deadline . October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation Adds Three To Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maureen McCormick To Guest In ' The Guest Book ' ; Lucas Jade Zumann Joins ' Anne ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bley Griffiths , Eleanor . `` Meet the cast of Anne With an E Season 2 on Netflix '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Company Credits '' . IMDB. 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Nigel ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ai n't your grandmother 's Anne ' : new series gives gritty Green Gables amid glut of Anne adaptations '' . CBC News . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Credits '' . Hollywood Reporter. 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ahearn , Victoria ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` VIDEO : CBC 's ' Anne ' shows darker past of ' accidental feminist ' from Green Gables '' . Chronicle Herald . Canadian Press . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV and Netflix renew Anne series for 2nd season : Episodes will be written by team of female writers '' . CBC News Prince Edward Island . Canadian Press . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Molli ( 20 August 2018 ) . `` ANNE WITH AN E season 3 has been confirmed by Netflix and CBC but when is the new series out ? '' . Express . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Sara ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Behind the scenes on the newest Anne of Green Gables series '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Where is Netflix 's Anne with an E filmed ? How town transforms for the series '' . 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Where CBC 's Anne Of Green Gables Was Filmed in Toronto '' . Torontoist. 26 Feb 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( July 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Anne With an E ' Boss Answers Burning Questions About the Queer Soirée , Season 3 , and More '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get Red - dy ! Netflix 's ' Anne ' Now Has a Release Date '' . EW.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC and Netflix renew reimagined Anne of Green Gables '' . Toronto Star . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 13 , 2017 - March 19 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` LAST SUN o'nites CBC Heartland 859k Anne 780k Story of Us 745k CTV Saving Hope 665k GLO NCIS : LA 1127k SNet NHL Van - Peg 473k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 27 , 2017 - April 2 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` SUN onites SNET NHL TOR - COL 1181k VAN -- EDM 766k TSN CURL 1026k GLO NCISLA 1Mk CBC ANNE 654k STORY US 546k CITY SHOTS 623k CTV SAVE HOPE 548k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` SJN o'nites SNet NHL TOR - WASH Game 6 3467k OTT - BOS 1284k OMNI2 TOR - WASH 121k CTV SAVE HOPE 686K CBC ANNE 656K STORY OF US 450K '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E ( 2017 - ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` Anne with an E '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cerny , Tasha . `` Anne with an E -- Review : `` Episodes 1 - 3 '' `` . www.thetrackingboard.com . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Inhat , Gwen . `` Anne With An E offers a winning , darker take on a familiar tale '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneller , Johanna ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` This Anne of Green Gables hints at miseries : What I 'm Watching '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : A ' Breaking Bad ' Producer Updates ' Anne of Green Gables ' for Our Darker Times '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen . `` Anne of Green Gables Fans , You Will Love Netflix 's Anne With an E '' . Vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Anne With an E ' Is a Rewarding Return to Green Gables '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hirschlag , Annie . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : The Neflix Adpatation Hits the Nostalgia Button and More '' . Mic.com . Mic ( media Company ) . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Saleema ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` We asked an Anne of Green Gables superfan to review the first episode of CBC 's new TV series '' . Toronto Life . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Beidenharn , Isabella ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Anne With an E : EW review Netflix 's new series has a different take on the pleasant Avonlea you may have grown up with '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : Netflix 's Green Gables Adaptation Has Grit '' . Collider . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' Anne With an E , ' Based on the Book ' Anne of Green Gables ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Sarah ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Not to Adapt `` Anne of Green Gables '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Depths of Despair : Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Television in Canada portal Anne on CBC Anne with an E on Netflix Anne with an E on IMDb The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne with an E ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables CBC Television programs Primetime Anne with an E ( 2017 -- ) Back in Time for Dinner ( 2018 - ) Baroness von Sketch Show ( 2016 -- ) Burden of Truth ( 2018 -- ) Canada 's Smartest Person ( 2012 -- ) Caught ( 2018 -- ) CBC Docs POV ( 2015 -- ) CBC Music Backstage Pass ( 2013 -- ) Crawford ( 2018 - ) The Detectives ( 2018 -- ) Dragons ' Den ( 2006 -- ) Exhibitionists ( 2015 -- ) Extraordinary Canadians ( 2017 - ) The Filmmakers ( 2017 - ) Frankie Drake Mysteries ( 2017 -- ) The Great Canadian Baking Show ( 2017 -- ) Ha ! ifax Comedy Fest ( 1995 -- ) Heartland ( 2007 -- ) Hello Goodbye ( 2015 -- ) Hockey Night in Canada ( 1952 -- ) Kim 's Convenience ( 2016 -- ) In the Making ( 2018 - ) Little Dog ( 2018 -- ) Mr. D ( 2012 -- ) Murdoch Mysteries ( 2012 -- ) The Nature of Things ( 1960 -- ) Schitt 's Creek ( 2015 -- ) The Stats of Life ( 2017 ) Still Standing ( 2015 -- ) This Hour Has 22 Minutes ( 1993 -- ) Winnipeg Comedy Festival ( 2002 -- ) Workin ' Moms ( 2017 -- ) CBC Kids The Adventures of Napkin Man ! 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Robert Parish - wikipedia Robert Parish Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the retired NBA player . For the American director - editor - actor , see Robert Parrish . . Robert Parish Parish in 2005 ( 1953 - 08 - 30 ) August 30 , 1953 ( age 64 ) Shreveport , Louisiana Nationality American Listed height 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) Listed weight 230 lb ( 104 kg ) Career information High school Woodlawn ( Shreveport , Louisiana ) College Centenary ( 1972 -- 1976 ) NBA draft 1976 / Round : 1 / Pick : 8th overall Selected by the Golden State Warriors Playing career 1976 -- 1997 Position Center Number 00 Career history 1976 -- 1980 Golden State Warriors 1980 -- 1994 Boston Celtics 1994 -- 1996 Charlotte Hornets 1996 -- 1997 Chicago Bulls Career highlights and awards 4 × NBA champion ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1997 ) 9 × NBA All - Star ( 1981 -- 1987 , 1990 , 1991 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 1982 ) All - NBA Third Team ( 1989 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team No. 00 retired by Boston Celtics Second - team All - American -- AP ( 1976 ) Career statistics Points 23,334 ( 14.5 ppg ) Rebounds 14,715 ( 9.1 rpg ) Blocks 2,361 ( 1.6 bpg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006 Medals ( hide ) Representing United States Men 's basketball Pan American Games 1975 Mexico City Team competition Robert Parish ( born August 30 , 1953 ) is an American retired basketball center . He was known for his strong defense , his high arcing jump shooting , and his clutch rebounding late in games . He was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003 . In 1996 , Parish was also named as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . His nickname was The Chief , after the fictitious Chief Bromden , a silent , giant Native American character in the film One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . According to Parish , former Celtics forward Cedric Maxwell gave him this nickname because of his stoic nature . He played an NBA - record 1,611 regular season games in his career . Contents ( hide ) 1 College career 2 NBA career 2.1 Golden State Warriors 2.2 Boston Celtics 2.3 Charlotte Hornets 2.4 Chicago Bulls 3 Legacy 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Career highs 4.3. 1 Top shot - blocking efforts 4.3. 2 Regular season 4.3. 3 Playoffs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links College career ( edit ) Although Parish had a successful college career at Centenary College of Louisiana from 1972 -- 1976 , he received virtually no notice because of one of the most severe penalties ever levied by the National Collegiate Athletic Association . In 1965 , the NCAA adopted the so - called `` 1.6 rule '' to determine academic eligibility of incoming freshmen . Under its provisions , freshmen academically qualified if their high school grades and standardized test scores predicted a minimum college grade point average of 1.6 on a 4 - point scale . Parish , who led Woodlawn High School in Shreveport to the Louisiana High School Athletic Association Class AAAA state championship in 1972 , took a standardized test that did not fit the NCAA 's formula ; Centenary converted his score to an equivalent that fit the formula , which it had done for 12 other athletes in the previous two years . This was a violation of NCAA regulations ; however , the NCAA had not paid any attention to the school 's actions before Parish 's recruitment . Shortly before Parish was to enroll , the NCAA notified Centenary that he and four other basketball players whose test scores had been converted were ineligible to play there , but said that the school would not be subject to penalty if it rescinded the five scholarships . Centenary argued that the rule did not say that the school could not convert the scores of Parish and the other players , while the NCAA argued that Centenary could not use the test taken by Parish and the other players to establish eligibility . When Centenary refused to pull the scholarships , the NCAA issued one of the most draconian sanctions in its history . The school 's basketball program was put on probation for six years , during which time it was not only barred from postseason play , but its results and statistics were excluded from weekly statistics and its existence was not acknowledged in the NCAA 's annual press guides . Within days of its decision , the NCAA repealed the 1.6 rule -- but refused to make the five players eligible . A few months later , all five , including Parish , sued the NCAA for their eligibility at Centenary , but lost . The decision made Parish a sort of `` invisible man '' who racked up huge statistical totals in virtual obscurity . In his four years at Centenary , the Gents went 87 - 21 and spent 14 weeks in the AP Top 20 poll , mostly during his senior season in 1975 -- 76 . He averaged 21.6 points and 16.9 rebounds per game during his Centenary career . However , although the school recognizes his records , the NCAA to this day does not include Parish in its record books . Between his junior and senior years , Parish played for the US national team at the 1975 Pan American Games . His difficulties with the NCAA indirectly led to his not being recommended for a spot on the team . Centenary paid his way to Salt Lake City to try out ; he made the team , was unanimously elected captain , and led the team to a gold medal . Throughout his time at Centenary , Parish chose not to escape anonymity by either jumping to the National Basketball Association or American Basketball Association ( the latter of which existed until the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 ) , or by transferring to another college , even though the professional ranks offered him potential riches and a transfer would have given him eligibility and far more publicity . At the time , professional scouts did not question his physical skills , but were divided as to whether his decision to stay at Centenary was a show of loyalty or evidence of poor decision - making . For his part , Parish said , `` I did n't transfer because Centenary did nothing wrong . And I have no regrets . None . '' NBA career ( edit ) Golden State Warriors ( edit ) After college , Parish was drafted in the first round of the 1976 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . He had also been drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1973 ABA Special Circumstances draft and by the Spurs in the 1975 ABA draft . Parish signed with the Warriors . The Warriors were NBA champions in 1975 ( two seasons prior to Parish 's rookie campaign ) . However , when Parish joined the Warriors , their decline had begun , and they missed the playoffs completely from 1978 to 1980 . Boston Celtics ( edit ) Robert Parish during his tenure with the Celtics . Heading into the 1980 NBA draft , the Boston Celtics ( who already had small forward Larry Bird ready to start his second NBA season ) held the number one overall pick . In a pre-draft trade , Celtics President Red Auerbach dealt the top pick and an additional first - round pick to the Warriors for Parish and the Warriors ' first - round pick , the third overall . With that pick , the Celtics chose Kevin McHale . The Warriors then selected Joe Barry Carroll with the first pick , whose career eventually was shortened by injuries , and whose perceived laziness earned him the moniker `` Joe Barely Cares . '' The Celtics now had an imposing frontcourt consisting of Bird , Parish , Cedric Maxwell , and McHale . Parish compared his transition from Golden State to Boston in a televised quote where he jokingly said it was like going from an outhouse to a penthouse . Playing 14 years with the Celtics from 1980 to 1994 , Parish won three NBA titles ( 1981 , 1984 and 1986 ) teaming with Bird and power forward McHale . Parish , Bird and McHale came to be known as `` The Big Three , '' and are regarded as one of the greatest frontcourts in NBA history ; all three players were named to the NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team . Charlotte Hornets ( edit ) After leaving the Celtics , Parish played two seasons with the Charlotte Hornets . Chicago Bulls ( edit ) Parish played his final season with the Chicago Bulls in 1996 -- 97 , which led to his fourth NBA title . At 43 , he is the third - oldest player to ever play an NBA game , behind Nat Hickey of the Providence Steamrollers and Kevin Willis of the Dallas Mavericks . As of 2018 , Parish was first on the list of National Basketball Association career games played leaders with 1,611 career games played . As of 2017 , he also remains the oldest player to win an NBA championship . Legacy ( edit ) He was known as a versatile center , using his 7 ' size and speed to contain opposing players , launch precise shots from outside the paint , and finish fast breaks -- the latter uncanny for a man of his stature . Fellow Hall of Famer and teammate from 1985 to 1987 Bill Walton once called Parish the `` greatest shooting big man of all time '' , perhaps because of Parish 's field goal and free throw shooting ability , an unusual talent among most centers . His trademark was his high - release jump shot , which traversed a very high arc before falling . In 1996 , Parish , along with teammates Larry Bird and Kevin McHale , were each selected as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . In 1998 , in honor of his achievements , the Celtics retired Parish 's famous # 00 jersey number at halftime of a Celtics -- Pacers game ; this allowed Larry Bird , then head coach of the Pacers , to participate in the ceremony . He was enshrined in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003 . Parish remains active as the Celtics ' team consultant and mentor for current Celtics big men . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Denotes seasons in which Parish won an NBA championship NBA record Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1976 -- 77 Golden State 77 18.0 . 503 - . 708 7.1 1.0 0.7 1.2 9.1 1977 -- 78 Golden State 82 37 24.0 . 472 - . 625 8.3 1.2 1.0 1.5 12.5 1978 -- 79 Golden State 76 75 31.7 . 499 - . 698 12.1 1.5 1.3 2.9 17.2 1979 -- 80 Golden State 72 69 29.4 . 507 . 000 . 715 10.9 1.7 0.8 1.6 17.0 1980 -- 81 † Boston 82 82 28.0 . 545 . 000 . 710 9.5 1.8 1.0 2.6 18.9 1981 -- 82 Boston 80 78 31.7 . 542 . 000 . 710 10.8 1.8 0.8 2.4 19.9 1982 -- 83 Boston 78 76 31.5 . 550 . 000 . 698 10.6 1.8 1.0 1.9 19.3 1983 -- 84 † Boston 80 79 35.8 . 546 . 000 . 745 10.7 1.7 0.7 1.5 19.0 1984 -- 85 Boston 79 78 36.1 . 542 . 000 . 743 10.6 1.6 0.7 1.3 17.6 1985 -- 86 † Boston 81 80 31.7 . 549 . 000 . 731 9.5 1.8 0.8 1.4 16.1 1986 -- 87 Boston 80 80 37.4 . 556 . 000 . 735 10.6 2.2 0.8 1.8 17.5 1987 -- 88 Boston 74 73 31.2 . 589 . 000 . 734 8.5 1.6 0.7 1.1 14.3 1988 -- 89 Boston 80 80 35.5 . 570 . 000 . 719 12.5 2.2 1.0 1.5 18.6 1989 -- 90 Boston 79 78 30.3 . 580 . 000 . 747 10.1 1.3 0.5 0.9 15.7 1990 -- 91 Boston 81 81 30.1 . 598 . 000 . 767 10.6 0.8 0.8 1.3 14.9 1991 -- 92 Boston 79 79 28.9 . 535 . 000 . 772 8.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 14.1 1992 -- 93 Boston 79 79 27.2 . 535 . 000 . 689 9.4 0.8 0.7 1.4 12.6 1993 -- 94 Boston 74 74 26.9 . 491 . 000 . 740 7.3 1.1 0.6 1.3 11.7 1994 -- 95 Charlotte 81 16.7 . 427 . 000 . 703 4.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 4.8 1995 -- 96 Charlotte 74 34 14.7 . 498 . 000 . 704 4.1 0.4 0.3 0.7 3.9 1996 -- 97 † Chicago 43 9.4 . 490 . 000 . 677 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.7 Career 1,611 1,320 28.4 . 537 . 000 . 721 9.1 1.4 0.8 1.5 14.5 All - Star 9 15.8 . 529 -- . 667 5.9 0.9 0.4 0.9 9.6 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1977 Golden State 10 0 23.9 . 481 - . 654 10.3 1.1 0.7 1.1 12.1 1981 † Boston 17 17 28.9 . 493 . 000 . 672 8.6 1.1 1.2 2.3 15.0 1982 Boston 12 12 35.5 . 488 . 000 . 680 11.3 1.5 0.4 4.0 21.3 Boston 7 7 35.6 . 483 . 000 . 850 10.6 1.3 0.7 1.3 14.7 1984 † Boston 23 23 37.8 . 478 . 000 . 646 10.8 1.2 1.0 1.8 14.9 1985 Boston 21 21 38.2 . 493 . 000 . 784 10.4 1.5 1.0 1.6 17.1 1986 † Boston 18 18 32.8 . 471 . 000 . 652 8.8 1.4 0.5 1.7 15.0 Boston 21 21 35.0 . 567 . 000 . 767 9.4 1.3 0.9 1.7 18.0 Boston 17 17 36.8 . 532 . 000 . 820 9.9 1.2 0.6 1.1 14.7 1989 Boston 37.3 . 455 . 000 . 778 8.7 2.0 1.3 0.7 15.7 1990 Boston 5 5 34.0 . 574 . 000 . 944 10.0 2.6 1.0 1.4 15.8 1991 Boston 10 10 29.6 . 598 . 000 . 689 9.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 15.8 1992 Boston 10 10 33.5 . 495 . 000 . 714 9.7 1.4 0.7 1.5 12.0 1993 Boston 36.5 . 544 . 000 . 857 9.5 1.3 0.2 1.5 17.0 1995 Charlotte 0 17.8 . 545 . 000 . 400 2.3 0.3 0.0 0.8 3.5 1997 † Chicago 0 9.0 . 143 . 000 . 000 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.0 Career 184 168 33.6 . 506 . 000 . 722 9.6 1.3 0.8 1.7 15.3 Career highs ( edit ) Top shot - blocking efforts ( edit ) Blocks Opponent Date 11 at Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001978 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1978 9 vs. Atlanta Hawks 000000001982 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1982 8 at New Orleans Jazz 000000001978 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1978 8 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001979 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1979 8 at Indiana Pacers 000000001980 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1980 Regular season ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 40 at San Antonio Spurs 000000001981 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1981 Field goals made 16 5 times Field goal attempts 26 vs Phoenix Suns 000000001992 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1992 Free throws made , none missed 12 at New Jersey Nets 000000001984 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1984 Free throws made , one missed 13 vs Atlanta Hawks 000000001983 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1983 Free throws made 13 vs Atlanta Hawks 000000001983 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1983 Free throw attempts 18 at Milwaukee Bucks 000000001985 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1985 Rebounds 32 vs. New York Knicks 000000001979 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1979 Offensive rebounds Defensive rebounds 25 vs. New York Knicks 000000001979 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1979 Assists 10 vs. Philadelphia 76ers 000000001987 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1987 Steals Turnovers Minutes played Playoffs ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 33 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Field goals made , none missed 8 - 8 at Atlanta Hawks 000000001988 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1988 Field goals made 13 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Field goal attempts 25 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Free throws made , none missed 8 @ Milwaukee Bucks 000000001983 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1983 Free throws made , one missed 7 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Free throws made 11 vs. Chicago Bulls 000000001986 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1986 Free throw attempts 13 vs. Chicago Bulls 000000001986 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1986 Rebounds 19 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000001987 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1987 Offensive rebounds 11 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000001987 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1987 Defensive rebounds 14 vs. Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001992 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1992 Assists 6 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000001983 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1983 Steals 5 ( OT ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers 000000001984 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1984 Blocks 7 vs. Philadelphia 76ers 000000001982 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1982 Turnovers Minutes played 54 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001988 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1988 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most rebounds in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moses , Sam ( 1975 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Invisible In The Post '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prop 48 : 25 Years Later '' . NCAA Champion Magazine . Summer 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ At that time , freshmen were not eligible to play varsity athletics . The NCAA allowed freshmen to play varsity sports other than football and basketball in 1968 , and extended freshman varsity eligibility to those sports in 1972 . Jump up ^ At that time , the Associated Press ranked only 20 teams instead of today 's 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Parish '' . 2009 -- 10 Centenary Gents Basketball Media Guide . Centenary Sports Information . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Division I All - Time Individual Leaders : Rebound Average ( Since 1973 ) '' ( PDF ) . Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . p. 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Division I All - Time Individual Leaders : Career Records , Rebound Average ( For careers beginning in 1973 or after ) '' ( PDF ) . Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . p. 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . The NCAA lists seasons by the calendar years in which they end . Jump up ^ Moses , Sam ( 1975 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Invisible In The Post '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 2 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ John Stockton : Still Going Strong at 41 , published March 26 , 2003 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Parish . Robert Parish NBA Legends Bio Robert Parish at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 11 , 2001 ) NBA biography ( archived from 1997 ) Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Robert Parish at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Where Are They Now ? : Robert Parish @ NBA.com Links to related articles United States men 's basketball squad -- 1975 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Birdsong Bond Cook Davis Douglas Grunfeld Hassett LaGarde Parish Parkinson Robey Rollins Coach : Harshman 1976 NBA Draft First round John Lucas Scott May Richard Washington Leon Douglas Wally Walker Adrian Dantley Quinn Buckner Robert Parish Armond Hill Ron Lee Bob Wilkerson Terry Furlow Mitch Kupchak Larry Wright Chuckie Williams Norm Cook Sonny Parker Second round Willie Smith Bayard Forrest Major Jones Earl Tatum Johnny Davis Alex English Scott Lloyd Lonnie Shelton Jacky Dorsey Phil Hicks Bob Carrington Dennis Johnson Al Fleming Joe Pace Mo Howard Butch Feher Marshall Rogers Boston Celtics 1980 -- 81 NBA champions 00 Parish 7 Archibald 30 Carr 31 Maxwell ( Finals MVP ) 32 McHale 33 Bird 40 Duerod 42 Ford 43 Henderson 45 Fernsten 53 Robey Head coach Fitch Assistant coaches Jones Rodgers Regular season Playoffs Boston Celtics 1983 -- 84 NBA champions 00 Parish 3 Johnson 8 Wedman 28 Buckner 30 Carr 31 Maxwell 32 McHale 33 Bird ( Finals MVP ) 40 Clark 43 Henderson 44 Ainge 50 Kite Head coach Jones Assistant coaches Rodgers Ford Regular season Playoffs Boston Celtics 1985 -- 86 NBA champions 00 Parish 3 Johnson 5 Walton 8 Wedman 11 Vincent 12 Sichting 32 McHale 33 Bird ( Finals MVP ) 34 Carlisle 44 Ainge 45 Thirdkill 50 Kite Head coach Jones Assistant coaches Rodgers Ford Badger Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 NBA champions 00 Parish 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 18 Dele 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 35 Caffey 91 Rodman Head coach Phil Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 2018 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ - FM Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Boston Celtics Founded in 1946 Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments Head coaches Current season Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden Hartford Civic Center TD Garden The Auerbach Center ( practice facility ) Administration Boston Basketball Partners ( owner ) Wyc Grousbeck ( CEO ) Wyc Grousbeck , H. Irving Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca ( managing partners ) Danny Ainge ( General manager ) Brad Stevens ( Head coach ) General managers Brown Auerbach Volk Wallace Ainge Retired numbers 00 5 6 10 14 15 16 17 18 LOSCY 19 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35 MIC Hall of Famers Boston Celtics Hall of Famers G League affiliate Maine Red Claws Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Culture Celtic Pride Greatest game ever played Tommy Points `` Love ya , Cooz ! '' Close , but no cigar ! Bill Russell Beat L.A. Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies Mike Gorman Johnny Most `` Havlicek stole the ball ! '' Henderson steals the ball ! Bird steals the ball ! Boston Garden North Station Larry Legend DJ The Chief The Truth The Sports Museum of New England NBA Championships ( 17 ) 1957 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1986 2008 Eastern Conference Championships ( 21 ) 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1985 1986 2008 Media TV NBC Sports Boston Radio WBZ - FM Announcers Mike Gorman Tom Heinsohn Brian Scalabrine Sean Grande Cedric Maxwell John Wallach Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2003 Players Dino Meneghin Robert Parish James Worthy Coach Leon Barmore Contributors Chick Hearn Meadowlark Lemon Earl Lloyd Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Parish&oldid=843645731 '' Categories : 1953 births Living people African - American basketball players All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players at the 1975 Pan American Games Basketball players from Louisiana Boston Celtics players Centenary Gentlemen basketball players Centers ( basketball ) Charlotte Hornets players Chicago Bulls players Golden State Warriors draft picks Golden State Warriors players Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association players with retired numbers NCAA sanctions Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) San Antonio Spurs draft picks Sportspeople from Shreveport , Louisiana Utah Stars draft picks Pan American Games medalists in basketball Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 15 . 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how many points did robert parish score in his career

Robert Parish Parish in 2005 ( 1953 - 08 - 30 ) August 30 , 1953 ( age 64 ) Shreveport , Louisiana Nationality American Listed height 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) Listed weight 230 lb ( 104 kg ) Career information High school Woodlawn ( Shreveport , Louisiana ) College Centenary ( 1972 -- 1976 ) NBA draft 1976 / Round : 1 / Pick : 8th overall Selected by the Golden State Warriors Playing career 1976 -- 1997 Position Center Number 00 Career history 1976 -- 1980 Golden State Warriors 1980 -- 1994 Boston Celtics 1994 -- 1996 Charlotte Hornets 1996 -- 1997 Chicago Bulls Career highlights and awards 4 × NBA champion ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1997 ) 9 × NBA All - Star ( 1981 -- 1987 , 1990 , 1991 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 1982 ) All - NBA Third Team ( 1989 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team No. 00 retired by Boston Celtics Second - team All - American -- AP ( 1976 ) Career statistics Points 23,334 ( 14.5 ppg ) Rebounds 14,715 ( 9.1 rpg ) Blocks 2,361 ( 1.6 bpg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006 Medals ( hide ) Representing United States Men 's basketball Pan American Games 1975 Mexico City Team competition

Think of You ( Chris Young and Cassadee Pope song ) - wikipedia Think of You ( Chris Young and Cassadee Pope song ) `` Think of You '' Single by Chris Young with Cassadee Pope from the album I 'm Comin ' Over Released January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Country pop Length 3 : 38 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Chris Young Corey Crowder Josh Hoge Producer ( s ) Corey Crowder Chris Young Chris Young singles chronology `` I 'm Comin ' Over '' ( 2015 ) `` Think of You '' ( 2016 ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( 2016 ) `` I 'm Comin ' Over '' ( 2015 ) `` Think of You '' ( 2016 ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( 2016 ) Cassadee Pope singles chronology `` I Am Invincible '' ( 2015 ) I Am Invincible 2015 `` Think of You '' ( 2016 ) Think of You2016 `` Summer '' ( 2016 ) Summer 2016 `` Think of You '' is a song recorded by American country music singers Chris Young and Cassadee Pope . It was written and produced by Young and Corey Crowder , with additional writing from Josh Hoge . `` Think of You '' was released in January 25 , 2016 as the second single from Young 's fifth studio album , I 'm Comin ' Over ( 2015 ) . The country pop song explores the reminiscence of a recent breakup . `` Think of You '' peaked at number one on both the Country Airplay and Canada Country charts , earning Young his second consecutive and his seventh chart topper on each tally and earning Pope her first number one on either chart . The song additionally peaked at number two on the Hot Country Songs . `` Think of You '' reached number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold 513,000 copies in the United States . `` Think of You '' was nominated for Best Country Duo / Group Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Reception 2.1 Critical 2.2 Commercial 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year end charts 4.3 Chart precession and succession 5 Certifications 6 References Background and composition ( edit ) `` Think of You '' is a country pop song written in 2014 by Chris Young , Corey Crowder , and Josh Hoge . The midtempo ballad chronicles the break - up of a once - great couple , the awkwardness of adjusting to being on your own , and the untold fact between the two that they actually want to get back together . It was recorded by Young as a vocal duet with Cassadee Pope . Young chose Pope to serve as the female vocalist for the song after hearing her perform at the Stars and Guitars radio show hosted by WKIS 99.9 Kiss Country in Miami , FL . `` I was just like , ' I 've got to ask her , ' '' Young revealed to The Boot , `` because I love her voice , and she 's a phenomenal singer . '' The song was first made available to digital retailers and streaming services on October 23 , 2015 during the lead - up to the album 's release . An accompanying lyric video premiered the same day . It was later selected as the album 's second official single , being announced by the singers in a video posted to Young 's official Facebook account on December 16 , 2015 . The song officially impacted country radio on January 25 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) Billy Dukes of country music blog Taste of Country praised both singers ' vocal performances as well as the equability of the duet , writing that `` too often country duets leave one wanting more from the featured artist ... but that 's not the case here . '' He described the song as `` relatable , memorable and unforgettable . '' Jon Freeman of Country Weekly similarly complimented the vocal pairing and declared the song a `` clear standout '' on the album . Commercial ( edit ) `` Think of You '' debuted at number 37 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated November 14 , 2015 following the song 's digital release . The song sold 11,000 units in its first week of availability and entered the Country Digital Songs component chart at number 14 . It entered the magazine 's Country Airplay chart dated January 16 , 2016 at number 58 upon its release as a single . The song has sold 513,000 copies in the US as of November 2016 . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by David McClister and premiered on Vevo on January 22 , 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 57 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 37 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 19 Chart precession and succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` Snapback '' by Old Dominion Billboard Canada Country number - one single April 30 -- May 7 , 2016 Succeeded by `` Somewhere on a Beach '' by Dierks Bentley Preceded by `` Confession '' by Florida Georgia Line Billboard Country Airplay number - one single May 14 , 2016 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 513,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Future Releases for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Chris Young '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : November 1 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Grammys 2017 : The Complete List of Nominees '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vinson , Christina ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Young Opens Up About Collaborations With Cassadee Pope , Vince Gill '' . The Boot . Townsquare Media . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dukes , Billy ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ToC Critic 's Pick : Chris Young ( Feat . Cassadee Pope ) , ' Think of You ' '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McCall , Michael ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Music Review : Chris Young 's 5th album , ' I 'm Comin ' Over , ' likable but not memorable '' . Winnipeg Free Press . FP Canadian Newspapers . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Laverne , U-Turn ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` You Inspired Chris Young 's Duet With Cassadee Pope '' . WKIS 99.9 Kiss Country . CBS Radio . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Laura ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Young Debuts Duet With Cassadee Pope , ' Think of You ' '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ChrisYoungVEVO ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Young - Think of You ( Duet with Cassadee Pope ) ( Lyric Video ) ft . Cassadee Pope '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young - Facebook video `` It 's Cassadee Pope ! I stole Chris ' phone ! '' `` . Chris Young 's official Facebook . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jon ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` I 'm Comin ' Over by Chris Young '' . Country Weekly . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Country Update '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Tracks Chart : November 2 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Cheri Media . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Country Update '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Think of You ( Duet with Cassadee Pope ) -- Chris Young '' . Vevo . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Chris Young -- Think of You '' . Music Canada . hide Chris Young Studio albums Chris Young ( 2006 ) The Man I Want to Be ( 2009 ) Neon ( 2011 ) A.M. ( 2013 ) I 'm Comin ' Over ( 2015 ) It Must Be Christmas ( 2016 ) Losing Sleep ( 2017 ) Notable singles `` Drinkin ' Me Lonely '' `` Voices '' `` Gettin ' You Home ( The Black Dress Song ) '' `` The Man I Want to Be '' `` Tomorrow '' `` You '' `` Neon '' `` I Can Take It from There '' `` Aw Naw '' `` Who I Am with You '' `` Lonely Eyes '' `` I 'm Comin ' Over '' `` Think of You '' ( with Cassadee Pope ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( featuring Vince Gill ) `` Losing Sleep '' Related topics Discography hide Cassadee Pope Studio albums Frame by Frame EPs Cassadee Pope Summer Singles `` Wasting All These Tears '' `` I Wish I Could Break Your Heart '' `` I Am Invincible '' `` Summer '' Featured songs `` Think of You '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` 11 '' Related articles Hey Monday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Think_of_You_(Chris_Young_and_Cassadee_Pope_song)&oldid=834082963 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2016 singles Chris Young ( musician ) songs Cassadee Pope songs RCA Records Nashville singles Vocal duets Songs written by Chris Young ( musician ) Songs written by Corey Crowder ( songwriter ) Billboard Canada Country number - one singles Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Songs written by Josh Hoge Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 21 : 00 . 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who sings when they think of me they think of you

`` Think of You '' Single by Chris Young with Cassadee Pope from the album I 'm Comin ' Over Released January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Country pop Length 3 : 38 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Chris Young Corey Crowder Josh Hoge Producer ( s ) Corey Crowder Chris Young Chris Young singles chronology `` I 'm Comin ' Over '' ( 2015 ) `` Think of You '' ( 2016 ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( 2016 ) `` I 'm Comin ' Over '' ( 2015 ) `` Think of You '' ( 2016 ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( 2016 ) Cassadee Pope singles chronology `` I Am Invincible '' ( 2015 ) I Am Invincible 2015 `` Think of You '' ( 2016 ) Think of You2016 `` Summer '' ( 2016 ) Summer 2016

2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles - wikipedia 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Women 's Singles 2017 Wimbledon Championships Champion Garbiñe Muguruza Runner - up Venus Williams Final score 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 Details Draw 128 ( 12 Q / 6 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2016 Wimbledon Championships 2018 → Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Serena Williams was the two - time defending champion , but did not defend her title because of pregnancy . Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title , defeating Venus Williams in the final , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 . Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994 . Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals . Williams was the oldest player to reach the final since Martina Navratilova , also in 1994 , and played her 100th singles match at Wimbledon when she defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the quarterfinals . Johanna Konta became the first British woman to reach the semifinals since Virginia Wade in 1978 , and Magdaléna Rybáriková became the first Slovak woman to reach the semifinals at Wimbledon . Despite losing in the second round , Karolína Plíšková attained the WTA No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament , after Angelique Kerber and Simona Halep , the other contenders for the top ranking , lost in the fourth round and quarterfinals , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Angelique Kerber ( Fourth round ) 02 . Simona Halep ( Quarterfinals ) 03 . Karolína Plíšková ( Second round ) 04 . Elina Svitolina ( Fourth round ) 05 . Caroline Wozniacki ( Fourth round ) 06 . Johanna Konta ( Semifinals ) 07 . Svetlana Kuznetsova ( Quarterfinals ) 08 . Dominika Cibulková ( Third round ) 09 . Agnieszka Radwańska ( Fourth round ) 10 . Venus Williams ( Final ) 11 . Petra Kvitová ( Second round ) 12 . Kristina Mladenovic ( Second round ) 13 . Jeļena Ostapenko ( Quarterfinals ) 14 . Garbiñe Muguruza ( Champion ) 15 . Elena Vesnina ( Second round ) 16 . Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( First round ) 17 . Madison Keys ( Second round ) 18 . Anastasija Sevastova ( Second round ) 19 . Timea Bacsinszky ( Third round ) 20 . Daria Gavrilova ( First round ) 21 . Caroline Garcia ( Fourth round ) 22 . Barbora Strýcová ( Second round ) 23 . Kiki Bertens ( First round ) 24 . Coco Vandeweghe ( Quarterfinals ) 25 . Carla Suárez Navarro ( Second round ) 26 . Mirjana Lučić - Baroni ( First round ) 27 . Ana Konjuh ( Fourth round ) 28 . Lauren Davis ( First round ) 29 . Daria Kasatkina ( Second round ) 30 . Zhang Shuai ( First round ) 31 . Roberta Vinci ( First round ) 32 . Lucie Šafářová ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 7 Svetlana Kuznetsova 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 PR Magdaléna Rybáriková PR Magdaléna Rybáriková 6 6 24 Coco Vandeweghe 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 7 6 10 Venus Williams 5 0 10 Venus Williams 6 7 13 Jeļena Ostapenko 5 10 Venus Williams 6 6 6 Johanna Konta 6 Johanna Konta 6 7 6 Simona Halep 7 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round A Kerber 6 6 Q I Falconi A Kerber 7 7 K Flipkens 6 6 K Flipkens 5 5 M Doi A Kerber 7 6 S Rogers 6 6 S Rogers 6 6 J Boserup 6 S Rogers 6 6 6 O Dodin 32 L Šafářová 7 32 L Šafářová 6 6 A Kerber 6 23 K Bertens 6 5 14 G Muguruza 6 6 S Cîrstea 7 7 S Cîrstea 7 0 M Linette 6 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 0 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 S Cîrstea Y Wickmayer 6 7 14 G Muguruza 6 6 K Bondarenko 5 Y Wickmayer E Alexandrova 14 G Muguruza 6 6 14 G Muguruza 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 A Radwańska 7 6 J Janković 6 0 9 A Radwańska 5 7 6 WC K Boulter 6 5 C McHale 7 6 C McHale 7 6 9 A Radwańska 6 6 K Kučová 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 Q B Andreescu K Kučová 0 M Puig 6 0 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 9 A Radwańska 28 L Davis 5 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 V Lepchenko 6 7 V Lepchenko 7 Q P Hercog 6 6 Q P Hercog 6 6 6 A Beck Q P Hercog 0 E Makarova 6 6 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Q A Van Uytvanck E Makarova 0 5 Q O Jabeur 7 S Kuznetsova 6 7 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Ka Plíšková 6 6 E Rodina Ka Plíšková 6 5 M Niculescu PR M Rybáriková 7 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 L Tsurenko 6 7 6 L Tsurenko J Görges 7 6 L Tsurenko 6 6 V Golubic 6 6 6 V Golubic 6 30 S Zhang 7 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 20 D Gavrilova 6 8 Q P Martić 6 Q P Martić 6 10 Q P Martić 6 6 D Allertová 7 6 D Allertová R Ozaki 6 6 Q P Martić 7 6 X Han WC Z Diyas 6 WC Z Diyas 6 6 WC Z Diyas 6 7 Q Ar Rodionova 7 9 Q Ar Rodionova 6 16 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 6 7 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 K Mladenovic 6 6 P Parmentier 12 K Mladenovic 6 A Riske 6 7 A Riske 6 6 PR S Stephens 5 A Riske T Maria 6 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 Q A Potapova T Maria M Barthel 5 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 29 D Kasatkina 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 S Zheng 29 D Kasatkina L Arruabarrena A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 T Pironkova 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 7 6 S Errani T Pironkova T Babos 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 D Cibulková 6 9 A Petkovic 6 7 8 D Cibulková 6 6 J Brady 6 6 J Brady D Kovinić 8 D Cibulková 6 6 WC N Broady 27 A Konjuh 7 6 I-C Begu 6 6 I-C Begu 6 6 PR S Lisicki 27 A Konjuh 7 6 27 A Konjuh 6 6 27 A Konjuh 22 B Strýcová 6 6 10 V Williams 6 6 V Cepede Royg 22 B Strýcová 6 S Sorribes Tormo 6 N Osaka 6 0 6 N Osaka 6 7 N Osaka 6 K-c Chang 10 V Williams 7 6 Q Wang 6 6 Q Wang 6 E Mertens 6 10 V Williams 6 6 10 V Williams 7 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 J Ostapenko 6 6 A Sasnovich 0 6 13 J Ostapenko 7 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 K Nara 13 J Ostapenko 7 7 C Giorgi 5 6 6 C Giorgi 5 5 A Cornet 7 C Giorgi 6 6 6 N Hibino 17 M Keys 7 17 M Keys 6 6 13 J Ostapenko 6 7 26 M Lučić - Baroni 7 6 E Svitolina 6 C Witthöft 6 5 8 C Witthöft 7 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 I Khromacheva C Witthöft 5 F Schiavone 6 6 E Svitolina 6 7 M Minella F Schiavone 0 A Barty 5 6 E Svitolina 6 6 E Svitolina 7 7 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 6 J Konta 6 6 S-w Hsieh 6 J Konta 7 10 D Vekić 6 6 6 D Vekić 6 6 8 N Vikhlyantseva 7 6 J Konta 6 6 K Siniaková M Sakkari M Sakkari 6 6 M Sakkari 6 6 6 Kr Plíšková 7 6 Kr Plíšková 7 31 R Vinci 6 6 J Konta 7 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 J Čepelová 21 C Garcia 6 6 Y Duan A Bogdan A Bogdan 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 M Brengle 6 6 M Brengle R Hogenkamp M Brengle 6 6 J Larsson 11 P Kvitová 6 11 P Kvitová 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 E Vesnina 6 5 6 Q A Blinkova 7 15 E Vesnina PR V Azarenka 6 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 C Bellis 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 M Zanevska 6 WC H Watson 6 WC H Watson 6 7 WC H Watson 6 6 Y Putintseva 6 18 A Sevastova 0 18 A Sevastova 6 7 PR V Azarenka 6 25 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 S Halep 7 6 E Bouchard 6 25 C Suárez Navarro M Vondroušová 7 0 S Peng 6 6 S Peng 6 6 6 S Peng 6 B Haddad Maia 6 6 S Halep 6 7 WC L Robson B Haddad Maia 5 Q M Erakovic S Halep 7 6 S Halep 6 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams is pregnant , will return to tennis in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Garbiñe Muguruza crowned Wimbledon champion after beating Venus Williams '' . Guardian . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` Garbiñe Muguruza Wins Wimbledon , Defeating Venus Williams '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Garbine Muguruza hammers Venus Williams to win first Wimbledon title '' . The Telegraph . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/tennis/article160489904.html Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40573123 Jump up ^ Piers Newbery ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Wimbledon 2017 : Johanna Konta beats Simona Halep to reach semi-final '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20601638/slovak-tennis-player-reaches-wimbledon-semi-finals.html Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Karolina Pliskova can become World No. 1 '' . Women 's Tennis Association . 3 July 2017 . Women 's Singles Draw External links ( edit ) 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles at the International Tennis Federation Wimbledon Women 's Singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2017 2017 WTA Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Dubai ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Stanford ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taiwan ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Biel ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Mallorca ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Wimbledon_Championships_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 802637301 '' Categories : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championship by year -- Ladies ' Singles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 13 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Folate - wikipedia Folate Jump to : navigation , search Folic acid Clinical data Pronunciation foe ' lik Synonyms FA , N - ( 4 - ( ( ( 2 - amino - 4 - oxo - 1 , 4 - dihydropteridin - 6 - yl ) methyl ) amino ) benzoyl ) - L - glutamic acid , pteroyl - L - glutamic acid , vitamin B , vitamin B , vitamin M , folacin , pteroyl - L - glutamate AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a682591 Pregnancy category US : A ( No risk in human studies ) Routes of administration By mouth , IM , IV , sub-Q ATC code B03BB01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : OTC Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 50 -- 100 % Metabolism Liver Excretion Urine Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) ( 2S ) - 2 - ( ( 4 - ( ( 2 - Amino - 4 - oxo - 1H - pteridin - 6 - yl ) methylamino ) benzoyl ) amino ) pentanedioic acid CAS Number 59 - 30 - 3 PubChem CID 6037 IUPHAR / BPS 4563 DrugBank DB00158 ChemSpider 5815 UNII 935E97BOY8 KEGG C00504 ChEBI CHEBI : 27470 ChEMBL CHEMBL1622 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 381 Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 441.40 g mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Melting point 250 ° C ( 482 ° F ) ( decomposition ) Solubility in water 1.6 mg / L ( 25 ° C ) mg / mL ( 20 ° C ) SMILES ( show ) n1c2C ( = O ) NC ( N ) = Nc2ncc1CNc3ccc ( cc3 ) C ( = O ) N ( C@H ) ( C ( O ) = O ) CCC ( O ) = O InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C19H19N7O6 / c20 - 19 - 25 - 15 - 14 ( 17 ( 30 ) 26 - 19 ) 23 - 11 ( 8 - 22 - 15 ) 7 - 21 - 10 - 3 - 1 - 9 ( 2 - 4 - 10 ) 16 ( 29 ) 24 - 12 ( 18 ( 31 ) 32 ) 5 - 6 - 13 ( 27 ) 28 / h1 - 4 , 8 , 12 , 21H , 5 - 7H2 , ( H , 24 , 29 ) ( H , 27 , 28 ) ( H , 31 , 32 ) ( H3 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 30 ) / t12 - / m0 / s1 Key : OVBPIULPVIDEAO - LBPRGKRZSA - N Folate , forms of which are known as folic acid and vitamin B9 , is one of the B vitamins . The recommended daily intake of folate in the US is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements . Folic acid is the form of folate used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency . Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in the baby . Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with neural tube defects . More than 50 countries use fortification of certain foods with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs in the population . Long term supplementation is also associated with small reductions in the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease . It may be taken by mouth or by injection . There are no common side effects . It is not known whether high doses over a long period of time are of concern . There are concerns that large amounts of folic acid might hide vitamin B12 deficiency . Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA , RNA , and metabolise amino acids which are required for cell division . As humans can not make folic acid , it is required from the diet , making it an essential vitamin . Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency . This may result in a type of anemia in which low numbers of large red blood cells occur . Symptoms may include feeling tired , heart palpitations , shortness of breath , open sores on the tongue and changes in the color of the skin or hair . Folate deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake . In adults normal total body folate is between 10,000 -- 30,000 micrograms ( μg ) with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol / L ( 3 ng / mL ) . Folic acid was discovered between 1931 and 1943 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost of supplements in the developing world is between 0.001 and 0.005 USD per dose as of 2014 . The term `` folic '' is from the Latin word folium , which means leaf . Folates occur naturally in many foods especially dark green leafy vegetables and liver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Health effects 2.1 Pregnancy 2.2 Fertility 2.3 Heart disease 2.4 Stroke 2.5 Cancer 2.5. 1 Antifolate chemotherapy 2.6 Psychological 2.7 Age related macular degeneration 2.8 Folic acid , B and iron 2.9 Toxicity 2.10 Folate deficiency 2.11 Malaria 3 Dietary recommendations 3.1 Sources 4 History 5 Biological roles 5.1 DNA and cell division 5.2 DNA and amino acid production 5.3 Conversion to biologically active derivatives 5.3. 1 Overview of drugs that interfere with folate reactions 6 Food fortification 6.1 Australia 6.2 Canada 6.2. 1 Supplementation promotion 6.3 New Zealand 6.4 United Kingdom 6.5 United States 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definition ( edit ) `` Folate '' is the term used to name the many forms of the vitamin -- namely folic acid and its congeners , including tetrahydrofolic acid ( the activated form of the vitamin ) , methyltetrahydrofolate , methenyltetrahydrofolate , and folinic acid . People sometimes confuse this use of `` folate '' with the use of `` folate '' in the standard way of naming acids in organic chemistry , in which the complete compound is called `` X-ic acid '' but is called `` X-ate '' when it loses a proton ; acids shift back and forth between these forms based on the acidity of the solution in which they are found . In this usage , `` folate '' is just `` folic acid '' in a non-acidic solution . Other names include vitamin B , vitamin B , vitamin M , folacin , and pteroyl - L - glutamate . Health effects ( edit ) Pregnancy ( edit ) Folate intake during pregnancy has been linked to a lessened risk of neural tube defects . Likewise a meta - analysis of folate supplementation during pregnancy reported a 28 % lower risk of newborn congenital heart defects . The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends the folic acid supplementation for all women able to become pregnant ; forms of folate other than folic acid have not been studied for this use and are not recommended . Prenatal supplementation with folic acid did not appear to reduce the risk of preterm births . One systematic review indicated no effect of folic acid on mortality , growth , body composition , respiratory , or cognitive outcomes of children from birth to 9 years old . There was no correlation between maternal folic acid supplementation and an increased risk for childhood asthma . Fertility ( edit ) Folate is necessary for fertility in both men and women . It contributes to spermatogenesis . Therefore , it is necessary to receive sufficient amounts through the diet to avoid subfertility . Also , polymorphisms in genes of enzymes involved in folate metabolism could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility . Heart disease ( edit ) Taking folic acid over years reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease by 4 % , where another study found it did not affect cardiovascular disease , even while reducing homocysteine levels . Stroke ( edit ) Long - term supplementation with folic acid reduced the risk of stroke by 10 % , which may be due to the role folate plays in regulating homocysteine concentration . The reviews indicate the risk of stroke appears to be reduced only in some individuals , but a definite recommendation regarding supplementation beyond the current RDA has not been established for stroke prevention . Asian populations had greater protection against stroke with folate supplementation than did European or North American subjects . Observed stroke reduction is consistent with the reduction in pulse pressure produced by folate supplementation of 5 mg per day , since hypertension is a key risk factor for stroke . Folic supplements are inexpensive and relatively safe to use , which is why people who have had strokes or who have hyperhomocysteinemia are encouraged to consume daily B vitamins including folic acid . Cancer ( edit ) Studies on folic acid intake from food and folate supplementation with regards to cancer risk are based on the adequacy of chronic intake . Chronically insufficient intake of folic acid ( below the recommended level of 400 micrograms per day ) may increase the risk of colorectal , breast , ovarian , pancreas , brain , lung , cervical , and prostate cancers . Other studies showed that excessive dietary supplementation with synthetic folate may increase the risk of certain cancers , in particular prostate . A 2017 review found no relationship between taking folate supplements and cancer risk . Antifolate chemotherapy ( edit ) Folate is important for cells and tissues that divide rapidly . Cancer cells divide rapidly , and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer . The antifolate methotrexate is a drug often used to treat cancer because it inhibits the production of the active form of THF from the inactive dihydrofolate ( DHF ) . However , methotrexate can be toxic , producing side effects , such as inflammation in the digestive tract that make it difficult to eat normally . Also , bone marrow depression ( inducing leukopenia and thrombocytopenia ) , and acute kidney and liver failure have been reported . Folinic acid , under the drug name leucovorin , a form of folate ( formyl - THF ) , can help `` rescue '' or reverse the toxic effects of methotrexate . Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid . Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy . There have been cases of severe adverse effects of accidental substitution of folic acid for folinic acid in people receiving methotrexate cancer chemotherapy . It is important for anyone receiving methotrexate to follow medical advice on the use of folic or folinic acid supplements . The supplement of folinic acid in people undergoing methotrexate treatment is to give cells dividing less rapidly enough folate to maintain normal cell functions . The amount of folate given is depleted by rapidly dividing cells ( cancer ) quickly , and so does not negate the effects of methotrexate . Psychological ( edit ) Some evidence links a shortage of folate with depression . Limited evidence from randomised controlled trials showed using folic acid in addition to SSRIs may have benefits . Research at the University of York and Hull York Medical School has found a link between depression and low levels of folate . One study by the same team involved 15,315 subjects . Folic acid supplementation affects noradrenaline and serotonin receptors within the brain , which could be the cause of folic acid 's possible ability to act as an antidepressant . The exact mechanisms involved in the development of schizophrenia and depression are not entirely clear , but the bioactive folate , methyltetrahydrofolate ( 5 - MTHF ) , a direct target of methyl donors like S - adenosyl methionine ( SAMe ) , recycles the inactive dihydrobiopterin ( BH ) into tetrahydrobiopterin ( BH ) , the necessary cofactor in various steps of monoamine synthesis , including that of dopamine . BH serves a regulatory role in monoamine neurotransmission and is required to mediate the actions of most antidepressants. 5 - MTHF also plays both direct & indirect roles in DNA methylation , NO synthesis , and one - carbon metabolism . Age related macular degeneration ( edit ) A sub study of the Women 's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study published in 2009 reported use of a nutritional supplement containing folic acid , pyridoxine , and cyanocobalamin decreased the risk of developing age - related macular degeneration by 34.7 % . The amount of folic acid used in this clinical trial -- 2500 μg -- was higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1000 μg . Folic acid , B and iron ( edit ) There is a complex interaction between folic acid , vitamin B and iron . A deficiency of one may be `` masked '' by excess of another so the three must always be in balance . Toxicity ( edit ) The risk of toxicity from folic acid is low , because folate is a water - soluble vitamin and is regularly removed from the body through urine . One potential issue associated with high dosages of folic acid is that it has a masking effect on the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia ( vitamin B deficiency ) , and a variety of concerns of potential negative impacts on health . Folate deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Folate deficiency Folate deficiency can be caused by unhealthy diets that do not include enough fruits and vegetables , diseases in which folates are not well absorbed in the digestive system ( such as Crohn 's disease or celiac disease ) , some genetic disorders that affect levels of folate , and certain medicines ( such as phenytoin , sulfasalazine , or trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ) . Folate deficiency is accelerated by alcohol consumption . Folate deficiency may lead to glossitis , diarrhea , depression , confusion , anemia , and fetal neural tube defects and brain defects ( during pregnancy ) . Other symptoms include fatigue , gray hair , mouth sores , poor growth , and swollen tongue . Folate deficiency is diagnosed by analyzing CBC and plasma vitamin B and folate levels . CBC may indicate megaloblastic anemia but this could also be a sign of vitamin B deficiency . A serum folate of 3 μg / L or lower indicates deficiency . Serum folate level reflects folate status but erythrocyte folate level better reflects tissue stores after intake . Serum folate reacts more rapidly to folate intake than erythrocyte folate . An erythrocyte folate level of 140 μg / L or lower indicates inadequate folate status . Increased homocysteine level suggests tissue folate deficiency but homocysteine is also affected by vitamin B and vitamin B , renal function , and genetics . One way to differentiate between folate ( vitamin B ) deficiency from vitamin B deficiency is by testing for methylmalonic acid levels . Normal MMA levels indicate folate deficiency and elevated MMA levels indicate vitamin B deficiency . Folate deficiency is treated with supplemental oral folic acid of 400 to 1000 μg per day . This treatment is very successful in replenishing tissues , even if deficiency was caused by malabsorption . People with megaloblastic anemia need to be tested for vitamin B deficiency before treatment with folic acid , because if the person has vitamin B deficiency , folic acid supplementation can remove the anemia , but can also worsen neurologic problems . People who are morbidly obese with BMIs of greater than 50 are more likely to develop folate deficiency . People with celiac disease have a higher chance of developing folate deficiency . Cobalamin deficiency may lead to folate deficiency , which , in turn , increases homocysteine levels and may result in the development of cardiovascular disease or birth defects . Malaria ( edit ) Some studies show iron -- folic acid supplementation in children under 5 may result in increased mortality due to malaria ; this has prompted the World Health Organization to alter their iron -- folic acid supplementation policies for children in malaria - prone areas , such as India . Dietary recommendations ( edit ) Because of the difference in bioavailability between supplemented folic acid and the different forms of folate found in food , the dietary folate equivalent ( DFE ) system was established . One DFE is defined as 1 μg of dietary folate . One μg of folic acid supplement counts as 1.7 μg DFE . The reason for the difference is that at least 85 % of folic acid is estimated to be bioavailable when taken with food , whereas only about 50 % of folate naturally present in food is bioavailable . National Institutes of Health ( US ) nutritional recommendations ( μg DFE per day for RDA , μg folic acid for UL ) Age Infants ( AI ) Infants ( UL ) Adults ( RDA ) Adults ( UL ) Pregnant women ( RDA ) Pregnant women ( UL ) Lactating women ( RDA ) Lactating women ( UL ) 0 -- 6 months 65 None set -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 -- 12 months 80 None set -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 3 years -- -- 150 300 -- -- -- -- 4 -- 8 years -- -- 200 400 -- -- -- -- 9 -- 13 years -- -- 300 600 -- -- -- -- 14 -- 18 -- -- 400 800 600 800 500 800 19 + -- -- 400 1000 600 1000 500 1000 The U.S. Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) updated Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) for folate in 2001 . As for safety , the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels ( ULs ) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient . The UL for folate refers to only micrograms of synthetic folic acid , as no health risks have been associated with high intake of folate from food sources . Collectively the EARs , RDAs , AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes ( DRIs ) . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values , with Population Reference Intake ( PRI ) instead of RDA , and Average Requirement instead of EAR . AI and UL defined the same as in United States . For women and men over age 18 the PRI is set at 330 μg / day . PRI for pregnancy is 600 μg / day , for lactation 500 μg / day . For children ages 1 -- 17 years the PRIs increase with age from 120 to 270 μg / day . These values differ somewhat from the U.S. RDAs . The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and agreed with United States that the UL be set at 1000 μg . For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For folate labeling purposes 100 % of the Daily Value was 400 μg . As of May 27 , 2016 update it was kept unchanged at 400 μg . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . Food and supplement companies have until January 1 , 2020 to comply with the change . Sources ( edit ) Vitamins C and M as featured on a monument in front of University of Warsaw 's Centre of New Technologies Folate naturally occurs in a wide variety of foods , including vegetables ( particularly dark green leafy vegetables ) , fruits and fruit juices , nuts , beans , peas , dairy products , poultry and meat , eggs , seafood , grains , and some beers . Avocado , beetroot , spinach , liver , yeast , asparagus , and Brussels sprouts are among the foods with the highest levels of folate . Folate naturally found in food is susceptible to high heat and ultraviolet light , and is soluble in water . It is heat - labile in acidic environments and may also be subject to oxidation . Folic acid is added to grain products in many countries , and these fortified products make up a significant source of the population 's folate intake . History ( edit ) In the 1920s , scientists believed folate deficiency and anemia were the same condition . In 1931 , researcher Lucy Wills made a key observation that led to the identification of folate as the nutrient required to prevent anemia during pregnancy . Wills demonstrated that anemia could be reversed with brewer 's yeast . In the late 1930s , folate was identified as the corrective substance in brewer 's yeast . It was first isolated via extraction from spinach leaves by Herschel K. Mitchell , Esmond E. Snell , and Roger J. Williams in 1941 . Bob Stokstad isolated the pure crystalline form in 1943 , and was able to determine its chemical structure while working at the Lederle Laboratories of the American Cyanamid Company . This historical research project , of obtaining folic acid in a pure crystalline form in 1945 , was done by the team called the `` folic acid boys , '' under the supervision and guidance of Director of Research Dr. Yellapragada Subbarow , at the Lederle Lab , Pearl River , NY . This research subsequently led to the synthesis of the antifolate aminopterin , the first - ever anticancer drug , the clinical efficacy was proven by Sidney Farber in 1948 . In the 1950s and 1960s , scientists began to discover the biochemical mechanisms of action for folate . In 1960 , experts first linked folate deficiency to neural tube defects . In the late 1990s , US scientists realized , despite the availability of folate in foods and in supplements , there was still a challenge for people to meet their daily folate requirements , which is when the US implemented the folate fortification program . Biological roles ( edit ) DNA and cell division ( edit ) A diagram of the chemical structure of folate Folate is necessary for the production and maintenance of new cells , for DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis through methylation , and for preventing changes to DNA , and , thus , for preventing cancer . It is especially important during periods of frequent cell division and growth , such as infancy and pregnancy . Folate is needed to carry one - carbon groups for methylation reactions and nucleic acid synthesis ( the most notable one being thymine , but also purine bases ) . Thus , folate deficiency hinders DNA synthesis and cell division , affecting hematopoietic cells and neoplasms the most because of their greater frequency of cell division . RNA transcription , and subsequent protein synthesis , are less affected by folate deficiency , as the mRNA can be recycled and used again ( as opposed to DNA synthesis , where a new genomic copy must be created ) . Since folate deficiency limits cell division , erythropoiesis , production of red blood cells , is hindered and leads to megaloblastic anemia , which is characterized by large immature red blood cells . This pathology results from persistently thwarted attempts at normal DNA replication , DNA repair , and cell division , and produces abnormally large red cells called megaloblasts ( and hypersegmented neutrophils ) with abundant cytoplasm capable of RNA and protein synthesis , but with clumping and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin . Some of these large cells , although immature ( reticulocytes ) , are released early from the marrow in an attempt to compensate for the anemia . Both adults and children need folate to make normal red and white blood cells and prevent anemia . Deficiency of folate in pregnant women has been implicated in neural tube defects ( NTD ) ; therefore , many developed countries have implemented mandatory folic acid fortification in cereals , etc . NTDs occur early in pregnancy ( first month ) , therefore women must have abundant folate upon conception . Folate is required to make red blood cells and white blood cells and folate deficiency may lead to anemia , which causes fatigue , weakness and inability to concentrate . DNA and amino acid production ( edit ) Metabolism of folic acid to recycle homocysteine into methionine In the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate ( THF ) compounds , folate derivatives are substrates in a number of single - carbon - transfer reactions , and also are involved in the synthesis of dTMP ( 2 ′ - deoxythymidine - 5 ′ - phosphate ) from dUMP ( 2 ′ - deoxyuridine - 5 ′ - phosphate ) . It is a substrate for an important reaction that involves vitamin B and it is necessary for the synthesis of DNA , and so required for all dividing cells . The pathway leading to the formation of tetrahydrofolate ( FH ) begins when folic acid ( F ) is reduced to dihydrofolate ( DHF ) ( FH ) , which is then reduced to THF . Dihydrofolate reductase catalyses the last step . Vitamin B in the form of NADPH is a necessary cofactor for both steps of the synthesis . Thus , hydride molecules are transferred from NADPH to the C6 position of the pteridine ring to reduce folic acid to THF . Methylene - THF ( CH FH ) is formed from THF by the addition of a methylene bridge from one of three carbon donors : formate , serine , or glycine . Methyl tetrahydrofolate ( CH - THF , or methyl - THF ) can be made from methylene - THF by reduction of the methylene group with NADPH . Another form of THF , 10 - formyl - THF , results from oxidation of methylene - THF or is formed from formate donating formyl group to THF . Also , histidine can donate a single carbon to THF to form methenyl - THF . Vitamin B is the only acceptor of methyl - THF , and this reaction produces methyl - B ( methylcobalamin ) . There is also only one acceptor for methyl - B , homocysteine , in a reaction catalyzed by homocysteine methyltransferase . These reactions are important because a defect in homocysteine methyltransferase or a deficiency of B may lead to a so - called `` methyl - trap '' of THF , in which THF converts to a reservoir of methyl - THF . Thereafter , this THF has no way of being metabolized , and serves as a sink of THF that causes a subsequent deficiency in folate . Thus , a deficiency in B can generate a large pool of methyl - THF that is unable to undergo reactions and mimics folate deficiency . The reactions that lead to the methyl - THF reservoir can be shown in chain form : folate → dihydrofolate → tetrahydrofolate ↔ methylene - THF → methyl - THF Folate metabolism Conversion to biologically active derivatives ( edit ) All the biological functions of folic acid are performed by tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives . Their biological availability to the body depends upon dihydrofolate reductase action in the liver . This action is unusually slow in humans , being less than 2 % of that in rats ( and with an almost - 5-fold variation in enzymatic activity ) , leading to the accumulation of unmetabolized folic acid . It has been suggested this low activity limits the conversion of folic acid into its biologically active forms `` when folic acid is consumed at levels higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( 1 mg / d for adults ) . '' Overview of drugs that interfere with folate reactions ( edit ) A number of drugs interfere with the biosynthesis of folic acid and THF . Among them are the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as trimethoprim , pyrimethamine , and methotrexate ; the sulfonamides ( competitive inhibitors of 4 - aminobenzoic acid in the reactions of dihydropteroate synthetase ) . Valproic acid , one of the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsants that is also used to treat certain psychological conditions , is a known inhibitor of folic acid , and as such , has been shown to cause neural tube defects and cases of spina bifida and cognitive impairment in the newborn . Because of this considerable risk , those mothers who must continue to use valproic acid or its derivatives during pregnancy to control their condition ( as opposed to stopping the drug or switching to another drug or to a lesser dose ) should take folic acid supplements under the direction and guidance of their health care providers . The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES III 1988 -- 91 ) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( 1994 -- 96 CSFII ) indicated most adults did not consume adequate folate . However , the folic acid fortification program in the United States has increased folic acid content of commonly eaten foods such as cereals and grains , and as a result , diets of most adults now provide recommended amounts of folate equivalents . Food fortification ( edit ) In the USA many grain products are fortified with folic acid . See also : Food fortification Folic acid fortification is a process where folic acid is added to flour with the intention of promoting public health through increasing blood folate levels in the populace . In the USA , food is fortified with folic acid , only one of the many naturally occurring forms of folate , and a substance contributing only a minor amount to the folates in natural foods . Since the discovery of the link between insufficient folic acid and neural tube defects , governments and health organizations worldwide have made recommendations concerning folic acid supplementation for women intending to become pregnant . Fortification is controversial , with issues having been raised concerning individual liberty , as well as the health concerns described in the Toxicity section above . In the USA , there is concern that the federal government mandates fortification , but does not provide monitoring of potential undesirable effects of fortification . 76 countries worldwide require mandatory folic acid fortification of at least one major cereal grain , with nearly all fortifying at least wheat flour , according to November 2013 data from the Food Fortification Initiative . These countries are : Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Australia , Bahamas , Bahrain , Barbados , Belize , Benin , Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) , Brazil , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cote d'Ivoire , Cuba , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Fiji , Ghana , Grenada , Guatemala , Guinea , Guyana , Haiti , Honduras , Indonesia , Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) , Iraq , Jamaica , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Kosovo , Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Mexico , Morocco , Nepal , Nicaragua , Niger , Nigeria , Oman , Palestine ( Occupied Territory ) , Panama , Papua New Guinea , Paraguay , Peru , Republic of Moldova , Rwanda , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Solomon Islands , South Africa , Suriname , Tanzania ( United Republic of ) , Togo , Trinidad and Tobago , Turkmenistan , Uganda , United States of America , Uruguay , Uzbekistan , and Yemen . As of November 2013 , no EU country has mandated folic acid fortification . Australia ( edit ) There has been previous debate in Australia regarding the inclusion of folic acid in products such as bread and flour . Australia and New Zealand have jointly agreed to fortification though the Food Standards Australia New Zealand . Australia will fortify all flour from 18 September 2009 . Although the food standard covers both Australia and New Zealand , an Australian government official has stated it is up to New Zealand to decide whether to implement it there , and they will watch with interest . The requirement is 0.135 mg of folate per 100g of bread . Canada ( edit ) In 2003 , a Hospital for Sick Children , University of Toronto research group published findings showing the fortification of flour with folic acid in Canada has resulted in a dramatic decrease in neuroblastoma , an early and very dangerous cancer in young children . In 2009 , further evidence from McGill University showed a 6.2 % decrease per year in the birth prevalence of severe congenital heart defects . Folic acid used in fortified foods is a synthetic form called pteroylmonoglutamate . It is in its oxidized state and contains only one conjugated glutamate residue . Folic acid therefore enters via a different carrier system from naturally occurring folate , and this may have different effects on folate binding proteins and its transporters . Folic acid has a higher bioavailability than natural folates and are rapidly absorbed across the intestine ; therefore , it is important to consider the Dietary Folate Equivalent ( DFE ) when calculating one 's intake . Natural occurring folate is equal to 1 DFE ; , however , 0.6 μg of folic acid is equal to 1 DFE . Folic acid food fortification became mandatory in Canada in 1998 , with the fortification of 150 μg of folic acid per 100 grams of enriched flour and uncooked cereal grains . The purpose of fortification was to decrease the risk of neural tube defects in newborns . It is important to fortify grains because it is a widely eaten food and the neural tube closes in the first four weeks of gestation , often before many women even know they are pregnant . Canada 's fortification program has been successful with a decrease of neural tube defects by 19 % since its introduction . A seven - province study from 1993 to 2002 showed a reduction of 46 % in the overall rate of neural tube defects after folic acid fortification was introduced in Canada . The fortification program was estimated to raise a person 's folic acid intake level by 70 -- 130 μg / day ; however , an increase of almost double that amount was actually observed . This could be from the fact that many foods are over fortified by 160 -- 175 % the predicted value . In addition , much of the elder population take supplements that adds 400 μg to their daily folic acid intake . This is a concern because 70 -- 80 % of the population have detectable levels of unmetabolized folic acid in their blood and high intakes can accelerate the growth of preneoplastic lesions . It is still unknown the amount of folic acid supplementation that might cause harm . Supplementation promotion ( edit ) According to a Canadian survey , 58 % of women said they took a folic acid containing multivitamin or a folic acid supplement as early as three months before becoming pregnant . Women in higher income households and with more years of school education are using more folic acid supplements before pregnancy . Women with planned pregnancies and who are over the age of 25 are more likely to use folic acid supplement . Canadian public health efforts are focused on promoting awareness of the importance of folic acid supplementation for all women of childbearing age and decreasing socio - economic inequalities by providing practical folic acid support to vulnerable groups of women . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand was planning to fortify bread ( excluding organic and unleavened varieties ) from 18 September 2009 , but has opted to wait until more research is done . The Association of Bakers and the Green Party have opposed mandatory fortification , describing it as `` mass medication '' . Food Safety Minister Kate Wilkinson reviewed the decision to fortify in July 2009 , citing links between overconsumption of folate with cancer . The New Zealand Government is reviewing whether it will continue with the mandatory introduction of folic acid to bread . United Kingdom ( edit ) There has been previous debate in the United Kingdom regarding the inclusion of folic acid in products such as bread and flour . While the Food Standards Agency has recommended folic acid fortification , and wheat flour is fortified with iron , folic acid fortification of wheat flour is allowed voluntarily rather than required . United States ( edit ) The United States Public Health Service recommends an extra 0.4 mg / day for newly pregnant women , which they can take as a pill . However , many researchers believe this supplementation can never work effectively enough , since about half of all pregnancies in the U.S. are unplanned , and not all women comply with the recommendation . Approximately 53 % of the US population uses dietary supplements and 35 % uses dietary supplements that contain folic acid . Men consume more folate ( in dietary folate equivalents ) than women , and non-Hispanic whites have higher folate intakes than Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks . Twenty - nine percent of black women have inadequate intakes of folate . The age group consuming the most folate and folic acid is the > 50 group . 5 % of the population exceeds the Tolerable Upper Intake Level . In 1996 , the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) published regulations requiring the addition of folic acid to enriched breads , cereals , flours , corn meals , pastas , rice , and other grain products . This ruling took effect on 1 January 1998 , and was specifically targeted to reduce the risk of neural tube birth defects in newborns . There are concerns that the amount of folate added is insufficient . In October 2006 , the Australian press claimed that U.S. regulations requiring fortification of grain products were being interpreted as disallowing fortification in non-grain products , specifically Vegemite ( an Australian yeast extract containing folate ) . The FDA later said the report was inaccurate , and no ban or other action was being taken against Vegemite . As a result of the folic acid fortification program , fortified foods have become a major source of folic acid in the American diet . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta , Georgia used data from 23 birth defect registries covering about half of United States births , and extrapolated their findings to the rest of the country . These data indicate that , since the addition of folic acid in grain - based foods as mandated by the FDA , the rate of neural tube defects dropped by 25 % in the United States . Before folic acid fortification , about 4,100 pregnancies were affected by a neural tube defect each year in the United States . After fortification , this number declined to around 3,000 . The results of folic acid fortification on the rate of neural tube defects in Canada have also been positive , showing a 46 % reduction in prevalence of NTDs ; the magnitude of reduction was proportional to the prefortification rate of NTDs , essentially removing geographical variations in rates of NTDs seen in Canada before fortification . When the U.S. Food and Drug Administration set the folic acid fortification regulation in 1996 , the projected increase in folic acid intake was 100 μg / d . Data from a study with 1480 subjects showed that folic acid intake increased by 190 μg / d and total folate intake increased by 323 μg dietary folate equivalents ( DFE ) / d . Folic acid intake above the upper tolerable intake level ( 1000 μg folic acid / d ) increased only among those individuals consuming folic acid supplements as well as folic acid found in fortified grain products . Taken together , folic acid fortification has led to a bigger increase in folic acid intake than first projected . See also ( edit ) Levomefolic acid Pteridine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fenech , Michael ( May 2012 ) . `` Folate ( vitamin B9 ) and vitamin B12 and their function in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genome integrity '' . 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Jump up ^ BBC Experts back folic acid in flour Archived 18 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 11 May 2007 ^ Jump up to : Bailey RL , Dodd KW , Gahche JJ , et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` Total folate and folic acid intake from foods and dietary supplements in the United States : 2003 -- 2006 '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91 ( 1 ) : 231 -- 7 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2009.28427 . PMC 2793110 . PMID 19923379 . Jump up ^ Malinow MR , Duell PB , Hess DL , et al. ( April 1998 ) . `` Reduction of plasma homocyst ( e ) ine levels by breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid in patients with coronary heart disease '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 338 ( 15 ) : 1009 -- 15 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199804093381501 . PMID 9535664 . Jump up ^ Daly S , Mills JL , Molloy AM , et al. ( December 1997 ) . `` Minimum effective dose of folic acid for food fortification to prevent neural - tube defects '' . Lancet . 350 ( 9092 ) : 1666 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 97 ) 07247 - 4 . PMID 9400511 . Jump up ^ Crandall BF , Corson VL , Evans MI , Goldberg JD , Knight G , Salafsky IS ( July 1998 ) . `` American College of Medical Genetics statement on folic acid : fortification and supplementation '' . Am. J. Med . Genet. 78 ( 4 ) : 381 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1096 - 8628 ( 19980724 ) 78 : 4 < 381 : : AID - AJMG16 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - E. PMID 9714444 . Jump up ^ `` FDA muffed chance to reduce birth defects '' . Boston Globe . 6 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US denies Vegemite ban '' . 25 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( May 2004 ) . `` Spina bifida and anencephaly before and after folic acid mandate -- United States , 1995 -- 1996 and 1999 -- 2000 '' . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 53 ( 17 ) : 362 -- 5 . PMID 15129193 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Birth Defects COUNT Folic Acid NCBDDD CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ De Wals P , Tairou F , Van Allen MI , et al. ( July 2007 ) . `` Reduction in neural - tube defects after folic acid fortification in Canada '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 357 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 42 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa067103 . PMID 17625125 . ^ Jump up to : Choumenkovitch SF , Selhub J , Wilson PW , Rader JI , Rosenberg IH , Jacques PF ( September 2002 ) . `` Folic acid intake from fortification in United States exceeds predictions '' . J. Nutr. 132 ( 9 ) : 2792 -- 8 . PMID 12221247 . External links ( edit ) Jane Higdon , `` Folic Acid '' , Micronutrient Information Center , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University Biochemistry links Folate biosynthesis ( early stages ) Folate biosynthesis ( later stages ) Folate coenzymes C metabolism with folate Formylation , hydroxymethylation and methylation using folate Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics ( Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium ) Protein bar Vitamins Vitamins and chemical elements ( `` minerals '' ) Retinol ( Vitamin A ) B vitamins : Thiamine ( B ) Riboflavin ( B ) Niacin ( B ) Pantothenic acid ( B ) Pyridoxine ( B ) Biotin ( B ) Folic acid ( B ) Cyanocobalamin ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( Vitamin C ) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol ( Vitamin D ) Tocopherol ( Vitamin E ) Naphthoquinone ( Vitamin K ) Calcium Choline Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients AAKG β - hydroxy β - methylbutyrate Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine / Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Echinacea Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Grape seed extract Guarana Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Lipoic acid Milk thistle Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina St John 's wort Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Hadacol Herbal tea Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition Vitamins ( A11 ) Fat soluble α - Carotene β - Carotene Retinol Tretinoin Ergosterol Ergocalciferol 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Previtamin D Cholecalciferol 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) Calcitroic acid Dihydroergocalciferol D analogues Alfacalcidol Dihydrotachysterol Calcipotriol Tacalcitol Paricalcitol Tocopherol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocotrienol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocofersolan Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone ( K ) Menaquinones ( K ) Menadione ( K ) ‡ Menadiol ( K ) Water soluble Thiamine B analogues Acefurtiamine Allithiamine Fursultiamine Octotiamine Prosultiamine Sulbutiamine Riboflavin Niacin Nicotinamide Pantothenic acid Dexpanthenol Pantethine Pyridoxine , Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxamine Pyritinol Biotin Folic acid Dihydrofolic acid Folinic acid Levomefolic acid Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin Methylcobalamin Choline Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid Combinations Multivitamins WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III GND : 4121288 - 5 NDL : 00574353 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folate&oldid=806948649 '' Categories : Folates Dicarboxylic acids B vitamins Alcohols World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2010 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from January 2017 Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 02 : 16 . 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where is folic acid absorbed in the body

Folic acid used in fortified foods is a synthetic form called pteroylmonoglutamate . It is in its oxidized state and contains only one conjugated glutamate residue . Folic acid therefore enters via a different carrier system from naturally occurring folate , and this may have different effects on folate binding proteins and its transporters . Folic acid has a higher bioavailability than natural folates and are rapidly absorbed across the intestine ; therefore , it is important to consider the Dietary Folate Equivalent ( DFE ) when calculating one 's intake . Natural occurring folate is equal to 1 DFE ; , however , 0.6 μg of folic acid is equal to 1 DFE .

List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search Lok Sabha constituencies of India The Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India , is made up of Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . Each MP , represents a single geographic constituency . There are currently 543 constituencies . The maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India is 552 members made up of up to 530 members representing people of the states of India and up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories on the basis of their population and 2 Anglo - Indians are nominated by President . Contents ( hide ) 1 Delimitation of constituencies 2 List of constituencies by States / Union Territories 3 Andhra Pradesh ( 25 ) 4 Arunachal Pradesh ( 2 ) 5 Assam ( 14 ) 6 Bihar ( 40 ) 7 Chhattisgarh ( 11 ) 8 Goa ( 2 ) 9 Gujarat ( 26 ) 10 Haryana ( 10 ) 11 Himachal Pradesh ( 4 ) 12 Jammu and Kashmir ( 6 ) 13 Jharkhand ( 14 ) 14 Karnataka ( 28 ) 15 Kerala ( 20 ) 16 Madhya Pradesh ( 29 ) 17 Maharashtra ( 48 ) 18 Manipur ( 2 ) 19 Meghalaya ( 2 ) 20 Mizoram ( 1 ) 21 Nagaland ( 1 ) 22 Odisha ( 21 ) 23 Punjab ( 13 ) 24 Rajasthan ( 25 ) 25 Sikkim ( 1 ) 26 Tamil Nadu ( 39 ) 27 Telangana ( 17 ) 28 Tripura ( 2 ) 29 Uttar Pradesh ( 80 ) 30 Uttarakhand ( 5 ) 31 West Bengal ( 42 ) 32 Constituencies in the Union Territories 32.1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( 1 ) 32.2 Chandigarh ( 1 ) 32.3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( 1 ) 32.4 Daman and Diu ( 1 ) 32.5 Lakshadweep ( 1 ) 32.6 NCT of Delhi ( 7 ) 32.7 Puducherry ( 1 ) 33 Nominated Anglo - Indians ( 2 ) 34 See also 35 References 36 External links Delimitation of constituencies ( edit ) Under the Delimitation Act of 2002 , the Delimitation Commission of India has redefined the list of parliamentary constituencies , their constituent assembly segments and reservation status ( whether reserved for Scheduled castes ( SC ) candidates or Scheduled tribes ( ST ) candidates or unreserved ) . Karnataka Legislative Assembly election , 2008 , which took place in May 2008 , was the first state election to use newly demarcated assembly constituencies . Consequently , all assembly elections scheduled in 2008 , viz. in the states of Chhattisgarh , Madhya Pradesh , NCT of Delhi , Mizoram and Rajasthan are based on newly defined assembly constituencies . The size and shape of the Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies are determined , according to section 4 of the Representation of the People Act , 1950 , by an independent Delimitation Commission . Under a constitutional amendment of 1976 , delimitation was suspended until after the census of 2001 . However , certain amendments to the Constitution made in 2001 and 2003 have , while putting a freeze on the total number of existing seats as allocated to various States in the House of People and the State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till the first census to be taken after the year 2026 , provided that each State shall be delimited into territorial Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies on the basis of 2001 census and the extent of such constituencies as delimited shall remain frozen till the first census to be taken after the year 2026 . The number of seats to be reserved for SC / ST shall be re-worked out on the basis of 2001 census . The constituency shall be delimited in a manner that the population of each Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency in a State so far as practicable be the same throughout the State . List of constituencies by States / Union Territories ( edit ) State / Union Territory Number of Parliamentary seats Andhra Pradesh 25 Arunachal Pradesh Assam 14 Bihar 40 Chhattisgarh 11 Goa Gujarat 26 Haryana 10 Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir 6 Jharkhand 14 Karnataka 28 Kerala 20 Madhya Pradesh 29 Maharashtra 48 Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha 21 Punjab 13 Rajasthan 25 Sikkim Tamil Nadu 39 Telangana 17 Tripura Uttar Pradesh 80 Uttarakhand 5 West Bengal 42 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep NCT of Delhi 7 Puducherry Andhra Pradesh ( 25 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Telangana ( 1 -- 17 ) and Andhra Pradesh ( 18 -- 42 ) Constituencies 1 to 17 fall under the State of Telangana and therefore , have been omitted in this table . Constituency No . Constituency Name Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) 18 Araku ST 19 Srikakulam None 20 Vizianagaram None 21 Visakhapatnam None 22 Anakapalli None 23 Kakinada None 24 Amalapuram SC 25 Rajahmundry None 26 Narasapuram None 27 Eluru None 28 Machilipatnam None 29 Vijayawada None 30 Guntur None 31 Narasaraopet None 32 Bapatla SC 33 Ongole None 34 Nandyal None 35 Kurnool None 36 Anantapur None 37 Hindupur None 38 Kadapa None 39 Nellore None 40 Tirupati SC 41 Rajampet None 42 Chittoor SC Arunachal Pradesh ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Arunachal West None Arunachal East None Assam ( 14 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Assam Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Karimganj SC Silchar None Autonomous District ST Dhubri None 5 Kokrajhar ST 6 Barpeta None 7 Gauhati None 8 Mangaldoi None 9 Tezpur None 10 Nowgong None 11 Kaliabor None 12 Jorhat None 13 Dibrugarh None 14 Lakhimpur None Bihar ( 40 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Bihar Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Valmiki Nagar None Paschim Champaran None Purvi Champaran None Sheohar None 5 Sitamarhi None 6 Madhubani None 7 Jhanjharpur None 8 Supaul None 9 Araria None 10 Kishanganj None 11 Katihar None 12 Purnia None 13 Madhepura None 14 Darbhanga None 15 Muzaffarpur None 16 Vaishali None 17 Gopalganj SC 18 Siwan None 19 Maharajganj None 20 Saran None 21 Hajipur SC 22 Ujiarpur None 23 Samastipur SC 24 Begusarai None 25 Khagaria None 26 Bhagalpur None 27 Banka None 28 Munger None 29 Nalanda None 30 Patna Sahib None 31 Pataliputra None 32 Arrah None 33 Buxar None 34 Sasaram SC 35 Karakat None 36 Jahanabad None 37 Aurangabad None 38 Gaya SC 39 Nawada None 40 Jamui SC Chhattisgarh ( 11 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Chhattisgarh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Sarguja ST Raigarh ST Janjgir SC Korba None 5 Bilaspur None 6 Rajnandgaon None 7 Durg None 8 Raipur None 9 Mahasamund None 10 Bastar ST 11 Kanker ST Goa ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Goa Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) North Goa None South Goa None Gujarat ( 26 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Gujarat Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Kachchh SC Banaskantha None Patan None Mahesana None 5 Sabarkantha None 6 Gandhinagar None 7 Ahmedabad East None 8 Ahmedabad West SC 9 Surendranagar None 10 Rajkot None 11 Porbandar None 12 Jamnagar None 13 Junagadh None 14 Amreli None 15 Bhavnagar None 16 Anand None 17 Kheda None 18 Panchmahal None 19 Dahod ST 20 Vadodara None 21 Chhota Udaipur ST 22 Bharuch None 23 Bardoli ST 24 Surat None 25 Navsari None 26 Valsad ST Haryana ( 10 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Haryana Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Ambala SC Kurukshetra None Sirsa SC Hissar None 5 Karnal None 6 Sonepat None 7 Rohtak None 8 Bhiwani - Mahendragarh None 9 Gurgaon None 10 Faridabad None Himachal Pradesh ( 4 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Kangra None Mandi None Hamirpur None Shimla SC Jammu and Kashmir ( 6 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Baramulla None Srinagar None Anantnag None Ladakh None 5 Udhampur None 6 Jammu None Jharkhand ( 14 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Jharkhand Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Rajmahal ST Dumka ST Godda None Chatra None 5 Kodarma None 6 Giridih None 7 Dhanbad None 8 Ranchi None 9 Jamshedpur None 10 Singhbhum ST 11 Khunti ST 12 Lohardaga ST 13 Palamau SC 14 Hazaribagh None Karnataka ( 28 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Karnataka Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Chikkodi None Belgaum None Bagalkot None Bijapur SC 5 Kalaburagi SC 6 Raichur ST 7 Bidar None 8 Koppal None 9 Bellary ST 10 Haveri None 11 Dharwad None 12 Uttara Kannada None 13 Davanagere None 14 Shimoga None 15 Udupi Chikmagalur None 16 Hassan None 17 Dakshina Kannada None 18 Chitradurga SC 19 Tumkur None 20 Mandya None 21 Mysore None 22 Chamarajanagar SC 23 Bangalore Rural None 24 Bangalore North None 25 Bangalore Central None 26 Bangalore South None 27 Chikballapur None 28 Kolar SC Kerala ( 20 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Kerala Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Kasaragod None Kannur None Vatakara None Wayanad None 5 Kozhikode None 6 Malappuram None 7 Ponnani None 8 Palakkad None 9 Alathur SC 10 Thrissur None 11 Chalakudy None 12 Ernakulam None 13 Idukki None 14 Kottayam None 15 Alappuzha None 16 Mavelikara SC 17 Pathanamthitta None 18 Kollam None 19 Attingal None 20 Thiruvananthapuram None Madhya Pradesh ( 29 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Morena None Bhind SC Gwalior None Guna None 5 Sagar None 6 Tikamgarh SC 7 Damoh None 8 Khajuraho None 9 Satna None 10 Rewa None 11 Sidhi None 12 Shahdol ST 13 Jabalpur None 14 Mandla ST 15 Balaghat None 16 Chhindwara None 17 Hoshangabad None 18 Vidisha None 19 Bhopal None 20 Rajgarh None 21 Dewas SC 22 Ujjain SC 23 Mandsaur None 24 Ratlam ST 25 Dhar ST 26 Indore None 27 Khargone ST 28 Khandwa None 29 Betul ST Maharashtra ( 48 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Maharashtra Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Nandurbar ST Dhule None Jalgaon None Raver None 5 Buldhana None 6 Akola None 7 Amravati SC 8 Wardha None 9 Ramtek SC 10 Nagpur None 11 Bhandara -- Gondiya None 12 Gadchiroli - Chimur ST 13 Chandrapur None 14 Yavatmal - Washim None 15 Hingoli None 16 Nanded None 17 Parbhani None 18 Jalna None 19 Aurangabad None 20 Dindori ST 21 Nashik None 22 Palghar ST 23 Bhiwandi None 24 Kalyan None 25 Thane None 26 Mumbai North None 27 Mumbai North West None 28 Mumbai North East None 29 Mumbai North Central None 30 Mumbai South Central None 31 Mumbai South None 32 Raigad None 33 Maval None 34 Pune None 35 Baramati None 36 Shirur None 37 Ahmednagar None 38 Shirdi SC 39 Beed None 40 Osmanabad None 41 Latur SC 42 Solapur SC 43 Madha None 44 Sangli None 45 Satara None 46 Ratnagiri -- Sindhudurg None 47 Kolhapur None 48 Hatkanangle None Manipur ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Manipur Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Inner Manipur None Outer Manipur ST Meghalaya ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Meghalaya Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Shillong ST Tura ST Mizoram ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Mizoram Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Mizoram ST Nagaland ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Nagaland Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Nagaland None Odisha ( 21 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Odisha Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Bargarh None Sundargarh ST Sambalpur None Keonjhar ST 5 Mayurbhanj ST 6 Balasore None 7 Bhadrak SC 8 Jajpur SC 9 Dhenkanal None 10 Bolangir None 11 Kalahandi None 12 Nabarangpur ST 13 Kandhamal None 14 Cuttack None 15 Kendrapara None 16 Jagatsinghpur SC 17 Puri None 18 Bhubaneswar None 19 Aska None 20 Berhampur None 21 Koraput ST Punjab ( 13 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Punjab Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Gurdaspur None Amritsar None Khadoor Sahib None Jalandhar SC 5 Hoshiarpur SC 6 Anandpur Sahib None 7 Ludhiana None 8 Fatehgarh Sahib SC 9 Faridkot SC 10 Firozpur None 11 Bathinda None 12 Sangrur None 13 Patiala None Rajasthan ( 25 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Rajasthan Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Ganganagar SC Bikaner SC Churu None Jhunjhunu None 5 Sikar None 6 Jaipur Rural None 7 Jaipur None 8 Alwar None 9 Bharatpur SC 10 Karauli - Dholpur SC 11 Dausa ST 12 Tonk - Sawai Madhopur None 13 Ajmer None 14 Nagaur None 15 Pali None 16 Jodhpur None 17 Barmer None 18 Jalore None 19 Udaipur ST 20 Banswara ST 21 Chittorgarh None 22 Rajsamand None 23 Bhilwara None 24 Kota None 25 Jhalawar - Baran None Sikkim ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Sikkim Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Sikkim None Tamil Nadu ( 39 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Tamil Nadu Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Thiruvallur SC Chennai North None Chennai South None Chennai Central None 5 Sriperumbudur None 6 Kancheepuram SC 7 Arakkonam None 8 Vellore None 9 Krishnagiri None 10 Dharmapuri None 11 Tiruvannamalai None 12 Arani None 13 Villupuram SC 14 Kallakurichi None 15 Salem None 16 Namakkal None 17 Erode None 18 Tiruppur None 19 Nilgiris SC 20 Coimbatore None 21 Pollachi None 22 Dindigul None 23 Karur None 24 Tiruchirappalli None 25 Perambalur None 26 Cuddalore None 27 Chidambaram SC 28 Mayiladuturai None 29 Nagapattinam SC 30 Thanjavur None 31 Sivaganga None 32 Madurai None 33 Theni None 34 Virudhunagar None 35 Ramanathapuram None 36 Thoothukudi None 37 Tenkasi SC 38 Tirunelveli None 39 Kanyakumari None Telangana ( 17 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Telangana Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Adilabad ST Peddapalle SC Karimnagar None Nizamabad None 5 Zahirabad None 6 Medak None 7 Malkajgiri None 8 Secunderabad None 9 Hyderabad None 10 Chevella None 11 Mahbubnagar None 12 Nagarkurnool SC 13 Nalgonda None 14 Bhongir None 15 Warangal SC 16 Mahabubabad ST 17 Khammam None Tripura ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Tripura Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Tripura West None Tripura East ST Uttar Pradesh ( 80 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Saharanpur None Kairana None Muzaffarnagar None Bijnor None 5 Nagina SC 6 Moradabad None 7 Rampur None 8 Sambhal None 9 Amroha None 10 Meerut None 11 Baghpat None 12 Ghaziabad None 13 Gautam Buddha Nagar None 14 Bulandshahr SC 15 Aligarh None 16 Hathras SC 17 Mathura None 18 Agra SC 19 Fatehpur Sikri None 20 Firozabad None 21 Mainpuri None 22 Etah None 23 Badaun None 24 Aonla None 25 Bareilly None 26 Pilibhit None 27 Shahjahanpur SC 28 Kheri None 29 Dhaurahra None 30 Sitapur None 31 Hardoi SC 32 Misrikh SC 33 Unnao None 34 Mohanlalganj SC 35 Lucknow None 36 Rae Bareli None 37 Amethi None 38 Sultanpur None 39 Pratapgarh None 40 Farrukhabad None 41 Etawah SC 42 Kannauj None 43 Kanpur Urban None 44 Akbarpur None 45 Jalaun SC 46 Jhansi None 47 Hamirpur None 48 Banda None 49 Fatehpur None 50 Kaushambi SC 51 Phulpur None 52 Allahabad None 53 Barabanki SC 54 Faizabad None 55 Ambedkar Nagar None 56 Bahraich SC 57 Kaiserganj None 58 Shrawasti None 59 Gonda None 60 Domariyaganj None 61 Basti None 62 Sant Kabir Nagar None 63 Maharajganj None 64 Gorakhpur None 65 Kushi Nagar None 66 Deoria None 67 Bansgaon SC 68 Lalganj SC 69 Azamgarh None 70 Ghosi None 71 Salempur None 72 Ballia None 73 Jaunpur None 74 Machhlishahr SC 75 Ghazipur None 76 Chandauli None 77 Varanasi None 78 Bhadohi None 79 Mirzapur None 80 Robertsganj SC Uttarakhand ( 5 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Uttarakhand Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Tehri Garhwal None Garhwal None Almora SC Nainital - Udhamsingh Nagar None 5 Haridwar None West Bengal ( 42 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of West Bengal Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Cooch Behar SC Alipurduars ST Jalpaiguri SC Darjeeling None 5 Raiganj None 6 Balurghat None 7 Maldaha Uttar None 8 Maldaha Dakshin None 9 Jangipur None 10 Baharampur None 11 Murshidabad None 12 Krishnanagar None 13 Ranaghat SC 14 Bangaon SC 15 Barrackpur None 16 Dum Dum None 17 Barasat None 18 Basirhat None 19 Jaynagar SC 20 Mathurapur SC 21 Diamond Harbour None 22 Jadavpur None 23 Kolkata Dakshin None 24 Kolkata Uttar None 25 Howrah None 26 Uluberia None 27 Srerampur None 28 Hooghly None 29 Arambag SC 30 Tamluk None 31 Kanthi None 32 Ghatal None 33 Jhargram ST 34 Medinipur None 35 Purulia None 36 Bankura None 37 Bishnupur SC 38 Bardhaman Purba SC 39 Bardhaman - Durgapur None 40 Asansol None 41 Bolpur SC 42 Birbhum None Constituencies in the Union Territories ( edit ) Constituencies of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Constituencies of Chandigarh Constituencies of Dadra and Nagar Haveli Constituencies of Daman and Diu Constituencies of Lakshadweep Constituencies of National Capital Territory of Delhi Constituencies of Puducherry Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Andaman and Nicobar Islands None Chandigarh ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Chandigarh None Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Dadra and Nagar Haveli ST Daman and Diu ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Daman and Diu None Lakshadweep ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Lakshadweep ST NCT of Delhi ( 7 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Chandni Chowk None North East Delhi None East Delhi None New Delhi None 5 North West Delhi SC 6 West Delhi None 7 South Delhi None Puducherry ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Puducherry None Nominated Anglo - Indians ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Anglo - Indian reserved seats None None See also ( edit ) List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha State governments of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Campaigning ends in segments going to polls in first phase '' . The Hindu . 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Press Note ( Subject : Schedule for General Election to the Legislative Assemblies of Chhattisgarh , Madhya Pradesh , Mizoram , Rajasthan and NCT of Delhi ) '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 2008 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : http://elections.tn.nic.in/delimitation.html External links ( edit ) http://www.ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2009/PHASE-1-ACs.pdf Candidate Affidavits for Loksabha 2009 Election ( hide ) Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=842885455 '' Categories : Constituencies of the Lok Sabha Lists of constituencies in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा ਪੰਜਾਬੀ తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 10 : 15 . 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number of lok sabha seats in each state in india

State / Union Territory Number of Parliamentary seats Andhra Pradesh 25 Arunachal Pradesh Assam 14 Bihar 40 Chhattisgarh 11 Goa Gujarat 26 Haryana 10 Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir 6 Jharkhand 14 Karnataka 28 Kerala 20 Madhya Pradesh 29 Maharashtra 48 Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha 21 Punjab 13 Rajasthan 25 Sikkim Tamil Nadu 39 Telangana 17 Tripura Uttar Pradesh 80 Uttarakhand 5 West Bengal 42 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep NCT of Delhi 7 Puducherry

Mama 's Family - wikipedia Mama 's Family Jump to : navigation , search Mama 's Family Genre Sitcom Created by Dick Clair Jenna McMahon Directed by Roger Beatty Harvey Korman Dick Martin Dave Powers Starring Vicki Lawrence Ken Berry Dorothy Lyman Rue McClanahan ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Eric Brown ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Karin Argoud ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Betty White ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Beverly Archer ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Allan Kayser ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Theme music composer Peter Matz Opening theme `` Bless My Happy Home '' Composer ( s ) Peter Matz Dick Walter Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 2 ( NBC run ) 4 ( syndicated run ) No. of episodes 35 ( NBC run ) 95 ( syndicated run ) 130 ( total ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joe Hamilton Producer ( s ) Jim Evering Neil Lebowitz Dave Powers Fred Rubin Location ( s ) CBS Television City Hollywood , California ( 1983 -- 84 ) Metromedia Square Hollywood , California ( 1986 -- 90 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 24 -- 25 minutes ( NBC episodes ) 21 -- 22 minutes ( syndicated episodes ) Production company ( s ) Joe Hamilton Productions Distributor Lorimar - Telepictures ( 1986 -- 1989 ) ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( 1989 -- 1996 , 2003 -- present ) Telepictures Distribution ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Release Original network NBC ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Syndicated ( 1986 -- 90 ) Audio format Mono ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Stereo ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Original release January 22 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 22 ) -- April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) September 27 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 27 ) -- February 24 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 24 ) Chronology Preceded by Eunice Mama 's Family is an American television sitcom starring Vicki Lawrence as Thelma Harper ( Mama ) . The series is a spin - off of a recurring series of comedy sketches called `` The Family '' featured on The Carol Burnett Show ( 1974 -- 78 ) and Carol Burnett & Company ( 1979 ) . The sketeches led to the made - for - TV movie Eunice , and finally the television series . The show 's theme song is `` Bless My Happy Home '' by Emmy and Grammy award winner Peter Matz ( music ) and Vicki Lawrence ( lyrics ) . The show 's producers chose to use an instrumental version . Mama 's Family originally aired on NBC , debuting on January 22 , 1983 . After several timeslot changes and a subsequent drop in ratings , the network canceled the series ; the final episode aired on April 7 , 1984 . NBC broadcast reruns until September 1985 . Two years after its cancellation , original series producer Joe Hamilton Productions ( JHP ) revived Mama 's Family for first - run syndication on local stations across the United States . The revived series , produced by JHP and distributed by Lorimar - Telepictures , premiered on September 27 , 1986 . The syndicated version garnered substantially higher ratings than its network version had , eventually becoming the highest - rated sitcom in first - run syndication . Its four - season run ended on February 24 , 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Network run ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) 2.1 Beginning the series 2.2 Plot details 2.3 Opening theme discrepancies 2.4 Cancellation 3 First - run syndication ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) 3.1 Series rebirth 3.2 Plot details 3.3 Absence of Carol Burnett as the `` Eunice '' character 3.4 Series end 4 Cast and characters 4.1 Thelma Mae Crowley Harper ( Mama ) 4.1. 1 Role 4.1. 2 Appearance 4.1. 3 Persona evolution 4.1. 4 Vicki Lawrence on evolution of Mama 4.2 Family members and friends 5 Harper family tree 6 Recurring characters 7 Episodes 7.1 Favorites of Vicki Lawrence 8 Ratings 9 DVD releases 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Primetime Emmy Awards 10.2 TV Land Awards 10.3 Young Artist Awards 11 Syndication 12 Post-television show appearances of Thelma Harper / Mama 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Overview ( edit ) The show is set in the city of Raytown , which was later revealed by actress Vicki Lawrence to be Raytown , Missouri , a suburb of Kansas City The televison series revolves around the wacky misadventures of the Harper family , extended non-Harper family members and their neighbor friend in later seasons . Always at the center of the trouble and confusion is head of the clan and matriarch Thelma Harper -- a buxom , blue - haired , purse - lipped , 65 - year - old widow who is portrayed as explosively quick - tempered , abrasive and brash . Thelma 's snappy retorts and wisecracks are featured in a running gag in which the final scenes of each episode cut to an exterior shot of her house while she is heard riposting the comments of whomever had previously spoken , followed by audience laughter and applause . In spite of Thelma 's brusqueness , she is nurturing and obliging at heart , allowing family members to live in her home who would otherwise have no place to live , while also cooking for and cleaning up after them . Thelma 's family members can be ingrates , even banding together and ganging up on Thelma on occasion . Network run ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ( edit ) Cast of the first life of Mama 's Family ( clockwise from bottom left ) : Buzz , Vinton , Naomi , Ed ( recurring character ) , Ellen ( recurring ) , Fran , Sonja , and Thelma Beginning the series ( edit ) In the ninth season of The Carol Burnett Show , producer Joe Hamilton wanted to spin off Mama in her own series , but Lawrence turned him down . She did not wish to wear a fat suit portraying an old lady every week , and she had misgivings about playing the role without Harvey Korman ( who played Mama 's son - in - law , Ed Higgins ) and Carol Burnett ( who played Mama 's daughter Eunice Higgins ) regularly by her side as in `` The Family '' sketches . Burnett and Korman told Lawrence that they would only appear as guest stars on the new series , and that it was Lawrence 's time to shine and take what she had learned from The Carol Burnett Show and make it on her own . Shortly after the highly rated Eunice TV movie , with continued urging by Korman and Burnett , Lawrence finally changed her mind and accepted the offer for her character 's own sitcom . The writers had created Raytown to be its own `` cartoon - like '' world outside of reality . Even though the series was sold to NBC without a pilot , the network had its own requirements , such as having `` normal '' teenagers as seen in other sitcoms of the time , which is how the Buzz and Sonja characters came about . However , Lawrence had a great deal of creative input and made many important decisions , including bringing in Korman very early on to co-direct the series . Lawrence had objections to the original script of the episode `` Mama Cries Uncle '' , in which Thelma 's brother - in - law comes to visit and the two are supposed to have wound up sleeping together : `` I went to the writers and I said , ' I 'm sorry , she is nothing if not Bible Belt . She would never sleep with her brother - in - law . I do n't care how dead her husband is , This is wrong , wrong , wrong , wrong ' . Well , threw everything into a tizzy and Joe ( Hamilton ) said , ' Gotta listen to her , ' and they re-wrote the second half of the show . '' According to her autobiography , Lawrence had a problem with the decision to film the series on Stage 33 at CBS Television City , where The Carol Burnett Show was produced . Plot details ( edit ) For one and a half seasons from 1983 through 1984 , Mama 's Family ran on NBC . In the series ' first episode , Thelma Harper lives with her uptight spinster sister Fran ( Rue McClanahan ) , a journalist for a local paper . Thelma 's son , Vinton ( whose wife , Mitzi , had left him to become a cocktail waitress in Las Vegas ) , stops by to inform Thelma that he and his two children , Sonja and Buzz , have been evicted from their home and need a place to stay . Much to Fran 's chagrin , Thelma allows Vint , Sonja and Buzz to move in . During the first season , Vinton forged a relationship with the Harpers ' flirtatious next - door neighbor , Naomi Oates ( whom Thelma disliked ) , and soon married her . After selling Naomi 's house and losing the money in a bad business deal , Naomi and Vint are forced to move into Thelma 's basement , where they remain for most of the show 's run . Also seen on a recurring basis were Thelma 's two daughters : the snobbish Ellen ( Betty White ) and the ornery Eunice ( Carol Burnett ) . Harvey Korman , who directed many of the earlier episodes , made featured appearances as Eunice 's husband , Ed Higgins . ( During the eleventh and final season of The Carol Burnett Show , the Ed Higgins character was written out of `` The Family '' skits , having left Eunice ) . Opening theme discrepancies ( edit ) Korman also appeared at the beginning of each episode as the stuffed shirt Alistair Quince ( an obvious parody of Alistair Cooke ) , who would soberly introduce the program in the style of Masterpiece Theatre . These monologues were cut out of the later syndicated reruns . Korman also performed the voice of Thelma 's unseen late husband , Carl , in flashback episodes . An extended version of the show 's opening theme song , with repeated melodies , was used during the original NBC run , but was never used in reruns . The house and neighborhood shown in the opening credits differed between the original NBC run and the syndicated shows , leading to discrepancies such as in the episode `` Mama for Mayor '' , in which Mama is shown in front of the house used in the original opening theme used for the first two seasons . In 2013 , StarVista Entertainment released the original NBC seasons with the Alistair Quince intros and original opening credits intact , except for two episodes in Season 1 ( `` Cellmates '' and `` Mama 's Boyfriend '' ) , as the master prints of those episodes are lost and were replaced by the syndicated version in the re-release . Cancellation ( edit ) While not a huge ratings success , the first season garnered solid enough numbers to justify being renewed for a second season . For instance , the premiere episode ranked # 28 for the week with an 18.6 / 28 rating / share . However , during the second season , the show dropped out of the top 50 shows , losing share to CBS ' hit Magnum , P.I. As a result , NBC canceled the series in May 1984 . First - run syndication ( seasons 3 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Cast of the second life of Mama 's Family ( clockwise from center left ) : Iola , Bubba , Vinton , Naomi , and Mama . Series rebirth ( edit ) After Mama 's Family was canceled by NBC in 1984 , it was later relaunched in first - run syndication in 1986 . Lorimar had merged with Telepictures and were looking for projects for first - run syndication , and after seeing the show 's ratings in the summer reruns , it decided that the show needed a second chance and ordered 100 episodes for syndication . Plot details ( edit ) Since the original set had been destroyed , a new set had to be constructed . This led to some significant changes in set design details . Adjustments in the show 's cast occurred as well , with only Vicki Lawrence ( Thelma ) , Ken Berry ( Vinton ) and Dorothy Lyman ( Naomi ) returning as regulars from the first life of the sitcom . Vinton 's kids from his first marriage , Buzz ( played by Eric Brown ) and Sonja ( played by Karin Argoud ) , who were regulars in the show 's first life , did not reprise their roles for the show 's revival ; their characters , though mentioned briefly in the first episode of the show 's syndicated life , were never to be spoken of again . During the hiatus of the series , both Rue McClanahan ( Aunt Fran ) and Betty White ( Ellen Jackson ) had both gone on to star in the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls , rendering them unavailable to return . White , however , did return as Ellen for one episode in 1986 while Fran was killed off in the first episode of the revival . Carol Burnett and Harvey Korman , meanwhile , did not reprise their roles either , resulting in their characters ( Eunice and Ed Higgins ) being written out as having moved to Florida . To fill the void left by Mama 's grandchildren , Allan Kayser was cast as Thelma 's delinquent teenage grandson Mitchel `` Bubba '' Higgins . Bubba was the son of Ed and Eunice . Bubba was ordered to live with his grandmother after being released from juvenile hall and placed on probation . Also added to the cast was Beverly Archer , who played the new character of Iola Boylen , the family 's prissy neighbor and Mama 's best friend . Her catchphrase was calling out `` Knock , knock ! '' in place of ringing the doorbell . The second life of the show saw far less bickering than in its first life and particularly `` The Family '' sketches . The Naomi and Vinton characters became far less assertive and more dimwitted , and Mama was represented as more overpowering throughout the show 's syndicated run . A recurring theme throughout the fifth season was Naomi 's desire to become a mother , and the penultimate season concluded with Naomi 's announcement that she was pregnant . Preparation for the baby became a central theme of the sixth and final season . Absence of Carol Burnett as the `` Eunice '' character ( edit ) According to Lawrence 's autobiography , Vicki ! : The True - Life Adventures of Miss Fireball , Burnett resented Lawrence for accepting the role of Mama for first - run syndication . It was during this time that Burnett was involved in an acrimonious divorce with The Carol Burnett Show and Mama 's Family producer Joe Hamilton . Burnett felt Lawrence had been disloyal to her and held a grudge against her until Hamilton 's death in 1991 . By the time of Hamilton 's death , Burnett and Lawrence had reconciled . Lawrence 's autobiography reads : `` A funny thing happened the day I signed with Lorimar . Carol called and said , ' I think I 'd like to put together maybe a little syndicated show with the family characters . I 'll do Eunice , you do Mama . Does n't that sound like fun ? ' I said , ' It does , but I just signed with Lorimar to do Mama 's Family for Joe . ' It became a very abrupt conversation , and Carol hung up . I then went to Al and asked him what he made of the whole thing . He agreed it was really weird . I wondered if I was about to get caught in the middle of yet another struggle between the two of them ... During her divorce , Carol and I went through a ' cool ' period . She ' divorced ' everyone and remained distant for a lot of years . She called the house a few years ago . I was standing at the sink peeling carrots , fifteen feet from the phone , but Garrett got to it first and I only heard his half of the following conversation : ' Hello ? Oh hi . Yeah , sure , he 's in the other room , on the other line . You want me to tell him you 're calling ? My mom 's here , you want to talk to her ? No ? Okay . Goodbye . ' When he hung up I asked him who it was . ' Carol Burnett . ' I was shocked . ' What did she say ? ' ' She did n't want to talk to you . She only wanted to talk to Dad . ' Al called her back later that night , made a point of telling her how much we missed and loved her , and she told him , ' I 'll be back . It 's just going to take a while longer . Give me another year or so . '' '' Series End ( edit ) After Mama 's Family was picked up in first - run syndication , ratings for the series improved , becoming the highest - rated first - run program in syndication . Despite the show 's success , Lawrence did not sign on for further seasons after completing her four - season contract in first - run syndication . According to Ken Berry ( who played Mama 's son , Vinton Harper ) , Lawrence had seemingly tired of playing the `` Mama '' role by 1990 and wanted to end the show . According to Lawrence , who would reprise the Mama role on stage for many years thereafter , the series ended because the series had reached the standard threshold of 100 episodes and no longer needed to produce any more . The series finale featured Naomi giving birth to a baby girl , who was named Tiffany Thelma . Cast and characters ( edit ) Thelma mae Crowley Harper ( Mama ) ( edit ) Main article : Thelma Harper Role ( edit ) Thelma Harper , also known as Mama , is the title character / main character of Mama 's Family . Despite the title of `` Mama , '' few characters in the sitcom actually refer to Thelma as Mama . In actuality , Thelma plays miscellaneous roles in the series , including grandmother , mother - in - law , sister , neighbor friend , and mother dependent on the supporting character in question . Thelma is the widowed matriarch of a rural , Southern family . She is a country elderly woman in her mid-to - late 60s , who speaks in a southern drawl . Always active in the housework and nurturance of her family , Mama is usually seen cooking , cleaning , and providing loving support to her family . Appearance ( edit ) Mama 's appearance is based on that of a stereotypical elderly woman . She is a buxom , purse - lipped widow with silvery blue curls . All of her daytime outfits were short - sleeved , floral - print dresses that carried lace collars . Costumer Ret Turner color - coded Mama in lavender . As much of Mama 's time was spent cooking and cleaning , her dresses were often worn with an overlapping apron . Mama 's lower legs were always clasped by visible support hose ( a feature that was nonexistent during `` The Family '' sketches and the Eunice movie ) . For footwear , Mama invariably wore white , orthopedic shoes of a high heeled brogue style . Mama invariably wore a few fashion accessories : a white pearl necklace and white pearl earrings . Mama 's outerwear always consisted of the same purple sweater , worn casually , draped over her shoulders without arms in the sleeves ; inconstant floral headpieces ; and a white purse , which she did n't hesitate to use as a weapon when given the opportunity . Persona evolution ( edit ) In contrast to her more stereotypically elderly , dependent , invariably spiteful and cantankerous character on `` The Family '' skits , Mama 's hostilities are significantly toned down by the sitcom 's first life . Though still cantankerous in the sitcom 's first life , Mama 's character expanded with wisecracks and humor ; pesky antics ; unseemliness and naivete . Mama 's unseemliness and naivete were exemplified by her inability to drive ( episode `` Mama Learns to Drive '' ) ; inability to act in socially acceptable ways out in public and in the presence of guests ( episodes `` The Mama Who Came to Dinner '' , `` Country Club '' and `` Ellen 's Boyfriend '' ) ; inability to work jobs outside of the home ( episodes `` Mama Gets a Job '' , `` Supermarket '' and `` Mama for Mayor '' ) ; etc . These characteristics often resulted in the humiliation or frustration of her loved ones . By the show 's second life , Mama was no longer naive ( rather , Vinton overwhelmingly assumed this role ) and far more capable of high spirits than ever before . This version of Mama had the least amount of stereotypically elderly traits . Rather conversely , Mama was dutiful in caring for her home , garden and family ; independent ; and active in the community along with best friend Iola Boylen . For example , Mama returned to high school and graduated ( episodes `` Educating Mama '' and `` Pomp and Circumstance '' ) ; Mama was heavily involved in the Church Ladies League and at one point , its president ( episode `` Where There 's Smoke '' ) ; Mama participated in dirty dancing ( episode `` Very Dirty Dancing '' ) ; Mama went on a trip ( episode `` Mama Goes Hawaiian '' ) , etc . Highlighting her much more relaxed nature during the syndicated seasons , Mama 's main character trait during this time was her many fretful wisecracks typically made in high - pitched , whiny vocal qualities . Despite that , this era of Mama was also very rough , abrasive and brash in manner ; volatile and explosive in temper ; and smart - mouthed with a proneness for making snappy retorts . Unlike the precedent sketch comedy and television movie , Thelma had many locutions on the program , `` Good Lord ! '' being her most frequently used . She occasionally stated this in alternate ways , such as `` Good Lord in heaven ! '' `` Good heavens ! '' or `` Good night Louise ! '' Among some of Thelma 's additional locutions on the series include : `` Hell 's bells ! '' `` The hell you say , '' `` Now hear this , '' `` God - awful , '' `` In a pig 's eye ! '' `` Shoot ! '' `` For crying out loud ! '' `` For heaven 's sake ! '' `` Real good ! '' ( sarcastically ) etc . Disparaging and impudent , Thelma had a series of name - calling catchphrases she often used to refer to certain members of her family or her family as a whole , such as `` Nitwit , '' `` Dimwit , '' `` Goon , '' `` Goober goon , '' `` Lamebrain , '' `` Dunce , '' `` Tramp , '' `` Floozy , '' etc . Vicki Lawrence on evolution of Mama ( edit ) Vicki Lawrence has stated that at the beginning of Mama 's Family , she detected that the writers had made adjustments to her character from `` The Family '' skits , significantly toning down Mama 's hostilities and nastiness . Lawrence originally disfavored Mama 's change in character from `` The Family '' sketches to the series version , believing that toning down the character 's then - familiar aggression and spite in exchange for a less difficult , more agreeable nature , capable of humor and high spirits , was n't funny . Lawrence has revealed , however , that after counsel that the character needed to be reshaped for sitcom television from Harvey Korman , she came to accept the adjustments made to `` Mama . '' Korman informed Lawrence that Mama had to be less one - dimensionally hostile since the entire show would revolve around her -- that more characteristics would need to be added into the mix . Korman also informed her that you ca n't expect people to come home from work , pop a beer , and put up their feet to a character that 's so one - dimensional . He informed her that the character would have to be more than just disagreeable for a whole half hour otherwise viewers would get bored . According to Korman , silly elements would need to be added to the character . Lawrence has stated that it took her a while to warm up to this , but that she later came to greatly appreciate how Mama `` blossomed '' and `` matured '' from her early years on `` The Family '' . She added that she still favors the adjustments in Mama 's character and has credited who Thelma Harper is today partly to Korman . `` The Family '' sketch writers , however , who based `` The Family '' characters on their real - life family members , disfavored the less aggressive Mama . In February 2013 , Lawrence remarked that `` The Family '' sketch version of Mama was created by writers who hated their mothers . Family members and friends ( edit ) See also : List of Mama 's Family characters Character Actor Years character rank Description Vinton Harper Ken Berry 1983 -- 1984 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character The youngest of Thelma 's three children . Dopey , buffoonish , and accident prone , Vint regularly makes a fool out of himself , particularly when he attempts to be assertive or knowledgeable . Works at Kwik Keys as a locksmith . Vinton was color - coded in tan in a short - sleeved button - down shirt and pants . Naomi Oates Harper Dorothy Lyman 1983 -- 1984 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character Vinton 's lascivious , demonstrative , and maritally flirtatious second wife , who is often at odds with Thelma over his loyalty , also in part for her salaciousness . Naomi works as a checker ( later becoming the assistant manager ) at Food Circus , a local supermarket . Vinton 's nickname for her is `` Skeeter '' while Mama 's nickname for her is `` tramp . '' While Naomi had straight hair in the first life of the sitcom , she had curls by the show 's second life . Naomi was color - coded in yellow - colored , off - the - shoulder or strapless dresses , which Thelma often referred to as `` gaudy . '' Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr . Eric Brown 1983 -- 1984 Supporting character Vint 's teenage son with his first wife , Mitzi . Buzz is very cheerful , spirited , patient , and obliging . Buzz was last mentioned in `` Farewell Frannie '' , and subsequently retconned as never to have existed . Sonja Harper Karin Argoud 1983 -- 1984 Supporting character Vint 's teenage daughter with his first wife , Mitzi . Sonja starts out moody , whiny , lazy , and rather oblivious , but later becomes interested in boys and blossoms into a young lady interested in civic affairs . Like her brother , she later moved out , presumably going off to college . She was also crowned Miss Rayteen 1984 during the second season of the show 's run . Sonja was last mentioned in `` Farewell Frannie '' , and subsequently retconned as never to have existed . Ellen Harper - Jackson Betty White 1983 -- 1984 1986 Recurring character The eldest of Thelma 's three children . Ellen is a pretentious social elitist , who often avoids fraternizing with the rest of the family , unless it suits her purpose . Her birthday is June 30 . Eunice Harper Higgins Carol Burnett 1983 -- 1984 Recurring character The second of Thelma 's three children . Seemingly never changing her outfit and always layered in tattered , raggedy green rags , Eunice is extremely tempestuous , antagonistic , and quarrelsome , constantly bickering with everyone in the family ( especially her mother ) . Her birthday is December 19 . Ed Higgins Harvey Korman 1983 -- 1984 Recurring character Eunice 's mild mannered , browbeaten husband . The Ed character was toned down from his appearances in `` The Family '' sketches , formerly a fiercely ill - tempered man that had no qualms with regularly quarreling with his mother - in - law and Eunice , at one point even permanently up and leaving Eunice . In Mama 's Family , however , the two remained married . Bubba Higgins Allan Kayser 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character Ed and Eunice 's teenage son who is forced to live with Thelma upon being released from juvenile hall , after his parents had moved to Florida . Although initially depicted as a frisky , hyperactive , and eccentric teen with a penchant for playing instruments along with friends Dwayne and T - Boy , he over time evolved into a calm , mature , and commonsensical teen , though still with a robust interest in the opposite sex . The character always wore extremely tight - fitting jeans and in the early going suspenders as well . This later progressed into tight - fitting jeans and conservative sweatshirts . Bubba was color - coded in green . Frances Marie Crowley Rue McClanahan 1983 -- 1984 Supporting character Thelma 's younger uncomfortable and uptight spinster sister . Works as a newspaper reporter and free - lance writer . She later died by choking on a toothpick at the Bigger Jigger . McClanahan was unhappy with the role . Iola Lucille Boylen Beverly Archer 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character The Harpers ' well - meaning but obnoxious , nice , chipper , quirky , and prissy neighbor . She is a spinster like Thelma 's sister Frannie . Among her quirks , she constantly bestows the family with peculiar handicraft items , predominately wears pink , and calls `` knock knock '' upon her every entrance . During her first appearances on the show , a running gag existed that saw her having loopy temper tantrums at odd intervals , described as `` spells '' . She lives with her overbearing and aging parents , whom she seeks to escape by spending as much time at Thelma 's home as possible . Iola is best friends with Thelma ( her only friend ) . In her first couple of seasons , she was secretly infatuated with Vint ; the two had known each other since their youth , which caused her and Naomi to have an adversarial relationship . Iola was color - coded in pink , usually gingham , shirtwaist dresses . Harper Family tree ( edit ) Grandma Crowley * unknown parents Frances Crowley Thelma Crowley Carl Harper Effie Harper Roy Harper Bruce Jackson ( div . ) Ellen Harper Eunice Harper Ed Higgins Vinton Harper Naomi Oates Leonard Oates ( div . ) Mitzi ( div . ) Bubba Higgins Tiffany Thelma Harper Sonja Harper Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr . Magenta = Crowleys Orange = Harpers Blue = Harper children Red = Harper in - laws Green = Harper grandchildren * Note : Thelma 's mother was shown on two occasions on the show ( once in a flashback and once as a ghost , played both times by Vicki Lawrence ) , but her name was never revealed . There were at least two Crowley brothers ( mentioned in passing in `` Double Standard '' and `` Mama with the Golden Arm '' ) ; one was named Clyde ( `` Pomp and Circumstance '' ) . A cousin named Cora is seen in `` There 's No Place Like ... No Place '' , and an Uncle Oscar is mentioned in `` Mama Gets the Bird '' , but it is not known if he was from Thelma 's side of the family or her husband Carl 's . Eunice also mentions having a son named Billy , but Billy 's whereabouts is unknown in Mama 's Family . Recurring characters ( edit ) Carl Harper , a predominately unseen character ( although once played by Ken Berry in a flashback episode ) , he is the deceased husband of Mama and father of Ellen , Eunice , and Vinton . While he 's occasionally made mention of especially by Thelma , he only appears in flashback episodes . Though even in flashbacks , he 's unseen for the most part , as he 's usually only portrayed in voice as a man who spent the vast majority of his life nested on the toilet in the bathroom with the door closed . In fact , Carl died on the toilet . He 's characterized as a grouch who screams from the bathroom about how he does n't want to be interrupted during his long hours on the toilet , even for emergencies . Effie Crowley Harper , Thelma 's cousin ( in season 2 ) and later her sister - in - law ( in season 4 ) . She lives in nearby Ceciltown on a farm . Played by Dorothy Van . Reverend Lloyd Meechum , the Harpers ' henpecked minister . Played by Earl Boen . Alberta Meechum , Reverend Meechum 's stuck - up , catty wife and a perennial thorn in the side of Thelma Harper . Played by Anne Haney . Mayor Alvin Tutweiler , the mayor of Raytown and Ellen 's boyfriend . Played by Alan Oppenheimer . Eddie Edwards , a TV personality in Raytown , who hosts such programs as Good Morning , Raytown and the Grandma USA pageant . Played by Wayne Morton . Clive Montaigne , the head of the community theater , who fashions himself an actor just as important as actors in New York and London . The people in town treat him like a mini-celebrity , despite only running the community theater . Played by Rod McCary . Luann Fayette , Naomi Harper 's flamboyant and flirtatious best friend . Played by Jennifer Richards . She is only seen once but mentioned several times . Mr. and Mrs. Boylen , Iola 's elderly , predominately unseen parents , who live across the street from Thelma . Not much is mentioned of her father , while her mother is often alluded to as a grotesquely large , temperamental , T.V. - watching invalid . The two characters are largely unseen ; however , Mama once called out a greeting to an elderly woman , living next to her , she referred to as `` Ms. Boylen . '' This was a brief moment from the episode `` Mama Learns To Drive , '' from the show 's first life ( season 2 ) , prior to the appearances of Iola . Roselle Huplander , an obese associate of Thelma and Iola who is never seen . On a few occasions Thelma has spoken to her over the phone but more often , she is gossiped about by Thelma and Iola . Once , at a church fair , she gave Vint a black eye when he suggested that she weighed 309 pounds at the `` Guess Your Weight '' booth he was running . Dwayne and T - Boy , Bubba 's best friends . Played by Beau Bishop and Grant Heslov respectively . More spoken of than ever seen . Mr. Alan Hanson , an intelligent , laid - back night - school teacher of Thelma and Bubba , and love interest of Thelma Harper . Her relationship with him is unceremoniously discontinued in the series however . Played by Joseph Campanella . Amy Johnson , girlfriend of Bubba Higgins . Played by Amy Benedict . Lolly Purdue , member and later president ( succeeding Thelma ) of the Church Ladies League . Revealed to be illiterate . Played first by Doris Hess , then Marge Redmond . Officer Sneed , an extremely youthful - looking , strange police officer . Played by Allan David Fox . Claude Cainmaker , Vint 's seedy friend , who is always thinking up schemes . Played by Geoffrey Lewis . Alistair Quince , The erudite host that introduced Mama 's Family during the first and second seasons . The character was a take off of Alistair Cooke who at the time introduced Masterpiece Theater each week on PBS . These intros were edited out when the show went into syndication but have been restored in the DVDs released by StarVista / Time Life . The character first appeared as Alistair Cookie on The Carol Burnett Show . Played by Harvey Korman . Grandma Crowley ( played by Vicki Lawrence ) , Thelma 's dearly departed mother , who only appeared in flashback sequences or by photo . She had a dismal , forbidding appearance , constantly grimacing and wearing nothing but dark , somber dresses . She first appeared in the first life of the show ( episode `` Mama 's Birthday '' ) as a buxom elderly woman with a surly nature . In this appearance , she spoke to a middle - aged Thelma over the phone . The conversation ended with Grandma Crowley hanging up on Thelma , following Thelma 's resentful protests against Grandma Crowley 's contemptuous remarks about her husband , Carl . Grandma Crowley 's second appearance was in the show 's second life ( episode `` My Mama , Myself '' ) . In this appearance , Grandma Crowley appeared as a slender ghost , haunting Mama . Taking on a menacing , overbearing , and harassing nature , she spent the entirety of the episode relentlessly criticizing , insulting , and ordering Thelma around . On more than one episode of the show 's second life , Thelma alluded to having to possess forbearance in dealing with her mother 's harassingly censorious nature growing up . For example , in the episode `` Mama Makes Three , '' Thelma visited a psychiatrist with Vinton and Naomi . During the session , she began ranting and raving about her childhood and her mother , even referring to Grandma Crowley as a `` prune - face old harpy . '' Vinton has also described Grandma Crowley as being `` mean '' in her treatment of him , Eunice , and Ellen when they were all children . Church Ladies League , also known as CLL . Their motto is : `` Gentle Helpers ; Kind and Good '' and First Lady Alberta Meechum served as the first president . Members include Thelma Harper , Lolly Purdue , Iola Boylen , Roselle Huplander , Inez and Florence . The association was first mentioned in `` Where 's There 's Smoke '' , when Mama was nominated for president of the Church Ladies League . It was mentioned later in the episodes `` Reading the Riot Act '' , `` Ladies Choice '' and `` Mama 's Medicine Show '' . Their award bears the name `` Church Ladies League Woman of the Year . '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Mama 's Family episodes Season Episodes First aired Last aired Network 13 January 22 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 22 ) May 7 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 07 ) NBC 22 September 29 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 29 ) April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) 25 September 27 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 27 ) March 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 03 - 28 ) Syndicated 25 September 26 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 26 ) March 26 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 26 ) 5 25 November 5 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 05 ) May 27 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 27 ) 6 20 September 23 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 23 ) February 24 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 24 ) Altogether , Mama 's Family had six seasons consisting of 130 episodes . The show 's first life consisted of thirty - five episodes , making for two seasons . The show 's second life consisted of ninety - five episodes , making for four seasons . Favorites of Vicki Lawrence ( edit ) On September 30 , 2013 , Vicki Lawrence was asked what her favorite episodes of the series are : Lawrence answered that between the early seasons , her favorite is the episode `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) . '' Her reason for favoring this episode is because of the combination of big names featured in it . She listed Carol Burnett , Harvey Korman , Betty White , Ken Berry and Dorothy Lyman . Admiring the episode , Lawrence remarked `` How much help does one girl get ? '' and `` It 's just an amazing supporting cast . Dear God , Carol was funny in that show ! '' Lawrence has stated that another favorite of hers from the early seasons is the episode `` Rashomama . '' Lawrence revealed that `` Rashomama '' is a takeoff of the Japanese film `` Rashomon . '' She explained that the episode is about Mama getting hit with a kettle in the kitchen and it is her , Betty , Dorothy , and Carol . At the emergency room , the three of them each have a different version of what happened to Mama . Lawrence explained , `` ... we redo the scene three different ways , and it 's pretty funny . '' As other episode favorites , Lawrence has named `` Family Feud '' and `` Mama on Jeopardy ! '' Lawrence stated to loving this dysfunctional family getting sent out into the real world . In particular , she stated to loving this when game shows were involved because `` ... people know the format of these shows so perfectly , and to watch this crazy family get stuck in that format was really fun to me . Probably because I also love game shows so much . '' As another episode favorite , Lawrence named `` The Love Letter . '' Stated Lawrence , `` It was a great episode , a record - holder actually . I think Bubba writes a love letter for Vint , who is having some problems with Naomi . In the course of the 22 minute episode , everybody thinks that the love letter is meant for them . Mama thinks it is for her from the repair guy who is there . Iola is sure Vint has written it to her . The show actually ran 22 minutes with no costume changes or anything . I remember the night that we did it . We did it in 22 minutes and were out at 7 : 25 , and our director said ' good night , you 're done ! ' '' Lawrence added `` Honestly , I have to say , by the time we finished the show , we had it down to a four day workweek , so I kind of felt like we got paid to play dress up really . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 : # 22 Season 2 : # 59 DVD releases ( edit ) DVD Cover Art DVD information Mama 's Family -- The Complete First Season Release date : September 26 , 2006 Studio : Warner Home Video On September 26 , 2006 , Warner Bros. Television released season 1 of Mama 's Family on DVD . The DVD release features the syndicated versions of the episodes , which edits roughly three minutes from what originally aired . Warner Bros. claimed to only own the rights to the syndicated form . Due to issues relating to ownership rights between the show 's production companies , Mama 's Family for a long time had difficulties coming out on DVD , with only its first season available for many years . However , in May 2013 , it was announced that StarVista Entertainment would release all 6 seasons of the sitcom to DVD , as well as a complete series box set , which was available only through the StarVista website . Most of the original unedited versions , dubbed `` The Joe Hamilton Cuts , '' were presented on DVD . Included with the package were extras of over 10 hours of bonus material , as well as a new cast reunion with Vicki Lawrence and the show 's syndicated cast members . In addition , StarVista offered a `` Signature '' collection of the entire series , autographed by Vicki Lawrence , which was limited to 500 copies . In the fall of 2013 , Star Vista began releasing individual season sets , Seasons 1 & 2 were released on September 10 , 2013 , followed by season 3 on February 25 , 2014 . Season 4 was released on June 24 , 2014 , Season 5 on September 23 , 2014 and the sixth and final season was released on February 10 , 2015 . In conjunction with the complete seasons , Star Vista released a `` best - of '' single - disc unit for each season . Selected by Vicki Lawrence , each release has 6 ( season 1 has 7 ) of her personal favorite episodes from each season . Release Ep # DVD release date Bonus features The Complete 1st Season 13 September 26 , 2006 ( re-released September 10 , 2013 ) Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Branches ( All About Eunice and Ellen ) Family History : A Classic `` Family '' Sketch from The Carol Burnett Show , featuring Betty White The Complete 2nd Season 22 September 10 , 2013 The original TV movie Eunice Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Roots ( all about Mama and Fran ) Interviews : Vicki Lawrence interviews Mama ; Vicki Lawrence and Carol Burnett ; Betty White The Complete 3rd Season 25 February 25 , 2014 Family History : A Classic `` Family '' Sketch from The Carol Burnett Show , featuring Maggie Smith Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Sprouts ( All about Bubba ) Mama Knows Best : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion Interview : Allan Kayser ( Bubba ) The Complete 4th Season 25 June 24 , 2014 Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Neighbors ( All about Iola ) Interview : Beverly Archer ( Iola Boylen ) Under One Roof : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion The Complete 5th Season 25 September 23 , 2014 Interviews : Vicki Lawrence Dorothy Lyman Ken Berry Rick Hawkins The Complete 6th Season 20 February 10 , 2015 Interviews : Jim Evering Manny Basanese Vicki Lawrence and Rick Hawkins Bob Mackie and Ret Turner Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 1 ) 7 September 10 , 2013 Vint and the kids move in ; The Wedding , pt. 1 ; The Wedding , pt. 2 ; Cellmates ; Family Feud ; Positive Thinking ; Mama 's boyfriend Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 2 ) 6 September 10 , 2013 Country Club ; Rashomama ; Aunt Gert Rides Again ; Mama Learns to Drive ; Mama Buys a Car ; Dear Aunt Fran Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 3 ) 6 September 9 , 2014 Soup to Nuts ; Cat 's Meow ; Steal One , Pearl Two ; Where There 's Smoke ; Birthright ; It Takes Two to Watusi Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 4 ) 6 January 27 , 2015 Zirconia 's are a Girl 's Best Friend ; Educating Mama ; The Sins of the Mother ; Mama on Jeopardy ! ; Mama Goes Hawaiian , pt. 1 ; Mama Goes Hawaiian , pt. 2 Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 5 ) 6 April 28 , 2015 Naomi 's new position ; The Really Loud Family ; Found Money ; Mama 's Layaway Plan ; Mama in One ; Dependence Day Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 6 ) 6 July 28 , 2015 Mama Fights Back ; Bubba 's House Band ; The Big Nap ; Pinup Mama ; Look Who 's Breathing ; Bye - Bye Baby ! The Complete Series 130 September 10 , 2013 ( online exclusive ) September 23 , 2014 ( retail release ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episodes ( s ) Result Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series Bob Mackie and Ret Turner for `` '' The Wedding : Part 2 '' Nominated 1984 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series Bob Mackie and Ret Turner for `` Mama 's Birthday '' Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series Bob Mackie and Ret Turner for `` The Love Letter '' Nominated TV Land Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episodes ( s ) Result Favorite `` Big , Bad Momma '' Vicki Lawrence N / A Won Young Artist Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episodes ( s ) Result 1984 Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series Karin Argoud N / A Nominated Best Young Actor in a Comedy Series Eric Brown N / A Nominated 1985 Best Young Actress -- Guest in a Television Series Tanya Fenmore for `` Mama 's Birthday '' Nominated Best Young Actor -- Guest in a Television Series David Friedman for `` Mama 's Birthday '' Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Syndicated Comedy , Drama or Special Ryan Bollman for `` Child 's Play '' Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series Allan Kayser N / A Nominated Syndication ( edit ) After the series finale in 1990 , the entire series ( including the NBC episodes ) was placed in off - network syndication , airing in most cities every weekday . Mama 's Family also ran on TBS from 1997 until August 2006 . That same month , ION Television ( formerly the PAX network ) began airing reruns of the series . The show aired Monday through Wednesday at 8 : 00 to 9 : 00 pm from 2006 to 2008 . ET . In December 2006 , CMT began re-airing the series . On September 19 , 2015 , during a live appearance on the EVINE Live shopping channel , Vicki Lawrence announced that the show would begin airing on the Me - TV Network in early 2016 . As of early 2017 , re-runs appear on the Logo Network and Me - TV . Post-television show appearances of Thelma Harper / Mama ( edit ) Vicki Lawrence as Thelma Harper , 2009 Vicki Lawrence has been reprising her role of Mama in her non-televised touring stage show , entitled Vicki Lawrence and Mama : A Two - Woman Show . In the show , Lawrence first performs stand - up comedy as herself , then comes out in character as Mama , giving her opinions on modern - day topics . During the break between the two acts , the audience is shown bloopers from the syndicated seasons of the series . Lawrence also sings the lyrics she wrote for `` Bless My Happy Home , '' the show 's theme song , which were omitted from the version used on - air . Lawrence has also appeared in her Mama role on several Halloween - themed episodes of the 1998 -- 2004 run of Hollywood Squares with Tom Bergeron at the helm . Lawrence appeared on RuPaul 's Drag Race in the `` All - Stars '' season as Mama in the skit `` RuPaul 's Gaff - In . '' Vicki Lawrence appeared on The Queen Latifah Show as Mama the Monday after Mother 's Day 2014 in a comical skit that aired prior to each commercial break . Lawrence would also appear on the show 8 days later alongside two other well - known actresses to speak about her role of Mama and on her personal life . Vicki Lawrence resurrected the character in promos for re-runs of Mama 's Family on the MeTV channel in 2015 -- 2016 . Vicki Lawrence resurrected the character during the 2015 and 2016 TV Seasons of `` The Doctors '' , where she talked about health - related issues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interesting facts about Vicki Lawrence '' . Findfactsabout.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mama 's Family ( Vicki Lawrence Interview ) '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence on the comedy legacy of `` Mama 's Family , '' now on DVD `` . Heyreverb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Questions with Vicki Lawrence of Mama 's Family ; Charmed Coming to Lifetime to Compliment Witches of East End , Project Runway All - Stars with Alyssa Milano -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Marla ( 2005 ) . The American Family on Television : A Chronology of 121 shows , 1948 -- 2004 . McFarland & Co. p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2074 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Vicki Lawrence Reflects on ' Mama 's Family ' Legacy and Reveals Her Favorite Episodes ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vicki Lawrence '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Vicki Lawrence '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Rick . `` Rick Hawkins '' . Mama 's Family The Complete 5th Season DVD ( Interview ) . Interview with Mama 's Family The Complete 5th Season DVD . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- Present ( 9 ed . ) . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 843 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dan ( 1983 - 04 - 23 ) . `` A shaky reunion for ' Mama 's Family ' '' . Merced Sun - Star . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Dorothy . `` Mama Knows Best : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion '' . Mama 's Family The Complete 4th Season DVD ( Interview ) . Interview with Mama 's Family The Complete 4th Season DVD . Jump up ^ `` Humor Helps Carol Burnett Cope -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Vicki ; Eliot , Marc ( 1995 ) . Vicki ! : The True - Life Adventures Of Miss Fireball . Simon & Schuster . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80286 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mama 's Family ' hits top in field in sitcom '' . Eugene Register - Guard . 19 July 1987 . p. 8E . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family ( Vicki Lawrence Interview ) '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TVtherapy : The Television Guide to Life -- Beverly West , Jason Bergund -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Abramson , Stephen J. ( June 17 , 2003 ) . `` Interview : Ret Turner '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Funny Ladies -- Michael Karol -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Indianapolis Monthly -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Pavan -- SitcomsOnline.com ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Seven Questions with Vicki Lawrence of Mama 's Family ; Charmed Coming to Lifetime to Compliment Witches of East End , Project Runway All - Stars with Alyssa Milano -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Comedian Vicki Lawrence talks about life with Mama -- Theater & art '' . The Boston Globe . 2013 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Interview : Rue McClanahan '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ YouTube . youtube.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chat transcripts with Warner Home Video TV and Animation '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : DVD Plans for Mama 's Family '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 1st Season and The Complete 2nd Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Release Date for Mama 's Family - The Complete 3rd Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Press Release for Mama 's Family - The Complete 4th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Release Date for The Complete 5th Season and The Complete Collection - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Press Release for Mama 's Family - The Complete 6th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Televisionhits.com : Mama 's Family Schedule Jump up ^ `` CMT 's PROGRAMMING HIGHLIGHTS FOR 12 / 25 - 12 / 31 '' . cmtpress.com. 2006 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` METV Promos BTS '' . MeTV . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Mama for President : Good Lord , Why Not ? , by Thelma Harper , as told to Vicki Lawrence and Monty Aidem , Thomas Nelson , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4016 - 0409 - 7 `` Mama 's Family '' : The Unofficial Episode Viewing Guide , by Andrew Whitenack , ANDDAR Publications , 2011 . ISBN 1466292105 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mama 's Family Mama 's Family on IMDb Mama 's Family - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Mama 's Family at TV.com The Mama 's Family Site Mama 's Family at epguides.com ( hide ) The Carol Burnett Show Notable sketches `` As the Stomach Turns '' `` The Family '' `` Mrs. Wiggins '' `` Went with the Wind ! '' Notable characters Thelma Harper Eunice Harper Higgins Mrs. Wiggins The Oldest Man Films and TV shows based on sketches Carol Burnett & Company ( 1979 ) Eunice ( 1982 ) Mama 's Family ( 1982 - 1984 ; 1986 - 1990 ) Episodes `` A Special Evening with Carol Burnett '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama%27s_Family&oldid=818255809 '' Categories : 1983 American television series debuts 1990 American television series endings 1980s American comedy television series 1990s American comedy television series American television sitcoms English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Television spin - offs Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series revived after cancellation Television series based on comedy sketches Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles prone to spam from February 2013 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 14 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

why did they kill off fran on mama's family

During the hiatus of the series , both Rue McClanahan ( Aunt Fran ) and Betty White ( Ellen Jackson ) had both gone on to star in the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls , rendering them unavailable to return . White , however , did return as Ellen for one episode in 1986 while Fran was killed off in the first episode of the revival . Carol Burnett and Harvey Korman , meanwhile , did not reprise their roles either , resulting in their characters ( Eunice and Ed Higgins ) being written out as having moved to Florida .

United States Postal Service - Wikipedia United States Postal Service `` United States Post Office '' redirects here . For individual post offices , see List of United States Post Offices . `` USPS '' redirects here . For the non-profit boating safety and education organization , see United States Power Squadrons . United States Postal Service Logo used since 1993 USPS headquarters Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1971 ; 47 years ago ( 1971 - 07 - 01 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Type Independent Headquarters 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW Washington , D.C. 20260 - 0004 U.S. Employees 639,789 ( 508,908 career , 130,881 non-career ) as of September 30 , 2016 Agency executives Megan Brennan , Postmaster General Ronald A. Stroman , Deputy Postmaster General Key document Postal Clause of the United States Constitution Website www.usps.com Revenue ( 2017 ) US $ 69.636 billion Net income ( 2017 ) US $ ( 2.742 ) billion The full eagle logo , used in various versions from 1970 to 1993 The United States Postal Service ( USPS ; also known as the Post Office , U.S. Mail , or Postal Service ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States , including its insular areas and associated states . It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution . The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress , when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general . The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin 's operation , elevated to a cabinet - level department in 1872 , and transformed in 1971 into the U.S. Postal Service as an independent agency . The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees and operated 211,264 vehicles in 2014 . The USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world . The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans , regardless of geography , at uniform price and quality . The USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' and personal letterboxes in the United States , but now has to compete against private package delivery services , such as United Parcel Service and FedEx . Since the early 1980s , many of the direct tax subsidies to the Post Office , with the exception of subsidies for costs associated with the disabled and overseas voters , have been reduced or eliminated in favor of indirect subsidies , in addition to the advantages associated with a government - enforced monopoly on the delivery of first - class mail . Since the 2006 all - time peak mail volume , after which Congress passed the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act which mandated that $5.5 billion per year be paid to fully prefund employee retirement health benefits , revenue dropped sharply due to recession - influenced declining mail volume , prompting the postal service to look to other sources of revenue while cutting costs to reduce its budget deficit . Contents 1 History 1.1 Foundations 1.2 The American Revolution 1.3 19th century 1.4 20th century 2 Current operations 2.1 Five - year plans 2.2 Initiatives 3 Budget 3.1 Revenue decline and planned cuts 3.1. 1 Declining mail volume 3.1. 2 Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown 3.1. 3 Post office closures 3.1. 4 Elimination of Saturday delivery averted 3.2 Retirement funding and payment defaults 3.3 Rate increases 3.4 Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery 4 Governance and organization 5 Universal service obligation and monopoly status 5.1 Legal basis and rationale 5.2 2008 report on universal postal service and the postal monopoly 5.3 Competitors 5.4 Alternative transmission methods 5.5 Criticism of the universal service requirement and the postal monopoly 6 Law enforcement agencies 6.1 Postal Inspection Service 6.2 Office of Inspector General 7 How delivery services work 7.1 Elements of addressing and preparing domestic mail 7.1. 1 Delivery Point Validation 7.2 Paying postage 7.2. 1 Postage meters 7.2. 2 PC postage 7.3 Other electronic postage payment methods 7.3. 1 Stamp copyright and reproduction 7.4 Service level choices 7.4. 1 General domestic services 7.4. 2 Bulk mail 7.4. 3 Extra services 7.5 International services 7.5. 1 The discontinuation of international surface mail 7.6 Sorting and delivery process 7.6. 1 Types of postal facilities 7.6. 1.1 Automated Postal Centers 7.6. 2 Evolutionary Network Development ( END ) program 7.6. 3 Airline and rail division 7.6. 4 Parcel forwarding and private interchange 7.7 Delivery timing 7.7. 1 Delivery days 7.7. 2 Direct delivery vs. customer pickup 7.7. 3 Special delivery 7.7. 4 Same - day trials 7.7. 5 Forwarding and holds 8 Financial services 9 Employment in the USPS 9.1 Workplace violence 10 In fiction 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Foundations ( edit ) Running pony logo used by the U.S. Post Office Department before the creation of the USPS In the early years of the North American colonies , many attempts were made to initiate a postal service . These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony for example , setting up a location in Boston where one could post a letter back home to England . Other attempts focused on a dedicated postal service between two of the larger colonies , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , but the available services remained limited in scope and disjointed for many years . For example , informal independently - run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639 , with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672 . A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691 , when Thomas Neale received a 21 - year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service . On February 17 , 1691 , a grant of letters patent from the joint sovereigns , William III and Mary II , empowered him : to erect , settle , and establish within the chief parts of their majesties ' colonies and plantations in America , an office or offices for receiving and dispatching letters and pacquets , and to receive , send , and deliver the same under such rates and sums of money as the planters shall agree to give , and to hold and enjoy the same for the term of twenty - one years . The patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds . The tax was repealed a year later . Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton , Governor of New Jersey , as his deputy postmaster . The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692 . Rates of postage were fixed and authorized , and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia . Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed postal laws , and a very imperfect post office system was established . Neale 's patent expired in 1710 , when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies . The chief office was established in New York City , where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic . The American Revolution ( edit ) Before the Revolution , there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies . Most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London . The revolution made Philadelphia , the seat of the Continental Congress , the information hub of the new nation . News , new laws , political intelligence , and military orders circulated with a new urgency , and a postal system was necessary . Journalists took the lead , securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost , and to exchange news from newspapers between the thirteen states . Overthrowing the London - oriented imperial postal service in 1774 -- 1775 , printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership , and created a new postal system . The United States Post Office ( USPO ) was created on July 26 , 1775 , by decree of the Second Continental Congress . Benjamin Franklin headed it briefly . Before the Revolution , individuals like Benjamin Franklin and William Goddard were the colonial postmasters who managed the mails then and were the general architects of a postal system that started out as an alternative to the Crown Post . The official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department ( USPOD ) . It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress `` To establish post offices and post roads '' . The 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network , and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate . The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence , and provided the entire country with low - cost access to information on public affairs , while establishing a right to personal privacy . Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger . Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi . At the same time Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson , judge of Louisiana Territory , the largest territory in North America . Bruce Adamson wrote that : `` Next to Benjamin Franklin , Rufus Easton was one of the most colorful people in United States Postal History . '' It was Easton who educated Abraham Lincoln 's Attorney General , Edward Bates . In 1815 Edward Bates moved into the Easton home and lived there for years at Third and Elm . Today this is the site of the Jefferson Memorial Park . In 1806 Postmaster General Gideon Granger wrote a three - page letter to Easton , begging him not to partake in a duel with vice-president Aaron Burr . Two years earlier it was Burr who had shot and killed Alexander Hamilton . Many years later in 1852 , Easton 's son , Major - General Langdon Cheves Easton , was commissioned by William T. Sherman , at Fort Union to deliver a letter to Independence , Missouri . Sherman wrote : `` In the Spring of 1852 , General Sherman mentioned that the quartermaster , Major L.C. Easton , at Fort Union , New Mexico , had occasion to send some message east by a certain date , and contracted with Aubrey to carry it to the nearest post office ( then Independence , Missouri ) , making his compensation conditional on the time consumed . He was supplied with a good horse , and an order on the outgoing trains for exchange . Though the whole route was infested with hostile Indians , and not a house on it , Aubrey started alone with his rifle . He was fortunate in meeting several outward - bound trains , and thereby made frequent changes of horses , some four or five , and reached Independence in six days , having hardly rested or slept the whole way . '' To cover long distances , the Post Office used a hub - and - spoke system , with Washington as the hub and chief sorting center . By 1869 , with 27,000 local post offices to deal with , it had changed to sorting mail en route in specialized railroad mail cars , called Railway Post Offices , or RPOs . The system of postal money orders began in 1864 . Free mail delivery began in the larger cities in 1863 . 19th century ( edit ) The postal system played a crucial role in national expansion . It facilitated expansion into the West by creating an inexpensive , fast , convenient communication system . Letters from early settlers provided information and boosterism to encourage increased migration to the West , helped scattered families stay in touch and provide assistance , assisted entrepreneurs in finding business opportunities , and made possible regular commercial relationships between merchants in the west and wholesalers and factories back east . The postal service likewise assisted the Army in expanding control over the vast western territories . The widespread circulation of important newspapers by mail , such as the New York Weekly Tribune , facilitated coordination among politicians in different states . The postal service helped integrate established areas with the frontier , creating a spirit of nationalism and providing a necessary infrastructure . The Post Office in the 19th century was a major source of federal patronage . Local postmasterships were rewards for local politicians -- often the editors of party newspapers . About three quarters of all federal civilian employees worked for the Post Office . In 1816 it employed 3341 men , and in 1841 , 14,290 . The volume of mail expanded much faster than the population , as it carried annually 100 letters and 200 newspapers per 1000 white population in 1790 , and 2900 letters and 2700 newspapers per thousand in 1840 . The Post Office Department was enlarged during the tenure of President Andrew Jackson . As the Post Office expanded , difficulties were experienced due to a lack of employees and transportation . The Post Office 's employees at that time were still subject to the so - called `` spoils '' system , where faithful political supporters of the executive branch were appointed to positions in the post office and other government corporations as a reward for their patronage . These appointees rarely had prior experience in postal service and mail delivery . This system of political patronage was replaced in 1883 , after passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act . In 1823 , ten years after the Post Office had first begun to use steamboats to carry mail between post towns where no roads existed , waterways were declared post roads . Once it became clear that the postal system in the United States needed to expand across the entire country , the use of the railroad to transport the mail was instituted in 1832 , on one line in Pennsylvania . All railroads in the United States were designated as post routes , after passage of the Act of July 7 , 1838 . Mail service by railroad increased rapidly thereafter . ~ Benjamin Franklin ~ George Washington ~ The First U.S. Postage Stamps Issued 1847 The first stamp issues were authorized by an act of Congress and approved on March 3 , 1847 . The earliest known use of the Franklin 5 ¢ is July 7 , 1847 , while the earliest known use of the Washington 10 ¢ is July 2 , 1847 . Remaining in postal circulation for only a few years , these issues were declared invalid for postage on July 1 , 1851 . An Act of Congress provided for the issuance of stamps on March 3 , 1847 , and the Postmaster General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon , Wright , Hatch , and Edson . The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1 , 1847 , in New York City , with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter . The 5 - cent stamp paid for a letter weighing less than 1 oz ( 28 g ) and traveling less than 300 miles , the 10 - cent stamp for deliveries to locations greater than 300 miles , or twice the weight deliverable for the 5 - cent stamp . In 1847 , the U.S. Mail Steamship Company acquired the contract which allowed it to carry the U.S. mails from New York , with stops in New Orleans and Havana , to the Isthmus of Panama for delivery in California . The same year , the Pacific Mail Steamship Company had acquired the right to transport mail under contract from the United States Government from the Isthmus of Panama to California . In 1855 , William Henry Aspinwall completed the Panama Railway , providing rail service across the Isthmus and cutting to three weeks the transport time for the mails , passengers and goods to California . This remained an important route until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 . Railroad companies greatly expanded mail transport service after 1862 , and the Railway Mail Service was inaugurated in 1869 . Rail cars designed to sort and distribute mail while rolling were soon introduced . RMS employees sorted mail `` on - the - fly '' during the journey , and became some of the most skilled workers in the postal service . An RMS sorter had to be able to separate the mail quickly into compartments based on its final destination , before the first destination arrived , and work at the rate of 600 pieces of mail an hour . They were tested regularly for speed and accuracy . Parcel Post service began with the introduction of International Parcel Post between the USA and foreign countries in 1887 . That same year , the U.S. Post Office ( predecessor of the USPS ) and the Postmaster General of Canada established parcel - post service between the two nations . A bilateral parcel - post treaty between the independent ( at the time ) Kingdom of Hawaii and the USA was signed on 19 December 1888 and put into effect early in 1889 . Parcel - post service between the USA and other countries grew with the signing of successive postal conventions and treaties . While the Post Office agreed to deliver parcels sent into the country under the UPU treaty , it did not institute a domestic parcel - post service for another twenty - five years . 20th century ( edit ) The advent of Rural Free Delivery ( RFD ) in the U.S. in 1896 , and the inauguration of a domestic parcel post service by Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock in 1913 , greatly increased the volume of mail shipped nationwide , and motivated the development of more efficient postal transportation systems . Many rural customers took advantage of inexpensive Parcel Post rates to order goods and products from businesses located hundreds of miles away in distant cities for delivery by mail . From the 1910s to the 1960s , many college students and others used parcel post to mail home dirty laundry , as doing so was less expensive than washing the clothes themselves . After four - year - old Charlotte May Pierstorff was mailed from her parents to her grandparents in Idaho in 1914 , mailing of people was prohibited . In 1917 , the Post Office imposed a maximum daily mailable limit of two hundred pounds per customer per day after a business entrepreneur , W.H. Coltharp , used inexpensive parcel - post rates to ship more than eighty thousand masonry bricks some four hundred seven miles via horse - drawn wagon and train for the construction of a bank building in Vernal , Utah . The advent of parcel post also led to the growth of mail order businesses that substantially increased rural access to modern goods over what was typically stocked in local general stores . Historic Mineral Wells , Texas post office built between 1911 and 1913 In 1912 , carrier service was announced for establishment in towns of second and third class with $100,000 appropriated by Congress . From January 1 , 1911 , until July 1 , 1967 , the United States Post Office Department operated the United States Postal Savings System . An Act of Congress of June 25 , 1910 , established the Postal Savings System in designated Post Offices , effective January 1 , 1911 . The legislation aimed to get money out of hiding , attract the savings of immigrants accustomed to the postal savings system in their native countries , provide safe depositories for people who had lost confidence in banks , and furnish more convenient depositories for working people . The law establishing the system directed the Post Office Department to redeposit most of the money in the system in local banks , where it earned 2.5 percent interest . The system paid 2 % interest per year on deposits . The half - percent difference in interest was intended to pay for the operation of the system . Certificates were issued to depositors as proof of their deposit . Depositors in the system were initially limited to hold a balance of $500 , but this was raised to $1,000 in 1916 and to $2,500 in 1918 . The initial minimum deposit was $1 . In order to save smaller amounts for deposit , customers could purchase a 10 - cent postal savings card and 10 - cent postal savings stamps to fill it . The card could be used to open or add to an account when its value , together with any attached stamps , amounted to one or more dollars , or it could be redeemed for cash . At its peak in 1947 , the system held almost $3.4 billion in deposits , with more than four million depositors using 8,141 postal units . The Post Office Department played an important intelligence role during World War I , implementing the Espionage and Trading with the Enemy Acts , monitoring foreign mail and acting as counter-espionage to help secure allied victory . On August 12 , 1918 , the Post Office Department took over airmail service from the United States Army Air Service ( USAAS ) . Assistant Postmaster General , Otto Praeger , appointed Benjamin B. Lipsner to head the civilian - operated Air Mail Service . One of Lipsner 's first acts was to hire four pilots , each with at least 1,000 hours ' flying experience , paying them an average of $4,000 per year ( $65.1 thousand today ) . The Post Office Department used new Standard JR - 1B biplanes specially modified to carry the mail while the war was still in progress , but following the war operated mostly World War I surplus military de Havilland DH - 4 aircraft . During 1918 , the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots . In its first year of operation , the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings . Of those , 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure . By 1920 , the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters . Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975 , and international air mail in 1995 , when the USPS began transporting First - Class mail by air on a routine basis . The Post Office was one of the first government departments to regulate obscene materials on a national basis . When the U.S. Congress passed the Comstock laws of 1873 , it became illegal to send through the U.S. mail any material considered obscene or indecent , or which promoted abortion issues , birth control , or alcohol consumption . On March 18 , 1970 , postal workers in New York City -- upset over low wages and poor working conditions , and emboldened by the Civil Rights movement -- organized a strike against the United States government . The strike initially involved postal workers in only New York City , but it eventually gained support of over 210,000 United States Post Office Department workers across the nation . While the strike ended without any concessions from the Federal government , it did ultimately allow for postal worker unions and the government to negotiate a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted , as well as the signing of the Postal Reorganization Act by President Richard Nixon on August 12 , 1970 . The Act replaced the cabinet - level Post Office Department with a new federal agency , the United States Postal Service , and took effect on July 1 , 1971 . Current operations ( edit ) USPS service delivery truck The United States Postal Service employs some 617,000 workers , making it the third - largest civilian employer in the United States behind the federal government and Wal - Mart . In a 2006 U.S. Supreme Court decision , the Court noted : `` Each day , according to the Government 's submissions here , the United States Postal Service delivers some 660 million pieces of mail to as many as 142 million delivery points . '' As of 2016 , the USPS operates 31,585 post offices and locations in the U.S. , and delivers 153.4 billion pieces of mail annually . The USPS operates one of the largest civilian vehicle fleets in the world , with an estimated 227,896 vehicles , the majority of which are the easily identified Chevrolet / Grumman LLV ( long - life vehicle ) , and the newer Ford / Utilimaster FFV ( flex - fuel vehicle ) , originally also referred to as the CRV ( carrier route vehicle ) . It is by geography and volume the globe 's largest postal system , delivering 47 % of the world 's mail . For every penny increase in the national average price of gasoline , the USPS spends an extra US $8 million per year to fuel its fleet . The number of gallons of fuel used in 2009 was 444 million , at a cost of US $1.1 billion . The fleet is notable in that many of its vehicles are right - hand drive , an arrangement intended to give drivers the easiest access to roadside mailboxes . Some rural letter carriers use personal vehicles . Standard postal - owned vehicles do not have license plates . These vehicles are identified by a seven - digit number displayed on the front and rear . A fleet of post office vehicles at the James Griffith Station in Spring Branch , Houston The Department of Defense and the USPS jointly operate a postal system to deliver mail for the military ; this is known as the Army Post Office ( for Army and Air Force postal facilities ) and the Fleet Post Office ( for Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard postal facilities ) . In February 2013 , the Postal Service announced that on Saturdays it would only deliver packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , and Express Mail , effective August 10 , 2013 . However , this change was reversed by federal law in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 . They now deliver packages on Sunday -- only for Amazon.com . During the four weeks preceding Christmas since 2013 , packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas . Parcels are also delivered on holidays , with the exception of Thanksgiving and Christmas . Five - year plans ( edit ) In October 2016 , the Postal Service released Future Ready , a five - year plan required by law starting in 1993 . The plan outlines the Postal Service 's goals for the next five years . 1 . Deliver a world - class customer experience . 2 . Equip , empower , and engage employees . 3 . Innovate faster to deliver value . 4 . Invest in our future platforms . Initiatives ( edit ) In 2011 , numerous media outlets reported that the USPS was going out of business . The USPS 's strategy came under fire as new technologies emerged and the USPS was not finding ways to generate new sources of revenue . Budget ( edit ) In 2016 , the Postal Service collected $71.49 billion in revenue . Revenue decline and planned cuts ( edit ) In 2016 , the USPS had its fifth straight annual operating loss , in the amount of $5.59 billion , of which $5.8 billion was the accrual of unpaid mandatory retiree health payments . Declining mail volume ( edit ) First - class mail volume peaked in 2001 , declining by 43 % as of 2017 due to the increasing use of email and the World Wide Web for correspondence and business transactions . Private courier services , such as FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) , directly compete with USPS for the delivery of urgent letters and packages . Lower volume means lower revenues to support the fixed commitment to deliver to every address once a day , six days a week . According to an official report on November 15 , 2012 , the U.S. Postal Service lost $15.9 billion its 2012 fiscal year . Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown ( edit ) In response , the USPS has increased productivity each year from 2000 to 2007 , through increased automation , route re-optimization , and facility consolidation . Despite these efforts , the organization saw an $8.5 billion budget shortfall in 2010 , and was losing money at a rate of about $3 billion per quarter in 2011 . On December 5 , 2011 , the USPS announced it would close more than half of its mail processing centers , eliminate 28,000 jobs and reduce overnight delivery of First - Class Mail . This will close down 252 of its 461 processing centers . ( At peak mail volume in 2006 , the USPS operated 673 facilities . ) As of May 2012 , the plan was to start the first round of consolidation in summer 2012 , pause from September to December , and begin a second round in February 2014 ; 80 % of first - class mail would still be delivered overnight through the end of 2013 . New delivery standards were issued in January 2015 , and the majority of single - piece ( not presorted ) first - class mail is now being delivered in two days instead of one . Large commercial mailers can still have first - class mail delivered overnight if delivered directly to a processing center in the early morning , though as of 2014 this represented only 11 % of first - class mail . Unsorted first - class mail will continued to be delivered anywhere in the contiguous United States within three days . Post Office closures ( edit ) In July 2011 , the USPS announced a plan to close about 3,700 small post offices . Various representatives in Congress protested , and the Senate passed a bill that would have kept open all post offices farther than 10 miles from the next office . In May 2012 , the service announced it had modified its plan . Instead , rural post offices would remain open with reduced retail hours ( some as little as two hours per day ) unless there was a community preference for a different option . In a survey of rural customers , 20 % preferred the `` Village Post Office '' replacement ( where a nearby private retail store would provide basic mail services with expanded hours ) , 15 % preferred merger with another Post Office , and 11 % preferred expanded rural delivery services . Approximately 40 % of postal revenue already comes from online purchases or private retail partners including Walmart , Staples , Office Depot , Walgreens , Sam 's Club , Costco , and grocery stores . The National Labor Relations Board agreed to hear the American Postal Workers Union 's arguments that these counters should be manned by postal employees who earn far more and have `` a generous package of health and retirement benefits '' . Elimination of Saturday delivery averted ( edit ) On January 28 , 2009 , Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate that , if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits , as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006 , the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June , July , and August . H.R. 22 , addressing this issue , passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30 , 2009 . However , Postmaster General Potter continued to advance plans to eliminate Saturday mail delivery . On June 10 , 2009 , the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) was contacted for its input on the USPS 's current study of the effect of five - day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five - day service plan . A team of Postal Service headquarters executives and staff has been given a time frame of sixty days to complete the study . The current concept examines the effect of five - day delivery with no business or collections on Saturday , with Post Offices with current Saturday hours remaining open . On Thursday , April 15 , 2010 , the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short and long term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled `` Continuing to Deliver : An Examination of the Postal Service 's Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability . '' At which , PMG Potter testified that by the year 2020 , the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion , and that mail volume could drop 15 percent from 2009 . In February 2013 , the USPS announced that in order to save about $2 billion per year , Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , Express Mail , and mail delivered to Post Office boxes , beginning August 10 , 2013 . However , the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 , passed in March , reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery . Retirement funding and payment defaults ( edit ) The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 ( PAEA ) obligates the USPS to fund the present value of earned retirement obligations ( essentially past promises which have not yet come due ) within a ten - year time span . In contrast , private businesses in the United States have no legal obligation to pay for retirement costs at promise - time rather than retirement - time , but about one quarter do . The Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) is the main bureaucratic organization responsible for the human resources aspect of many federal agencies and their employees . The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund ( PSRHB ) after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) . Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7 % deducted from their wages . Currently all new employees contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System ( FERS ) once they become a full - time regular employees . On September 30 , 2014 , the USPS failed to make a $5.7 billion payment on this debt , the fourth such default . Rate increases ( edit ) Congress has limited rate increases for First - Class Mail to the cost of inflation , unless approved by the Postal Regulatory Commission . A three - cent surcharge above inflation increased the 1 oz ( 28 g ) rate to 49 ¢ in January , 2014 , but this was approved by the Commission for two years only . Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery ( edit ) Comprehensive reform packages considered in the 113th Congress include S. 1486 and H.R. 2748 . These include the efficiency measure , supported by Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe of ending door - to - door delivery of mail for some or most of the 35 million addresses that currently receive it , replacing that with either curbside boxes or nearby `` cluster boxes '' . This would save $4.5 billion per year out of the $30 billion delivery budget ; door - to - door city delivery costs annually on average $353 per stop , curbside $224 , and cluster box $160 ( and for rural delivery , $278 , $176 , and $126 , respectively ) . S. 1486 , also with the support of Postmaster Donahoe , would also allow the USPS to ship alcohol in compliance with state law , from manufacturers to recipients with ID to show they are over 21 . This is projected to raise approximately $50 million per year . ( Shipping alcoholic beverages is currently illegal under 18 U.S.C. § 1716 ( f ) . ) In 2014 , the Postal Service was requesting reforms to workers ' compensation , moving from a pension to defined contribution retirement savings plan , and paying senior retiree health care costs out of Medicare funds , as is done for private - sector workers . Governance and organization ( edit ) The Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy , procedure , and postal rates for services rendered , and has a similar role to a corporate board of directors . Of the eleven members of the Board , nine are appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate ( see 39 U.S.C. § 202 ) . The nine appointed members then select the United States Postmaster General , who serves as the board 's tenth member , and who oversees the day - to - day activities of the service as Chief Executive Officer ( see 39 U.S.C. § § 202 -- 203 ) . The ten - member board then nominates a Deputy Postmaster General , who acts as Chief Operating Officer , to the eleventh and last remaining open seat . The independent Postal Regulatory Commission ( formerly the Postal Rate Commission ) is also controlled by appointees of the President confirmed by the Senate . It oversees postal rates and related concerns , having the authority to approve or reject USPS proposals . The USPS is often mistaken for a government - owned corporation ( e.g. , Amtrak ) because it operates much like a business . It is , however , an `` establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States '' , ( 39 U.S.C. § 201 ) as it is controlled by Presidential appointees and the Postmaster General . As a government agency , it has many special privileges , including sovereign immunity , eminent domain powers , powers to negotiate postal treaties with foreign nations , and an exclusive legal right to deliver first - class and third - class mail . Indeed , in 2004 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a unanimous decision that the USPS was not a government - owned corporation , and therefore could not be sued under the Sherman Antitrust Act . The U.S. Supreme Court has also upheld the USPS 's statutory monopoly on access to letter boxes against a First Amendment freedom of speech challenge ; it thus remains illegal in the U.S. for anyone , other than the employees and agents of the USPS , to deliver mailpieces to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' . The Postal Service also has a Mailers ' Technical Advisory Committee and local Postal Customer Councils , which are advisory and primarily involve business customers . Universal Service obligation and monopoly status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legal basis and rationale ( edit ) Article I , section 8 , Clause 7 of the United States Constitution grants Congress the power to establish post offices and post roads , which has been interpreted as a de facto Congressional monopoly over the delivery of first - class residential mail -- which has been defined as non-urgent residential letters ( not packages ) . Accordingly , no other system for delivering first - class residential mail -- public or private -- has been tolerated , absent Congress 's consent . The mission of the Postal Service is to provide the American public with trusted universal postal service . While not explicitly defined , the Postal Service 's universal service obligation ( USO ) is broadly outlined in statute and includes multiple dimensions : geographic scope , range of products , access to services and facilities , delivery frequency , affordable and uniform pricing , service quality , and security of the mail . While other carriers may claim to voluntarily provide delivery on a broad basis , the Postal Service is the only carrier with a legal obligation to provide all the various aspects of universal service . Proponents of universal service principles claim that since any obligation must be matched by the financial capability to meet that obligation , the postal monopoly was put in place as a funding mechanism for the USO , and it has been in place for over a hundred years . It consists of two parts : the Private Express Statutes ( PES ) and the mailbox access rule . The PES refers to the Postal Service 's monopoly on the delivery of letters , and the mailbox rule refers to the Postal Service 's exclusive access to customer mailboxes . Proponents of universal service principles further claim that eliminating or reducing the PES or mailbox rule would affect the ability of the Postal Service to provide affordable universal service . If , for example , the PES and the mailbox rule were to be eliminated , and the USO maintained , then either billions of dollars in tax revenues or some other source of funding would have to be found . Some proponents of universal service principles suggest that private communications that are protected by the veil of government promote the exchange of free ideas and communications . This separates private communications from the ability of a private for - profit or non-profit organization to corrupt . Security for the individual is in this way protected by the United States Post Office , maintaining confidentiality and anonymity , as well as government employees being much less likely to be instructed by superiors to engage in nefarious spying . It is seen by some as a dangerous step to extract the universal service principle from the post office , as the untainted nature of private communications is preserved as assurance of the protection of individual freedom of privacy . However , as the recent notice of a termination of mail service to residents of the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness indicates , mail service has been contracted to private firms such as Arnold Aviation for many decades . KTVB - TV reported : `` We can not go out every week and pick up our mail ... it 's impossible '' , said Heinz Sippel . `` Everyone gets their mail . Why ca n't we ? '' said Sue Anderson . Getting mail delivered , once a week , by airplane is not a luxury , it 's a necessity for those who live in Idaho 's vast wilderness -- those along the Salmon and Selway rivers . It 's a service that 's been provided to them for more than half a century -- mostly by Ray Arnold of Arnold Aviation . The decision was reversed ; U.S. Postmaster General John Potter indicated that acceptable service to back country customers could not be achieved in any other fashion than continuing an air mail contract with Arnold Aviation to deliver the mail . 2008 report on universal Postal Service and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) The Postal Act of 2006 required the Postal Regulatory Commission ( PRC ) to submit a report to the President and Congress on universal postal service and the postal monopoly in December 2008 . The report must include any recommended changes . The Postal Service report supports the requirement that the PRC is to consult with and solicit written comments from the Postal Service . In addition , the Government Accountability Office is required to evaluate broader business model issues by 2011 . On October 15 , 2008 , the Postal Service submitted a report to the PRC on its position related to the Universal Service Obligation ( USO ) . It said no changes to the USO and restriction on mailbox access were necessary at this time , but increased regulatory flexibility was required to ensure affordable universal service in the future . In 2013 , the Postal Service announced that starting August 2013 , Saturday delivery would be discontinued . Obligations of the USO include uniform prices , quality of service , access to services , and six - day delivery to every part of the country . To assure financial support for these obligations , the postal monopoly provides the Postal Service the exclusive right to deliver letters and restricts mailbox access solely for mail . The report argued that eliminating or reducing either aspect of the monopoly `` would have a devastating impact on the ability ... to provide the affordable universal service that the country values so highly . '' Relaxing access to the mailbox would also pose security concerns , increase delivery costs , and hurt customer service , according to the Post Office . The report notes : It is somewhat misleading to characterize the mailbox rule as a `` monopoly , '' because the enforcement of 18 U.S.C. § 1725 leaves customers with ample alternative means of delivering their messages . Customers can deliver their messages either by paying postage , by placing messages on or under a door or a doormat , by using newspaper or non-postal boxes , by telephoning or emailing , by engaging in person - to - person delivery in public areas , by tacking or taping their notices on a door post , or by placing advertisements in local newspapers . These methods are comparable in efficacy to communication via the mailbox . Most of these alternatives are not actually free in some communities . For example , in the Chicago metropolitan area and many other major metros one must get a background check from police and pay a daily fee for the right to solicit or post commercial messages on private property . Regarding the monopoly on delivery of letters , the report notes that the monopoly is not complete , as there is an exception for letters where either the amount paid for private carriage of the letter equals at least six times the current rate for the first ounce of a single - piece First - Class Mail letter ( also known as the `` base rate '' or `` base tariff '' ) or the letter weighs at least 12.5 ounces . The Postal Service said that the USO should continue to be broadly defined and there should be no changes to the postal monopoly . Any changes would have far - reaching effects on customers and the trillion dollar mailing industry . `` A more rigidly defined USO would ... ultimately harm the American public and businesses , '' according to the report , which cautions that any potential change must be studied carefully and the effects fully understood . Competitors ( edit ) USPS Terminal Annex building in Los Angeles FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services , making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages . Due to the postal monopoly , they are not allowed to deliver non-urgent letters and may not directly ship to U.S. Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations . However , both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U.S. Mail destination , including Post Office Box destinations . These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept . DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009 , when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States . A variety of other transportation companies in the United States move cargo around the country , but either have limited geographic scope for delivery points , or specialize in items too large to be mailed . Many of the thousands of courier companies focus on same - day delivery , for example , by bicycle messenger . Although USPS and FedEx are direct competitors , USPS contracts with FedEx for air transport of 2 -- 3 Day Priority Mail and Priority Mail Express ( typically delivered overnight ) . Alternative transmission methods ( edit ) The Post Office Department owned and operated the first public telegraph lines in the United States , starting in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore , and eventually extending to New York , Boston , Buffalo , and Philadelphia . In 1847 , the telegraph system was privatized , except for a period during World War I , when it was used to accelerate the delivery of letters arriving at night . Between 1942 and 1945 , `` V - Mail '' ( for `` Victory Mail '' ) service was available for military mail . Letters were converted into microfilm and reprinted near the destination , to save room on transport vehicles for military cargo . From 1982 to 1985 , Electronic Computer Originated Mail , known as E-COM was accepted for bulk mailings . Text was transmitted electronically to one of 25 post offices nationwide . The Postal Service would print the mail and put it in special envelopes bearing a blue E-COM logo . Delivery was assured within 2 days . To improve accuracy and efficiency , the Postal Service introduced the Intelligent Mail program to complement the ZIP code system . This system , which was intended to replace the depreciated POSTNET system , allows bulk mailers to use pre-printed bar codes to assist in mail delivery and sorting . Additional features , called Enhanced , or Full - Service , Intelligent Mail Barcodes allow for mail tracking of bulk mail through the postal system up to the final delivery Post Office . Criticism of the universal Service requirement and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) Critics of the universal service requirement and the statutory postal monopoly include several professional economists advocating for the privatization of the mail delivery system , or at least a relaxation of the universal service model that currently exists . Rick Geddes argued in 2000 : First , basic economics implies that rural customers are unlikely to be without service under competition ; they would simply have to pay the true cost of delivery to them , which may or may not be lower than under monopoly . Second , basic notions of fairness imply that the cross-subsidy should be eliminated . To the extent that people make choices about where they live , they should assume the costs of that decision . Third , there is no reason why the government monopoly is necessary to ensure service to sparsely populated areas . The government could easily award competitive contracts to private firms for that service . Fourth , early concerns that rural residents of the United States would somehow become isolated without federally subsidized mail delivery today are simply unfounded ... Once both sender and receiver have access to a computer , the marginal cost of sending an electronic message is close to zero . Furthermore , some economists have argued that because public enterprises may pursue objectives different than profit maximization , they might have more of an incentive than profit - maximizing firms to behave anticompetitively through policies such as predatory pricing , misstating costs , and creating barriers to entry . To resolve those issues , one economist proposes a cost - allocation model that would determine the optimal allocation of USPS 's common costs by finding the share of costs that would maximize USPS profits from its competitive products . Postal regulators could use such a cost model to ensure that the Postal Service is not abusing its statutory monopoly by subsidizing price cuts in competitive product markets with revenue obtained from the monopolized market . Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) The Food and Drug Administration inspects packages for illegal drug shipments Postal Inspection Service ( edit ) The United States Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) is one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Founded by Benjamin Franklin , its mission is to protect the Postal Service , its employees , and its customers from crime and protect the nation 's mail system from criminal misuse . Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws providing for the protection of mail in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U.S. Mail , the postal system or postal employees . The USPIS has the power to enforce the USPS monopoly by conducting search and seizure raids on entities they suspect of sending non-urgent mail through overnight delivery competitors . According to the American Enterprise Institute , a private conservative think tank , the USPIS raided Equifax offices in 1993 to ascertain if the mail they were sending through Federal Express was truly `` extremely urgent . '' It was found that the mail was not , and Equifax was fined $30,000 . Lastly , the PIS oversees the activities of the Postal Police Force who patrol in and around selected high - risk postal facilities in major metropolitan areas in the United States and its territories . Office of Inspector General ( edit ) The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) was authorized by law in 1996 . Prior to the 1996 legislation , the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG . The Inspector General , who is independent of postal management , is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed , Senate -- confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service . The primary purpose of the OIG is to prevent , detect and report fraud , waste and program abuse , and promote efficiency in the operations of the Postal Service . The OIG has `` oversight '' responsibility for all activities of the Postal Inspection Service . How delivery services work ( edit ) Elements of addressing and preparing Domestic mail ( edit ) See also : Address ( geography ) § United States All mailable articles ( e.g. , letters , flats , machinable parcels , irregular parcels , etc . ) shipped within the United States must comply with an array of standards published in the USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) . Before addressing the mailpiece , one must first comply with the various mailability standards relating to attributes of the actual mailpiece such as : minimum / maximum dimensions and weight , acceptable mailing containers , proper mailpiece sealing / closure , utilization of various markings , and restrictions relating to various hazardous ( e.g. , explosives , flammables , etc . ) and restricted ( e.g. , cigarettes , smokeless tobacco , etc . ) materials , as well as others articulated in § 601 of the DMM . The USPS specifies the following key elements when preparing the face of a mailpiece : Proper Placement : The Delivery Address should be left - justified and located roughly in the center of mailpiece 's largest side . More precisely , on a letter - size piece , the recommended address placement is within the optical character reader ( OCR ) read area , which is a space on the address side of the mailpiece defined by these boundaries : Left -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the left edge of the piece ; Right -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the right edge of the piece ; Top -- 2 - 3 / 4 inches ( 70 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece ; Bottom -- 5 / 8 inch ( 16 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece . Preferred placement of a return address is in the upper left portion of the mailpiece -- on the side of the piece bearing postage . Finally , postage ( e.g. , stamps , meter imprints , information - based indicia ( IBI ) , etc . ) is to be affixed in the upper right corner of the address side of the mail cover . It should be noted that any stamp / indicia partly concealed or otherwise obscured by an overlapping stamp / indicia may not be counted as valid postage . Delivery Address ( party receiving mail ) : The mail piece must have the address of the intended recipient , visible and legible , only on the side of the mail piece bearing postage . Generally , the name of the addressee should be included above the address itself . A ZIP + 4 code will facilitate delivery . Return Address ( party sending mail ) : A return address tells the USPS where the sender wants the mail returned if it is undeliverable . Usage of a return address is required for some postal services ( including Priority Mail , Express Mail , Periodicals in envelopes or wrappers , Insured Mail , Registered Mail , and parcel services ) . Postage Payment : All mailpieces must include appropriate valid postage . Postage payment may be in the form of stamps , stamped stationery , precanceled stamps , postage meter imprints & PC Postage products ( `` Postage Evidencing Systems '' ) , or permit imprint ( indicia ) . Members of the U.S. Congress , among others , have franking privileges , which require only a signature . Domestic First - Class Mail costs 50 ¢ for envelopes ( 35 ¢ for post cards ) and upwards , depending on the weight and dimensions of the letter and the class . Mail going to naval vessels is known as the Fleet Post Office ( FPO ) and to Army or Air Force installations use the city abbreviation APO ( Army Post Office or Air Force Post Office ) . Undeliverable mail that could not be readily returned , including mail without a return address , is treated as dead mail at a Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia or Saint Paul , Minnesota . Sticker promoting ZIP code use The format of the address is as follows Line 1 : Name of recipient Line 2 : Street address or P.O. Box Line 3 : City , State ( ISO 3166 - 2 : US code or APO / FPO code ) and ZIP + 4 code Example Clifford Clavin 789 Beacon Street Boston MA 02186 - 1234 The USPS maintains a list of proper abbreviations . The format of a return address is similar . Though some style manuals recommend using a comma between the city and state name when typesetting addresses in other contexts , for optimal automatic character recognition , the Post Office does not recommend this when addressing mail . The official recommendation is to use all upper case block letters with proper formats and abbreviations , and leave out all punctuation except for the hyphen in the ZIP + 4 code . If the address is unusually formatted or illegible enough , it will require hand - processing , delaying that particular item . The USPS publishes the entirety of their postal addressing standards . Postal address verification tools and services are offered by the USPS and third party companies to help ensure mail is deliverable by fixing formatting , appending information such as ZIP code and validating the address is a valid delivery point . Customers can look up ZIP codes and verify addresses using USPS Web Tools available on the official USPS website and Facebook page , as well as on third - party sites . Delivery point validation ( edit ) Delivery Point Validation ( DPV ) provides the highest level of address accuracy checking . In a DPV process , the address is checked against the AMS data file to ensure that it exists as an active delivery point . The USPS does not offer DPV validation on their website ; however , there are companies that offer services to perform DPV verification . Paying postage ( edit ) The actual postage can be paid via : Stamps purchased online at usps.com , at a Post Office , from a stamp vending machine or `` Automated Postal Center '' which can also handle packages , or from a third party ( such as a grocery store ) Pre-cancelled stamps for bulk mailings Postal meter Prepaid envelope Shipping label purchased online and printed by the customer on standard paper ( e.g. with Click - N - Ship , or via a third - party such as PayPal or Amazon shipping ) All unused U.S. postage stamps issued since 1861 are still valid as postage at their indicated value . Stamps with no value shown or denominated by a letter are also still valid , although the value depends upon the particular stamp . For some stamps issued without a printed value , the current value is the original value . But some stamps beginning in 1988 or earlier , including Forever Stamps ( issued from April 2007 ) and all first - class , first - ounce stamps issued from January 21 , 2011 , the value is the current value of a first - class - mail first - ounce stamp . The USPS calls these Forever Stamps but the generic name is non-denominated postage . Forever stamps are sold at the First - Class Mail postage rate at the time of purchase , but will always be valid for First - Class Mail ( 1 oz and under ) , no matter how rates rise in the future . Britain has had a similar stamp since 1989 . The cost of mailing a 1 oz ( 28 g ) First - Class letter increased to 50 cents on 28 January 2018 Postage meters ( edit ) Main article : Postage meter A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage ( or franking ) to mailed matter . Postage meters are regulated by a country 's postal authority ; for example , in the United States , the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation , support , and use of postage meters . A postage meter imprints an amount of postage , functioning as a postage stamp , a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one . The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps . PC postage ( edit ) In addition to using standard stamps , postage can now be printed in the form of an electronic stamp , or e-stamp , from a personal computer using a system called Information Based Indicia . This online PC Postage method relies upon application software on the customer 's computer contacting a postal security device at the office of the postal service . Other electronic postage payment methods ( edit ) Electronic Verification System ( eVS ) is the Postal Service 's integrated mail management technology that centralizes payment processing and electronic postage reports . Part of an evolving suite of USPS electronic payment services called PostalOne ! , eVS allows mailers shipping large volumes of parcels through the Postal Service a way to circumvent use of hard - copy manifests , postage statements and drop - shipment verification forms . Instead , mailers can pay postage automatically through a centralized account and track payments online . Beginning in August 2007 , the Postal Service began requiring mailers shipping Parcel Select packages using a permit imprint to use eVS for manifesting their packages . Stamp copyright and reproduction ( edit ) All U.S. postage stamps issued under the former United States Post Office Department and other postage items that were released before 1978 are not subject to copyright , but stamp designs since 1978 are copyrighted . The United States Copyright Office in section 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) of the Third Edition of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices holds that `` Works prepared by officers or employees of the U.S. Postal Service ... are not considered works of the U.S. Government '' and are therefore eligible for registration . Thus , the USPS holds copyright to such materials released since 1978 under Title 17 of the United States Code . Written permission is required for use of copyrighted postage stamp images , although under USPS rules , permission is `` generally '' not required for `` educational use '' , `` news reporting '' or `` philatelic advertising use , '' but users must cite USPS as the source of the image and include language such as `` © United States Postal Service . All rights reserved . '' Service level choices ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2016 ) General Domestic services ( edit ) Former Tyvek envelope design for Express Mail before July 28 , 2013 As of April 2011 , domestic postage levels for low - volume mailers include : Priority Mail Express ( Formerly Express Mail ) : Overnight delivery guaranteed to most locations Sunday , holiday and 10 : 30 am delivery available for additional charge . $100 insurance included . Tracking included . Flat Rate envelopes are available . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight and distance . Priority Mail : Day specific delivery service ranging from 1 -- 3 days depending on origin of shipment ( not guaranteed ) As of January 27 , 2013 , tracking via Delivery Confirmation is now included on all Priority Mail shipments . Flat Rate envelopes and boxes ( various sizes ) are available free from the Postal Store . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight , size and distance . $50 insurance for retail / $100 insurance for commercial starting on July 28 , 2013 . Tracking Included First - Class Mail 2 - to 3 - day delivery . In most cases for letters and small packages . Rate varies by size and weight , but not distance . Postcards ( 5 '' × 3.5 '' × 0.007 to 6 '' × 4.25 '' × 0.016 '' ( 127 × 89 × 0.18 to 152 × 108 × 0.4 mm ) ) : 35 ¢ Letters ( up to 11.5 '' × 6.125 '' × 0.25 `` , 3.5 oz ( 292 × 156 × 6.4 mm , 100 g ) ) : 50 ¢ + 21 ¢ for each additional ounce Large Envelope or Flat ( up to 15 '' × 12 '' × 0.75 `` , 13 oz ( 381 × 305 × 19 mm , 370 g ) ) : 90 ¢ + 21 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) . Must be rectangular , uniformly thick , and not too rigid . Package / Parcel ( Up to 108 inches ( 270 cm ) length plus girth , 13 ounces ( 370 g ) : $1.95 + 17 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) over 3 ounces ( 84 g ) ) USPS Retail Ground ( formerly Parcel Post ) Slowest but cheapest service for packages too large or heavy for First Class -- uses surface transport . 2 - to 9 - day service to contiguous U.S. , 4 -- 14 days internal to AK / HI / territories , 3 -- 6 weeks between mainland and outlying areas ( travels by ship ) . Variable pricing by weight , size and distance . Free forwarding if recipient has filed change - of - address form , or return if the item is undeliverable . Media Mail -- formerly `` Book Rate '' Books and recorded media only . No advertising . Pricing by weight only . Transit time similar to Parcel Post . Cheaper than Parcel Post but only due to increased restrictions on package contents . Library Mail Similar to Media Mail , but cheaper and restricted to academic institutions , public libraries , museums , etc . The Post Office will not deliver packages heavier than 70 pounds ( 32 kg ) or if the length ( the package 's longest dimension ) plus the girth ( the measurement around the package at its largest point in the two shorter dimensions ) is greater than 108 inches ( 270 cm ) combined ( 130 inches ( 330 cm ) for Parcel Post ) Bulk mail ( edit ) See also : Bulk mail USPS Dodge Caravan used for residential delivery in Omaha , Nebraska USPS - operated minivan serving in the LLV 's role Discounts are available for large volumes of mail . Depending on the postage level , certain conditions might be required or optional for an additional discount : Minimum number of pieces Weight limits Ability for the USPS to process by machine Addresses formatting standardized USPS - readable barcode Sorted by three - digit ZIP code prefix , five - digit ZIP code , ZIP + 4 , or 11 - digit delivery point Delivered in trays , bundles , or pallets partitioned by destination Delivered directly to a regional Bulk Mail Center , destination SCF , or destination Post Office Certification of mailing list accuracy and freshness ( e.g. correct ZIP codes , purging of stale addresses , processing of change - of - address notifications ) In addition to bulk discounts on Express , Priority , and First - Class Mail , the following postage levels are available for bulk mailers : Periodicals Standard Mail ( A ) Automation Enhanced Carrier Route Regular Standard Mail ( B ) Parcel Post Bound Printed Matter -- Cheaper than Media Mail , for advertising catalogs , phone books , etc. up to 15 lb Special Standard Mail Library Mail Nonprofit Extra services ( edit ) A Long Life Vehicle seen in Guam Depending on the type of mail , additional services are available for an additional fee : Certificate of Mailing provides proof of the date a package was mailed . Certified Mail provides proof of mailing , and a delivery record . Used for serving legal documents and for sending U.S. Government classified information , up to the `` confidential '' level . Collect on Delivery ( C.O.D. ) allows merchants to offer customers an option to pay upon delivery , up to $1000 . Includes insurance . USPS Tracking provides proof of delivery to sorting facilities , local post office and destination , but no signature is required . Insurance is shipping insurance against loss or damage for the value of the goods mailed . Amount of coverage can be specified , up to $5,000 . Registered Mail is used for highly valuable or irreplaceable items , and classified information up to the `` secret '' level . Registered mail is transported separately from other mail , in locked containers . Tracking is included and insurance up to $25,000 is available . Restricted Delivery requires delivery to a specific person or their authorized agent , not just to a mailbox . Return Receipt actively sends signature confirmation back to the sender by postcard or emailed PDF ( as opposed to merely putting this information into the online tracking system ) . Signature Confirmation requires a delivery signature , which is kept on file . The online tracking system displays the first initial and last name of the signatory . Special Handling is for unusual items , like live animals . International services ( edit ) Packages awaiting inspection at the International Mail Facility in JFK airport In May 2007 , the USPS restructured international service names to correspond with domestic shipping options . Formerly , USPS International services were categorized as Airmail ( Letter Post ) , Economy ( Surface ) Parcel Post , Airmail Parcel Post , Global Priority , Global Express , and Global Express Guaranteed Mail . The former Airmail ( Letter Post ) is now First - Class Mail International , and includes small packages weighing up to four pounds ( 1.8 kg ) . Economy Parcel Post was discontinued for international service , while Airmail Parcel Post was replaced by Priority Mail International . Priority Mail International Flat - Rate packaging in various sizes was introduced , with the same conditions of service previously used for Global Priority . Global Express is now Express Mail International , while Global Express Guaranteed is unchanged . The international mailing classes with a tracking ability are Express , Express Guaranteed , and Priority ( except that tracking is not available for Priority Mail International Flat Rate Envelopes or Priority Mail International Small Flat Rate Boxes ) . One of the major changes in the new naming and services definitions is that USPS - supplied mailing boxes for Priority and Express mail are now allowed for international use . These services are offered to ship letters and packages to almost every country and territory on the globe . The USPS provides much of this service by contracting with a private parcel service , FedEx . An m - bag The USPS provides an M - bag service for international shipment of printed matter ; previously surface M - bags existed , but with the 2007 elimination of surface mail , only airmail M - bags remain . The term `` M - bag '' is not expanded in USPS publications ; M - bags are simply defined as `` direct sacks of printed matter ... sent to a single foreign addressee at a single address '' ; however , the term is sometimes referred to informally as `` media bag '' , as the bag can also contain `` discs , tapes , and cassettes '' , in addition to books , for which the usual umbrella term is `` media '' ; some also refer to them as `` mail bags '' . Military mail is billed at domestic rates when being sent from the United States to a military outpost , and is free when sent by deployed military personnel . The overseas logistics are handled by the Military Postal Service Agency in the Department of Defense . Outside of forward areas and active operations , military mail First - Class takes 7 -- 10 days , Priority 10 -- 15 days , and Parcel Post about 24 days . Three independent countries with a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. ( Palau , the Marshall Islands , and the Federated States of Micronesia ) have a special relationship with the United States Postal Service : Each associated state maintains its own government - run mail service for delivery to and pickup from retail customers . The associated states are integrated into the USPS addressing and ZIP code system . The USPS is responsible for transporting mail between the United States and the associated states , and between the individual states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The associated states synchronize postal services and rates with the USPS . The USPS treats mail to and from the associated states as domestic mail , ( as of November 19 , 2007 , after a 23 - month period of being treated as international mail ) . Incoming mail does require customs declarations because , like some U.S. territories , the associated states are outside the main customs territory of the United States . The discontinuation of International surface mail ( edit ) For more information about surface mail , see Surface mail . In 2007 , the US Postal Service discontinued its outbound international surface mail ( `` sea mail '' ) service , mainly because of increased costs . Returned undeliverable surface parcels had become an expensive problem for the USPS . The discontinuation has been criticized by independent booksellers , by other small businesses which ship internationally , by the Peace Corps , and by military personnel . Domestic surface mail ( now `` Retail Ground '' or `` Commercial Parcel Select '' ) remains available . Alternatives to international surface mail include : International Surface Air Lift . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service includes neither tracking nor insurance ; but it may be possible to purchase shipping insurance from a third - party company . USPS Commercial ePacket . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service is trackable . Ordinary first - class international airmail . Sorting and delivery process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mail flow through national infrastructure Processing of standard sized envelopes and cards is highly automated , including reading of handwritten addresses . Mail from individual customers and public postboxes is collected by mail carriers into plastic tubs , which are taken to one of approximately 251 Processing and Distribution Centers ( P&DC ) across the United States . Each P&DC sorts mail for a given region ( typically with a radius of around 200 miles ( 320 km ) ) and connects with the national network for interregional mail . The USPS has consolidated mail sorting for large regions into the P&DCs on the basis that most mail is addressed to faraway destinations , but for cities at the edge of a P&DC 's region , this means all locally addressed mail must now travel long distances ( that is , to and from the P&DC for sorting ) to reach nearby addresses . At the P&DC , mail is emptied into hampers which are then automatically dumped into a Dual Pass Rough Cull System ( DPRCS ) . As mail travels through the DPRCS , large items , such as packages and mail bundles , are removed from the stream . As the remaining mail enters the first machine for processing standard mail , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System ( AFCS ) , pieces that passed through the DPRCS but do not conform to physical dimensions for processing in the AFCS ( e.g. , large envelopes or overstuffed standard envelopes ) are automatically diverted from the stream . Mail removed from the DPRCS and AFCS is manually processed or sent to parcel sorting machines . In contrast to the previous system , which merely canceled and postmarked the upper right corner of the envelope , thereby missing any stamps which were inappropriately placed , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System locates indicia ( stamp or metered postage mark ) , regardless of the orientation of the mail as it enters the machine , and cancels it by applying a postmark . Detection of indicia enables the AFCS to determine the orientation of each mailpiece and sort it accordingly , rotating pieces as necessary so all mail is sorted right - side up and faced in the same direction in each output bin . Mail is output by the machine into three categories : mail already affixed with a bar code and addressed ( such as business reply envelopes and cards ) ; mail with machine printed ( typed ) addresses ; and mail with handwritten addresses . Additionally , machines with a recent Optical Character Recognition ( OCR ) upgrade have the capability to read the address information , including handwritten , and sort the mail based on local or outgoing ZIP codes . Mail with typed addresses goes to a Multiline Optical Character Reader ( MLOCR ) which reads the ZIP Code and address information and prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelope . Mail ( actually the scanned image of the mail ) with handwritten addresses ( and machine - printed ones that are not easily recognized ) goes to the Remote Bar Coding System . It also corrects spelling errors and , where there is an error , omission , or conflict in the written address , identifies the most likely correct address . When it has decided on a correct address , it prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelopes , similarly to the MLOCR system . RBCS also has facilities in place , called Remote Encoding Centers , that have humans look at images of mail pieces and enter the address data . The address data is associated with the image via an ID Tag , a fluorescent barcode printed by mail processing equipment on the back of mail pieces . Processed mail is imaged by the Mail Isolation Control and Tracking ( MICT ) system to allow easier tracking of hazardous substances . Images are taken at more than 200 mail processing centers , and are destroyed after being retained for 30 days . If a customer has filed a change of address card and his or her mail is detected in the mailstream with the old address , the mailpiece is sent to a machine that automatically connects to a Computerized Forwarding System database to determine the new address . If this address is found , the machine will paste a label over the former address with the current address . The mail is returned to the mailstream to forward to the new location . Mail with addresses that can not be resolved by the automated system are separated for human intervention . If a local postal worker can read the address , he or she manually sorts it out according to the ZIP code on the article . If the address can not be read , mail is either returned to the sender ( First - Class Mail with a valid return address ) or is sent to the Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia ( formerly known as the dead letter office ) . At this office , the mail is opened to try to find an address to forward to . If an address is found , the contents are resealed and delivered . Otherwise , the items are held for 90 days in case of inquiry by the customer ; if they are not claimed , they are either destroyed or auctioned off at the monthly Postal Service Unclaimed Parcel auction to raise money for the service . Once the mail is bar coded , it is automatically sorted by a Delivery Bar Code Sorter ( DBCS ) that reads the bar code , identifies the destination of the mailpiece , and sends it to an appropriate tray that corresponds to the next segment of its journey . Regional mail is either trucked to the appropriate local post office , or kept in the building for carrier routes served directly from the P&DC . Out - of - region mail is trucked to the airport and then flown , usually as baggage on commercial airlines , to the airport nearest the destination station . At the destination P&DC , mail is once again read by a DBCS which sorts items to local post offices ; this includes grouping mailpieces by individual mail carrier . At the carrier route level , 95 % of letters arrive pre-sorted ; the remaining mail must be sorted by hand . The Post Office is working to increase the percentage of automatically sorted mail , including a pilot program to sort `` flats '' . FedEx provides air transport service to USPS for Priority and Express Mail . Priority Mail and Express Mail are transported from Priority Mail processing centers to the closest FedEx - served airport , where they are handed off to FedEx . FedEx then flies them to the destination airport and hands them back to USPS for transport to the local post office and delivery . Types of Postal facilities ( edit ) Historic main post office in Tomah , Wisconsin A typical post office station in the Spring Branch area of Houston , Texas A combined Post Office , Customs House , and Federal Court House in Galveston , Texas Floating post office , Halibut Cove , Alaska Although its customer service centers are called post offices in regular speech , the USPS recognizes several types of postal facilities , including the following : A main post office ( formerly known as a general post office ) is the primary postal facility in a community . A station or post office station is a postal facility that is not the main post office , but that is within the corporate limits of the community . A branch or post office branch is a postal facility that is not the main post office and that is outside the corporate limits of the community . A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS . A contract postal unit ( or CPU ) is a station or branch operated by a contractor , typically in a store or other place of business . A community post office ( or CPO ) is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued . A finance unit is a station or branch that provides window services and accepts mail , but does not provide delivery . A village post office ( VPO ) is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS . First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices , village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a ZIP code . A processing and distribution center ( P&DC , or processing and distribution facility , formerly known as a General Mail Facility ) is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area ( 251 nationwide ) . A sectional center facility ( SCF ) is a P&DC for a designated geographical area defined by one or more three - digit ZIP code prefixes . An international service center ( ISC ) is an international mail processing facility . There are only five such USPS facilities in the continental United States , located in Chicago , New York , Miami , Los Angeles and San Francisco . A network distribution center , formerly known as a bulk mail center ( BMC ) , is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as the hub in a hub and spoke network . An auxiliary sorting facility ( ASF ) is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as spokes in a hub and spoke network . A remote encoding center ( REC ) is a facility at which clerks receive images of problem mail pieces ( those with hard - to - read addresses , etc . ) via secure Internet - type feeds and manually type the addresses they can decipher , using a special encoding protocol . The mail pieces are then sprayed with the correct addresses or are sorted for further handling according to the instructions given via encoding . The total number of RECs is down from 55 in 1998 to just 1 center in December 2016 . The last REC is in Salt Lake City , Utah . While common usage refers to all types of postal facilities as `` substations '' , the USPS Glossary of Postal Terms does not define or even list that word . Post Offices often share facilities with other governmental organizations located within a city 's central business district . In those locations , often Courthouses and Federal Buildings , the building is owned by the General Services Administration while the U.S. Postal Services operates as a tenant . The USPS retail system has approximately 36,000 post offices , stations , and branches . Automated Postal Centers ( edit ) A 24 - hour Automated Postal Center kiosk inside the Webster , Texas main post office In the year 2004 , the USPS began deploying Automated Postal Centers ( APCs ) . APCs are unattended kiosks that are capable of weighing , franking , and storing packages for later pickup as well as selling domestic and international postage stamps . Since its introduction , APCs do not take cash payments -- they only accept credit or debit cards . Similarly , traditional vending machines are available at many post offices to purchase stamps , though these are being phased out in many areas . Due to increasing use of Internet services , as of June 2009 , no retail post office windows are open 24 hours ; overnight services are limited to those provided by an Automated Postal Center . Evolutionary network development ( end ) program ( edit ) In February 2006 , the USPS announced that they plan to replace the nine existing facility - types with five processing facility - types : Regional Distribution Centers ( RDCs ) , which will process all classes of parcels and bundles and serve as Surface Transfer Centers ; Local Processing Centers ( LPCs ) , which will process single - piece letters and flats and cancel mail ; Destination Processing Centers ( DPC ) , sort the mail for individual mail carriers ; Airport Transfer Centers ( ATCs ) , which will serve as transfer points only ; and Remote Encoding Centers ( RECs ) . Over a period of years , these facilities are expected to replace Processing & Distribution Centers , Customer Service Facilities , Bulk Mail Centers , Logistic and Distribution Centers , annexes , the Hub and Spoke Program , Air Mail Centers , and International Service Centers . The changes are a result of the declining volumes of single - piece First - Class Mail , population shifts , the increase in drop shipments by advertising mailers at destinating postal facilities , advancements in equipment and technology , redundancies in the existing network , and the need for operational flexibility . Airline and rail division ( edit ) A former United States Postal Service Boeing 727 - 200 aircraft at Miami International Airport in 1999 The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains , although both were formerly operated . The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement . The contracts change periodically . Contract airlines have included : UPS , Emery Worldwide , Ryan International Airlines , FedEx Express , American Airlines , United Airlines , and Express One International . The Postal Service also contracts with Amtrak to carry some mail between certain cities such as Chicago and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The last air delivery route in the continental U.S. , to residents in the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness , was scheduled to be ended in June 2009 . The weekly bush plane route , contracted out to an air taxi company , had in its final year an annual cost of $46,000 , or $2400 / year per residence , over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States . This decision has been reversed by the U.S. Postmaster General . Parcel forwarding and private interchange ( edit ) Private US parcel forwarding or US mail forwarding companies focusing on personal shopper , relocation , Ex-pat and mail box services often interface with the United States Postal Service for transporting of mail and packages for their customers . Delivery timing ( edit ) USPS contractor - driven semi-trailer truck seen near Mendota , California USPS Ford Windstar used for residential delivery in Olympia , Washington 1998 United States Postal Service Ford Windstar , showing the larger driver 's side door Delivery days ( edit ) From 1810 , mail was delivered seven days a week . In 1828 , local religious leaders noticed a decline in Sunday - morning church attendance because of local post offices ' doubling as gathering places . These leaders appealed to the government to intervene and close post offices on Sundays . The government , however , declined , and mail was delivered 7 days a week until 1912 . Today , U.S. Mail ( with the exception of Express Mail ) is not delivered on Sunday . Saturday delivery was temporarily suspended in April 1957 , because of lack of funds , but quickly restored . Budget problems prompted consideration of dropping Saturday delivery starting around 2009 . This culminated in a 2013 announcement that regular mail services would be cut to five days a week , which was reversed by Congress before it could take effect . ( See the section Revenue decline and planned cuts . ) Direct delivery vs. customer pickup ( edit ) Originally , mail was not delivered to homes and businesses , but to post offices . In 1863 , `` city delivery '' began in urban areas with enough customers to make this economical . This required streets to be named , houses to be numbered , with sidewalks and lighting provided , and these street addresses to be added to envelopes . The number of routes served expanded over time . In 1891 , the first experiments with Rural Free Delivery began in less densely populated areas . There is currently an effort to reduce direct delivery in favor of mailbox clusters . To compensate for high mail volume and slow long - distance transportation which saw mail arrive at post offices throughout the day , deliveries were made multiple times a day . This ranged from twice for residential areas to up to seven times for the central business district of Brooklyn , New York . In the late 19th century , mail boxes were encouraged , saving carriers the time it took to deliver directly to the addressee in person ; in the 1910s and 1920s , they were phased in as a requirement for service . In the 1940s , multiple daily deliveries began to be reduced , especially on Saturdays . By 1990 , the last twice - daily deliveries in New York City were eliminated . Today , mail is delivered once a day on - site to most private homes and businesses . The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery ( where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches , or to commercial reception areas ) and rural delivery ( where carriers generally drive ) . With `` curbside delivery '' , mailboxes are at the ends of driveways , on the nearest convenient road . `` Central point delivery '' is used in some locations , where several nearby residences share a `` cluster '' of individual mailboxes in a single housing . Some customers choose to use post office boxes for an additional fee , for privacy or convenience . This provides a locked box at the post office to which mail is addressed and delivered ( usually earlier in the day than home delivery ) . Customers in less densely populated areas where there is no city delivery and who do not qualify for rural delivery may receive mail only through post office boxes . High - volume business customers can also arrange for special pick - up . Another option is the old - style general delivery , for people who have neither post office boxes nor street addresses . Mail is held at the post office until they present identification and pick it up . Some customers receive free post office boxes if the USPS declines to provide door - to - door delivery to their location or a nearby box . People with medical problems can request door - to - door delivery . Homeless people are also eligible for post office boxes at the discretion of the local postmaster , or can use general delivery . Special delivery ( edit ) From 1885 to 1997 , a service called special delivery was available , which caused a separate delivery to the final location earlier in the day than the usual daily rounds . Same - day trials ( edit ) In December 2012 , the USPS began a limited one - year trial of same - day deliveries directly from retailers or distribution hubs to residential addresses in the same local area , a service it dubbed `` Metro Post '' . The trial was initially limited to San Francisco and the only retailer to participate in the first few weeks was 1 - 800 - FLOWERS . In March 2013 , the USPS faced new same - day competition for e-commerce deliveries from Google Shopping Express . In November 2013 , the Postal Service began regular package delivery on Sundays for Amazon customers in New York and Los Angeles , which it expanded to 15 cities in May 2014 . Amazon Sunday delivery has now been expanded to most major markets as of September 2015 . Other competition in this area includes online grocers such as AmazonFresh , Webvan , and delivery services operated by grocery stores like Peapod and Safeway . Forwarding and holds ( edit ) Residential customers can fill out a form to forward mail to a new address , and can also send pre-printed forms to any of their frequent correspondents . They can also put their mail on `` hold '' , for example , while on vacation . The Post Office will store mail during the hold , instead of letting it overflow in the mailbox . These services are not available to large buildings and customers of a commercial mail receiving agency , where mail is subsorted by non-Post Office employees into individual mailboxes . Financial services ( edit ) Postal money orders provide a safe alternative to sending cash through the mail , and are available in any amount up to $1,000 . Like a bank cheque , money orders are cashable only by the recipient . Unlike a personal bank check , they are prepaid and therefore can not be returned because of insufficient funds . Money orders are a declining business for the USPS , as companies like PayPal , PaidByCash and others are offering electronic replacements . From 1911 to 1967 , the Postal Service also operated the United States Postal Savings System , not unlike a savings and loan association with the amount of the deposit limited . A January 2014 report by the Inspector General of the USPS suggested that the agency could earn $8.9 billion per year in revenue by providing financial services , especially in areas where there are no local banks but there is a local post office , and to customers who currently do not have bank accounts . Employment in the USPS ( edit ) A Rural Letter Carrier from Fort Myers , Florida The Postal Service is the nation 's second - largest civilian employer . As of 2011 , it employed 574,000 personnel , divided into offices , processing centers , and actual post offices . The United States Postal Service would rank 29th on the 2010 Fortune 500 list , if considered a private company . Labor unions representing USPS employees include : The American Postal Workers Union ( APWU ) , which represents postal clerks and maintenance , motor vehicle , mail equipment shops , material distribution centers , and operating services and facilities services employees , postal nurses , and IT and accounting ; the National Association of Letter Carriers ( NALC ) , which represents city letter carriers ; the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) , which represents rural letter carriers ; and the National Postal Mail Handlers Union ( NPMHU ) . USPS employees are divided into three major crafts according to the work they engage in : Mail carriers , also referred to as mailmen or letter carriers , prepare and deliver mail and parcels . They are divided into two categories : City Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NALC , and Rural Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NRLCA . City Carriers are paid hourly with automatic overtime paid after 8 hours or 40 hours a week of duty . City Carriers are required to work in any kind of weather , daylight or dark and carry three bundles of mail ( letters in one hand , magazines in the other and advertisements in a mailbag ) in addition to parcels up to a total of 70 lbs . Mail routes are outfitted with a number of scanpoints ( mailbox barcodes ) on random streets every 30 to 40 minutes apart to keep track of the Carriers ' whereabouts up until the last 5 minutes of any given workday . Rural carriers are under a form of salary called `` evaluated hours '' , usually with overtime built into their pay . The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks , and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted . Mail handlers and processors , prepare , separate , load and unload mail and parcels , by delivery ZIP code and station , for the clerks . They work almost exclusively at the plants or larger mail facilities now after having their duties excessed and reassigned to clerks in Post Offices and Station branches . Clerks , have a dual function by design of where their assignment is . Window clerks directly handle customer service needs at the counter , sort box mail and also sort first - class letters , standard and bulk - rate mail for the carriers on the work floor . Clerks may also work alongside mail handlers in large sorting facilities , outside of the public view , sorting mail . Data Conversion Operators , who encode address information at Remote Encoding Centers , are also members of the clerk craft . Mail handlers and Clerks are represented by the NPMHU and the APWU , respectively . Other non-managerial positions in the USPS include : Maintenance and custodians , who see to the overall operation and cleaning of mail sorting machines , work areas , public parking and general facility operations . City Carrier Assistants . ( CCAs ) With the Das Arbitration award the designation of PTF City Carrier has been abolished . TE City Carriers will have the opportunity to become CCAs . A CCA is a non-career employee who is hired for a 360 - day term , similar to what TEs had . CCAs earn annual leave . CCAs , unlike TEs do have a direct path to becoming career employees . When excess City Carrier positions exist the CCA in that work installation with the highest `` relative standing '' will be promoted to a career employee and be assigned to the vacant position . Career , Part Time Flexible and Transitional employees ( Career , PTF & TE ) There are a variety of other non-managerial positions in such crafts as accounting , information technology , and the remote encoding center . These are under a different contract than plant workers or mail carriers . Though the USPS employs many individuals , as more Americans send information via email , fewer postal workers are needed to work dwindling amounts of mail . Post offices and mail facilities are constantly downsizing , replacing craft positions with new machines and consolidating mail routes through the MIARAP ( Modified Interim Alternate Route Adjustment Process ) agreement . A major round of job cuts , early retirements , and a construction freeze were announced on March 20 , 2009 . Workplace violence ( edit ) Main article : List of postal killings § United States In the early 1990s , widely publicized workplace shootings by disgruntled employees at USPS facilities led to a Human Resource effort to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts . Due to media coverage , postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill . The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that `` Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work . '' In the documentary Murder by Proxy : How America Went Postal , it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees . This series of events in turn has influenced American culture , as seen in the slang term `` going postal '' ( see Patrick Sherrill for information on his August 20 , 1986 , rampage ) and the computer game Postal . Also , in the opening sequence of Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult , a yell of `` Disgruntled postal workers '' is heard , followed by the arrival of postal workers with machine guns . In an episode of Seinfeld , the mailman character , Newman , explained in a dramatic monologue that postal workers `` go crazy and kill everyone '' because the mail never stops . In The Simpsons episode `` Sunday , Cruddy Sunday , '' Nelson Muntz asks Postmaster Bill if he has `` ever gone on a killing spree '' ; Bill replies , `` The day of the gun - toting , disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena '' . The series of massacres led the USPS to issue a rule prohibiting the possession of any type of firearms ( except for those issued to Postal Inspectors ) in all designated USPS facilities . In 2016 , video footage was released showing a group of police officers from the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) arresting a USPS worker while he was in the middle of his deliveries . The footage showed that the officers were dressed in civilian clothing . The NYPD is reportedly investigating alleged disorderly conduct . In fiction ( edit ) In the film Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , the identity of Kris Kringle ( played by Edmund Gwenn ) as the one and only `` Santa Claus '' was validated by a state court , based on the delivery of 21 bags of mail ( famously carried into the courtroom ) to the character in question . The contention was that it would have been illegal for the United States Post Office to deliver mail that was addressed to `` Santa Claus '' to the character `` Kris Kringle '' unless he were , in fact , the one and only Santa Claus . Judge Henry X . Harper ( played by Gene Lockhart ) ruled that since the U.S. Government had demonstrated through the delivery of the bags of mail that Kris Kringle was Santa Claus , the State of New York did not have the authority to overrule that decision . The novel Post Office ( 1971 ) , written by poet and novelist Charles Bukowski , is a semi-autobiographical account of his life over the years as a mail carrier . Bukowski would , under duress , quit and years later return as a mail clerk . His personal account would detail the work at lengths as frustrating , menial , boring , and degrading . David Brin 's novel The Postman ( 1985 ) portrays the USPS and its returned services as a staple to revive the United States government in a post-apocalyptic world . It was adapted as a film starring Kevin Costner and Larenz Tate in 1997 . The comedy film Dear God ( 1996 ) , starring Greg Kinnear and Laurie Metcalf , portrays a group of quirky postal workers in a dead letter office that handle letters addressed to the Easter Bunny , Elvis , and even God himself . In 2015 , The Inspectors , which depicts a group of postal inspectors investigating postal crimes , debuted on CBS . The series uses the USPIS seal and features messages and tips from the Chief Postal Inspector at the end of each episode . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Philately portal List of U.S. state abbreviations United States Postal Service creed USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program Unions of the U.S. Postal Service American Postal Workers Union National Association of Letter Carriers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association History American Letter Mail Company History of United States postage rates Owney ( dog ) Post Office Murals Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Railway Mail Service International associations Universal Postal Union Postal Union of the Americas , Spain and Portugal Mail bag types Catcher pouch Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel Pony Express mochila Portmanteau Workplace violence `` Going postal '' List of postal killings References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The history of the United States Postal Service : 1775 -- 2006 '' . USPS . May 2007 . 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Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to Delay Cutbacks Until Mid-May , Staving Off Bankruptcy , Fox News . Accessed : 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET : MODIFIED NETWORK REALIGNMENT PLAN '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ USPS ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Postal Service Moves Ahead with Modified Network Consolidation Plan '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` USPS Delivery Standards and Statistics fact sheet '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Key facts on network rationalization '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh ( 2013 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Post Office Keeps Saturday Delivery Thanks to Congress '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET / New Strategy Preserves Post Offices in Rural America '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx SmartPost ® Shipping & Tracking for Low Weight Packages '' . FedEx . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPS Mail Innovations -- Overview '' . United Parcel Service . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail Express - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph : Early Postal Role '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` V - Mail '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-COM , Electronic Computer Originated Mail '' ( PDF ) . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligent Mail '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick . `` Do Vital Economists Reach a Policy Conclusion on Postal Reform ? '' ( April 2004 ) . econjournalwatch.org Jump up ^ `` Neither Snow nor Sleet ... Can Dampen This Monopoly '' . Hoover Institution . Jump up ^ Sappington , David E.M. ; Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2003 ) . `` Incentives for Anticompetitive Behavior by Public Enterprises '' ( PDF ) . Review of Industrial Organization . 22 : 183 , 184 . Jump up ^ Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2015 ) . `` Maximizing the Postal Service 's Profits from Competitive Products '' . Journal of Competition Law & Economics . 11 ( 3 ) : 617 . doi : 10.1093 / joclec / nhv026 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . USPS.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Opportunities for Anticompetitive Behavior in Postal Services '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ca n't You Start a Rival Post Office ? '' . 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 600 : Basic Standards For All Mailing Services . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 101 : Physical Standards . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 601 : Mailability . Pe.usps.com ( August 20 , 1912 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5 : Elements of Addressing -- Return Address . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Customer 's Guide to Mailing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5.3 Addressing -- Required Use of Return Addresses . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 604 Postage Payment Methods . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS list of abbreviations . Usps.com . Retrieved on September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ USPS postal addressing standards . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zip '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Postal Rates Set to Go Up on May 14 . March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New Prices Coming May 12 , 2008 Archived August 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS announces new 2018 prices '' . about.usps.com . Jump up ^ van Tilborg , Henk C.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Electronic Postage '' . Encyclopedia of cryptography and security . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 23473 - 1 . Jump up ^ Advanced Preparation and Special Postage Payment Systems -- Manifest Mailing System -- Electronic Verification System . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Memo To Mailers -- August 2006 `` Making It E-Easy For High - Volume Shippers '' Archived August 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stamp Collecting : What other stamp materials can I collect ? '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices , § 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Copyright Office . December 22 , 2014 . pp. 36 -- 37 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rights and Permission Overview '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : USPS FAQ -- Domestic Classes of Mail Estimated Delivery Time Archived 2013 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Postage Payment for Bound Printed Matter Limited to Permit Imprint '' . USPS . September 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 10501 . Fas.org . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Delivery Options '' . USPS . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS International Mail Manual , Issue 35 . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ First - Class Mail International . USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS press release , June 8 , 2004 , Release No. 40 , FedEx to deliver premium postal int'l service Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Styling for `` M - bag '' is inconsistent -- the term is styled both as M - bag ( with a hyphen ) and M -- bag ( with an en - dash ) . ^ Jump up to : Postal Explorer > IMM Issue 37 -- International Mail Manual > 2 Conditions for Mailing > 260 Direct Sacks of Printed Matter to One Addressee ( M -- bags ) Jump up ^ Airmail M - Bags . Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mailing to military personnel . Faq.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. and Palau Agreement '' . US Department of the Interior . 2011 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Under Construction '' . Mipsa.biz . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` FSM Communications '' . Government of the Federated States of Micronesia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Domestic Mail Service Returns to the FSM and RMI '' . US Embassy in Kolonia. 2007 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` USPS International Mail - Frequently Asked Questions '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DWTripp . `` USPS mail changes - international surface mail going away '' . BoardGameGeek `` Chit Chat '' forum . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Internal newsletters detailed a huge loss for the USPS in the failed delivery of packages sent from the USA via surface . Since the USPS can not dictate how scores of different countries handle surface mail , and since its agreements required the USPS to take back undeliverable parcels , the losses were mounting . Jump up ^ `` Why nobody offers USPS International Surface Air Lift for international shipment ? '' . BoardGameGeek `` General Gaming '' forum . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . The reason , probably , why no other dealers offer it : ... it is very difficult and time - consuming to do . Plus , there is no tracking , no insurance , and lots of complaints -- as those packages can easily take 60 days to arrive . ^ Jump up to : Author unknown ( date unknown ) . Direct Marketing Direct Mail . Allbusiness.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Equipment Scheduling at Mail Processing and Distribution Centers '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ Wade , Madison ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Changes announced for Redding mail processing center '' . KRCR News Channel ABC 7 . Redding : Bonten Media Group . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Benda , David ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Mail sorting facility will close ; move will affect 90 jobs in Redding '' . Redding Record - Searchlight . Gannett . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Miga , Andrew ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` AP Interview : Postal Service takes photos of all mail , keeps images for up to a month '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Publication 32 -- Glossary of Postal Terms Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS VPO Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . usps.com . July 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Processing Facilities '' ( PDF ) . USPS News Kit : Our Future Network ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Jump up ^ `` USPS Postal News Release No. 08 - 063 '' . usps.com . June 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Piper , Matthew . `` The first and last of its kind , a Salt Lake City postal facility looks to grow '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Federal Buildings : Galveston U.S. Post Office and Courthouse '' . General Services Administration . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corley , Cheryl ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago 's 24 - Hour Postal Service Comes To An End '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` USPS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Where to Buy Stamps ' Jump up ^ `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press release . House.gov . May 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Forward Mail USPS '' . www.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ About.com , `` Sunday Mail Service in a Christian Nation '' , Austin Cline , February 19 , 2006 Archived September 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Unlikely Alliance That Ended Sunday Mail Delivery ... in 1912 '' . Jump up ^ USPS -- Express Mail Delivery Chart Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 13 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 15 ^ Jump up to : `` City Delivery '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Deliveries per Day Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Home Delivery Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Caller Service , multiple pickups for a fee Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Firm Holdout Service , free pickup once a day Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Do I qualify for free box service ? Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Hardship / Medical Problems Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mail service available for the homeless Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Post office tests same - day delivery '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Target ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) . `` USPS.com ® -- Metro Post '' . Usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Corbin ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` USPS Adding Retailers to Same Day Delivery Trial http://www.ecommercebytes.com/cab/abn/y13/m01/i14/s04 '' . EcommerceBytes.com . Jump up ^ Joseph Adinolfi ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Terms Of Deal For US Postal Service ( USPS ) To Deliver Amazon ( AMZN ) Packages Not Revealed By USPS Or Amazon '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Amazon and USPS expand Sunday delivery to 15 more cities , will reach ' large portion ' of U.S. this year '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Commercial Mail Receiving Agency ( CMRA ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Domestic Money Orders Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Savings System by HISTORIAN , UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE , JULY 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Providing Non-Bank Financial Services for the Underserved '' ( PDF ) . 2014 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Postal Facts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Postal Service . 2011 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . -- There is also a web version of the content . Jump up ^ Collective Bargaining Agreement between APWU and USPS Jump up ^ `` IT / ASC & OS Employees '' . APWU . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal service to slash more than 3,000 jobs , offer early retirements '' . CNN . March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Resources '' . About.usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace , January 31 , 2006 Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vick , Karl , `` Violence at work tied to loss of esteem '' , St. Petersburg Times , Dec 17 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Year in Review 1993 '' , Los Angeles Times , December 31 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons Episode Scripts : AABF08 -- Sunday , Cruddy Sunday '' . Springfieldspringfield.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Firearms Postal Explorer '' . pe.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal worker speaks out on controversial NYPD arrest caught on video '' . 28 March 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Adelman , Joseph M. `` ' A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence , Public and Private ' : The Post Office , the Business of Printing , and the American Revolution , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2010 ) 11 # 4 pp 709 -- 752 . in Project MUSE Fuller , Wayne . American Mail : Enlarger of the Common Life ( 1972 ) Gallagher , Winifred . How the Post Office Created America ( New York : Penguin , 2017 ) . 326 pp Henkin , David M. The Postal Age : The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth - Century America ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search John , Richard R. Spreading the News : The American Postal System From Franklin to Morse ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Kielbowicz , Richard . `` The Press , Post Office , and Flow of News in the Early Republic , '' Journal of the Early Republic ( 1983 ) 3 : 255 -- 80 . Kielbowicz , Richard . News in the Mail : The Press , Post Office , and Public Information , 1700 - 1860s ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Leonard , Devin ( 2016 ) . Neither Snow nor Rain : A History of the United States Postal Service . Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0802124586 . McCaleb , Walter Flavius . `` The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy , '' American Historical Review ( 1906 ) 12 # 1 pp. 66 -- 74 in JSTOR Musacco Ph. D , Stephen . `` Beyond Going Postal : Shifting from Workplace Tragedies and Toxic Work Environments to a Safe and Healthy Organization '' , ( 2009 ) Booksurge Publishing , Book Trailer Rich , Wesley Everett . The History of the United States Post Office to the Year 1829 ( Harvard University Press , 1924 ) Smith , William . `` The Colonial Post-Office , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 2 pp. 258 -- 275 in JSTOR United States Postal Service ( May 2007 ) . The United States Postal Service : An American History 1775 -- 2006 ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Publication 100 White , Leonard D . The Federalists : A study in administrative history : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1948 ) , pp 173 -- 98 White , Leonard D . The Jeffersonians : A study in administrative history : 1801 -- 29 ( 1950 ) , pp 299 -- 335 White , Leonard D . The Jacksonians : A study in administrative history : 1829 -- 61 ( 1954 ) , pp 251 -- 83 White , Leonard D . The Republican Era : A study in administrative history : 1869 -- 1901 ( 1963 ) , pp 257 -- 77 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Postal Service . Official website ( Mobile ) United States Postal Service in the Federal Register United States Postal Service Organizations American Letter Mail Company American Postal Workers Union Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service Bureau of Transportation Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees National Association of Letter Carriers National Association of Presort Mailers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association Postal Regulatory Commission Postal Transportation Service PostalWatch Incorporated United States Postal Inspection Service United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General Systems Address Management System Advanced Facer - Canceler System Coding Accuracy Support System Flats Sequencing System Locatable Address Conversion System United States Postal Savings System Services Click - N - Ship Express mail in the United States National Change Of Address Permit mail Permit Reply Mail Postal notes Railway Mail Service Registered mail Special Delivery Special handling Facilities Air Mail Facility Boat Railway Post Office Community post office Dead letter office Highway Post Office J.W. 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1 ISNI : 0000 0004 0630 4902 SUDOC : 029875412 VIAF : 134186571 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Postal_Service&oldid=866441760 '' Categories : United States Postal Service Independent agencies of the United States government Postal organisations Express mail Postal system of the United States 1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies 1971 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from January 2016 CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - 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United States Postal Service Logo used since 1993 USPS headquarters Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1971 ; 47 years ago ( 1971 - 07 - 01 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Type Independent Headquarters 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW Washington , D.C. 20260 - 0004 U.S. Employees 639,789 ( 508,908 career , 130,881 non-career ) as of September 30 , 2016 Agency executives Megan Brennan , Postmaster General Ronald A. Stroman , Deputy Postmaster General Key document Postal Clause of the United States Constitution Website www.usps.com Revenue ( 2017 ) US $ 69.636 billion Net income ( 2017 ) US $ ( 2.742 ) billion

Rio All Suite hotel and casino - wikipedia Rio All Suite hotel and casino Jump to : navigation , search Rio Las Vegas Rio Las Vegas in 2014 Location Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 3700 West Flamingo Road Opening date January 15 , 1990 ; 27 years ago ( 1990 - 01 - 15 ) Theme Brazilian No. of rooms 2,522 Total gaming space 117,330 sq ft ( 10,900 m ) Permanent shows Masquerade Penn & Teller Signature attractions Voodoo Sky Lounge Wine Cellar & Tasting Room World Series of Poker Notable restaurants Guy Fieri 's El Burro Borracho Voodoo Steak and Lounge Owner Caesars Entertainment Corporation Architect Marnell Corrao Associates Previous names None Renovated in 2005 , 2007 Coordinates 36 ° 07 ′ 01 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 13 '' W  /  36.117 ° N 115.187 ° W  / 36.117 ; - 115.187 Coordinates : 36 ° 07 ′ 01 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 13 '' W  /  36.117 ° N 115.187 ° W  / 36.117 ; - 115.187 Website caesars.com/rio-las-vegas Rio Las Vegas is a hotel and casino near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States . It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation . The Rio was the first all suite resort in the Las Vegas area . It was named after the city of Rio de Janeiro and is influenced by Brazilian culture . It is the host casino for the World Series of Poker . The hotel towers are covered in blue and red glass . The Rio hotel 's 2,522 suites range in size from 600 to 13,000 sq ft ( 56 to 1,208 m ) and have floor to ceiling windows . There are several private villas on the property for high - rollers . The complex includes a wine cellar that has more than 50,000 bottles . The Rio Pavilion convention center has a total of 160,000 sq ft ( 15,000 m ) of space . A Race and Sports Book is also available . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 KISS by Monster Mini Golf 2.2 Sapphire Pool 3 Events 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Rio Las Vegas logo Rio Las Vegas with an advertisement for Penn & Teller in 2008 Rio Las Vegas in 2008 The Rio opened on January 15 , 1990 as a locals casino ; it had been constructed and owned and operated by Marnell Corrao Associates . The opening acts were the Brazilian Group Sérgio Mendes ' 99 and Henrietta Alves of New Orleans , bringing the first two - piano act to Las Vegas , with various co-performers . A 20 - story expansion tower was added to the current Ipanema Tower in 1993 . Masquerade Village , a hotel tower and casino expansion including the Masquerade Show in the Sky , opened in 1997 , at a cost of over $200 million . The Rio was purchased by Harrah 's Entertainment in 1999 for $888 million . After the purchase , the Culinary Workers Union organized the Rio employees through card check recognition by enforcing the neutrality clause of the existing Harrah 's contract on the new acquisition . Danny Gans , after moving from the Stratosphere Las Vegas , opened as the headliner in 1998 . He later moved to The Mirage in 2000 . Penn & Teller have been the resident headline entertainers since 2001 . The Rio 's Penn & Teller Theater was the host venue of the 30th Anniversary Special for the hit CBS game show The Price Is Right and has been used for Live ! with Regis and Kelly , Hell 's Kitchen and numerous Penn & Teller television projects . The hotel hosted the World Series of Poker in 2005 , the first time this event was not held at Binion 's . Binion 's was used for the final three tables and the last two days of the competition as part of the celebration of Las Vegas ' centennial . Since 2005 , the Rio has been the home for the tournament . Features ( edit ) KISS by Monster Mini Golf ( edit ) KISS by Monster Mini Golf is a franchise of the popular Monster Mini Golf chain ; as the name suggests , this location is based on legendary classic rock band KISS . In addition to the 18 - hole miniature golf course , the venue also boasts a Rock and Roll Themed wedding chapel called `` The Love It Loud Wedding Chapel , the world 's largest KISS gift shop , and a KISS Museum featuring memorabilia from the band 's storied career on display . It also hosts regular appearances by KISS band members , both past and present . Sapphire pool ( edit ) On May 30 , 2008 , the Rio opened the Sapphire Pool in conjunction with a local club . The daylight - hour , adults - only club surrounded one of the property 's outdoor pools and featured dancers . It opened with a $30 - per - male - customer admission price . The venture was a high - profile joint venture between a casino company and a topless business , and was notable because the possibility of bringing in criminal activity at the club had caused the Nevada Gaming Control Board to balk at previous collaborations ; some in the media questioned whether the risk was worth the potential payoff for the hotel . In late July 2009 , the Rio hotel asked the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department ( LVMPD ) to do a routine undercover investigation of the Sapphire Pool , as casino - resorts in Nevada are held responsible for the activities held on their premises . The request was a part of the resort 's effort to show good faith to the Gaming Control Board . The July 25 visit resulted in 11 arrests . Upon finding out the results of the investigation , the Rio immediately shut down the pool . Events ( edit ) When Creation Entertainment lost the `` Star Trek mecca '' for its annual Official Convention after the closing of Star Trek : The Experience at the adjoining former Las Vegas Hilton , the convention moved to the Rio in 2011 and has grown ever since . For 2016 , the 50th anniversary of Star Trek , the event expands to a fifth day and by Dec. 31 , 2015 , had already broken a room - reservation record with 12,000 + rooms reserved by attendees , guests and vendors . The SKUSA SuperNationals , a kart racing event to which international kart and car drivers are invited ( Michael Schumacher raced in 2009 ) , takes place each year at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino , a circuit is set on the hotel parking lot . The DEF CON hacker convention took place at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino from 2011 to 2014 . The Computer Measurement Group ( CMG ) annual conference took place at the Rio in December 2012 . `` The Best Seminar Ever , '' considered to be one of the premier dental events in The United States , took place at the Rio on November 11 -- 12 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of Caesars Entertainment properties List of casinos in Nevada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wine Cellar and Tasting Room . '' Harrah 's Las Vegas . 01 / JAN / 2009 . Harrah 's Entertainment Inc ... 3 Aug 2009 < http://www.riolasvegas.com/casinos/rio/restaurants-dining/wine-cellar-and-tasting-room-detail.html > . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz ( 2005 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Culinary , Boyd in legal bout '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.monsterminigolf.com/kiss/ ^ Jump up to : John L. Smith , Rio - Sapphire joint venture an inevitable merging of casinos and strip clubs , Las Vegas Review - Journal , June 20 , 2008 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Abowitz , Rio : Bringing sexy back , LATimes.com , June 20 , 2008 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Recent Raids Have Casinos on Edge , KLAS , July 30 , 2009 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Metro : Prostitution , drug activity found at topless Rio pool , Las Vegas Sun , July 29 , 2009 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard Abowitz , Rio kicks the strippers out of the pool , LATimes.com , July 29 , 2009 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ SKUSA Supernationals / Michael Schumacher - YouTube video Jump up ^ SKUSA SuperNationals - SuperKarts ! 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who owns the rio casino in las vegas

Rio Las Vegas is a hotel and casino near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States . It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation . The Rio was the first all suite resort in the Las Vegas area . It was named after the city of Rio de Janeiro and is influenced by Brazilian culture . It is the host casino for the World Series of Poker .

List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of goalscorers in the FIFA World Cup finals . Only goals scored during regulation or extra time are included . Any goals scored during the penalty shoot - out are excluded . As of the 2018 final , sixty - two individuals have scored the total of seventy - seven goals in the all of finals history . Ten players have scored multiple goals in the finals , while half of these players have done so in a single game . Geoff Hurst is the only men 's player to score a hat trick in a final . Five players have done so via a penalty kick . Mario Mandžukić was the first player to score an own goal in a final , as well as the first to follow it up with a goal at the opponent 's net . He scored the opening and closing goal of the final in 2018 . Only two scorers , Pelé and Kylian Mbappe , scored a finals goal as teenagers . ESPN featured a documentary on the 34 finals goalscorers who were alive before the 2010 final . Contents 1 Finals goalscorers 2 Players with most goals in the Finals 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Finals goalscorers ( edit ) Year Player Team Score Minute Result Report Ref 1930 Pablo Dorado Uruguay 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Carlos Peucelle Argentina 1 -- 1 20 ' Guillermo Stábile Argentina 2 -- 1 37 ' Pedro Cea Uruguay 2 -- 2 57 ' Santos Iriarte Uruguay 3 -- 2 68 ' Héctor Castro Uruguay 4 -- 2 89 ' 1934 Antonín Puč Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 71 ' 2 -- 1 Report Raimundo Orsi Italy 1 -- 1 81 ' Angelo Schiavio Italy 2 -- 1 95 ' 1938 Gino Colaussi Italy 1 -- 0 6 ' 4 -- 2 Report Pál Titkos Hungary 1 -- 1 8 ' Silvio Piola Italy 2 -- 1 16 ' Gino Colaussi ( 2 ) Italy 3 -- 1 35 ' György Sárosi Hungary 2 -- 3 70 ' Silvio Piola ( 2 ) Italy 4 -- 2 82 ' 1950 Friaça Brazil 1 -- 0 47 ' 2 -- 1 Report Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 1 -- 1 66 ' Alcides Ghiggia Uruguay 2 -- 1 79 ' 1954 Ferenc Puskás Hungary 1 -- 0 6 ' 3 -- 2 Report Zoltán Czibor Hungary 2 -- 0 8 ' Max Morlock West Germany 1 -- 2 10 ' Helmut Rahn West Germany 2 -- 2 18 ' Helmut Rahn ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 2 84 ' 1958 Nils Liedholm Sweden 1 -- 0 4 ' 5 -- 2 Report Vavá Brazil 1 -- 1 9 ' Vavá ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 1 32 ' Pelé Brazil 3 -- 1 55 ' Zagallo Brazil 4 -- 1 68 ' Agne Simonsson Sweden 2 -- 4 80 ' Pelé ( 2 ) Brazil 5 -- 2 90 ' 1962 Josef Masopust Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 15 ' 3 -- 1 Report Amarildo Tavares da Silveira Brazil 1 -- 1 17 ' Zito Brazil 2 -- 1 69 ' Vavá ( 3 ) Brazil 3 -- 1 78 ' 1966 Helmut Haller West Germany 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Geoff Hurst England 1 -- 1 18 ' Martin Peters England 2 -- 1 78 ' Wolfgang Weber West Germany 2 -- 2 89 ' Geoff Hurst ( 2 ) England 3 -- 2 101 ' Geoff Hurst ( 3 ) England 4 -- 2 120 ' 1970 Pelé ( 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 0 18 ' 4 - 1 Report Roberto Boninsegna Italy 1 -- 1 37 ' Gérson Brazil 2 -- 1 66 ' Jairzinho Brazil 3 -- 1 71 ' Carlos Alberto Brazil 4 -- 1 86 ' Johan Neeskens Netherlands 1 -- 0 2 ' ( p ) 2 -- 1 Report Paul Breitner West Germany 1 -- 1 25 ' ( p ) Gerd Müller West Germany 2 -- 1 43 ' 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 1 -- 0 38 ' 3 -- 1 Report Dick Nanninga Netherlands 1 -- 1 82 ' Mario Kempes ( 2 ) Argentina 2 -- 1 105 ' Daniel Bertoni Argentina 3 -- 1 115 ' 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 1 -- 0 57 ' 3 -- 1 Report Marco Tardelli Italy 2 -- 0 69 ' Alessandro Altobelli Italy 3 -- 0 81 ' Paul Breitner ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 1 83 ' 1986 José Luis Brown Argentina 1 -- 0 23 ' 3 -- 2 Report Jorge Valdano Argentina 2 -- 0 56 ' Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 1 -- 2 74 ' Rudi Völler West Germany 2 -- 2 81 ' Jorge Burruchaga Argentina 3 -- 2 84 ' 1990 Andreas Brehme West Germany 1 -- 0 85 ' ( p ) 1 -- 0 Report 1994 No goals scored . Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Report 1998 Zinedine Zidane France 1 -- 0 27 ' 3 -- 0 Report Zinedine Zidane ( 2 ) France 2 -- 0 45 + 1 ' Emmanuel Petit France 3 -- 0 90 + 3 ' 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 1 -- 0 67 ' 2 -- 0 Report Ronaldo ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 79 ' 2006 Zinedine Zidane ( 3 ) France 1 -- 0 7 ' ( p ) 1 -- 1 Report Marco Materazzi Italy 1 -- 1 19 ' Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Andrés Iniesta Spain 1 -- 0 116 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2014 Mario Götze Germany 1 -- 0 113 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2018 Mario Mandžukić France 1 -- 0 18 ' ( o.g. ) 4 -- 2 Report Ivan Perišić Croatia 1 -- 1 28 ' Antoine Griezmann France 2 -- 1 38 ' ( p ) Paul Pogba France 3 -- 1 59 ' Kylian Mbappe France 4 -- 1 65 ' Mario Mandžukić Croatia 2 -- 4 69 ' Players with most goals in the finals ( edit ) Geoff Hurst is the only player to have scored a hat - trick in a World Cup final . Players with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals Player Team Goals scored Finals played Final ( s ) Geoff Hurst England 1966 Vavá Brazil 1958 , 1962 Pelé Brazil 1958 , 1970 Zinedine Zidane France 1998 , 2006 Gino Colaussi Italy 1938 Silvio Piola Italy 1938 Helmut Rahn West Germany 1954 Mario Kempes Argentina 1978 Paul Breitner West Germany 1974 , 1982 Ronaldo Brazil 1998 , 2002 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quartz Staff ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Kylian Mbappé became only the second teenager to score in a World Cup final '' . Quartz . Quartz . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` I Scored a Goal in the FIFA World Cup Final '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Player photographs FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals_goalscorers&oldid=851578210 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Српски / srpski Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 07 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who has scored the most goals in the world cup final

Players with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals Player Team Goals scored Finals played Final ( s ) Geoff Hurst England 1966 Vavá Brazil 1958 , 1962 Pelé Brazil 1958 , 1970 Zinedine Zidane France 1998 , 2006 Gino Colaussi Italy 1938 Silvio Piola Italy 1938 Helmut Rahn West Germany 1954 Mario Kempes Argentina 1978 Paul Breitner West Germany 1974 , 1982 Ronaldo Brazil 1998 , 2002

Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Planet of the Apes ( disambiguation ) . Planet of the Apes Created by Pierre Boulle Original work La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . The 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973 ; since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film between 1970 and 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful . The series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A new reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Other media and merchandising tie - ins include books , comics , video games , and toys . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention for its treatment of race , which critics consider its primary theme . Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has had a wide influence on subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des Singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 3.2. 1 Return to the Planet of the Apes 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 5.4 Possible fourth film 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des Singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology . However , Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work , instead terming it `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for new properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs had mentioned to agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes , not expecting Jacobs would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the script . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably he wrote a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . As production costs were estimated at over $10 million , no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences , breaking contemporary box office records and earning rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams initially considered several treatments by Rod Serling and Pierre Boulle , but ultimately turned them down . In fall 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With director Franklin J. Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus ' character Brent , an astronaut who inadvertently follows Taylor into the future while searching for him . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike the first film , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . However , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two additional Apes films and the live - action television series Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget ( $2.5 million ) , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacob 's wife Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and later played the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the President 's Science Advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a major theme in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed . However , the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox greenlit another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination . However , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they look for answers , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS ' 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the series famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring Roddy McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene called `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene writes that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it the central focus . However , the show is actually set in the original timeline , before Caesar came to exist . Animated series ( edit ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC decided to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Claudette Nevis ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into `` development hell '' for over ten years , experiencing one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes film . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . The project nearly entered pre-production , but days before , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent the project back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to rewrite the script through several drafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , while Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . Notably , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a new draft taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused scripts . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . By 1999 the studio decided once again to go in a new direction . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered considerable creative control . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . However , Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be rewritten to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews , with critics generally believing it failed to compare to the original . Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded in the box office , taking in a total of $362,211,740 . Fox had initially hoped for a second film , but the difficult production made Burton disinclined to participate , and the film failed to generate enough interest for Fox to pursue a sequel . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains numerous complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series , although fans and bloggers were more apt to make the `` remake '' connection . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects and animal actors in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis ' performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $481,801,049 over its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration , though the Academy did not nominate him . Following this success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox gave the film a budget of $170 million and a release date of July 11 , 2014 . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is already being planned . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des Singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . In addition , all of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes - based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured comics adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the series , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shots : A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet prequel Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Other companies producing Planet of the Apes comics include Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios . In 2014 , Boom ! collaborated with IDW Publishing on the Star Trek crossover Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme park under construction in Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . However , the game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing the Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake film . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the film went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company ( Ubisoft ) delayed the game three years . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` Simian Flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . Andy Serkis has mentioned that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Themes ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the franchise 's plot arc is founded in the conflict between humans and apes , who alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have followed Greene 's interpretations . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary theme in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay the original series ' theme of race , generally arguing that this is to their detriment . Others , however , write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways . The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , and portray the era 's tensions leading to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War themes were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The primate rights theme is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was re-formatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multi-media franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and ' 80s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the Statue of Liberty ending from the original Planet . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , references in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . Notably , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has also extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes , who use it in reference to race conflict . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $4.67 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.06 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.71 million Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $208.6 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $146,288,952 $324,620,270 $470,909,222 # 343 # 198 $150 million Total $793,197,282 $1,283,407,873 $2,185,566,577 $567.5 million List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 252 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 283 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 268 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the film series . Character Original series Remake Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Humans ( edit ) George Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) Nova Linda Harrison Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus Mendez Paul Richards Albina Natalie Trundy Skipper Tod Andrews Dr. Lewis Dixon Bradford Dillman Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton Natalie Trundy Dr. Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Armando Ricardo Montalbán Governor Breck Don Murray MacDonald Hari Rhodes Kolp Severn Darden MacDonald Austin Stoker Mendez Paul Stevens Jake Michael Stearns Leo Davidson Mark Wahlberg Daena Estella Warren Birn Luke Eberl Will Rodman James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha Freida Pinto John Landon Brian Cox Steven Jacobs David Oyelowo Charles Rodman John Lithgow Dodge Landon Tom Felton Dreyfus Gary Oldman Malcolm Jason Clarke Ellie Keri Russell Alexander Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver Kirk Acevedo Werner Jocko Sims McVeigh Kevin Rankin Finney Keir O'Donnell The Colonel Woody Harrelson Preacher Gabriel Chavarria Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira Kim Hunter Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton Heston General Ursus James Gregory Caesar Walker Edmiston ( voice ) Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis Lisa Natalie Trundy General Aldo David Chow Claude Akins Virgil Paul Williams Nova Lisa Marie Ari Helena Bonham Carter General Thade Tim Roth Rocket Terry Notary Maurice Karin Konoval Cornelia Devyn Dalton Judy Greer Koba Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( as hallucination ) Blue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey Lee Ross Bad Ape Steve Zahn Red Donkey Ty Olsson Lake Sara Canning Luca Michael Adamthwaite Winter Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that medium . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 1998 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-20th-century-fox-dubai-20151103-story.html ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/planet-of-the-apes-1968 Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beneath-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/escape-from-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/conquest-of-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/battle-for-the-planet-of-the-apes ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=804924404 '' Categories : Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 23 : 32 . 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Eminent domain - wikipedia Eminent domain Eminent domain ( United States , Philippines ) , land acquisition ( Singapore ) , compulsory purchase ( United Kingdom , New Zealand , Ireland ) , resumption ( Hong Kong , Uganda ) , resumption / compulsory acquisition ( Australia ) , or expropriation ( France , Italy , Mexico , South Africa , Canada , Brazil , Portugal , Spain , Chile , Denmark , Sweden , Germany ) is the power of a state , provincial , or national government to take private property for public use . However , this power can be legislatively delegated by the state to municipalities , government subdivisions , or even to private persons or corporations , when they are authorized by the legislature to exercise the functions of public character . In the Anglo - American historical context , property taken could be used only by the government taking the property in question . The most common uses of property taken by eminent domain have been for roads , government buildings and public utilities . However , in the mid-20th century , a new application of eminent domain was pioneered , in which the government could take the property and transfer it to a private third party . This was initially done only to `` blighted '' property , on the principle that such properties had a negative impact upon surrounding property owners , but was later expanded to allow the taking of any private property when the new 3rd party owner could develop the property in such a way as to bring in increased tax revenues to the government . Some jurisdictions require that the taker make an offer to purchase the subject property , before resorting to the use of eminent domain . However , once the property is taken and the judgment is final , the condemnor owns it in fee simple , and may put it to uses other than those specified in the eminent domain action . Takings may be of the subject property in its entirety ( total take ) or in part ( part take ) , either quantitatively or qualitatively ( either partially in fee simple or , commonly , an easement , or any other interest less than the full fee simple title ) . Contents 1 Meaning 2 North America 2.1 United States 2.2 Canada 3 Europe 3.1 France 3.2 England and Wales 3.3 Germany 3.4 Italy 3.5 Spain 3.6 Sweden 4 Australia 5 South America 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 6 Asia 6.1 India 6.2 Pakistan 7 Other countries 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Meaning ( edit ) The term `` eminent domain '' was taken from the legal treatise De jure belli ac pacis ( On the Law of War and Peace ) , written by the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius in 1625 , which used the term dominium eminens ( Latin for supreme lordship ) and described the power as follows : ... The property of subjects is under the eminent domain of the state , so that the state or those who act for it may use and even alienate and destroy such property , not only in the case of extreme necessity , in which even private persons have a right over the property of others , but for ends of public utility , to which ends those who founded civil society must be supposed to have intended that private ends should give way . But , when this is done , the state is bound to make good the loss to those who lose their property . The exercise of eminent domain is not limited to real property . Condemnors may also take personal property , even intangible property such as contract rights , patents , trade secrets , and copyrights . Even the taking of a professional sports team 's franchise has been held by the California Supreme Court to be within the purview of the `` public use '' constitutional limitation , although eventually , that taking ( of the Oakland Raiders ' NFL franchise ) was not permitted because it was deemed to violate the interstate commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution . A taking of property must be accompanied by payment of `` just compensation '' to the ( former ) owner . In theory , this is supposed to put the owner in the same position `` pecuniarily '' that he would have been in had his property not been taken . But in practice courts have limited compensation to the property 's fair market value , considering its highest and best use . But though rarely granted , this is not the exclusive measure of compensation ; see Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States ( business losses in temporary takings ) and United States v. Pewee Coal Co. ( operating losses caused by government operations of a mine seized during World War II ) . In most takings owners are not compensated for a variety of incidental losses caused by the taking of their property that , though incurred and readily demonstrable in other cases , are deemed by the courts to be noncompensable in eminent domain . The same is true of attorneys ' and appraisers fees . But as a matter of legislative grace rather than constitutional requirement some of these losses ( e.g. , business goodwill ) have been made compensable by state legislative enactments , and may be partially covered by provisions of the federal Uniform Relocation Assistance Act . North america ( edit ) United states ( edit ) Main article : Eminent domain in the United States Most states use the term eminent domain , but some U.S. states use the term appropriation ( New York ) or expropriation ( Louisiana ) as synonyms for the exercise of eminent domain powers . The term condemnation is used to describe the formal act of exercising this power to transfer title or some lesser interest in the subject property . The constitutionally required `` just compensation '' in partial takings is usually measured by fair market value of the part taken , plus severance damages ( the diminution in value of the property retained by the owner ( remainder ) when only a part of the subject property is taken ) . Where a partial taking provides economic benefits specific to the remainder , those must be deducted , typically from severance damages . The former owners of the property rarely receive full market value because some elements of value are deemed noncompensable in eminent domain law . The practice of condemnation came to the American colonies with the common law . When it came time to draft the United States Constitution , differing views on eminent domain were voiced . The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution requires that the taking be for a `` public use '' and mandates payment of `` just compensation '' to the owner . In federal law , Congress may take private property directly ( without recourse to the courts ) by passing an Act transferring title of the subject property directly to the government . In such cases , the property owner seeking compensation must sue the United States for compensation in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims . The legislature may also delegate the power to private entities like public utilities or railroads , and even to individuals . The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently deferred to the right of states to make their own determinations of `` public use '' . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , expropriation is governed by federal or provincial statutes . Under these statutory regimes , public authorities have the right to acquire private property for public purposes , so long as the acquisition is approved by the appropriate government body . Once a property is taken , an owner is entitled to `` be made whole '' by compensation for : the market value of the expropriated property , injurious affection to the remainder of the property ( if any ) , disturbance damages , business loss , and special difficulty relocating . Owners can advance claims for compensation above that initially provided by the expropriating authority by bringing a claim before the court or an administrative body appointed by the governing legislation . Europe ( edit ) In many European nations , the European Convention on Human Rights provides protection from an appropriation of private property by the state . Article 8 of the Convention provides that `` Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life , his home , and his correspondence '' and prohibits interference with this right by the state , unless the interference is in accordance with law and necessary in the interests of national security , public safety , economic well - being of the country , prevention of disorder or crime , protection of health or morals , or protection of the rights and freedoms of others . This right is expanded by Article 1 of the First Protocol to the Convention , which states that `` Every natural person or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions . '' Again , this is subject to exceptions where state deprivation of private possessions is in the general or public interest , is in accordance with law , and , in particular , to secure payment of taxes . Settled case - law of ECHR provides that just compensation has to be paid in cases of expropriation . France ( edit ) In France , the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen similarly mandates just and preliminary compensation before expropriation ; and a Déclaration d'utilité publique is commonly required , to demonstrate a public benefit . Notably , in 1945 , by decree of General Charles de Gaulle based on untried accusations of collaboration , the Renault company was expropriated from Louis Renault posthumously and nationalised as Régie Nationale des Usines Renault -- without compensation . England and Wales ( edit ) Main article : Compulsory purchase in England and Wales After his victory in 1066 , William the Conqueror seized virtually all land in England . Although he maintained absolute power over the land , he granted fiefs to landholders who served as stewards , paying fees and providing military services . During the Hundred Years War in the 14th century , Edward III used the Crown 's right of purveyance for massive expropriations . Chapter 28 of Magna Carta required that immediate cash payment be made for expropriations . As the king 's power was broken down in the ensuing centuries , tenants were regarded as holding ownership rights rather than merely possessory rights over their land . In 1427 , a statute was passed granting commissioners of sewers in Lincolnshire the power to take land without compensation . After the early 16th century , however , Parliamentary takings of land for roads , bridges , etc. generally did require compensation . The common practice was to pay 10 % more than the assessed value . However , as the voting franchise was expanded to include more non-landowners , the bonus was eliminated . In spite of contrary statements found in some American law , in the United Kingdom , compulsory purchase valuation cases were tried to juries well into the 20th century , such as Attorney - General v De Keyser 's Royal Hotel Ltd ( 1919 ) . In England and Wales , and other jurisdictions that follow the principles of English law , the related term compulsory purchase is used . The landowner is compensated with a price agreed or stipulated by an appropriate person . Where agreement on price can not be achieved , the value of the taken land is determined by the Upper Tribunal . The operative law is a patchwork of statutes and case law . The principal Acts are the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 , the Land Compensation Act 1961 , the Compulsory Purchase Act 1965 , the Land Compensation Act 1973 , the Acquisition of Land Act 1981 , part IX of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 , the Planning and Compensation Act 1991 , and the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 . Germany ( edit ) The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany states in its Article 14 ( 3 ) that `` an expropriation is only allowed for the public good '' and just compensation must be made . It also provides for the right to have the amount of the compensation checked by a court . Italy ( edit ) Espropria , `` expropiate '' . Protest graffiti in Turin Esproprio , or more formally espropriazione per pubblica utilità ( literally `` expropriation for public utility '' ) in Italy takes place within the frame of civil law , as an expression of the potere ablatorio ( ablative power ) . The law regulating expropriation is the D.P.R. n. 327 of 2001 , amended by D. Lgs . n. 302 of 2002 ; it supersedes the old expropriation law , the Royal Decree n. 2359 of 1865 . Also other national and regional laws may apply , not always giving a full compensation to the owner . Expropriation can be total ( the whole property is expropriated ) or partial ; permanent or temporary . The article 42 of the Italian Constitution and the article 834 of the Italian Civil Code state that a private good can be expropriated for public utility . Furthermore , the article 2 of the Constitution binds Italian citizens to respect their mandatory duties of political , economical and social solidarity . The implementation of the eminent domain follows two principles : legality : a public institution can exporpriate private goods only in the cases law allowes it and respecting its procedures ( following the article 23 of the Italian Constitution ) ; compensation : ( art . 42 / III ) the State must provide a certain amount of money as compensation , which is determined by the law . According to the Italian Constitutional Court , this compensation is not required to be equal to the market value of the expropriated good , although this sum must not be merely symbolic . Nazionalizzazione ( `` nationalization '' ) , instead , is provided for by article 43 of the Constitution ; it transfers to governmental authority and property a whole industrial sector , if it is deemed to be a natural or de facto monopoly , and an essential service of public utility . The most famous nationalization in Italy was the 1962 nationalization of the electrical power sector . Spain ( edit ) Article 33.3 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 allows forced expropriation ( `` expropiación forzosa '' ) only where justified on the grounds of public utility or social interest and subject to the payment of appropriate compensation as provided for in law . Sweden ( edit ) Expropriation . The right of state or municipality to buy property when it is determined to be of `` particular public interest '' , is regulated in Expropriationslagen ( 1972 : 719 ) . The government purchases the property at an estimated market value plus a 25 % compensation . The law also states that the property owner shall not suffer economic harm because of the expropriation . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Section 51 ( xxxi ) of the Australian Constitution In Australia , section 51 ( xxxi ) of the Australian Constitution permits the Commonwealth Parliament to make laws with respect to `` the acquisition of property on just terms from any State or person for any purpose in respect of which the Parliament has power to make laws . '' This has been construed as meaning that just compensation may not always include monetary or proprietary recompense , rather it is for the court to determine what is just . It may be necessary to imply a need for compensation in the interests of justice , lest the law be invalidated . Property subject to resumption is not restricted to real estate as authority from the Federal Court has extended the states ' power to resume property to any form of physical property . For the purposes of section 51 ( xxxi ) , money is not property that may be compulsorily acquired . ( The following is cited by a dead link ) A statutory right to sue has been considered `` property '' under this section . The Commonwealth must also derive some benefit from the property acquired , that is , the Commonwealth can `` only legislate for the acquisition of Property for particular purposes '' . Accordingly , the power does not extend to allow legislation designed merely to seek to extinguish the previous owner 's title . The states and territories ' powers of resumption on the other hand are not so limited . The section 43 ( 1 ) of the Lands Acquisition Act 1998 ( NT ) grants the Minister the power to acquire land ' for any purpose whatever ' . The High Court of Australia interpreted this provision literally , relieving the Territory government of any public purpose limitation on the power . This finding permitted the Territory government to acquire land subject to Native Title , effectively extinguishing the Native Title interest in the land . Kirby J in dissent , along with a number of commentators , viewed this as a missed opportunity to comment on the exceptional nature of powers of resumption exercised in the absence of a public purpose limitation . The term resumption is a reflection of the fact that , as a matter of Australian law , all land was originally owned by the Crown before it was sold , leased or granted and that , through the act of compulsory acquisition , the Crown is `` resuming '' possession . South america ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) Brazil 's expropriation laws are governed by the Presidential Decree No. 3365 of July 21 , 1941 . Chile ( edit ) Art . 19 , No. 24 , of the Chilean Constitution says in part , `` In no case may anyone be deprived of his property , of the assets affected or any of the essential faculties or powers of ownership , except by virtue of a general or a special law which authorizes expropriation for the public benefit or the national interest , duly qualified by the legislator . The expropriated party may protest the legality of the expropriation action before the ordinary courts of justice and shall , at all times , have the right to indemnification for patrimonial harm actually caused , to be fixed by mutual agreement or by a sentence pronounced by said courts in accordance with the law . '' Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Main articles : Land Acquisition in India and The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31 . Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to ' acquire , hold and dispose of property ' . Article 31 provided that `` No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property had been ' taken possession of or acquired ' for public purposes . In addition , both the state government as well as the union ( federal ) government were empowered to enact laws for the `` acquisition or requisition of property '' ( Schedule VII , Entry 42 , List III ) . It is this provision that has been interpreted as being the source of the state 's ' eminent domain ' powers . The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The 44th amendment act of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights . A new article , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution to provide , `` No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' Thus , if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , it will not be unconstitutional . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by citizens . Land acquisition in India is currently governed by The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 , which came into force from 1 January 2014 . Until 2013 , land acquisition in India was governed by Land Acquisition Act of 1894 . However the new LARR ( amendment ) ordinance 31 December 2014 diluted many clauses of the original act . The liberalisation of the economy and the Government 's initiative to set up special economic zones have led to many protests by farmers and have opened up a debate on the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . Pakistan ( edit ) Under the Land Acquisition Act , 1894 , the government has the power to compulsorily acquire private land at the prevailing market rate for public purposes such as roads , highways , railways , dams , airports , etc . Other countries ( edit ) Many countries recognize eminent domain to a much lesser extent than the English - speaking world or do not recognize it at all . Japan , for instance , has very weak eminent domain powers , as evidenced by the high - profile opposition to the expansion of Narita International Airport , and the disproportionately large amounts of financial inducement given to residents on sites slated for redevelopment in return for their agreement to leave , one well - known recent case being that of Roppongi Hills . There are other countries such as the People 's Republic of China that practice eminent domain whenever it is convenient to make space for new communities and government structures . Singapore practices eminent domain under the Land Acquisitions Act , which allows it to carry out its Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme for urban renewal . The Amendments to the Land Titles Act allowed property to be purchased for purposes of urban renewal against an owner sharing a collective title if the majority of the other owners wish to sell and the minority did not . Thus , eminent domain often invokes concerns of majoritarianism . In the Bahamas , the Acquisition of Land Act operates to permit the acquisition of land where it is deemed likely to be required for a public purpose . The land can be acquired by private agreement or compulsory purchase ( s7 of the Act ) . Under section 24 of the Acquisition of Land Act , the purchaser may purchase the interest of the mortgagee of any land acquired under the Act . To do so , the purchaser must pay the principal sum and interest , together with costs and charges plus 6 months ' additional interest . Since the 1990s , the Zimbabwean government under Robert Mugabe has seized a great deal of land and homes of mainly white farmers in the course of the land reform movement in Zimbabwe . The government argued that such land reform was necessary to redistribute the land to Zimbabweans dispossessed of their lands during colonialism -- these farmers were never compensated for this seizure . See also ( edit ) Angary Confiscation Individual reclamation Land bonds Legal plunder Navigable servitude Public use Water law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eminent Domain '' . The Free Dictionary . Farlex , Inc . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nowak , John E. ; Rotunda , Ronald D. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Law ( Seventh ed . ) . St. Paul , MN : Thomson West . p. 263 . ISBN 0 - 314 - 14452 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders ( 1982 ) 32 C3d 60 '' . Online.ceb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` New York Code , Public Lands , Art . 2 , Sec. 27 , Appropriations '' . NYSenate.gov . The New York Senate . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Revised Statutes , Title 19 , Expropriation '' . Louisiana State Legislature . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron . `` Eminent Domain '' . ExpertLaw.com . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Eminent Domain : A Remedy for Market Failure or an Effort to Limit Government Power and Government Failure ? '' ( PDF ) . Independent.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Linggi v. Garovotti , 45 Cal. 2d 20 , 286 P. 2d 15 ( 1955 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ See James v. the UK , decision of ECHR dated by 21 February 1986 , para 54 . ^ Jump up to : `` Louis Renault and the shame of a nation '' . London : The Daily Telegraph , Ian Morton . 14 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign News : Was He Murdered ? '' . Time Magazine . Feb 6 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Art . 14 GG '' . Dejure.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` D.P.R. 327 / 2001 '' . Camera.it . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dlgs 302 / 2002 '' . Parlamento.it . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ In other countries ( France , Germany , Great Britain , Germany ) is provided fair compensation according to the free market value both for regular expropriations or for absolutely unlawful occupations : Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2003 ) . `` Occupazione acquisitiva : nodo irrisolto nonostante le modifiche al Testo unico '' . Diritto&Giustizia edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Assini , N. - Tescaroli , N. ( 2003 ) . Manuale pratico dell'espropriazione . Padua . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=33&tipo=2 Constitución Española de 1978 Art 33 part 3 Jump up ^ `` Expropriationslag ( 1972 : 719 ) ( ExprL ) '' . Lagen.nu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Andrews v Howell ( 1941 ) 65 CLR 255 '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Australian Constitutional Commission , Final Report of the Constitutionali Commission vol 1 ( Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service , 1988 ) : 600 . ISBN 0 - 644 - 06897 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Griffiths v Minister for Lands , Planning and Environment ( 2008 ) HCA 20 ( 15 May 2008 ) '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reale , Andreana ( 2009 ) . `` Assisted Theft : Compulsory land acquisition for private benefit in Australia and the US '' . Alternative Law Journal . Melbourne : Legal Service Bulletin Co-operative Ltd. 34 ( 3 ) : 147 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Samantha J. Hepburn , Principles of Property Law , 2nd ed . ( Newport , NSW : Cavendish , 2001 ) : 45 - 46 . ISBN 1 - 876905 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` DECRETO - LEI No 3.365 , DE 21 DE JUNHO DE 1941 '' . Presidência da República . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chile '' ( PDF ) . Confinder.richmond.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Amendment ) '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-33 Jump up ^ `` The Land Acquisition , Rehabilation and Resettlement Bill , 2011 -- Full Text of Bill '' . Ministry of Rural Development , Government of India . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Debjani ( 2015 ) . `` The history of eminent domain in colonial thought and legal practice , Special Section Artic ... 9 Pages The history of eminent domain in colonial thought and legal practice '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 50 ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement ( Amendment ) Ordinance '' ( PDF ) . Prsindia. irg. 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 28 February 2009 ) . `` Should right to property return ? '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Dancaescu , Nick . Note . Land reform in Zimbabwe. 15 Fla . J. Int'l L. 615 ( 2003 ) . External links ( edit ) `` Eminent Domain '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . 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the condemnation of private property for public use is allowed under the state's right of

Eminent domain ( United States , Philippines ) , land acquisition ( Singapore ) , compulsory purchase ( United Kingdom , New Zealand , Ireland ) , resumption ( Hong Kong , Uganda ) , resumption / compulsory acquisition ( Australia ) , or expropriation ( France , Italy , Mexico , South Africa , Canada , Brazil , Portugal , Spain , Chile , Denmark , Sweden , Germany ) is the power of a state , provincial , or national government to take private property for public use . However , this power can be legislatively delegated by the state to municipalities , government subdivisions , or even to private persons or corporations , when they are authorized by the legislature to exercise the functions of public character .

Oregon trail - wikipedia Oregon trail This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Oregon Trail ( disambiguation ) . The Oregon Trail The route of the Oregon Trail shown on a map of the western United States from Independence , Missouri ( on the eastern end ) to Oregon City , Oregon ( on the western end ) Map from The Ox Team , or the Old Oregon Trail 1852 -- 1906 , by Ezra Meeker Location Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , Oregon Established 1830s by mountain men of fur trade , widely publicized by 1843 Governing body National Park Service Website Oregon National Historic Trail The Oregon Trail is a 2,170 - mile ( 3,490 km ) historic East -- West , large - wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon . The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas , and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming . The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon . The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840 , and was only passable on foot or by horseback . By 1836 , when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence , Missouri , a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall , Idaho . Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west , and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete , even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges , cutoffs , ferries , and roads , which made the trip faster and safer . From various starting points in Iowa , Missouri , or Nebraska Territory , the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny , Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains . From the early to mid-1830s ( and particularly through the epoch years , 1846 -- 69 ) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers , farmers , miners , ranchers , and business owners and their families . The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail ( from 1843 ) , Mormon Trail ( from 1847 ) , and Bozeman Trail ( from 1863 ) , before turning off to their separate destinations . Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , making the trip west substantially faster , cheaper , and safer . Today , modern highways , such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84 , follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Lewis and Clark Expedition 1.2 Pacific Fur Company 1.3 The North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company 1.4 Great American Desert 1.5 Fur traders , trappers and explorers 1.6 Missionaries 1.7 Early emigrants 1.8 Great Migration of 1843 1.9 Oregon Country 1.10 Women on the Overland Trail 1.11 Mormon emigration 1.12 California Gold Rush 1.13 Later emigration and uses of the trail 1.14 Trail decline 2 Routes 2.1 Missouri 2.2 Iowa 2.3 Kansas 2.4 Nebraska 2.4. 1 Cholera on the Platte River 2.5 Colorado 2.6 Wyoming 2.7 Utah 2.8 Idaho 2.9 Oregon 3 Travel equipment 3.1 Wagons and pack animals 3.2 Food 3.3 Clothing , equipment and supplies 4 Statistics 4.1 Emigrants 4.2 Western census data 4.3 Costs 4.4 Deaths 5 Other trails west 6 Legacy 6.1 Art , entertainment , and media 6.1. 1 Games 6.1. 2 Music 6.1. 3 Television 6.1. 4 Commemorative Coin 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Oregon Trail Lewis and Clark expedition ( edit ) Main article : Lewis and Clark Expedition In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson issued the following instructions to Meriwether Lewis : `` The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river , & such principal stream of it , as , by its course & communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean , whether the Columbia , Oregon , Colorado and / or other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent , for the purposes of commerce . '' Although Lewis and William Clark found a path to the Pacific Ocean , it was not until 1859 that a direct and practicable route , the Mullan Road , connected the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Oregon Trail reenactment at Scotts Bluff The first land route across what is now the United States was mapped by the Lewis and Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806 . Lewis and Clark initially believed they had found a practical overland route to the west coast ; however , the two passes they found going through the Rocky Mountains , Lemhi Pass and Lolo Pass , turned out to be much too difficult for prairie schooner wagons to pass through without considerable road work . On the return trip in 1806 , they traveled from the Columbia River to the Snake River and the Clearwater River over Lolo pass again . They then traveled overland up the Blackfoot River and crossed the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass and on to the head of the Missouri River . This was ultimately a shorter and faster route than the one they followed west . This route had the disadvantages of being much too rough for wagons and controlled by the Blackfoot Indians . Even though Lewis and Clark had only traveled a narrow portion of the upper Missouri River drainage and part of the Columbia River drainage , these were considered the two major rivers draining most of the Rocky Mountains , and the expedition confirmed that there was no `` easy '' route through the northern Rocky Mountains as Jefferson had hoped . Nonetheless , this famous expedition had mapped both the eastern and western river valleys ( Platte and Snake Rivers ) that bookend the route of the Oregon Trail ( and other emigrant trails ) across the continental divide -- they just had not located the South Pass or some of the interconnecting valleys later used in the high country . They did show the way for the mountain men , who within a decade would find a better way across , even if it was not to be an easy way . Pacific fur Company ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Fur Company Founded by John Jacob Astor as a subsidiary of his American Fur Company ( AFC ) in 1810 , the Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) operated in the Pacific Northwest in the ongoing North American fur trade . Two movements of PFC employees were planned by Astor , one detachment to be sent to the Columbia River by the Tonquin and the other overland under an expedition led by Wilson Price Hunt . Hunt and his party were to find possible supply routes and trapping territories for further fur trading posts . Upon arriving at the river in March 1811 , the Tonquin crew began construction of what became Fort Astoria . The ship left supplies and men to continue work on the station and ventured north up the coast to Clayoquot Sound for a trading expedition . While anchored there , Jonathan Thorn insulted an elder Tla - o - qui - aht who was previously elected by the natives to negotiate a mutually satisfactory price for animal pelts . Soon after , the vessel was attacked and overwhelmed by the indigenous Clayoquot killing most of the crew except its Quinault interpreter , who later told the PFC management at Fort Astoria of the destruction . The next day , the ship was blown up by surviving crew members . Under Hunt , fearing attack by the Niitsitapi , the overland expedition veered south of Lewis and Clark 's route into what is now Wyoming and in the process passed across Union Pass and into Jackson Hole , Wyoming . From there they went over the Teton Range via Teton Pass and then down to the Snake River into modern Idaho . They abandoned their horses at the Snake River , made dugout canoes , and attempted to use the river for transport . After a few days ' travel they soon discovered that steep canyons , waterfalls and impassable rapids made travel by river impossible . Too far from their horses to retrieve them , they had to cache most of their goods and walk the rest of the way to the Columbia River where they made new boats and traveled to the newly established Fort Astoria . The expedition demonstrated that much of the route along the Snake River plain and across to the Columbia was passable by pack train or with minimal improvements , even wagons . This knowledge would be incorporated into the concatenated trail segments as the Oregon Trail took its early shape . Pacific Fur Company partner Robert Stuart led a small group of men back east to report to Astor . The group planned to retrace the path followed by the overland expedition back up to the east following the Columbia and Snake rivers . Fear of an Indian attack near Union Pass in Wyoming forced the group further south where they discovered South Pass , a wide and easy pass over the Continental Divide . The party continued east via the Sweetwater River , North Platte River ( where they spent the winter of 1812 -- 13 ) and Platte River to the Missouri River , finally arriving in St. Louis in the spring of 1813 . The route they had used appeared to potentially be a practical wagon route , requiring minimal improvements , and Stuart 's journals provided a meticulous account of most of the route . Because of the War of 1812 and the lack of U.S. fur trading posts in the Pacific Northwest , most of the route was unused for more than 10 years . The North west Company and Hudson 's Bay Company ( edit ) See also : North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to 1840 . Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller In August 1811 , three months after Fort Astor was established , David Thompson and his team of British North West Company explorers came floating down the Columbia to Fort Astoria . He had just completed a journey through much of western Canada and most of the Columbia River drainage system . He was mapping the country for possible fur trading posts . Along the way he camped at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers and posted a notice claiming the land for Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort on the site ( Fort Nez Perces was later established there ) . Astor , concerned the British navy would seize their forts and supplies in the War of 1812 , sold to the North West Company in 1812 their forts , supplies and furs on the Columbia and Snake River . The North West Company started establishing more forts and trading posts of its own . By 1821 , when armed hostilities broke out with its Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) rivals , the North West Company was pressured by the British government to merge with the HBC . The HBC had nearly a complete monopoly on trading ( and most governing issues ) in the Columbia District , or Oregon Country as it was referred to by the Americans , and also in Rupert 's Land . That year the British parliament passed a statute applying the laws of Upper Canada to the district and giving the HBC power to enforce those laws . From 1812 to 1840 , the British , through the HBC , had nearly complete control of the Pacific Northwest and the western half of the Oregon Trail . In theory , the Treaty of Ghent , which ended the War of 1812 , restored possession of Oregon territory to the United States . `` Joint occupation '' of the region was formally established by the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . The British , through the HBC , tried to discourage any U.S. trappers , traders and settlers from work or settlement in the Pacific Northwest . Breaking up Camp at Sunrise , by Alfred Jacob Miller By overland travel , American missionaries and early settlers ( initially mostly ex-trappers ) started showing up in Oregon around 1824 . Although officially the HBC discouraged settlement because it interfered with its lucrative fur trade , its Chief Factor at Fort Vancouver , John McLoughlin , gave substantial help , including employment , until they could get established . In the early 1840s thousands of American settlers arrived and soon greatly outnumbered the British settlers in Oregon . McLoughlin , despite working for the HBC , gave help in the form of loans , medical care , shelter , clothing , food , supplies and seed to U.S. emigrants . These new emigrants often arrived in Oregon tired , worn out , nearly penniless , with insufficient food or supplies , just as winter was coming on . McLoughlin would later be hailed as the Father of Oregon . The York Factory Express , establishing another route to the Oregon territory , evolved from an earlier express brigade used by the North West Company between Fort Astoria and Fort William , Ontario on Lake Superior . By 1825 the HBC started using two brigades , each setting out from opposite ends of the express route -- one from Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River and the other from York Factory on Hudson Bay -- in spring and passing each other in the middle of the continent . This established a `` quick '' -- about 100 days for 2,600 miles ( 4,200 km ) one way -- to resupply its forts and fur trading centers as well as collecting the furs the posts had bought and transmitting messages between Fort Vancouver and York Factory on Hudson Bay . HBC 's York Factory Express trade route , 1820s to 1840s . Modern political boundaries shown . The HBC built a new much larger Fort Vancouver in 1824 slightly upstream of Fort Astoria on the north side of the Columbia River ( they were hoping the Columbia would be the future Canada -- U.S. border ) . The fort quickly became the center of activity in the Pacific Northwest . Every year ships would come from London to the Pacific ( via Cape Horn ) to drop off supplies and trade goods in its trading posts in the Pacific Northwest and pick up the accumulated furs used to pay for these supplies . It was the nexus for the fur trade on the Pacific Coast ; its influence reached from the Rocky Mountains to the Hawaiian Islands , and from Russian Alaska into Mexican - controlled California . At its pinnacle in about 1840 , Fort Vancouver and its Factor ( manager ) watched over 34 outposts , 24 ports , 6 ships , and about 600 employees . When American emigration over the Oregon Trail began in earnest in the early 1840s , for many settlers the fort became the last stop on the Oregon Trail where they could get supplies , aid and help before starting their homesteads . Fort Vancouver was the main re-supply point for nearly all Oregon trail travelers until U.S. towns could be established . The HBC established Fort Colvile in 1825 on the Columbia River near Kettle Falls as a good site to collect furs and control the upper Columbia River fur trade . Fort Nisqually was built near the present town of DuPont , Washington and was the first HBC fort on Puget Sound . Fort Victoria was erected in 1843 and became the headquarters of operations in British Columbia , eventually growing into modern - day Victoria , the capital city of British Columbia . The Oregon Country / Columbia District stretched from 42'N to 54 40'N . The most heavily disputed portion is highlighted . By 1840 the HBC had three forts : Fort Hall ( purchased from Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth in 1837 ) , Fort Boise and Fort Nez Perce on the western end of the Oregon Trail route as well as Fort Vancouver near its terminus in the Willamette Valley . With minor exceptions they all gave substantial and often desperately needed aid to the early Oregon Trail pioneers . When the fur trade slowed in 1840 because of fashion changes in men 's hats , the value of the Pacific Northwest to the British was seriously diminished . Canada had few potential settlers who were willing to move more than 2,500 miles ( 4,000 km ) to the Pacific Northwest , although several hundred ex-trappers , British and American , and their families did start settling in Oregon , Washington and California . They used most of the York Express route through northern Canada . In 1841 , James Sinclair , on orders from Sir George Simpson , guided nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony ( located at the junction of the Assiniboine River and Red River near present Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada ) into the Oregon territory . This attempt at settlement failed when most of the families joined the settlers in the Willamette Valley , with their promise of free land and HBC - free government . In 1846 , the Oregon Treaty ending the Oregon boundary dispute was signed with Britain . The British lost the land north of the Columbia River they had so long controlled . The new Canada -- United States border was established much further north at the 49th parallel . The treaty granted the HBC navigation rights on the Columbia River for supplying their fur posts , clear titles to their trading post properties allowing them to be sold later if they wanted , and left the British with good anchorages at Vancouver and Victoria . It gave the United States what it mostly wanted , a `` reasonable '' boundary and a good anchorage on the West Coast in Puget Sound . While there were almost no United States settlers in the future state of Washington in 1846 , the United States had already demonstrated it could induce thousands of settlers to go to the Oregon Territory , and it would be only a short time before they would vastly outnumber the few hundred HBC employees and retirees living in Washington . Great American desert ( edit ) Trail ruts near Guernsey , Wyoming Reports from expeditions in 1806 by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike and in 1819 by Major Stephen Long described the Great Plains as `` unfit for human habitation '' and as `` The Great American Desert '' . These descriptions were mainly based on the relative lack of timber and surface water . The images of sandy wastelands conjured up by terms like `` desert '' were tempered by the many reports of vast herds of millions of Plains Bison that somehow managed to live in this `` desert '' . In the 1840s , the Great Plains appeared to be unattractive for settlement and were illegal for homesteading until well after 1846 -- initially it was set aside by the U.S. government for Indian settlements . The next available land for general settlement , Oregon , appeared to be free for the taking and had fertile lands , disease free climate ( yellow fever and malaria were prevalent in much of the Missouri and Mississippi River drainage then ) , extensive uncut , unclaimed forests , big rivers , potential seaports , and only a few nominally British settlers . Fur traders , trappers and explorers ( edit ) Fur trappers , often working for fur traders , followed nearly all possible streams looking for beaver in the years ( 1812 -- 40 ) the fur trade was active . Fur traders included Manuel Lisa , Robert Stuart , William Henry Ashley , Jedediah Smith , William Sublette , Andrew Henry , Thomas Fitzpatrick , Kit Carson , Jim Bridger , Peter Skene Ogden , David Thompson , James Douglas , Donald Mackenzie , Alexander Ross , James Sinclair , and other mountain men . Besides discovering and naming many of the rivers and mountains in the Intermountain West and Pacific Northwest , they often kept diaries of their travels and were available as guides and consultants when the trail started to become open for general travel . The fur trade business wound down to a very low level just as the Oregon trail traffic seriously began around 1840 . Our Camp , by Alfred Jacob Miller In fall of 1823 , Jedediah Smith and Thomas Fitzpatrick led their trapping crew south from the Yellowstone River to the Sweetwater River . They were looking for a safe location to spend the winter . Smith reasoned since the Sweetwater flowed east it must eventually run into the Missouri River . Trying to transport their extensive fur collection down the Sweetwater and North Platte River , they found after a near disastrous canoe crash that the rivers were too swift and rough for water passage . On July 4 , 1824 , they cached their furs under a dome of rock they named Independence Rock and started their long trek on foot to the Missouri River . Upon arriving back in a settled area they bought pack horses ( on credit ) and retrieved their furs . They had re-discovered the route that Robert Stuart had taken in 1813 -- eleven years before . Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840 . Jedediah Smith was killed by Indians around 1831 . The exploration of the West by Jedediah Smith Up to 3,000 mountain men were trappers and explorers , employed by various British and United States fur companies or working as free trappers , who roamed the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s . They usually traveled in small groups for mutual support and protection . Trapping took place in the fall when the fur became prime . Mountain men primarily trapped beaver and sold the skins . A good beaver skin could bring up to $4 at a time when a man 's wage was often $1 per day . Some were more interested in exploring the West . In 1825 , the first significant American Rendezvous occurred on the Henry 's Fork of the Green River . The trading supplies were brought in by a large party using pack trains originating on the Missouri River . These pack trains were then used to haul out the fur bales . They normally used the north side of the Platte River -- the same route used 20 years later by the Mormon Trail . For the next 15 years the American rendezvous was an annual event moving to different locations , usually somewhere on the Green River in the future state of Wyoming . Each rendezvous , occurring during the slack summer period , allowed the fur traders to trade for and collect the furs from the trappers and their Indian allies without having the expense of building or maintaining a fort or wintering over in the cold Rockies . In only a few weeks at a rendezvous a year 's worth of trading and celebrating would take place as the traders took their furs and remaining supplies back east for the winter and the trappers faced another fall and winter with new supplies . Trapper Jim Beckwourth described the scene as one of `` Mirth , songs , dancing , shouting , trading , running , jumping , singing , racing , target - shooting , yarns , frolic , with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent . '' In 1830 , William Sublette brought the first wagons carrying his trading goods up the Platte , North Platte , and Sweetwater rivers before crossing over South Pass to a fur trade rendezvous on the Green River near the future town of Big Piney , Wyoming . He had a crew that dug out the gullies and river crossings and cleared the brush where needed . This established that the eastern part of most of the Oregon Trail was passable by wagons . In the late 1830s the HBC instituted a policy intended to destroy or weaken the American fur trade companies . The HBC 's annual collection and re-supply Snake River Expedition was transformed to a trading enterprise . Beginning in 1834 , it visited the American Rendezvous to undersell the American traders -- losing money but undercutting the American fur traders . By 1840 the fashion in Europe and Britain shifted away from the formerly very popular beaver felt hats and prices for furs rapidly declined and the trapping almost ceased . Map of the Green River watershed Fur traders tried to use the Platte River , the main route of the eastern Oregon Trail , for transport but soon gave up in frustration as its many channels and islands combined with its muddy waters were too shallow , crooked and unpredictable to use for water transport . The Platte proved to be unnavigable . The Platte River and North Platte River Valley , however , became an easy roadway for wagons , with its nearly flat plain sloping easily up and heading almost due west . There were several U.S. government - sponsored explorers who explored part of the Oregon Trail and wrote extensively about their explorations . Captain Benjamin Bonneville on his expedition of 1832 to 1834 explored much of the Oregon trail and brought wagons up the Platte , North Platte , Sweetwater route across South Pass to the Green River in Wyoming . He explored most of Idaho and the Oregon Trail to the Columbia . The account of his explorations in the west was published by Washington Irving in 1838 . ) . John C. Frémont of the U.S. Army 's Corps of Topographical Engineers and his guide Kit Carson led three expeditions from 1842 to 1846 over parts of California and Oregon . His explorations were written up by him and his wife Jessie Benton Frémont and were widely published . The first detailed map of California and Oregon were drawn by Frémont and his topographers and cartographers in about 1848 . Missionaries ( edit ) In 1834 , The Dalles Methodist Mission was founded by Reverend Jason Lee just east of Mount Hood on the Columbia River . In 1836 , Henry H. Spalding and Marcus Whitman traveled west to establish the Whitman Mission near modern - day Walla Walla , Washington . The party included the wives of the two men , Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Hart Spalding , who became the first European - American women to cross the Rocky Mountains . En route , the party accompanied American fur traders going to the 1836 rendezvous on the Green River in Wyoming and then joined Hudson 's Bay Company fur traders traveling west to Fort Nez Perce ( also called Fort Walla Walla ) . The group was the first to travel in wagons all the way to Fort Hall , where the wagons were abandoned at the urging of their guides . They used pack animals for the rest of the trip to Fort Walla Walla and then floated by boat to Fort Vancouver to get supplies before returning to start their missions . Other missionaries , mostly husband and wife teams using wagon and pack trains , established missions in the Willamette Valley , as well as various locations in the future states of Washington , Oregon , and Idaho . Early emigrants ( edit ) On May 1 , 1839 , a group of eighteen men from Peoria , Illinois , set out with the intention of colonizing the Oregon country on behalf of the United States of America and drive out the HBC operating there . The men of the Peoria Party were among the first pioneers to traverse most of the Oregon Trail . The men were initially led by Thomas J. Farnham and called themselves the Oregon Dragoons . They carried a large flag emblazoned with their motto `` Oregon Or The Grave '' . Although the group split up near Bent 's Fort on the South Platte and Farnham was deposed as leader , nine of their members eventually did reach Oregon . In September 1840 , Robert Newell , Joseph L. Meek , and their families reached Fort Walla Walla with three wagons that they had driven from Fort Hall . Their wagons were the first to reach the Columbia River over land , and they opened the final leg of Oregon Trail to wagon traffic . In 1841 , the Bartleson - Bidwell Party was the first emigrant group credited with using the Oregon Trail to emigrate west . The group set out for California , but about half the party left the original group at Soda Springs , Idaho , and proceeded to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , leaving their wagons at Fort Hall . On May 16 , 1842 , the second organized wagon train set out from Elm Grove , Missouri , with more than 100 pioneers . The party was led by Elijah White . The group broke up after passing Fort Hall with most of the single men hurrying ahead and the families following later . Great migration of 1843 ( edit ) In what was dubbed `` The Great Migration of 1843 '' or the `` Wagon Train of 1843 '' , an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon . They were led initially by John Gantt , a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person . The winter before , Marcus Whitman had made a brutal mid-winter trip from Oregon to St. Louis to appeal a decision by his mission backers to abandon several of the Oregon missions . He joined the wagon train at the Platte River for the return trip . When the pioneers were told at Fort Hall by agents from the Hudson 's Bay Company that they should abandon their wagons there and use pack animals the rest of the way , Whitman disagreed and volunteered to lead the wagons to Oregon . He believed the wagon trains were large enough that they could build whatever road improvements they needed to make the trip with their wagons . The biggest obstacle they faced was in the Blue Mountains of Oregon where they had to cut and clear a trail through heavy timber . The wagons were stopped at The Dalles , Oregon by the lack of a road around Mount Hood . The wagons had to be disassembled and floated down the treacherous Columbia River and the animals herded over the rough Lolo trail to get by Mt . Hood . Nearly all of the settlers in the 1843 wagon trains arrived in the Willamette Valley by early October . A passable wagon trail now existed from the Missouri River to The Dalles . In 1846 , the Barlow Road was completed around Mount Hood , providing a rough but completely passable wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley : about 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) . Oregon country ( edit ) In 1843 , settlers of the Willamette Valley drafted the Organic Laws of Oregon organizing land claims within the Oregon Country . Married couples were granted at no cost ( except for the requirement to work and improve the land ) up to 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) ( a section or square mile ) , and unmarried settlers could claim 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . As the group was a provisional government with no authority , these claims were not valid under United States or British law , but they were eventually honored by the United States in the Donation Land Act of 1850 . The Donation Land Act provided for married settlers to be granted 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) and unmarried settlers 160 acres ( 0.65 km ) . Following the expiration of the act in 1854 the land was no longer free but cost $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ) with a limit of 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) -- the same as most other unimproved government land . Women on the Overland trail ( edit ) Consensus interpretations , as found in John Faragher 's book , Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 1979 ) , held that men and women 's power within marriage was uneven . This meant that women did not experience the trail as liberating , but instead only found harder work than they had handled back east . However , feminist scholarship , by historians such as Lillian Schlissel , Sandra Myres , and Glenda Riley , suggests men and women did not view the West and western migration in the same way . Whereas men might deem the dangers of the trail acceptable if there was a strong economic reward at the end , women viewed those dangers as threatening to the stability and survival of the family . Once they arrived at their new western home , women 's public role in building western communities and participating in the western economy gave them a greater authority than they had known back East . There was a `` female frontier '' that was distinct and different from that experienced by men . Women 's diaries kept during their travels or the letters they wrote home once they arrived at their destination supports these contentions . Women wrote with sadness and concern of the numerous deaths along the trail . Anna Maria King wrote to her family in 1845 about her trip to the Luckiamute Valley Oregon and of the multiple deaths experienced by her traveling group : `` But listen to the deaths : Sally Chambers , John King and his wife , their little daughter Electa and their babe , a son 9 months old , and Dulancy C. Norton 's sister are gone . Mr. A. Fuller lost his wife and daughter Tabitha . Eight of our two families have gone to their long home . '' Similarly , emigrant Martha Gay Masterson , who traveled the trail with her family at the age of 13 , mentioned the fascination she and other children felt for the graves and loose skulls they would find near their camps . Anna Maria King , like many other women , also advised family and friends back home of the realities of the trip and offered advice on how to prepare for the trip . Women also reacted and responded , often enthusiastically , to the landscape of the West . Betsey Bayley in a letter to her sister , Lucy P. Griffith described how travelers responded to the new environment they encountered : `` The mountains looked like volcanoes and the appearance that one day there had been an awful thundering of volcanoes and a burning world . The valleys were all covered with a white crust and looked like salaratus . Some of the company used it to raise their bread . '' Mormon emigration ( edit ) Main article : Mormon Trail Following persecution and mob action in Missouri , Illinois , and other states , and the assassination of their prophet Joseph Smith in 1844 , Mormon leader Brigham Young was chosen by the leaders of the Latter Day Saints ( LDS ) church to lead the LDS settlers west . He chose to lead his people to the Salt Lake Valley in present - day Utah . In 1847 Young led a small , especially picked fast - moving group of men and women from their Winter Quarters encampments near Omaha , Nebraska , and their approximately 50 temporary settlements on the Missouri River in Iowa including Council Bluffs . About 2,200 LDS pioneers went that first year as they filtered in from Mississippi , Colorado , California , and several other states . The initial pioneers were charged with establishing farms , growing crops , building fences and herds , and establishing preliminary settlements to feed and support the many thousands of emigrants expected in the coming years . After ferrying across the Missouri River and establishing wagon trains near what became Omaha , the Mormons followed the northern bank of the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort Laramie in present - day Wyoming . They initially started out in 1848 with trains of several thousand emigrants , which were rapidly split into smaller groups to be more easily accommodated at the limited springs and acceptable camping places on the trail . Organized as a complete evacuation from their previous homes , farms , and cities in Illinois , Missouri , and Iowa , this group consisted of entire families with no one left behind . The much larger presence of women and children meant these wagon trains did not try to cover as much ground in a single day as Oregon and California bound emigrants . Typically taking about 100 days to cover the 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) trip to Salt Lake City . ( The Oregon and California emigrants typically averaged about 15 miles ( 24 km ) per day . ) In Wyoming , the Mormon emigrants followed the main Oregon / California / Mormon Trail through Wyoming to Fort Bridger , where they split from the main trail and followed ( and improved ) the rough path known as Hastings Cutoff , used by the ill - fated Donner Party in 1846 . Between 1847 and 1860 , over 43,000 Mormon settlers and tens of thousands of travelers on the California Trail and Oregon Trail followed Young to Utah . After 1848 , the travelers headed to California or Oregon resupplied at the Salt Lake Valley , and then went back over the Salt Lake Cutoff , rejoining the trail near the future Idaho -- Utah border at the City of Rocks in Idaho . Starting in 1855 , many of the poorer Mormon travelers made the trek with hand built handcarts and fewer wagons . Guided by experienced guides , handcarts -- pulled and pushed by two to four people -- were as fast as ox - drawn wagons and allowed them to bring 75 to 100 pounds ( 34 to 45 kg ) of possessions plus some food , bedding , and tents to Utah . Accompanying wagons carried more food and supplies . Upon arrival in Utah , the handcart pioneers were given or found jobs and accommodations by individual Mormon families for the winter until they could become established . About 3,000 out of over 60,000 Mormon pioneers came across with handcarts . Along the Mormon Trail , the Mormon pioneers established a number of ferries and made trail improvements to help later travelers and earn much needed money . One of the better known ferries was the Mormon Ferry across the North Platte near the future site of Fort Caspar in Wyoming which operated between 1848 and 1852 and the Green River ferry near Fort Bridger which operated from 1847 to 1856 . The ferries were free for Mormon settlers while all others were charged a toll of from $3 to $8 . California gold rush ( edit ) Main article : California Trail In January 1848 , James Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada portion of the American River , sparking the California Gold Rush . It is estimated that about two - thirds of the male population in Oregon went to California in 1848 to cash in on the opportunity . To get there , they helped build the Lassen Branch of the Applegate - Lassen Trail by cutting a wagon road through extensive forests . Many returned with significant gold which helped jump - start the Oregon economy . Over the next decade , gold seekers from the Midwestern United States and East Coast of the United States dramatically increased traffic on the Oregon and California Trails . The `` forty - niners '' often chose speed over safety and opted to use shortcuts such as the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff in Wyoming which reduced travel time by almost seven days but spanned nearly 45 miles ( 72 km ) of desert without water , grass , or fuel for fires . 1849 was the first year of large scale cholera epidemics in the United States , and thousands are thought to have died along the trail on their way to California -- most buried in unmarked graves in Kansas and Nebraska . The `` adjusted '' 1850 U.S. Census of California showed this rush was overwhelmingly male with about 112,000 males to 8,000 females ( with about 5,500 women over age 15 ) . Women were significantly underrepresented in the California Gold Rush , and sex ratios did not reach essential equality in California ( and other western states ) until about 1950 . The relative scarcity of women gave them many opportunities to do many more things that were not `` normally '' considered `` women 's work '' of this era . After 1849 , the California Gold Rush continued for several years as the miners continued to find about $50,000,000 worth of gold per year at $21 per ounce . Once California was established as a prosperous state , many thousands more emigrated there each year for the opportunities . Later emigration and uses of the trail ( edit ) The trail was still in use during the Civil War , but traffic declined after 1855 when the Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama was completed . Paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships , often heavily subsidized to carry the mail , provided rapid transport to and from the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to and from Panama to ports in California and Oregon . Over the years many ferries were established to help get across the many rivers on the path of the Oregon Trail . Multiple ferries were established on the Missouri River , Kansas River , Little Blue River , Elkhorn River , Loup River , Platte River , South Platte River , North Platte River , Laramie River , Green River , Bear River , two crossings of the Snake River , John Day River , Deschutes River , Columbia River , as well as many other smaller streams . During peak immigration periods several ferries on any given river often competed for pioneer dollars . These ferries significantly increased speed and safety for Oregon Trail travelers . They increased the cost of traveling the trail by roughly $30 per wagon but increased the speed of the transit from about 160 to 170 days in 1843 to 120 to 140 days in 1860 . Ferries also helped prevent death by drowning at river crossings . In April 1859 , an expedition of U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers led by Captain James H. Simpson left Camp Floyd , Utah , to establish an army supply route across the Great Basin to the eastern slope of the Sierras . Upon return in early August , Simpson reported that he had surveyed the Central Overland Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa , Nevada . This route went through central Nevada ( roughly where U.S. Route 50 goes today ) and was about 280 miles ( 450 km ) shorter than the `` standard '' Humboldt River California trail route . The Central Route in Nevada The Army improved the trail for use by wagons and stagecoaches in 1859 and 1860 . Starting in 1860 , the American Civil War closed the heavily subsidized Butterfield Overland Mail stage Southern Route through the deserts of the American Southwest . In 1860 -- 61 the Pony Express , employing riders traveling on horseback day and night with relay stations about every 10 miles ( 16 km ) to supply fresh horses , was established from St. Joseph , Missouri , to Sacramento , California . The Pony Express built many of their eastern stations along the Oregon / California / Mormon / Bozeman trails and many of their western stations along the very sparsely settled Central Route across Utah and Nevada . The Pony Express delivered mail summer and winter in roughly 10 days from the midwest to California . In 1861 , John Butterfield , who since 1858 had been using the Butterfield Overland Mail , also switched to the Central Route to avoid traveling through hostile territories during the American Civil War . George Chorpenning immediately realized the value of this more direct route , and shifted his existing mail and passenger line along with their stations from the `` Northern Route '' ( California Trail ) along the Humboldt River . In 1861 , the First Transcontinental Telegraph also laid its lines alongside the Central Overland Route . Several stage lines were set up carrying mail and passengers that traversed much of the route of the original Oregon Trail to Fort Bridger and from there over the Central Overland Route to California . By traveling day and night with many stations and changes of teams ( and extensive mail subsidies ) , these stages could get passengers and mail from the midwest to California in about 25 to 28 days . These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Oregon Trail and Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the First Transcontinental Telegraph stations and telegraph line , which followed much the same route in 1861 from Carson City , Nevada to Salt Lake City . The Pony Express folded in 1861 as they failed to receive an expected mail contract from the U.S. government and the telegraph filled the need for rapid east -- west communication . This combination wagon / stagecoach / pony express / telegraph line route is labeled the Pony Express National Historic Trail on the National Trail Map . From Salt Lake City the telegraph line followed much of the Mormon / California / Oregon trails to Omaha , Nebraska . Covered wagon replica and Mission Monument at the Whitman Mission National Historic Site about ten miles west of Walla Walla , Washington After the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 , telegraph lines usually followed the railroad tracks as the required relay stations and telegraph lines were much easier to maintain alongside the tracks . Telegraph lines to unpopulated areas were largely abandoned . As the years passed , the Oregon Trail became a heavily used corridor from the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Offshoots of the trail continued to grow as gold and silver discoveries , farming , lumbering , ranching , and business opportunities resulted in much more traffic to many areas . Traffic became two - directional as towns were established along the trail . By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350,000 over their 1860 census levels . With the exception of most of the 180,000 population increase in California , most of these people living away from the coast traveled over parts of the Oregon Trail and its many extensions and cutoffs to get to their new residences . Even before the famous Texas cattle drives after the Civil War , the trail was being used to drive herds of thousands of cattle , horses , sheep , and goats from the midwest to various towns and cities along the trails . According to studies by trail historian John Unruh the livestock may have been as plentiful or more plentiful than the immigrants in many years . In 1852 , there were even records of a 1,500 - turkey drive from Illinois to California . The main reason for this livestock traffic was the large cost discrepancy between livestock in the midwest and at the end of the trail in California , Oregon , or Montana . They could often be bought in the midwest for about 1 / 3 to 1 / 10 what they would fetch at the end of the trail . Large losses could occur and the drovers would still make significant profit . As the emigrant travel on the trail declined in later years and after livestock ranches were established at many places along the trail large herds of animals often were driven along part of the trail to get to and from markets . Trail decline ( edit ) The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , providing faster , safer , and usually cheaper travel east and west ( the journey took seven days and cost as little as $65 or $1189.39 in 2016 dollars ) . Some emigrants continued to use the trail well into the 1890s , and modern highways and railroads eventually paralleled large portions of the trail , including U.S. Highway 26 , Interstate 84 in Oregon and Idaho and Interstate 80 in Nebraska . Contemporary interest in the overland trek has prompted the states and federal government to preserve landmarks on the trail including wagon ruts , buildings , and `` registers '' where emigrants carved their names . Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries there have been a number of re-enactments of the trek with participants wearing period garments and traveling by wagon . Routes ( edit ) Oregon Trail pioneer Ezra Meeker erected this boulder near Pacific Springs on Wyoming 's South Pass in 1906 . As the trail developed it became marked by many cutoffs and shortcuts from Missouri to Oregon . The basic route follows river valleys as grass and water were absolutely necessary . While the first few parties organized and departed from Elm Grove , the Oregon Trail 's primary starting point was Independence , Missouri , or Westport , ( which was annexed into modern day Kansas City ) , on the Missouri River . Later , several feeder trails led across Kansas , and some towns became starting points , including Weston , Fort Leavenworth , Atchison , St. Joseph , and Omaha . The Oregon Trail 's nominal termination point was Oregon City , at the time the proposed capital of the Oregon Territory . However , many settlers branched off or stopped short of this goal and settled at convenient or promising locations along the trail . Commerce with pioneers going further west helped establish these early settlements and launched local economies critical to their prosperity . At dangerous or difficult river crossings , ferries or toll bridges were set up and bad places on the trail were either repaired or bypassed . Several toll roads were constructed . Gradually the trail became easier with the average trip ( as recorded in numerous diaries ) dropping from about 160 days in 1849 to 140 days 10 years later . Many other trails followed the Oregon Trail for much of its length , including the Mormon Trail from Illinois to Utah ; the California Trail to the gold fields of California ; and the Bozeman Trail to Montana . Because it was more a network of trails than a single trail , there were numerous variations with other trails eventually established on both sides of the Platte , North Platte , Snake , and Columbia rivers . With literally thousands of people and thousands of livestock traveling in a fairly small time slot the travelers had to spread out to find clean water , wood , good campsites , and grass . The dust kicked up by the many travelers was a constant complaint , and where the terrain would allow it there may be between 20 and 50 wagons traveling abreast . Remnants of the trail in Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , and Oregon have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and the entire trail is a designated National Historic Trail . Missouri ( edit ) Initially , the main `` jumping off point '' was the common head of the Santa Fe Trail and Oregon trail -- Independence , and Kansas City . Travelers starting in Independence had to ferry across the Missouri River . After following the Santa Fe trail to near present - day Topeka , they ferried across the Kansas River to start the trek across Kansas and points west . Another busy `` jumping off point '' was St. Joseph -- established in 1843 . In its early days , St. Joseph was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town , serving as one of the last supply points before heading over the Missouri River to the frontier . St. Joseph had good steamboat connections to St. Louis and other ports on the combined Ohio , Missouri , and Mississippi River systems . During the busy season there were several ferry boats and steamboats available to transport travelers to the Kansas shore where they started their travels westward . Before the Union Pacific Railroad was started in 1865 , St. Joseph was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail . Other towns used as supply points in Missouri included Old Franklin , Arrow Rock , and Fort Osage . Iowa ( edit ) A bison bull on a Nebraska wildlife refuge In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson obtained from France the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million ( equivalent to about $230 million today ) which included all the land drained by the Missouri River and roughly doubled the size of U.S. territory . The future states of Iowa and Missouri , located west of the Mississippi River and east of Missouri River , were part of this purchase . The Lewis and Clark Expedition stopped several times in the future state of Iowa on their 1805 -- 1806 expedition to the west coast . A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison ( future ninth President of the U.S. ) that surrendered much of the future state of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk ( Sac ) Indians and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War . As punishment for the uprising , and as part of a larger settlement strategy , treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa Territory . Some settlers started drifting into Iowa in 1833 . President Martin Van Buren on July 4 , 1838 , signed the U.S. Congress laws establishing the Territory of Iowa . Iowa was located opposite the junction of the Platte and Missouri rivers and was used by some of the fur trapper rendezvous traders as a starting point for their supply expeditions . In 1846 the Mormons , expelled from Nauvoo , Illinois , traversed Iowa ( on part of the Mormon Trail ) and settled temporarily in significant numbers on the Missouri River in Iowa and the future state of Nebraska at their Winter Quarters near the future city of Omaha , Nebraska . ( See : Missouri River settlements ( 1846 -- 1854 ) ) The Mormons established about 50 temporary towns including the town of Kanesville , Iowa ( renamed Council Bluffs in 1852 ) on the east bank of the Missouri River opposite the mouth of the Platte River . For those travelers to Oregon , California , and Utah who were bringing their teams to the Platte River junction Kanesville and other towns became major `` jumping off places '' and supply points . In 1847 the Mormons established three ferries across the Missouri River and others established even more ferries for the spring start on the trail . In the 1850 census there were about 8,000 mostly Mormons tabulated in the large Pottawattamie County , Iowa District 21 . ( The original Pottawattamie County was subsequently made into five counties and parts of several more . ) By 1854 most of the Mormon towns , farms and villages were largely taken over by non-Mormons as they abandoned them or sold them for not much and continued their migration to Utah . After 1846 the towns of Council Bluffs , Iowa , Omaha ( est. 1852 ) and other Missouri River towns became major supply points and `` jumping off places '' for travelers on the Mormon , California , Oregon , and other trails west . Kansas ( edit ) Map of principal rivers in Kansas Starting initially in Independence , Missouri , or Kansas City in Missouri , the initial trail follows the Santa Fe Trail into Kansas south of the Wakarusa River . After crossing Mount Oread at Lawrence , the trail crosses the Kansas River by ferry or boats near Topeka and crossed the Wakarusa and Black Vermillion rivers by ferries . After the Black Vermillion River the trail angles northwest to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River . Travel by wagon over the gently rolling Kansas countryside was usually unimpeded except where streams had cut steep banks . There a passage could be made with a lot of shovel work to cut down the banks or the travelers could find an already established crossing . Nebraska ( edit ) See also : California Hill and O'Fallons Bluff Chimney Rock , Nebraska Those emigrants on the eastern side of the Missouri River in Missouri or Iowa used ferries and steamboats ( fitted out for ferry duty ) to cross into towns in Nebraska . Several towns in Nebraska were used as jumping off places with Omaha eventually becoming a favorite after about 1855 . Fort Kearny ( est. 1848 ) is about 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the Missouri River , and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as they followed the Platte River west . The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies , do repairs , get medical aid , or mail a letter . Those on the north side of the Platte could usually wade the shallow river if they needed to visit the fort . Map showing the Platte River watershed , including the North Platte and South Platte tributaries The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow , crooked , muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe . The Platte as it pursued its braided paths to the Missouri River was `` too thin to plow and too thick to drink '' . While unusable for transportation , the Platte River and North Platte River valleys provided an easily passable wagon corridor going almost due west with access to water , grass , buffalo , and buffalo chips for fuel . The trails gradually got rougher as it progressed up the North Platte . There were trails on both sides of the muddy rivers . The Platte was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide and 2 to 60 inches ( 5.1 to 152.4 cm ) deep . The water was silty and bad tasting but it could be used if no other water was available . Letting it sit in a bucket for an hour or so or stirring in a 1 / 4 cup of cornmeal allowed most of the silt to settle out . In the spring in Nebraska and Wyoming the travelers often encountered fierce wind , rain and lightning storms . Until about 1870 travelers encountered hundreds of thousands of bison migrating through Nebraska on both sides of the Platte River , and most travelers killed several for fresh meat and to build up their supplies of dried jerky for the rest of the journey . The prairie grass in many places was several feet high with only the hat of a traveler on horseback showing as they passed through the prairie grass . In many years the Indians fired much of the dry grass on the prairie every fall so the only trees or bushes available for firewood were on islands in the Platte River . Travelers gathered and ignited dried cow dung to cook their meals . These burned fast in a breeze , and it could take two or more bushels of chips to get one meal prepared . Those traveling south of the Platte crossed the South Platte fork at one of about three ferries ( in dry years it could be forded without a ferry ) before continuing up the North Platte River Valley into present - day Wyoming heading to Fort Laramie . Before 1852 those on the north side of the Platte crossed the North Platte to the south side at Fort Laramie . After 1852 they used Child 's Cutoff to stay on the north side to about the present day town of Casper , Wyoming , where they crossed over to the south side . Notable landmarks in Nebraska include Courthouse and Jail Rocks , Chimney Rock , Scotts Bluff , and Ash Hollow with its steep descent down Windlass Hill over the South Platte . Today much of the Oregon Trail follows roughly along Interstate 80 from Wyoming to Grand Island , Nebraska . From there U.S. Highway 30 which follows the Platte River is a better approximate path for those traveling the north side of the Platte . The National Park Service ( NPS ) gives traveling advice for those who want to follow other branches of the trail . Cholera on the Platte River ( edit ) Because of the Platte 's brackish water , the preferred camping spots were along one of the many fresh water streams draining into the Platte or the occasional fresh water spring found along the way . These preferred camping spots became sources of cholera in the epidemic years ( 1849 -- 1855 ) as many thousands of people used the same camping spots with essentially no sewage facilities or adequate sewage treatment . One of the side effects of cholera is acute diarrhea which helps contaminate even more water unless it is isolated and / or treated . The cause of cholera , ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacterium from contaminated water , and the best treatment for cholera infections were unknown in this era . Thousands of travelers on the combined California , Oregon , and Mormon trails succumbed to cholera between 1849 and 1855 . Most were buried in unmarked graves in Kansas , Nebraska and Wyoming . Although also considered part of the Mormon Trail , the grave of Rebecca Winters is one of the few marked ones left . There are many cases cited involving people who were alive and apparently healthy in the morning and dead by nightfall . Colorado ( edit ) A branch of the Oregon trail crossed the very northeast corner of Colorado if they followed the South Platte River to one of its last crossings . This branch of the trail passed through present day Julesburg before entering Wyoming . Later settlers followed the Platte and South Platte Rivers into their settlements there ( much of which became the state of Colorado ) . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : Emigrant Trail in Wyoming After crossing the South Platte River the Oregon Trail follows the North Platte River out of Nebraska into Wyoming . Fort Laramie , at the confluence of the Laramie and North Platte rivers , was a major stopping point . Fort Laramie was a former fur trading outpost originally named Fort John that was purchased in 1848 by the U.S. Army to protect travelers on the trails . It was the last army outpost till travelers reached the coast . Fort Laramie was the end of most cholera outbreaks which killed thousands along the lower Platte and North Platte from 1849 to 1855 . Spread by cholera bacteria in fecal contaminated water , cholera caused massive diarrhea , leading to dehydration and death . In those days its cause and treatment were unknown , and it was often fatal -- up to 30 percent of infected people died . It is believed that the swifter flowing rivers in Wyoming helped prevent the germs from spreading . Independence Rock After crossing the South Platte the trail continues up the North Platte River , crossing many small swift - flowing creeks . As the North Platte veers to the south , the trail crosses the North Platte to the Sweetwater River Valley , which heads almost due west . Independence Rock is on the Sweetwater River . The Sweetwater would have to be crossed up to nine times before the trail crosses over the Continental Divide at South Pass , Wyoming . From South Pass the trail continues southwest crossing Big Sandy Creek -- about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) wide and 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) deep -- before hitting the Green River . Three to five ferries were in use on the Green during peak travel periods . The deep , wide , swift , and treacherous Green River which eventually empties into the Colorado River , was usually at high water in July and August , and it was a dangerous crossing . After crossing the Green , the main trail continued approximately southwest until the Blacks Fork of the Green River and Fort Bridger . From Fort Bridger the Mormon Trail continued southwest following the upgraded Hastings Cutoff through the Wasatch Mountains . From Fort Bridger , the main trail , comprising several variants , veered northwest over the Bear River Divide and descended to the Bear River Valley . The trail turned north following the Bear River past the terminus of the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff at Smiths Fork and on to the Thomas Fork Valley at the present Wyoming -- Idaho border . Over time , two major heavily used cutoffs were established in Wyoming . The Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff was established in 1844 and cut about 70 miles ( 110 km ) off the main route . It leaves the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of South Pass and heads almost due west crossing Big Sandy Creek and then about 45 miles ( 72 km ) of waterless , very dusty desert before reaching the Green River near the present town of La Barge . Ferries here transferred them across the Green River . From there the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff trail had to cross a mountain range to connect with the main trail near Cokeville in the Bear River Valley . Prairie Scene : Mirage , by Alfred Jacob Miller The Lander Road , formally the Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake Wagon Road , was established and built by U.S. government contractors in 1858 -- 59 . It was about 80 miles ( 130 km ) shorter than the main trail through Fort Bridger with good grass , water , firewood and fishing but it was a much steeper and rougher route , crossing three mountain ranges . In 1859 , 13,000 of the 19,000 emigrants traveling to California and Oregon used the Lander Road . The traffic in later years is undocumented . The Lander Road departs the main trail at Burnt Ranch near South Pass , crosses the Continental Divide north of South Pass and reaches the Green River near the present town of Big Piney , Wyoming . From there the trail followed Big Piney Creek west before passing over the 8,800 feet ( 2,700 m ) Thompson Pass in the Wyoming Range . It then crosses over the Smith Fork of the Bear River before ascending and crossing another 8,200 - foot ( 2,500 m ) pass on the Salt River Range of mountains and then descending into Star Valley . It exited the mountains near the present Smith Fork road about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south of the town of Smoot . The road continued almost due north along the present day Wyoming -- Idaho western border through Star Valley . To avoid crossing the Salt River ( which drains into the Snake River ) which runs down Star Valley the Lander Road crossed the river when it was small and stayed west of the Salt River . After traveling down the Salt River Valley ( Star Valley ) about 20 miles ( 32 km ) north the road turned almost due west near the present town of Auburn , and entered into the present state of Idaho along Stump Creek . In Idaho , it followed the Stump Creek valley northwest until it crossed the Caribou Mountains and proceeded past the south end of Grays Lake . The trail then proceeded almost due west to meet the main trail at Fort Hall ; alternatively , a branch trail headed almost due south to meet the main trail near the present town of Soda Springs . Numerous landmarks are located along the trail in Wyoming including Independence Rock , Ayres Natural Bridge and Register Cliff . Utah ( edit ) In 1847 , Brigham Young and the Mormon pioneers departed from the Oregon Trail at Fort Bridger in Wyoming and followed ( and much improved ) the rough trail originally recommended by Lansford Hastings to the Donner Party in 1846 through the Wasatch Mountains into Utah . After getting into Utah , they immediately started setting up irrigated farms and cities -- including Salt Lake City . In 1848 , the Salt Lake Cutoff was established by Sam Hensley , and returning members of the Mormon Battalion providing a path north of the Great Salt Lake from Salt Lake City back to the California and Oregon trails . This cutoff rejoined the Oregon and California Trails near the City of Rocks near the Utah -- Idaho border and could be used by both California and Oregon bound travelers . Located about half way on both the California and Oregon trails many thousands of later travelers used Salt Lake City and other Utah cities as an intermediate stop for selling or trading excess goods or tired livestock for fresh livestock , repairs , supplies or fresh vegetables . The Mormons looked on these travelers as a welcome bonanza as setting up new communities from scratch required nearly everything the travelers could afford to part with . The overall distance to California or Oregon was very close to the same whether one `` detoured '' to Salt Lake City or not . For their own use and to encourage California and Oregon bound travelers the Mormons improved the Mormon Trail from Fort Bridger and the Salt Lake Cutoff trail . To raise much needed money and facilitate travel on the Salt Lake Cutoff they set up several ferries across the Weber , Bear , and Malad rivers , which were used mostly by travelers bound for Oregon or California . Idaho ( edit ) The main Oregon and California Trail went almost due north from Fort Bridger to the Little Muddy Creek where it passed over the Bear River Mountains to the Bear River Valley , which it followed northwest into the Thomas Fork area , where the trail crossed over the present day Wyoming line into Idaho . In the Eastern Sheep Creek Hills in the Thomas Fork valley the emigrants encountered Big Hill . Big Hill was a detour caused by a then - impassable cut the Bear River made through the mountains and had a tough ascent often requiring doubling up of teams and a very steep and dangerous descent . ( Much later , US - 30 , using modern explosives and equipment , was built through this cut ) . In 1852 Eliza Ann McAuley found and with help developed the McAuley Cutoff which bypassed much of the difficult climb and descent of Big Hill . About 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) on they passed present - day Montpelier , Idaho , which is now the site of the National Oregon - California Trail Center . The trail follows the Bear River northwest to present - day Soda Springs . The springs here were a favorite attraction of the pioneers who marveled at the hot carbonated water and chugging `` steamboat '' springs . Many stopped and did their laundry in the hot water as there was usually plenty of good grass and fresh water available . Just west of Soda Springs the Bear River turns southwest as it heads for the Great Salt Lake , and the main trail turns northwest to follow the Portneuf River valley to Fort Hall , Idaho . Fort Hall was an old fur trading post located on the Snake River . It was established in 1832 by Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth and company and later sold in 1837 to the Hudson 's Bay Company . At Fort Hall nearly all travelers were given some aid and supplies if they were available and needed . Mosquitoes were constant pests , and travelers often mention that their animals were covered with blood from the bites . The route from Fort Bridger to Fort Hall is about 210 miles ( 340 km ) , taking nine to twelve days . Storm : Waiting for the Caravan , by Alfred Jacob Miller At Soda Springs was one branch of Lander Road ( established and built with government contractors in 1858 ) , which had gone west from near South Pass , over the Salt River Mountains and down Star Valley before turning west near present - day Auburn , Wyoming , and entering Idaho . From there it proceeded northwest into Idaho up Stump Creek canyon for about 10 miles ( 16 km ) . One branch turned almost 90 degrees and proceeded southwest to Soda Springs . Another branch headed almost due west past Gray 's Lake to rejoin the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Fort Hall . On the main trail about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of Soda Springs Hudspeth 's Cutoff ( established 1849 and used mostly by California trail users ) took off from the main trail heading almost due west , bypassing Fort Hall . It rejoined the California Trail at Cassia Creek near the City of Rocks . Hudspeth 's Cutoff had five mountain ranges to cross and took about the same amount of time as the main route to Fort Hall , but many took it thinking it was shorter . Its main advantage was that it helped spread out the traffic during peak periods , making more grass available . West of Fort Hall the main trail traveled about 40 miles ( 64 km ) on the south side of the Snake River southwest past American Falls , Massacre Rocks , Register Rock , and Coldwater Hill near present - day Pocatello , Idaho . Near the junction of the Raft River and Snake River the California Trail diverged from the Oregon Trail at another Parting of the Ways junction . Travellers left the Snake River and followed Raft River about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southwest past present day Almo . This trail then passed through the City of Rocks and over Granite Pass where it went southwest along Goose Creek , Little Goose Creek , and Rock Spring Creek . It went about 95 miles ( 153 km ) through Thousand Springs Valley , West Brush Creek , and Willow Creek , before arriving at the Humboldt River in northeastern Nevada near present - day Wells . The California Trail proceeded west down the Humboldt before reaching and crossing the Sierra Nevadas . Goodale 's Cutoff of the Oregon Trail at Lava Lake , west of Arco , ID and east of Carey , ID along US 26 , 20 , 93 . Picture of current two track along section of the cutoff of the Oregon Trail . There were only a few places where the Snake River was not buried deep in a canyon , and few spots where the river slowed down enough to make a crossing possible . Two of these fords were near Fort Hall , where travelers on the Oregon Trail North Side Alternate ( established about 1852 ) and Goodale 's Cutoff ( established 1862 ) crossed the Snake to travel on the north side . Nathaniel Wyeth , the original founder of Fort Hall in 1834 , writes in his diary that they found a ford across the Snake River 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of where he founded Fort Hall . Another possible crossing was a few miles upstream of Salmon Falls where some intrepid travelers floated their wagons and swam their stock across to join the north side trail . Some lost their wagons and teams over the falls . The trails on the north side joined the trail from Three Island Crossing about 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Glenns Ferry on the north side of the Snake River . Goodale 's Cutoff , established in 1862 on the north side of the Snake River , formed a spur of the Oregon Trail . This cutoff had been used as a pack trail by Indians and fur traders , and emigrant wagons traversed parts of the eastern section as early as 1852 . After crossing the Snake River the 230 - mile ( 370 km ) cutoff headed north from Fort Hall toward Big Southern Butte following the Lost River part of the way . It passed near the present - day town of Arco , Idaho , and wound through the northern part of what is now Craters of the Moon National Monument . From there it went southwest to Camas Prairie and ended at Old Fort Boise on the Boise River . This journey typically took two to three weeks and was noted for its very rough lava terrain and extremely dry climate , which tended to dry the wooden wheels on the wagons , causing the iron rims to fall off the wheels . Loss of wheels caused many wagons to be abandoned along the route . It rejoined the main trail east of Boise . Goodale 's Cutoff is visible at many points along US - 20 , US - 26 , and US - 93 between Craters of the Moon National Monument and Carey . View across top of Shoshone Falls , Snake River , Idaho ( Timothy H. O'Sullivan , 1874 ) One of Boise 's 21 Oregon Trail monuments . From the present site of Pocatello , the trail proceeded almost due west on the south side of the Snake River for about 180 miles ( 290 km ) . This route passed Cauldron Linn rapids , Shoshone Falls , two falls near the present city of Twin Falls , and Upper Salmon Falls on the Snake River . At Salmon Falls there were often a hundred or more Indians fishing who would trade for their salmon , a welcome treat . The trail continued west to Three Island Crossing ( near present - day Glenns Ferry . ) Here most emigrants used the divisions of the river caused by three islands to cross the difficult and swift Snake River by ferry or by driving or sometimes floating their wagons and swimming their teams across . The crossings were doubly treacherous because there were often hidden holes in the river bottom which could overturn the wagon or entangle the team , sometimes with fatal consequences . Before ferries were established there were several drownings here nearly every year . The north side of the Snake had better water and grass than the south . The trail from Three Island Crossing to Old Fort Boise was about 130 miles ( 210 km ) long . The usually lush Boise River Valley was a welcome relief . The next crossing of the Snake River was near Old Fort Boise . This last crossing of the Snake could be done on bull boats while swimming the stock across . Others would chain a large string of wagons and teams together . The theory was that the front teams , usually oxen , would get out of water first and with good footing help pull the whole string of wagons and teams across . How well this worked in practice is not stated . Often young Indian boys were hired to drive and ride the stock across the river -- they knew how to swim , unlike many pioneers . In present - day Idaho , I - 84 roughly follows the Oregon Trail from the Idaho - Oregon State border at the Snake River . Approximately seven miles ( 11 km ) east of Declo in present - day rural Cassia County , I - 84 meets the western terminus of the western section of I - 86 . I - 86 heads east , then northeast to American Falls and Pocatello following the Oregon Trail , while I - 84 heads southeast to the State border with Utah . US - 30 roughly follows the path of the Oregon Trail from Pocatello to Montpelier Starting in about 1848 the South Alternate of Oregon Trail ( also called the Snake River Cutoff ) was developed as a spur off the main trail . It bypassed the Three Island Crossing and continued traveling down the south side of the Snake River . It rejoined the trail near present - day Ontario , Oregon . It hugged the southern edge of the Snake River canyon and was a much rougher trail with poorer water and grass , requiring occasional steep descents and ascents with the animals down into the Snake River canyon to get water . Travellers on this route avoided two dangerous crossings of the Snake River . In present - day Idaho , the state highway ID - 78 roughly follows the path of the South Alternate route of the Oregon Trail . In 1869 , the Central Pacific established Kelton , Utah as a railhead and the terminus of the western mail was moved from Salt Lake City . The Kelton Road became important as a communication and transportation road to the Boise Basin . Boise has 21 monuments in the shape of obelisks along its portion of the Oregon Trail . Oregon ( edit ) Once across the Snake River ford near Old Fort Boise the weary travelers traveled across what would become the state of Oregon . The trail then went to the Malheur River and then past Farewell Bend on the Snake River , up the Burnt River canyon and northwest to the Grande Ronde Valley near present - day La Grande before coming to the Blue Mountains . In 1843 settlers cut a wagon road over these mountains making them passable for the first time to wagons . The trail went to the Whitman Mission near Fort Nez Perces in Washington until 1847 when the Whitmans were killed by Native Americans . At Fort Nez Perce some built rafts or hired boats and started down the Columbia ; others continued west in their wagons until they reached The Dalles . After 1847 the trail bypassed the closed mission and headed almost due west to present day Pendleton , Oregon , crossing the Umatilla River , John Day River , and Deschutes River before arriving at The Dalles . Interstate 84 in Oregon roughly follows the original Oregon Trail from Idaho to The Dalles . Arriving at the Columbia at The Dalles and stopped by the Cascade Mountains and Mount Hood , some gave up their wagons or disassembled them and put them on boats or rafts for a trip down the Columbia River . Once they transited the Cascade 's Columbia River Gorge with its multiple rapids and treacherous winds they would have to make the 1.6 - mile ( 2.6 km ) portage around the Cascade Rapids before coming out near the Willamette River where Oregon City was located . The pioneer 's livestock could be driven around Mount Hood on the narrow , crooked and rough Lolo Pass . Several Oregon Trail branches and route variations led to the Willamette Valley . The most popular was the Barlow Road , which was carved though the forest around Mount Hood from The Dalles in 1846 as a toll road at $5 per wagon and 10 cents per head of livestock . It was rough and steep with poor grass but still cheaper and safer than floating goods , wagons and family down the dangerous Columbia River . In Central Oregon , there was the Santiam Wagon Road ( established 1861 ) , which roughly parallels Oregon Highway 20 to the Willamette Valley . The Applegate Trail ( established 1846 ) , cutting off the California Trail from the Humboldt River in Nevada , crossed part of California before cutting north to the south end of the Willamette Valley . U.S. Route 99 and Interstate 5 through Oregon roughly follow the original Applegate Trail . Travel equipment ( edit ) Wagons and pack animals ( edit ) Three types of draft and pack animals were used by Oregon Trail pioneers : oxen , mules , and horses . By 1842 , many emigrants favored oxen -- castrated bulls ( males ) of the genus Bos ( cattle ) , generally over four years old -- as the best animal to pull wagons , because they were docile , generally healthy , and able to continue moving in difficult conditions such as mud and snow . Oxen could also survive on prairie grasses and sage , unlike horses , who had to be fed . Moreover , oxen were less expensive to purchase and maintain than horses . Oxen also could stand idle for long periods without suffering damage to the feet and legs . Oxen were trained by leading , the use of a whip or goad , and the use of oral commands ( such as `` Gee '' ( right ) , `` Haw '' ( left ) , and `` Whoa '' ( stop ) ) . Two oxen were typically yoked together at the neck or head ; the left ox was referred to as the `` near '' or `` nigh '' ox , and the right ox as the `` off '' ox . While no reins , bits , or halters were needed , the trainer had to be forceful . Oxen typically traveled at a steady pace up to two miles an hour . One drawback of oxen was the difficulty of shoeing . Oxen hooves are cloven ( split ) , and they had to be shod with two curved pieces of metal , one on each side of the hoof . While horses and mules allowed themselves to be shod relatively easily , the process was more difficult with oxen , which would lie down and tuck their feet under themselves . As a result , several men had to lift and hold an ox while he was being shod . Mules were used by some emigrants . The competing merits of oxen and mules were hotly debated among emigrants . Some found oxen to be more durable . Others , by contrast , believed that mules were more durable , and mules may have had a lower attrition rate on the trail than oxen . Like oxen , mules could survive on prairie grasses . Mules were , however , notoriously ill - tempered . Mules also cost about three times as much as oxen , a deciding factor for many emigrants . Conestoga wagons Covered wagon ( `` prairie schooners '' ) Studebaker Food ( edit ) The typical cost of food for four people for six months was about $150 . Food and water were key concerns for migrants . Wagons typically carried at least one large water keg , and guidebooks available from the 1840s and later gave similar advice to migrants on what food to take . T.H. Jefferson , in his Brief Practice Advice guidebook for migrants , recommended that each adult take 200 pounds of flour : `` Take plenty of bread stuff ; this is the staff of life when everything else runs short . '' Food often took the form of crackers or hardtack ; Southerners sometimes chose cornmeal or pinole rather than wheat flour . Emigrants typically ate rice and beans only at forts stopped at along the way , because boiling water was difficult on the trail , and fuel was not abundant . Lansford Hastings recommended that each emigrant take 200 pounds of flour , 150 pounds of `` bacon '' ( a word which , at the time , referred broadly to all forms of salt pork ) , 20 pounds of sugar , and 10 pounds of salt . Chipped beef , rice , tea , dried beans , dried fruit , saleratus ( for raising bread ) , vinegar , pickles , mustard , and tallow might also be taken . Joseph Ware 's 1849 guide recommends that travelers take for each individual a barrel of flour or 180 pounds of ship 's biscuit ( i.e. , hardtack ) , 150 - 180 pounds of bacon , 60 pounds of beans or peas , 25 pounds of rice , 25 pounds of coffee , 40 pounds of sugar , a keg of lard , 30 or 40 pounds of dried fruit ( peaches or apples ) , a keg of clear , rendered beef suet ( to substitute for butter ) , as well as some vinegar , salt , and pepper . Many emigrant families also carried a small amount of tea and maple sugar . Randolph B. Marcy , an Army officer who wrote an 1859 guide , advised taking less bacon than the earlier guides had recommended . He advised emigrants to drive cattle instead as a source of fresh beef . Marcy also instructed emigrants to store sides of bacon in canvas bags or in boxes surrounded by bran to protect against extreme heat , which could make bacon go rancid . Marcy instructed emigrants to put salt pork on the bottom of wagons to avoid exposure to extreme heat . Marcy also recommended the use of pemmican , as well as the storage of sugar in India - rubber or gutta - percha sacks , to prevent it from becoming wet . Canning technology had just begun to be developed , and it gained in popularity through the period of westward expansion . Initially , only upper - class migrants typically used canned goods . There are references in sources to canned cheese , fruit , meat , oysters , and sardines . By the time Marcy wrote his 1859 guide , canned foods were increasingly available but remained expensive . Canning also added weight to a wagon . Rather than canned vegetables , Marcy suggested that travelers take dried vegetables which had been used in the Crimean War and by the U.S. Army . Some pioneers took eggs and butter packed in barrels of flour , and some took dairy cows along the trail . Hunting provided another source of food along the trail ; pioneers hunted American bison as well as pronghorn antelope , deer , bighorn sheep , and wildfowl . From rivers and lakes , emigrants also fished for catfish and trout . When emigrants faced starvation , they would sometimes slaughter their animals ( horses , mules , and oxen ) . In desperate times , migrants would search for less - popular sources of food , including coyote , fox , jackrabbit , marmot , prairie dog , and rattlesnake ( nicknamed `` bush fish '' in the later period ) . At the time , scurvy was well - recognized , but there was a lack of clear understanding of how to prevent the disease . Nevertheless , pioneers ' consumption of the wild berries ( including chokeberry , gooseberry , and serviceberry ) and currants that grew along the trail ( particularly along the Platte River ) and were consumed , helped make scurvy infrequent . Marcy 's guide correctly suggested that the consumption of wild grapes , greens , and onions could help prevent the disease and that if vegetables were not available , citric acid could be drunk with sugar and water . Emigrant families , who were mostly middle - class , prided themselves on preparing a good table . Although operating Dutch ovens and kneading dough was difficult on the trail , many baked good bread and even pies . For fuel to heat food , travelers would collect cedar wood , cottonwood , or willow wood , when available , and sometimes dry prairie grass . More frequently , however , travelers relied on `` buffalo chips '' -- dried bison dung -- to fuel fires . Buffalo chips resembled rotten wood and would make clear and hot fires . Chips burned quickly , however , and it took up to three bushels of chips to heat a single meal . Collecting buffalo chips was a common task for children and was one chore that even very young children could carry out . As a result , `` memoirs written by those who were very young when they made the journey west invariably refer to this aspect of life on the trail . '' Clothing , equipment and supplies ( edit ) Tobacco was popular , both for personal use , and for trading with Indians and other pioneers . Each person brought at least two changes of clothes and multiple pairs of boots ( two to three pairs often wore out on the trip ) . About 25 pounds of soap was recommended for a party of four , for bathing and washing clothes . A washboard and tub were usually brought for washing clothes . Wash days typically occurred once or twice a month , or less , depending on availability of good grass , water , and fuel . Most wagons carried tents for sleeping , though in good weather most would sleep outside . A thin fold - up mattress , blankets , pillows , canvas , or rubber gutta percha ground covers were used for sleeping . Sometimes an unfolded feather bed mattress was brought for the wagon , if there were pregnant women or very young children along . The wagons had no springs , and the ride along the trail was very rough . Despite modern depictions , hardly anyone actually rode in the wagons ; it was too dusty , too rough , and too hard on the livestock . Oregon Trail , painting by Albert Bierstadt , circa 1863 Travelers brought books , Bibles , trail guides , and writing quills , ink , and paper for writing letters or journalling ( about one in 200 kept a diary ) . A belt and folding knives were carried by nearly all men and boys . Awls , scissors , pins , needles , and thread for mending were required . Spare leather was used for repairing shoes , harnesses , and other equipment . Some used goggles to keep dust out of the eyes . Storage boxes were ideally the same height , so they could be arranged to give a flat surface inside the wagon for a sleeping platform . Saddles , bridles , hobbles , and ropes were needed if the party had a horse or riding mule , and many men did . Extra harnesses and spare wagon parts were often carried . Most carried steel shoes for horses , mules , or livestock . Tar was carried to help repair an ox 's injured hoof . Goods , supplies , and equipment were often shared by fellow travelers . Items that were forgotten , broken , or worn out could be bought from a fellow traveler , post , or fort along the way . New iron shoes for horses , mules , and oxen were put on by blacksmiths found along the way . Equipment repairs and other goods could be procured from blacksmith shops established at some forts and some ferries . Emergency supplies , repairs , and livestock were often provided by local residents in California , Oregon , and Utah for late travelers on the trail who were hurrying to beat the snow . Non-essential items were often abandoned to lighten the load , or in case of emergency . Many travelers would salvage discarded items , picking up essentials or leaving behind their lower quality item when a better one was found abandoned along the road . Some profited by collecting discarded items , hauling them back to jumping off places , and reselling them . In the early years , Mormons sent scavenging parties back along the trail to salvage as much iron and other supplies as possible and haul it to Salt Lake City , where supplies of all kinds were needed . Others would use discarded furniture , wagons , and wheels as firewood . During the 1849 gold rush , Fort Laramie was known as `` Camp Sacrifice '' because of the large amounts merchandise discarded nearby . Travelers had pushed along the relatively easy path to Fort Laramie with their luxury items but discarded them before the difficult mountain crossing ahead , and after discovering that many items could be purchased at the forts or located for free along the way . Some travelers carried their excess goods to Salt Lake City to be sold . Professional tools used by blacksmiths , carpenters , and farmers were carried by nearly all . Axes , crow bars , hammers , hatchets , hoes , mallets , mattocks , picks , planes , saws , scythes , and shovels were used to clear or make a road through brush or trees , cut down the banks to cross a wash or steep banked stream , build a raft or bridge , or repair the wagon . In general , as little road work as possible was done . Travel was often along the top of ridges to avoid the brush and washes common in many valleys . Statistics ( edit ) Overall , some 268,000 pioneers used the Oregon Trail and its three primary offshoots , the Bozeman , California , and Mormon trails to reach the West Coast , 1840 - 60 . Another 48,000 headed to Utah . There is no estimate on how many used it to return East . Emigrants ( edit ) Estimated California Oregon Mormon Trail Emigrants Year Oregon California Utah Total 1834 -- 39 20 − − 20 1840 13 − − 13 1841 24 34 − 58 1842 125 − − 125 1843 875 38 − 913 1844 1,475 53 − 1,528 1845 2,500 260 − 2,760 1846 1,200 1,500 − 2,700 1847 4,000 450 2,200 6,650 1848 1,300 400 2,400 4,100 Total 11,512 2,735 4,600 18,847 1849 450 25,000 1,500 26,950 1850 6,000 44,000 2,500 52,500 1851 3,600 1,100 1,500 6,200 1852 10,000 50,000 10,000 70,000 1853 7,500 20,000 8,000 35,500 1854 6,000 12,000 3,200 21,200 1855 500 1,500 4,700 6,700 1856 1,000 8,000 2,400 11,400 1857 1,500 4,000 1,300 6,800 1858 1,500 6,000 150 7,650 1859 2,000 17,000 1,400 20,400 1860 1,500 9,000 1,600 12,100 Total 53,000 200,300 43,000 296,300 1834 -- 60 Oregon California Utah Total 1861 − − 3,148 5,000 1862 − − 5,244 5,000 1863 − − 4,760 10,000 1864 − − 2,626 10,000 1865 − − 690 20,000 1866 − − 3,299 25,000 1867 − − 700 25,000 1868 − − 4,285 25,000 Total 80,000 250,000 70,000 400,000 1834 -- 67 Oregon California Utah Total Some of the trail statistics for the early years were recorded by the U.S. Army at Fort Laramie , Wyoming , from about 1849 to 1855 . None of these original statistical records have been found -- the Army either lost them or destroyed them . Only some partial written copies of the Army records and notes recorded in several diaries have survived . Emigration to California spiked considerably with the 1849 gold rush . Following the discovery of gold , California remained the destination of choice for most emigrants on the trail up to 1860 , with almost 200,000 people traveling there between 1849 and 1860 . Travel diminished after 1860 , as the Civil War caused considerable disruptions on the trail . Many of the people on the trail in 1861 -- 1863 were fleeing the war and its attendant drafts in both the south and the north . Trail historian Merrill J. Mattes has estimated the number of emigrants for 1861 -- 1867 given in the total column of the above table . But these estimates may well be low since they only amount to an extra 125,000 people , and the 1870 census shows that over 200,000 additional people ( ignoring most of the population increase in California , which had excellent sea and rail connections across Panama by then ) showed up in all the states served by the Bozeman , California , Mormon , and Oregon Trail ( s ) and their offshoots . Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably accurate , as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants arriving each year from 1847 to 1868 . Gold and silver strikes in Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , and Oregon caused a considerable increase in people using the trails , often in directions different from the original trail users . Though the numbers are significant in the context of the times , far more people chose to remain at home in the 31 states . Between 1840 and 1860 , the population of the United States rose by 14 million , yet only about 300,000 decided to make the trip . Many were discouraged by the cost , effort and danger of the trip . Western scout Kit Carson is thought to have said , `` The cowards never started and the weak died on the way '' , though the general saying was written by Joaquin Miller , in reference to the California gold rush . According to several sources , 3 to 10 percent of the emigrants are estimated to have perished on the way west . Many who went were between the ages 12 and 24 . Between 1860 and 1870 , the U.S. population increased by seven million ; about 350,000 of this increase was in the Western states . Western census data ( edit ) Census Population of western States State 1870 1860 Difference California 560,247 379,994 180,253 Nevada 42,491 6,857 35,634 Oregon 90,923 52,465 38,458 Colorado 39,684 34,277 5,407 Idaho 14,990 − 14,990 Montana 20,595 − 20,595 Utah 86,789 40,273 46,516 Washington 23,955 11,594 12,361 Wyoming 9,118 − 9,118 Totals 888,792 525,460 363,332 These census numbers show a 363,000 population increase in the western states and territories between 1860 and 1870 . Some of this increase is because of a high birth rate in the western states and territories , but most is from emigrants moving from the east to the west and new immigration from Europe . Much of the increase in California and Oregon is from emigration by ship , as there was fast and reasonably low cost transportation via east and west coast steamships and the Panama Railroad after 1855 . The census numbers imply at least 200,000 emigrants ( or more ) used some variation of the California / Oregon / Mormon / Bozeman trails to get to their new homes between 1860 and 1870 . Costs ( edit ) The cost of traveling over the Oregon Trail and its extensions varied from nothing to a few hundred dollars per person . Women seldom went alone . The cheapest way was to hire on to help drive the wagons or herds , allowing one to make the trip for nearly nothing or even make a small profit . Those with capital could often buy livestock in the Midwest and drive the stock to California or Oregon for profit . About 60 to 80 percent of the travelers were farmers and as such already owned a wagon , livestock team , and many of the necessary supplies . This lowered the cost of the trip to about $50 per person for food and other items . Families planned the trip months in advance and made much of the extra clothing and many other items needed . Individuals buying most of the needed items would end up spending between $150 -- $200 per person . As the trail matured , additional costs for ferries and toll roads were thought to have been about $30 per wagon . Deaths ( edit ) Oregon - California - Mormon Trail Deaths Cause Estimated deaths Disease 6,000 -- 12,500 Native American attack 3,000 -- 4,500 Freezing 300 -- 500 Run overs 200 -- 500 Drownings 200 -- 500 Shootings 200 -- 500 Miscellaneous 200 -- 500 Scurvy 300 -- 500 Totals 9,400 -- 21,000 The route west was arduous and fraught with many dangers , but the number of deaths on the trail is not known with any precision ; there are only wildly varying estimates . Estimating is difficult because of the common practice of burying people in unmarked graves that were intentionally disguised to avoid their being dug up by animals or Indians . Graves were often put in the middle of a trail and then run over by the livestock to make them difficult to find . Disease was the main killer of trail travelers ; cholera killed up to 3 percent of all travelers in the epidemic years from 1849 to 1855 . Indian attacks increased significantly after 1860 , when most of the army troops were withdrawn , and miners and ranchers began fanning out all over the country , often encroaching on Indian territory . Increased attacks along the Humboldt led to most travelers ' taking the Central Nevada Route . The Goodall cutoff , developed in Idaho in 1862 , kept Oregon bound travelers away from much of the Indian trouble nearer the Snake River . Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Indian hot spots . Other common causes of death included hypothermia , drowning in river crossings , getting run over by wagons , and accidental gun deaths . Later , more family groups started traveling , and many more bridges and ferries were being put in , so fording a dangerous river became much less common and dangerous . Surprisingly few people were taught to swim in this era . Being run over was a major cause of death , despite the wagons ' only averaging 2 -- 3 miles per hour . The wagons could not easily be stopped , and people , particularly children , were often trying to get on and off the wagons while they were moving -- not always successfully . Another hazard was a dress getting caught in the wheels and pulling the person under . Accidental shootings declined significantly after Fort Laramie , as people became more familiar with their weapons and often just left them in their wagons . Carrying around a ten - pound rifle all day soon became tedious and usually unnecessary , as the perceived Indian threat faded and hunting opportunities receded . A significant number of travelers were suffering from scurvy by the end of their trips . Their typical flour and salted pork / bacon diet had very little vitamin C in it . The diet in the mining camps was also typically low in fresh vegetables and fruit , which indirectly led to early deaths of many of the inhabitants . Some believe that scurvy deaths may have rivaled cholera as a killer , with most deaths occurring after the victim reached California . Miscellaneous deaths included deaths by childbirth , falling trees , flash floods , homicides , kicks by animals , lightning strikes , snake bites , and stampedes . According to an evaluation by John Unruh , a 4 percent death rate or 16,000 out of 400,000 total pioneers on all trails may have died on the trail . Reaching the Sierra Nevada before the start of the winter storms was critical for a successful completion of a trip . The most famous failure in that regard was that of the Donner Party , whose members struggled to traverse what is today called Donner Pass , in November 1846 . When the last survivor was rescued in April 1847 , 33 men , women , and children had died at Donner Lake ; with some of the 48 survivors ' confessing to having resorted to cannibalism to survive . Other trails west ( edit ) There were other possible migration paths for early settlers , miners , or travelers to California or Oregon besides the Oregon trail prior to the establishment of the transcontinental railroads . From 1821 -- 1846 , the Hudson 's Bay Company twice annually used the York Factory Express overland trade route from Fort Vancouver to Hudson Bay then on to London . James Sinclair led a large party of nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony in 1841 . These northern routes were largely abandoned after Britain ceded its claim to the southern Columbia River basin by way of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The longest trip was the voyage of about 13,600 to 15,000 miles ( 21,900 to 24,100 km ) on an uncomfortable sailing ship rounding the treacherous , cold , and dangerous Cape Horn between Antarctica and South America and then sailing on to California or Oregon . This trip typically took four to seven months ( 120 to 210 days ) and cost about $350 to $500 . The cost could be reduced to zero if you signed on as a crewman and worked as a common seaman . The hundreds of abandoned ships , whose crews had deserted in San Francisco Bay in 1849 -- 50 , showed many thousands chose to do this . Other routes involved taking a ship to Colón , Panama ( then called Aspinwall ) and a strenuous , disease ridden , five - to seven - day trip by canoe and mule over the Isthmus of Panama before catching a ship from Panama City , Panama to Oregon or California . This trip could be done from the east coast theoretically in less than two months if all ship connections were made without waits and typically cost about $450 / person . Catching a fatal disease was a distinct possibility as Ulysses S. Grant in 1852 learned when his unit of about 600 soldiers and some of their dependents traversed the Isthmus and lost about 120 men , women , and children . This passage was considerably sped up and made safer in 1855 when the Panama Railroad was completed at terrible cost in money and life across the Isthmus . The once treacherous 50 - mile ( 80 km ) trip could be done in less than a day . The time and the cost for transit dropped as regular paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships went from ports on the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to Colón , Panama ( $80 -- $100 ) , across the Isthmus of Panama by railroad ( $25 ) and by paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships to ports in California and Oregon ( $100 -- $150 ) . Another route established by Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1849 was across Nicaragua . The 120 - mile ( 190 km ) long San Juan River to the Atlantic Ocean helps drain the 100 - mile ( 160 km ) long Lake Nicaragua . From the western shore of Lake Nicaragua it is only about 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the Pacific Ocean . Vanderbilt decided to use paddle wheel steam ships from the U.S. to the San Juan River , small paddle wheel steam launches on the San Juan River , boats across Lake Nicaragua , and a stage coach to the Pacific where connections could be made with another ship headed to California , Oregon , etc ... Vanderbilt , by undercutting fares to the Isthmus of Panama and stealing many of the Panama Railroad workers , managed to attract roughly 30 % of the California bound steam boat traffic . All his connections in Nicaragua were never completely worked out before the Panama Railroad 's completion in 1855 . Civil strife in Nicaragua and a payment to Cornelius Vanderbilt of a `` non-compete '' payment ( bribe ) of $56,000 per year killed the whole project in 1855 . Another possible route consisted of taking a ship to Mexico traversing the country and then catching another ship out of Acapulco , Mexico to California etc . This route was used by some adventurous travelers but was not too popular because of the difficulties of making connections and the often hostile population along the way . The Gila Trail going along the Gila River in Arizona , across the Colorado River and then across the Sonora Desert in California was scouted by Stephen Kearny 's troops and later by Captain Philip St. George Cooke 's Mormon Battalion in 1846 who were the first to take a wagon the whole way . This route was used by many gold hungry miners in 1849 and later but suffered from the disadvantage that you had to find a way across the very wide and very dry Sonora Desert . It was used by many in 1849 and later as a winter crossing to California , despite its many disadvantages . Running from 1857 to 1861 , the Butterfield Stage Line won the $600,000 / yr . U.S. mail contract to deliver mail to San Francisco , California . As dictated by southern Congressional members , the 2,800 - mile ( 4,500 km ) route ran from St. Louis , Missouri through Arkansas , Oklahoma Indian Territory , Texas , New Mexico Territory , and across the Sonora Desert before ending in San Francisco , California . Employing over 800 at its peak , it used 250 Concord Stagecoaches seating 12 very crowded passengers in three rows . It used 1,800 head of stock , horses and mules and 139 relay stations to ensure the stages ran day and night . A one way fare of $200 delivered a very thrashed and tired passenger into San Francisco in 25 to 28 days . After traveling the route , New York Herald reporter Waterman Ormsby said , `` I now know what Hell is like . I 've just had 24 days of it . '' Other ways to get to Oregon were : using the York Factory Express route across Canada , and down the Columbia River ; ships from Hawaii , San Francisco , or other ports that stopped in Oregon ; emigrants trailing up from California , etc . All provided a trickle of emigrants , but they were soon overwhelmed in numbers by the emigrants coming over the Oregon Trail . The ultimate competitor arrived in 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad , which cut travel time to about seven days at a low fare of about $60 ( economy ) Legacy ( edit ) One of the enduring legacies of the Oregon Trail is the expansion of the United States territory to the West Coast . Without the many thousands of United States settlers in Oregon and California , and thousands more on their way each year , it is highly unlikely that this would have occurred . Art , entertainment , and media ( edit ) The western expansion , and the Oregon Trail in particular , inspired numerous creative works about the settlers ' experiences . Games ( edit ) The story of the Oregon Trail inspired the popular educational computer game , The Oregon Trail ( 1971 ) , which became widely popular in the 1980s and early 1990s . Several sequels to the game were also released , such as The Oregon Trail II ( 1995 ) , The Yukon Trail ( 1994 ) , and The Amazon Trail ( 1994 ) . Music ( edit ) The song `` Uncle Sam 's Farm '' encouraged east - coast dwellers to `` Come right away . Our lands they are broad enough , so do n't be alarmed . Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm . '' In `` Western Country '' , the singer exhorts that , `` if I had no horse at all , I 'd still be a hauling , far across those Rocky Mountains , goin ' away to Oregon . '' Online rapper Bones has a side project called `` OregonTrail , '' which has roughly 10,400 followers on SoundCloud . The lyrical themes of his songs under this pseudonym revolve around the Oregon Trail . Television ( edit ) The Oregon Trail was a television series that ran from September 22 through October 26 , 1977 , on NBC . The show stars Rod Taylor , Tony Becker , Darleen Carr , Charles Napier , and Ken Swofford . Although the show was canceled after six episodes , the remaining seven episodes were later aired on BBC 2 in the United Kingdom , the entire series was shown in the UK on BBC1 , from November 1977 to January 1978 , and on April 13 , 2010 , Timeless Media Group ( TMG ) released in the USA the entire show on six DVDs , running 750 minutes . The set includes 14 original episodes , including the feature - length pilot and the six episodes that did not air on NBC . The episode of Teen Titans Go ! titled ' Oregon Trail ' parodies expeditions that took place on the Oregon Trail , as well as the video game The Oregon Trail . Commemorative coin ( edit ) The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was coined to commemorate the route . Issued intermittently between 1926 and 1939 , 202,928 were sold to the public . With 131,050 minted in 1926 , that year 's issue remains readily available for collectors . See also ( edit ) Kansas Territory Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center National Historic Trails Interpretive Center Nebraska Territory Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar Route of the Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life The West as America Art Exhibition Trailside Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Basic Facts About the Oregon Trail '' . U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT . n.d. Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers Project ( 1939 ) . The Oregon Trail : The Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean . Open Library . p. 215 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Randall A . `` The Mullan Road : A Real Northwest Passage '' ( Reprint of 1995 article in The Pacific Northwesterner , Vol. 39 , No. 2 ) . History Ink . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tonquin '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James H. ( 1999 ) . The Canadian Encyclopedia . The Canadian Encyclopedia . ISBN 9780771020995 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Astorian expedition , Lewis and Clark expedition , Oregon Trail , etc. in Pacific Northwest etc '' . oregon.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Philip Ashton ( 1995 ) . The Discovery of the Oregon Trail : Robert Stuart 's Narratives of His Overland Trip Eastward from Astoria in 1812 -- 13 . University of Nebraska . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9234 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific ; 1793 - 1843 . UBC Press . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0613 - 8 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Colville '' . Nwcouncil.org . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Red River Settlers in Oregon , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Area Histories : Historical Maps '' . North East Winnipeg Historical Society Inc. ( 2010 ) . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ It was not until later that the Ogallala Aquifer was discovered and used for irrigation , dry farming techniques developed and railtracks laid . Jump up ^ `` IDAHO FUR TRADE '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gowans , Fred R. Rocky Mountain Rendezvous , pg 27 . Gibbs Smith Publisher . ISBN 1 - 58685 - 756 - 8 Jump up ^ The Adventures of Captain Bonneville s : The Adventures of Captain Bonneville Jump up ^ Frémont 's Map of California and Oregon , Retrieved December 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Protestant Ladder '' . Oregon Historical Society . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Emigrants 1839 '' . Oregonpioneers.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldham , Kit ( 2003 ) . `` Robert Newell and Joseph Meek reach Fort Walla Walla '' . www.historylink.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Members of the party later disagreed over the size of the party , one stating 160 adults and children were in the party , while another counted 105 . Jump up ^ `` The Wagon Train of 1843 : The Great Migration '' . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Events in The West : 1840 -- 1850 PBS . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lillian Schlissel , `` Women 's diaries on the western frontier . '' American Studies ( 1977 ) : 87 - 100 online . Jump up ^ Sandra L. Myres , ed. , Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( Huntington Library Press , 1980 ) Jump up ^ Glenda Riley , `` The Specter of a Savage : Rumors and Alarmism on the Overland Trail . '' Western Historical Quarterly ( 1984 ) : 427 - 444 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Holmes , Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , Introduction by Anne M. Butler , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , ( 1983 ) pp 1 - 10 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Anna Maria King , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 41 . Jump up ^ Peavy , Linda S. , and Ursula Smith . Pioneer Women : The Lives of Women on the Frontier . University of Oklahoma Press , 1998 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Betsey Bayley , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 35 . Jump up ^ `` Mormons in Iowa towns '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 109 . Jump up ^ `` American West - Oregon Trail '' . American West . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 1850 U.S. California Census , the first census that included everyone , showed only about 7,019 females with 4,165 non-Indian females older than 15 in the state . To find a `` correct '' census there should be added about 20,000 men and about 1,300 females from San Francisco , Santa Clara , and Contra Costa counties whose censuses were lost and not included in the official totals. ( 1 ) Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ U.S. Seventh Census 1850 : California Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace . `` An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859 '' . www.yosemite.ca.us . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 410 Jump up ^ Simpson , Capt . J.H. ( 1876 ) . `` Report of Explorations across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office : 25 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Pony Express Trail maps , Retrieved January 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Unruh , John D ( 1993 ) . The Plains Across the Overland Emigrants and Trans - Mississippi West 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 392 , 512 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Barry , Louise . The Beginnings of the West . 1972 . pp 1084 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Railroad ticket 1870 Transcontinental Railroad Statistics '' . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ventures and Adventures of Ezra Meeker : Or , Sixty Years of Frontier Life by Ezra Meeker . Rainer Printing Company 1908 . ASIN : B000861WA8 Jump up ^ North America Travel Guide . `` Saint Peters : Missouri '' . North America Travel Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Larry and Carolyn . `` Franklin Missouri The Beginning of the Santa Fe Trail '' . www.santafetrailresearch.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Quarters Project '' . Winterquarters.byu.edu . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. The Great Platte River Road . Bison Books , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8153 - 0 Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail in Western Nebraska '' . www.globalclassroom.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Greg . `` NE - OCTA Home Page '' . gnelson.incolor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Oregon Trail Nebraska eastern Wyoming NPS road guide , accessed February 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chronological List of Fort Laramie History '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treading the Elephant 's Tail : Medical Problems on the Overland Trails '' . Overland Journal , Volume 6 , Number 1 , 1988 ; Peter D. Olch ; Pp. 25 -- 31 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00881 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Hastings Cutoff Introduction '' . scienceviews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln County Photos II - Wyoming Tales and Trails '' . Wyomingtalesandtrails.com . June 30 , 1952 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sublette -- Greenwood Cutoff Map '' . Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Additional estimate for Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake wagon road : letter from the acting Secretary of the Interior , transmitting a communication from Colonel Lander in regard to the Fort Kearney , South Pass and Honey Lake wagon road '' . United States . Dept. of the Interior . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Road Construction '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Unruh : page 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ `` Lander Road Cutoff Map '' . Wyoshpo.state.wy.us . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emigrant Trails of Southern Idaho '' ; Bureau of Land Management & Idaho State Historical Society ; 1993 ; pp 117 -- 125 ASIN : B000KE2KTU Jump up ^ `` An Emigrant Train from the top of Big Mountain entering the valley of the Great Salt Lake '' . Utah Division of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schindler , Hal ( June 5 , 1994 ) . `` It 's Sam Hensley - Not Hansel - Who Discovered Cutoff '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . pp. D1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Big Hill Idaho . OCTA Idaho accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ The National Oregon - California Trail Center Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Soda Springs quotes Idaho State Historical Society ( 2 ) Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hudspeth cutoff map ( OCTA - Idaho ) ( 3 ) Accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ For an Oregon - California trail map up to the junction in Idaho NPS Oregon National Historic Trail Map . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Northern Nevada and Utah , Southern Idaho Tail Map Accessed February 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oregon Trail North Side Alternate Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ map of North Side Alternate Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Goodale 's Cutoff NPS ( 5 ) Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing photos Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing quotes `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Mile Island Crossing Park , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ National Trail Map Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` IdahoHistory.net '' ( PDF ) . IdahoHistory.net . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Trail Monuments '' . Boise City Department of Arts & History . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : David Dary , The Oregon Trail : An American Saga ( Knopt , 2004 ) , pp. 79 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Stamm , The Mule Alternative : The Saddle Mule in the American West ( 1992 ) , p. 61 - 62 . Jump up ^ George R. Stewart , The California Trail : An Epic with Many Heroes ( 1962 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . p. 274 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McLynn , Frank ( 2002 ) . Wagons West : The Epic Story of America 's Overland Trails . Random House . pp. 103 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Reginald Horsman , Feast or Famine : Food and Drink in American Westward Expansion ( University of Missouri Press , 2008 ) , pp. 128 - 31 . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 155 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Unruh : p 150 Jump up ^ `` Supplies '' . Oregon Trail Center . Jump up ^ Unruh ( 1992 ) . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . pp. 119 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mormon Pioneer Companies ( 6 ) Retrieved April 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merril J. ; `` The Great Platte River Road '' ; p23 ; Nebraska State Historical Society ; 1979 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 686 - 26254 - 1 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. ; op . cit. ; p 23 Jump up ^ A. Roman , ed . ( January 1881 ) . `` The Californian '' . The Californian . San Francisco , CA : The California Publishing Company . III . Old Californians , page 48 , by Joaquin Miller . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . The cowards did not start to the Pacific Coast in the old days ; all the weak died on the way . And so it was that we had then not only a race of giants , but of gods . Jump up ^ Lloyd W. Coffman , 1993 , Blazing A Wagon Trail To Oregon Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census 1790 -- 1870 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Territory Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . pp. 272 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . Jump up ^ Unruh : page 408 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 408 -- 410 , 516 Jump up ^ Steele , Volney M.D. Bleed , Blister , and Purge : A History of Medicine on the American Frontier . Mountain Press Publishing Company , 2005 . pp 115 , 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 505 - 1 Jump up ^ Unruh , John David ( 1993 ) . ' The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 408 -- 410 , 516 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 102 - 109 . Jump up ^ Brooks D. Simpson ; Ulysses S. Grant : Triumph Over Adversity , 1822 -- 1865 ; 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 65994 - 6 , pg. 55 Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua Route '' . Jump up ^ Railroad fares 1869 Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Oregon Trail - The ' 70s NBC Show Starring Rod Taylor Comes to DVD with Unaired Episodes '' . TV Shows on DVD . TV Guide Online . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bagley , Will . So Rugged and Mountainous : Blazing the Trails to Oregon and California , 1812 -- 1848 ( University of Oklahoma Press ; 458 pages ; 2010 ) . First book in a projected four - volume study of the course and impact of western migration . Faragher , John Mack . Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) excerpt and text search Federal Writers ' Project . The Oregon trail : the Missouri River to the Pacific ocean ( 1939 ) online edition , 244pp Hanson , TJ ( 2001 ) . Western Passage . Bookmasters , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9705847 - 0 - 9 . Peters , Arthur K. ( 1996 ) . Seven trail west . Abbeville Press . ISBN 1 - 55859 - 782 - 4 . Unruh , John David . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1979 ) University of Illinois Press . the standard scholarly history Primary sources ( edit ) Crawford , Medorem ( 1897 ) . Journal of Medorem Crawford : an account of his trip across the plains with the Oregon pioneers of 1842 ( DJVU ) . Star Job Office . OCLC 5001642 . Hewitt , Randall ( 1863 ) . Notes by the way : memoranda of a journey across the plains , from Dundee , Ill. , to Olympia , W.T. May 7 , to November 3 , 1862 ( DJVU ) . Washington Standard . OCLC 51465106 . Myres , Sandra L. , ed . Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( 2007 ) Parkman , Francis , The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life . University of Virginia Press. , personal account by a famous historian Smedley , William ( 1916 ) . Across the plains in ' 62 ( DJVU ) . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 460 - 0 . OCLC 4981167 . Ward , D.B. ( 1911 ) . Across the plains in 1853 ( DJVU ) . Ward . ISBN 0 - 8466 - 0061 - 7 . OCLC 2931824 . Williams , Joseph ( 1921 ) . Narrative of a tour from the state of Indiana to the Oregon Territory in the years 1841 -- 2 ( DJVU ) . Standard . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 172 - 5 . OCLC 2095243 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oregon Trail . Find more aboutOregon Trailat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Oregon National Historic Trail ( National Park Service ) National Trail Map Oregon Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) California Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) Oregon Trail history ( archived from broken Oregon Department of Transportation link ) ( with maps ) Pathways of Pioneers : Idaho 's Oregon Trail Legacy Documentary produced by Idaho Public Television U.S. National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking Pioneer history of Oregon ( 1806 -- 1890 ) Topics American Fur Company Columbian Exchange Executive Committee Ferries Hudson 's Bay Company Oregon & California Railroad Oregon boundary dispute Oregon Country Oregon Lyceum Oregon missionaries Oregon Spectator Oregon Territory Oregon Trail Oregon Treaty Organic Laws Pacific Fur Company Provisional Government Events Treaty of 1818 Russo - American Treaty of 1824 Willamette Cattle Company Champoeg Meetings Star of Oregon Whitman massacre Cayuse War Donation Land Claim Act Holmes v. Ford Rogue River Wars Constitutional Convention Modoc War Great Gale of 1880 Places Albina Applegate Trail Barlow Road Canemah Champoeg Elliott Cutoff Fort Astoria Fort Dalles Fort Vancouver Fort William French Prairie Linn City Meek Cutoff Methodist Mission Oregon City Oregon Institute Philip Foster Farm Thomas and Ruckle Road Tualatin Academy Whitman Mission Willamette Trading Post People George Abernethy Jesse Applegate Ira Babcock Sam Barlow François Blanchet William H. Boring Elijah Bristow Tabitha Brown Matthew Deady Abigail Scott Duniway Thomas Lamb Eliot Philip Foster Peter French Joseph Gale Cornelius Gilliam David Hill Chief Joseph Joseph Kellogg H.A.G. Lee Jason Lee David Thomas Lenox Asa Lovejoy Morton M. McCarver John McLoughlin Joseph Meek Ezra Meeker James D. Miller John Minto Robert Newell Joel Palmer Osborne Russell Sager orphans Levi Scott Henry Spalding William Vandevert Elijah White Marcus Whitman Narcissa Whitman Geo . H. Williams Ewing Young Transportation Columbia Lot Whitcomb Canemah Colonel Wright Gazelle Oregon Steam Navigation Company Oregon history pre-Pioneer Pioneer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Trail&oldid=843384279 '' Categories : Oregon Trail National Historic Trails of the United States Trails and roads in the American Old West History of Oregon History of the Rocky Mountains Columbia River Gorge Jefferson Territory Lincoln Highway Oregon Country U.S. Route 30 Units of the National Landscape Conservation System Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2016 Vague or ambiguous time from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 20 : 09 . 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how long did it take pioneers on the oregon trail

At dangerous or difficult river crossings , ferries or toll bridges were set up and bad places on the trail were either repaired or bypassed . Several toll roads were constructed . Gradually the trail became easier with the average trip ( as recorded in numerous diaries ) dropping from about 160 days in 1849 to 140 days 10 years later .

Levite - wikipedia Levite Jump to : navigation , search Levites לויים Total population Around 500 -- 600 thousand worldwide Regions with significant populations Israel 240,000 United States 200,000 France 16,000 Canada 12,000 Languages Vernacular : Hebrew , English Historical : Biblical Hebrew , Aramaic Religion Judaism , Samaritanism Related ethnic groups Jews , Samaritans Levites are the descendants of the Tribe of Levi , one of the twelve tribes . In addition to Levites , the Kohens ( priests ) are also descended from Levi . Both are integrated in Jewish and Samaritan communities , but keep a distinct status . A Levite or Levi ( / ˈliːvaɪt / , Hebrew : לֵוִי ‎ , Modern Levi Tiberian Lēwî ) is a Jewish male whose descent is traced by tradition to Levi . In Jewish tradition , a Levite is a member of the Israelite Tribe of Levi , descended from Levi , the third son of Jacob and Leah . As a surname , Levite status may be indicated by the term HaLevi , which consists of the Hebrew prefix `` ה '' Ha - ( `` the '' ) plus Levi ( Levite ) . The daughter of a Levite is a `` Bat Levi '' ( Bat being Hebrew for `` daughter '' ) . The Tribe of Levi served particular religious duties for the Israelites and had political responsibilities as well . In return , the landed tribes were expected to give tithe to support the Levites , particularly the tithe known as the ' Maaser Rishon ' . The Kohanim were the priests , who performed the work of holiness in the Temple . The Levites , who were not Kohanim , were specifically assigned to singing and / or playing music in the Temple serving as guards carrying When Joshua led the Israelites into the land of Canaan ( Joshua 13 : 33 ) , the Sons of Levi were the only Israelite tribe that received cities but were not allowed to be landowners `` because the Lord the God of Israel Himself is their inheritance '' ( Deuteronomy 18 : 2 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 In contemporary Jewish practice 1.1 Relationship with Kohanim 1.2 Bat Levi 1.3 The Levites and the Holocaust 2 Levite population 2.1 Levite Y - chromosome studies 2.2 Lineage 2.3 Notable descendants 2.3. 1 In tradition 2.3. 2 Levite surnames 2.3. 3 Modern Levites 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links In contemporary Jewish practice ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Today , Levites in Orthodox Judaism continue to have additional rights and obligations compared to lay people , although these responsibilities have diminished with the destruction of the Temple . For instance , Kohanim are eligible to be called to the Torah first , followed by the Levites . Levites also provide assistance to the Kohanim , particularly washing their hands , before the Kohanim recite the Priestly Blessing . They also do not participate in the Pidyon HaBen ( redemption of the firstborn ) ceremony , because they are traditionally pledged to Divine service . Conservative Judaism recognizes Levites as having special status , but not all Conservative congregations call Kohanim and Levites to the first and second reading of the Torah , and many no longer perform rituals such as the Priestly Blessing and Pidyon HaBen in which Kohanim and Levites have a special role . Reconstructionist and Reform Judaism do not observe the distinctions between Kohanim , Levites , and other Jews . Orthodox Judaism believes in the eventual rebuilding of a Temple in Jerusalem and a resumption of the Levitical role . There are a small number of schools , primarily in Israel , to train priests and Levites in their respective roles . Conservative Judaism believes in a restoration of the Temple as a house of worship and in some special role for Levites , although not the ancient sacrificial system as previously practiced . Relationship with Kohanim ( edit ) Main articles : Kohen and Priesthood ( Ancient Israel ) The Kohanim are traditionally believed and halachically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from the Biblical Aaron of the Levi tribe . The noun kohen is used in the Torah to refer to priests , both Israelite and non-Israelite , such as the Israelite nation as a whole , as well as the priests ( Hebrew kohanim ) of Baal . During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem , Kohanim performed the daily and holiday ( Yom Tov ) duties of sacrificial offerings . Today kohanim retain a lesser though somewhat distinct status within Judaism , and are bound by additional restrictions according to Orthodox Judaism . During the Priestly Blessing , the Levites traditionally wash the hands of the Kohanim prior to the blessing of the House of Israel . Bat Levi ( edit ) A Bat Levi ( daughter of a Levite ) is no longer recognized by many rishonim as having lineal sanctity in both Orthodox and Conservative Judaism , stemming from her traditional eligibility to receive proceeds of the Levitical tithe ( Maaser Rishon ) . In both Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism , children of a Bat Levi , regardless of her marital status or husband 's tribe , retain the traditional exemption for their children from the requirement of being redeemed through the Pidyon HaBen . Contrary to popular belief , this is not due to any sort of lineal sanctity , but rather , it is a mitzvah similar to all other mitzvahs . Conservative Judaism permits a Bat Levi to perform essentially all the rituals a male Levi would perform , including being called to the Torah for the Levite aliyah in those Conservative synagogues which have both retained traditional tribal roles and modified traditional gender roles . In Israel , Conservative / Masorti Judaism has not extended Torah honors to either a bat Kohen or a bat Levi . The Levites and the Holocaust ( edit ) Main article : Holocaust theology In 1938 , with the outbreak of violence that would come to be known as Kristallnacht , American Orthodox rabbi Menachem HaKohen Risikoff wrote about the central role he saw for Priests and Levites in terms of Jewish and world responses , in worship , liturgy , and teshuva , repentance . In The Priests and the Levites , he stressed that members of these groups exist in the realm between history ( below ) and redemption ( above ) , and must act in a unique way to help move others to prayer and action , and help bring an end to suffering . He wrote , `` Today , we also are living through a time of flood , Not of water , but of a bright fire , which burns and turns Jewish life into ruin . We are now drowning in a flood of blood ... Through the Kohanim and Levi'im help will come to all Israel . '' Levite population ( edit ) Levite Y - chromosome studies ( edit ) A 2003 study of the Y - chromosome by Behar et al. pointed to multiple origins for Ashkenazi Levites , a priestly class who comprise approximately 4 % among the Ashkenazi Jews . It found that Haplogroup R1a1a ( R - M17 ) , uncommon in the Middle East or among Sephardi Jews , is present in over 50 % of Ashkenazi Levites , while the rest of Ashkenazi Levites ' paternal lineage is of certain Middle Eastern origin . Haplogroup R1a1a is found at the highest levels among people of Eastern European descent , with 50 to 65 % among Sorbs , Poles , Russians , and Ukrainians . In South Asia , R1a1a has often been observed with high frequency in a number of demographic groups , reaching over 70 % in West Bengal Brahmins in India and among the Mohani tribe in Sindh province in Pakistan . Behar suggested a founding event , probably involving one or very few European men , occurring at a time close to the initial formation and settlement of the Ashkenazi community as a possible explanation . As Nebel , Behar and Goldstein speculate , `` although neither the NRY haplogroup composition of the majority of Ashkenazi Jews nor the microsatellite haplotype composition of the R1a1 haplogroup within Ashkenazi Levites is consistent with a major Khazar or other European origin , as has been speculated by some authors ( Baron 1957 ; Dunlop 1967 ; Ben - Sasson 1976 ; Keys 1999 ) , one can not rule out the important contribution of a single or a few founders among contemporary Ashkenazi Levites . '' A 2013 paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. confirmed a Near or Middle Eastern origin for all Ashkenazi Levites , including the R1a Y - chromosome carriers , and refuted the Khazar origin : Previous Y - chromosome studies have demonstrated that Ashkenazi Levites , members of a paternally inherited Jewish priestly caste , display a distinctive founder event within R1a , the most prevalent Y - chromosome haplogroup in Eastern Europe . Here we report the analysis of 16 whole R1 sequences and show that a set of 19 unique nucleotide substitutions defines the Ashkenazi R1a lineage . While our survey of one of these , M582 , in 2,834 R1a samples reveals its absence in 922 Eastern Europeans , we show it is present in all sampled R1a Ashkenazi Levites , as well as in 33.8 % of other R1a Ashkenazi Jewish males and 5.9 % of 303 R1a Near Eastern males , where it shows considerably higher diversity . Moreover , the M582 lineage also occurs at low frequencies in non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations . In contrast to the previously suggested Eastern European origin for Ashkenazi Levites , the current data are indicative of a geographic source of the Levite founder lineage in the Near East and its likely presence among pre-Diaspora Hebrews . Lineage ( edit ) Having a last name of Levi or a related term does not necessarily mean a person is a Levite , and some Levites do not have such last names . Levitical status is passed down in families from parent to child , as part of a family 's genealogical tradition . Tribal status of Levite is determined by patrilineal descent , so a child whose biological father is a Levite ( in cases of adoption or artificial insemination , status is determined by the genetic father ) , is also considered a Levite . Jewish status is determined by matrilineal descent , thus conferring levitical status onto children requires both biological parents to be Israelites and the biological father to be a Levite . Currently the only branches of Judaism which regard Jewish status as being conferable by both parents have largely abolished tribal statuses and distinctions , due to a view in both cases that egalitarian principles override halakha ( traditional Jewish law ) . Accordingly , there is currently no branch of Judaism that regards levitical status as conferable by matrilineal descent . It is either conferable patrilineally , in the traditional manner , or it does not exist and is not conferred at all . Notable descendants ( edit ) In tradition ( edit ) Moses Aaron Ezekiel Isaiah Jeremiah Samuel Habakkuk Malachi Miriam Ezra Korah John the Baptist Levite surnames ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some Levites have adopted a related last name to signify their priestly status . Because of diverse geographical locations , the names have several variations : Alouwi , Arabic variant , of Sephardic origin Aguiló - surname to the Jews from Mallorca ( Xuetes ) . Bazes -- a Levite Surname . Benveniste - a Sephardic Levite surname . Epstein - one of the European lineages descended from Zerahiah Ha - Levi of Sepharad HaLevi , Halevi and Halevy - Hebrew language and all translate to `` the Levi '' or `` the Levite '' . Horowitz HaLevi , or simply Horowitz / Hurwitz / Gurvich / Gurevich - a European Levite surname , tracing to Isaiah Horowitz HaLevi - a descendant of Zerahiah Ha - Levi of Sepharad Lavi - a common Levite surname Leevi - Finnish variation . Lev - simplified Russian variation of Levi Levai and Levay - a Levitic surname , originally meaning `` a person from Levice '' but today it is used by Jews who were forced to change their name during the Holocaust . Leven - Swedish variation . Lévi , Levi , Lévy or Levy - Hebrew for `` Levite '' , equally common in Ashkenasic and Sephardic groups . Levian / Livian / Benlevi / Liviem - Persian - Jewish variations . Lević , - also Levinić , Prelević , Croatian or Serbian variations . Levin - Russian variation , also Levine , Lavin or Lavine ( / ləˈviːn / , rhyming with `` ravine '' , or in some cases further anglicised to / ləˈvaɪn / , rhyming with `` divine '' ) and Lewin a Polish variation . Sometimes supplemented with German `` thal '' ( valley ) to Levinthal or Leventhal and - sohn and - son to Levinson or Levinsohn as a patronymic , and with Slavic - ski and - sky suffixes Levinski , Levinsky , Lewinski and Lewinsky ( the `` e '' often replaced with `` a '' in German areas ) . Levit , - also Levitt , typically from the Bessarabia region of Romania , Moldova and southern Ukraine . Levita - Elia Levita , an ancestor of David Cameron Leviyev - the Russified surname ( adding the yev / ev ) that many Bukharian Jews of Central Asia have . Sometimes spelled Leviev or even Levaev . Lewi or Lewj ( Polish , Levi and Levy ) Lewicki - Polish `` of the Levites '' , also Lewicka , Lewycka , Lewycki , Lewycky , Lewicky , Levicki , Levicky ( can also originate from placenames in Poland ) . Lewita : - Polish Levite or Levita Latinized , with Slavic suffix - an / in Lewitan , Levitan , Levitin , Lewitin , Lewitinn , and with additional suffix - ski / sky Levitanski , Lewitanski , Levitansky , also Lewitas , Levitas , Lithuanian , Belorussian , also but rare Lefite , Lafite , Lafitte , of French Sephardic origin . Variants from Yiddish Leyvik , a pet form of Leyvi : Levitch Ukrainian variant , also Levicz , Levis , Levitz , Lewicz , Lewitz , Lewis , and with - ski and - sky suffixes Leviczky , Levitski , Levitsky , Lewitski and Lewitsky ( `` e '' and `` s '' often replaced with `` a '' and `` z '' in German areas ) . Loewy , Löwi , Löwy and Loewe German or Swiss variations ( although the usual origin for these names is Löwe , the German word for `` lion '' ) . Segal - shortened `` Segen Levi '' ( secondary Levite ) Urfali or Levi Urfali ( also Levi Abud , Levi Aslan , Levi Hamami - an Urfalim community surname , which was mostly Levite in origin Zemmel - shortened `` Zecher mi - Shevet Levi '' ( descendant of the Levite tribe ) Modern Levites ( edit ) The following is a list of Levites in modern times : Frank Gehry Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz ( HaLevi ) Efraim Halevy Saadia Kobashi Norman Lear Primo Levi Claude Lévi - Strauss Chaim Herzog See also ( edit ) bat - Kohen Samaritans Urfalim Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Levites comprise a subgroup of about 4 % of world Jewry . Combined with Kohanim , who are also Levites , the subgroup forms roughly 8 % of the Jewish population worldwide , or about 1 -- 1.1 million . Levites also comprise one of the four surviving families of Samaritans , where they serve the role of High Priests due to the fact that the last Samaritan High Priest Cohanic family went extinct in the 17th century . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Medical Definition of Levite '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Numbers 18 : 21 - 25 Jump up ^ Joshua 13 : 33 , cited in Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Levites '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 18 : 2 Jump up ^ `` The general procedure of the Priestly Blessing is : After * Kedushah the priests prepare themselves , removing their shoes and washing their hands with the assistance of the levites , whereafter they ascend the platform before the Ark . '' `` Priestly Blessing . '' Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Rivash '' 15 ; `` Divrei Yatziv '' by R ' Y . Halberstam , E.H. 6 ; `` Yechaveh Da'at '' by R ' O. Yosef , V 61 ) Jump up ^ `` Rivash '' 15 ; `` Divrei Yatziv '' by R ' Y . Halberstam Jump up ^ Joel Roth , The Status of Daughters of Kohanim and Leviyim for Aliyot , Rabbinical Assembly Jump up ^ See : Robert A. ( Rafael ) Harris , Rabbinical Assembly of Israel 's Law Committee Teshuvah : `` The First Two Aliyot for a Bat Kohen and a Bat Levi . '' Pages 31 -- 33 in Responsa of the Va'ad Halacha of the Rabbinical Assembly of Israel 5748 -- 5749 ( 1989 ) . Volume 3 . Jerusalem : The Rabbinical Assembly of Israel and the Masorti Movement ( Hebrew ; English Summary , vii -- viii ) . Jump up ^ הכהנים והלוים HaKohanim vHaLeviim ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Gershon Greenberg , `` Kristallnacht : The American Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Theology of Response , '' in Maria Mazzenga ( editor ) , American Religious Responses to Kristallnacht , Palgrave MacMillan : 2009 , pp158 - 172 . Jump up ^ Underhill , PA ; Myres , NM ; Rootsi , S ; Metspalu , M ; Zhivotovsky , LA ; King , RJ ; Lin , AA ; Chow , CE ; Semino , O ; Battaglia , V ; Kutuev , I ; Järve , M ; Chaubey , G ; Ayub , Q ; Mohyuddin , A ; Mehdi , SQ ; Sengupta , S ; Rogaev , EI ; Khusnutdinova , EK ; Pshenichnov , A ; Balanovsky , O ; Balanovska , E ; Jeran , N ; Augustin , DH ; Baldovic , M ; Herrera , RJ ; Thangaraj , K ; Singh , V ; Singh , L ; Majumder , P ; Rudan , P ; Primorac , D ; Villems , R ; Kivisild , T ( 2010 ) . `` Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a '' . Eur. J. Hum . Genet. 18 : 479 -- 84 . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2009.194 . PMC 2987245 . PMID 19888303 . Jump up ^ Balanovsky 2008 . Jump up ^ Sengupta 2006 . Jump up ^ Behar DM , Thomas MG , Skorecki K , et al. ( October 2003 ) . `` Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites : Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 73 ( 4 ) : 768 -- 779 . doi : 10.1086 / 378506 . PMC 1180600 . PMID 13680527 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , David B. ( 2008 ) . `` 3 '' . Jacob 's legacy : A genetic view of Jewish history . Yale University Press . pp. location 873 ( Kindle for PC ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12583 - 2 . Jump up ^ Siiri Rootsi ; Doron M. Behar ; Mari Järve ; Alice A. Lin ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Phylogenetic applications of whole Y - chromosome sequences and the Near Eastern origin of Ashkenazi Levites '' . Nature Communications . 4 : 1 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms3928 . PMC 3905698 . PMID 24346185 . Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 5 - 6 Jump up ^ `` David Cameron ' may be directly descended from Moses ' '' . Mail Online . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ PBS Show Finding Your Roots broadcast February 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ PBS Show Finding Your Roots broadcast January 26 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Bradman et al. 1999 . Jump up ^ Sean Ireton ( 2003 ) . `` The Samaritans - A Jewish Sect in Israel : Strategies for Survival of an Ethno - religious Minority in the Twenty First Century '' . Anthrobase . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Grena , G.M. ( 2004 ) . LMLK : A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1 . Redondo Beach , California : 4000 Years of Writing History . ISBN 0 - 9748786 - 0 - X . External links ( edit ) Twenty - four places in tanach where the Kohanim are called Levi'im - Kehuna.org The Cohen - Levi Family Heritage LeviteDNA.org - website on R1a Ashkenazi Levites Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levite&oldid=814019501 '' Categories : Levites Torah people Hebrew Bible words and phrases Jewish religious occupations Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Hebrew - language text `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Euskara فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский සිංහල Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 13 : 15 . 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what is a levite according to the bible

A Levite or Levi ( / ˈliːvaɪt / , Hebrew : לֵוִי ‎ , Modern Levi Tiberian Lēwî ) is a Jewish male whose descent is traced by tradition to Levi . In Jewish tradition , a Levite is a member of the Israelite Tribe of Levi , descended from Levi , the third son of Jacob and Leah . As a surname , Levite status may be indicated by the term HaLevi , which consists of the Hebrew prefix `` ה '' Ha - ( `` the '' ) plus Levi ( Levite ) . The daughter of a Levite is a `` Bat Levi '' ( Bat being Hebrew for `` daughter '' ) .

Tablespoon - wikipedia Tablespoon This tablespoon has a capacity of about 15 ml . A tablespoon is a large spoon used for serving or eating . In many English - speaking regions , the term now refers to a large spoon used for serving , however , in some regions , including parts of Canada , it is the largest type of spoon used for eating . By extension , the term is used as a measure of volume in cooking . In this capacity , it is most commonly abbreviated tbsp or T , and occasionally referred to as a tablespoonful to distinguish it from the utensil . The unit of measurement varies by region : a United States tablespoon is approximately 14.8 ml ( 0.50 US fl oz ) , a United Kingdom and Canadian tablespoon is exactly 15 ml ( 0.51 US fl oz ) , and an Australian tablespoon is 20 ml ( 0.68 US fl oz ) . The capacity of the utensil ( as opposed to the measurement ) is not defined by law or custom and bears no particular relation to the measurement . Contents 1 History 2 Variants 2.1 Relationship to teaspoon and fluid ounce 2.2 Traditional definitions 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Before about 1700 , it was customary for Europeans to bring their own spoons to the table . Spoons were carried as personal property in much the same way as people today carry wallets , key rings , etc . From about 1700 the place setting became popular , and with it the `` table - spoon '' , `` table - fork '' and `` table - knife '' . Around the same time the tea - spoon and dessert - spoon first appeared , and the table - spoon was reserved for eating soup . The 18th century witnessed a proliferation of different sorts of spoons , including the mustard - spoon , salt - spoon , coffee - spoon , and soup - spoon . In the late 19th century UK , the dessert - spoon and soup - spoon began to displace the table - spoon as the primary implement for eating from a bowl , at which point the name `` table - spoon '' took on a secondary meaning as a much larger serving spoon . At the time the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was published in 1928 , `` tablespoon '' ( which by then was no longer hyphenated ) still had two definitions in the UK : the original definition ( eating spoon ) and the new definition ( serving spoon ) . In the 18th century , the table - spoon became an unofficial unit of the Apothecaries ' system of measures , equal to 4 drams or ​ ⁄ fl oz . It was more commonly known by the Latin cochleare majus ( abbreviated cochl . maj . ) or , in Apothecaries ' notation , f ℥ ss or f ℥ ß . Variants ( edit ) Measuring spoons Main article : Dry measure A level tablespoon , the usual meaning without further qualification , is measured by filling the spoon and scraping it level . In contrast , a heaped , heaping , or rounded spoonful is not leveled off , and includes a heap above the spoon . The exact volume of a heaped tablespoon depends somewhat on the shape and curvature of the measuring spoon being used , and so is not a precise unit of measurement . Common tablespoons intended for use as cutlery ( called dessert spoons in the UK , where a tablespoon is always a serving spoon ) usually hold 7 -- 14 ml ( 0.24 -- 0.47 US fl oz ) , considerably less than some tablespoons used for serving . Relationship to teaspoon and fluid ounce ( edit ) In most regions ( including the US , UK , most Commonwealth countries , East Asia and the Philippines ) , one tablespoon equals three teaspoons . In many of these regions , one tablespoon is 14.8 ml ( 0.50 US fl oz ) . In South Africa , one tablespoon is 15 ml . In some places like the US , the tablespoon was historically defined as ​ ⁄ US fl oz ( 2 tbsp. = 1 US fl oz ) . In Australia , a tablespoon is defined as four teaspoons , equaling to 20 ml ( 0.68 US fl oz ) . Victorian and Edwardian era tablespoons used in the UK are often 25 ml ( 0.85 US fl oz ) or sometimes larger . They are used only for preparing and serving food , not as part of a place - setting . In writing volume - based recipes , an abbreviation like tbsp. is usually used to refer to a tablespoon , to differentiate it from the smaller teaspoon ( tsp . ) . Some authors additionally capitalize the abbreviation , as Tbsp. , while leaving tsp. in lower case , to emphasize that the larger tablespoon , rather than the smaller teaspoon , is wanted . The tablespoon abbreviation is sometimes further abbreviated to `` Tb . '' or T . Traditional definitions ( edit ) The traditional US interpretation of the tablespoon as a unit of volume is : 1 US tablespoon = 4 fluid drams = 3 teaspoons = ​ ⁄ US fluid ounce = ​ ⁄ US shot = ​ ⁄ US gill = ​ ⁄ US cup ≈ 14.8 ml In nutrition labeling in the US and the UK , a tablespoon is defined as 15 ml ( 0.51 US fl oz ) . A metric tablespoon is exactly equal to 15 cm ( 0.92 cu in ) . The Australian definition of the tablespoon as a unit of volume is : 1 Australian tablespoon = 20 ml ≈ ​ ⁄ fl . oz . = 2 dessertspoons = 4 teaspoons See also ( edit ) Dessert spoon Teaspoon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Oxford English Dictionary Third edition , December 2008 , entry at tablespoon ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` How Many Tablespoons in a Cup - Easy Conversions '' . First Health Mag . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chuck Smothermon ( 2002 ) . Better Homes and Gardens Biggest Book of Slow Cooker Recipes . Meredith Books . p. 416 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Simon ( 1987 ) . Spoons 1650 -- 1930 . Shire Publications . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Simon Moore ( 2005 ) . Spoons 1650 - 2000 . Osprey Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7478 - 0640 - 0 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander Whitelaw , ed. ( 1884 ) . The popular encyclopedia ; or , ' Conversations Lexicon ' . p. 11 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson Ritter ; Elizabeth Johnstone ( 1910 ) . Mother 's remedies ; over one thousand tried and tested remedies from mothers of the United States and Canada . G.H. Foote pub . co . p. 637 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hazell 's annual . Hazell , Watson and Viney. 1910 . p. 584 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dean BS , Krenzelok EP ( April 1986 ) . `` Syrup of ipecac dosing ... How much is a tablespoonful ? '' . Vet Hum Toxicol. 28 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 6 . PMID 2871653 . Jump up ^ A. Thompson ; B.N. Taylor . The NIST Guide for the use of International System of Units ( PDF ) . United States Government . Jump up ^ Mechtly , E. A : The International System of units , NASA - SP = 7012 , 1964 , 1973 . The reference indicates the exact conversion to cubic meters , which has been converted to 14.78676478125 ml here for convenience . Jump up ^ 21 CFR ( Code of Federal Regulations ) 101.9 ( b ) ( 5 ) ( viii ) Jump up ^ Cardarelli , François Cradarelli ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units , Weights and Measures . London : Springer . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4471 - 1122 - 1 . Look up tablespoon in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tablespoon&oldid=851467159 '' Categories : Cooking weights and measures Units of volume Spoons Customary units of measurement in the United States Imperial units Metricated units Alcohol measurement Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ 粵語 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 14 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how much is a table spoon in ounces

A tablespoon is a large spoon used for serving or eating . In many English - speaking regions , the term now refers to a large spoon used for serving , however , in some regions , including parts of Canada , it is the largest type of spoon used for eating . By extension , the term is used as a measure of volume in cooking . In this capacity , it is most commonly abbreviated tbsp or T , and occasionally referred to as a tablespoonful to distinguish it from the utensil . The unit of measurement varies by region : a United States tablespoon is approximately 14.8 ml ( 0.50 US fl oz ) , a United Kingdom and Canadian tablespoon is exactly 15 ml ( 0.51 US fl oz ) , and an Australian tablespoon is 20 ml ( 0.68 US fl oz ) . The capacity of the utensil ( as opposed to the measurement ) is not defined by law or custom and bears no particular relation to the measurement .

2018 Wimbledon Championships - Wikipedia 2018 Wimbledon Championships Further information on singles results at : Gentlemen 's singles draw and Ladies ' singles draw 2018 Wimbledon Championships Date 2 -- 15 July Edition 132nd Grand Slam ( ITF ) Draw 128S / 64D / 48XD Prize money £ 34,000,000 Surface Grass Location Church Road SW19 , Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom Venue All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Champions Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic Women 's Singles Angelique Kerber Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock Women 's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková Mixed Doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar Boys ' Singles Tseng Chun - hsin Girls ' Singles Iga Świątek Boys ' Doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen Girls ' Doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis Ladies ' Invitation Doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stefan Olsson Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner ← 2017 Wimbledon Championships 2019 → The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The main tournament began on Monday , 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday , 15 July 2018 . Novak Djokovic won the Gentleman 's Singles title and Angelique Kerber won the Ladies Singles title . The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships , the 125th staging of the Ladies ' Singles Championship event , the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year . It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour , the WTA Tour , the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour . The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation . Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles . Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson , while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck . Contents 1 Tournament 2 Point and prize money distribution 2.1 Point distribution 2.1. 1 Senior points 2.1. 2 Wheelchair points 2.1. 3 Junior points 2.2 Prize money 3 Singles players 3.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 3.2 Ladies ' Singles 4 Day - by - day summaries 5 Singles seeds 5.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 5.1. 1 Withdrawn players 5.2 Ladies ' Singles 6 Doubles seeds 6.1 Gentlemen 's Doubles 6.2 Ladies ' Doubles 6.3 Mixed Doubles 7 Champions 7.1 Seniors 7.1. 1 Gentlemen 's Singles 7.1. 2 Ladies ' Singles 7.1. 3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 7.1. 4 Ladies ' Doubles 7.1. 5 Mixed Doubles 7.2 Juniors 7.2. 1 Boys ' Singles 7.2. 2 Girls ' Singles 7.2. 3 Boys ' Doubles 7.2. 4 Girls ' Doubles 7.3 Invitation 7.3. 1 Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles 7.3. 2 Ladies ' Invitation Doubles 7.3. 3 Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles 7.4 Wheelchair events 7.4. 1 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Singles 7.4. 2 Wheelchair Ladies ' Singles 7.4. 3 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Doubles 7.4. 4 Wheelchair Ladies ' Doubles 7.4. 5 Wheelchair Quad Doubles 8 Main draw wild card entries 8.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 8.2 Ladies ' Singles 8.3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 8.4 Ladies ' Doubles 8.5 Mixed Doubles 9 Main draw qualifier entries 9.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 9.1. 1 Lucky Losers 9.2 Ladies ' Singles 9.2. 1 Lucky Losers 9.3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 9.4 Ladies ' Doubles 10 Protected ranking 11 Withdrawals 12 References 13 External links Tournament ( edit ) Centre Court where the Finals of Wimbledon take place The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London . The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category . The tournament consisted of men 's ( singles and doubles ) , women 's ( singles and doubles ) , mixed doubles , boys ( under 18 -- singles and doubles ) and girls ( under 18 -- singles and doubles ) , which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18 , and singles and doubles events for men 's and women 's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category . The tournament was played only on grass courts ; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , Wimbledon . Qualifying matches were played , from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018 , at the Bank of England Sports Ground , Roehampton . The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June . Point and prize money distribution ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament . Senior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Men 's Singles 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0 Men 's Doubles 0 -- -- 0 Women 's Singles 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 Women 's Doubles 10 -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair points ( edit ) Event 3rd 4th Singles 800 500 375 100 Doubles 800 500 100 -- Junior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q3 Boys ' Singles 1000 600 370 200 100 45 30 20 Girls ' Singles Boys ' Doubles 750 450 275 150 75 N / A N / A N / A Girls ' Doubles N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £ 34,000,000 , up by 7.6 % on 2017 . The winners of the men 's and women 's singles titles will earn £ 2.25 m . Prize money for the men 's and women 's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition . A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on - site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money , the other half to be awarded to the replacement Lucky Loser . Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards , may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money , to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money . Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles £ 2,250,000 £ 1,125,000 £ 562,000 £ 281,000 £ 163,000 £ 100,000 £ 63,000 £ 39,000 £ 19,500 £ 9,750 £ 4,875 Doubles * £ 450,000 £ 225,000 £ 112,000 £ 56,000 £ 29,000 £ 17,750 £ 11,500 -- -- -- -- Mixed Doubles * £ 110,000 £ 55,000 £ 27,500 £ 13,750 £ 6,500 £ 3,250 £ 1,625 -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Singles £ 40,000 £ 20,000 £ 13,000 £ 8,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Doubles * £ 14,000 £ 7,000 £ 4,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Invitation Doubles £ 26,000 £ 22,000 £ 19,000 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Singles players ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) Semifinals out John Isner ( 9 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) Quarterfinals out Roger Federer ( 1 ) Milos Raonic ( 13 ) Kei Nishikori ( 24 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 5 ) 4th round out Adrian Mannarino ( 22 ) Gaël Monfils Mackenzie McDonald Stefanos Tsitsipas ( 31 ) Karen Khachanov Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) Gilles Simon Jiří Veselý 3rd round out Jan - Lennard Struff Daniil Medvedev Sam Querrey ( 11 ) Philipp Kohlschreiber ( 25 ) Guido Pella Dennis Novak ( Q ) Radu Albot Thomas Fabbiano ( Q ) Frances Tiafoe Kyle Edmund ( 21 ) Nick Kyrgios ( 15 ) Alexander Zverev ( 4 ) Benoît Paire Matthew Ebden Fabio Fognini ( 19 ) Alex de Minaur 2nd round out Lukáš Lacko Ivo Karlović Ryan Harrison Guillermo García López Sergiy Stakhovsky ( WC ) Paolo Lorenzi Gilles Müller Andreas Seppi Marin Čilić ( 3 ) Nicolás Jarry Lucas Pouille ( 17 ) John Millman Ruben Bemelmans ( Q ) Aljaž Bedene Jared Donaldson Stan Wawrinka Marcos Baghdatis Julien Benneteau Bradley Klahn ( Q ) Horacio Zeballos Robin Haase Bernard Tomic ( LL ) Damir Džumhur ( 27 ) Taylor Fritz Feliciano López Denis Shapovalov ( 26 ) Matteo Berrettini Stéphane Robert ( Q ) Diego Schwartzman ( 14 ) Simone Bolelli ( LL ) Pierre - Hugues Herbert Mikhail Kukushkin 1st round out Dušan Lajović Benjamin Bonzi ( Q ) Mikhail Youzhny Leonardo Mayer ( 32 ) Christian Garín ( Q ) Roberto Carballés Baena Gastão Elias Borna Ćorić ( 16 ) Jordan Thompson João Sousa Laslo Đere Richard Gasquet ( 23 ) Evgeny Donskoy Michael Mmoh ( LL ) John - Patrick Smith ( Q ) Norbert Gombos ( Q ) Yoshihito Nishioka ( PR ) Jason Kubler ( Q ) Ričardas Berankis Filip Krajinović ( 28 ) Denis Kudla ( WC ) Peter Polansky ( LL ) Stefano Travaglia ( Q ) Liam Broady ( WC ) Yannick Maden ( Q ) Steve Johnson Cameron Norrie Pablo Carreño Busta ( 20 ) Grégoire Barrère ( Q ) Malek Jaziri Yuki Bhambri Grigor Dimitrov ( 6 ) Dominic Thiem ( 7 ) David Ferrer Márton Fucsovics Fernando Verdasco ( 30 ) Alex Bolt ( Q ) Yūichi Sugita Guido Andreozzi Tennys Sandgren Denis Istomin Marius Copil Hubert Hurkacz ( LL ) Christian Harrison ( Q ) Maximilian Marterer Jay Clarke ( WC ) Lorenzo Sonego ( LL ) James Duckworth ( PR ) Peter Gojowczyk Federico Delbonis Jason Jung ( LL ) Jérémy Chardy Jack Sock ( 16 ) Nikoloz Basilashvili Albert Ramos Viñolas David Goffin ( 10 ) Mirza Bašić Florian Mayer Pablo Cuevas Taro Daniel Marco Cecchinato ( 29 ) Mischa Zverev Vasek Pospisil Dudi Sela Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) Semifinals out Jeļena Ostapenko ( 12 ) Julia Görges ( 13 ) Quarterfinals out Dominika Cibulková Daria Kasatkina ( 14 ) Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) Camila Giorgi 4th round out Hsieh Su - wei Aliaksandra Sasnovich Alison Van Uytvanck Belinda Bencic Karolína Plíšková ( 7 ) Donna Vekić Evgeniya Rodina ( Q ) Ekaterina Makarova 3rd round out Simona Halep ( 1 ) Elise Mertens ( 15 ) Vitalia Diatchenko ( Q ) Daria Gavrilova ( 26 ) Anett Kontaveit ( 28 ) Ashleigh Barty ( 17 ) Naomi Osaka ( 18 ) Carla Suárez Navarro ( 27 ) Mihaela Buzărnescu ( 29 ) Venus Williams ( 9 ) Barbora Strýcová ( 23 ) Yanina Wickmayer Kristina Mladenovic Madison Keys ( 10 ) Kateřina Siniaková Lucie Šafářová 2nd round out Zheng Saisai ( PR ) Lara Arruabarrena Johanna Konta ( 22 ) Sachia Vickery Kirsten Flipkens Sofia Kenin Samantha Stosur Taylor Townsend Garbiñe Muguruza ( 3 ) Jennifer Brady Eugenie Bouchard ( Q ) Yulia Putintseva Claire Liu ( Q ) Katie Boulter ( WC ) Sara Sorribes Tormo ( Q ) Alison Riske Victoria Azarenka Katie Swan ( WC ) Anna Blinkova Alexandra Dulgheru ( Q ) Vera Lapko Lesia Tsurenko Andrea Petkovic Rebecca Peterson Tatjana Maria Viktoriya Tomova ( Q ) Sorana Cîrstea Luksika Kumkhum Ons Jabeur ( WC ) Madison Brengle Agnieszka Radwańska ( 32 ) Caroline Wozniacki ( 2 ) 1st round out Kurumi Nara Wang Qiang Ana Bogdan Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( 30 ) Natalia Vikhlyantseva Alizé Cornet Markéta Vondroušová Danielle Collins Katy Dunne ( WC ) Heather Watson Maria Sakkari Maria Sharapova ( 24 ) Caroline Dolehide ( LL ) Peng Shuai Pauline Parmentier Petra Kvitová ( 8 ) Naomi Broady ( WC ) Polona Hercog Kateryna Kozlova Denisa Allertová Stefanie Vögele Gabriella Taylor ( WC ) Magda Linette Jana Fett Vera Zvonareva ( Q ) Ana Konjuh Verónica Cepede Royg Monica Niculescu Carina Witthöft Kaia Kanepi Mariana Duque Mariño ( LL ) Caroline Garcia ( 6 ) Harriet Dart ( WC ) Ekaterina Alexandrova Irina - Camelia Begu Aryna Sabalenka Barbora Štefková ( Q ) Wang Yafan Kristýna Plíšková Johanna Larsson Monica Puig Christina McHale Tímea Babos Svetlana Kuznetsova Zhang Shuai ( 31 ) Mona Barthel ( Q ) Viktória Kužmová Sloane Stephens ( 4 ) Elina Svitolina ( 5 ) Anna Karolína Schmiedlová Tereza Smitková ( WC ) Arantxa Rus Magdaléna Rybáriková ( 19 ) Antonia Lottner ( Q ) Bernarda Pera Ajla Tomljanović Coco Vandeweghe ( 16 ) Viktorija Golubic Aleksandra Krunić Anastasija Sevastova ( 21 ) Elena - Gabriela Ruse ( Q ) Kateryna Bondarenko Petra Martić Varvara Lepchenko Day - by - day summaries ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Day - by - day summaries Singles seeds ( edit ) Gentlemen 's singles ( edit ) The seeds for men 's singles are adjusted on a surface - based system to reflect more accurately the individual player 's grass court achievement as per the following formula , which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP Rankings on 25 June 2018 : Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018 . Add 100 % points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months ( 26 June 2017 -- 24 June 2018 ) . Add 75 % points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that ( 20 June 2016 -- 25 June 2017 ) . Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018 . Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Roger Federer 8,720 2,000 360 7,080 Quarterfinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) Rafael Nadal 8,770 180 720 9,310 Semifinals lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 5 Marin Čilić 5,060 1,200 45 3,905 Second round lost to Guido Pella Alexander Zverev 5,755 180 90 5,665 Third round lost to Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) 5 Juan Martín del Potro 5,080 45 360 5,395 Quarterfinals lost to Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) 6 6 Grigor Dimitrov 4,780 180 10 4,610 First round lost to Stan Wawrinka 7 7 Dominic Thiem 3,835 180 10 3,665 First round retired against Marcos Baghdatis 8 8 Kevin Anderson 3,635 180 1,200 4,655 Runner - up , lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 9 10 John Isner 3,045 45 720 3,720 Semifinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 10 9 David Goffin 3,110 0 10 3,120 First round lost to Matthew Ebden 11 13 Sam Querrey 2,130 720 90 1,500 Third round lost to Gaël Monfils 12 21 Novak Djokovic 1,715 360 2,000 3,355 Champion , defeated Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 13 32 Milos Raonic 1,430 360 360 1,430 Quarterfinals lost to John Isner ( 9 ) 14 11 Diego Schwartzman 2,435 10 45 2,470 Second round lost to Jiří Veselý 15 18 Nick Kyrgios 1,855 10 90 1,935 Third round lost to Kei Nishikori ( 24 ) 16 20 Borna Ćorić 1,745 10 10 1,745 First round lost to Daniil Medvedev 17 19 Lucas Pouille 1,835 45 45 1,835 Second round lost to Dennis Novak ( Q ) 18 15 Jack Sock 2,110 45 10 2,075 First round lost to Matteo Berrettini 19 16 Fabio Fognini 2,030 90 90 2,030 Third round lost to Jiří Veselý 20 12 Pablo Carreño Busta 2,145 0 10 2,155 First round lost to Radu Albot 21 17 Kyle Edmund 1,950 45 90 1,995 Third round lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 22 26 Adrian Mannarino 1,580 180 180 1,580 Fourth round lost to Roger Federer ( 1 ) 23 31 Richard Gasquet 1,465 10 10 1,465 First round lost to Gaël Monfils 24 28 Kei Nishikori 1,530 90 360 1,800 Quarterfinals lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 25 27 Philipp Kohlschreiber 1,575 10 90 1,655 Third round lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 26 25 Denis Shapovalov 1,588 0 45 1,633 Second round lost to Benoît Paire 27 23 Damir Džumhur 1,665 45 45 1,665 Second round lost to Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) 28 30 Filip Krajinović 1,489 ( 80 ) 10 1,419 First round lost to Nicolás Jarry 29 29 Marco Cecchinato 1,514 10 + 10 10 + 6 1,510 First round lost to Alex de Minaur 30 34 Fernando Verdasco 1,280 10 10 1,280 First round lost to Frances Tiafoe 31 35 Stefanos Tsitsipas 1,254 35 180 1,399 Fourth round lost to John Isner ( 9 ) 32 36 Leonardo Mayer 1,235 ( 48 ) 10 1,197 First round lost to Jan - Lennard Struff † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead . Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points before Points defending Points after Reason 14 Roberto Bautista Agut 2,120 180 1,940 Hip injury 22 Chung Hyeon 1,685 0 1,685 Ankle injury 24 Tomáš Berdych 1,625 720 905 Back injury 33 Andrey Rublev 1,281 70 1,211 Back injury Ladies ' singles ( edit ) The seeds for ladies ' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018 , with an exception for Serena Williams ( details are given below ) . Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018 . Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Simona Halep 7,871 430 130 7,571 Third round lost to Hsieh Su - wei Caroline Wozniacki 6,910 240 70 6,740 Second round lost to Ekaterina Makarova Garbiñe Muguruza 6,550 2,000 70 4,620 Second round lost to Alison Van Uytvanck Sloane Stephens 5,463 10 10 5,463 First round lost to Donna Vekić 5 5 Elina Svitolina 5,250 240 10 5,020 First round lost to Tatjana Maria 6 6 Caroline Garcia 4,960 240 10 4,730 First round lost to Belinda Bencic 7 8 Karolína Plíšková 4,315 70 240 4,485 Fourth round lost to Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) 8 7 Petra Kvitová 4,610 70 10 4,550 First round lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich 9 9 Venus Williams 3,971 1,300 130 2,801 Third round lost to Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) 10 11 Madison Keys 3,536 70 130 3,596 Third round lost to Evgeniya Rodina ( Q ) 11 10 Angelique Kerber 3,545 240 2,000 5,305 Champion , defeated Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) 12 12 Jeļena Ostapenko 3,437 430 780 3,787 Semifinals lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 13 13 Julia Görges 3,210 10 780 3,980 Semifinals lost to Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) 14 14 Daria Kasatkina 3,165 70 430 3,525 Quarterfinals lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 15 15 Elise Mertens 2,635 10 130 2,755 Third round lost to Dominika Cibulková 16 16 CoCo Vandeweghe 2,603 430 10 2,183 First round lost to Kateřina Siniaková 17 17 Ashleigh Barty 2,435 10 130 2,555 Third round lost to Daria Kasatkina ( 14 ) 18 18 Naomi Osaka 2,350 130 130 2,350 Third round lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 19 19 Magdaléna Rybáriková 2,310 780 10 1,540 First round lost to Sorana Cîrstea 20 20 Kiki Bertens 2,090 10 430 2,510 Quarterfinals lost to Julia Görges ( 13 ) 21 21 Anastasija Sevastova 2,005 70 10 1,945 First round lost to Camila Giorgi 22 24 Johanna Konta 1,866 780 70 1,156 Second round lost to Dominika Cibulková 23 23 Barbora Strýcová 1,915 70 130 1,975 Third round lost to Julia Görges ( 13 ) 24 22 Maria Sharapova 1,943 0 10 1,953 First round lost to Vitalia Diatchenko ( Q ) 25 181 Serena Williams 315 0 1,300 1,615 Runner - up , lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 26 25 Daria Gavrilova 1,765 10 130 1,885 Third round lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich 27 26 Carla Suárez Navarro 1,677 70 130 1,737 Third round lost to Belinda Bencic 28 27 Anett Kontaveit 1,656 130 130 1,656 Third round lost to Alison Van Uytvanck 29 28 Mihaela Buzărnescu 1,648 ( 85 ) 130 1,693 Third round lost to Karolína Plíšková ( 7 ) 30 29 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 1,596 10 10 1,596 First round lost to Hsieh Su - wei 31 31 Zhang Shuai 1,545 10 10 1,545 First round lost to Andrea Petkovic 32 30 Agnieszka Radwańska 1,580 240 70 1,410 Second round lost to Lucie Šafářová † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 . Accordingly , points for her 16th best result are deducted instead . ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced , because she missed most of the last 12 - month period due to her pregnancy . Nevertheless she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers . Doubles seeds ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Team Rank Seed Oliver Marach Mate Pavić Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 7 Henri Kontinen John Peers 15 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 19 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 27 5 Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 28 6 Mike Bryan Jack Sock 31 7 Nikola Mektić Alexander Peya 37 8 Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi Jean - Julien Rojer 44 9 Ivan Dodig Rajeev Ram 46 10 Pablo Cuevas Marcel Granollers 50 11 Rohan Bopanna Édouard Roger - Vasselin 50 12 Raven Klaasen Michael Venus 53 13 Ben McLachlan Jan - Lennard Struff 61 14 Dominic Inglot Franko Škugor 66 15 Max Mirnyi Philipp Oswald 75 16 Rankings were as of 25 June 2018 . Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Team Rank Seed Tímea Babos Kristina Mladenovic 12 Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková Barbora Strýcová 12 Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková 15 Andreja Klepač María José Martínez Sánchez 26 Latisha Chan Peng Shuai 27 5 Gabriela Dabrowski Xu Yifan 27 6 Chan Hao - ching Yang Zhaoxuan 34 7 Elise Mertens Demi Schuurs 41 8 Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 45 9 Ashleigh Barty CoCo Vandeweghe 48 10 Raquel Atawo Anna - Lena Grönefeld 49 11 Nicole Melichar Květa Peschke 51 12 Kirsten Flipkens Monica Niculescu 63 13 Lucie Hradecká Hsieh Su - wei 67 14 Irina - Camelia Begu Mihaela Buzărnescu 72 15 Lyudmyla Kichenok Alla Kudryavtseva 77 16 Vania King Katarina Srebotnik 79 17 Rankings were as of 25 June 2018 . Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Mixed Doubles Team Rank Seed Mate Pavić Gabriela Dabrowski 10 Bruno Soares Ekaterina Makarova 15 Ivan Dodig Latisha Chan 21 Jean - Julien Rojer Demi Schuurs 27 Nikola Mektić Chan Hao - ching 29 5 Édouard Roger - Vasselin Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková 31 6 Robert Farah Anna - Lena Grönefeld 34 7 Rajeev Ram Andreja Klepač 42 8 Michael Venus Katarina Srebotnik 51 9 Juan Sebastián Cabal Abigail Spears 52 10 Alexander Peya Nicole Melichar 52 11 Matwé Middelkoop Johanna Larsson 55 12 Max Mirnyi Květa Peschke 56 13 Ben McLachlan Eri Hozumi 59 14 Marcelo Demoliner María José Martínez Sánchez 61 15 Henri Kontinen Heather Watson 65 16 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018 . Champions ( edit ) Seniors ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic def . Kevin Anderson , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Angelique Kerber def . Serena Williams , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def . Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def . Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Mixed Doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def . Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Juniors ( edit ) Boys ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Boys ' Singles Tseng Chun - hsin def . Jack Draper , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 Girls ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Girls ' Singles Iga Świątek def . Leonie Küng , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Boys ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Boys ' Doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def . Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Girls ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Girls ' Doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def . Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 Invitation ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def . Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Ladies ' Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Ladies ' Invitation Doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def . Cara Black / Martina Navratilova , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def . Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair events ( edit ) Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stefan Olsson def . Gustavo Fernández , 6 -- 2 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot def . Aniek van Koot , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def . Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 Wheelchair Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def . Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 Wheelchair Quad Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def . Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Main draw wild card entries ( edit ) The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events . Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Liam Broady Jay Clarke Denis Kudla Sergiy Stakhovsky Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Katie Boulter Naomi Broady Harriet Dart Katy Dunne Ons Jabeur Tereza Smitková Katie Swan Gabriella Taylor Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Luke Bambridge / Jonny O'Mara Alex Bolt / Lleyton Hewitt Liam Broady / Scott Clayton Jay Clarke / Cameron Norrie Jürgen Melzer / Daniel Nestor Frederik Nielsen / Joe Salisbury Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Katie Boulter / Katie Swan Naomi Broady / Asia Muhammad Harriet Dart / Katy Dunne Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Christian Harrison Ruben Bemelmans Dennis Novak Grégoire Barrère Stefano Travaglia Norbert Gombos Stéphane Robert Jason Kubler Yannick Maden John - Patrick Smith Christian Garín Ernests Gulbis Alex Bolt Benjamin Bonzi Bradley Klahn Thomas Fabbiano Lucky Losers ( edit ) Bernard Tomic Peter Polansky Michael Mmoh Hubert Hurkacz Lorenzo Sonego Simone Bolelli Jason Jung Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Alexandra Dulgheru Eugenie Bouchard Sara Sorribes Tormo Antonia Lottner Claire Liu Vera Zvonareva Viktoriya Tomova Mona Barthel Evgeniya Rodina Elena - Gabriela Ruse Vitalia Diatchenko Barbora Štefková Lucky Losers ( edit ) Mariana Duque Mariño Caroline Dolehide Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Qualifying Sriram Balaji / Vishnu Vardhan Kevin Krawietz / Andreas Mies Andre Begemann / Yasutaka Uchiyama Austin Krajicek / Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan Ladies ' doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Qualifying Ysaline Bonaventure / Bibiane Schoofs Alexa Guarachi / Erin Routliffe Han Xinyun / Luksika Kumkhum Arina Rodionova / Maryna Zanevska The following pairs received entry as Lucky Losers : Nicola Geuer / Viktorija Golubic Georgina García Pérez / Fanny Stollár Anna Blinkova / Markéta Vondroušová Protected ranking ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking : Gentlemen 's Singles James Duckworth Yoshihito Nishioka Ladies ' Singles Serena Williams Zheng Saisai Withdrawals ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries , suspensions , or personal reasons : Gentlemen 's Singles Roberto Bautista Agut → replaced by Peter Polansky Tomáš Berdych → replaced by Guido Andreozzi Chung Hyeon → replaced by Lorenzo Sonego Alexandr Dolgopolov → replaced by Simone Bolelli Nicolás Kicker → replaced by Dudi Sela Lu Yen - hsun → replaced by Bernard Tomic Andy Murray → replaced by Jason Jung Andrey Rublev → replaced by Hubert Hurkacz Viktor Troicki → replaced by Michael Mmoh Jo - Wilfried Tsonga → replaced by Laslo Đere Ladies ' Singles Timea Bacsinszky → replaced by Mariana Duque Mariño Catherine Bellis → replaced by Arantxa Rus Zarina Diyas → replaced by Caroline Dolehide Sara Errani → replaced by Viktorija Golubic Beatriz Haddad Maia → replaced by Anna Blinkova Laura Siegemund → replaced by Jana Fett Elena Vesnina → replaced by Andrea Petkovic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Announcements for The Championships 2018 '' . www.wimbledon.com. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Jurejko ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Wimbledon 2018 : Serena Williams could be top seed on return '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CHAMPIONSHIPS , WIMBLEDON -- PRIZE MONEY PER PROGRAMME '' ( PDF ) . www.wimbledon.com. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Newman ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Wimbledon set to introduce new rules that penalise injured players who retire mid-match '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wild cards for The Championships 2018 '' . www.wimbledon.com. 24 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Preceded by 2018 French Open Grand Slam Tournaments Succeeded by 2018 US Open Preceded by 2017 Wimbledon Championships The Championships , Wimbledon Succeeded by 2019 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championships Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. 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( S , D ) Hiroshima ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) 2018 in tennis Grand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Men ATP World Tour ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP Finals Next Generation ATP Finals ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA Premier WTA Finals WTA Elite Trophy WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team events Davis Cup World Group Fed Cup World Group Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Other events Asian Games Central American and Caribbean Games Mediterranean Games South American Games Summer Youth Olympic Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Wimbledon_Championships&oldid=864607098 '' Categories : 2018 Wimbledon Championships 2018 ATP World Tour 2018 in English sport 2018 in tennis 2018 sports events in London 2018 WTA Tour Wimbledon Championships by year July 2018 sports events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 09 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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what is the wimbledon runner up prize money

Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles £ 2,250,000 £ 1,125,000 £ 562,000 £ 281,000 £ 163,000 £ 100,000 £ 63,000 £ 39,000 £ 19,500 £ 9,750 £ 4,875 Doubles * £ 450,000 £ 225,000 £ 112,000 £ 56,000 £ 29,000 £ 17,750 £ 11,500 -- -- -- -- Mixed Doubles * £ 110,000 £ 55,000 £ 27,500 £ 13,750 £ 6,500 £ 3,250 £ 1,625 -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Singles £ 40,000 £ 20,000 £ 13,000 £ 8,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Doubles * £ 14,000 £ 7,000 £ 4,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Invitation Doubles £ 26,000 £ 22,000 £ 19,000 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --