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Brazilian general election , 1945 - wikipedia Brazilian general election , 1945 Jump to : navigation , search Brazil This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Brazil Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Michel Temer Vice President Vacant Cabinet Attorney General of the Union National Defense Council Federal institutions Legislative ( show ) Federal Senate Chamber of Deputies Court of Accounts of the Union Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Superior Court of Justice Superior Labor Court Superior Electoral Court Superior Military Court National Justice Council Law ( show ) Constitution ( history ) Anti-discrimination Human rights LGBT rights Administrative divisions ( show ) States State governors State Senators Municipalities Recent elections ( show ) General : 2010 2014 2018 Municipal : 2008 2012 2016 Referendums : 1993 2005 Political parties Foreign relations Other countries Atlas General elections were held in Brazil on 2 December 1945 , the first since the establishment of Getúlio Vargas ' Estado Novo . The presidential elections were won by Eurico Gaspar Dutra of the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) , whilst the PSD also won a majority of seats in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate . Voter turnout was 83.1 % in the presidential election , 83.5 % in the Chamber elections and 76.7 % in the Senate elections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Results 2.1 President 2.2 Chamber of Deputies 2.3 Senate 3 References Background ( edit ) Following the end of World War II , Vargas was forced by the military to re-democratize the country . However , the military feared that Vargas would suspend the elections like he had suspended the scheduled 1938 elections in 1937 and staged a preventive coup which prematurely removed Vargas from power on October 29 , 1945 and installed a caretaker government led by José Linhares to ensure the free and fair carry - out of the elections . During this era of liberalization , Vargas founded two parties : the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) , a centre - right party composed primarily of the national industrial bourgeoisie which had supported Vargas and Vargas ' interventors in the states , and the Brazilian Labour Party ( PTB ) composed of the urban working class and trade union movement . The PSD would become the largest party of the two , although Vargas used the PTB as his personal machine . The PSD consistently had the largest number of deputies until the 1964 military coup . The Vargista coalition had nominated Vargas ' War Minister Eurico Gaspar Dutra earlier in 1945 , but the PTB and Vargas offered Dutra 's fledgling candidacy only lukewarm support . Vargas ' traditional opponents had founded the National Democratic Union ( UDN ) in April 1945 . The UDN , a conservative party defending economic liberalism through public incentive to foreign capital , was mostly a party of intellectuals and the urban middle - class , as well as the remnants of the oligarchic interests of the República Velha . It nominated the former tenente and Air Force brigadier Eduardo Gomes , later known for participating in the 1964 coup , as its presidential candidate . Gomes notably advocated repealing a majority of the social legislation and labour reforms passed during the Vargas rule . The recently legalized Brazilian Communist Party elected 14 deputies , and the party 's popular leader , Luís Carlos Prestes was elected to the Senate in Guanabara . Getúlio Vargas , nominated by the PSD and his Brazilian Labour Party ( PTB ) in various states including Rio Grande do Sul was elected to the Senate representing Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo as well as elected to the Chamber in six states and Rio de Janeiro . He opted to accept the Senate seat he won for the PSD ( although he supported the PTB ) in Rio Grande do Sul . Former President Artur Bernardes standing for election to the Senate in Minas Gerais for the Republican Party was defeated , placing third with 21.4 % of the vote . Results ( edit ) President ( edit ) Candidate Party Votes % Eurico Gaspar Dutra Social Democratic Party ( Brazil ) 3,251,507 55.4 Eduardo Gomes National Democratic Union 2,039,341 34.7 Yedo Fiúza Brazilian Communist Party 569,818 9.7 Rolim Teles National Agrarian Party 10,001 0.2 Invalid / blank votes 330,138 -- Total 6,200,805 100 Registered voters / turnout 7,549,849 83.1 Source : Nohlen Chamber of Deputies ( edit ) Party Votes % Seats Social Democratic Party 2,531,944 42.7 151 National Democratic Union 1,575,375 26.6 81 Brazilian Labour Party 603,500 10.2 22 Brazilian Communist Party 511,302 8.6 14 Republican Party 219,562 3.7 9 Syndicalist Popular Party 107,321 1.8 Christian Democratic Party 101,636 1.7 Party of Popular Representation 94,447 1.6 Progressive Renewal Party 70,675 0 Liberator Party 57,341 1.0 Democratic Republican Party 33,647 0.6 0 Others 17,866 0.3 0 Invalid / blank votes 198,209 -- -- Total 6,192,158 100 286 Registered voters / turnout 7,418,930 83.5 -- Sourec : Nohlen Senate ( edit ) In the Senate elections each voter had two votes . Party Votes % Seats Social Democratic Party 4,225,389 38.0 25 National Democratic Union 2,699,493 24.3 12 Brazilian Communist Party 1,095,834 9.9 Brazilian Labour Party 1,084,553 9.8 Republican Party 443,654 4.0 0 Syndicalist Popular Party 175,452 1.6 Progressive Renewal Party 60,820 0.5 0 Democratic Republican Party 11,125 0.1 0 Liberator Party 7,326 0.1 0 Social Progressive Party 3,584 0.0 0 National Agrarian Party 3,533 0.0 0 Others 597,441 5.4 0 Independents 716,715 6.5 0 Invalid / blank votes 293,097 -- -- Total 11,403,782 100 42 Registered voters / turnout 7,418,930 76.7 -- Source : Nohlen ( votes ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nohlen , D ( 2005 ) Elections in the Americas : A data handbook , Volume II , p173 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928358 - 3 Jump up ^ Nohlen , pp191 - 232 Jump up ^ Bourne , R : Getulio Vargas of Brazil , 1883 - 1954 Sphinx of the Pampas , page 135 . C. Knight , 1974 . Jump up ^ Nohlen , p210 ( hide ) Elections and referendums in Brazil Presidential elections 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1919 1922 1926 1930 1945 1950 1955 1960 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Legislative elections 1823 1826 1830 1834 1842 1843 1845 1848 1850 1853 1857 1861 1864 1867 1869 1872 1877 1878 1882 1885 1886 1890 1894 1896 1899 1903 1906 1909 1912 1915 1918 1927 1930 1933 1934 1945 1947 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Municipal elections 1985 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Referendums 1963 1993 2005 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_general_election,_1945&oldid=814587700 '' Categories : General elections in Brazil 1945 elections in South America 1945 in Brazil December 1945 events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

in 1945 who won the federal elections in brazil

General elections were held in Brazil on 2 December 1945 , the first since the establishment of Getúlio Vargas ' Estado Novo . The presidential elections were won by Eurico Gaspar Dutra of the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) , whilst the PSD also won a majority of seats in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate . Voter turnout was 83.1 % in the presidential election , 83.5 % in the Chamber elections and 76.7 % in the Senate elections .

The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Production location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format 5.1 Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternate history television series , produced by Amazon Studios , Scott Free Productions , Headline Pictures , Electric Shepherd Productions , and Big Light Productions . The series is based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Philip K. Dick . In the series ' alternate version of 1962 , the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into the Greater Nazi Reich , comprising more than half of eastern part of the continent , and the Japanese Pacific States to the west . These territories are separated by a neutral zone that encompasses the Rocky Mountains . The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after they come into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a very different history from their own . Premiering in January 2015 , the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began '' . The next month , Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season , which was released in November to positive reviews . A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016 , with a third season announced a few weeks later , to be released on October 5 , 2018 . On July 21 , 2018 , it was announced at San Diego Comic - Con that the series had been renewed for a fourth season . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 Advertising controversy 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States The central characters are Juliana Crain , Frank Frink , Joe Blake , John Smith , Nobusuke Tagomi , and Takeshi Kido . The series takes place in an alternate 1962 . Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kenpeitai just after she gives Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage . Entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , it depicts an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated . It is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Juliana believes the newsreel to reflect some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be . Her boyfriend , Frank Frink -- who keeps his Jewish roots hidden to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis -- believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events . Juliana learns that Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City , Colorado , in the Neutral Zone , where she was going to meet someone . Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was . When she arrives in Canon City , she encounters Joe Blake . Joe is a 27 - year - old New Yorker , who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith , a former US Army officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS . Joe is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City , which is Juliana , who replaces Trudy . Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official , the Trade Minister , in San Francisco . He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener , who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman , Victore Baynes . Tagomi and Wegener are both concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer , Adolf Hitler , either dies or is forced to step down because of his worsening Parkinson 's disease . Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States . Currently , however , Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war that is full of tension but no open warfare , with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically . Frank ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities . Not having the information they seek , he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for . They kill Frank 's sister and her two children in retaliation , using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions . This leads Frank to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess , but he ultimately finds himself unable to execute the plan . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season encompasses Frank 's decision to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States . He eventually participates in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in Downtown San Francisco . The attack kills many members of the Japanese military and other top - level leadership . Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich by using its San Francisco Embassy so that she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder . John Smith , seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed , steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself , sponsors the claim himself , and takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge . Joe discovers that he was a product of the Lebensborn programme and is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin , Martin Heusmann . Eventually , Joe reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and then becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Hitler dies . Hitler named Heusmann the Acting Chancellor of the Reich when he fell ill , so after Hitler 's collapse and death , Heusmann assumes the role until the Nazi party can meet and select his successor . Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies , and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents who , he claims , assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary , including war . John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement . To understand why it has happened , he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi , Reinhard Heydrich , who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann that is designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese , decimate their Empire , level Tokyo , kill the emperor , and force the surviving Japanese to absorb themselves into a global Nazi Reich and strengthen Heusmann 's position . John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and finally travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler , the Nazi Reichsführer , who is not involved , of the existence of the conspiracy . Audiotapes , together with physical and written evidence that reach too deeply within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay , are handed personally by Smith over to Himmler , who then leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Hitler 's office , which is occupied by the Acting Chancellor . He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Hitler , detains Joe along with Heusmann , and then addresses the Volkshalle , packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers . Nixing the speech declaring war , which would have been delivered by Heusmann , Himmler instead informs the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and of Smith 's exposure . The entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood that is marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men , in general , and then of Smith , in particular . The season ends with Himmler and Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich , and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich . Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory , and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well . In a basement somewhere , Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films that were watched by the late Führer . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain , a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control . She is an expert in aikido and is friendly with the Japanese people who live in San Francisco . Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese , who killed Juliana 's father during the war . Rupert Evans as Frank Frink , Juliana 's boyfriend . He works in a factory , creating replicas of prewar American pistols that are prized by the Japanese . On his own time , he creates original jewelry and sketches . When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister , Frank is taken into custody , which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if that is exposed . His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state . Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake , a new recruit to the underground American resistance , but he is actually an agent working for the SS , under Obergruppenführer John Smith . He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States , as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance . DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy , Frank 's co-worker and friend . He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi , the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America . His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season . Rufus Sewell as John Smith , an SS Obergruppenführer who is investigating the Resistance in New York . He is a natural - born American who had served in the US Army Signal Corps . He lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children . It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression . Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido , the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco . Brennan Brown as Robert Childan ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) , an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank . Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell ( season 2 ) , leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen . Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer ( season 2 ) , a young Berlin - born filmmaker who crosses paths with Joe . Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener , a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi . Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington , the owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance . Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione , a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida , Inspector Kido 's right - hand man . Arnold Chun as Kotomichi , Tagomi 's assistant . Hank Harris as Randall Becker , a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers , Frank 's sister . Allan Havey as the Origami Man , a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance . Burn Gorman as the Marshal , a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees . Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy , a young albino man living in Canon City . Rob LaBelle as Carl , a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee , David P. Frees . Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer , a Jewish member of the Resistance . Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson , a Jew who is living in the Pacific States and is Frank 's friend . Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura , a wealthy lawyer who collects prewar American memorabilia . Tao Okamoto as Betty , Paul 's wife . Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka , an office worker in the Nippon building . Bernhard Forcher as Hugo Reiss , the Nazi ambassador to the Japanese Pacific States . Aaron Blakely as Erich Raeder , an SS - Sturmbannführer working with Smith . Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura , the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States . Neal Bledsoe as Captain Connolly ( season 1 ) , an American SS officer serving under John Smith and secretly an agent for Reinhard Heydrich . Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle ( season 2 ) . Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann ( season 2 ) , Joe 's estranged father and a high - ranking member of the Reich . Cara Mitsuko as Sarah ( season 2 ) , a Japanese American Resistance member , Frank 's confidante and a survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp Tate Donovan as George Dixon ( season 2 ) , a mysterious friend of the Crains . Michael Hogan as Hagan ( season 2 ) , an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco Resistance . Tzi Ma as Rikugun - Taishō Hidehisa Onoda ( season 2 ) , a leading member of the Japanese army . John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith , John 's wife Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen 's son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family . Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker , Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father . Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker , Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II . Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker , Juliana 's half - sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai . However , she is shown alive at the end of the second season . Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke 's wife . Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke and Michiko 's son . Historical characters ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich Keone Young as Gensui Shunroku Hata Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 10 January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) 9 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 10 December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 10 October 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event . The season premiered on November 20 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) In 1962 Nazi - occupied New York , Joe Blake volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck to the Neutral Zone in the Rockies . In Japan - occupied San Francisco , Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy , only to later see her shot by the Japanese police . Juliana discovers the package contains impossible footage of the Allies winning World War II . Her boyfriend , Frank , urges her to go to the police to plead her innocence . However , Juliana lies to him and instead heads to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place . A woman attempts to steal the film but escapes only with decoys . The Japanese trade minister , Nobusuke Tagomi , meets the Nazi ambassador to finalize the details of a visit to San Francisco by the Japanese Crown Prince . Later Tagomi meets Rudolph Wegener , a high - ranking Nazi official pretending to be a Swedish businessman . Joe and Juliana meet and become friends in Canon City in the Neutral Zone . In San Francisco , the Kempeitai -- the Japanese secret police -- begin searching for Juliana because of her connection to Trudy . Blake calls a Nazi commandant , Smith , revealing that he is secretly working for them . `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) In the Canon City diner , Juliana meets a man whom she assumes is her contact . Smith tells Joe that this contact is actually an undercover SD agent working against resistance and orders him not to intervene . However , when Juliana goes to meet the agent , Joe drives up behind her to help her . The SD agent tries to kill Juliana , but she is able to throw him over a railing to his death . In New York , Smith is attacked by resistance fighters in an assassination attempt . In San Francisco , the Kempeitai arrest Frank to find out the whereabouts of Juliana . In prison , Frank meets a resistance fighter , who convinces him not to inform on Juliana . The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children for his refusal to help them , but stop the planned execution of Frank when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels . `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter named the Marshal in town . The Marshal is looking for the man Juliana killed . Joe and Juliana go to dispose of the dead agent 's body and car and , while doing this , find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and a list of names . They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact . The Marshal realizes Juliana 's true identity and tries to kill her . In San Francisco , the Japanese Crown Prince arrives in the city . Tagomi tells Wegener that his contact is Japanese Science Minister Shimura . Wegener is to contact him during the Crown Prince 's speech at the Nazi Embassy . Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law . Frank also returns to work , where he makes a real gun . `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe saves Juliana from the Marshal . Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel , who leads them into the woods , where they are surrounded by resistance fighters . Lemuel forces them to give up the films and leave . Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal , causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent . The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway . When Juliana gets far enough away , she burns her car and hides . When the Marshal reaches the car , he assumes that she has died . Back in New York , after he is attacked on the way to work , Smith suspects SS Captain Connolly is the informant who supplied information about his movements to the resistance . In the Pacific States , Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him but hesitates . The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman . Wegener leaves a microfilm capsule in the Science Minister 's pocket . 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack , and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku for failing to protect the Crown Prince . Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman , he will do the same . Meanwhile , Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank , who alludes to his time in prison . Juliana visits her parents and learns that the Japanese killed Frank 's sister and children . When she later reports to the Japanese military , she is interrogated and asked about Trudy 's partner , Randall , but is ultimately let go . She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance who gives her a visitor 's card to the government building . Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office . He is then compelled to report to Smith what happened in Canon City . Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the resistance escaped . Smith believes that Joe is being truthful and invites him over for VA Day ( Victory in America Day ) . 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe celebrates VA Day at Smith 's house . Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers . Smith , who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend , intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe him for answers . Smith has Wegener arrested . Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files . 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death . Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future , and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past . Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City . 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States , only to be dragged back into danger by Joe , who tries to retrieve a new film and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush . Meanwhile , Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when he is confronted with a startling family discovery . The episode is named after the song of the same name , which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics that she cowrote . 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) With time running out , a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe . The pieces finally fall into place for Smith , as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt . Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming , and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery . Meanwhile , Frank and Juliana , after taking possession of the new film , decide to watch it , but they are shocked to find out that the film describes , apparently in the near future , a nuclear - bombed San Francisco in which the SS round up and execute survivors . Frank is shown being executed by Joe , who is wearing an SS uniform . 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent . He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film . Smith learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap . Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper who shot the Crown Prince . Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince to avoid the need for Kido to commit seppuku . Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener 's assassination of Hitler . Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle , filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle . However , after confronting Hitler , who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault and says that he learns something every time he watches , Wegener kills himself instead . Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports him to Hitler . Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm . He opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 in which the Allies won World War II and the United States is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16 , 2016 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and submits resignation , but Smith refuses to accept the resignation before he delivers the film to Hitler . Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized . She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen , The Man in the High Castle , where he keeps his vast film collection . Meanwhile , General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule that Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contained plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis , much to Tagomi 's dismay . Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family then , desperate to save Ed , goes ask for Childan 's help . Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue that may help avert the nuclear war . Gary Connell , the leader of the West Coast Resistance , goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana , but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint . A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers , and Karen is killed in the crossfire . 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects that Juliana is involved . Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura , a defense lawyer , to help Ed . In desperation , he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods that he and Childan sold him are fake , leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza with whom Kasoura has a connection . Frank is almost killed by Okamura , the Yakuza leader , in the previous incident with Joe . However , he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery if Ed is to work with him as his assistant . Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed . He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen . Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father , Reichminister Heusmann , in Berlin . Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead . Meanwhile , Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco , to no avail . Using the clue about a mysterious man on whom Abendsen is fixated , Juliana discovers the man to be a family friend , George Dixon , who is Trudy 's real father . Learning that he may be in Brooklyn , Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum and leaves a letter to Frank . 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith is warned by Dr. Adler , the family physician , to end the life of his son Thomas , as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich . Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith , who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay . He keeps that a secret from Joe . Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states but does not believe Gary on her betrayal . While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt , Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai , in retaliation for the checkpoint murders . While saving a Resistance member , Sarah , Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese . Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis , leading her to think he may have betrayed her . Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant because of Heusmann 's treatment of Joe 's mother . Joe crosses paths with Nicole Becker , a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when he is given the chance to do so . He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence . 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich , under the tutelage of Smith 's wife , Helen , and Thomas . While looking for Dixon at his old apartment , she is pursued by two unknown agents and is almost killed . General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue . Enraged , Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission , much to Ed 's dismay . Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment . Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret . Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order . After escaping from her pursuers , Juliana is approached by Dixon . Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife , Michiko , who is deceased in his own timeline . 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her . Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing , as he has appeared several times in the films . Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film . Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals that he is one of the Lebensborn , an experiment to perfect racial purity . Still , he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days . Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states , but he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason . Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance , and Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives . Lem assists Abendsen with moving to a new location because the location of the High Castle may have compromised . Abendsen destroys most of the films before he leaves . Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke but discovers that the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged . He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son . 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee , as planned , and gains the support of one of its members , Lucy . Helen discovers that Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America . She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and living a life of anonymity . Joe starts to get closer to Nicole , who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others . After spending the night with Nicole , Joe begins to embrace his real heritage . Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family , and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's forgoing of the Japanese culture . Kido is informed by his right - hand man , Yoshida , that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns that the Yakuza is also looking for the films . 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit . Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members who are present for treason , as he has deduced the Yakuza to be working with the Nazis . Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go . Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor , where General Onoda is visiting . However , Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an nuclear bomb there . He alerts the Resistance of that information . At Adler 's funeral , Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife , Alice , raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed . Juliana also attends the funeral and while she talks to Thomas , she notices that he has a seizure and covers for him . Later , she promises Helen not to reveal Thomas 's condition . Smith has further troubles when Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse . 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction . Lucy tells Juliana that she knows that supposedly - live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband managed the television broadcast . Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead . The Resistance decides that it is time to stage an uprising . Juliana is left concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe that she has been trying to prevent . Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father . Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him . Enraged , he confronts Gary , but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising . Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido , Smith misleads a secretly - imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war . That leads Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks . Smith executes Heydrich but not before learning that it is someone else who is the mastermind behind the rush to war . Hitler passes away . Now in charge is the new chancellor , Heusmann , who is revealed to be the one to have orchestrated the looming conflict . 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family on the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll . Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis , Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality . Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition , but their conversation is secretly being recorded . Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret . In a televised address , Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation , much to Joe 's horror . Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda by using their homemade bombs . Before the operation , he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco . Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the underground parking garage of the Kempeitai . They set the bomb 's timer and attempt to leave the building , but they are spotted by Kido . A gunfight starts in the lobby . Just as Tagomi arrives , the bomb detonates , killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building . The fates of Frank and Sarah are not shown . 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi and Kido , who survived the bombing , deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai headquarters . Afterwards , Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith that appears to provide evidence that the Japanese have a hydrogen bomb . The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana , but she violently escapes . She then confronts and kills Dixon , who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas . Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi superiors not to attack Japan to avoid nuclear retaliation . Smith meets privately with Himmler to expose Heusmann as a traitor . After arresting Heusmann and Joe , Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle , possibly assuming control of the Reich , and rewards Smith for his service . The recognition that Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized . After traveling to the Neutral Zone , a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive . Finally , Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi . Production ( edit ) In 2010 , it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures , FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films . Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton . On February 11 , 2013 , Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries , with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers , co-produced with Scott Free Prods. , Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods . On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service . This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott , David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free , Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures , Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 . Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels . They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs , then release them and gather data on their success . The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series , and a full season would be produced . Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014 . Principal filming took place in Seattle , with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City , as well as Roslyn , Washington , which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure . Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail , the Paramount Theatre , a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area , as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill , International District , and Georgetown neighborhoods . In Roslyn , the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery . In April 2015 , filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , in the downtown area of West Georgia Street , along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building . In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia . Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen , Austria , were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season . Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for the third season to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of the second season . Reception ( edit ) The first season received acclaim from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics , with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , By executive producer Ridley Scott , The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV , with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia . Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100 , based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote , `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot . It 's an impressive , streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel . '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb , frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns '' . Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex and gripping plot . The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz '' . The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing '' . Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building '' , cheering , `` The Man in the High Castle is king . '' After the season , Rolling Stone included it on a list of the 40 best science fiction television shows of all time . Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season . The second season was met with mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives it an approval rating of 63 % , based on reviews from 19 critics with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy , The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions , bolstered by stunning visuals , strong performances , and intriguing new possibilities . Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from ten critics . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie , Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Paul Kim , Jose Limon , Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Linda King , Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Casi Blume , David Andrade , Nick Chamberlain , Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian , Liz Ludwitzke , Candice Elzinga , Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Dawn Swiderski , Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain , David Andrade , Bill Parker , Justin Fox , Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand , Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season , an entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery , as seen in the show , including multiple US flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States . In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '' , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads because the neutral content subway ad standards prohibit only advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group . MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated , `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board . Please note they 're commercial ads . '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said , `` This advertising , whether you find it distasteful or not , obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show . '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio , initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway . It was later announced that it was the MTA , not Amazon , that pulled the ad because of pressure from Cuomo . See also ( edit ) Fatherland , 1994 TV film SS - GB , 2017 TV series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle '' . Variety . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Amazon Prime . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle , Mad Dogs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle , ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon . # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 '' . Den of Geek . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man In The High Castle ' Renewed For Season 4 ; Unveils Season 3 Premiere Date & Trailer -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview '' . Newsweek . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date , Trailer , and Review '' . Den of Geek . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marechal , A.J. ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` Syfy , Ridley Scott , Frank Spotnitz set miniseries '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , Pat ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle , comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs , The Man in the High Castle , The New Yorker Presents , and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ) . Amazon.com . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building '' . Daily Journal of Commerce . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower '' . YVRShoots.com. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hauen , Jack ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC '' . The Ubyssey . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ) . Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ) . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon , Gets A Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great '' . io9 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review '' . IGN . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win , but so do viewers '' . The Guardian . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ; Collins , Sean T. ; Fear , David ; Murray , Noel ; Scherer , Jenna ; Tobias , Scott ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle , Recently Renewed for Season Two , Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ) . Amazon Studios . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards `` . web.archive.org. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America '' . www.castingsociety.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show , Man in the High Castle '' . NPR . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads , featuring Nazi symbols , removed from trains '' . CBS New York . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle . 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Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award LCCN : no2015162175 VIAF : 39145003703561340487 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=857111958 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Parallel universes in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. Dick Television series by Scott Free Productions Television series produced in British Columbia Television series set in 1962 Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use American English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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who stars in the man in the high castle

The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Production location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format 5.1 Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website

Chandrayaan - 1 - Wikipedia Chandrayaan - 1 Chandrayaan - 1 Mission type Lunar orbiter Operator Indian Space Research Organisation COSPAR ID 2008 - 052A SATCAT no . 33405 Website www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/chandrayaan-1 Mission duration Planned : 2 years Final : 10 months , 6 days Spacecraft properties Launch mass 1,380 kg ( 3,040 lb ) Start of mission Launch date 22 October 2008 , 00 : 52 ( 2008 - 10 - 22UTC00 : 52 ) UTC Rocket PSLV - XL C11 Launch site Satish Dhawan Second Pad Contractor ISRO End of mission Last contact 28 August 2009 , 20 : 00 ( 2009 - 08 - 28UTC21 ) UTC Orbital parameters Reference system Selenocentric Semi-major axis 1,758 kilometers ( 1,092 mi ) Eccentricity 0.0 Periselene 200 km ( 120 mi ) Aposelene 200 km ( 120 mi ) Epoch 19 May 2009 Lunar orbiter Orbital insertion 8 November 2008 Orbits 3,400 at EOM Indian Lunar Exploration Program Chandrayaan - 2 → Chandrayaan - 1 ( Sanskrit : ( t͡ʃʌnd̪ɾʌːjaːn ) ; lit : Moon vehicle pronunciation ( help info ) ) was India 's first lunar probe . It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008 , and operated until August 2009 . The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor . India launched the spacecraft using a PSLV - XL rocket , serial number C11 , on 22 October 2008 at 00 : 52 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) north of Chennai . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003 . The mission was a major boost to India 's space program , as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon . The vehicle was inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008 . On 14 November 2008 , the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at 14 : 36 UTC and struck the south pole in a controlled manner , making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon . The probe hit near the crater Shackleton at 15 : 01 UTC , ejecting sub-surface soil that could be analysed for the presence of lunar water ice . The estimated cost for the project was ₹ 386 crore ( US $56 million ) . The remote sensing lunar satellite had a mass of 1,380 kg ( 3,040 lb ) at launch and 675 kg ( 1,488 lb ) in lunar orbit . It carried high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible , near infrared , and soft and hard X-ray frequencies . Over a two - year period , it was intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three - dimensional topography . The polar regions are of special interest as they might contain ice . The lunar mission carried five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA , ESA , and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency , which were carried free of cost . Among its many achievements , the greatest achievement was the discovery of the widespread presence of water molecules in the lunar soil . After almost a year , the orbiter started suffering from several technical issues including failure of the star sensors and poor thermal shielding ; Chandrayaan stopped sending radio signals about 20 : 00 UTC on 28 August 2009 , shortly after which the ISRO officially declared the mission over . Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved 95 % of its planned objectives . On 2 July 2016 , NASA used ground - based radar systems to relocate Chandrayaan - 1 in its lunar orbit , more than seven years after it shut down . Repeated observations over the next three months allowed a precise determination of its orbit which varies between 150 and 270 km ( 93 and 168 mi ) in altitude every two years . Contents 1 History 2 Objectives 3 Specifications 4 Specific areas of study 5 Payload 5.1 Indian instruments 5.2 Instruments from other countries 6 Mission timeline 6.1 Earth orbit burns 6.2 Lunar orbit insertion 6.3 Impact of the MIP on the lunar surface 6.4 Rise of spacecraft 's temperature 6.5 Mapping of minerals 6.6 Mapping of Apollo landing sites 6.7 Image acquisition 6.8 Detection of X-Ray signals 6.9 Full Earth image 6.10 Orbit raised to 200 km 6.11 Attitude sensor failure 6.12 Radar scans 7 End of the mission 8 Analysis of collected data 8.1 Lunar water discovery 8.2 Lunar water production 8.3 Lunar caves 8.4 Tectonism 9 Awards for Chandrayaan - 1 10 Team 11 Public release of data 12 Chandrayaan - 2 13 Lunar outpost 14 See also 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the Chandrayaan project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003 . The mission was a major boost to India 's space program . The idea of an Indian scientific mission to the Moon was first mooted in 1999 during a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences . The Astronautical Society of India carried forward the idea in 2000 . Soon after , the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) set up the National Lunar Mission Task Force which concluded that ISRO has the technical expertise to carry out an Indian mission to the Moon . In April 2003 over 100 eminent Indian scientists in the fields of planetary and space sciences , Earth sciences , physics , chemistry , astronomy , astrophysics and engineering and communication sciences discussed and approved the Task Force recommendation to launch an Indian probe to the Moon . Six months later , in November , the Indian government gave the nod for the mission . Objectives ( edit ) The mission had the following stated scientific objectives : to design , develop , launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using an Indian - made launch - vehicle to conduct scientific experiments using instruments on the spacecraft which would yield data : for the preparation of a three - dimensional atlas ( with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5 -- 10 m or 16 -- 33 ft ) of both the near and far sides of the Moon for chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at high spatial resolution , mapping particularly the chemical elements magnesium , aluminium , silicon , calcium , iron , titanium , radon , uranium , and thorium to increase scientific knowledge to test the impact of a sub-satellite ( Moon Impact Probe -- MIP ) on the surface of the Moon as a fore - runner for future soft - landing missions Specifications ( edit ) Diagram of the Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft Mass 1,380 kg ( 3,042 lb ) at launch , 675 kg ( 1,488 lb ) at lunar orbit , and 523 kg ( 1,153 lb ) after releasing the impactor . Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) Communications X band , 0.7 m ( 2.3 ft ) diameter dual gimballed parabolic antenna for payload data transmission . The Telemetry , Tracking & Command ( TTC ) communication operates in S band frequency . Power The spacecraft was mainly powered by its solar array , which included one solar panel covering a total area of 2.15 × 1.8 m ( 7.1 × 5.9 ft ) generating 750 W of peak power , which was stored in a 36 A h lithium - ion battery for use during eclipses . Propulsion The spacecraft used a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon . The power plant consisted of one 440 N engine and eight 22 N thrusters . Fuel and oxidiser were stored in two tanks of 390 litres ( 100 US gal ) each . Navigation and control The craft was 3 - axis stabilised with two star sensors , gyros and four reaction wheels . The craft carried dual redundant bus management units for attitude control , sensor processing , antenna orientation , etc . Specific areas of study ( edit ) High - resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanently shadowed north - and south - polar regions Searching for surface or sub-surface lunar water - ice , especially at the lunar poles Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks Chemical stratigraphy of the lunar crust by remote sensing of the central uplands of large lunar craters , and of the South Pole Aitken Region ( SPAR ) , an expected site of interior material Mapping the height variation of features of the lunar surface Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moon 's surface with 5 m ( 16 ft ) resolution Providing new insights in understanding the Moon 's origin and evolution Payload ( edit ) The scientific payload had a mass of 90 kg ( 198 lb ) and contained five Indian instruments and six instruments from other countries . Indian instruments ( edit ) TMC or the Terrain Mapping Camera is a CMOS camera with 5 m ( 16 ft ) resolution and a 40 km ( 25 mi ) swath in the panchromatic band and was used to produce a high - resolution map of the Moon . The aim of this instrument was to completely map the topography of the Moon . The camera works in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and captures black and white stereo images . When used in conjunction with data from Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument ( LLRI ) , it can help in better understanding of the lunar gravitational field as well . TMC was built by the ISRO 's Space Applications Centre ( SAC ) at Ahmedabad . The TMC was tested on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC . HySI or Hyper Spectral Imager is a CMOS camera , performed mineralogical mapping in the 400 -- 900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m ( 260 ft ) . LLRI or Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument determines the height of the surface topography by sending pulses of infrared laser light towards the lunar surface and detecting the reflected portion of that light . It operated continuously and collected 10 measurements per second on both the day and night sides of the Moon . LLRI was developed by Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems of ISRO , Bangalore . It was tested on 16 November 2008 . HEX is a High Energy aj / gamma x-ray spectrometer for 30 -- 200 keV measurements with ground resolution of 40 km ( 25 mi ) , the HEX measured U , Th , Pb , Rn degassing , and other radioactive elements . MIP or the Moon Impact Probe developed by the ISRO , is an impact probe which consisted of a C - band Radar altimeter for measurement of altitude of the probe , a video imaging system for acquiring images of the lunar surface and a mass spectrometer for measuring the constituents of the lunar atmosphere . It was ejected at 14 : 30 UTC on 14 November 2008 . As planned , the Moon Impact Probe impacted the lunar south pole at 15 : 01 UTC on 14 November 2008 . It carried with it a picture of the Indian flag . India is now the fourth nation to place a flag on the Moon after the Soviet Union , United States and Japan . Instruments from other countries ( edit ) Moon Mineralogy Mapper left SIR - 2 Logo C1XS or X-ray fluorescence spectrometer covering 1 -- 10 keV , mapped the abundance of Mg , Al , Si , Ca , Ti , and Fe at the surface with a ground resolution of 25 km ( 16 mi ) , and monitored solar flux . This payload results from collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory , U.K , ESA and ISRO . It was activated on 23 November 2008 . SARA , the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser from the ESA mapped mineral composition using low energy neutral atoms emitted from the surface . M , the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL ( funded by NASA ) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition . It was activated on 17 December 2008 . SIR - 2 , a near infrared spectrometer from ESA , built at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Polish Academy of Science and University of Bergen , also mapped the mineral composition using an infrared grating spectrometer . The instrument is similar to that of the Smart - 1 SIR . It was activated on 19 November 2008 and scientific observations were started on 20 November 2008 . Mini-SAR , designed , built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval Air Warfare Center , Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Sandia National Laboratories , Raytheon and Northrop Grumman , with outer support from ISRO . Mini-SAR is the active Synthetic Aperture Radar system to search for lunar polar ice , water - ice . The instrument transmitted right polarised radiation with a frequency of 2.5 GHz and monitored scattered left and right polarised radiation . The Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarisation ratio ( CPR ) are the key parameters deduced from these measurements . Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR , so that water content of the Moon 's polar regions can be estimated . RADOM - 7 , Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences maps the radiation environment around the Moon . It was tested on 16 November 2008 . Mission timeline ( edit ) Chandrayaan - 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 00 : 52 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre using the ISRO 's 44.4 - metre ( 146 ft ) tall , four - stage PSLV launch vehicle . Chandrayaan - 1 was sent to the Moon in a series of orbit - increasing manoeuvres around the Earth over a period of 21 days as opposed to launching the craft on a direct trajectory to the Moon . At launch the spacecraft was inserted into geostationary transfer orbit ( GTO ) with an apogee of 22,860 km ( 14,200 mi ) and a perigee of 255 km ( 158 mi ) . The apogee was increased with a series of five orbit burns conducted over a period of 13 days after launch . For the duration of the mission , ISRO 's telemetry , tracking and command network ( ISTRAC ) at Peenya in Bangalore , tracked and controlled Chandrayaan - 1 . Scientists from India , Europe , and the U.S. conducted a high - level review of Chandrayaan - 1 on 29 January 2009 after the spacecraft completed its first 100 days in space . Earth orbit burns ( edit ) Earth orbit burns Date ( UTC ) Burn time ( minutes ) Resulting apogee 22 October Launch 18.2 in four stages 22,860 km 23 October 18 37,900 km 25 October 16 74,715 km 26 October 9.5 164,600 km 29 October 267,000 km 4 November 2.5 380,000 km First orbit burn The first orbit - raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft was performed at 03 : 30 UTC on 23 October 2008 when the spacecraft 's 440 Newton liquid engine was fired for about 18 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre ( SCC ) at ISRO Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) at Peenya , Bangalore . With this Chandrayaan - 1 's apogee was raised to 37,900 km ( 23,500 mi ) , and its perigee to 305 km ( 190 mi ) . In this orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft took about 11 hours to go around the Earth once . Second orbit burn The second orbit - raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft was carried out on 25 October 2008 at 00 : 18 UTC when the spacecraft 's engine was fired for about 16 minutes , raising its apogee to 74,715 km ( 46,426 mi ) , and its perigee to 336 km ( 209 mi ) , thus completing 20 percent of its journey . In this orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft took about twenty - five and a half hours to go round the Earth once . This is the first time an Indian spacecraft has gone beyond the 36,000 km ( 22,000 mi ) high geostationary orbit and reached an altitude more than twice that height . Third orbit burn The third orbit raising manoeuvre was initiated on 26 October 2008 at 01 : 38 UTC when the spacecraft 's engine was fired for about nine and a half minutes . With this its apogee was raised to 164,600 km ( 102,300 mi ) , and the perigee to 348 km ( 216 mi ) . In this orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 took about 73 hours to go around the Earth once . Fourth orbit burn The fourth orbit - raising manoeuvre took place on 29 October 2008 at 02 : 08 UTC when the spacecraft 's engine was fired for about three minutes , raising its apogee to 267,000 km ( 166,000 mi ) and the perigee to 465 km ( 289 mi ) . This extended its orbit to a distance more than half the way to the Moon . In this orbit , the spacecraft took about six days to go around the Earth once . Final orbit burn The fifth and final orbit raising manoeuvre was carried out on 3 November 2008 at 23 : 26 UTC when the spacecraft 's engine was fired for about two and a half minutes resulting in Chandrayaan - 1 entering the Lunar Transfer Trajectory with an apogee of about 380,000 km ( 240,000 mi ) . Lunar orbit insertion ( edit ) Lunar orbit insertion Date ( UTC ) Burn time ( seconds ) Resulting periselene Resulting aposelene 8 November 817 504 km 7,502 km 9 November 57 200 km 7,502 km 10 November 866 187 km 255 km 11 November 31 101 km 255 km 12 November Final orbit 100 km 100 km Chandrayaan - 1 completed the lunar orbit insertion operation on 8 November 2008 at 11 : 21 UTC . This manoeuvre involved firing of the liquid engine for 817 seconds ( about thirteen and half minutes ) when the spacecraft passed within 500 km ( 310 mi ) from the Moon . The satellite was placed in an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon , with 7,502 km ( 4,662 mi ) aposelene and 504 km ( 313 mi ) periselene . The orbital period was estimated to be around 11 hours . With the successful completion of this operation , India became the sixth nation to put a vehicle in lunar orbit . First orbit reduction First Lunar Orbit Reduction Manoeuvre of Chandrayaan - 1 was carried out on 9 November 2008 at 14 : 33 UTC . During this , the engine of the spacecraft was fired for about 57 seconds . This reduced the periselene to 200 km ( 124 mi ) while aposelene remained unchanged at 7,502 km . In this elliptical orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 took about ten and a half hours to circle the Moon once . Second orbit reduction This manoeuvre was carried out on 10 November 2008 at 16 : 28 UTC , resulting in steep decrease in Chandrayaan - 1 's aposelene to 255 km ( 158 mi ) and its periselene to 187 km ( 116 mi ) , During this manoeuvre , the engine was fired for about 866 seconds ( about fourteen and a half minutes ) . Chandrayaan - 1 took two hours and 16 minutes to go around the Moon once in this orbit . Third orbit reduction Third Lunar Orbit Reduction was carried out by firing the onboard engine for 31 seconds on 11 November 2008 at 13 : 00 UTC . This reduced the periselene to 101 km ( 63 mi ) , while the aposelene remained constant at 255 km . In this orbit Chandrayaan - 1 took two hours and 9 minutes to go around the Moon once . Final orbit Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft was placed into a mission - specific lunar polar orbit of 100 km ( 62 mi ) above the lunar surface on 12 November 2008 . In the final orbit reduction manoeuvre , Chandrayaan - 1 's aposelene and periselene were both reduced to 100 km . In this orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 takes about two hours to go around the Moon once . Two of the 11 payloads -- the Terrain Mapping Camera ( TMC ) and the Radiation Dose Monitor ( RADOM ) -- were switched on . The TMC acquired images of both the Earth and the Moon . Impact of the MIP on the lunar surface ( edit ) The Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) crash - landed on the lunar surface on 14 November 2008 , 15 : 01 UTC near the crater Shackleton at the south pole . The MIP was one of eleven scientific instruments ( payloads ) on board Chandrayaan - 1 . The MIP separated from Chandrayaan at 100 km from lunar surface and began its nosedive at 14 : 36 UTC . going into free fall for thirty minutes . As it fell , it kept sending information back to the mother satellite which , in turn , beamed the information back to Earth . The altimeter then also began recording measurements to prepare for a rover to land on the lunar surface during a second Moon mission . Following the deployment of the MIP , the other scientific instruments were turned on , starting the next phase of the mission . After scientific analyses of the received data from the MIP , the Indian Space Research Organisation confirmed the presence of water in the lunar soil and published the finding in a press conference addressed by its then Chairman G. Madhavan Nair . Rise of spacecraft 's temperature ( edit ) ISRO had reported on 25 November 2008 that Chandrayaan - 1 's temperature had risen above normal to 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) , scientists said that it was caused by higher than normal temperatures in lunar orbit . The temperature was brought down by about 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) by rotating the spacecraft about 20 degrees and switching off some of the instruments . Subsequently , ISRO reported on 27 November 2008 that the spacecraft was operating under normal temperature conditions . In subsequent reports ISRO says , since the spacecraft was still recording higher than normal temperatures , it would be running only one instrument at a time until January 2009 when lunar orbital temperature conditions are said to stabilize . The spacecraft was experiencing high temperature because of radiation from the Sun and infrared radiation reflected by the Moon . Mapping of minerals ( edit ) The mineral content on the lunar surface was mapped with the Moon Mineralogy Mapper ( M ) , a NASA instrument on board the orbiter . The presence of iron was reiterated and changes in rock and mineral composition have been identified . The Oriental Basin region of the Moon was mapped , and it indicates abundance of iron - bearing minerals such as pyroxene . In 2018 it was announced that M infrared data had been re-analyzed to confirm the existence of water across wide expanses of the Moon 's polar regions . Mapping of Apollo landing sites ( edit ) ISRO announced in January 2009 the completion of the mapping of the Apollo Moon missions landing sites by the orbiter , using multiple payloads . Six of the sites have been mapped including landing sites of Apollo 15 and Apollo 17 . Image acquisition ( edit ) The craft completed 3,000 orbits acquiring 70,000 images of the lunar surface , which many in ISRO believe is quite a record compared to the lunar flights of other nations . ISRO officials estimated that if more than 40,000 images have been transmitted by Chandrayaan 's cameras in 75 days , it worked out to nearly 535 images being sent daily . They were first transmitted to Indian Deep Space Network at Byalalu near Bangalore , from where they were flashed to ISRO 's Telemetry Tracking And Command Network ( ISTRAC ) at Bangalore . Some of these images have a resolution of down to 5 metres ( 16 ft ) , providing a sharp and clear picture of the Moon 's surface , while many images sent by some of the other missions had only a 100 - metre resolution . On 26 November , the indigenous Terrain Mapping Camera , which was first activated on 29 October 2008 , acquired images of peaks and craters . This came as a surprise to ISRO officials because the Moon consists mostly of craters . Detection of X-ray signals ( edit ) The X-ray signatures of aluminium , magnesium and silicon were picked up by the C1XS X-ray camera . The signals were picked up during a solar flare that caused an X-ray fluorescence phenomenon . The flare that caused the fluorescence was within the lowest C1XS sensitivity range . Full Earth image ( edit ) On 25 March 2009 Chandrayaan beamed back its first images of the Earth in its entirety . These images were taken with the TMC . Previous imaging was done on only one part of the Earth . The new images show Asia , parts of Africa and Australia with India being in the center . Orbit raised to 200 km ( edit ) After the completion of all the major mission objectives , the orbit of Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft , which had been at a height of 100 km ( 62 mi ) from the lunar surface since November 2008 , was raised to 200 km ( 124 mi ) . The orbit raising manoeuvres were carried out between 03 : 30 and 04 : 30 UTC on 19 May 2009 . The spacecraft in this higher altitude enabled further studies on orbit perturbations , gravitational field variation of the Moon and also enabled imaging lunar surface with a wider swath . It was later revealed that the true reason for the orbit change was that it was an attempt to keep the temperature of the probe down . It was `` ... assumed that the temperature ( of the spacecraft subsystems ) at 100 km above the Moon 's surface would be around 75 degrees Celsius . However , it was more than 75 degrees and problems started to surface . We had to raise the orbit to 200 km . '' Attitude sensor failure ( edit ) The star sensors , a device used for pointing attitude determination ( orientation ) , failed in orbit after nine months of operation . Afterward , the orientation of Chandrayaan was determined using a back - up procedure using a two - axis Sun sensor and taking a bearing from an Earth station . This was used to update three axis gyroscopes which enabled spacecraft operations . The second failure , detected on 16 May , was attributed to excessive radiation from the Sun . Radar scans ( edit ) On 21 August 2009 Chandrayaan - 1 along with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter attempted to perform a bistatic radar experiment using their Mini-SAR radars to detect the presence of water ice on the lunar surface . The attempt was a failure ; it turned out the Chandrayaan - 1 radar was not pointed at the Moon during the experiment . The Mini-SAR has imaged many of the permanently shadowed regions that exist at both poles of the Moon . On March 2010 , it was reported that the Mini-SAR on board the Chandrayaan - 1 had discovered more than 40 permanently darkened craters near the Moon 's north pole which are hypothesized to contain an estimated 600 million metric tonnes of water - ice . The radar 's high CPR is not uniquely diagnostic of either roughness or ice ; the science team must take into account the environment of the occurrences of high CPR signal to interpret its cause . The ice must be relatively pure and at least a couple of meters thick to give this signature . The estimated amount of water ice potentially present is comparable to the quantity estimated from the previous mission of Lunar Prospector 's neutron data . Although the results are consistent with recent findings of other NASA instruments onboard Chandrayaan - 1 ( the Moon Mineralogy Mapper ( MP3 ) discovered water molecules in the Moon 's polar regions , while water vapour was detected by NASA 's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite , or LCROSS ) this observation is not consistent with the presence of thick deposits of nearly pure water ice within a few meters of the lunar surface , but it does not rule out the presence of small ( < ∼ 10 cm ) , discrete pieces of ice mixed in with the regolith . End of the mission ( edit ) The mission was launched on 22 October 2008 and expected to operate for two years . However , around 20 : 00 UTC on 28 August 2009 communication with the spacecraft was suddenly lost . The probe had operated for 312 days . The craft had been expected to remain in orbit for approximately another 1000 days and to crash into the lunar surface in late 2012 , although in 2016 it was found to still be in orbit . A member of the science advisory board of Chandrayaan - 1 said that it is difficult to ascertain reasons for the loss of contact . ISRO Chairman Madhavan Nair said that due to very high radiation , power - supply units controlling both the computer systems on board failed , snapping the communication connectivity . However , information released later showed that the power supply supplied by MDI failed due to overheating . Although the mission was less than 10 months in duration , and less than half the intended two years in length , a review by scientists termed the mission successful , as it had completed 95 % of its primary objectives . Analysis of collected data ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chandrayaan 's Moon Mineralogy Mapper has confirmed the magma ocean hypothesis , meaning that the Moon was once completely molten . The terrain mapping camera on board Chandrayaan - 1 , besides producing more than 70,000 three dimensional images , has recorded images of the landing site of U.S. spacecraft Apollo 15 . TMC and HySI payloads of ISRO have covered about 70 % of the lunar surface , while M covered more than 95 % of the same and SIR - 2 has provided high - resolution spectral data on the mineralogy of the Moon . Indian Space Research Organisation said interesting data on lunar polar areas was provided by Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument ( LLRI ) and High Energy X-ray Spectrometer ( HEX ) of ISRO as well as Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar ( Mini-SAR ) of the USA . LLRI covered both the lunar poles and additional lunar regions of interest , HEX made about 200 orbits over the lunar poles and Mini-SAR provided complete coverage of both North and South Polar Regions of the Moon . Another ESA payload -- Chandrayaan - 1 imaging X-ray Spectrometer ( C1XS ) -- detected more than two dozen weak solar flares during the mission duration . The Bulgarian payload called Radiation Dose Monitor ( RADOM ) was activated on the day of the launch itself and worked until the mission 's end . ISRO said scientists from India and participating agencies expressed satisfaction on the performance of Chandrayaan - 1 mission as well as the high quality of data sent by the spacecraft . They have started formulating science plans based on the data sets obtained from the mission . It is expected that in the next few months , interesting results about lunar topography , mineral and chemical contents of the Moon and related aspects are expected to be published . The Chandrayaan - 1 payload has enabled scientists to study the interaction between the solar wind and a planetary body like the Moon without a magnetic field . In its 10 - month orbit around the Moon , Chandrayaan - 1 's X-ray Spectrometer ( C1XS ) detected titanium , confirmed the presence of calcium , and gathered the most accurate measurements yet of magnesium , aluminium and iron on the lunar surface . Lunar water discovery ( edit ) Direct evidence of lunar water though Chandrayaan - 1 Chandra 's Altitudinal Composition ( CHACE ) output profile These images show a very young lunar crater on the side of the Moon that faces away from Earth , as viewed by Chandrayaan - 1 's NASA Moon Mineralogy Mapper equipment On 18 November 2008 , the Moon Impact Probe was released from Chandrayaan - 1 at a height of 100 km ( 62 mi ) . During its 25 - minute descent , Chandra 's Altitudinal Composition Explorer ( CHACE ) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time . On 24 September 2009 Science journal reported that the Moon Mineralogy Mapper ( M ) on Chandrayaan - 1 had detected water ice on the Moon . But , on 25 September 2009 , ISRO announced that the MIP , another instrument on board Chandrayaan - 1 , had discovered water on the Moon just before impact and had discovered it 3 months before NASA 's M. The announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it . M detected absorption features near 2.8 -- 3.0 μm on the surface of the Moon . For silicate bodies , such features are typically attributed to hydroxyl - and / or water - bearing materials . On the Moon , the feature is seen as a widely distributed absorption that appears strongest at cooler high latitudes and at several fresh feldspathic craters . The general lack of correlation of this feature in sunlit M data with neutron spectrometer H abundance data suggests that the formation and retention of OH and H O is an ongoing surficial process . OH / H O production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration . The Moon Mineralogy Mapper ( M ) , an imaging spectrometer , was one of the 11 instruments on board Chandrayaan - I that came to a premature end on 28 August 2009 . M was aimed at providing the first mineral map of the entire lunar surface . M data were reanalyzed years later and revealed `` the most definitive proof to date '' of the presence of water in shaded regions of craters near the Moon 's north and south poles . Lunar scientists had discussed the possibility of water repositories for decades . They are now increasingly `` confident that the decades - long debate is over '' a report says . `` The Moon , in fact , has water in all sorts of places ; not just locked up in minerals , but scattered throughout the broken - up surface , and , potentially , in blocks or sheets of ice at depth . '' The results from the Chandrayaan mission are also `` offering a wide array of watery signals . '' Lunar water production ( edit ) Main article : Lunar water According to European Space Agency ( ESA ) scientists , the lunar regolith ( a loose collection of irregular dust grains making up the Moon 's surface ) absorbs hydrogen nuclei from solar winds . Interaction between the hydrogen nuclei and oxygen present in the dust grains is expected to produce hydroxyl ( HO − ) and water ( H 2O ) . The SARA ( Sub keV Atom Reflecting Analyser ) instrument developed by ESA and the Indian Space Research Organisation was designed and used to study the Moon 's surface composition and solar - wind / surface interactions . SARA 's results highlight a mystery : not every hydrogen nucleus is absorbed . One out of every five rebounds into space , combining to form an atom of hydrogen . Hydrogen shoots off at speeds of around 200 kilometres per second ( 120 mi / s ) and escapes without being deflected by the Moon 's weak gravity . This knowledge provides timely advice for scientists who are readying ESA 's BepiColombo mission to Mercury , as that spacecraft will carry two instruments similar to SARA . Lunar caves ( edit ) Chandrayaan - 1 imaged a lunar rille , formed by an ancient lunar lava flow , with an uncollapsed segment indicating the presence of a lunar lava tube , a type of large cave below the lunar surface . The tunnel , which was discovered near the lunar equator , is an empty volcanic tube , measuring about 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) in length and 360 m ( 1,180 ft ) in width . According to A.S. Arya , scientist SF of Ahmedabad - based Space Application Centre ( SAC ) , this could be a potential site for human settlement on the Moon . Earlier , Japanese Lunar orbiter SELENE ( Kaguya ) also recorded evidence for other caves on the Moon . Tectonism ( edit ) Data from the microwave sensor ( Mini-SAR ) of Chandrayaan - 1 processed using the image analysis software ENVI , has revealed a good amount of past tectonic activity on the lunar surface . The researchers think that the faults and fractures discovered could be features of past interior tectonic activity coupled with meteorite impacts . Awards for Chandrayaan - 1 ( edit ) The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ( AIAA ) has selected ISRO 's Chandrayaan - 1 mission as one of the recipients of its annual AIAA SPACE 2009 awards , which recognises key contributions to space science and technology . The International Lunar Exploration Working Group awarded the Chandrayaan - 1 team the International Co-operation Award in 2008 for accommodation and tests of the most international lunar payload ever ( from 20 countries , including India , the European Space Agency of 17 countries , USA , and Bulgaria ) . US - based National Space Society awarded ISRO the 2009 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category , for the Chandrayaan - 1 mission . Team ( edit ) The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the Chandrayaan - 1 project are : G. Madhavan Nair -- Chairman , Indian Space Research Organisation Dr. T.K. Alex -- Director , ISAC ( ISRO Satellite Centre ) Dr. Mylswamy Annadurai -- Project Director , Chandrayan - 1 S.K. Shivkumar -- Director -- Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network Mr. M. Pitchaimani -- Operations Director , Chandrayan - 1 Mr. Leo Jackson John -- Spacecraft Operations Manager , Chandrayan - 1 Dr. K. Radhakrishnan ( scientist ) -- Director , VSSC George Koshy -- Mission Director , PSLV - C11 Srinivasa Hegde -- Mission Director , Chandrayaan - 1 Prof. JN Goswami -- Director of Physical Research Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator of Chandrayaan - 1 Madhavan Chandradathan - Head , Launch Authorization Board , Chandrayan - 1 Public release of data ( edit ) Data gathered by Chandrayaan - I was made available to the public by the end of the year 2010 . The data was split into two seasons with the first season going public by the end of 2010 and the second going public by the mid of 2011 . The data contained pictures of the Moon and also data of chemical and mineral mapping of the lunar surface . Chandrayaan - 2 ( edit ) Main article : Chandrayaan - 2 ISRO is currently developing a follow - on mission to Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan - 2 , which is scheduled to be launched in January - March 2019 . The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) plans to include a lander and robotic rover as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission . The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface , do on - site chemical analysis and send the data to the Earth via the Chandrayaan - 2 orbiter , which will be orbiting the Moon . Lunar outpost ( edit ) Chandrayaan 's imagery will be used to identify regions of interest that will be explored in detail by the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter . The interest lies in identifying lunar water on the surface that can be exploited in setting up a future lunar outpost . The Mini-SAR , one of the U.S. payloads on Chandrayaan , was used to determine the presence of water ice . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Moon portal India portal Exploration of the Moon ISRO Orbital Vehicle List of artificial objects on the Moon List of current and future lunar missions List of Indian satellites Lunar water List of ISRO missions References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mission Sequence '' . ISRO . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan - I Spacecraft Loses Radio Contact '' . ISRO. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` chandra '' . Spoken Sanskrit . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` yaana '' . Spoken Sanskrit . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 shifted to VAB '' . The Hindu . 22 October 2008 . Retrieved 15 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan - 1 '' . ISRO. 22 October 2008 . 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Jump up ^ `` First Lunar Orbit Reduction Manoeuvre of Chandrayaan - 1 Successfully Carried Out '' . ISRO . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Now , one step closer to Moon '' . The Hindu . 11 November 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan 's orbit further reduced '' . The Hindu . 12 November 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan McDowell ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` Jonathan 's Space Report No. 603 '' . Jonathan 's Space Report . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan - 1 Successfully Reaches its Operational Lunar Orbit '' . ISRO . Retrieved 12 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Laxman , Srinivas ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` Chandrayaan - I Impact Probe lands on the Moon '' . Times of India . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India to go alone in second Moon mission '' . UMMID. 18 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Natarajan , Swaminathan ( 25 November 2008 ) . `` India moon craft hit by heat rise '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All fine with Chandrayaan - 1 : ISRO chief '' . Times of India . 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 takes summer break till mid Jan '' . Economic Times . 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Moon probe feels the heat '' . New Scientist. 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan reveals changes in rock composition '' . Times of India . 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fortin , Jacey ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Ice on the Surface of the Moon ? Almost Certainly , New Research Shows '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Results from Chandrayaan 1 mission '' . ISRO website . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan sensor fails ; craft 's life may be reduced '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft completes 3000 orbits around the Moon '' . ISRO . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan falters as ' star sensors ' fail '' . The Hindu . 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.ufo-blogger.com/2009/01/indian-moon-mission-pictures-show.html Jump up ^ Laxman , Srinivas ( 15 January 2009 ) . `` Chandrayaan beams back 40,000 images in 75 days '' . Times of India . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` C1XS Catches First Glimpse of X-rays from the Moon '' . ISRO. 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan detects X-ray signals '' . The Hindu . 24 January 2009 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 Instrument Detects First X-ray Signature from Moon '' . Universe Today . 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Divya ( 11 April 2009 ) . `` Chandrayaan 's first image of Earth in its entirety '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Image of Earth from Chandrayaan - 1 '' . The Planetary Society . 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orbit of Chandrayaan - 1 Raised '' . ISRO . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moon 's heat hastened Indian probe 's demise '' , New Scientist , 12 September 2009 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Andrew ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Chandrayaan - I was ' killed ' by heat stroke '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan 's first sensor failed much earlier '' . The Hindu . 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NASA And ISRO Satellites Perform In Tandem To Search For Ice on the Moon '' . NASA . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ISRO - NASA Joint Experiment To Search for Water Ice on the Moon '' . ISRO. 21 August 2009 . 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Retrieved 26 March 2012 . the Mini-RF instruments on ISRO 's Chandrayaan - 1 and NASA 's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) obtained S band ( 12.6 cm ) synthetic aperture radar images of the impact site at 150 and 30 m resolution , respectively . These observations show that the floor of Cabeus has a circular polarization ratio ( CPR ) comparable to or less than the average of nearby terrain in the southern lunar highlands . Furthermore , < 2 % of the pixels in Cabeus crater have CPR values greater than unity . This observation is not consistent with presence of thick deposits of nearly pure water ice within a few meters of lunar surface , but it does not rule out the presence of small ( < ∼ 10 cm ) , discrete pieces of ice mixed in with the regolith . Jump up ^ Chandrayaan - 1 off radar , but will work for 1000 days . The Economic Times 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ ISRO Loses Chandrayaan - 1 ^ Jump up to : Chandrayaan - 1 mission terminated The Hindu . 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Power supply glitch partially cripples Insat - 4B , HinduBusiness Line , Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Chandrayaan 1 Mission Terminated Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan confirms Moon was once completely molten : Scientist '' . Economic Times . 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scientist Rubbishes Apollo 15 Conspiracy Theory '' . Moondaily.com. 4 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan sends images of Apollo 15 landing '' . Times of India . 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan Enables Study Interaction Without Magnetic Field '' . SpaceDaily.com. 10 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan enables study interaction without magnetic field '' . DNAIndia.com. 8 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Solar flares shine light on Moon 's minerals '' . The Hindu . 19 September 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` Water discovered on Moon ? : `` A lot of it actually '' `` . The Hindu . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ India Space Programs and Exploration Handbook Jump up ^ A.S. Arya , R.P. Rajasekhar , Guneshwar Thangjam , Ajai and A.S. Kiran Kumar , `` Detection of potential site for future human habitability on the Moon using Chandrayaan - 1 data '' , Current Science , Vol. 100 , NO . 4 , 25 February 2011 ( accessed 24 January 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` After water , now Indian scientists find cave on Moon '' . Silicon India . 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Drake , Nadia ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` Scientists May Have Spotted Buried Lava Tubes on the Moon '' . National Geographic . ^ Jump up to : Priyadarshini , Subhra ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` Moon shows Earth - like tectonic activity '' . Nature India . doi : 10.1038 / nindia. 2014.57 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ American astronautics society award for Chandrayaan - 1 team news Jump up ^ Choudhury , Shubhadeep ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` Chandrayaan - 1 wins global award '' . Bangalore . Tribune News Service . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NSS awards for 2009 '' . National Space Society . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Rachel ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` NASA 's Lunar Impact Mission Honored by National Space Society '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The men behind the mission '' . NDTV. 22 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Looking beyond Chandrayaan - 1 '' . Economic Times . 15 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Chandrayaan Team '' . Zee News . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Launch authorization board '' . Telegraph India . 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Data From Chandrayaan Moon Mission To Go Public '' . Space - Travel . 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 2 to be launched in January - March window in 2019 '' . The Economic Times . Press Trust of India . 12 August 2018 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Rathinavel , T. ; Singh , Jitendra ( 24 November 2016 ) . `` Question No. 1084 : Deployment of Rover on Lunar Surface '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . Jump up ^ David , Leonard ( 26 December 2006 ) . `` Moonbase : In the Dark on Lunar Ice '' . Space.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chandrayaan - 1 . Official website Datta , Jayati ; Chakravarty , S.C. ( 2009 ) . Chandrayaan - 1 : India 's First Mission to Moon ( PDF ) . Indian Space Research Organisation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 October 2009 . Indian space programme Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) Organisations Department of Space ( DoS ) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology ( IIST ) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ( IIRS ) Laboratory for Electro - Optics Systems ( LEOS ) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( NARL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( DECU ) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human Spaceflight Programme Satellites APPLE Aditya - L1 Aryabhata Astrosat AstroSat - 2 HAMSAT IMS - 1 Megha - Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite SRE SRE II Kalpana - 1 CARE Space probes Chandrayaan - 1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan - 2 Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 Venus orbiter mission ( proposed ) Crewed spacecraft Gaganyaan Rockets Engine CE - 7.5 CE - 20 Orbital SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV GSLV Mark III Suborbital Rohini ATV Concepts ULV Under development RLV Technology Demonstration Programme RLV - TD Facilities Indian Deep Space Network ( IDSN ) ISRO Satellite Centre ( ISAC ) ISRO Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) Master Control Facility ( MCF ) Satish Dhawan Space Centre ( SDSC ) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS ) ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment ( ISITE ) Vikram Sarabhai Space Center ( VSSC ) Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ( LPSC ) ISRO Propulsion Complex See also SAGA - 220 ( supercomputer ) List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Indian spacecraft List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Satellites Communication GSAT 3 ( EDUSAT ) 5P 6 6A 7 8 9 ( South Asia Satellite ) 10 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 HAMSAT INSAT 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 2D 2DT 2E 3A 3B 3C 3D 3DR 3DS 3E 4A 4B 4C 4CR 4E 4F 4G Planned : GSAT 7A 11 20 22 23 24 29 Earth observation Bhaskara II Cartosat 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F IMS - 1 IRS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E P1 P2 P3 Megha - Tropiques Microsat Oceansat Resourcesat RISAT Rohini RS - D1 RS - D2 SARAL SCATSAT - 1 Technology Experiment Satellite ( TESS ) Planned : Cartosat - 3 NISAR GISAT Oceansat - 3 Resourcesat - 3 Experimental APPLE Aryabhata Rohini RS - 1 Rohini Technology Payload ( RTP ) Navigation IRNSS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G Student satellites ANUSAT Jugnu SRMSAT StudSat StudSat - 2 YouthSat Pratham Space probes Scientific SROSS C2 Astronomical Astrosat Aditya - L1 ( planned ) Lunar programme Chandrayaan - 1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan - 2 ( planned ) Inter-planetary Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 ( planned ) Venus orbiter mission ( planned ) Human spaceflight Indian human spaceflight programme SRE - 1 SRE - II SRE - III Gaganyaan CARE Future spacecraft in italics . Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Commercial Lunar Payload Services Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Longjiang - 2 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Longjiang - 1 Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO TESS WIND WMAP Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2020 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2021 ) Luna 26 ( 2022 ) Luna 27 ( 2023 ) Luna 28 Luna 29 Others Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) Sparrow ( 2018 ) Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2019 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Resource Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Crewed missions in italics . 21st - century space probes Active space probes ( deep space missions ) Moon ARTEMIS Longjiang - 2 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars ExoMars TGO InSight / MarCO Mangalyaan Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey MAVEN MER Opportunity MRO MSL Curiosity Venus Akatsuki IKAROS Minor planet Chang'e 2 Dawn Hayabusa2 / MASCOT New Horizons OSIRIS - REx PROCYON Solar science ACE DSCOVR Parker Solar Probe SOHO STEREO Wind Others Gaia Juno THEMIS Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Completed after 2000 ( by termination date ) NEAR Shoemaker Deep Space 1 2003 Pioneer 10 Galileo Nozomi Genesis 2005 Huygens 2006 Mars Global Surveyor 2008 Phoenix 2009 Chang'e 1 Ulysses Chandrayaan - 1 SELENE LCROSS Hayabusa MER Spirit 2011 Stardust 2012 GRAIL 2013 Deep Impact 2014 LADEE Venus Express Chang'e 5 - T1 2015 MESSENGER Chang'e 3 / Yutu 2016 Rosetta / Philae ExoMars Schiaparelli 2017 LISA Pathfinder Cassini List of Solar System probes List of lunar probes List of space telescopes ← 2007 Orbital launches in 2008 2009 → Thuraya 3 TecSAR Ekspress AM - 33 Progress M - 63 STS - 122 ( Columbus ) Thor 5 Kizuna Jules Verne ATV STS - 123 ( Kibō ELM - PS Dextre Spacelab MD002 ) USA - 200 AMC - 14 USA - 201 DirecTV - 11 SAR - Lupe 4 Soyuz TMA - 12 ICO G1 C / NOFS Vinasat - 1 Star One C2 Tianlian I - 01 GIOVE - B Cartosat - 2A TWSAT CanX - 2 CUTE - 1.7 + APD II Delfi - C3 AAUSAT - II Compass - 1 SEEDS - 2 CanX - 6 Rubin - 8 Amos - 3 Progress M - 64 Galaxy 18 Kosmos 2437 Kosmos 2438 Kosmos 2439 Yubileiny Feng Yun 3A STS - 124 ( Kibō PM ) ChinaSat 9 Fermi Skynet 5C Türksat 3A Orbcomm FM29 Orbcomm FM37 Orbcomm FM38 Orbcomm FM39 Orbcomm FM40 Orbcomm FM41 Jason - 2 Kosmos 2440 Badr - 6 ProtoStar 1 EchoStar XI SAR - Lupe 5 Kosmos 2441 Trailblazer NanoSail - D PRESat Explorers Superbird - C2 AMC - 21 Omid Inmarsat - 4 F3 Tachys Mati Choma Choros Trochia Huan Jing 1A Huan Jing 1B GeoEye - 1 Progress M - 65 Nimiq - 4 Galaxy 19 Kosmos 2442 Kosmos 2243 Kosmos 2444 Shenzhou 7 ( Banxing - 1 ) Ratsat THEOS Soyuz TMA - 13 IBEX Chandrayaan - 1 ( MIP ) Shijian 6E Shijian 6F COSMO - 3 Venesat - 1 Chuang Xin 1B Shiyan Weixing 3 Astra 1M Kosmos 2445 STS - 126 ( Leonardo MPLM PSSC - 1 ) Progress M - 01M Yaogan 4 Kosmos 2446 Yaogan 5 Hot Bird 9 Eutelsat W2M Feng Yun 2E Kosmos 2447 Kosmos 2448 Kosmos 2449 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . 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chandrayan 1 indian first mission to moon was launched in

Chandrayaan - 1 ( Sanskrit : ( t͡ʃʌnd̪ɾʌːjaːn ) ; lit : Moon vehicle pronunciation ( help info ) ) was India 's first lunar probe . It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008 , and operated until August 2009 . The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor . India launched the spacecraft using a PSLV - XL rocket , serial number C11 , on 22 October 2008 at 00 : 52 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) north of Chennai . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003 . The mission was a major boost to India 's space program , as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon . The vehicle was inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008 .

The Lion , the Witch and the wardrobe - wikipedia The Lion , the Witch and the wardrobe Jump to : navigation , search For the film adaptation of the novel , see The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . For other uses ( disambiguation ) , see The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( disambiguation ) . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe First edition dustjacket Author C.S. Lewis Illustrator Pauline Baynes Cover artist Pauline Baynes Country United Kingdom Language English Series The Chronicles of Narnia Genre Children 's fantasy novel , Christian literature Publisher Geoffrey Bles Publication date 16 October 1950 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , e-book OCLC 7207376 LC Class PZ8. L48 Li Followed by Prince Caspian The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C.S. Lewis , published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950 . It is the first published and best known of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia ( 1950 -- 1956 ) . Among all the author 's books it is also the most widely held in libraries . Although it was written as well as published first in the series , it is volume two in recent editions , which are sequenced by the stories ' chronology ( the first being The Magician 's Nephew ) . Like the others , it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and her work has been retained in many later editions . Most of the novel is set in Narnia , a land of talking animals and mythical creatures that one White Witch has ruled for 100 years of deep winter . In the frame story , four English children are relocated to a large , old country house following a wartime evacuation . The youngest visits Narnia three times via the magic of a wardrobe in a spare room . All four children are together on her third visit , which verifies her fantastic claims and comprises the subsequent 12 of 17 chapters except for a brief conclusion . In Narnia , the siblings seem fit to fulfill an old prophecy and so are soon adventuring both to save Narnia and their lives . Lewis wrote the book for , and dedicated it to , his goddaughter Lucy Barfield . She was the daughter of Owen Barfield , Lewis 's friend , teacher , adviser , and trustee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Character list 3 Writing 4 Illustrations 5 Reception 6 Allusions 7 Differences between editions 8 Adaptations 8.1 Television 8.2 Theatre 8.3 Audio 8.4 Film 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In 1940 , four siblings -- Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie -- are among many children evacuated from London during World War II to escape the Blitz . They are sent to the countryside to live with professor Digory Kirke . Exploring the professor 's house , Lucy finds a wardrobe which doubles as a magic portal to a forest in a land called Narnia . At a lamppost oddly located in the forest , she meets Tumnus , a faun , who invites her to tea in his home . There the faun confesses that he invited her not out of hospitality , but with the intention of betraying her to the White Witch . The witch has ruled Narnia for years , using magic to keep it frozen in a perpetual winter . She has ordered all Narnians to turn in any humans ( `` Sons of Adam '' or `` Daughters of Eve '' ) they come across . But now that he has come to know and like a human , Tumnus repents his original intention and escorts Lucy back to the lamppost . Lucy returns through the wardrobe and finds that only a few seconds have passed in normal time during her absence . Her siblings do not believe her story about another world inside the wardrobe , which is now found to have a solid back panel . During a game of hide - and - seek on some days later , Lucy again passes into Narnia . This time her brother Edmund chances to follow her . He meets Jadis , who calls herself Queen of Narnia . When she learns that he is human and has two sisters and a brother , she places an enchantment on him . She urges him to bring his siblings to her castle , promising in return to make him her heir . When Lucy and Edmund return together through the wardrobe , Edmund realizes that the queen he met and the witch Lucy describes are one and the same . He denies to the others that he has been in Narnia at all . Peter and Susan are puzzled by Lucy 's insistence , and consult the Professor , who surprises them by taking Lucy 's side in the debate of Narnia 's existence . Soon afterward , all four children enter Narnia together after hiding in the wardrobe to avoid the professor 's dour housekeeper , Mrs. Macready . Remembering the winter cold ahead , they take coats from the wardrobe before exploring . Lucy guides them to Tumnus 's cave , but they find it ransacked , with a notice from Jadis ( the White Witch ) proclaiming his arrest for harbouring humans . A talking beaver intercepts them , proves himself a friend , and hides the children in his den . There , he and Mrs. Beaver tell them of a prophecy that Jadis 's power will fail when two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve fill the four thrones at Cair Paravel . Aslan , the great lion and the rightful King , has been absent for many years but is now `` on the move again '' in Narnia . Edmund steals away to Jadis 's castle , which is filled with statues of Narnian victims she has turned to stone . Jadis is furious when Edmund appears alone and angrier still to learn that Aslan may have returned . She takes him on her sledge to catch the others or to reach Aslan 's court before them . Meanwhile , Mr Beaver realises that Edmund has betrayed them , and they set off at once to seek Aslan at the Stone Table . As they travel , the Witch 's spell over Narnia begins to break : Father Christmas ( who has not been seen in Narnia for a hundred years ) arrives with magical presents : a sword for Peter , a horn and a bow with arrows for Susan , a knife and a bottle of healing cordial for Lucy . The snow melts , and winter ends . Aslan welcomes the children and the Beavers to his camp near the Stone Table . Upon hearing Edmund 's situation , he orders a rescue party of loyal Narnians . After much hardship at the hands of the Witch and her sledge driver , Edmund is rescued from their camp and reunited with his siblings . Jadis approaches in truce to parley with Aslan . She insists that , according to `` deep magic from the dawn of time '' , she holds the right to kill Edmund following his treason . Aslan bargains with her privately and she renounces her claim . That evening , Aslan secretly returns to the Stone Table , shadowed by Susan and Lucy . Upon noticing them , Aslan welcomes their company but warns them not to interfere with what is about to happen . He has traded his own life to the witch for Edmund 's , and the girls watch as Jadis oversees his shaming before her underlings . She orders Aslan tied to the Stone Table , shaved and muzzled ; and she administers the killing blow herself . Confident now of victory , the Witch leads her army away to battle . Susan and Lucy remain weeping over Aslan 's abandoned body . They un-muzzle him and see mice gnaw away his bonds . The Stone Table breaks and Aslan is restored to life . He tells Lucy and Susan that Jadis was unaware of the `` deeper magic from before the dawn of time '' that will resurrect an innocent killed in place of a traitor . Aslan carries Lucy and Susan on his back as he hurries to Jadis 's castle . He breathes upon the stone statues in the courtyard , restoring them to life . Meanwhile , Peter and Edmund lead the Narnians against Jadis , and Edmund is seriously wounded . Aslan arrives with the former statues as reinforcements . The Narnians rout Jadis 's supporters , and Aslan kills Jadis . Aslan breathes life into those Jadis has turned to stone on the battlefield , and Lucy uses her magic cordial to revive the wounded , starting with Edmund . The Pevensie children are crowned kings and queens of Narnia at Cair Paravel . Soon afterward , Aslan slips away and disappears . Fifteen years later , the four rulers chase a wish - granting white stag through the forest whereupon they rediscover the lamppost . They soon find their way not through branches but coats . They come back through the wardrobe in the Professor 's house and are suddenly children again , dressed in their old clothes . Almost no time has passed in the real world , despite their many years in Narnia . The four children consult the Professor . He forgives them the absence of the four coats they stole , and hints that theirs would prove not to be the first adventure in Narnia , nor by any means the last . Character list ( edit ) The Pevensie Siblings Raised in London , evacuated to the Dorset countryside , and reaching adulthood in Narnia , they are the four main characters . In one chapter , Father Christmas arrives to endow those present ( three Pevensies and two beavers ) with a feast , weapons , and magical items . After the restoration of Narnia , a Tetrarchy is established with the four siblings as the rulers . Lucy Pevensie is the youngest Pevensie child and , in some respects , the primary protagonist of the story . She is the first to discover the land of Narnia when she finds her way through the magical wardrobe in the Professor 's house . When Lucy tells her three siblings , they do n't believe her : Peter and Susan think she is just playing a game while Edmund persistently ridicules her about it . She is later crowned Queen Lucy the Valiant . Edmund Pevensie is the second - youngest of the Pevensie children . He has a bad relationship with his siblings . Edmund is known to be a liar , and often harasses children younger than him . He often singles out Lucy as his favourite target . In Narnia he meets the White Witch , who plies him with enchanted Turkish delight , drink , and smooth talk . Lured by the White Witch 's promise of power and an unlimited supply of the magical treats , Edmund betrays his siblings . He eventually regrets his actions and repents . After he helps Aslan and the good denizens of Narnia defeat the White Witch , he is crowned and named King Edmund the Just . He has no endowments , because of his betrayal . Susan Pevensie is the second - oldest of Pevensie children . She does not believe in Narnia until she actually goes there . Along with Lucy , she accompanies Aslan on the journey to his apparent self - sacrifice and secretly witnesses the horrific event . Tending to his carcass , she removes a muzzle from him to restore his dignity and oversees a horde of mice who gnaw away his bonds . She then shares the joy of his resurrection and the endeavor to bring reinforcements to a critical battle . She is crowned Queen of Narnia alongside Lucy and pronounced Queen Susan the Gentle . Peter Pevensie is the eldest of the Pevensie siblings . He judiciously settles disputes between his younger brother and sisters , often rebuking Edmund for his attitude . At first , Peter disbelieves Lucy 's stories about Narnia , but changes his mind when he sees it for himself . He is hailed as a hero for the slaying of Maugrim and for his command in the battle to overthrow the White Witch . He is eventually crowned High King of Narnia and dubbed King Peter the Magnificent . At the Country Home The house that shelters the Pevensie children is run by a Professor , staffed by servants , and frequently toured by historians . The Professor is a kindly old gentleman who takes the Pevensie children in when they are evacuated from London . He is the first to believe that Lucy did indeed visit a land called Narnia . He tries to convince the others logically that she did n't make it up . The book hints that he knows more of Narnia than he lets on . He is identified in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader as Professor Kirke , and appears as a young boy , Digory Kirke , a main character in the prequel , in which he witnesses Aslan 's creation of Narnia . Although never explicitly stated , there are minor parallels between himself and Aslan on the smaller scale of the house in Dorset ; in that he is rarely seen , can be sought for impartial wisdom , provides a sense of stability , and sometimes can not be found . Mrs. Macready is the housekeeper for the Professor and takes it upon herself to guide the tour groups . Although never explicitly stated , there are minor parallels between herself and the White Witch , albeit on the smaller scale ; for example , she effectively rules the country house in the absence of the Professor ( terrifyingly so in the imagination of a young girl torn from her home and mother ) . The Pevensies certainly see her as an antagonist and dub her `` The Macready '' . She is stated to be not very fond of children , imposes strict rules on their behavior , and disturbs their peace with the tours . Narnians The magical land of Narnia is populated by talking animals , mythological species , and sentient flora . Aslan , a lion , is the rightful King of Narnia and other magic countries . He sacrifices himself to save Edmund , but is resurrected in time to aid the denizens of Narnia and the Pevensie children against the White Witch and her minions . As the `` son of the Emperor beyond the sea '' ( an allusion to the first person of the Holy Trinity in Christianity ( the Father ) Aslan is the all powerful creator of Narnia . He is the deity that links all created worlds together and is thus all knowing , all present , and all powerful . The White Witch is the land 's self - proclaimed queen and the primary antagonist of the story . She tyrannizes Narnia through her magically imposed rule . Her spell on Narnia has made winter persist for a hundred years with no end in sight . When provoked , she turns creatures to stone with her wand . She fears the fulfillment of a prophecy that `` two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve '' ( meaning humans ; two male , two female ) will claim the right to rule and supplant her . She is usually referred to simply as `` the White Witch '' but her actual name , `` Jadis , '' appears in one proclamation in this book . Lewis later wrote a prequel to include her back - story and account for her presence in the Narnian world . Tumnus , a faun , is the first individual Lucy meets in Narnia . Tumnus befriends Lucy , despite the White Witch 's standing order to turn in any human found in Narnia . He initially plans to obey the order but , after getting to like Lucy , he can not bear to alert the Witch 's forces . He instead escorts her back towards the safety of her own country . His good deed is later given away by Edmund who innocently tells the White Witch that Lucy mentioned meeting a faun . The witch orders Tumnus arrested and turns him to stone , but he is later restored to life by Aslan . Mr. and Mrs. Beaver , two beavers , are friends of Tumnus . They play host to Peter , Susan , and Lucy and lead them to Aslan . A Dwarf serves the White Witch . He 's never named in the book but called Ginabrik in the film , where he has a more significant role . Maugrim ( Fenris Ulf in most American editions ) the wolf is the chief of the White Witch 's secret police . She sends him to hunt down the Pevensie children . He tries to kill Susan who flees and sees to the safety of others . She sounds her horn . Peter answers the call and slays Maugrim . Giant Rumblebuffin is a character who is turned to stone by the White Witch . Aslan restores him to life by breathing on him . Although slightly dim - witted , he is very kind . His significant contribution is to break down the gate of the Witch 's castle to let the rescued Narnians out , and also to crush some of her army . Writing ( edit ) Lewis described the origin of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled `` It All Began with a Picture '' : The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood . This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen . Then one day , when I was about forty , I said to myself : ' Let 's try to make a story about it . ' Shortly before the Second World War many children were evacuated from London to the English countryside to escape bomber attacks on London by Nazi Germany . On 2 September 1939 three school girls , Margaret , Mary and Katherine , came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis 's home three miles east of Oxford city centre . Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began a children 's story on an odd sheet that has survived as part of another manuscript : This book is about four children whose names were Ann , Martin , Rose and Peter . But it is most about Peter who was the youngest . They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids , and because Father , who was in the Army , had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work . They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother 's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country . The plot element of entering a new world through the back of a wardrobe had certainly entered Lewis 's mind by 1946 , when he used it to describe his first encounter with really good poetry : I did not in the least feel that I was getting in more quantity or better quality a pleasure I had already known . It was more as if a cupboard which one had hitherto valued as a place for hanging coats proved one day , when you opened the door , to lead to the garden of the Hesperides ... How much more of the story Lewis then wrote is uncertain . Roger Lancelyn Green thinks that he might even have completed it . In September 1947 Lewis wrote in a letter about stories for children : `` I have tried one myself but it was , by the unanimous verdict of my friends , so bad that I destroyed it . '' In August 1948 , during a visit by an American writer , Chad Walsh , Lewis talked vaguely about completing a children 's book he had begun `` in the tradition of E. Nesbit '' . After this conversation not much happened until the beginning of the next year . Then everything changed . In his essay `` It All Began With a Picture '' Lewis continues : `` At first I had very little idea how the story would go . But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it . I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time . Apart from that , I do n't know where the Lion came from or why he came . But once he was there , he pulled the whole story together , and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him . '' The major ideas of the book echo lines Lewis had written fourteen years earlier in his alliterative poem The Planets : ... Of wrath ended And woes mended , of winter passed And guilt forgiven , and good fortune Jove is master ; and of jocund revel , Laughter of ladies . The lion - hearted ... are Jove 's children . On 10 March 1949 Roger Lancelyn Green dined with Lewis at Magdalen College . After the meal Lewis read two chapters from his new children 's story to Green . Lewis asked Green 's opinion of the tale and Green said that he thought it was good . The manuscript of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949 . Lucy Barfield received it by the end of May . When on 16 October 1950 Geoffrey Bles in London published the first edition , three new `` chronicles '' , Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy , had also been completed . Illustrations ( edit ) Lewis 's publisher , Geoffrey Bles , allowed him to choose the illustrator for the novel and the Narnia series . Lewis chose Pauline Baynes , possibly based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's recommendation . Baynes had greatly impressed Tolkien with her illustrations for his Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) . However , Baynes claimed that Lewis learned about her work after going into a bookshop and asking for a recommendation for an illustrator who was skilled at portraying both humans and animals . In December 1949 , Bles showed Lewis the first drawings for the novel , and Lewis sent Baynes a note congratulating her , particularly on the level of detail . Lewis 's appreciation of the illustrations is evident in a letter he wrote to Baynes after The Last Battle won the Carnegie Medal for best children 's book of 1956 : `` is it not rather ' our ' medal ? I 'm sure the illustrations were taken into account as well as the text '' . The British edition of the novel had 43 illustrations ; American editions generally had fewer . The popular United States paperback edition published by Collier between 1970 and 1994 , which sold many millions , had only 17 illustrations , many of them severely cropped from the originals , giving many readers in that country a very different experience when reading the novel . All the illustrations were restored for the 1994 worldwide HarperCollins edition , although these lacked the clarity of early printings . Reception ( edit ) Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the first novel . He completed the sequel by end of 1949 , less than a year after finishing the initial book . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe had few readers during 1949 and was not published until late in 1950 , so his initial enthusiasm did not stem from favourable reception by the public . While Lewis is known today on the strength of the Narnia stories as a highly successful children 's writer , the initial critical response was muted . At the time it was fashionable for children 's stories to be realistic ; fantasy and fairy tales were seen as indulgent , appropriate only for very young readers and potentially harmful to older children , even hindering their ability to relate to everyday life . Some reviewers considered the tale overtly moralistic or the Christian elements over-stated -- attempts to indoctrinate children . Others were concerned that the many violent incidents might frighten children . Lewis 's publisher , Geoffrey Bles , feared that the Narnia tales would not sell , and might damage Lewis ' reputation and affect sales of his other books . Nevertheless , the novel and its successors were highly popular with young readers , and Lewis 's publisher was soon eager to release further Narnia stories . In the United States a 2004 study found that The Lion was a common read - aloud book for seventh - graders in schools in San Diego County , California . In 2005 it was included on TIME 's unranked list of the 100 best English - language novels published since 1923 . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association named it one of `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number five among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . A 2012 survey by the University of Worcester determined that it was the second most common book that UK adults had read as children , after Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . ( Adults , perhaps limited to parents , ranked Alice and The Lion fifth and sixth as books the next generation should read , or their children should read during their lifetimes . ) TIME magazine included the novel in its `` All - TIME 100 Novels '' ( best English - language novels from 1923 to 2005 ) . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 9 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . It has also been published in 47 foreign languages . Allusions ( edit ) Lewis wrote that `` The Narnian books are not as much allegory as supposal . Suppose there were a Narnian world and it , like ours , needed redemption . What kind of incarnation and Passion might Christ be supposed to undergo there ? '' The main story is an allegory of Christ 's crucifixion : Aslan sacrifices himself for Edmund , a traitor who may deserve death , in the same way that Christians believe Jesus sacrificed himself for sinners . Aslan is killed on the Stone Table , symbolizing Mosaic Law , which breaks when he is resurrected , symbolizing the replacement of the strict justice of Old Testament law with redeeming grace and forgiveness granted on the basis of substitutional atonement , according to Christian theology . As with the Christian Passion , it is women ( Susan and Lucy ) who tend Aslan 's body after he dies and are the first to see him after his resurrection . The significance of the death contains elements of both the ransom theory of atonement and the satisfaction theory : Aslan suffers Edmund 's penalty ( satisfaction ) , and buys him back from the White Witch , who was entitled to him by reason of his treachery ( ransom ) . In Christian belief , Christ is associated with the Biblical `` Lion of Judah '' of Revelation 5 : 5 . Professor Kirke is based on W.T. Kirkpatrick , who tutored a 16 - year - old Lewis . `` Kirk , '' as he was sometimes called , taught the young Lewis much about thinking and communicating clearly , skills that would be invaluable to him later . Narnia is caught in endless winter that has lasted a century when the children first enter . Norse tradition mythologises a `` great winter , '' known as the Fimbulwinter , said to precede Ragnarök . The trapping of Edmund by the White Witch is reminiscent of the seduction and imprisonment of Kay by The Snow Queen in Hans Christian Andersen 's novella of that name . The dwarves and giants are found in Norse mythology ; fauns , centaurs , minotaurs and dryads derive from Greek mythology . Father Christmas , of course , was part of popular English folklore . There are several parallels between the White Witch and the immortal white queen , Ayesha , of H. Rider Haggard 's She , a novel greatly admired by C.S. Lewis . The Story of the Amulet written by Edith Nesbit also contains scenes that can be considered precursors to sequences presenting Jadis , particularly in The Magician 's Nephew . Nesbit 's short story The Aunt and Amabel includes the motif of a girl entering a wardrobe to gain access to a magical place . The freeing of Aslan 's body from the stone table by field mice is reminiscent of Aesop 's fable of `` The Lion and the Mouse . '' In the fable , a lion catches a mouse , but the mouse persuades the lion to release him , promising that the favor would be rewarded . Later in the story , he gnaws through the lion 's bonds after he has been captured by hunters . It is also reminiscent of a scene from Edgar Allan Poe 's story `` The Pit and the Pendulum , '' in which a prisoner is freed when rats gnaw through his bonds . In a later book , `` Prince Caspian , '' we learn that as reward for their actions , mice gained the same intelligence and speech as other Narnian animals . Differences between editions ( edit ) Due to labor union rules , the text of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was reset for the publication of the first American edition of by Macmillan US in 1950 . Lewis took that opportunity to make the following changes to the original British edition published by Geoffrey Bles earlier that same year : In chapter one of the American edition , the animals that Edmund and Susan express interest in are snakes and foxes rather than the foxes and rabbits of the British edition . In chapter six of the American edition , the name of the White Witch 's chief of police is changed to `` Fenris Ulf '' from `` Maugrim '' in the British . In chapter thirteen of the American edition , `` the trunk of the World Ash Tree '' takes the place of `` the fire - stones of the Secret Hill '' . When HarperCollins took over publication of the series in 1994 , they began using the original British edition for all subsequent English editions worldwide . The current US edition published by Scholastic has 36,135 words . Adaptations ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The story has been adapted three times for television . The first adaptation was a ten - part serial produced by ABC Weekend Television for ITV and broadcast in 1967 . In 1979 , an animated TV - movie , directed by Peanuts director Bill Meléndez , was broadcast and won the first Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program . A third television adaptation was produced in 1988 by the BBC using a combination of live actors , animatronic puppets and animation . Only this last one was the first of a series of 3 Narnia adaptations . The programme was nominated for an Emmy and won a BAFTA . It was followed by three further Narnia adaptations . Theatre ( edit ) Stage adaptations include a 1984 version staged at London 's Westminster Theatre , produced by Vanessa Ford Productions . The play , adapted by Glyn Robbins , was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood . Jules Tasca , Ted Drachman , and Thomas Tierney collaborated on a musical adaptation published in 1986 . In 1997 , Trumpets Inc. , a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company , produced a musical rendition that Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson ( and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations ) , has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis 's intention . It starred among others popular young Filipino singer Sam Concepcion as Edmund Pevensie . The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian , while music was composed by Lito Villareal . In 1998 , the Royal Shakespeare Company did an adaptation by Adrian Mitchell , for which the acting edition has been published . The Stratford Festival in Canada mounted a new production of Mitchell 's work in June 2016 . ( 2 ) ( 3 ) In 2003 , there was an Australian commercial stage production which toured the country by Malcolm C. Cooke Productions , using both life - size puppets and human actors . It was directed by notable film director Nadia Tass , and starred Amanda Muggleton , Dennis Olsen , Meaghan Davies and Yolande Brown . In 2011 , a two - actor stage adaptation by Le Clanché du Rand opened Off - Broadway in New York City at St. Luke 's Theatre . The production was directed by Julia Beardsley O'Brien and starred Erin Layton and Andrew Fortman . As of 2014 , the production is currently running with a replacement cast of Abigail Taylor - Sansom and Rockford Sansom . Audio ( edit ) Multiple audio editions have been released , both straightforward readings and dramatizations . In 1981 , Michael Hordern read abridged versions of the classic tale ( and the others in the series ) . In 2000 , an unabridged audio book was released , narrated by Michael York . ( All the books were released in audio form , read by different actors . ) In 1988 , BBC Radio 4 mounted a full dramatization . In 1998 , Focus on the Family Radio Theatre also adapted this story . Both the original BBC version and the Focus on the Family version have been broadcast on BBC radio . Both are the first in a series of adaptations of all seven of the Narnia books . The BBC series uses the title Tales of Narnia , while the Focus on the Family version uses the more familiar Chronicles moniker . The Focus on the Family version is also longer , with a full orchestra score , narration , a larger cast of actors , and introductions by Douglas Gresham , C.S. Lewis ' stepson . Film ( edit ) In 2005 , the story was adapted for a theatrical film , co-produced by Walt Disney and Walden Media . It has so far been followed by two more films : The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian and The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . The latter was co-produced by Twentieth - Century Fox and Walden Media . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Fantasy portal Narnia portal Novels portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The lion , the witch and the wardrobe ; a story for children '' ( first edition ) . Library of Congress Catalog Record . `` The lion , the witch and the wardrobe ; a story for children '' ( first U.S. edition ) . LCC record . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis , C.S. ( Clive Staples ) 1898 -- 1963 '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 ^ Jump up to : `` Bibliography : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe '' . ISFDB . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 p. 75 Jump up ^ for she is mentioned by name in the notice left by Maugrim after the arrest of Tumnus in chapter 6 , `` Into the Forest . '' Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1960 ) . `` It All Began with a Picture '' . Radio Times . 15 July 1960 . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Of Other Worlds '' , by C.S. Lewis `` . Huntington . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 24 . Archived 4 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edwards , Owen Dudley ( 2007 ) . British Children 's Fiction in the Second World War . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1650 - 3 . Jump up ^ Green , Roger Lancelyn , and Walter Hooper ( 2002 ) . C.S. Lewis : A Biography . Fully Revised and Expanded Edition . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1966 ) , `` Different Tastes in Literature '' . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2004 ( 1947 ) ) . Collected Letters : Volume 2 ( 1931 - 1949 ) . p. 802 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 072764 - 0 . Letter to E.L. Baxter dated 10 September 1947 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Chad ( 1974 ) . C.S. Lewis : Apostle to the Skeptics . Norwood Editions . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 88305 - 779 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1960 ) . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , pp. xix , 53 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1935 ) , `` The Alliterative Metre '' . In Hooper , ed. ( 1969 ) , Selected Literary Essays , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 9780521074414 , p. 25 . The connection argued in Michael Ward ( 2008 ) , Planet Narnia : the seven heavens in the imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195313871 . Jump up ^ Hooper , Walter . `` Lucy Barfield ( 1935 -- 2003 ) '' . SEVEN : An Anglo - American Literary Review . Volume 20 , 2003 , p. 5 . ISSN 0271 - 3012 . `` The dedication ... was probably taken from Lewis 's letter to Lucy of May 1949 '' . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Veith , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Veith , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Veith , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas , James Flood , Diane Lapp , and Nancy Frey ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / RT. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev ( 16 October 2005 ) . `` All - TIME 100 Novels : The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top ten books parents think children should read '' . The Telegraph . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ GoodKnight , Glen H. `` Translations of The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis '' ( index ) . Narnia Editions & Translations ( inklingsfocus.com ) . Updated 3 August 2010 . Confirmed 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ James E. Higgins . `` A Letter from C.S. Lewis '' . The Horn Book Magazine . October 1966 . Archived 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lindskoog , Kathryn . Journey into Narnia . Pasadena , CA : Hope Publ House . ISBN 9780932727893 . pp. 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Gormley , Beatrice . C.S. Lewis : The Man Behind Narnia . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802853011 . p. 122 . ( Second edition of C.S. Lewis : Christian and Storyteller . Eerdmans. 1997 . ISBN 9780802851215 . ) Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. ( 2007 ) . The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis , Volume 3 : Narnia , Cambridge , and Joy , 1950 - 1963 . Zondervan . p. 497 . ISBN 0060819227 . Jump up ^ Lindsley , Art . `` C.S. Lewis : His Life and Works '' . C.S. Lewis Institute . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No sex in Narnia ? How Hans Christian Andersen 's `` Snow Queen '' problematizes C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia `` . Free Online Library ( thefreelibrary.com ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Tracy V. `` Howstuffworks `` The World of Narnia '' `` . Howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` C.S. Lewis And The Scholarship Of Imagination In E. Nesbit And Rider Haggard -- Research and Read Books , Journals , Articles at Questia Online Library '' . Questia.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What C.S. Lewis Took From E. Nesbit '' . Project Muse . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Prince Caspian , Chapter 15 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Devin ( 2013 ) . Inside Narnia : A Guide to Exploring The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Abingdon Press . ISBN 0801065992 . Jump up ^ Schakel , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Way Into Narnia : A Reader 's Guide . Wm . B. Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802829849 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Bell , James ; Dunlop , Cheryl ( 2007 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the World of Narnia . Alpha . ISBN 1592576176 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Elizabeth ( 2013 ) . Milton , Spenser and The Chronicles of Narnia : Literary Sources for the C.S . Abingdon Press . ISBN 9781426785559 . pp. 138 , 173 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Catalog - Book Information '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb Jump up ^ Hooper , Walter ( 1998 ) . C.S. Lewis : A Complete Guide to His Life & Works . HarperCollins . pp. 787 , 960 . Jump up ^ WorldCat libraries have catalogued the related works in different ways including `` The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe : a musical based on C.S. Lewis ' classic story '' ( book , 1986 , OCLC 14694962 ) ; `` The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe : a musical based on C.S. Lewis ' classic story '' ( musical score , 1986 , OCLC 16713815 ) ; `` Narnia : a dramatic adaptation of C.S. Lewis 's The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe '' ( video , 1986 , OCLC 32772305 ) ; `` Narnia : based on C.S. Lewis ' ( classic story ) The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe '' ( 1987 , OCLC 792898134 ) . Google Books uses the title `` Narnia -- Full Musical '' and hosts selections , perhaps from the play by Tasca alone , without lyrics or music . `` Narnia -- Full Musical '' at Google Books ( books.google.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Trumpets The Lion The Witch and the Wardrobe '' . TheBachelorGirl.com. 29 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Evidently `` the Bachelor Girl '' was a former member of the Trumpets cast . Jump up ^ David , B.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Narnia Revisited '' . From a Filipino school newspaper , probably in translation , posted 12 September 2002 to a discussion forum at Pinoy Exchange ( pinoyexchange.com/forums ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . `` Stephen Gresham , stepson of C.S. Lewis '' saw the second staging by invitation and returned with his wife to see it again . `` ( T ) his approval from the family and estate of the well - loved author is enough evidence that the Trumpets adaptations is at par with other version . '' Jump up ^ See also blog reprint of local paper article at ( 1 ) . Article in English . Blog in Filipino . Jump up ^ Garcia , Rose ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` Is Sam Concepcion the next Christian Bautista ? '' . PEP ( Philippine Entertainment Portal ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Adrian ( 4 December 1998 ) . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe : The Royal Shakespeare Company 's Stage Adaptation . An Acting Edition . Oberon Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1840020496 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Jim ( 2 January 2003 ) . `` Mythical , magical puppetry '' . The Age ( theage.com.au ) . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Yench , Belinda . `` Welcome to the lion 's den '' . The Blurb ( Australian arts and entertainment ) ( theblurb.com.au ) . Archived from the original on 8 September 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 ... This review mistakenly identifies C.S. Lewis as the author of Alice in Wonderland . Jump up ^ Charles Quittner . `` The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Is Cute and Compact '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Graeber , Laurel ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Spare Times for Children for Sept. 5 - 11 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . Citations Ford , Paul F. ( 2005 ) . Companion to Narnia : Revised Edition . San Francisco : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 079127 - 8 . Hooper , Walter , ed. ( 1982 ) . On Stories and Other Essays on Literature . By C.S. Lewis . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 . Schakel , Peter J. ( 2002 ) . Imagination and the arts in C.S. Lewis : journeying to Narnia and other worlds . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1407 - X . Veith , Gene ( 2008 ) . The Soul of Prince Caspian : Exploring Spiritual Truth in the Land of Narnia . David C. Cook . ISBN 0 - 7814 - 4528 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Sammons , Martha C. ( 1979 ) . A Guide Through Narnia . Wheaton , Illinois : Harold Shaw Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87788 - 325 - 4 . Downing , David C. ( 2005 ) . Into the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . ISBN 0 - 7879 - 7890 - 6 . Ryken , Leland ; and Mead ; Marjorie Lamp ( 2005 ) . A Reader 's Guide Through the Wardrobe : Exploring C.S. Lewis 's Classic Story . London : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3289 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at Faded Page ( Canada ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) -- immediately , the full - colour C.S. Lewis centenary edition The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Works by C.S. Lewis Poetry Spirits in Bondage ( 1919 ) Dymer ( 1926 ) Fiction The Pilgrim 's Regress ( 1933 ) The Screwtape Letters ( 1942 ) The Great Divorce ( 1945 ) Till We Have Faces ( 1956 ) Screwtape Proposes a Toast ( 1959 ) Letters to Malcolm : Chiefly on Prayer ( 1964 ) Boxen ( 1985 ) The Space Trilogy Out of the Silent Planet ( 1938 ) Perelandra ( 1943 ) That Hideous Strength ( 1945 ) The Dark Tower ( manuscript ) ( 1977 ) The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) Prince Caspian ( 1951 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) The Last Battle ( 1956 ) Non-fiction The Allegory of Love ( 1936 ) The Personal Heresy ( 1939 ) The Problem of Pain ( 1940 ) A Preface to Paradise Lost ( 1942 ) The Abolition of Man ( 1943 ) Miracles ( 1947 ) Mere Christianity ( 1952 ) Surprised by Joy ( 1955 ) The Four Loves ( 1960 ) Studies in Words ( 1960 ) The World 's Last Night and Other Essays ( 1960 ) An Experiment in Criticism ( 1961 ) A Grief Observed ( 1961 ) They Asked for a Paper : Papers and Addresses ( 1962 ) Selections from Layamon 's Brut ( 1963 ) The Discarded Image ( 1964 ) The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses ( 1965 ) Of Other Worlds ( 1966 ) God in the Dock ( 1970 - 1971 ) VIAF : 179642103 LCCN : no97081413 GND : 7548964 - 8 BNE : XX2054247 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe&oldid=815144532 '' Categories : 1950 British novels 1950s fantasy novels British children 's novels British novels adapted into films Christian fiction and allegory High fantasy novels Jinn in popular culture Novels adapted into television programs The Chronicles of Narnia books 1950 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 58 . 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when was the lion the witch and the wardrobe first published

The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe First edition dustjacket Author C.S. Lewis Illustrator Pauline Baynes Cover artist Pauline Baynes Country United Kingdom Language English Series The Chronicles of Narnia Genre Children 's fantasy novel , Christian literature Publisher Geoffrey Bles Publication date 16 October 1950 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , e-book OCLC 7207376 LC Class PZ8. L48 Li Followed by Prince Caspian

Engagement - wikipedia Engagement Jump to : navigation , search Engaged , Betrothed , Affiance , Fiancé , and Fiancée redirect here . For other uses , see Engaged ( disambiguation ) , Betrothed ( disambiguation ) , Affiance ( band ) , and Fiancé ( disambiguation ) For other uses , see Engagement ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William - Adolphe Bouguereau 's The Proposal An engagement , betrothal , or fiancer is a promise to wed , and also the period of time between a marriage proposal and a marriage . During this period , a couple is said to be betrothed , intended , affianced , engaged to be married , or simply engaged . Future brides and grooms may be called the betrothed , a wife - to - be or husband - to - be , fiancée or fiancé ( from the French word of the same form ) , respectively . The duration of the courtship varies vastly , and is largely dependent on cultural norms or upon the agreement of the parties involved . Long engagements were once common in formal arranged marriages , and it was not uncommon for parents betrothing children to arrange marriages many years before the engaged couple were old enough . This is still common in some countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Betrothal 2.1 Protestant Churches 2.2 Orthodox Churches 2.3 Roman Catholic Church 3 Engagement rings 4 Engagement parties 5 Notes Origin ( edit ) The origins of European engagement in marriage practice is found in the Jewish law ( Torah ) , first exemplified by Abraham , and outlined in the last Talmudic tractate of the Nashim ( Women ) order , where marriage consists of two separate acts , called erusin ( or kiddushin , meaning sanctification ) , which is the betrothal ceremony , and nissu'in or chupah , the actual ceremony for the marriage . Erusin changes the couple 's interpersonal status , while nissu'in brings about the legal consequences of the change of status . ( However , in the Talmud and other sources of Jewish law there is also a process , called kiddushin , corresponding to what today is called engagement . Marrying without such an agreement is considered immoral . To complicate matters , erusin in modern Hebrew means engagement , not betrothal . ) This was later adopted in Ancient Greece as the gamos and engeysis rituals , although unlike in Judaism the contract made in front of witness was only verbal . The giving of a ring was eventually borrowed from Judaism by Roman marriage law , with the fiancé presenting it after swearing the oath of marriage intent , and presenting of the gifts at the engagement party . Betrothal ( edit ) `` Betrothed '' redirects here . For other uses , see Betrothed ( disambiguation ) . Modern engagement gifts basket in Bangladesh . Betrothal ( also called espousal ) is a formal state of engagement to be married . In Jewish weddings during Talmudic times ( c. 1st century BC -- 6th century AD ) , the two ceremonies of betrothal ( erusin ) and wedding usually took place up to a year apart ; the bride lived with her parents until the actual marriage ceremony ( nissuin ) , which would take place in a room or tent that the groom had set up for her . Since the Middle Ages the two ceremonies have taken place as a combined ceremony performed in public . The betrothal is now generally part of the Jewish wedding ceremony , accomplished when the groom gives the bride the ring or another object of at least nominal value . As mentioned above , betrothal in Judaism is separate from engagement ; breaking a betrothal requires a formal divorce , and violation of betrothal is considered adultery . Typical steps of a match were the following : Negotiation of a match , usually done by the couple 's families with bride and groom having varying levels of input , from no input , to veto power , to a fuller voice in the selection of marriage partner . This is not as widely practiced as it was historically , although it is still common in culturally conservative communities in Israel , India , Africa , and Persian Gulf countries , although most of these have a requirement that the bride be at least allowed veto power . Negotiation of bride price or dowry In most cultures evolved from Europe , bride prices or dowries have been reduced to the engagement ring accompanying the marriage contract , while in other cultures , such as those on the Arabian Peninsula , they are still part of negotiating a marriage contract . Blessing by the parents and clergy Exchange of Vows and Signing of Contracts Often one of these is omitted Celebration Engagement photograph of Lionel Logue and Myrtle Gruenert , 1906 . The exact duration of a betrothal varies according to culture and the participants ' needs and wishes . For adults , it may be anywhere from several hours ( when the betrothal is incorporated into the wedding day itself ) to a period of several years . A year and a day are common in neo-pagan groups today . In the case of child marriage , betrothal might last from infancy until the age of marriage . The responsibilities and privileges of betrothal vary . In most cultures , the betrothed couple is expected to spend much time together , learning about each other . In some historical cultures ( including colonial North America ) , the betrothal was essentially a trial marriage , with marriage only being required in cases of conception of a child . Almost all cultures are loosening restrictions against physical contact between partners , even in cultures that normally had strong prohibitions against it . The betrothal period was also considered to be a preparatory time , in which the groom built a house , started a business or otherwise proved his readiness to enter adult society . In medieval Europe , in canon law , a betrothal could be formed by the exchange of vows in the future tense ( `` I will take you as my wife / husband , '' instead of `` I take you as my wife / husband '' ) , but sexual intercourse consummated the vows , making a binding marriage rather than a betrothal . Although these betrothals could be concluded with only the vows spoken by the couple , they had legal implications : Richard III of England had his older brother 's children declared illegitimate on the grounds their father had been betrothed to another woman when he married their mother . A betrothal is considered to be a ' semi-binding ' contract . Normal reasons for invalidation of a betrothal include : Revelation of a prior commitment or marriage Evidence of infidelity Failure to conceive ( in ' trial marriage ' cultures ) Failure of either party to meet the financial and property stipulations of the betrothal contract Normally , either party can break a betrothal , though some financial penalty ( such as forfeit of the bride price ) usually applies . In some common law countries , including England and Wales and many US states , it was once possible for the spurned partner ( often only the woman ) to sue the other for breach of promise or `` heart - balm '' . This provided some protection in an age where virginity at marriage was considered important and having a failed engagement could damage one 's reputation , but this tort has become obsolete in most jurisdictions as attitudes to premarital sex have softened and emphasis shifted to allowing people to leave loveless relationships . Protestant Churches ( edit ) The Rite of Betrothal in the Anglican Communion is found within The Book of Common Prayer , first published in 1549 . The Anglican Communion , as well as the Methodist Church and Presbyterian Church , has questions & responses for family members in its Rite of Betrothal . Orthodox Churches ( edit ) In the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches , the Rite of Betrothal is traditionally performed in the narthex ( entranceway ) of the church , to indicate the couple 's first entrance into the married estate . The priest blesses the couple and gives them lit candles to hold . Then , after a litany , and a prayer at which everyone bows , he places the bride 's ring on the ring finger of the groom 's right hand , and the groom 's ring on the bride 's finger . The rings are subsequently exchanged three times , either by the priest or by the best man , after which the priest says a final prayer . Originally , the betrothal service would take place at the time the engagement was announced . In recent times , however , it tends to be performed immediately before the wedding ceremony itself . The exchange of rings is not a part of the wedding service in the Eastern Churches , but only occurs at the betrothal . Traditionally , the groom 's ring is gold and the bride 's ring is silver . The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depicting a betrothal . Musée Condé , Chantilly . Roman catholic church ( edit ) Historically , betrothal in Roman Catholicism was a formal contract considered as binding as marriage , and a divorce was necessary to terminate a betrothal . Betrothed couples were regarded legally as husband and wife -- even before their wedding and physical union . The concept of an official engagement period in Western European culture may have begun in 1215 at the Fourth Lateran Council , headed by Pope Innocent III , which decreed that `` marriages are to be ... announced publicly in the churches by the priests during a suitable and fixed time so that , if legitimate impediments exist , they may be made known . '' Such a formal church announcement of the intent to marry is known as banns . In some jurisdictions , reading the banns may be part of one type of legal marriage . Engagement rings ( edit ) Main article : Engagement ring A white gold wedding ring and a single - diamond , gold - banded engagement ring . The engagement ring is usually worn on the outside . Customs for engagement rings vary according to time , place , and culture . An engagement ring has historically been uncommon , and when such a gift was given , it was separate from the wedding ring . The first recorded tradition of giving a ring for marriage is in Genesis 24 : 22 of the Hebrew Bible when a golden nose ring ( Chayei Sarah 24 : 22 ) was given by Eliezer of Damascus to Rebecca , with Saadiah Gaon also citing as a possible source of the practice in the phrase in Nehemiah 7 : 46 be'nei tabbaot ( children of the rings ) . The latter case refers to betrothal ( see above ) rather than engagement ; one of the three ways in which betrothal may be effected in Judaism is by the husband giving the bride money or an object of at least nominal value . In fact , it is a long - standing practice within Judaism to contract the betrothal with a ring . Romantic rings from the time of the Roman Empire sometimes bore clasped hands symbolizing contract , from which the later Celtic Claddagh symbol ( two hands clasping a heart ) may have evolved as a symbol of love and commitment between two people . Romans believed the circle was a bond between the two people who were to be married and signified eternity , but was first practiced on the fourth finger / ring finger by the Romans , who believed this finger to be the beginning of the vena amoris ( `` vein of love '' ) , the vein that leads to the heart . In cultures with European origin , and many other countries , an engagement ring is worn following the practice of the Romans who `` ... wore the ring either on the right middle finger or the left ring ( 4th ) finger , from which , according to ancient Egyptian physicians , a nerve led directly to the heart . '' The custom in Continental Europe and other countries is to wear it on the right hand . One historical exception arose in monarchical regimes , in which a nobleman entering into morganatic marriage , a marriage in which the person , usually the woman , of lower rank stayed at the same rank instead of rising ranks , would present their left hand to receive the ring , hence the alternative term ' marriage with the left hand ' ( Ger . Ehe zur linken Hand ) , the offspring of such marriages considered to be disinherited from birth . The modern Western form of the practice of giving or exchanging engagement rings is traditionally thought to have begun in 1477 when Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor , gave Mary of Burgundy a diamond ring as an engagement present . In other countries like Argentina , men and women each wear a ring similar to wedding bands . They are made of silver ( `` alianza de plata '' ) when manifesting an informal `` boyfriend - girlfriend '' relationship , though this first step might not always happen ; howbeit depending on finances , this may be the only ring given at all . The gold band ( `` anillo de compromiso '' or `` alianza de oro '' ) is given to the bride when the commitment is formal and the ( optional ) diamond ring ( `` cintillo '' ) is reserved for the wedding ceremony when the groom gives it to the bride . The gold band that the groom wore during the engagement -- or a new one , as some men choose not to wear them during engagement -- is then given to the groom by the bride ; and the bride receives both the original gold band and the new diamond at the ceremony . The bride 's diamond ring is worn on top of the engagement band at the wedding and thereafter , especially at formal occasions or parties ; otherwise the engagement band suffices for daily wear for both parties . At the wedding , the rings are swapped from the right to the left hand . In Brazil , they are always made of gold , and there is no tradition for the engagement ring . Both men and women wear the wedding band on their right hand while engaged , and , after they marry , they shift the rings to their left hands . In Nordic countries such as Finland and Norway , both men and women wear an engagement ring . In the modern era , some women 's wedding rings are made into two separate pieces . One part is given to her to wear as an engagement ring when she accepts the marriage proposal and the other during the wedding ceremony . When worn together , the two rings look like one piece of jewelry . The engagement ring is not worn during the wedding ceremony , when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride , and sometimes by the bride onto the groom 's finger . After the wedding , the engagement ring is put back on , and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring . Engagement parties ( edit ) Main article : Engagement party Some engagements are announced at an engagement party , traditionally hosted by the bride 's parents . These parties are given in the family 's usual style of entertainment . Traditionally , engagement parties were normal parties at which a surprise announcement of the engagement was made by the father of the bride to his guests . Therefore , it is not a traditional gift - giving occasion since no guests were supposed to be aware of the engagement until after their arrival . In modern times , engagement parties often celebrate a previously publicized engagement . Whether presents are given at these engagement parties varies from culture to culture . Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Betrothal . Jump up ^ To be precise , nesiuin is the process , and chuppah is the method . Sources Jump up ^ Kaplan , Rabbi Aryeh ( 1983 ) . Made in Heaven , A Jewish Wedding Guide . New York / Jerusalem : Moznaim Publishing . , Chapter 4 , See also footnote 1 and 2 . The author uses the specific term proposal , and considers this the first step in a formal engagement . Jump up ^ Norman Bancroft Hunt , Living in Ancient Greece , Infobase Publishing , 2008 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Philippe Ariès , Paul Veyne , eds. , A History of Private Life : From pagan Rome to Byzantium , Harvard University Press , 1992 , p. 467 Jump up ^ See Talmud Kiddushin , Mishna 1 : 1 and the main article Jump up ^ Nancy R. Gallo ( 2004 ) . `` Left at the Altar '' . Introduction to Family Law . Cengage Learning . pp. 114 -- 116 . ISBN 1401814530 . Jump up ^ Hefling , Charles ; Shattuck , Morehouse Cynthia ( 1 July 2006 ) . The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer . Oxford University Press . p. 510 . ISBN 9780199723898 . Jump up ^ Prichard , Robert W. ( 1 January 2009 ) . Cohabiting Couples and Cold Feet : A Practical Marriage - Preparation Guide for Clergy . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 107 . ISBN 9780898696035 . The Episcopal Book of Common Prayer of 1979 reworked the betrothal by adding a positive question to the congregation immediately after the couple speaks their words of betrothal . The celebrant asks the congregation , `` Will all of you witnessing these promises do all in your power to uphold these two persons in their marriage ? '' The congregation 's response is , `` We will . '' This inquiry was expanded in The United Methodist Hymnal ( 1989 ) and the Presybterian Book of Common Worship ( 1993 ) into separate questions for family members and for other members in the congregation . Jump up ^ Hapgood , Isabel F. ( 1922 ) . `` Service Book of the Holy Orthodox - Catholic Apostolic Church '' . Englewood , NJ : Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese ( published 1975 ) : 291 ff , 604 -- 5 Jump up ^ Askelm.com Jump up ^ Medieval Sourcebook : Twelfth Ecumenical Council : Lateran IV 1215 Jump up ^ Utunumsint.org Jump up ^ Herczeg , Y.I.Z , The Torah : with Rashi 's commentary , Vol. 1 , Mesorah Publications , New York , 2000 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Catherine Johns , The jewellery of Roman Britain : Celtic and classical traditions , Routledge , 1996 , p. 63 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Philippe Ariès , Paul Veyne , A History of Private Life : From pagan Rome to Byzantium , Harvard University Press , 1992 , p. 467 Jump up ^ Marie Maclean , The name of the mother : writing illegitimacy , Routledge , 1994 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Michael R Collings , Gemlore : An Introduction to Precious and Semi-Precious Stones , Wildside Press LLC , 2009 , p. 50 ( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Same - sex marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engagement&oldid=822508454 '' Categories : Marriage Engagement Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 19 : 50 . 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this refers to an old ritual of formalizing an engagement to marry

Betrothal ( also called espousal ) is a formal state of engagement to be married .

United States House of Representatives - Wikipedia United States House of Representatives For the current United States Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For state - level Houses of Representatives in the United States , see List of United States state legislatures . United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority ( 235 ) Republican ( 235 ) Minority ( 193 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Length of term 2 years Elections Voting system Nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in Washington and California Two - round system in Georgia Ranked - choice voting in Maine Louisiana primary in Louisiana Single member plurality in all other 45 states . Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.house.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they comprise the legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . Contents 1 History 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment 2.1 Apportionments 2.2 Redistricting 2.3 Qualifications 2.4 Elections 2.5 Non-voting delegates 2.6 Terms 3 Comparison to the Senate 4 Salary and benefits 4.1 Salaries 4.2 Titles 4.3 Pension 4.4 Tax deductions 4.5 Health benefits 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses 4.7 Travel allowance 5 Officers 5.1 Member officials 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship 5.2 Non-member officials 6 Procedure 6.1 Daily procedures 6.2 Passage of legislation 7 Committees 8 Legislative functions 9 Checks and balances 10 Latest election results and current party standings 10.1 Current standing 10.2 End of previous Congress 11 References 11.1 Surveys 11.2 Notes 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action . After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery . One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . Republican Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was nicknamed , attempted to put into effect his view that `` The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch . '' The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period , with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899 . While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party , the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker . The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911 . The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees . These powers , however , were curtailed in the `` Revolution of 1910 '' because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon 's arguably heavy - handed tactics . The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , often winning over two - thirds of the seats . Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade . The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995 . In the mid-1970s , there were major reforms of the House , strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs . These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor . There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party ; the power of party leaders ( especially the Speaker ) grew considerably . The Republicans took control of the House in 1995 , under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich . Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program , the Contract with America , on which the House Republicans had been elected , and made major reforms of the House , notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two - year terms . Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress , were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton . However , after Republicans held control in the 1996 election , Clinton and the Gingrich - led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades , along with a substantial tax cut . The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker . The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s . Membership , qualifications and apportionment ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Apportionments ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional apportionment Under Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population , as determined by the census conducted every ten years . Each state is entitled to at least one Representative , however small its population . The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states : `` The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative . '' Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 . In 1959 , upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 ( seating one Representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment ) , and returned to 435 four years later , after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner , but other than having a four - year term , the Resident Commissioner 's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories . The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates ; prior to 2011 , they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive . Redistricting ( edit ) Main article : Redistricting States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single - member districts . This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 . Prior to that law , general ticket representation was used by some states . States typically redraw district boundaries after each census , though they may do so at other times , such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries , either through legislation or through non-partisan panels . `` Malapportionment '' is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population ( see Wesberry v. Sanders ) . Additionally , Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to , or have the effect of , discriminating against racial or language minority voters . Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities , federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents . In a 1984 case , Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered . However , the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , about 40 seats , less than 10 % of the House membership , are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process , given partisan gerrymandering . Qualifications ( edit ) Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives . Each representative must : ( 1 ) be at least twenty - five years old ; ( 2 ) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years ; and ( 3 ) be ( at the time of the election ) an inhabitant of the state they represents . Members are not required to live in the districts they represent , but they traditionally do . The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I , Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate . Therefore , Article I , Section 5 , which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications . Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications . Disqualification : under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States , is disqualified from becoming a representative . This post -- Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving . However , disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . Elections ( edit ) All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state , largest to smallest Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C. , ranked by population . Since D.C. ( ranked 50th ) receives no voting seats in the House , its bar is absent . Current U.S. congressional districts Elections for representatives are held in every even - numbered year , on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November . By law , Representatives must be elected from single - member districts . After a census is taken ( in a year ending in 0 ) , the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census ( with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3 ) . In most states , major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer . In some states , the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer , which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions . Exceptions can result in so - called floor fight -- convention votes by delegates , with outcomes that can be hard to predict . Especially if a convention is closely divided , a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election . The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access . As a result , the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state , and in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years ' elections . In 1967 , the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires almost all representatives be elected from single - member - districts . Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision , Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at - large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population , and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities . Several states have used multi-member districts in the past , although only two states ( Hawaii and New Mexico ) used multi-member districts in 1967 . Hawaii and New Mexico were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act , and are free to use multi-member districts , although neither state chooses to do so . Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all - party `` primary election '' on the general Election Day with a subsequent run - off election between the top two finishers ( regardless of party ) if no candidate received a majority in the primary . The states of Washington and California now use a similar ( though not identical ) system to that used by Louisiana . Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline . The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day , or as soon as the results are certified . Non-voting delegates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Additionally , Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate . With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , each representative and delegate serves for a two - year term . They have a voice and can introduce bills on the floor , but can not vote there . Terms ( edit ) Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote . In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office . Comparison to the Senate ( edit ) As a check on the regional , popular , and rapidly changing politics of the House , the Senate has several distinct powers . For example , the `` advice and consent '' powers ( such as the power to approve treaties ) are a sole Senate privilege . The House , however , has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue , to impeach officials , and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented : the Senate has longer terms of six years , fewer members ( currently one hundred , two for each state ) , and ( in all but seven delegations ) larger constituencies per member . The Senate is informally referred to as the `` upper '' house , and the House of Representatives as the `` lower '' house . Salary and benefits ( edit ) Salaries ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the annual salary of each Representative is $ 174,000 . The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more : $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders ( the same as Senate leaders ) . A cost - of - living - adjustment ( COLA ) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it . Congress sets members ' salaries ; however , the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary ( but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House . Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years . Outside pay is limited to 15 % of congressional pay , and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited . Salaries are not for life , only during active term . Titles ( edit ) Representatives use the prefix `` The Honorable '' before their names . A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . While senators are members of Congress , the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them . Pension ( edit ) All members of Congress are automatically ( without the option of withdrawal ) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants . They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service ( two and one - half terms in the House ) . The FERS is composed of three elements : Social Security The FERS basic annuity , a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401 ( k ) - like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $18,500 in 2018 . Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5 % of pay . Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service , at age 50 after twenty years of service , and at any age after twenty - five years of service . They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service . Depending on birth year , they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age . Tax deductions ( edit ) Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state . Health benefits ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants ; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ( FEHBP ) , an employer - sponsored health insurance program , and were eligible to participate in other programs , such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program ( FSAFEDS ) . However , Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) . Under the rule , effective January 1 , 2014 , members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees . However , if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program ( SHOP ) exchange , they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage , and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement . The ACA and the final rule do not affect members ' or staffers ' eligibility for Medicare benefits . The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members ' and staffers ' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment , so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS ( which has three options within the program ) , the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program , and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program . There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol , which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee . The attending physician provides routine exams , consultations , and certain diagnostics , and may write prescriptions ( although it does not dispense them ) . The office does not provide vision or dental care . Current members ( but not their dependents , and not former members ) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities . There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates ( set by the Department of Defense ) for inpatient care . ( Outside the National Capital Region , charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care ) . Personnel , mail and Office expenses ( edit ) House members are eligible for a Member 's Representational Allowance ( MRA ) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district . The MRA is calculated based on three components : one for personnel , one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail . The personnel allowance is the same for all members ; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members ' district 's distance from Washington , D.C. , the cost of office space in the member 's district , and the number of non-business addresses in their district . These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense -- even though each component is calculated individually , the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses . In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member , and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million . The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010 . Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees . Members ' employees ' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009 . Travel allowance ( edit ) Each member - elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington , D.C. for organization caucuses . Officers ( edit ) Member officials ( edit ) The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next - largest party is the minority party . The Speaker , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , and Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009 . The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker . Although not explicitly required by the Constitution , every Speaker has been a member of the House . The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker , which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House . Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party ( which need not be the majority party ; theoretically , a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party ) . Under the Presidential Succession Act ( 1947 ) , the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President . The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate . Instead , s / he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber . The powers of the presiding officer are extensive ; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak . No member may make a speech or a motion unless s / he has first been recognized by the presiding officer . Moreover , the presiding officer may rule on a `` point of order '' ( a member 's objection that a rule has been breached ) ; the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House . Speakers serve as chairs of their party 's steering committee , which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees . The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees , appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees , and determines which committees consider bills . Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader . The Minority Leader heads their party in the House , and the Majority Leader is their party 's second - highest - ranking official , behind the Speaker . Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose . Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party 's members vote as the party leadership desires . The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise , who is a member of the Republican Party . The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips . In the 115th Congress , the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader , Jim Clyburn , who ranks between the whips and the caucus / conference chair . After the whips , the next ranking official in the House party 's leadership is the Party Conference Chair ( styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair ) . After the Conference Chair , there are differences between each party 's subsequent leadership ranks . After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) , then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee . For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman ( styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ) . The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy . Until the post of Majority Leader was created , the Chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader . Leadership and partisanship ( edit ) When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House , the Speaker can become the de facto `` leader of the opposition '' . Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s , Newt Gingrich in the 1990s , and John Boehner in the 2010s . Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House , the position is often used for partisan advantage . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Non-member officials ( edit ) The House is also served by several officials who are not members . The House 's chief such officer is the Clerk , who maintains public records , prepares documents , and oversees junior officials , including pages , until the discontinuation of the House pages in 2011 . The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker . Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer , responsible for the day - to - day administrative support to the House of Representatives . This includes everything from payroll to foodservice . The position of Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services ( created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House ) . The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services , which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina , along with the House `` Folding Room '' . The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day . There is also a Sergeant at Arms , who as the House 's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises . Finally , routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs , and chairs in even - numbered years . Procedure ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Daily Procedures ( edit ) Like the Senate , the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker , Speaker Pro Tempore , or ( when in the Committee of the Whole ) the Chair presides . The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials . Members ' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle . By tradition , Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle , while Republicans sit on the right , facing the presiding officer 's chair . Sittings are normally held on weekdays ; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare . Sittings of the House are generally open to the public ; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office . Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C - SPAN since March 19 , 1979 , and on HouseLive , the official streaming service operated by the Clerk , since the early 2010s . The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs , precedents , and traditions . In many cases , the House waives some of its stricter rules ( including time limits on debates ) by unanimous consent . A member may block a unanimous consent agreement ; in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer , the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House , and may warn members who deviate from them . The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order . The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper . In one of its first resolutions , the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House , Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House . It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States . For daily sessions of the House , the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker 's right . When the House is in committee , the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms . The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the House , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on . The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate , or when a question is not before the House . During debates , a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer decides which members to recognize , and can therefore control the course of debate . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , members do not refer to each other only by name , but also by state , using forms such as `` the gentleman from Virginia '' , `` the distinguished gentlewoman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend from Alabama '' . There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables , two on each side . These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership . Members address the House from microphones at any table or `` the well , '' the area immediately in front of the rostrum . Passage of legislation ( edit ) Per the constitution , the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation . The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress , but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection . Before legislation reaches the floor of the House , the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure ( which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective ) . For instance , the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted . An `` open rule '' permits all germane amendments , but a `` closed rule '' restricts or even prohibits amendment . Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour , equally divided between the majority and minority parties . Each side is led during the debate by a `` floor manager '' , who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak . On contentious matters , many members may wish to speak ; thus , a member may receive as little as one minute , or even thirty seconds , to make his / her point . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the House votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and members respond either `` yea '' or `` aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` nay '' or `` no '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A member may however challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and `` request the yeas and nays '' or `` request a recorded vote '' . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the members present . In practice , however , members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . Some votes are always recorded , such as those on the annual budget . A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways . One is electronically . Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber . Votes are usually held in this way . A second mode of recorded vote is by teller . Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes : green for `` yea '' , red for `` nay '' , and orange for `` present '' ( i.e. , to abstain ) . Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down . Finally , the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House , each of whom announces their vote when their name is called . This procedure is only used rarely ( such as for the election of a Speaker ) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names . Voting traditionally lasts for , at most , fifteen minutes , but it may be extended if the leadership needs to `` whip '' more members into alignment . The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours , from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. , to receive four additional votes , three of which were necessary to pass the legislation . The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour , from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight . An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes . Presiding officers may vote like other members . They may not , however , vote twice in the event of a tie ; rather , a tie vote defeats the motion . Committees ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional committee and List of current United States House of Representatives committees The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House , but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual members , giving priority on the basis of seniority . Historically , membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party 's strength in the House as a whole , with two exceptions : on the Rules Committee , the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats ; and on the Ethics Committee , each party has an equal number of seats . However , when party control in the House is closely divided , extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party . In the 109th Congress , for example , the Republicans controlled about 53 % of the House as a whole , but had 54 % of the Appropriations Committee members , 55 % of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee , 58 % of the members on the Judiciary Committee , and 69 % of the members on the Rules Committee . The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which , as its name suggests , consists of all members of the House . The Committee meets in the House chamber ; it may consider and amend bills , but may not grant them final passage . Generally , the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself . One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress . Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues , such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs . Each standing committee considers , amends , and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills ; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee , the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature , such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee , created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th , has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress . The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees , which include members of the Senate and House . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman ( always a member of the majority party ) . From 1910 to the 1970s , committee chairs were powerful . Woodrow Wilson in his classic study , suggested : Power is nowhere concentrated ; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs . It is divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seigniories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule , may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority ; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one , but their chairship was independent of party leadership . The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairmen , shifting power upward to the party leaders . In 1995 , Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two - year terms for committee chairs . The chairman 's powers are extensive ; he controls the committee / subcommittee agenda , and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill . The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member . In some committees like Appropriations , partisan disputes are few . Legislative functions ( edit ) Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result of the Origination Clause , the Senate can not initiate bills imposing taxes . This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Furthermore , congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills . Although it can not originate revenue bills , the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them . Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills : ( T ) he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills , and the Senate 's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope . The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate , see Act of Congress . The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate . If he does , the bill does not become law unless each House , by a two - thirds vote , votes to override the veto . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides that the Senate 's `` advice and consent '' is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties . Thus , with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments , the Senate is more powerful than the House . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . The House may approve `` articles of impeachment '' by a simple majority vote ; however , a two - thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate . A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( Another , Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House . ) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . The Constitution provides that `` the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote . '' It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes . In the history of the United States , the House has only had to choose a President twice . In 1800 , which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824 , it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . ( If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes , the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . ) Latest election results and current party standings ( edit ) See also : United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 and 115th United States Congress Current standing ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 235 32 Democratic Party 193 12 Independent 0 0 Vacant 7 0 Total 435 6 End of previous Congress ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 246 0 Democratic Party 187 5 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 U.S. representative bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Third - party members of the United States House of Representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives At - large References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Public Law 62 - 5 of 1911 , though Congress has the authority to change that number . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives , Ballotpedia . Accessed November 23 , 2016 . `` There are seven states with only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont and Wyoming . '' Jump up ^ Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 2 , and in the 12th Amendment Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution '' , United States House of Representatives . Accessed February 19 , 2017 . `` While some believed the Articles should be ' corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution , ' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation ... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and South Carolina . A number of smaller states , however , proposed the ' New Jersey Plan , ' drafted by William Paterson , which retained the essential features of the original Articles : a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation , the appointment of a plural executive , and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction ... The committee 's report , dubbed the Great Compromise , ironed out many contentious points . It resolved the delegates ' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate . After two more months of intense debates and revisions , the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution , which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states . '' Jump up ^ Balanced Budget : HR 2015 , FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation / Spending ; Tax Cut : HR 2014 , FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation - Revenue Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Obama , GOP Grapple With power shift '' . NPR . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 . Jump up ^ `` New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes '' . NPR . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See H. Res. 78 , passed January 24 , 2007 . On April 19 , 2007 , the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007 , a bill `` to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives , and for other purposes '' by a vote of 241 -- 177 . That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two , making 437 members , by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member , and ( until the 2010 census ) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c `` no district to elect more than one Representative '' Jump up ^ `` Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act '' . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ . US Dept. of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eaton , Whitney M. ( May 2006 ) . `` Where Do We Draw the Line ? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas '' . University of Richmond Law Review . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burt Neuborne Madison 's Music : On Reading the First Amendment , The New Press 2015 Jump up ^ David Cole , ' Free Speech , Big Money , Bad Elections , ' in New York Review of Books , November 5 , 2015 pp. 24 - 25 p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications of Members of Congress '' . Onecle Inc . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Powell v. McCormack , a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Thomas ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Multi-Member Districts : Just a Thing of the Past ? '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1967 Single - Member District Mandate '' . fairvote.org . Jump up ^ `` Expulsion , Censure , Reprimand , and Fine : Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Legislative Process , U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legislative Branch Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The White House . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schaffer v. Clinton Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress '' . CRS Report for Congress . United States Senate . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell , Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff , Congressional Research Service , February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . Members ' Representational Allowance : History and Usage ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rostrum '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Capitol Hill : House Chamber '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2006 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 3 ed . ) . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 9780195309249 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Lowenthal , Alan . `` Congress U '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` What 's in the House Chamber '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Congress '' . Digital Media Law Project . Berkman Center for Internet and Society . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` U.S. House of Representatives '' . The District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Not everyone is a fan of C - SPAN cameras in Congress '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Training : Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages '' . House of Representatives . Republican Committee on Rules . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larchuk , Travis ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Passing One Of Many , Many Gavels '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Hopper '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` Legislative FAQ : 7 . How do Representatives introduce bills ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio ( 1997 ) . The Mace and the Gavel : Symbols of Government in America , Volume 87 , Part 4 . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . pp. 23 -- 26 . ISBN 0871698749 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRS Annotated Constitution '' . Cornell University Law School . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 43 : Quorums . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 733 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative FAQ : 6 . How do Representatives obtain permission to speak ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor '' . Clerk.house.gov . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Explained '' . House.gov . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Pete . `` About the Committee on Rules -- History and Processes '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hudiburg , Jane A. ( July 23 , 2018 ) . House Voting Procedures : Forms and Requirements ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 58 . Voting . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . `` The Legislative Process : House Floor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michelle ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ; Barrett , Ted ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` House narrowly approves CAFTA '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split '' . FOX News . Associated Press . October 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sidlow , Edward ; Henschen , Beth ( 2009 ) . America at Odds , Alternate Edition ( 6 ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 246 . ISBN 0495503703 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html Archived July 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rules -- Committee on Standards of Official Conduct '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics ( 1885 , Boston : Houghton , Mifflin ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) ( quotation marks omitted ) . Jump up ^ `` Party Breakdown '' . April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The one independent delegate , Gregorio Sablan , caucused with the Democrats Surveys ( edit ) Currie , James T . The United States House of Representatives . Krieger , 1988 . MacNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : D. McKay . Peters , Ronald M. , Jr ( 1997 ) . The American Speakership : The Office in Historical Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5758 - 9 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Poole , Keith T. ; Howard Rosenthal ( 1997 ) . Congress : A Political - Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514242 - X . Remini , Robert V. ( 2006 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088434 - 7 . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1983 ) . Majority Leadership in the U.S. House . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2933 - X . Julian E. Zelizer , ed. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Notes ( edit ) Abramowitz , Alan I. ; Saunders , Kyle L. ( 1998 ) . Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. 60 . Journal of Politics . pp. 634 -- 652 . Adler , E. Scott ( 2002 ) . Why Congressional Reforms Fail : Reelection and the House Committee System ... Univ. of Chicago Press . Albert , Carl ; Goble , Danney ( 1990 ) . Little Giant : The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . , Speaker in the 1970s Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 2006 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts . , Published every two years since 1975 ; enormous detail on every state and district and member . Barry , John M. ( 1989 ) . The Ambition and the Power : The Fall of Jim Wright . A True Story of Washington . Viking . , Speaker in the 1980s Berard , Stanley P. ( 2001 ) . Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 2005 . Washington : Government Printing Office . 2005 . , Prepared by the Office of the Clerk , Office of History and Preservation , United States House of Representatives . Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress . Also online at Biographical Directory . Brady , David W. ( 1973 ) . Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era : A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives . Univ . Press of Kansas . Brady , David W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 2002 ) . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress . Congressional Quarterly , massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , and major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1945 -- 1964 ( 1965 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1965 -- 1968 ( 1969 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1969 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1973 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1977 -- 1980 ( 1981 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1981 -- 1984 ( 1985 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1985 -- 1988 ( 1989 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1989 -- 1992 ( 1993 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1993 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1997 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 2001 -- 2004 : A Review of Government and Politics : 107th and 108th Congresses ( 2005 ) Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . 2000 . , Cooper , Joseph ( 1970 ) . The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House . Rice Univ . Press . Cox , Gary W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1993 ) . Legislative Leviathan : Party Government in the House . Univ. of California Press . DeGregorio , Christine A. ( 1997 ) . Networks of Champions : Leadership , Access , and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Michigan Press . Dierenfield , Bruce J. ( 1987 ) . Keeper of the Rules : Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia . Univ . Press of Virginia . , leader of Conservative coalition 1940 -- 66 Farrell , John A. ( 2001 ) . Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century . Little , Brown . , Democratic Speaker in the 1980s Gertzog , Irwin J. ( 1984 ) . Congressional Women : Their Recruitment , Treatment , and Behavior . Praeger . Hardeman , D.B. ; Bacon , Donald C. ( 1987 ) . Rayburn : A Biography . Texas Monthly Press . Hatzenbuehler , Ronald L. ( 1972 ) . `` Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 29 : 367 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1923870 . Hechler , Ken ( 1980 ) . Toward the Endless Frontier : History of the Committee on Science and Technology , 1959 -- 79 . Washington : Government Printing Office . Henig , Gerald S. ( 1973 ) . Henry Winter Davis : Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland . , Radical leader in Civil War era Hibbing , John R. ( 1991 ) . Congressional Careers : Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Jacobs , John ( 1995 ) . A Rage for Justice : The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton . Univ. of California Press . , leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s Jacobson , Gary C. ( 1990 ) . The Electoral Origins of Divided Government : Competition in U.S. House Elections , 1946 -- 1988 . Westview . Kiewiet , D. Roderick ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1991 ) . The Logic of Delegation : Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process . Univ. of Chicago Press . Klingman , Peter D. ( 1976 ) . Josiah Walls : Florida 's Black Congressman of Reconstruction . Univ . Press of Florida . Grant de Pauw , Linda ; Bickford , Charlene Bangs ; Bowling , Kenneth R. , eds. ( 1992 -- 2006 ) . Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 . , 14 volumes of primary documents Lowitt , Richard ( 1963 ) . George W. Norris : The Making of a Progressive , 1861 -- 1912 . 1 . Syracuse Univ . Press . , leader of Republican insurgents in 1910 Margulies , Herbert F. ( 1996 ) . Reconciliation and Revival : James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era ... Greenwood . Merriner , James L. ( 1999 ) . Mr. Chairman : Power in Dan Rostenkowski 's America . Southern Illinois Univ . Press . Patterson , James ( 1967 ) . Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal : The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress , 1933 -- 39 . Price , David E. ( 1992 ) . The Congressional Experience : A View from the Hill . Westview . , Political scientist who served in House . Remini , Robert V. ( 1992 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ... Speaker for most of 1811 -- 1825 Rohde , David W. ( 1991 ) . Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House . Univ. of Chicago Press . Rohde , David W. ; Shepsle , Kenneth A. ( 1987 ) . `` Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives : Reflections on Woodrow Wilson 's Congressional Government '' . Congress & the Presidency. 14 . Schickler , Eric ( 2001 ) . Disjointed Pluralism : Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress . Schooley , C. Herschel ( 1977 ) . Missouri 's Cannon in the House . Marceline , Missouri : Walsworth . , Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s Shelley II , Mack C. ( 1983 ) . The Permanent Majority : The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1982 ) . Congressional Realignment , 1925 -- 1978 . Univ. of Texas Press . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1995 ) . Legislators , Leaders , and Lawmaking : The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era . Johns Hopkins Univ . Press . Steinberg , Alfred ( 1975 ) . Sam Rayburn : A Biography . Hawthorn . , popular biography Stewart , Charles H. , III ( 1989 ) . Budget Reform Politics : The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives , 1865 -- 1921 . Cambridge Univ . Press . Story , Joseph ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States ( 2 vol . ) . Boston : Brown & Little . Strahan , Randall ; Moscardelli , Vincent G. ( 2000 ) . `` The Clay Speakership Revisited '' . Polity. 32 ( 4 ) : 561 -- 593 . doi : 10.2307 / 3235293 . , uses roll call analysis Strahan , Randall ( 1990 ) . New Ways and Means : Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1997 ) . Thaddeus Stevens : Nineteenth - Century Egalitarian . , majority leader in the 1860s VanBeek , Stephen D. ( 1995 ) . Post-Passage Politics : Bicameral Resolution in Congress . Univ. of Pittsburgh Press . Waller , Robert A. ( 1977 ) . Rainey of Illinois : A Political Biography , 1903 -- 34 . Univ. of Illinois Press . , Democratic Speaker 1932 -- 1934 Wilson , Woodrow ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . , Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2006 ) . On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences , 1948 -- 2000 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States House of Representatives '' dated August 4 , 2006 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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how many years is the term for a member of the house of representatives

Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote . In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office .

Piss up a rope - Wikipedia Piss up a rope Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Piss Up a Rope '' Single by Ween from the album 12 Golden Country Greats B - side `` Sweet Texas Fire '' Released Genre Alternative country , comedy Length 3 : 34 Songwriter ( s ) Gene Ween , Dean Ween `` Piss Up a Rope '' is a song by the band Ween in 1996 from the album 12 Golden Country Greats . It was released on 7 '' yellow vinyl single on Diesel Only Records . History ( edit ) When asked about the lyrics `` You can wash my balls with a warm wet rag '' and `` On your knees , you big bootied bitch , '' Dean Ween stated that he wrote the song for his wife . The inspiration for the title came from his father : `` ( It is ) a funny expression that I copped from my dad . When I was a kid , he used to say , ' Aw , go piss up a rope . ' It was just nonsense . It was like , ' Aw , go shit in your hat ' or whatever . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The song is heard in the background in a scene in the cafe from a May 2008 episode of English soap EastEnders . The song can be heard in the movie U Turn when Bobby ( Sean Penn ) asks Darrell ( Billy Bob Thornton ) to replace a radiator hose . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eric Spitznagel ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Dean Ween on Ween : `` We 've Never Broken Up '' `` . MTVHive ( interview ) . Ween Dean Ween Gene Ween Claude Coleman Jr . Dave Dreiwitz Glenn McClelland Internationally released studio albums GodWeenSatan : The Oneness The Pod Pure Guava Chocolate and Cheese 12 Golden Country Greats The Mollusk Craters of the Sac White Pepper Quebec Shinola , Vol. 1 La Cucaracha Independently released studio albums The Crucial Squeegie Lip Axis : Bold as Boognish Erica Peterson 's Flaming Crib Death The Live Brain Wedgie / WAD Prime 5 Live albums Paintin ' the Town Brown : Ween Live 1990 -- 1998 Live in Toronto Canada Live at Stubb 's Live in Chicago At The Cat 's Cradle , 1992 GodWeenSatan Live Song articles `` Push th ' Little Daisies '' `` Freedom of ' 76 '' `` Voodoo Lady '' `` Piss Up a Rope '' `` Mutilated Lips '' `` Ocean Man '' `` Even If You Do n't '' Related articles Chocodog Records Moistboyz Synthetic Socks The Friends EP Z - Rock Hawaii Josh Freese Ween discography This 1990s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piss_Up_a_Rope&oldid=795025951 '' Categories : 1996 singles Ween songs 1996 songs Songs written by Gene Ween Songs written by Dean Ween 1990s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 14 : 50 . About Wikipedia

where did piss up a rope come from

`` Piss Up a Rope '' is a song by the band Ween in 1996 from the album 12 Golden Country Greats . It was released on 7 '' yellow vinyl single on Diesel Only Records .

Mid-Autumn Festival - wikipedia Mid-Autumn Festival Jump to : navigation , search For the related lunar festivals celebrated on the same day , see Tsukimi ( Japan ) and Chuseok ( North and South Korea ) . Mid-Autumn Festival Mid-Autumn Festival decorations in Beijing Official name 中秋 节 ( Zhōngqiū Jié in China , Taiwan , Malaysia , Singapore ; `` Tiong Chiu Jiet '' in Taiwan , Jūng - chāu Jit in Hong Kong and Macau ) Tết Trung Thu ( Vietnam ) Also called Mooncake Festival / Celebration Observed by China , Taiwan , Vietnam , Singapore , Malaysia Type Cultural , Religious Significance Celebrates the end of the autumn harvest Observances Consumption of mooncakes Consumption of cassia wine Date 15th day of the 8th lunar month 2017 date October 4 2018 date September 24 Related to Chuseok ( in Korea ) , Tsukimi ( in Japan ) , Uposatha of Ashvini / Krittika ( similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Laos , Thailand and Cambodia ) Mid-Autumn Festival `` Mid-Autumn Festival '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Traditional Chinese 中秋 節 Simplified Chinese 中秋 节 Literal meaning `` Mid-Autumn Festival '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngqiū jié Wade -- Giles Chung - ch'iu chieh IPA ( ʈʂʊ́ŋ. tɕhjóu tɕjě ) Wu Suzhounese Tson - tsheu tsìh Hakka Romanization Chung ciu tset Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Jūng - chāu jit IPA ( tsóŋ. tshɐ́u tsīːt̚ ) Jyutping Zung - cau zit Min Chinese name Traditional Chinese 八 月 節 Literal meaning `` Festival of the Eighth Month '' ( show ) Transcriptions Southern Min Hokkien POJ Peh - go̍eh - cheh Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Báik - nguŏk - cáik Vietnamese name Vietnamese Tết Trung Thu Chữ Nôm 節 中 秋 The Mid-Autumn Festival is a harvest festival celebrated by ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese people . The festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar with full moon at night , corresponding to late September to early October of the Gregorian calendar with a full moon at night . Due to ancient China 's cultural influence , Mid-Autumn Festival spread to other parts of Asia . Mooncakes have also appeared in western countries as an exotic sweet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alternative names 2 Meanings of the festival 3 Origins and development 3.1 Moon worship 4 Modern celebration 4.1 Lanterns 4.2 Mooncakes 4.3 Other foods and food displays 4.4 Courtship and matchmaking 4.5 Games and activities 5 Practices by region and cultures 5.1 Xiamen 5.2 Hong Kong and Macau 5.3 Ethnic minorities in China 5.4 Vietnam 5.5 Philippines 5.6 Taiwan 6 Similar traditions in other parts of Asia 6.1 India 6.2 Japan 6.3 Korea 6.4 Southeast Asia 6.4. 1 Cambodia 6.4. 2 Laos 6.4. 3 Myanmar 6.4. 4 Sri Lanka 7 Dates 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Alternative names ( edit ) The Mid-Autumn Festival is also known by other names , such as : Moon Festival or Harvest Moon Festival , because of the celebration 's association with the full moon on this night , as well as the traditions of moon worship and moon gazing . Jūng - chāu Jit ( 中秋 節 ) , official name in Cantonese . Tết Trung Thu , official name in Vietnamese . Zhōngqiū Jié ( 中秋 节 ) , the official name in Mandarin Chinese . Lantern Festival , a term sometimes used in Singapore and Malaysia , which is not to be confused with the Lantern Festival in China that occurs on the 15th day of the first month of the Chinese calendar . Reunion Festival , in earlier times , a woman in China took this occasion to visit her parents before returning to celebrate with her husband and his parents . Children 's Festival , in Vietnam , because of the emphasis on the celebration of children . Meanings of the Festival ( edit ) The festival celebrates three fundamental concepts that are closely connected : Gathering , such as family and friends coming together , or harvesting crops for the festival . It 's said the moon is the brightest and roundest on this day which means family reunion . And this is the main reason why people think mid-autumn is important . Thanksgiving , to give thanks for the harvest , or for harmonious unions Praying ( asking for conceptual or material satisfaction ) , such as for babies , a spouse , beauty , longevity , or for a good future Traditions and myths surrounding the festival are formed around these concepts , although traditions have changed over time due to changes in technology , science , economy , culture , and religion . It 's about well being together . Origins and development ( edit ) The Chinese have celebrated the harvest during the autumn full moon since the Shang dynasty ( c. 1600 -- 1046 BCE ) . Morris Berkowitz , who studied the Hakka people during the 1960s , theorizes that the harvest celebration originally began with worshiping Mountain Gods after the harvest was completed . For the Baiyue peoples , the harvest time commemorated the dragon who brought rain for the crops . The celebration as a festival only started to gain popularity during the early Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 CE ) . One legend explains that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang started to hold formal celebrations in his palace after having explored the Moon - Palace . The term mid-autumn ( 中秋 ) first appeared in Rites of Zhou , a written collection of rituals of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BCE ) . Empress Dowager Cixi ( late 19th century ) enjoyed celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival so much that she would spend the period between the thirteenth and seventeenth day of the eighth month staging elaborate rituals . Moon worship ( edit ) Houyi helplessly looking at his wife Chang'e flying off to the moon after she drank the elixir . An important part of the festival celebration is moon worship . The ancient Chinese believed in rejuvenation being associated with the moon and water , and connected this concept to the menstruation of women , calling it `` monthly water '' . The Zhuang people , for example , have an ancient fable saying the sun and moon are a couple and the stars are their children , and when the moon is pregnant , it becomes round , and then becomes crescent after giving birth to a child . These beliefs made it popular among women to worship and give offerings to the moon on this evening . In some areas of China , there are still customs in which `` men worship the moon and the women offer sacrifices to the kitchen gods . '' Offerings are also made to a more well - known lunar deity , Chang'e , known as the Moon Goddess of Immortality . The myths associated with Chang'e explain the origin of moon worship during this day . One version of the story is as follows , as described in Lihui Yang 's Handbook of Chinese Mythology : In the ancient past , there was a hero named Hou Yi who was excellent at archery . His wife was Chang'e . One year , the ten suns rose in the sky together , causing great disaster to people . Yi shot down nine of the suns and left only one to provide light . An immortal admired Yi and sent him the elixir of immortality . Yi did not want to leave Chang'e and be immortal without her , so he let Chang'e keep the elixir . But Peng Meng , one of his apprentices , knew this secret . So , on the fifteenth of August in the lunar calendar , when Yi went hunting , Peng Meng broke into Yi 's house and forced Chang'e to give the elixir to him . Chang'e refused to do so . Instead , she swallowed it and flew into the sky . Since she loved very much her husband and hoped to live nearby , she chose the moon for her residence . When Yi came back and learned what had happened , he felt so sad that he displayed the fruits and cakes Chang'e liked in the yard and gave sacrifices to his wife . People soon learned about these activities , and since they also were sympathetic to Chang'e they participated in these sacrifices with Yi . Handbook of Chinese Mythology also describes an alternate common version of the myth : After the hero Houyi shot down nine of the ten suns , he was pronounced king by the thankful people . However , he soon became a conceited and tyrannical ruler . In order to live long without death , he asked for the elixir from Xiwangmu . But his wife , Chang'e , stole it on the fifteenth of August because she did not want the cruel king to live long and hurt more people . She took the magic potion to prevent her husband from becoming immortal . Houyi was so angry when discovered that Chang'e took the elixir , he shot at his wife as she flew toward the moon , though he missed . Chang'e fled to the moon and became the spirit of the moon . Houyi died soon because he was overcome with great anger . Thereafter , people offer a sacrifice to Chang'e on every lunar fifteenth of August to commemorate Chang'e's action . Modern celebration ( edit ) The festival was a time to enjoy the successful reaping of rice and wheat with food offerings made in honor of the moon . Today , it is still an occasion for outdoor reunions among friends and relatives to eat mooncakes and watch the moon , a symbol of harmony and unity . During a year of a solar eclipse it is typical for governmental offices , banks and schools will close of extra days to enjoy the extra celestial celebration an eclipse brings . The festival is celebrated with many cultural or regional customs , among them : Burning incense in reverence to deities including Chang'e . Performance of dragon and lion dances , which is mainly practiced in southern China and Vietnam . Lanterns ( edit ) For information on a different festival that also involve lanterns , see Lantern Festival Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns in Chinatown , Singapore Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns at a shop in Hong Kong A notable part of celebrating the holiday is the carrying of brightly lit lanterns , lighting lanterns on towers , or floating sky lanterns . Another tradition involving lanterns is to write riddles on them and have other people try to guess the answers ( simplified Chinese : 灯谜 ; traditional Chinese : 燈謎 ; pinyin : dēng mí ; literally : `` lantern riddle '' ) . It is difficult to discern the original purpose of lanterns in connection to the festival , but it is certain that lanterns were not used in conjunction with moon - worship prior to the Tang dynasty . Traditionally , the lantern has been used to symbolize fertility , and functioned mainly as a toy and decoration . But today the lantern has come to symbolize the festival itself . In the old days , lanterns were made in the image of natural things , myths , and local cultures . Over time , a greater variety of lanterns could be found as local cultures became influenced by their neighbors . As China gradually evolved from an agrarian society to a mixed agrarian - commercial one , traditions from other festivals began to be transmitted into the Mid-Autumn Festival , such as the putting of lanterns on rivers to guide the spirits of the drowned as practiced during the Ghost Festival , which is observed a month before . Hong Kong fishermen during the Qing dynasty , for example , would put up lanterns on their boats for the Ghost Festival and keep the lanterns up until Mid-Autumn Festival . In Vietnam , children participate in parades in the dark under the full moon with lanterns of various forms , shapes , and colors . Traditionally , lanterns signified the wish for the sun 's light and warmth to return after winter . In addition to carrying lanterns , the children also don masks . Elaborate masks were made of papier - mâché , though it is more common to find masks made of plastic nowadays . Handcrafted shadow lanterns were an important part of Mid-Autumn displays since the 12th - century Lý dynasty , often of historical figures from Vietnamese history . Handcrafted lantern - making declined in modern times due to the availability of mass - produced plastic lanterns , which often depict internationally recognized characters such as Pokémon 's Pikachu , Disney characters , SpongeBob SquarePants , and Hello Kitty . Mooncakes ( edit ) Typical lotus bean - filled mooncakes eaten during the festival Animal - shaped mooncakes in Vietnam Main article : Mooncake Making and sharing mooncakes is one of the hallmark traditions of this festival . In Chinese culture , a round shape symbolizes completeness and reunion . Thus , the sharing and eating of round mooncakes among family members during the week of the festival signifies the completeness and unity of families . In some areas of China , there is a tradition of making mooncakes during the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival . The senior person in that household would cut the mooncakes into pieces and distribute them to each family member , signifying family reunion . In modern times , however , making mooncakes at home has given way to the more popular custom of giving mooncakes to family members , although the meaning of maintaining familial unity remains . Although typical mooncakes can be around a few inches in diameter , imperial chefs have made some as large as several feet in radius , with its surface pressed with designs of Chang'e , cassia trees , or the Moon - Palace . One tradition is to pile 13 mooncakes on top of each other to mimic a pagoda , the number 13 being chosen to represent the 13 months in a full lunar year . According to Chinese folklore , a Turpan businessman offered cakes to Emperor Taizong of Tang in his victory against the Xiongnu on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month . Taizong took the round cakes and pointed to the moon with a smile , saying , `` I 'd like to invite the toad to enjoy the hú ( 胡 ) cake . '' After sharing the cakes with his ministers , the custom of eating these hú cakes spread throughout the country . Eventually these became known as mooncakes . Although the legend explains the beginnings of mooncake - giving , its popularity and ties to the festival began during the Song dynasty ( 906 -- 1279 CE ) . Another popular legend concerns the Han Chinese 's uprising against the ruling Mongols at the end of the Yuan dynasty ( 1280 -- 1368 CE ) , in which the Han Chinese used traditional mooncakes to conceal the message that they were to rebel on Mid-Autumn Day . Because of strict controls upon Han Chinese families imposed by the Mongols in which only 1 out of every 10 households was allowed to own a knife guarded by a Mongolian guard , this coordinated message was important to gather as many available weapons as possible . Other foods and food displays ( edit ) Cassia wine is the traditional choice for `` reunion wine '' drunk during Mid-Autumn Festival Vietnamese rice figurines , known as tò he Imperial dishes served on this occasion included nine - jointed lotus roots which symbolize peace , and watermelons cut in the shape of lotus petals which symbolize reunion . Teacups were placed on stone tables in the garden , where the family would pour tea and chat , waiting for the moment when the full moon 's reflection appeared in the center of their cups . Owing to the timing of the plant 's blossoms , cassia wine is the traditional choice for the `` reunion wine '' drunk on the occasion . Also , people will celebrate by eating cassia cakes and candy . Food offerings made to deities are placed on an altar set up in the courtyard , including apples , pears , peaches , grapes , pomegranates , melons , oranges , and pomelos . One of the first decorations purchased for the celebration table is a clay statue of the Jade Rabbit . In Chinese folklore , the Jade Rabbit was an animal that lived on the moon and accompanied Chang'e . Offerings of soy beans and cockscomb flowers were made to the Jade Rabbit . Nowadays , in southern China , people will also eat some seasonal fruit that may differ in different district but carrying the same meaning of blessing . In Vietnam , cakes and fruits are not only consumed , but elaborately prepared as food displays . For example , glutinous rice flour and rice paste are molded into familiar animals . Pomelo sections can be fashioned into unicorns , rabbits , or dogs . Villagers of Xuân La , just north of Hanoi , produce tò he , figurines made from rice paste and colored with natural food dyes . Into the early decades of the twentieth century of Vietnam , daughters of wealthy families would prepare elaborate centerpieces filled with treats for their younger siblings . Well - dressed visitors could visit to observe the daughter 's handiwork as an indication of her capabilities as a wife in the future . Eventually the practice of arranging centerpieces became a tradition not just limited to wealthy families . Courtship and matchmaking ( edit ) The Mid-Autumn moon has traditionally been a choice occasion to celebrate marriages . Girls would pray to Chang'e to help fulfill their romantic wishes . In some parts of China , dances are held for young men and women to find partners . For example , young women are encouraged to throw their handkerchiefs to the crowd , and the young man who catches and returns the handkerchief has a chance at romance . In Daguang , in northeast Guizhou Province , young men and women of the Dong people would make an appointment at a certain place . The young women would arrive early to overhear remarks made about them by the young men . The young men would praise their lovers in front of their fellows , in which finally the listening women would walk out of the thicket . Pairs of lovers would go off to a quiet place to open their hearts to each other . Into the early decades of the twentieth century Vietnam , young men and women used the festival as a chance to meet future life companions . Groups would assemble in a courtyard and exchange verses of song while gazing at the moon . Those who performed poorly were sidelined until one young man and one young woman remained , after which they would win prizes as well as entertain matrimonial prospects . Games and activities ( edit ) During the 1920s and 1930s , ethnographer Chao Wei - pang conducted research on traditional games among men , women and children on or around the Mid-Autumn day in the Guangdong Province . These games relate to flights of the soul , spirit possession , or fortunetelling . One type of activity , `` Ascent to Heaven '' ( Chinese : 上 天堂 shàng tiāntáng ) involves a young lady selected from a circle of women to `` ascend '' into the celestial realm . While being enveloped in the smoke of burning incense , she describes the beautiful sights and sounds she encounters . Another activity , `` Descent into the Garden '' ( Chinese : 落 花园 luò huāyuán ) , played among younger girls , detailed each girl 's visit to the heavenly gardens . According to legend , a flower tree represented her , and the number and color of the flowers indicated the sex and number of children she would have in her lifetime . Men played a game called `` Descent of the Eight Immortals '' ( jiangbaxian ) , where one of the Eight Immortals took possession of a player , who would then assume the role of a scholar or warrior . Children would play a game called `` Encircling the Toad '' ( guanxiamo ) , where the group would form a circle around a child chosen to be a Toad King and chanted a song that transformed the child into a toad . He would jump around like a toad until water was sprinkled on his head , in which he would then stop . Practices by region and cultures ( edit ) Mid-Autumn Festival at the Botanical Garden , Montreal Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival parade , Belfast City Hall , Belfast , Northern Ireland Mid-Autumn Festival at Chinatown , Singapore Mid-Autumn Festival celebrations in Victoria Park , Hong Kong Xiamen ( edit ) A unique tradition is celebrated quite exclusively in the island city of Xiamen . On the festival , families and friends gather to play a gambling sort of game involving 6 dice . People take turns in rolling the dice in a ceramic bowl with the results determining what they win . The number 4 is mainly what determines how big the prize is . Hong Kong and Macau ( edit ) Lantern in Senado Square , Macau In Hong Kong and Macau , the day after the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday rather than the festival date itself ( unless that date falls on a Sunday , then Monday is also a holiday ) , because many celebration events are held at night . There are a number of festive activities such as lighting lanterns , but mooncakes are the most important feature there . However , people do n't usually buy mooncakes for themselves , but to give their relatives as presents . People start to exchange these presents well in advance of the festival . Hence , mooncakes are sold in elegant boxes for presentation purpose . Also , the price for these boxes are not considered cheap -- a four - mooncake box of the lotus seeds paste with egg yolks variety , can generally cost US $40 or more . However , as environmental protection has become a concern of the public in recent years , many mooncake manufacturers in Hong Kong have adopted practices to reduce packaging materials to practical limits . The mooncake manufacturers also explore in the creation of new types of mooncakes , such as ice - cream mooncake and snow skin mooncake . Ethnic minorities in China ( edit ) Korean minorities living in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture have a custom of welcoming the moon , where they put up a large conical house frame made of dry pine branches and call it a `` moon house '' . The moonlight would shine inside for gazers to appreciate . The Bouyei people call the occasion `` Worshiping Moon Festival '' , where after praying to ancestors and dining together , they bring rice cakes to the doorway to worship the Moon Grandmother . The Tu people practice a ceremony called `` Beating the Moon '' , where they place a basin of clear water in the courtyard to reflect an image of the moon , and then beat the water surface with branches . The Maonan people tie a bamboo near the table , on which a grapefruit is hung , with three lit incense sticks on it . This is called `` Shooting the Moon '' . Vietnam ( edit ) Vietnamese children celebrating the Mid-Autumn Festival with traditional 5 - pointed star - shaped lantern The Mid-Autumn festival is named `` Tết Trung Thu '' in Vietnamese . It is also known as Children 's Festival because of the event 's emphasis on children . In olden times , the Vietnamese believed that children , being innocent and pure , had the closest connection to the sacred and natural world . Being close to children was seen as a way to connect with animist spirits and deities . In its most ancient form , the evening commemorated the dragon who brought rain for the crops . Celebrants would observe the moon to divine the future of the people and harvests . Eventually the celebration came to symbolize a reverence for fertility , with prayers given for bountiful harvests , increase in livestock , and human babies . Over time , the prayers for children evolved into a celebration of children . Confucian scholars continued the tradition of gazing at the moon , but to sip wine and improvise poetry and song . By the early twentieth century in Hanoi , the festival had begun to assume its identity as a children 's festival . Aside from the story of Chang'e ( Vietnamese : Hằng Nga ) , there are two other popular folktales associated with the festival . The first describes the legend of Cuội , whose wife accidentally urinated on a sacred banyan tree . The tree began to float towards the moon , and Cuội , trying to pull it back down to earth , floated to the moon with it , leaving him stranded there . Every year , during the Mid-Autumn Festival , children light lanterns and participate in a procession to show Cuội the way back to Earth . The other tale involves a carp who wanted to become a dragon , and as a result , worked hard throughout the year until he was able to transform himself into a dragon . One important event before and during the festival are lion dances . Dances are performed by both non-professional children 's groups and trained professional groups . Lion dance groups perform on the streets , going to houses asking for permission to perform for them . If the host consents , the `` lion '' will come in and start dancing as a blessing of luck and fortune for the home . In return , the host gives lucky money to show their gratitude . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Filipino - Chinese celebrate the evening and exchange mooncakes with all Filipinos friends , families and neighbors . A game of chance , originating from the island city of Xiamen in China , known as Pua Tiong Chiu which means `` mid-autumn gambling '' in Philippine Hokkien ( see 中秋 博 饼 ) , or simply mid-autumn dice game , is also played by both Filipino - Chinese and Filipinos alike . Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday . Outdoor barbecues have become a popular affair for friends and family to gather and enjoy each other 's company . As of 2016 , Taipei City designated 15 riverside parks to accommodate outdoor barbecues for the public . Similar traditions in other parts of Asia ( edit ) Similar traditions are found in other parts of Asia and also revolve around the full moon . These festivals tend to occur on the same day or around the Mid-Autumn Festival . India ( edit ) Main article : Sharad Purnima Sharad Purnima is a harvest festival celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu lunar month of Ashvin ( September -- October ) , marking the end of the monsoon season . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Tsukimi The Japanese moon viewing festival , o - tsukimi , is also held at this time . People picnic and drink sake under the full moon to celebrate the harvest . Korea ( edit ) Main article : Chuseok Chuseok ( 추석 ; 秋 夕 ; ( tɕhu. sʌk̚ ) ) , literally `` Autumn eve '' , once known as hangawi ( 한가위 ; ( han. ɡa. ɥi ) ; from archaic Korean for `` the great middle ( of autumn ) '' ) , is a major harvest festival and a three - day holiday in North Korea and South Korea celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar on the full moon . As a celebration of the good harvest , Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and share a feast of Korean traditional food such as songpyeon ( 송편 ) and rice wines such as sindoju and dongdongju . Southeast Asia ( edit ) Main article : Uposatha Many festivals revolving around a full moon are also celebrated in other parts of Asia . Like the Mid-Autumn Festival , these festivals have Buddhist origins and revolve around the full moon however unlike their East Asian counterparts they occur several times a year to correspond with each full moon as opposed to one day each year . The festivals that occur in the lunar months of Ashvini and Kṛttikā generally occur during the Mid-Autumn Festival . Cambodia ( edit ) In Cambodia , the Mid-Autumn Festival is primarily celebrated by the Chinese Cambodian community however the day also has a significant meaning to the native Khmer people as the day is associated with the Buddhist legend of the rabbit . Laos ( edit ) In Laos , many festivals are held on the day of the full moon . The most popular festival known as the That Luang Festival is associated with Buddhist legend and is held at Pha That Luang temple in Vientiane . The festival often lasts for three to seven days . A procession occurs and many people visit the temple . Myanmar ( edit ) In Myanmar , numerous festivals are held on the day of the full moon however Thadingyut Festival is the most popular one and occurs in the month of Thadingyut . It also occurs around the time of the Mid-Autumn Festival , depending on the lunar calendar . It is one of the biggest festivals in Myanmar after the New Year festival , Thingyan . It is a Buddhist festival and many people go to the temple to pay respect to the monks and offer food . It is also a time for thanksgiving and paying homage to Buddhist monks , teachers , parents and elders . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Poya In Sri Lanka , a full moon day is known as Poya and each full moon day is a public holiday . Shops and businesses are closed on these days as people prepare for the full moon . Exteriors of buildings are adorned with lanterns and people often make food and go to the temple to listen to sermons . The Binara Full Moon Poya Day and Vap Full Moon Poya Day occur around the time of the Mid-Autumn Festival and like other Buddhist Asian countries , the festivals celebrate the ascendance and culmination of the Buddha 's visit to heaven and for the latter , the acknowledgement of the cultivation season known as `` Maha '' . Dates ( edit ) The Mid-Autumn Festival is held on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Han calendar -- essentially the night of a full moon -- which falls near the Autumnal Equinox ( on a day between September 8 and October 7 in the Gregorian calendar ) . In 2015 , the Mid-Autumn Festival fell on September 27 . It will occur on these days in coming years : 2017 : October 4 ( Wednesday ) 2018 : September 24 ( Monday ) 2019 : September 13 ( Friday ) 2020 : October 1 ( Thursday ) 2021 : September 21 ( Tuesday ) 2022 : September 10 ( Saturday ) See also ( edit ) Agriculture in China Agriculture in Vietnam Chinese holidays Chuseok , the Korean autumn harvest festival held on the same day Tsukimi , the Japanese moon - observance festival held on the same day Vietnamese holidays List of harvest festivals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Yang , Fang . `` Mid-Autumn Festival and its traditions '' . The festival , celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth month of the Chinese calendar , has no fixed date on the Western calendar , but the day always coincides with a full moon . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Van Huy ( 2003 ) , `` The Mid-Autumn Festival ( Tet Trung Thu ) , Yesterday and Today '' , in Kendall , Laurel , Vietnam : Journeys of Body , Mind , and Spirit , University of California Press , pp. 93 -- 106 , ISBN 0520238729 Jump up ^ `` Mid-Autumn Festival in Other Asian Countries '' . www.travelchinaguide.com . Jump up ^ `` A Chinese Symbol of Reunion : Moon Cakes -- China culture '' . kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com . Jump up ^ `` Back to Basics : Baked Traditional Moon Cakes '' . Guai Shu Shu. 10 August 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Parulis - Cook , Sienna . `` Mooncakes : China 's Evolving Tradition '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Customs around the Mid-Autumn Festival '' . The State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Xing ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter VI : Women 's Festivals '' . Festivals of China 's Ethnic Minorities . China Intercontinental Press . pp. 124 -- 127 . ISBN 7508509994 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jonathan H.X. ; Nadeau , Kathleen M. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 1180 . ISBN 0313350663 . ^ Jump up to : Siu , K.W. Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Lanterns of the mid-Autumn Festival : A Reflection of Hong Kong Cultural Change '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . 33 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 86 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.1999. 3302_67. x . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Yu , Jose Vidamor B. ( 2000 ) . Inculturation of Filipino - Chinese culture mentality . Roma : Pontificia università gregoriana . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 8876528482 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Christian ( 2005 ) . Traditional festivals : a multicultural encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 282 -- 286 . ISBN 1576070891 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Lihui ; Deming An ( 2005 ) . Handbook of Chinese mythology . Santa Barbara , Calif. ( u.a. ) : ABC - Clio . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 157607806X . ^ Jump up to : Stepanchuk , Carol ; Wong , Charles ( 1991 ) . Mooncakes and hungry ghosts : festivals of China . San Francisco : China Books & Periodicals . pp. 51 -- 60 . ISBN 0835124819 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Lemei ( Sep -- Dec 2006 ) . `` China 's Mid-Autumn Day '' . Journal of Folklore Research . Indiana University Press . 43 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 270 . doi : 10.2979 / jfr. 2006.43. 3.263 . JSTOR 4640212 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Barbara ( 1 October 1995 ) . `` Mid-Autumn Children 's Festival '' . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 中秋 食品 '' . Academy of Chinese Studies . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wei , Liming ; Lang , Tao . Chinese festivals ( Updated ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521186595 . Jump up ^ Li Zhengping . Chinese Wine , p. 101 . Cambridge University Press ( Cambridge ) , 2011 . Accessed 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Qiu Yaohong . Origins of Chinese Tea and Wine , p. 121 . Asiapac Books ( Singapore ) , 2004 . Accessed 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Liu Junru . Chinese Food , p. 136 . Cambridge Univ . Press ( Cambridge ) , 2011 . Accessed 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom , K.S. ( 1989 ) . Echoes from old China : life , legends , and lore of the Middle Kingdom . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0824812859 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xiamen rolls the dice , parties for Moon Festival '' . www.shanghaidaily.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Agreement on Management of Mooncake Packaging '' . Environmental Protection Department of Hong Kong . 2013 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wong , Bet Key . `` Tet Trung Thu '' . FamilyCulture.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Ember , Carol R. ; Ember , Melvin ; Skoggard , Ian ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of diasporas : immigrant and refugee cultures around the world ( ( Online - Ausg . ) ed . ) . Dordrecht , Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 767 . ISBN 0306483211 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Joanna ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Traditional BBQ for Mid-Autumn Festival ? '' . Makansutra . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Liu Pin - chuan , Kuo Yi , Ho Yu - hua and William Hetherington ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` MID-AUTUMN FESTIVAL : Officials list legal barbecue sites for festival '' . Taipei Times . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ school , Learn Chinese -- ChineseTime is the leading online Chinese . `` How the world celebrates Mid-Autumn Festival - Chinese News - Page 1 - chinesetimeschool.com '' . Jump up ^ 共同 的 团圆 -- 亚洲 各国 中秋 节 大观 ( Mid Autumn Festival , Reunion in Asia ) Jump up ^ `` Irhal -- Islamic Halal Travel Guide for the Muslim Traveler '' . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Autumn Mooncakes '' . Jump up ^ GoAsiaDayTrip ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Asian Mid Autumn Festival -- Blog 's GoAsiaDayTrip '' . Jump up ^ `` That Luang Festival -- Event Carnival '' . Jump up ^ Long , Douglas . `` Thadingyut : Festival of Lights '' . Jump up ^ `` Myanmar Festivals 2016 -- 2017 '' . Jump up ^ 冯 明惠 . `` How the world celebrates Mid-Autumn Festival ( 1 ) - Chinadaily.com.cn '' . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Autumn Festival Traditions -- All China Women 's Federation '' . Jump up ^ `` Poya -- Sri Lanka -- Office Holidays '' . Jump up ^ `` september calendar '' . Jump up ^ `` Today is Vap Full Moon Poya Day '' . Jump up ^ `` Gregorian - Lunar Calendar Conversion Table '' . Hong Kong Observatory . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mid-Autumn Festival . 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what is the moon festival called in chinese

Mid-Autumn Festival Mid-Autumn Festival decorations in Beijing Official name 中秋 节 ( Zhōngqiū Jié in China , Taiwan , Malaysia , Singapore ; `` Tiong Chiu Jiet '' in Taiwan , Jūng - chāu Jit in Hong Kong and Macau ) Tết Trung Thu ( Vietnam ) Also called Mooncake Festival / Celebration Observed by China , Taiwan , Vietnam , Singapore , Malaysia Type Cultural , Religious Significance Celebrates the end of the autumn harvest Observances Consumption of mooncakes Consumption of cassia wine Date 15th day of the 8th lunar month 2017 date October 4 2018 date September 24 Related to Chuseok ( in Korea ) , Tsukimi ( in Japan ) , Uposatha of Ashvini / Krittika ( similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Laos , Thailand and Cambodia )

Treaty of Tordesillas - wikipedia Treaty of Tordesillas Jump to : navigation , search Treaty of Tordesillas Front page of the Portuguese - owned treaty Created 7 June 1494 in Tordesillas , Spain Ratified 2 July 1494 in Spain 5 September 1494 in Portugal Location Archivo General de Indias ( Spain ) Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo ( Portugal ) Author ( s ) Pope Alexander VI ( later confirmed and ratified by Pope Julius II in 1506 ) Signatories Ferdinand II of Aragon Isabella I of Castile John , Prince of Asturias John II of Portugal Purpose To divide trading and colonising rights for all newly discovered lands of the world located between Portugal and Castile ( later applied between the Spanish Crown and Portugal ) to the exclusion of other European nations . The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese : Tratado de Tordesilhas ( tɾɐˈtaðu ðɨ tuɾðɨˈziʎɐʃ ) , Spanish : Tratado de Tordesillas ( tɾaˈtaðo ðe toɾðeˈsiʎas ) ) , signed at Tordesillas on June 7 , 1494 , and authenticated at Setúbal , Portugal , divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile , along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands , off the west coast of Africa . This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands ( already Portuguese ) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage ( claimed for Castile and León ) , named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia ( Cuba and Hispaniola ) . The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile . The treaty was signed by Spain , 2 July 1494 and by Portugal , 5 September 1494 . The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza , signed on 22 April 1529 , which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas . Originals of both treaties are kept at the Archivo General de Indias in Spain and at the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo in Portugal . This treaty would be observed fairly well by Spain and Portugal , despite considerable ignorance as to the geography of the New World ; however , it omitted all of the other European powers . Those countries generally ignored the treaty , particularly those that became Protestant after the Protestant Reformation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signing and enforcement 2 Tordesillas meridian 3 Antimeridian : Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza 4 Effect on other European powers 5 The Treaty of Madrid 6 Modern claims 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Signing and enforcement ( edit ) Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Castile and Portugal : the 1494 Tordesillas meridian ( purple ) and the 1529 Zaragoza antimeridian ( green ) The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew , who had sailed for the Crown of Castile . On his way back to Spain he first reached Lisbon , in Portugal . There he asked for another meeting with King John II to show him the newly discovered lands . After learning of the Castilian - sponsored voyage , the Portuguese King sent a threatening letter to the Catholic Monarchs stating that by the Treaty of Alcáçovas signed in 1479 and confirmed in 1481 with the papal bull Æterni regis , that granted all lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal , all of the lands discovered by Columbus belonged , in fact , to Portugal . Also , the Portuguese King stated that he was already making arrangements for a fleet ( an armada led by Francisco de Almeida ) to depart shortly and take possession of the new lands . After reading the letter the Catholic Monarchs knew they did not have any military power in the Atlantic to match the Portuguese , so they pursued a diplomatic way out . On 4 May 1493 Pope Alexander VI ( Rodrigo Borgia ) , an Aragonese from Valencia by birth , decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west and south of a pole - to - pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Castile , although territory under Catholic rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain untouched . The bull did not mention Portugal or its lands , so Portugal could not claim newly discovered lands even if they were east of the line . Another bull , Dudum siquidem , entitled Extension of the Apostolic Grant and Donation of the Indies and dated 25 September 1493 , gave all mainlands and islands , `` at one time or even still belonging to India '' to Spain , even if east of the line . The Portuguese King John II was not pleased with that arrangement , feeling that it gave him far too little land -- it prevented him from possessing India , his near term goal . By 1493 Portuguese explorers had reached the southern tip of Africa , the Cape of Good Hope . The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the islands encountered by Columbus , but the explicit mention of India was a major issue . As the Pope had not made changes , the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs , King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella , to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line . In the bargain , John accepted Inter caetera as the starting point of discussion with Ferdinand and Isabella , but had the boundary line moved 270 leagues west , protecting the Portuguese route down the coast of Africa and giving the Portuguese rights to lands that now constitute the Eastern quarter of Brazil . As one scholar assessed the results , `` both sides must have known that so vague a boundary could not be accurately fixed , and each thought that the other was deceived , ( concluding that it was a ) diplomatic triumph for Portugal , confirming to the Portuguese not only the true route to India , but most of the South Atlantic '' . The treaty effectively countered the bulls of Alexander VI but was subsequently sanctioned by Pope Julius II by means of the bull Ea quae pro bono pacis of 24 January 1506 . Even though the treaty was negotiated without consulting the Pope , a few sources call the resulting line the `` Papal Line of Demarcation '' . Very little of the newly divided area had actually been seen by Europeans , as it was only divided via the treaty . Castile gained lands including most of the Americas , which in 1494 had little proven wealth . The easternmost part of current Brazil was granted to Portugal when in 1500 Pedro Álvares Cabral landed there while he was en route to India . Some historians contend that the Portuguese already knew of the South American bulge that makes up most of Brazil before this time , so his landing in Brazil was not an accident . One scholar points to Cabral 's landing on the Brazilian coast 12 degrees farther south than the expected Cape São Roque , such that `` the likelihood of making such a landfall as a result of freak weather or navigational error was remote ; and it is highly probable that Cabral had been instructed to investigate a coast whose existence was not merely suspected , but already known '' . The line was not strictly enforced -- the Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian . However , the Catholic Monarchs attempted to stop the Portuguese advance in Asia , by claiming the meridian line ran around the world , dividing the whole world in half rather than just the Atlantic . Portugal pushed back , seeking another papal pronouncement that limited the line of demarcation to the Atlantic . This was given by Pope Leo X , who was friendly toward Portugal and its discoveries , in 1514 in the bull Praecelsae devotionis . For a period between 1580 and 1640 , the treaty was rendered meaningless , as the Spanish King was also King of Portugal . It was superseded by the 1750 Treaty of Madrid which granted Portugal control of the lands it occupied in South America . However , the latter treaty was immediately repudiated by the Catholic Monarch . The First Treaty of San Ildefonso settled the problem , with Spain acquiring territories east of the Uruguay River and Portugal acquiring territories in the Amazon Basin . Emerging Protestant maritime powers , particularly England and The Netherlands , and other third parties such as Roman Catholic France , did not recognize the division of the world between only two Roman Catholic nations brokered by the pope . Tordesillas meridian ( edit ) Early Tordesillas lines in South America ( 1495 -- 1545 ) The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands . It did not specify the line in degrees , nor did it identify the specific island or the specific length of its league . Instead , the treaty stated that these matters were to be settled by a joint voyage which never occurred . The number of degrees can be determined via a ratio of marine leagues to degrees applied to the Earth regardless of its assumed size , or via a specific marine league applied to the true size of the Earth , called `` our sphere '' by historian Henry Harrisse . The earliest Aragonese opinion was provided by Jaime Ferrer in 1495 at the request of the Aragonese king and Castilian queen to those monarchs . He stated that the demarcation line was 18 ° west of the most central island of the Cape Verde Islands , which is Fogo according to Harrisse , having a longitude of 24 ° 25'W of Greenwich , hence Ferrer placed the line at 42 ° 25'W on his sphere , which was 21.1 % larger than our sphere . Ferrer also stated that his league contained 32 Olympic stades , or 6.15264 km according to Harrisse , thus Ferrer 's line was 2,276.5 km west of Fogo at 47 ° 37'W on our sphere . Cantino planisphere depicting the meridian , 1502 The earliest surviving Portuguese opinion is on the Cantino planisphere of 1502 . Because its demarcation line was midway between Cape Saint Roque ( northeast cape of South America ) and the mouth of the Amazon River ( its estuary is marked Todo este mar he de agua doçe -- `` All of this sea is fresh water '' -- and its river is marked Rio grande , `` great river '' ) , Harrisse concluded that the line was at 42 ° 30'W on our sphere . Harrisse believed the large estuary just west of the line on the Cantino map was that of the Rio Maranhão ( this estuary is now the Baía de São Marcos and the river is now the Mearim ) , whose flow is so weak that its gulf does not contain fresh water . In 1518 another Castilian opinion was provided by Martin Fernandez de Enciso . Harrisse concluded that Enciso placed his line at 47 ° 24'W on his sphere ( 7.7 % smaller than ours ) , but at 45 ° 38'W on our sphere using Enciso 's numerical data . Enciso also described the coastal features near which the line passed in a very confused manner . Harrisse concluded from this description that Enciso 's line could also be near the mouth of the Amazon between 49 ° and 50 ° W . In 1524 the Castilian pilots ( ships ' captains ) Thomas Duran , Sebastian Cabot ( son of John Cabot ) , and Juan Vespuccius ( nephew of Amerigo Vespucci ) gave their opinion to the Badajoz Junta , whose failure to resolve the dispute led to the Treaty of Saragossa . They specified that the line was 22 ° plus nearly 9 miles west of the center of Santo Antão ( the westernmost Cape Verde island ) , which Harrisse concluded was 47 ° 17'W on their sphere ( 3.1 % smaller than ours ) and 46 ° 36'W on our sphere . In 1524 the Portuguese presented a globe to the Badajoz Junta on which the line was marked 21 ° 30 ' west of Santo Antão ( 22 ° 6'36 '' on our sphere ) . Anti-meridian : Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Treaty of Zaragoza Dutch map of the Moluccas ( north is at right ) Initially , the line of demarcation did not encircle the Earth . Instead , Spain and Portugal could conquer any new lands they were the first to discover , Spain to the west and Portugal to the east , even if they passed each other on the other side of the globe . But Portugal 's discovery of the highly valued Moluccas in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518 that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth into two equal hemispheres . After the surviving ships of Magellan 's fleet visited the Moluccas in 1521 , Spain claimed that those islands were within its western hemisphere . In 1523 , the Treaty of Vitoria called for the Badajoz Junta to meet in 1524 , at which the two countries tried to reach an agreement on the anti-meridian but failed . They finally agreed in a treaty signed at Zaragoza that Spain would relinquish its claims to the Moluccas upon the payment of 350,000 ducats ( ≈ 100 kg ) of gold by Portugal to Spain . To prevent Spain from encroaching upon Portugal 's Moluccas , the anti-meridian was to be 297.5 leagues or 17 ° to the east of the Moluccas , passing through the islands of Las Velas and Santo Thome . This distance is slightly smaller than the 300 leagues determined by Magellan as the westward distance from los Ladrones to the Philippine island of Samar , which is just west of due north of the Moluccas . The Moluccas are a group of islands west of New Guinea . However , unlike the large modern Indonesian archipelago of the Maluku Islands , to 16th - century Europeans the Moluccas were a small chain of islands , the only place on Earth where cloves grew , just west of the large north Malukan island of Halmahera ( called Gilolo at the time ) . Cloves were so prized by Europeans for their medicinal uses that they were worth their weight in gold . 16th - and 17th - century maps and descriptions indicate that the main islands were Ternate , Tidore , Moti , Makian and Bacan , although the last was often ignored even though it was by far the largest island . The principal island was Ternate at the chain 's northern end ( 0 ° 47'N , only 11 kilometres ( 7 mi ) in diameter ) on whose southwest coast the Portuguese built a stone fort ( Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate ) during 1522 -- 23 , which could only be repaired , not modified , according to the Treaty of Saragossa . This north - south chain occupies two degrees of latitude bisected by the equator at about 127 ° 24'E , with Ternate , Tidore , Moti , and Makian north of the equator and Bacan south of it . Although the treaty 's Santo Thome island has not been identified , its `` Islas de las Velas '' ( Islands of the Sails ) appear in a 1585 Spanish history of China , on the 1594 world map of Petrus Plancius , on an anonymous map of the Moluccas in the 1598 London edition of Linschoten , and on the 1607 world map of Petro Kærio , identified as a north - south chain of islands in the northwest Pacific , which were also called the `` Islas de los Ladrones '' ( Islands of the Thieves ) during that period . Their name was changed by Spain in 1667 to `` Islas de las Marianas '' ( Mariana Islands ) , which include Guam at their southern end . Guam 's longitude of 144 ° 45'E is east of the Moluccas ' longitude of 127 ° 24'E by 17 ° 21 ' , which is remarkably close by 16th - century standards to the treaty 's 17 ° east . This longitude passes through the eastern end of the main north Japanese island of Hokkaidō and through the eastern end of New Guinea , which is where Frédéric Durand placed the demarcation line . Moriarty and Keistman placed the demarcation line at 147 ° E by measuring 16.4 ° east from the western end of New Guinea ( or 17 ° east of 130 ° E ) . Despite the treaty 's clear statement that the demarcation line passes 17 ° east of the Moluccas , some sources place the line just east of the Moluccas . The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas , nor did it validate Spain 's claim to equal hemispheres ( 180 ° each ) , so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres . Portugal 's portion was roughly 191 ° whereas Spain 's portion was roughly 169 ° . Both portions have a large uncertainty of ± 4 ° because of the wide variation in the opinions regarding the location of the Tordesillas line . Portugal gained control of all lands and seas west of the Saragossa line , including all of Asia and its neighboring islands so far `` discovered , '' leaving Spain most of the Pacific Ocean . Although the Philippines were not named in the treaty , Spain implicitly relinquished any claim to them because they were well west of the line . Nevertheless , by 1542 , King Charles V decided to colonize the Philippines , judging that Portugal would not protest because the archipelago had no spices . Although a number of expeditions sent from New Spain arrived in the Philippines , they were unable to establish a settlement because the return route across the Pacific was unknown . King Philip II succeeded in 1565 when he sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Andres de Urdaneta , establishing the initial Spanish trading post at Cebu and later founding Manila in 1571 . Besides Brazil and the Moluccas , Portugal eventually controlled Angola , Mozambique , Portuguese Guinea , and São Tomé and Príncipe ( among other territories and bases ) in Africa ; several bases or territories as Muscat , Ormus and Bahrein in the Persian Gulf , Goa , Bombay and Daman and Diu ( among other coastal cities ) in India ; Ceylon , and Malacca , bases in present - day Indonesia as Makassar , Solor and Ambon , Portuguese Timor , the entrepôt - base of Macau and the entrepôt - enclave of Dejima ( Nagasaki ) in the Far East . Spain , on the other hand , would control vast western regions in the Americas , in areas ranging from the present - day United States to present - day Argentina , an empire that would extend to the Philippines , and bases in Ternate and Formosa ( 17th century ) . Portuguese and Spanish empires ( anachronous world maps ) Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire alongside Iberian Union Iberian Union ( 1581 -- 1640 ) Effect on other European powers ( edit ) The treaty was historically important in dividing Latin America , as well as establishing Spain in the western Pacific until 1898 . However , it quickly became obsolete in North America , and later in Asia and Africa , where it affected colonization . It was ignored by other European nations , and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power , the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims , much less expand them into poorly explored areas . Thus , with sufficient backing , it became possible for any European state to colonize open territories , or those weakly held by Lisbon or Madrid . With the fall of Malacca to the Dutch , the VOC ( Dutch East India Company ) took control of Portuguese possessions in Indonesia , claiming Western New Guinea and Western Australia , as New Holland . Eastern Australia remained in the Spanish half of the world until claimed for Britain by James Cook in 1770 . The attitude towards the treaty that other governments had was expressed in a statement attributed to France 's King Francis I , `` Show me Adam 's will ! '' The Treaty of Madrid ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Madrid ( 13 January 1750 ) In January 13 , 1750 , King John V of Portugal and Ferdinand VI of Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid , in which both parts sought to establish the borders between Brazil and Spanish America , admitting that the Treaty of Tordesillas , as it had been envisioned in 1494 had been superseded , and was considered void . Spain was acknowledged sovereignty over the Philippines , while Portugal would get the territory of the Amazon River basin . Portugal would relinquish the colony of Sacramento , on the northern bank of the River Plata in modern - day Uruguay , while getting the territory of the Seven Missions . Modern claims ( edit ) The Treaty of Tordesillas was invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole , as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish ( or Portuguese ) all undiscovered land south to the Pole . Indonesia took possession of Netherlands New Guinea in 1962 , supporting its claim by stating the Empire of Majapahit had included western New Guinea , and that it was part of the Treaty of Tordesillas . The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland / Malvinas Islands . See also ( edit ) Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery History of Portugal ( 1415 -- 1578 ) List of treaties Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 370 leagues equals 2,193 km , 1,362 statute miles , or 1,184 nautical miles . These figures use the legua náutica ( nautical league ) of four Roman miles totaling 5.926 km , which was used by Spain during the 15th , 16th , and 17th centuries for navigation . In 1897 Henry Harrise noted that Jaime Ferrer , the expert consulted by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella , stated that a league was four miles of six stades each . Modern scholars agree that the geographic stade was the Roman or Italian stade , not any of several other Greek stades , supporting these figures . Harrise is in the minority when he uses the stade of 192.27 m marked within the stadium at Olympia , Greece , resulting in a league ( 32 stades ) of 6.153 km , 3.8 % larger . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , ed. , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 ( Cleveland , Ohio : 1903 ) . Frances Gardiner Davenport , ed. , European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648 ( Washington , DC : Carnegie Institute of Washington , 1917 ) , 100 . Jump up ^ In the European Portuguese pronunciation . Brazilians might variously pronounce it as ( tɾɐˈtadʊ dʑɪ toɾdeˈziʎəs ) in São Paulo , ( tɾəˈtadu dʑi to̞ʀde̞ˈziʎəɕ ) in Rio de Janeiro and ( tɾaˈtadu dʑi tɔʁdɛˈziʎəs ) in Salvador , Bahia and ( tɾɐˈtadu di tɔɦde̞ˈziʎəs ) in Recife . Jump up ^ Chardon , Roland ( 1980 ) . `` The linear league in North America '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 70 : 129 -- 153 ( pp. 142 , 144 , 151 ) . JSTOR 2562946 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1980. tb01304. x . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 85 -- 97 , 176 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Newlyn Walkup , Eratosthenes and the mystery of the stades Jump up ^ Engels , Donald ( 1985 ) . `` The length of Eratosthenes ' stade '' . American Journal of Philology. 106 : 298 -- 311 . JSTOR 295030 . doi : 10.2307 / 295030 . Jump up ^ Davenport , 85 , 171 . Jump up ^ Pope Alexander VI ( 4 May 1493 ) . Inter Caetera . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Pope Alexander VI ( 25 September 1493 ) ( in Latin ) . Dudum siquidem . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Parry , J.H. ( 1973 ) . The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 . London : Cardinal . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 16603 - 4 . Jump up ^ Davenport , ed. , 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Leslie Ronald Marchant , The Papal Line of Demarcation and Its Impact in the Eastern Hemisphere on the Political Division of Australia , 1479 -- 1829 ( Greenwood , Western Australia : Woodside Valley Foundation , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 74126 - 423 - 4 . Jump up ^ Crow , John A. ( 1992 ) . The Epic of Latin America ( Fourth ed . ) . University of California Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 198 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 202 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 205 . Jump up ^ Henry Harrisse , The Diplomatic History of America : Its first chapter 1452 -- 1493 -- 1494 ( London : Stevens , 1897 ) . pp. 194 Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 91 -- 97 , 178 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 100 -- 102 , 190 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 103 -- 108 , 122 , 192 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 138 -- 139 , 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Edward Gaylord Bourne , `` Historical Introduction '' , in Blair . Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 , part 2 Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 , part 3 Jump up ^ Lord Stanley of Alderley , The first voyage round the world , by Magellan , London : Hakluyt , 1874 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Andaya , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Corn , p. xxiv . `` I split the nut , once more valuable than gold . '' Jump up ^ Gavan Daws and Marty Fujita , Archipelago : The Islands of Indonesia , ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 ) , p. 98 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21576 - 1 ( early 1500s ) . Jump up ^ `` The Portuguese in the Moluccas and in the Lesser Sunda Islands by Marco Ramerini , 1600s '' . Colonialvoyage.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lord Stanley of Alderley , The first voyage round the world , by Magellan , London : Hakluyt Society , 1874 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Andaya , p. 117 . After the Iberian Union ( 1580 -- 1640 ) and the effective Dutch conquest of the Moluccas ( 1605 -- 1611 , pp. 152 -- 3 ) , the fort was destroyed by the Spanish in 1666 during their retreat to the Philippines . ( p. 156 ) Jump up ^ Knowlton , p. 341 . The islands were named both las Velas and los Ladrones in a quote from Father Juan González de Mendoza in Historia de las cosas más notables , ritos y costumbres del gran Reino de la China ( History of the most remarkable things , rites and customs of the great Kingdom of China , 1585 ) . Jump up ^ Cortesao , p. 224 , with detailed maps naming each island on several maps . Jump up ^ ed . John O.E. Clark , 100 Maps ( New York : Sterling , 2005 ) p. 115 , ISBN 1 - 4027 - 2885 - 9 . Jump up ^ Le Réseau Asie ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) . `` The cartography of the Orientals and Southern Europeans in the beginning of the western exploration of South - East Asia from the middle of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIIth century by Frédéric Durand '' . Reseau-asie.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Philip II Orders the Journey of the First Manila Galleon '' . The Journal of San Diego History ( Volume 12 , Number 2 ed . ) . April 1966 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lines in the sea by Giampiero Francalanci and others , p. 3 about 129 ° E or only 1.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Lines of Demarcation 1529 about 134 ° E or 6.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Infoblatt Das Zeitalter der großen Entdeckungsfahrten about 135 ° E or 7.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Miller , James Rodger ( 2000 - 06 - 01 ) . Skyscrapers hide the heavens : a history of Indian - white relations in Canada . p. 20 . ISBN 9780802081537 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ José Damião Rodrigues , Pedro Aires Oliveira ( 2014 ) História da Expansão e do Império Português ed . Esfera dos Livros , p. 266 - 267 Jump up ^ `` National Interests And Claims In The Antarctic '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Laver , Roberto ( 2001 ) . The Falklands / Malvinas case . Springer . pp. 67 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1534 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) Edward G. Bourne , ' The History and Determination of the Line of Demarcation by Pope Alexander VI , between the Spanish and Portuguese Fields of Discovery and Colonization ' , American Historical Association , Annual Report for 1891 , Washington , 1892 ; Senate Miscellaneous Documents , Washington , Vol. 5 , 1891 -- 92 , pp. 103 -- 30 . James R Akerman , The Imperial Map ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2009 ) 138 . Leonard Y . Andaya , The world of Maluku : Eastern Indonesia in the early modern period ( Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1490 - 8 . Emma Helen Blair , ed. , The Philippine Islands , 1493 - 1803 ( vol 1 of 55 ) ( Cleveland , Ohio : 1903 - 1909 ) , containing complete English translations of both treaties and related documents . Stephen R. Bown , 1494 : How a family feud in medieval Spain divided the world in half ( New York : Thomas Dunne Books , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 61612 - 0 . Charles Corn , The Scents of Eden : A Narrative of the Spice Trade , ( New York : Kodansha , 1998 ) , ISBN 1 - 56836 - 202 - 1 . Cortesao , Armando ( 1939 ) . `` Antonio Pereira and his map of circa 1545 '' . Geographical Review . 29 : 205 -- 225 . doi : 10.2307 / 209943 . Frances Gardiner Davenport , ed. , European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648 ( Washington , DC : Carnegie Institution of Washington , 1917 / 1967 ) . Translation of the Treaty of Tordesillas by Davenport . Henry Harrisse , The Diplomatic History of America : Its first chapter 1452 -- 1493 -- 1494 ( London : Stevens , 1897 ) . Knowlton , Edgar C. ( 1963 ) . `` China and the Philippines in El Periquillo Sarniento '' . Hispanic Review . 31 : 336 -- 347 . doi : 10.2307 / 472212 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Tordesillas ( Tratado de Tordesillas ) . Treaty of Tordesillas ( about.com ) Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese ) from Archivo General de Indias Treaty of Tordesillas English translation from Blair -- BROKEN LINK Compact Between the Catholic Sovereigns and the King of Portugal Regarding the Demarcation and the Division of the Ocean Sea English translation from Blair -- BROKEN LINK VIAF : 232145857902923021282 LCCN : n82219907 GND : 4185720 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&oldid=804636789 '' Categories : 1494 in Portugal 1494 in Spain 1529 in law 1490s treaties History of North America History of South America History of the Americas Latin American history Ferdinand II of Aragon Geopolitical rivalry Isabella I of Castile Lines of longitude Memory of the World Register Portugal -- Spain relations Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire Spanish colonization of the Americas History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal Treaties of the Spanish Empire 1494 in the Spanish Empire 1494 in the Portuguese Empire Spain in the Age of Discovery Portugal in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 07 : 37 . 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spain and portugal divide the world between them in

The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese : Tratado de Tordesilhas ( tɾɐˈtaðu ðɨ tuɾðɨˈziʎɐʃ ) , Spanish : Tratado de Tordesillas ( tɾaˈtaðo ðe toɾðeˈsiʎas ) ) , signed at Tordesillas on June 7 , 1494 , and authenticated at Setúbal , Portugal , divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile , along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands , off the west coast of Africa . This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands ( already Portuguese ) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage ( claimed for Castile and León ) , named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia ( Cuba and Hispaniola ) .

John Carroll Lynch - wikipedia John Carroll Lynch Jump to : navigation , search John Carroll Lynch Lynch in 2017 ( 1963 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Boulder , Colorado , US Alma mater The Catholic University of America Occupation Actor , film director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Brenda Wehle ( m . 1997 ) John Carroll Lynch ( born August 1 , 1963 ) is an American actor and director . He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo . He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey , as well as on American Horror Story : Freak Show and American Horror Story : Cult as Twisty the Clown . His films include Face / Off , Gran Torino , Shutter Island , Ted 2 , The Invitation , and Zodiac . Most recently , he portrayed McDonald 's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder . He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lynch was born August 1 , 1963 , in Boulder , Colorado . He attended Regis Jesuit High School in Denver . He studied theater at The Catholic University of America , graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1986 . Career ( edit ) Lynch was a member of the Guthrie Theater company . He starred in several productions , toured with the company and worked there for over eight seasons . Lynch made his feature film debut in Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) . He gained notice starring as Norm Gunderson in the Coen brothers ' film Fargo ( 1996 ) . His other notable films are Face / Off ( 1997 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , Gothika ( 2003 ) , Things We Lost in the Fire ( 2007 ) , Gran Torino ( 2008 ) , Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , Paul ( 2011 ) and Crazy , Stupid , Love . ( 2011 ) . He portrayed Arthur Leigh Allen in Zodiac ( 2007 ) and the first establisher of McDonald 's , Mac McDonald , in The Founder ( 2016 ) . Lynch has an extensive career in television . He appeared in ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey . He has also been a regular cast member on series such as Close to Home , Carnivàle , Body of Proof and Seasons 4 , 5 and 7 of American Horror Story . Personal life ( edit ) Lynch has been married to actress Brenda Wehle since 1997 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Grumpy Old Men Moving Man 1995 The Cure Skipper # 1 Credited as John Lynch Beautiful Girls Frank Womack Fargo Norm Gunderson Feeling Minnesota Cop 1997 Volcano Stan Olber 1997 Face / Off Prison Guard Walton 1998 Mercury Rising Martin Lynch 1998 The Naked Man Sticks ' Driver 1998 Restaurant John English 1999 Anywhere but Here Jack Irwin 1999 Pushing Tin Doctor Freeze 1999 Freak Weather Ed 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Impound Manager Uncredited 2001 Bubble Boy Mr. Livingston 2002 The Good Girl Jack Field 2002 Bug Wallace Gregory 2002 Three Days of Rain Dinner Guest 2003 Gothika Sheriff Ryan 2003 Confidence Leon Ashby Catch That Kid Mr. Hartmunn 2005 Mozart and the Whale Gregory 2005 Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World Stewart 2007 Full of It Mr. Leonard 2007 Zodiac Arthur Leigh Allen 2007 Things We Lost in the Fire Howard Glassman 2008 Gran Torino Barber Martin 2009 Love Happens Walter Sympathy for Delicious Evangelist Carroll Shutter Island Deputy Warden McPherson Hesher Larry 2011 Paul Moses Buggs 2011 Crazy , Stupid , Love . Bernie Riley 2012 Lay the Favorite Dave Greenberg 2013 The Pretty One Frank 2014 Camp X-Ray Col. James Drummond 2015 Hot Pursuit Captain Emmett 2015 Ted 2 Tom Jessup 2015 The Invitation Pruitt 2016 Miracles from Heaven Pastor Scott 2016 Jackie Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 The Founder Mac McDonald 2017 Lucky N / A Directorial debut 2017 Anything Early Landry 2018 Private Life Post-production 2018 White Orchid Sheriff Mann Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Frasier Actor playing Franklin Episode : `` The Show Where Diane Comes Back '' Murder One Officer Carl Bickley Episode : `` Chapter Thirteen '' The Client Frank Episode : `` Damn Yankees '' Voice from the Grave Prosecutor O'Gane Television film A Friend 's Betrayal Mr. Franks Television film 1996 , 1997 Life 's Work District Attorney Agee / Crazy Larry 2 episodes 1997 -- 2004 The Drew Carey Show Steve Carey 72 episodes 1997 The Practice Dr. Robert Larson Episode : `` Search and Seizure '' 1997 The Visitor Joe York Episode : `` Going Home '' 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Robert R. Gilruth 2 episodes 1999 Star Trek : Voyager Gerald Moss Episode : `` 11 : 59 '' 1999 Late Last Night Sgt. Van Wyck Television film 1999 Tuesdays with Morrie Walter Moran Television film 2000 The Fugitive Raynor Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 The West Wing Jack Episode : `` Galileo '' 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Sonny Green Episode : `` The Race '' 2002 Live from Baghdad John Holliman Television film 2003 The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire Mayor Garrett Shaw 7 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Close to Home Steve Sharpe 21 episodes 2005 Carnivàle Varlyn Stroud 12 episodes 2005 American Dad ! Mr. Simms ( voice ) Episode : `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' 2007 -- 2008 K - Ville Captain James Embry 11 episodes 2007 Big Love Officer Chuck Tuttle 2 episodes 2009 Lie to Me Mr. Reed Episode : `` Truth or Consequences '' 2009 Monk Kurt Pressman Episode : `` Happy Birthday , Mr. Monk '' 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Buddy Arnold Episode : `` Bloodsport '' 2010 -- 2012 The Glades Mike Ogletree 2 episodes How to Make It in America Larry Episode : `` Keep on Truck'n '' 2011 -- 2013 Body of Proof Bud Morris 26 episodes 2013 Do No Harm Will Hayes 10 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Ned Dooley 2 episodes 2014 House of Lies Gil Selby 2 episodes 2014 The Americans Fred 6 episodes 2014 Manhattan Daniel Ellis 2 episodes 2014 -- 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Twisty the Clown 5 episodes 2014 Us & Them Ed Episode : `` Coeds & Carburetors '' 2015 -- 2016 American Horror Story : Hotel John Wayne Gacy 2 episodes 2015 The Walking Dead Eastman Episode : `` Here 's Not Here '' 2016 -- 2017 Turn : Washington 's Spies James Rivington 6 episodes 2016 Billions Mr. Gilbert Episode : `` The Punch '' 2017 American Horror Story : Cult Twisty the Clown 2 episodes 2017 Channel Zero : The No - End House John Sleator 6 episodes 2018 Crawford Owen Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2016 42nd Saturn Awards Best Guest Starring Role on Television The Walking Dead Nominated 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Supporting Actor The Invitation Nominated Camerimage Directors ' Debuts Competition Lucky Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Filmmaker Nominated Haifa International Film Festival Carmel Award for Best Film Nominated Fedeora Award - Directors of Tomorrow Won Locarno Festival Golden Leopard Nominated Price of the Ecumenical Jury Won 22nd Satellite Awards Special Achievement Award for Best First Feature Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Rovi via The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( S ) ome sources cite May 11 , 1961 '' , per `` John Carroll Lynch Biography ( 1963 ? - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Relations : Arts & Entertainment '' . The Catholic University of America . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch lands juicy role in ' Freak Show ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Guthrie Theater . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Wehle Biography ( ( ? ) - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTORS ' DEBUTS COMPETITION '' . Camerimage.pl . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carmel Competition - International Film Competition 2017 '' . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Best Israeli Feature Film Award -- `` The Testament '' `` . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Locarno Festival on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . External links ( edit ) John Carroll Lynch on IMDb VIAF : 58811189 LCCN : no2005039010 GND : 1140027840 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carroll_Lynch&oldid=819003196 '' Categories : 1963 births American male film actors American male television actors Catholic University of America alumni Living people Male actors from Boulder , Colorado Male actors from Denver 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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John Carroll Lynch ( born August 1 , 1963 ) is an American actor and director . He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo . He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey , as well as on American Horror Story : Freak Show and American Horror Story : Cult as Twisty the Clown . His films include Face / Off , Gran Torino , Shutter Island , Ted 2 , The Invitation , and Zodiac . Most recently , he portrayed McDonald 's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder . He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky .

Dragon Ball Z - wikipedia Dragon Ball Z Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z ドラゴンボール Z ( Doragon Bōru Zetto ) Genre Martial arts , science fantasy Anime television series Directed by Daisuke Nishio ( # 1 -- 199 ) Produced by Kenji Shimizu Kōji Kaneda ( # 118 -- 291 ) Written by Takao Koyama Music by Shunsuke Kikuchi Studio Toei Animation Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network Fuji TV English network First - run syndication , Cartoon Network ( Toonami ) Original run April 26 , 1989 -- January 31 , 1996 Episodes 291 ( List of episodes ) Anime television series Dragon Ball Z Kai Directed by Yasuhiro Nowatari Music by Kenji Yamamoto ( 1 -- 95 ) Shunsuke Kikuchi ( 96 -- 98 ; re-aired 1 -- 95 ) Norihito Sumitomo ( 99 -- 159 ~ 167 ) Studio Toei Animation Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network Fuji TV English network Nicktoons , Adult Swim Original run April 5 , 2009 -- March 27 , 2011 Continued run : April 6 , 2014 -- June 28 , 2015 Episodes 159 ( Japan ) 167 ( International ) ( List of episodes ) Dragon Ball franchise Dragon Ball ( manga ) Dragon Ball ( anime ) Dragon Ball GT Dragon Ball Super Anime and Manga portal Dragon Ball Z ( Japanese : ドラゴンボール Z ( ゼット ) , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation . Dragon Ball Z is the sequel to the Dragon Ball anime and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519 - chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama , that were published from 1988 to 1995 in Weekly Shōnen Jump . Dragon Ball Z first aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26 , 1989 to January 31 , 1996 , before being dubbed in several territories around the world , including the United States , Australia , Europe , India , and Latin America . Dragon Ball Z follows the adventures of the protagonist Goku who , along with his companions , defends the Earth against an assortment of villains ranging from intergalactic space fighters and conquerors , unnaturally powerful androids and nearly indestructible creatures . While the original Dragon Ball anime followed Goku from his childhood into adulthood , Dragon Ball Z is a continuation of his adult life , but at the same time parallels the maturation of his sons , Gohan and Goten , as well as the evolution of his rivals Piccolo and Vegeta from enemies into allies . Due to the success of the anime in the United States , the manga chapters comprising its story were initially released by Viz Media under the title Dragon Ball Z . Additional works called animanga were released , which adapt the animation to manga form . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent the majority of content in the Dragon Ball universe ; including 17 movies and 148 video games , many of them being only released in Japan , and a host of soundtracks stemming from this material . Dragon Ball Z remains a cultural icon through numerous adaptations , including a more - recent remastered broadcast titled Dragon Ball Kai . There have also been two sequel series ; Dragon Ball GT ( 1996 -- 1997 ) and Dragon Ball Super ( 2015 -- present ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and broadcasting 2.1 English dub production and broadcasting 2.2 Dragon Ball Z Kai 2.2. 1 English dub production and broadcasting 2.3 Editing 3 Music 4 Related media 4.1 Home releases 4.1. 1 Kai 4.2 Manga 4.3 Films 4.4 Television specials and original video animations 4.5 Video games 4.6 Soundtracks 5 Reception 5.1 Cultural impact and legacy 5.2 Ratings 6 Merchandising 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z picks up five years after the end of the Dragon Ball anime , with Son Goku as a young adult and father to his son Gohan . A humanoid alien named Raditz arrives on Earth in a spacecraft and tracks down Goku , revealing to him that he is his long - lost big brother and that they are members of a nearly extinct extraterrestrial race called the Saiyans ( サイヤ 人 , Saiya - jin ) . The Saiyans had sent Goku ( originally named `` Kakarrot '' ) to Earth as an infant to conquer the planet for them , but he suffered a traumatic brain injury soon after his arrival and lost all memory of his mission , as well as his blood - thirsty Saiyan nature . Goku refuses to help Raditz continue the mission , which results in Raditz kidnapping Gohan . Goku decides to team up with his former enemy Piccolo in order to defeat Raditz and save his son , while sacrificing his own life in the process . In the afterlife , Goku trains under Kaiō - sama until he is revived by the Dragon Balls a year later in order to save the Earth from Raditz ' comrades ; Nappa and the Saiyan prince Vegeta . During the battle Piccolo is killed , along with Goku 's allies Yamcha , Tenshinhan and Chaozu , and the Dragon Balls cease to exist because of Piccolo 's death . Goku arrives at the battlefield late , but avenges his fallen friends by defeating Nappa with his new level of power . Vegeta himself enters into the battle with Goku and after numerous clashes , Goku manages to defeat him as well , with the help of Gohan , his best friend Krillin and Yajirobe . At Goku 's request , they spare Vegeta 's life and allow him to escape Earth . During the battle , Krillin overhears Vegeta mentioning the original set of Dragon Balls from Piccolo 's home planet Namek ( ナメック 星 , Namekku - sei ) . While Goku recovers from his injuries at the hospital , Gohan , Krillin and Goku 's oldest friend Bulma depart for Namek in order to use these Dragon Balls to revive their dead friends . However , they discover that Vegeta 's superior , the galactic tyrant Lord Frieza , is already there , seeking the Dragon Balls to be granted eternal life . A fully healed Vegeta arrives on Namek as well , seeking the Dragon Balls for himself , which leads to several battles between him and Frieza 's henchmen . Realizing he is overpowered , Vegeta teams up with Gohan and Krillin to fight the Ginyu Force , a team of mercenaries summoned by Frieza . After Goku finally arrives on Namek , the epic battle with Frieza himself comes to a close when Goku transforms into a fabled Super Saiyan ( 超 サイヤ 人 , Sūpā Saiya - jin ) and defeats him . Upon his return to Earth a year later , Goku encounters a time traveler named Trunks , the future son of Bulma and Vegeta , who warns Goku that two Artificial Humans ( 人造 人間 , Jinzōningen , lit . `` Artificial Humans '' ) will appear three years later , seeking revenge against Goku for destroying the Red Ribbon Army when he was a child . During this time , an evil life form called Cell emerges and after absorbing two of the Artificial Humans to achieve his `` perfect form , '' holds his own fighting tournament to decide the fate of the Earth , called the `` Cell Games '' . After Goku sacrifices his own life a second time , to no avail , Gohan avenges his father by defeating Cell after ascending to the second level of Super Saiyan . Seven years later Goku , who has been briefly revived for one day and meets his youngest son Goten , and his allies are drawn into a fight by the Kaioshin against a magical being named Majin Buu . After numerous battles resulting in the destruction and recreation of the Earth , Goku ( whose life is permanently restored by the Elder Kaioshin ) destroys Majin Buu with a Genki Dama attack containing the energy of everyone on Earth . Goku makes a wish for Buu to be reincarnated as a good person and ten years later , at another martial arts tournament , Goku meets Buu 's human reincarnation , Uub . Leaving the match between them unfinished , Goku departs with Uub to train him to become Earth 's new defender . Production and broadcasting ( edit ) Further information : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes and List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes Kazuhiko Torishima , Akira Toriyama 's editor for Dr. Slump and the first half of Dragon Ball , felt that the Dragon Ball anime 's ratings were gradually declining because it had the same producer that worked on Dr. Slump . Torishima said this producer had this `` cute and funny '' image connected to Toriyama 's work and was missing the more serious tone in the newer series , and therefore asked the studio to change the producer . Impressed with their work on Saint Seiya , he asked its director Kōzō Morishita and writer Takao Koyama to help `` reboot '' Dragon Ball , which coincided with Goku growing up . The new producer explained that ending the first anime and creating a new one would result in more promotional money , and the result was the start of Dragon Ball Z . The title was suggested by Toriyama because Z is the last letter of the alphabet and he wanted to finish the series because he was running out of ideas for it . Dragon Ball Z is adapted from the final 325 chapters of the manga series which were published in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1988 to 1995 . It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26 , 1989 , taking over its predecessor 's time slot , and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31 , 1996 . Because Toriyama was writing the manga during the production of the anime , Dragon Ball Z added original material not adapted from the manga , including lengthening scenes or adding new ones , and adding new attacks and characters not present in the manga . For example , Toriyama was asked to create an additional character for Goku 's training with Kaiō - sama , resulting in the cricket Gregory . Throughout the production , the voice actors were tasked with playing different characters and performing their lines on cue , switching between roles as necessary . The voice actors were unable to record the lines separately because of the close dialogue timing . When asked if juggling the different voices of Goku , Gohan and Goten was difficult , Masako Nozawa said that it was not , and that she was able to switch roles simply upon seeing the character 's picture . She did admit that when they were producing two films a year and television specials in addition to the regular series , there were times when they had only line art to look at while recording , which made giving finer nuanced details in her performance difficult . Series Director Daisuke Nishio left the series after personally directing Episode # 202 . Nishio left the series to become series director of Aoki Densetsu Shoot ! . The role of series director was not officially filled for Episodes # 200 - 291 , despite Nishio 's directing of Episode # 202 . English dub production and broadcasting ( edit ) In 1996 , Funimation Productions licensed Dragon Ball Z for an English - language release in North America . They contracted Saban Entertainment to help distribute the series to television , and Pioneer Entertainment to handle home video distribution . The Vancouver - based Ocean Studios were hired by Funimation to dub the anime ( Funimation had previously used the Ocean voice cast in their short - lived 1995 dub of Dragon Ball ) . Saban musicians Ron Wasserman and Jeremy Sweet , known for their work on the Power Rangers franchise , composed a new background score and theme song ( nicknamed `` Rock the Dragon '' ) . Funimation 's initial English dub of Dragon Ball Z had mandated cuts to content and length , which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53 . It premiered in the United States on September 13 , 1996 in first - run syndication , but halted production in 1998 after two seasons . This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations , in order to focus on producing original material for the Fox Kids block . Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 ( the end of the dub ) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version , but did not do so . Christopher Sabat ( left ) and Sean Schemmel ( right ) have provided Funimation 's English dub voices for Vegeta and Goku , respectively , since 1999 . On August 31 , 1998 , reruns of this cancelled dub began airing on Cartoon Network as part of the channel 's weekday afternoon programming block Toonami . Due to the success of these re-runs on Toonami , Funimation resumed production on the series ' English dub without Saban 's assistance , but could no longer afford the services of the Ocean voice cast due to financial constraints . This led to Funimation forming its own in - house voice cast at their Texas - based studio . The Saban - produced soundtrack from the first two seasons was replaced with a new background score composed by Bruce Faulconer and his team of musicians , which was used throughout the rest of Funimation 's Dragon Ball Z dub . This renewed dub featured less censorship ( due to fewer restrictions on cable programming ) and aired on Cartoon Network 's Toonami block from September 13 , 1999 , to April 7 , 2003 ; continuing in re-runs through 2008 . Kids ' WB briefly ran Dragon Ball Z in 2001 on its short - lived Toonami block . In 2004 , Pioneer lost its distribution rights to the first 53 / 67 episodes of Dragon Ball Z , allowing Funimation to re-dub them with their in - house voice cast and restore the removed content . This dub 's background score was composed by Nathan M. Johnson . Funimation 's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network during the summer of 2005 ( in late night , due to the unedited content ) . Funimation 's later remastered DVDs of the series saw minor changes made to their in - house dub for quality and consistency , mostly after the episode 67 gap , and had the option to play the entire series ' dub with both the American and Japanese background music . In January 2011 , Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream Dragon Ball Z within 30 minutes before their simulcast of One Piece . As of 2013 , Dragon Ball Z is being streamed on Hulu , containing the English dub with the Japanese music and uncut footage , as well as subtitled Japanese episodes . The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Belgium , Australia and New Zealand . However , beginning with episode 108 ( 123 uncut ) , AB Groupe and Westwood Media ( in association with Ocean Studios ) produced an alternate English dub . The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK , the Netherlands and Ireland , although it later aired in Canada . Funimation 's in - house dub continued to air in the U.S. , Australia and New Zealand . The Westwood Media production used the same voices from the original short - lived dub syndicated in the USA ( Which later aired on Toonami ) , it featured an alternate soundtrack by Tom Keenlyside and John Mitchell , and it used the same scripts and edits as the TV edit of Funimation 's in - house dub ( although the UK and Europe 's version was slightly edited down from this ) . In Australia , Dragon Ball Z was broadcast by the free - to - air commercial network , Network Ten during morning children 's programming , Cheez TV , originally using the censored Funimation / Saban dub before switching to Funimation 's in - house dub . Dragon Ball Z originally aired on the British Comedy Network in Fall 1998 . Dragon Ball Z Kai ( edit ) See also : List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes In February 2009 , Toei Animation announced that it would begin broadcasting a revised version of Dragon Ball Z as part of the series ' 20th - anniversary celebrations . The series premiered on Fuji TV in Japan on April 5 , 2009 , under the name Dragon Ball Kai . The ending suffix Kai ( 改 「 かい 」 ) in the name means `` updated '' or `` altered '' and reflects the improvements and corrections of the original work . The original footage was remastered for HDTV , featuring updated opening and ending sequences , new music , and a rerecording of the vocal tracks . The original material and any damaged frames were removed to more closely follow the manga , resulting in a faster - moving story . Torishima later explained the origins of Kai ; Bandai was having a hard time increasing their sales and asked if a new Dragon Ball anime could be made . But Toriyama refused to create a new story . Realizing that the anime - exclusive scenes that were added to increase the distance between the original anime and the manga hurt the pacing of the series , Torishima thought of cutting them so that it faithfully followed the manga . He said the reception to Kai was positive and Bandai had a hit with a card game , so it all worked out . The series initially concluded with the finale of the Cell arc , as opposed to including the Majin Buu arc . It was originally planned to run 98 episodes , however , due to the Tōhoku offshore earthquake and tsunami , the final episode of Dragon Ball Kai was not aired and the series ended on its 97th episode in Japan on March 27 , 2011 . The 98th episode was later released direct - to - video in Japan on August 2 , 2011 . In November 2012 , Mayumi Tanaka , the Japanese voice of Krillin , announced that she and the rest of the cast were recording more episodes of Dragon Ball Kai . In February 2014 , the Kai adaptation of the Majin Buu arc was officially confirmed . The new run of the series , which is titled Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters internationally , began airing in Japan on Fuji TV on April 6 , 2014 , and ended its run on June 28 , 2015 . The final arc of Kai was originally produced to last 69 episodes ( as most of the international versions run ) , but the Japanese broadcast cut it down to 61 episodes . English dub production and broadcasting ( edit ) Funimation licensed Dragon Ball Kai for an English - language release in North America , under the title Dragon Ball Z Kai . The series was broadcast on Nicktoons from May 24 , 2010 to April 13 , 2013 . In addition to Nicktoons , the series also began airing on The CW 's Saturday morning programming block Toonzai in August 2010 , then on its successor , Vortexx , beginning in August 2012 . Both the Nicktoons and Toonzai / Vortexx airings were edited for content , though the Toonzai / Vortexx version was censored even more so than Nicktoons ( perhaps most notoriously , Mr. Popo was tinted blue ) , most likely due to The CW being a broadcast network . Kai began airing uncut on Adult Swim 's Toonami block in November 2014 , and re-runs of the previous week 's episodes aired at the beginning of Adult Swim proper from February 2015 to June 2016 . CSC Media Group acquired the broadcast rights to Dragon Ball Z Kai in the United Kingdom and began airing it on Kix ! in early 2013 . Despite Kai 's continuation not being officially confirmed at the time even in Japan , Sean Schemmel and Kyle Hebert , the Funimation dub voice actors of Goku and Gohan , announced in April 2013 that they had started recording an English dub for new episodes . In November 2013 , Kai 's Australasian distributor Madman Entertainment revealed that the Majin Buu arc of Kai would be released in 2014 and that they were waiting on dubs to be finished . However , in February 2014 , Funimation officially stated that they did not record for the final arc of Kai . On December 6 , 2016 , Funimation announced the continuation of Kai to begin airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Editing ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z 's original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work . Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga is often criticized for his role in the editing ; but it was the distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work , as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans . These changes included altering every aspect of the show from character names , clothing , scenes and dialogue of the show . The character Mr. Satan was renamed Hercule and this change has been retained in other English media such as Viz 's Dragon Ball Z manga and video games . The dialogue changes would sometimes contradict the scenes itself ; after the apparent fatal explosion of a helicopter , one of the characters said , `` I can see their parachutes ; they 're okay ! '' Funimation 's redub for the 2005 release would address many of the issues raised by Saban , with the uncut releases preserving the integrity of the original Japanese release . During the original Japanese TV airing of Dragon Ball Kai , scenes involving blood and brief nudity were removed . A rumor that Cartoon Network would be airing Kai uncut was met with an official statement to debunk the rumor in June 2010 . Nicktoons would also alter Kai ; it released a preview showcasing these changes which included removing blood and cheek scar from Bardock and altering the color of Roshi 's alcohol . The show was further edited for its broadcast on Toonzai and Vortexx , but the show 's DVD and Blu - ray releases only contained the edits present in the original Japanese version . Steven Simmons , who did the subtitling for Funimation 's home video releases , offered commentary on the subtitling from a project and technical standpoint , addressing several concerns . Simmons said that Gen Fukunaga did not want any swearing on the discs , but because there was no taboo word list Simmons would substitute a variation in the strength of the words by situation with the changes starting in episode 21 . The typographical errors in the script were caused by dashes ( -- ) and double - quotes ( `` ) failing to appear , which resulted in confusing dialogue . Music ( edit ) `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' Sample of `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' performed by Hironobu Kageyama , the opening theme song for the majority of the show . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Shunsuke Kikuchi composed the score for Dragon Ball Z . The opening theme for the first 199 episodes is `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' performed by Hironobu Kageyama . The second opening theme used up until the series finale at episode 291 is `` We Gotta Power '' also performed by Kageyama . The ending theme used for the first 194 episodes is `` Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Power ! '' ( で て こい とびきり ZENKAI パワー ! , `` Come Out , Incredible Full Power ! '' ) performed by MANNA . The second ending theme used for the remaining episodes is `` Bokutachi wa Tenshi Datta '' ( 僕達 は 天使 だっ た , `` We Used to be Angels '' ) performed by Kageyama . Kenji Yamamoto composed the score for Dragon Ball Kai . The opening theme , `` Dragon Soul '' , and the first ending theme used for the first 54 episodes , `` Yeah ! Break ! Care ! Break ! '' , are both performed by Takayoshi Tanimoto . The second ending theme , used from episodes 55 -- 98 , is `` Kokoro no Hane '' ( 心 の 羽根 , `` Wings of the Heart '' ) performed by Team Dragon , a unit of the idol girl group AKB48 . On March 9 , 2011 , Toei announced that due to Yamamoto 's score infringing on the rights of an unknown third party or parties , the music for remaining episodes and reruns of previous episodes would be replaced . Later reports from Toei stated that with the exception of the series ' opening and closing songs , as well as eyecatch music , Yamamoto 's score was replaced with Shunsuke Kikuchi 's original from Dragon Ball Z . The music for the Majin Buu Saga of Kai is composed by Norihito Sumitomo . The opening theme is `` Kuu Zen Zetsu Go '' ( 空 前 絶 後 ) by Dragon Soul , while the first ending song is `` Haikei , Tsuratsusutora '' ( 拝啓 、 ツラツストラ , `` Dear Zarathustra '' ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America , and the second `` Junjō '' ( 純情 , `` Pure Heart '' ) by Leo Ieiri from episode 112 to 123 . The third ending song is `` Oh Yeah ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '' by Czecho No Republic from episode 124 to 136 , the fourth `` Galaxy '' by Kyūso Nekokami from 137 to 146 , and the fifth is `` Do n't Let Me Down '' by Gacharic Spin from 147 to 159 . The international broadcast features two pieces of theme music . The opening theme , titled `` Fight It Out '' , is performed by rock singer Masatoshi Ono , while the ending theme is `` Never Give Up ! ! ! '' , performed by rhythm and blues vocalist Junear . Related Media ( edit ) Home releases ( edit ) In Japan , Dragon Ball Z did not receive a home video release until 2003 , seven years after its broadcast . This was a remastering of the series in two 26 - disc DVD box sets , that were made - to - order only , released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as `` Dragon Boxes . '' The content of these sets began being released on mass - produced individual 6 - episode DVDs on November 2 , 2005 and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7 , 2007 . The international home release structure of Dragon Ball Z is complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work . Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously . Both versions of the edited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently make Billboard rankings as separate entries . Home release sales were featured prominently on the Nielsen VideoScan charts . Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself ; which was known to release `` DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible '' ; as in the case of their third season . Pioneer Entertainment distributed the Funimation / Saban edited - only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999 , and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999 . Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were also released on VHS in 1999 , and on DVD in 2001 . Funimation 's own distribution of their initial in - house dub , which began with episode 54 , in edited or uncut VHS ran between 2000 and 2003 . A DVD version was produced alongside these , although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles . In 2005 , Funimation began releasing their in - house dub of the beginning of Dragon Ball Z on DVD , marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America . However , only nine volumes were released , leaving it incomplete . Instead , Funimation remastered and cropped the entire series into 16 : 9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual `` season '' box sets ; the first set released on February 6 , 2007 and the final on May 19 , 2009 . In July 2009 , Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame - by - frame `` Dragon Box '' restoration of Dragon Ball Z in North America . These seven limited edition DVD box sets were released uncut in the show 's original 4 : 3 fullscreen format between November 10 , 2009 and October 11 , 2011 . In July 2011 , Funimation announced plans to release Dragon Ball Z in Blu - ray format , with the first set released on November 8 , 2011 . However , production of these 4 : 3 sets was suspended after the second volume , citing technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame . Only a year later , the company began producing a cropped 16 : 9 remastered Blu - ray release in 2013 , with nine sets released in total . On August 13 , 2013 , Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their first Dragon Ball Z dub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector 's DVD box set , titled the Rock the Dragon Edition . Kai ( edit ) In Japan , Dragon Ball Kai was released in wide - screen on 33 DVDs and in fullscreen on a single Blu - ray and eight four - disc Blu - ray sets from September 18 , 2009 , to August 2 , 2011 . Funimation released eight DVD and Blu - ray box sets of Dragon Ball Z Kai from May 18 , 2010 to June 5 , 2012 . These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles , as well as the uncut version of the English dub , which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings . Before the final volume was even published , Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu - ray `` season '' sets between May 22 , 2012 and March 12 , 2013 . Manga ( edit ) Main articles : Dragon Ball ( manga ) and List of Dragon Ball Z chapters While the manga was all titled Dragon Ball in Japan , due to the popularity of the Dragon Ball Z anime in the west , Viz Media initially changed the title of the last 26 volumes of the manga to `` Dragon Ball Z '' to avoid confusion . The volumes were originally published in Japan between 1988 and 1995 . It began serialization in the American Shonen Jump , beginning in the middle of the series with the appearance of Trunks ; the tankōbon volumes of both Dragon Ball Z and Dragon Ball were released simultaneously by Viz Media in the United States . In March 2001 , Viz continued this separation by re-shipping the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z titles starting with the first volumes of each work . Viz 's marketing for the manga made distinct the differences between Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z tone . Viz billed Dragon Ball Z : `` More action - packed than the stories of Goku 's youth , Dragon Ball Z is pure adrenaline , with battles of truly Earth - shaking proportions ! '' Between 2008 and 2010 , Viz re-released the two series in a format called `` Viz Big Edition , '' which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume . However , in 2013 Viz began publishing new 3 - in - 1 volumes collecting the entire manga series , including what they previously released as Dragon Ball Z , under the Dragon Ball name . Films ( edit ) Further information : List of Dragon Ball Z films The Dragon Ball Z films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015 . The films are typically released in March and July in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools . They were typically double features paired up with other anime films , and were thus , usually an hour or less in length . The films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity . All 14 films were licensed in North America by Funimation , and all have received in - house dubs by the company . Prior to Funimation , the third film was a part of the short - lived Saban syndication , being split into three episodes , and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer . Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States , Toonami UK in the United Kingdom ( these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast by AB Groupe ) , and Cartoon Network in Australia . Television specials and original video animations ( edit ) Three TV specials based on Dragon Ball Z were produced and broadcast on Fuji TV . The first two were Dragon Ball Z : Bardock -- The Father of Goku in 1990 and Dragon Ball Z : The History of Trunks in 1993 , the latter being based on a special chapter of the original manga . Both were licensed by Funimation in North America and AB Groupe in Europe . In 2013 , a two - part hour - long crossover with One Piece and Toriko , titled Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special ! ! , was created and aired . Additionally , two original video animations ( OVAs ) bearing the Dragon Ball Z title have been made . The first is Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , which was originally released in 1993 in two parts as `` Official Visual Guides '' for the video game of the same title . Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans was a 2010 remake of this OVA . None of the OVAs have been dubbed into English , and the only one to see a release in North America is the 2010 remake , which was subtitled and included as a bonus feature in Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 . Video games ( edit ) Further information : List of Dragon Ball video games There are over 57 video games bearing the Dragon Ball Z name across a range of platforms from the Nintendo Entertainment System / Famicom to the current generation consoles . Also included are arcade games like Super Dragon Ball Z , which would eventually be ported to consoles . In North America , licensing rights had been given to both Namco Bandai and Atari . In 1999 , Atari acquired exclusive rights to the video games through Funimation , a deal which was extended for five more years in 2005 . A 2007 dispute would end with Atari paying Funimation $3.5 million . In July 2009 , Namco Bandai was reported to have obtained exclusive rights to release the games for a period of five years . This presumably would have taken effect after Atari 's licensing rights expired at the end of January 2010 . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main article : List of Dragon Ball soundtracks Dragon Ball Z has been host to numerous soundtrack releases with works like `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' and a series of 21 soundtracks released as part of the Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series . In total , dozens of releases exist for Dragon Ball Z which includes Japanese and foreign adapted releases of the anime themes and video game soundtracks . Reception ( edit ) Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN 's `` Top 100 Animated Series '' , and was also listed as the 50th greatest cartoon in Wizard magazine 's `` Top 100 Greatest Cartoons '' list . The series ranked # 6 on Wizard 's Anime Magazine on their `` Top 50 Anime released in North America '' . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media . In 2001 , it was reported that the official website of Dragon Ball Z records 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000 + registered fans . The term `` Dragonball Z '' ranked 4th in 1999 and 2nd in 2000 by Lycos ' web search engine . For 2001 , `` Dragonball '' was the most popular search on Lycos and `` Dragonball Z '' was fifth on Yahoo ! . In 2015 , Ford Motor Company released two commercials featuring characters from the series , the first advertising the Ford Fusion and the second for the Ford Focus . Ratings ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z 's Japanese run was very popular with an average viewer ratings of 20.5 % across the series . Dragon Ball Z also proved to be a rating success in the United States , as the premiere of Season Three of Dragon Ball Z in 1999 , done by Funimation 's in - house dub , was the highest - rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network . In 2002 , in the week ending September 22 , Dragon Ball Z was the # 1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9 - 14 , boys 9 - 14 and men 12 - 24 , with the Monday , Tuesday and Wednesday telecasts of Dragon Ball Z ranked as the top three programs in all of television , broadcast or cable , for delivery of boys 9 - 14 . In 2001 , Cartoon Network obtained licensing to run 96 more episodes and air the original Dragon Ball anime and was the top rated show in the Toonami block of Cartoon network . Beginning March 26 , 2001 , Cartoon Network ran a 12 - week special promotion `` Toonami Reactor '' which included a focus on Dragon Ball Z , which would stream episodes online to high - speed internet users . Many home video releases were met with both the edited and unedited versions placing on in the top 10 video charts of Billboard . For example , `` The Dark Prince Returns '' ( containing episodes 226 - 228 ) and `` Rivals '' ( containing episodes 229 - 231 ) edited and unedited , made the Billboard magazine top video list for October 20 , 2001 . The first episode of Dragon Ball Kai earned a viewer ratings percentage of 11.3 , ahead of One Piece and behind Crayon Shin - chan . Although following episodes had lower ratings , Kai was among the top 10 anime in viewer ratings every week in Japan for most of its run . Towards the end of the original run the ratings hovered around 9 % - 10 % . Dragon Ball Z Kai premiered on Nicktoons in May 2010 and set the record for the highest - rated premiere in total viewers , and in tweens and boys ages 9 -- 14 . Nielsen Mega Manila viewer ratings ranked Dragon Ball Kai with a viewer ratings with a high of 18.4 % for October 30 -- November 4 in 2012 . At the end of April 2013 , Dragon Ball Kai would trail just behind One Piece at 14.2 % . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ranked Dragon Ball Z Kai as the second most viewed show in the week it debuted on Kix . On its debut on Vortexx , Dragon Ball Z Kai was the third highest rated show on the Saturday morning block with 841,000 viewers and a 0.5 household rating . Merchandising ( edit ) Some Dragon Ball staction figures at the Romics 2015 Dragon Ball Z merchandise was a success prior to its peak American interest , with more than $3 billion in sales from 1986 -- 2000 . In 1998 , Animage - ine Entertainment , a division of Simitar , announced the sale of Chroma - Cels , mock animation cels to capitalize on the popularity of Dragon Ball Z . The original sale was forecasted for late 1998 , but were pushed back to January 12 , 1999 . An acrylic replica of the Five - Star Dragon Ball . In 2000 , MGA Entertainment released more than twenty toys , consisting of table - top games and walkie - talkies . Irwin Toy released more than 72 figures consisting of 2 - inch and 5 inch action figures , which became top - selling toys in a market dominated by the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Irwin Toys would release other unique Dragon Ball Z toys including a battery powered Flying Nimbus Cloud which hovered without touching the ground and a die - cast line of vehicles with collector capsules . In June 2000 , Burger King had a toy promotion which would see 20 million figurines ; Burger King bore the cost of the promotion which provided free marketing for Funimation . The Halloween Association found Dragon Ball Z costumes to be the fourth most popular costumes in their nationwide survey . In December 2002 , Jakks Pacific signed a three - year deal for licensing Dragon Ball Z toys , which was possible because of the bankruptcy of Irwin Toy . Jakks Pacific 's Dragon Ball Z 5 - inch figures were cited as impressive for their painting and articulation . In 2010 , Toei closed deals in Central and South American countries which included Algazarra , Richtex , Pil Andina , DTM , Doobalo and Bondy Fiesta . In 2012 , Brazil 's Abr - Art Bag Rio Comercio Importacao e Exportacao closed a deal with Toei . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shuki Levy and Kussa Mahehi ( Haim Saban ) were credited as composers for contractual reasons . This was standard practice at Saban Entertainment during the 1990s . Jump up ^ The original interview was conducted by Steve Harmon with Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga in 1999 and was hosted on Harmon 's personal website `` The Vault '' . A record of the website exists on Archive.org , but the original interview itself was lost . The record was kept by Chris Psaros who provided a copy for the website `` The Dragon Ball Z Otaku Alliance '' which republished the original interview for this source . Jump up ^ Steven Simmons , who uses the nickname `` Daimao '' in websites like Toriyama.org , wrote the original scripts for the Funimation subtitles and was involved in the localization process . His comments are included as a primary source , but also definitively illustrate concerns with the subtitles , from its creator . This connection and background is noted at the accompanying Anime News Network reference . Jump up ^ The releases for both The Dark Prince Returns and Babidi : Showdown were released on September 25 , 2001 . The title `` Showdown '' was replaced with `` Rivals '' and contains episodes 229 -- 231 , titled `` Vegeta 's Pride '' , `` The Long Awaited Flight '' , and `` Magic Ball of Buu '' . Prior to the release , Billboard and news outlets including the Anime News Network and Anime Nation were using the title `` Showdown '' ; but the UPC codes match , indicating a re-titling for this release , `` Rivals '' , also has a September 25 , 2001 , release date for the uncut material . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Kai ( ドラゴンボール 改 ( カイ ) , Doragon Bōru Kai , lit . Dragon Ball Revised ) , retitled Dragon Ball Z Kai in most international releases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball '' . Toei Animation USA . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhiko Torishima On Shaping The Success Of ' Dragon Ball ' And The Origins Of ' Dragon Quest ' '' . Forbes . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump '' . October 3 , 2003 : 92 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; Helen McCarthy ( September 1 , 2001 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Stone Bridge Press . pp. 101 -- 102 . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 64 - 7 . OCLC 47255331 . Jump up ^ Editors ' roundtable , Jump Comics ( Shueisha ) , July 2 , 2004 , page 88 . ISBN 4088737059 Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 大 全集 3 : TV ANIMATION PART 1 ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 1995 . pp. 202 -- 207 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 782753 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Supplemental Daizenshuu : TV Animation Part 3 , pages 107 -- 113 Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 超 全集 4 超 事典 . Shueisha. 2013 . pp. 340 -- 345 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 782499 - 5 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal ( 2005 ) . Television cartoon shows : an illustrated encyclopedia , 1949 through 2003 . McFarland & Co. pp. 283 -- 285 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Z end credits ( FUNimation / Saban dub , 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 interview with Ron Wasserman '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pioneer announces last Dragonball Z release '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 1998 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Funimation / Saban dub , episodes 1 - 53 ( 1 - 67 uncut ) Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton . `` Saban trims syndie arm '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z to air in Kids WB '' . DBZN . July 18 , 2001 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : De La Cruz , Edwin ( November 23 , 2003 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Z ' keeps up the momentum '' . Video Store . Questex Media Group , Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Previously Unreleased Dragon Ball Z DVDs ! '' . ICV2 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation 2005 Plans '' . Anime News Network . December 31 , 2004 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DBZ uncut on Cartoon Network '' . Anime News Network . June 9 , 2005 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Stream Dragon Ball Z in North America '' . Anime News Network . January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z end credits ( Westwood Media dub , c. 2001 ) Jump up ^ Rupert Howe , Made in Japan : Chasing the Dragon ; Pokemon Was Nicknamed ' Kiddie Crack ' but a New Wave of Japanese Monsters Threatens to Be Even More Addictive . The Independent ( London ) , March 5 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan 's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Z Kai '' . Anime News Network . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z to Rerun on Japanese TV in HD in April '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 放送 開始 20 周年 記念 ! HD リ マスター 坂 で テレビ アニメ が 堂々 復活 ! ! 孫悟空 伝説 再び ! ! その 名 も ... DRAGON BALL KAI '' . V Jump ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Shueisha : 10 . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Interview de l'éditeur de Dragon Ball - L'influence de Dragon Ball - Partie 6 ( web video ) . Kazé . January 17 , 2015 . Event occurs at 6 : 27 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ドラゴンボール 改 人造 人間 ・ セル 編 15 ( Dragon Ball Kai Artificial Human / Cell Volume 15 ( DVD ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Happinet Pictures . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai 's Japanese Cast Records New Episodes '' . Anime News Network . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Listed at 69 Episodes . Anime News Network ( April 17 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Navarre Reveals Funimation 's Dragon Ball Kai License -- Anime News Network ( Received February 2 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Heldenfelds , Rich ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Nickelodeon Announces Fall Plans '' . Ohio.com . Akron Beach Journal . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai to Air on TheCW4Kids on Saturdays '' . Anime News Network . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Gets an Extra Slot on Adult Swim '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai now broadcast in the UK TOEI Animation Europe '' . Toei-animation.com . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Due on U.K. Television This Month '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai TV Screenings on Kix ! Channel in Early 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Herbert , Sean Schemmel Returning in Dragon Ball Z Kai Buu Saga Dub '' . Anime News Network . April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Madman Ent : DBZ Kai 's Buu Saga Should Come in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . November 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Has Not Recorded a Dub for Dragon Ball Z Kai 's Buu Saga '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters heading to Toonami ! '' . www.funimation.com . Funimation . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reprinted Interview : 30 - Something Questions with Gen Fukunaga '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2003 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z : Ultimate , Battle 22 , TOSE Software Co. , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Debunks Dragon Ball Z Kai Uncensored Airing Rumor '' . Anime News.biz . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Dragon Ball Kai ? Part II : How to Watch Kai in America '' . Toon Zone . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DBZ Subtitling article '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Concerning the DVDs ( 07 / 26 / 00 ) ( Archived by Archive.org ) '' . Toriyama.org . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2000 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ オープニング & エンディング テーマ が 決定 ! ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved April 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` チーム ドラゴン fromAKB48 : チーム ドラゴン from AKB48 、 『 ドラゴンボール 改 』 ED 曲 を 全 11 種類 の パッケージ で 発売 / BARKS ニュース '' . Barks ( in Japanese ) . June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Toei Replaces Possibly Infringing Dragon Ball Kai Music '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shino Kakinuma Replaces Yuko Minaguchi as Videl in Dragon Ball Z Kai '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Good Morning America Performs New Dragon Ball Kai Ending '' . Anime News Network . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Ieiri Performs 2nd Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime 's Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dragon Ball Kai '' New ED Song PV by Czecho No Republic `` . Crunchyroll . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Band Gacharic Spin to Perform New Dragon Ball Z Kai Ending '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z 第 1 巻 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z ♯ 49 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z news '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 1 : Arrival ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - Super Saiyan ( Vol. 17 ) ( Episodes 50 - 53 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Kid Buu - New Beginning ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - A New Beginning '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DragonBall Z : Vegeta Saga 1 - Saiyan Showdown ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DragonBall Z : Vegeta Saga 2 - Saiyan Invasion ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season One ( Vegeta Saga ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season Nine ( Majin Buu Saga ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment Announces First U.S. Release of Dragon Box '' ( Press release ) . Funimation . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FUNIMATION ENTERTAINMENT ANNOUNCES DRAGON BALL Z SERIES ON BLU - RAY '' . funimation.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FUNimation Entertainment ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` FUNimation Entertainment Announces Dragon Ball Z Series on Blu - ray '' . prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Entertainment Announces Dragon Ball Z Series on Blu - ray - FLOWER MOUND , Texas '' . Texas : Prnewswire.com . July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Funimation Entertainment ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` FUNimation Suspends Production of Dragon Ball Z Blu - rays '' ( Press release ) . Flower Mound , Texas : Anime News Network . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season 9 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Rock the Dragon Collector 's Edition ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Part One Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Part Eight ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz announces 4 / 99 releases '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Viz announces products for 7 / 99 release '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March Manga releases '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Releases from Viz posted on November 2 , 2000 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 1 ( VIZBIG Edition ) '' . Barnes & Noble Booksellers , Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball ( 3 - in - 1 Edition ) , Vol. 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atari and FUNimation Extend Dragon Ball License '' . Wireless News . Close - Up Media , Inc . January 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . ^ Jump up to : `` Atari Settles ' Dragonball Z ' ( ALL ) Dispute With FUNimation '' . Worthplaying . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Namco Bandai Locks Down Dragon Ball License For America '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 78 . Dragon Ball Z '' . IGN . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard Magazine 's Top 100 cartoons list '' . Listal . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard lists Top 50 Anime '' . Anime News Network . July 6 , 2001 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Azoulay , Julia F ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Character study : CB offers a licensing show cheat sheet '' . Children 's Business . Conde Nast Publications , Inc . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . 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Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` Cartoon Upfront With New Show Spending '' . Cable World . Access Intelligence , LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Stump , Matt ( April 23 , 2001 ) . `` Broadband ' Toonami ' Boosts Cable Modems '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . ( October 12 , 2001 ) . `` Most Popular Videos '' . AP Online . Press Association , Inc . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , March 30 - April 5 '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , April 6 -- 12 '' . Anime News Network . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , April 13 -- 19 '' . Anime News Network . April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 海外 で 話題 の 日本 アニメ を ソーシャル メディア から 探る ! ~ 「 ワンピース 」 が 各国 の つぶやき で 上位 に ~ '' . Videor.co.jp . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` バック ナンバー 2011 年度 VOL. 6 2011 年 1 月 31 日 ( 月 ) ~ 2 月 6 日 ( 日 ) '' . Videor . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Ranks As Basic Cable 's Top Network With Kids , Total Viewers ; Scores Most - Watched May Ever With Total Viewers '' ( PDF ) . Viacom . June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Nielsen Mega Manila Household Ratings ( Oct. 30 - Nov. 4 ) : Be Careful With My Heart rules daytime ; 24 Oras and Ina Kapatid Anak share primetime lead '' . Pep . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Nielsen Mega Manila Household Ratings ( April 26 to 28 ) : Aljur Abrenica 's Magpakailanman episode tops Saturday ratings '' . PEP . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Viewing data Top 10s '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Morning Vortexx Ratings Notes for the CW : ' WWE Saturday Morning Slam ' , ' Dragon Ball Z Kai ' , ' Justice League Unlimited ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burger King Uses Kids ' Meals to Promote Japanese Cartoon Series. ( Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News ) '' . Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News . June 5 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ani - Mag announces Chroma - Cels of Sailor Moon , DBZ '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News Briefs ( posted on December 12 , 1998 ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MGA signs for Dragonball Z. ( Brief Article ) '' . Playthings . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuthbert , Joyce ( February 1 , 2000 ) . `` Chicago '' . Playthings . Furniture Today Media Group LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Irwin Toy Launches '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hype All Dressed up with Somewhere to Go '' . Los Angeles Daily News . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . October 25 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Brent ( February 19 , 2003 ) . `` Toy Maker Bets on Dead Delinquent Jakks Pacific Shifts Its Focus from Wrestling '' . Los Angeles Daily News . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Bump on Head Does Good for Warrior , Target Earth , Joseph Szadkowski , The Washington Times ( Washington , DC ) , December 3 , 2005 Questia Jump up ^ `` Toei seals Latin America deals '' . Licensing.biz . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toei lands licensing deal for Dragon Ball Z '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Mínguez - López , Xavier ( March 2014 ) . `` Folktales and Other References in Toriyama 's Dragon Ball Z '' . Animation. 9 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 46 . doi : 10.1177 / 1746847713519386 . 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when was dragon ball z first aired in the us

In 1996 , Funimation Productions licensed Dragon Ball Z for an English - language release in North America . They contracted Saban Entertainment to help distribute the series to television , and Pioneer Entertainment to handle home video distribution . The Vancouver - based Ocean Studios were hired by Funimation to dub the anime ( Funimation had previously used the Ocean voice cast in their short - lived 1995 dub of Dragon Ball ) . Saban musicians Ron Wasserman and Jeremy Sweet , known for their work on the Power Rangers franchise , composed a new background score and theme song ( nicknamed `` Rock the Dragon '' ) . Funimation 's initial English dub of Dragon Ball Z had mandated cuts to content and length , which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53 . It premiered in the United States on September 13 , 1996 in first - run syndication , but halted production in 1998 after two seasons . This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations , in order to focus on producing original material for the Fox Kids block . Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 ( the end of the dub ) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version , but did not do so .

Horton Hears a Who ! ( Film ) - wikipedia Horton Hears a Who ! ( Film ) Horton Hears a Who ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Jimmy Hayward Steve Martino Produced by Bob Gordon Bruce Anderson Screenplay by Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Based on Horton Hears a Who ! by Dr. Seuss Starring Jim Carrey Steve Carell Will Arnett Seth Rogen Isla Fisher Amy Poehler Narrated by Charles Osgood Music by John Powell Edited by Tim Nordquist Production company Blue Sky Studios 20th Century Fox Animation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date March 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $297.1 million Horton Hears a Who ! ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ) is a 2008 American computer animated adventure comedy film based on the book of the same name by Dr. Seuss , produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Directed by Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino in in their directorial debuts , the film 's screenplay was written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , and features the voices of Jim Carrey and Steve Carell as Horton the Elephant and the Mayor of Whoville , respectively , alongside Will Arnett , Seth Rogen , Isla Fisher , and Amy Poehler . John Powell composed the film 's music . The film was released on March 14 , 2008 , and grossed $297 million on a budget of $85 million . Horton Hears a Who ! was the third Dr. Seuss feature film adaptation , the first adaptation to be fully animated , and the second Dr. Seuss film starring Jim Carrey after How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office 5.3 Interpretations 5.4 Awards 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A dust speck is dislodged from its obscure place and sent adrift through the Jungle of Nool . At the same time , Horton the elephant , the jungle 's eccentric nature teacher , takes a dip in the pool . The dust speck floats past him in the air , and he hears a tiny yelp coming from it . Believing that an entire society of microscopic creatures are living on that speck , he gives chase to it before placing it on top of a clover . Horton finds out the speck harbors the city of Whoville and its inhabitants , the Whos , led by Mayor Ned McDodd . He has a wife , Sally , 96 daughters ( whose names all begin with the letter H ) , and one teenage son named JoJo . Despite being the oldest and next in line for the mayoral position , JoJo does n't want to be the next mayor , and because he 's so scared of disappointing his father , never talks . Once Horton begins carrying the speck with him , the city starts experiencing strange phenomena ( earthquakes and changes in the weather ) , and the Mayor finds his attempts to caution Whoville challenged by the Town Council , led by the opportunistic yet condescending Chairman . After he makes contact with Horton , the Mayor finds out from Dr. Mary Lou LaRue that Whoville will be destroyed if Horton does not find a `` safer , more stable home '' . Horton resolves ( with the help of his best friend Morton the mouse ) to place the speck atop Mt . Nool , the safest place in the jungle . The head of the jungle , Jane Kangaroo , disbelieving Horton 's beliefs and resenting him for overshadowing her authority , attempts several times to demand that Horton give up the speck , but Horton ignores her demands . Also taking force toward Horton are the Wickersham Brothers , a group of monkeys who love making misery . Eventually , the Kangaroo enlists a vulture named Vlad Vladikoff to get rid of the speck by force . After a few failed attempts , Vlad manages to steal the clover away from Horton and drops it into a massive field of identical pink clovers , causing an apocalyptic tremor in Whoville . After unsuccessfully picking nearly three million clovers , Horton eventually recovers the clover ( exactly the 3,000,000 th clover ) . The Kangaroo eventually finds out , thanks to Mrs. Quilligan , that Horton still has the speck , and decides to rally the jungle community into fighting Horton , saying that Horton 's goal will lead to anarchy . Upon cornering him , the Kangaroo offers Horton an escape from punishment by renouncing Whoville 's existence . Despite Horton 's heartfelt speech when he refuses , the Kangaroo orders the animals to rope and cage him , and to have the speck and the Whos destroyed in a pot of boiling beezlenut oil . The Mayor enlists all of his people to make noise by shouting `` We are here ! '' , as well as playing a variety of instruments , so the animals may hear them , assisted by JoJo 's `` Symphonophone '' , an invention which creates a huge musical contribution ( which reveals that JoJo 's `` true '' passion is music ) , but still fails to penetrate the surface of the speck . As Horton lies beaten and captured , the Kangaroo easily takes the clover , and drops it . Meanwhile , JoJo grabs the horn used to project Horton 's voice , runs up the highest tower and screams `` YOPP ! '' , breaking through the sound barrier just seconds before the speck hits the oil . The Kangaroo 's son , Rudy grabs the clover and returns it to Horton . The animals finally hear the Whos , realizing the truth about the clover , and isolate the Kangaroo for tricking them . While being praised for his integrity by his neighbors , Horton even forgives the devastated Kangaroo , and she befriends him with a makeshift umbrella for Whoville . Here , the people of Whoville and the animals of Nool gather in song and recite the chorus from `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . The film ends with the narrator revealing that the Jungle of Nool , or rather Earth , is just one speck , like Whoville , among numerous others , floating in outer space . Voice cast ( edit ) Jim Carrey as Horton , an outgoing , eccentric , big - hearted , loving , sweet , and thoughtful elephant and teacher in the Jungle of Nool . Horton has no tusks , lives by himself and possesses acute hearing abilities . Steve Carell as Mayor Ned McDodd , the mayor of Whoville . He has 96 daughters , 1 son named JoJo and a wife named Sally . Carol Burnett as Sour Kangaroo , who mistrusts Horton 's inquisitive nature as a threat to her legal authority over Nool . Will Arnett as Vlad Vladikoff , a scary , savage , eccentric Russian - accented vulture hired by the Sour Kangaroo to steal Horton 's clover . Seth Rogen as Morton , a mouse and Horton 's friend in the Jungle of Nool . Dan Fogler as The Councilman , a councilman dedicated to Whoville tradition and mistrustful of Mayor McDodd . Fogler also voices Yummo Wickersham , leader of the Wickersham ape tribe brothers . Isla Fisher as Dr. Mary Lou LaRue , a professor at Who U . Jonah Hill as Tommy , a bear and one of Horton 's students . Amy Poehler as Sally O'Malley , Mayor McDodd 's wife and mother to Jojo and her 96 daughters . Jaime Pressly as Mrs. Quilligan , a bird and Jessica 's mother . Charles Osgood as The Narrator Jesse McCartney as JoJo McDodd , Mayor McDodd 's quiet son . Josh Flitter as Rudy Kangaroo , Sour Kangaroo 's son . Niecy Nash as Miss Yelp , Mayor McDodd 's assistant . Laura Ortiz as Jessica Quilligan , a bird , Mrs. Quilligan 's daughter and one of Horton 's students . Joey King as Katie , a cute , but eccentric little baby yak . Bill Farmer as Willie , a bear and Tommy 's dad . Heather Goldenhersh as Who Girl Production ( edit ) In March 2005 , as Blue Sky Studios was completing Robots , the studio started courting Dr. Seuss ' widow Audrey Geisel on getting the adaptation rights for Horton Hears a Who ! . The art director for Robots , Steve Martino , along with story consultant and additional scene director Jimmy Hayward , created a model of protagonist Horton and some animation tests to showcase their design ideas to Geisel , who eventually agreed on `` a seven - figure deal '' for both the book and its predecessor Horton Hatches the Egg . Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio were then hired to write the script , to be directed by Hayward and Martino with a set release date of 2008 . Geisel was credited as a supervising producer and watched production up close , and also gave the directors full access to her late husband 's archives , and thus they investigated on his original sketches , 3 - D sculptures , work done for The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T and even memos Dr. Seuss traded with Chuck Jones during the production of the Grinch TV special . For references in doing the character animation , along with footage of the voice actors performing their lines , the Blue Sky animators recorded themselves performing the script in an `` acting room '' to see what of their body language could translate well into the film . To make Horton different from the mammoths Blue Sky worked with in the Ice Age series , the elephant would at times walk on two legs , in a way that it looked like `` a fat man in an elephant suit '' . While the design had a major difference from the original book , with a bigger mouth to allow for wider facial expressions like those of Jim Carrey , as the directors noticed Horton 's design in the book varied according to his emotion , the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects . Soundtrack ( edit ) The original score for the film 's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell . A soundtrack , consisting of the film 's score , was released on March 25 , 2008 , by Varèse Sarabande . Near the end of the picture , the cast comes together and sings the song , `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' by REO Speedwagon . Horton Hears a Who ! ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Powell Released March 25 , 2008 Genre Soundtrack Length 59 : 56 Label Varèse Sarabande Producer John Powell Others songs featured in the film are : Title Performer `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Jim Carrey , Steve Carell , Amy Poehler , Carol Burnett , Dan Fogler , Seth Rogen , Will Arnett and Jesse McCartney `` Quickie '' Thomas Foyer `` Swingville Sashay '' Muff & Rezz `` Agua Melao '' Gilberto Candido `` The Blue Danube '' Johann Strauß ( as Johann Strauss II ) Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 132 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Horton Hears A Who ! is both whimsical and heartwarming , and is the rare Dr. Seuss adaptation that stays true to the spirit of the source material . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , calculated a score of 71 out of 100 based on 31 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' According to CinemaScore , the film version rated an `` A − '' on an `` A + '' to `` F '' scale . Box Office ( edit ) Horton Hears a Who ! grossed a total of $297 million on a $85 million budget . $155 million came from the United States and Canada , and $143 million from other territories . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $45 million in 3,954 theaters , averaging $11,384 per theater in the United States and Canada , and ranking # 1 at the box office . The film previously had the fourth - largest opening weekend in March , behind Ice Age , Ice Age : The Meltdown and 300 , and as of September 2012 , it ranks on the 15th place . In the United States and Canada , Horton Hears a Who ! was also the # 1 film its second weekend of release , grossing $25 million over the Easter frame , in 3,961 theaters and averaging $6,208 per venue . It dropped to # 2 in its third weekend grossing $17.8 million in 3,826 theaters and averaging $4,637 per venue . Interpretations ( edit ) Horton Hears a Who ! , like other Dr. Seuss creations , contains layered subtexts and messages . A major theme regards on learning about universal values between vastly different places and people , as shown by the quote `` A person 's a person , no matter how small '' . This is employed on many levels , primarily with Horton hearing a world in a speck , while also appearing with the Mayor 's relationship with his son , and Sour Kangaroo learning the truth about Horton 's beliefs . The movie characters display traditional gender roles . According to NPR host and father of three daughters Peter Sagal , `` In a new subplot added by the filmmakers , the mayor of Whoville has 96 daughters . He has one son . Guess who gets all his attention ? Guess who saves the day ? '' Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Annie Award Best Animated Effects Alen Lai Nominated Best Character Animation in a Feature Production Jeff Gabor Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Sang Jun Lee Best Music in an Animated Feature Production John Powell Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films John Powell for Bolt , Hancock and Jumper Won Golden Trailer Award Best Animation / Family TV Spot for `` Whomongous '' Horton Hears a Who ! Nominated IFMCA Award Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Film John Powell Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing - Sound Effects , Foley , Music , Dialogue and ADR Animation in a Feature Film Randy Thom ( supervising sound editor , sound designer ) Dennis Leonard ( supervising sound editor ) Jonathan Null ( supervising dialogue / adr editor ) Sue Fox ( supervising foley editor ) Thomas A. Carlson ( music editor ) Steve Slanec ( dialogue editor ) Colette D. Dahanne ( sound effects editor ) Pete Horner ( sound effects editor ) Kyrsten Mate ( sound effects editor ) Mac Smith ( sound effects editor ) Jeremy Bowker ( foley editor ) Andrea Gard ( foley editor ) Ronni Brown ( foley artist ) Ellen Heuer ( foley artist ) Dennie Thorpe ( foley artist ) Jana Vance ( foley artist ) OFCS Award Best Animated Feature Horton Hears a Who ! Satellite Award Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Horton Hears a Who ! Best Original Score John Powell Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Voice - Over Role - Young Actress Selena Gomez , Shelby Adamowsky and Joey King Home media release ( edit ) Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! was released on DVD and Blu - ray on December 9 , 2008 . Three versions of the DVD are available : a single - disc edition , a 2 - disc special edition , and a gift set packaged with a Horton plush . A Blu - ray combo pack with a DVD and digital copy was released on October 11 , 2011 . The home media included an Ice Age - related short film , Surviving Sid . In the United States , the film earned $77,630,768 from DVD sales and $180,434 from Blu - ray sales for a total of $77,811,202 in video sales . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baisley , Sarah ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` Fox Animation , Blue Sky to Make CGI Horton Film '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( WarnerMedia . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` ' Horton ' shakes off the dust '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Chris ( March 16 , 2008 ) . `` Now they can laugh '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chocano , Carina ( March 14 , 2008 ) . `` ' Horton ' Here Is n't a Hoot '' . Lost Angeles Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carnevale , Rob ( 2008 ) . `` Dr Seuss ' Horton Hears A Who - Chris Wedge and Mike Thumeier interview '' . IndieLondon . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( December 7 , 2005 ) . `` Helmers hear a ' Who ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Fox woos Seuss with new ' Who ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Horton Director Jimmy Hayward Hears a Who ! '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing the Characters to Life '' , Horton Hears a Who ! DVD Jump up ^ `` The Elephant in the Room : Jim Carrey '' , Horton Hears a Who ! DVD Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss : Horton Hears a Who ! 8Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears A Who ! '' . Varese Sarabande . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Scott ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` Horton Hears a Who ! Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! - Production Notes '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Mymovies . p. 34 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) - Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top March Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Person is a Person : A Universal Message '' , Horton Hears a Who ! DVD Jump up ^ Sagal , Peter ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Gender Inequity in ' Whoville ' '' . NPR . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kung Fu Panda ' leads Annie noms '' . Variety . December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Honors Top Film and Television Musiccomposers and Songwriters at 24th Annual Awards Celebration '' ( Press release ) . ASCAP . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . The Golden Trailer Awards . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` International Film Music Critics Announce 2008 Nominees '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Awards ( 12th Annual ) '' . Online Film Critics Society . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Satellites soar for Meryl Streep '' . Variety . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nominations & Recipients '' . Young Artist Awards . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Horton Hears A Blu '' . IGN . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horton Hears a Who ! ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Horton Hears a Who ! ( film ) Official website Horton Hears a Who ! at The Big Cartoon DataBase Horton Hears a Who ! on IMDb Horton Hears a Who ! at AllMovie Horton Hears a Who ! at Box Office Mojo Horton Hears a Who ! at Rotten Tomatoes Horton Hears a Who ! at Metacritic Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television series The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Television specials Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Blue Sky Studios Feature films Released Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Ice Age : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Rio ( 2011 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Rio 2 ( 2014 ) The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) Ferdinand ( 2017 ) Upcoming Spies in Disguise ( 2019 ) Nimona ( 2020 ) Foster ( 2021 ) Short films Bunny ( 1998 ) Gone Nutty ( 2002 ) Aunt Fanny 's Tour of Booty ( 2005 ) No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Surviving Sid ( 2008 ) Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe ( 2015 ) Scrat : Spaced Out ( 2016 ) Television specials Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas ( 2011 ) Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade ( 2016 ) Franchises Ice Age ( 2002 -- present ) Rio ( 2011 -- present ) People Chris Wedge Films directed by Jimmy Hayward Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Free Birds ( 2013 ) Films directed by Steve Martino Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) Foster ( 2021 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horton_Hears_a_Who!_(film)&oldid=857007463 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2008 animated films 2008 computer - animated films 2000s American animated films 2000s comedy films American films American adventure comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films Animated films based on children 's books Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Directorial debut films Films about animals Films about elephants Films based on poems Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films featuring anthropomorphic characters 20th Century Fox films 20th Century Fox animated films Blue Sky Studios films Films directed by Jimmy Hayward Films directed by Steve Martino Films scored by John Powell Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 23 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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who played the kangaroo in horton hears a who

Carol Burnett as Sour Kangaroo , who mistrusts Horton 's inquisitive nature as a threat to her legal authority over Nool .

Quantum of Solace ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Quantum of Solace ( soundtrack ) Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by David Arnold Released 17 October 2008 Recorded 2008 Genre Film score Length 61 : 12 Label Producer David Arnold David Arnold chronology How to Lose Friends & Alienate People ( 2008 ) Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2008 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) James Bond soundtrack chronology Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Singles from Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Another Way to Die '' Released : September 30 , 2008 ( US ) , October 20 , 2008 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Filmtracks IGN Movie Music UK Movie Wave SoundtrackNet Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the James Bond film of the same name . Released on 17 October 2008 . The album contains the score composed by David Arnold . It is Arnold 's fifth soundtrack for the James Bond franchise . His frequent collaborator Nicholas Dodd orchestrated and conducted the score . Contents 1 Development 2 Track listing 3 See also 4 References Development ( edit ) David Arnold , who composed the scores for the previous four Bond films , said that Quantum of Solace director Marc Forster likes to work very closely with his composers and that , in comparison to the accelerated schedule he was tied to on Casino Royale , the intention was to spend a long time scoring the film to `` really work it out '' . He also said he would be `` taking a different approach '' with the score . Arnold composed the music based on impressions from reading the script , and Forster edited those into the film . Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse recorded a demo track for the film , but Ronson explained that she was `` not ready to record any music '' at that time . It was announced Jack White of The White Stripes and Alicia Keys would collaborate on `` Another Way to Die '' , which is the first duet in Bond music history , on 29 July 2008 . They had wanted to work together for two years beforehand . The song was recorded in Nashville , Tennessee ; White played the drums while Keys performed on the piano . The Memphis Horns also contributed to the track . White 's favourite Bond theme is John Barry 's instrumental piece for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , and he watched various opening credit sequences from the series for inspiration while mixing the track . The soundtrack was released by J Records , Keys ' record label , though Keys appears on only one track . The track listing follows the order of the music 's use within the film , with the exception of the title song being moved to the end of the album ( in the film , it appears immediately after track 1 ) . It is presented in the full - length single - release version , rather than the shorter mix heard over the film 's opening titles . One notable omission is the fully orchestrated James Bond Theme , which features , as it did in Casino Royale , only at the film 's conclusion , but this time over the traditional gunbarrel walk - on - and - shoot as well as the start of the end titles . Another omission is Four Tet 's instrumental closing theme that follows it , playing over the remainder of the credits and entitled Crawl , End Crawl within them . This track was later made available on iTunes . Other tracks listed are heard in the film ( but not on the album ) during scenes such as Dominic Greene 's charity fundraising party Jaime Cuadra - Cholo Soy , Jaime Cuadra - Regresa , Jaime Cuadra - El Provinciano ; and Puccini 's opera Tosca forms the backdrop to a key sequence . Vesper 's Theme from Arnold 's Casino Royale soundtrack reappears at key moments in the film ; it may be heard on the album in tracks 12 , 15 , 18 and 23 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by David Arnold unless stated otherwise . No . Title Length 1 . `` Time to Get Out '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 3 : 28 2 . `` The Palio '' 4 : 59 3 . `` Inside Man '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 38 4 . `` Bond in Haiti '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 35 5 . `` Somebody Wants to Kill You '' 2 : 17 6 . `` Greene & Camille '' 2 : 13 7 . `` Pursuit at Port au Prince '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 5 : 58 8 . `` No Interest in Dominic Greene '' 2 : 44 9 . `` Night at the Opera '' 3 : 02 10 . `` Restrict Bond 's Movements '' 1 : 31 11 . `` Talamone '' 0 : 35 12 . `` What 's Keeping You Awake '' 1 : 41 13 . `` Bolivian Taxi Ride '' 0 : 49 14 . `` Field Trip '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 41 15 . `` Forgive Yourself '' 2 : 26 16 . `` DC3 '' 1 : 15 17 . `` Target Terminated '' 3 : 54 18 . `` Camille 's Story '' 3 : 59 19 . `` Oil Fields '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 2 : 29 20 . `` Have You Ever Killed Someone ? '' 1 : 33 21 . `` Perla de las Dunas '' 8 : 08 22 . `` The Dead Do n't Care About Vengeance '' 1 : 14 23 . `` I Never Left '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 40 24 . `` Another Way to Die '' ( Performed by Jack White and Alicia Keys ) 4 : 24 See also ( edit ) Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tommy Pearson , David Arnold ( November 2007 ) . Interview with David Arnold . Stage and Screen Online ( Audio interview ) . Archived from the original ( mp3 ) on 2008 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mark Beaumont ( 2008 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The Midas touch of David Arnold and his influence on Bond '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Winehouse working on ' Bond theme ' '' . BBC News Online . 2008 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Winehouse ' Is Not Ready For Music ' '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Keys , Jack White Team For Bond Theme '' . Billboard. 2008 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum of Solace - News - Alicia Keys , Jack White Team For `` Quantum of Solace '' Theme Song ( Press Release ) '' ( PDF ) . Columbia Pictures . 2008 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack White Talks Bond '' . IGN. 2008 - 08 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Hiatt ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Jack White and Alicia Keys : Bond 's New Duo '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16 . Quantum of Solace Music `` Another Way to Die '' soundtrack Tie - ins 007 : Quantum of Solace Related Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) `` Quantum of Solace '' ( short story ) James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_of_Solace_(soundtrack)&oldid=865891540 '' Categories : Soundtrack albums from James Bond films Quantum of Solace Film soundtracks 2008 soundtracks Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 21 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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who sang the theme song to quantum of solace

24 . `` Another Way to Die '' ( Performed by Jack White and Alicia Keys ) 4 : 24

List of the Originals episodes - wikipedia List of the Originals episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Originals is an American supernatural drama television series created by Julie Plec for The CW . A spin - off of The Vampire Diaries , the series makes use of certain characters and story elements from the series of books of the same name . The first season premiered with a special preview on October 3 , 2013 , following the season premiere of its parent series , before premiering in its regular time slot on October 8 , 2013 . The show is set in New Orleans which the Mikaelson family and original vampires helped to build . In the first season , the focus was primarily on Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) , and Rebekah ( Claire Holt ) who found out in the backdoor pilot , aired on April 25 , 2013 , how Hayley Marshall ( Phoebe Tonkin ) was pregnant with Klaus ' child , and has now given birth to a werewolf / witch hybrid named Hope ( Summer Fontana ) Having fled the city many years ago , they return to find Marcel ( Charles Michael Davis ) ( Klaus ' honorary son ) leading the city . The family decide to take back the city . The show also revolves around the relationship between them and other supernatural beings , including witches . In the second season , Kol ( played by both Nathaniel Buzolic and Daniel Sharman ) and Finn ( played by both Yusuf Gatewood and Casper Zafer ) come back . On May 10 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a fifth and final season . As of June 23 , 2017 , 79 episodes of The Originals have aired , concluding the fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.6 Season 5 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Further information : The Vampire Diaries ( season 4 ) § ep86 `` No. overall '' and `` No. in season '' for the pilot dictate the airing and location of the episode within the parent series . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 86 20 `` The Originals '' Chris Grismer Julie Plec April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 2J6670 2.24 Following a tip off informing him a witch called Jane Anne Deveraux has ties to him , Klaus goes back to New Orleans only to find the protégé he thought dead ruling the city . The city lives under his strict rules , which makes the witches in the city hope to overthrow Marcel . They persuade Klaus to help by using Hayley , a werewolf who is pregnant with his child . Along with his brother , Elijah 's , help , they decide to get back the city . Meanwhile , Elijah tries to persuade their sister Rebekah to come home too . Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Always and Forever '' Chris Grismer Michael Narducci & Julie Plec October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 2J7802 2.21 `` House of the Rising Son '' Brad Turner Diane Ademu - John & Declan de Barra October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 2J7801 1.92 `` Tangled Up in Blue '' Chris Grismer Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 2J7803 2.22 `` Girl in New Orleans '' Jesse Warn Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 2J7804 2.23 5 5 `` Sinners and Saints '' Chris Grismer Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 2J7805 2.05 6 6 `` Fruit of the Poisoned Tree '' Michael Allowitz Charlie Charbonneau & Diane Ademu - John November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 2J7806 2.03 7 7 `` Bloodletting '' Jeffrey Hunt Michael Russo & Michael Narducci November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 2J7807 2.40 8 8 `` The River in Reverse '' Jesse Warn Declan de Barra & Julie Plec November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 2J7808 2.38 9 9 `` Reigning Pain in New Orleans '' Joshua Butler Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 2J7809 2.33 10 10 `` The Casket Girls '' Jesse Warn Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2J7810 2.07 11 11 `` Après Moi , Le Déluge '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Diane Ademu - John January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 2J7811 2.51 12 12 `` Dance Back from the Grave '' Rob Hardy Michael Russo & Michael Narducci January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) 2J7812 2.32 13 13 `` Crescent City '' Chris Grismer Michael Narducci & Julie Plec February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 2J7813 2.10 14 14 `` Long Way Back from Hell '' Matt Hastings Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2J7814 1.83 15 15 `` Le Grand Guignol '' Chris Grismer Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 2J7815 1.80 16 16 `` Farewell to Storyville '' Jesse Warn Michael Narducci March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 2J7816 1.73 17 17 `` Moon Over Bourbon Street '' Michael Robison Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 2J7817 1.53 18 18 `` The Big Uneasy '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Michael Russo April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 2J7818 1.52 19 19 `` An Unblinking Death '' Kellie Cyrus Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 2J7819 1.50 20 20 `` A Closer Walk with Thee '' Sylvain White Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 2J7820 1.77 21 21 `` The Battle of New Orleans '' Jeffrey Hunt Charlie Charbonneau & Michael Narducci May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 2J7821 1.44 22 22 `` From a Cradle to a Grave '' Matt Hastings Diane Ademu - John May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 2J7822 1.76 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Rebirth '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5201 1.37 24 `` Alive and Kicking '' Jeffrey Hunt Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5202 1.29 25 `` Every Mother 's Son '' Dermott Downs Christopher Hollier October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5203 1.27 26 `` Live and Let Die '' Jeffrey Hunt Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5204 1.31 27 5 `` Red Door '' Michael Robison Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5205 1.09 28 6 `` Wheel Inside the Wheel '' Matt Hastings Michael Russo & Michael Narducci November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5206 1.46 29 7 `` Chasing the Devil 's Tail '' Jesse Warn Carina Adly Mackenzie & Christopher Hollier November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5207 1.44 30 8 `` The Brothers That Care Forgot '' Michael Allowitz Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 3J5208 1.26 31 9 `` The Map of Moments '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5209 1.41 32 10 `` Gonna Set Your Flag on Fire '' Rob Hardy Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5210 1.52 33 11 `` Brotherhood of the Damned '' Sylvain White Kyle Arrington & Diane Ademu - John January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5212 1.74 34 12 `` Sanctuary '' Matt Hastings Declan de Barra & Michael Narducci February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5211 1.47 35 13 `` The Devil is Damned '' Lance Anderson Christopher Hollier & Julie Plec February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5213 1.22 36 14 `` I Love You , Goodbye '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Narducci February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5214 1.44 37 15 `` They All Asked for You '' Chris Grismer Michelle Paradise March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 3J5215 1.40 38 16 `` Save My Soul '' Kellie Cyrus Michael Russo March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 3J5216 1.25 39 17 `` Exquisite Corpse '' Dermott Downs Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5217 1.12 40 18 `` Night Has A Thousand Eyes '' Jesse Warn Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 3J5218 1.01 41 19 `` When The Levee Breaks '' Bethany Rooney Marguerite MacIntyre April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 3J5219 1.30 42 20 `` City Beneath the Sea '' Leslie Libman Carina Adly MacKenzie & Charlie Charbonneau April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5220 1.20 43 21 `` Fire with Fire '' David Straiton Michael Narducci May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5221 1.14 44 22 `` Ashes to Ashes '' Matt Hastings Christopher Hollier & Diane Ademu - John May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5222 1.19 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` For the Next Millennium '' Lance Anderson Michael Narducci October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5301 0.89 46 `` You Hung the Moon '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly Mackenzie October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5302 1.12 47 `` I 'll See You in Hell or New Orleans '' Michael Grossman Declan de Barra & Michelle Paradise October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5303 0.95 48 `` A Walk on the Wild Side '' Matt Hastings Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5304 1.07 49 5 `` The Axeman 's Letter '' Michael Allowitz Michael Russo & Diane Ademu - John November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5305 0.97 50 6 `` Beautiful Mistake '' Steven DePaul Kyle Arrington & Christopher Hollier November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5306 0.98 51 7 `` Out of the Easy '' Bethany Rooney Beau DeMayo & Michelle Paradise November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5307 0.80 52 8 `` The Other Girl in New Orleans '' Kellie Cyrus Michael Russo & Michael Narducci December 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5308 1.17 53 9 `` Savior '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie & Diane Ademu - John December 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5309 0.97 54 10 `` A Ghost Along the Mississippi '' Michael Grossman Declan de Barra January 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) 3J5310 0.95 55 11 `` Wild at Heart '' John Hyams Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson February 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) 3J5311 0.92 56 12 `` Dead Angels '' Darren Genet Kyle Arrington & Michael Narducci February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 3J5312 0.80 57 13 `` Heart Shaped Box '' Chris Grismer Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) 3J5313 0.87 58 14 `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' Matt Hastings Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu - John February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 3J5314 1.07 59 15 `` An Old Friend Calls '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5315 0.88 60 16 `` Alone with Everybody '' Hanelle Culpepper Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5316 0.93 61 17 `` Behind the Black Horizon '' Joseph Morgan Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) 3J5317 0.89 62 18 `` The Devil Comes Here and Sighs '' Jesse Warn Kyle Arrington & Michelle Paradise April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5318 0.86 63 19 `` No More Heartbreaks '' Millicent Shelton Celeste Vasquez & Michael Narducci April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5319 0.93 64 20 `` Where Nothing Stays Buried '' John Hyams Carina Adly MacKenzie & Christopher Hollier May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5320 0.83 65 21 `` Give ' Em Hell , Kid '' Jeffrey Hunt Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5321 0.79 66 22 `` The Bloody Crown '' Matt Hastings Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu - John May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 3J5322 0.85 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 67 `` Gather Up the Killers '' Lance Anderson Michael Russo & Michael Narducci March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 401 1.05 68 `` No Quarter '' Bethany Rooney Talicia Raggs & Michelle Paradise March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 402 0.99 69 `` Haunter of Ruins '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly Mackenzie & Declan de Barra March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 403 0.93 70 `` Keepers of the House '' Joseph Morgan Beau DeMayo & Christopher Hollier April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 404 1.08 71 5 `` I Hear You Knocking '' Chris Grismer Kyle Arrington April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 405 0.87 72 6 `` Bag of Cobras '' Jesse Warn Michael Russo & Michelle Paradise April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 406 0.96 73 7 `` High Water and a Devil 's Daughter '' Charles Michael Davis Celeste Vasquez & Carina Adly MacKenzie May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 407 0.93 74 8 `` Voodoo in My Blood '' John Hyams Talicia Raggs & Christopher Hollier May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 408 0.85 75 9 `` Queen Death '' Nicole Rubio Beau DeMayo May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 409 0.84 76 10 `` Phantomesque '' Daniel Gillies K.C. Perry & Kyle Arrington June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) 410 1.03 77 11 `` A Spirit Here That Wo n't Be Broken '' Hanelle Culpepper Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 411 0.89 78 12 `` Voodoo Child '' Michael Grossman Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 412 1.01 79 13 `` The Feast of All Sinners '' Bethany Rooney Michael Narducci June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 413 0.80 Season 5 ( edit ) -- > No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Where You Left Your Heart '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre TBA TBA TBD 81 `` One Wrong Turn On Bourbon '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 82 `` Ne Me Quitte Pas '' Joseph Morgan TBA TBA TBA TBD 83 `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 84 5 `` Do n't It Just Break Your Heart '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 85 6 `` What , Will , I , Have , Left '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 86 7 `` God 's Gonna Trouble the Water '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 87 8 `` The Kindness of Strangers '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Moves Up ' The Originals ' Premiere to Follow ' The Vampire Diaries ' + ' Supernatural ' Gets Earlier Start '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Renewed for Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dailly , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals : Concluding After Season 5 ! '' . TVFanatic . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Originals ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Supernatural ' , ' Dads ' or ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' The Goldbergs ' . ' Supernatural ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Mind Games ' , ' About a Boy ' , ' Growing Up Fisher ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel Studios : Assembling A Universe ' , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Originals ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Castle ' , ' The Millers ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' The Originals ' , ' Countdown to the CMAs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' Castle ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' Castle ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Gotham ' , ' Sleepy Hollow ' , ' The Originals ' or ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' Gotham ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Bachelor ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' The Night Shift ' + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Stalker ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Mike and Molly ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Scandal ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' adjusts up , all others hold , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Elementary ' and ' Mom ' adjust down considerably thanks to NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS take NFL hit , ' Elementary ' below 1.0 , ' Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Mom ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' up even after adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Wiz Live ' holds , ' CMA Country Christmas ' adjusts down plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and other CBS shows adjust down with NFL pre-emptions '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Originals ' and everything else unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust up , ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Originals ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Grimm ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Grimm , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Originals ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' Grimm ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' finale , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' finale and ' Grimm ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' finale adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Masters of Illusion ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Originals ' premiere and others hold , final NCAA Tournament numbers : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grimm , ' NCAA Sweet 16 & all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank finale , ' 48 Hours : NCIS ' adjust up ; ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Undercover Boss ' adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' and ' AGT ' rerun adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' rerun adjusts up , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Riverdale ' down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : List of episodes ^ Jump up to : https://www.instagram.com/p/BXN7Gwrhgbw/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/JosephMorgan/status/910455613313945600 External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Originals episodes on IMDb ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Originals_episodes&oldid=801739339 '' Categories : The Originals Lists of American horror - supernatural television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 14 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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how many episodes are in this season of the originals

Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 )

Cape Verde - wikipedia Cape Verde For other uses , see Cabo Verde ( disambiguation ) and Cape Verde ( disambiguation ) . Republic of Cabo Verde República de Cabo Verde ( Portuguese ) Repúblika di Kabu Verdi ( Cape Verdean Creole ) Flag National emblem Motto : Unidade , Trabalho , Progresso ( Portuguese ) ( English : `` Unity , Work , Progress '' ) Anthem : Cântico da Liberdade ( Portuguese ) Chant of Freedom Location of Cape Verde ( dark blue ) -- in Africa ( light blue & dark grey ) -- in the African Union ( light blue ) Capital and largest city Praia 14 ° 55 ′ N 23 ° 31 ′ W  /  14.917 ° N 23.517 ° W  / 14.917 ; - 23.517 Official languages Portuguese Recognised national languages Cape Verdean Creole Ethnic groups ( 2017 ) Multiracial : 71 % African : 28 % European : 1 % Demonym Cape Verdean or Cabo Verdean Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Jorge Carlos Fonseca Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva Legislature National Assembly Formation Discovery 1460 Independence from Portugal 5 July 1975 Multi-party system 13 January 1990 Area Total 4,033 km ( 1,557 sq mi ) ( 166th ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2016 estimate 539,560 ( 167th ) Density 123.7 / km ( 320.4 / sq mi ) ( 89th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $3.649 billion Per capita $6,867 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $1.747 billion Per capita $3,287 Gini ( 2008 ) 47.2 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.648 medium 122nd Currency Cape Verdean escudo ( CVE ) Time zone CVT ( UTC - 1 ) Summer ( DST ) not observed ( UTC - 1 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 238 ISO 3166 code CV Internet TLD . cv Cape Verde ( / ˌkeɪp ˈvɜːrd / ) or Cabo Verde ( / ˌkɑːboʊ ˈvɜːrdeɪ / , / ˌkæb - / ) ( Portuguese : Cabo Verde , pronounced ( ˈkaβu ˈveɾðɨ ) ) , officially the Republic of Cabo Verde , is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean . It forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion , along with the Azores , Canary Islands , Madeira , and the Savage Isles . In ancient times these islands were referred to as `` the Islands of the Blessed '' or the `` Fortunate Isles '' . Located 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula in West Africa , the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century , when Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized the islands , establishing the first European settlement in the tropics . Ideally located for the Atlantic slave trade , the islands grew prosperous throughout the 16th and 17th centuries , attracting merchants , privateers , and pirates . The end of slavery in the 19th century led to economic decline and emigration . Cape Verde gradually recovered as an important commercial center and stopover for shipping routes . Incorporated as an overseas department of Portugal in 1951 , the islands continued to campaign for independence , which was peacefully achieved in 1975 . Since the early 1990s , Cape Verde has been a stable representative democracy , and remains one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa . Lacking natural resources , its developing economy is mostly service - oriented , with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment . Its population of around 512,000 is mostly of mixed European , Moorish , Arab and African heritage , and predominantly Roman Catholic , reflecting the legacy of Portuguese rule . A sizeable diaspora community exists across the world , slightly outnumbering inhabitants on the islands . Historically , the name `` Cape Verde '' has been used in English for the archipelago and , since independence in 1975 , for the country . In 2013 , the Cape Verdean government determined that the Portuguese designation Cabo Verde would henceforth be used for official purposes , such as at the United Nations , even in English contexts . Cape Verde is a member of the African Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Independence ( 1975 ) 3 Politics 3.1 Foreign relations 3.2 Military 3.3 International recognition 4 Geography 4.1 Physical geography and geology 4.2 Climate 4.3 Biome 4.4 Administrative divisions 4.5 Largest cities 5 Economy 5.1 Development 5.2 Tourism 6 Society 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Languages 6.4 Religion 6.5 Emigration and immigration 6.6 Health 6.7 Education 6.8 Science and technology 6.9 Crime 7 Culture 7.1 Media 7.2 Music 7.3 Dance 7.4 Literature 7.5 Cinema 7.6 Cuisine 7.7 Sports 8 Transport 8.1 Ports 8.2 Airports 8.2. 1 International airports 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name of the country stems from the nearby Cap - Vert , on the Senegalese coast . In 1444 Portuguese explorers had named that landmark as Cabo Verde , a few years before they discovered the islands ( Verde is Portuguese for `` green '' ) . On 24 October 2013 , the country 's delegation announced at the United Nations that the official name should no longer be translated into other languages . Instead of `` Cape Verde '' , the designation `` Republic of Cabo Verde '' is to be used . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Cape Verde Insulae Capitis Viridis ( 1598 ) , showing Cape Verde Before the arrival of Europeans , the Cape Verde Islands were uninhabited . The islands of the Cape Verde archipelago were discovered by Genoese and Portuguese navigators around 1456 . According to Portuguese official records , the first discoveries were made by Genoa - born António de Noli , who was afterwards appointed governor of Cape Verde by Portuguese King Afonso V. Other navigators mentioned as contributing to discoveries in the Cape Verde archipelago are Diogo Gomes ( who was with António de Noli and claimed to have been the first to land on and name Santiago island ) , Diogo Dias , Diogo Afonso and the Italian ( Venice - born ) Alvise Cadamosto . In 1462 , Portuguese settlers arrived at Santiago and founded a settlement they called Ribeira Grande ( now called Cidade Velha , to avoid being confused with the town of Ribeira Grande on the Santo Antão island ) . Ribeira Grande was the first permanent European settlement in the tropics . A view of Monte Cara from Mindelo In the 16th century , the archipelago prospered from the Atlantic slave trade . Pirates occasionally attacked the Portuguese settlements . Francis Drake , an English privateer , twice sacked the ( then ) capital Ribeira Grande in 1585 when it was a part of the Iberian Union . After a French attack in 1712 , the town declined in importance relative to nearby Praia , which became the capital in 1770 . Decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis . Cape Verde 's early prosperity slowly vanished . However , the islands ' position astride mid-Atlantic shipping lanes made Cape Verde an ideal location for re-supplying ships . Because of its excellent harbour , the city of Mindelo , located on the island of São Vicente , became an important commercial centre during the 19th century . Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Cape Verde in 1832 . Grain ship Garthpool , wrecked at Boavista , Cape Verde , in 1928 With few natural resources and inadequate sustainable investment from the Portuguese , the citizens grew increasingly discontented with the colonial masters , who nevertheless refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy . In 1951 , Portugal changed Cape Verde 's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism . In 1956 , Amílcar Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organised ( in Portuguese Guinea ) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ( PAIGC ) . It demanded improvement in economic , social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea and formed the basis of the two nations ' independence movement . Moving its headquarters to Conakry , Guinea in 1960 , the PAIGC began an armed rebellion against Portugal in 1961 . Acts of sabotage eventually grew into a war in Portuguese Guinea that pitted 10,000 Soviet Bloc - supported PAIGC soldiers against 35,000 Portuguese and African troops . By 1972 , the PAIGC controlled much of Portuguese Guinea despite the presence of the Portuguese troops , but the organization did not attempt to disrupt Portuguese control in Cape Verde . Portuguese Guinea declared independence in 1973 and was granted de jure independence in 1974 . A budding independence movement -- originally led by Amílcar Cabral , assassinated in 1973 -- passed on to his half - brother Luís Cabral and culminated in independence for the archipelago in 1975 . Independence ( 1975 ) ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral on a stamp of the former East Germany Following the April 1974 revolution in Portugal , the PAIGC became an active political movement in Cape Verde . In December 1974 , the PAIGC and Portugal signed an agreement providing for a transitional government composed of Portuguese and Cape Verdeans . On 30 June 1975 , Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975 . In the late 1970s and 1980s , most African countries prohibited South African Airways from overflights but Cape Verde allowed them and became a centre of activity for the airline 's flights to Europe and the United States . Immediately following the November 1980 coup in Guinea - Bissau , relations between Cape Verde and Guinea - Bissau became strained . Cape Verde abandoned its hope for unity with Guinea - Bissau and formed the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde ( PAICV ) . Problems have since been resolved and relations between the countries are good . The PAICV and its predecessor established a one - party system and ruled Cape Verde from independence until 1990 . Responding to growing pressure for pluralistic democracy , the PAICV called an emergency congress in February 1990 to discuss proposed constitutional changes to end one - party rule . Opposition groups came together to form the Movement for Democracy ( MPD ) in Praia in April 1990 . Together , they campaigned for the right to contest the presidential election scheduled for December 1990 . The one - party state was abolished 28 September 1990 , and the first multi-party elections were held in January 1991 . The MPD won a majority of the seats in the National Assembly , and MPD presidential candidate António Mascarenhas Monteiro defeated the PAICV 's candidate with 73.5 % of the votes . Legislative elections in December 1995 increased the MPD majority in the National Assembly . The party won 50 of the National Assembly 's 72 seats . A February 1996 presidential election returned President Monteiro to office . Legislative elections in January 2001 returned power to the PAICV , with the PAICV holding 40 of the National Assembly seats , MPD 30 , and Party for Democratic Convergence ( PCD ) and Labour and Solidarity Party ( PTS ) 1 each . In February 2001 , the PAICV - supported presidential candidate Pedro Pires defeated former MPD leader Carlos Veiga by only 13 votes . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Cape Verde Cape Verdean Prime Minister José Maria Neves meets with the US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel , in 2013 . Cape Verde is a stable semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is among the most democratic nations in the world , ranking 23rd position in the world , according to the 2016 Democracy Index . The constitution -- adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992 , 1995 and 1999 -- defines the basic principles of its government . The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a 5 - year term . The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state . The prime minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president . Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote for 5 - year terms . Three parties now hold seats in the National Assembly -- MPD ( 36 ) , PAICV ( 25 ) and the Cape Verdean Independent Democratic Union ( UCID ) ( 3 ) . The judicial system consists of a Supreme Court of Justice -- whose members are appointed by the president , the National Assembly , and the Board of the Judiciary -- and regional courts . Separate courts hear civil , constitutional , and criminal cases . Appeal is to the Supreme Court . The two main political parties are PAICV and MPD . Foreign relations ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of Cape Verde Map of countries with Cape Verdean embassies Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states . Angola , Brazil , the People 's Republic of China , Libya , Cuba , France , Germany , Portugal , Spain , Senegal , Russia , Luxembourg , and the United States maintain embassies in Praia . Cape Verde is actively interested in foreign affairs , especially in Africa . Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organisations . It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues . Since 2007 , Cape Verde has a special partnership status with the EU , under the Cotonou Agreement , and might apply for special membership , even because the Cape Verdean escudo , the country 's currency , is indexed to the Euro . In 2011 Cape Verde ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Military ( edit ) Main article : Cape Verdean Armed Forces Marines of the Cape Verdean Coast Guard The military of Cape Verde consists of a National Guard and the Coast Guard ; 0.7 % of the country 's GDP was spent on the military in 2005 . Having fought their only war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975 , the efforts of the Caboverdean Armed Forces have now been turned to combating international drug trafficking . In 2007 , together with the Cabo Verdean Police , they carried out Operation Flying Launch ( Operacão Lancha Voadora ) , a successful operation to put an end to a drug trafficking group which smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the Netherlands and Germany using the country as a reorder point . The operation took more than three years , being a secret operation during the first two years , and ended in 2010 . Although located in Africa , Cape Verde has always had close relations with Europe . Because of this , some scholars argue that Cape Verde may be eligible to join the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and NATO . The most recent engagement of the Armed Forces was the Monte Tchota massacre that resulted in 11 deaths . International recognition ( edit ) Cape Verde is often praised as an example among African nations for its stability and developmental growth despite its lack of natural resources . Among other achievements , it has been recognised with the following assessments : Index Score PALOP rank CPLP rank African rank World rank Year Human Development Index 0.648 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( top 19 % ) 7002122000000000000 ♠ 122 ( top 60 % ) 2016 Ibrahim Index of African Governance 73.0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) N / A 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) N / A 2015 Freedom of the Press 27 ( Free ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 2 % ) 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 ( top 24 % ) 2014 Freedom in the World 1 / 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 2 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 1 % ) 2016 Press Freedom Index 18.02 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ( top 14 % ) 2017 Democracy Index 7.94 ( Flawed democracy ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 4 % ) 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 ( top 12 % ) 2016 Corruption Perceptions Index 59 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 4 % ) 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 ( top 19 % ) 2016 Index of Economic Freedom 66.5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 ( top 28 % ) 2016 e-Government Readiness Index 0.3551 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( top 26 % ) 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 ( top 63 % ) 2014 Failed States Index 74.1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( top 15 % ) 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 ( top 46 % ) 2014 Networked Readiness Index 3.8 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( top 13 % ) 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 ( top 43 % ) 2015 See List of countries by Human Development Index # Africa 1 / 1 is the highest possible rating . With the maximum score , Cape Verde shares the first place with Portugal . Cape Verde was the only African country to reach the maximum rating . With the maximum score , Cape Verde shares the first place with 48 other countries . The rank on this list is expressed in reverse order . To be comparable with the other rankings on this table , the actual rank of 88 was inverted , by subtracting it from the number of countries on the list , currently 177 . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Cape Verde A topographic map of Cape Verde A satellite photo of the Cape Verde islands , 2010 The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean , approximately 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) off the western coast of the African continent , near Senegal , The Gambia , and Mauritania , and is part of the Macaronesia ecoregion . It lies between latitudes 14 ° and 18 ° N , and longitudes 22 ° and 26 ° W . The country is a horseshoe - shaped cluster of ten islands ( nine inhabited ) and eight islets , that constitute an area of 4033 km . The islands are spatially divided into two groups : The Barlavento Islands ( windward islands ) : Santo Antão , São Vicente , Santa Luzia , São Nicolau , Sal , Boa Vista ; and The Sotavento Islands ( leeward ) : Maio , Santiago , Fogo , Brava . The largest island , both in size and population , is Santiago , which hosts the nation 's capital , Praia , the principal urban agglomeration in the archipelago . Three of the Cape Verde islands , Sal , Boa Vista and Maio , are fairly flat , sandy , and dry ; the others are generally rockier with more vegetation . Physical geography and geology ( edit ) Geologically , the islands , covering a combined area of slightly over 4,033 square kilometres ( 1,557 square miles ) , are principally composed of igneous rocks , with volcanic structures and pyroclastic debris comprising the majority of the archipelago 's total volume . The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic ; the archipelago is a soda - alkaline petrographic province , with a petrologic succession similar to that found in other Macaronesian islands . Magnetic anomalies identified in the vicinity of the archipelago indicate that the structures forming the islands date back 125 -- 150 million years : the islands themselves date from 8 million ( in the west ) to 20 million years ( in the east ) . The oldest exposed rocks occurred on Maio and northern peninsula of Santiago and are 128 -- 131 million year old pillow lavas . The first stage of volcanism in the islands began in the early Miocene , and reached its peak at the end of this period , when the islands reached their maximum sizes . Historical volcanism ( within human settlement ) has been restricted to the island of Fogo . The origin of the islands ' volcanism has been attributed to a hotspot , associated with bathymetric swell that formed the Cape Verde Rise . The Rise is one of the largest protuberances in the world 's oceans , rising 2.2 kilometres ( 1.4 miles ) in a semi-circular region of 1200 km , associated with a rise of the geoid and elevated surface heat flow . Most recently erupting in 2014 , Pico do Fogo is the largest active volcano in the region . It has a 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) diameter caldera , whose rim is 1,600 metres ( 5,249 feet ) altitude and an interior cone that rises to 2,829 metres ( 9,281 feet ) above sea level . The caldera resulted from subsidence , following the partial evacuation ( eruption ) of the magma chamber , along a cylindrical column from within magma chamber ( at a depth of 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) ) . Extensive salt flats are found on Sal and Maio . On Santiago , Santo Antão , and São Nicolau , arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains . Ocean cliffs have been formed by catastrophic debris landslides . According to the president of Nauru , Cape Verde has been ranked the eighth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change . Geography of Cape Verde The Countryside in Estrada Baía das Gatas Rocha Estância , in Boa Vista Santo Antão island landscapes Ribeira Grande Valley in Santiago Climate ( edit ) Further information : Geography of Cape Verde § Climate Cape Verde 's climate is milder than that of the African mainland , because the surrounding sea moderates temperatures on the islands and cold Atlantic currents produce an arid atmosphere around the archipelago . Conversely , the islands do not receive the upwellings ( cold streams ) that affect the West African coast , so the air temperature is cooler than in Senegal , but the sea is warmer , because the orographic relief of some islands , such as Santiago with steep mountains , cover it with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation where the humid air condenses and soak the plants , rocks , soil , logs , moss , etc . On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands , exclusively in mountainous areas , like Santo Antão island , the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forest , and laurel forest as this vegetation Average daily high temperatures range from 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in February to 31 ° C ( 87.8 ° F ) in September . Cape Verde is part of the Sahelian arid belt , with nothing like the rainfall levels of nearby West Africa . It rains irregularly between August and October , with frequent brief heavy downpours . A desert is usually defined as terrain that receives less than 250 mm ( 9.8 in ) of annual rainfall . Sal 's total of ( 145 mm ( 5.7 in ) ) confirms this classification . Most of the year 's rain falls in September . hide Climate data for Cape Verde : Sal and Praia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 28.7 ( 83.6 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) 24 ( 75 ) 25 ( 77 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 25 ( 77 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 21.8 ( 71.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) ( 0.12 ) 7 ( 0.28 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 0 ( 0 ) ( 0.12 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 15 ( 0.59 ) 14 ( 0.55 ) 16 ( 0.63 ) 7 ( 0.28 ) 10 ( 0.39 ) 90 ( 3.56 ) Average relative humidity ( % ) 61 58 57 56 57 61 67 50 47 67 64 63 59 Mean monthly sunshine hours 310.0 214.5 280.0 330.0 341.0 300.0 279.0 250.0 295.0 279.0 300.0 279.0 3,457.5 Source # 1 : Weatherbase.com ( humidity , sun and mean temperature ) , Met Office for precipitation Source # 2 : Voodoo Skies for the rest Sal , Boa Vista and Maio have a flat landscape and arid climate , the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation . Because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the landscape is arid . The archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones -- arid , semiarid , subhumid and humid , according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from 200 millimetres ( 7.9 inches ) in the arid areas of the coast to more than 1,000 millimetres ( 39 inches ) in the humid mountain . Most rainfall precipitation is due to condensation of the ocean mist . In some islands , as Santiago , the wetter climate of the interior and the eastern coast contrasts with the dryer one in the south / southwest coast . Praia , on the southeast coast , is the largest city of the island and the largest city and capital of the country . Because of their proximity to the Sahara , most of the Cape Verde islands are dry , but on islands with high mountains and farther away from the coast , by orography , the humidity is much higher , providing a rainforest habitat , although much affected by the human presence . Northeastern slopes of high mountains often receive a lot of rain while southwest slopes do not . These umbria areas are identified with cool and moisture . Western Hemisphere - bound hurricanes often have their early beginnings near the Cape Verde Islands . These are referred to as Cape Verde - type hurricanes . These hurricanes can become very intense as they cross warm Atlantic waters away from Cape Verde . The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde - type hurricanes , which are usually the largest and most intense storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before encountering land . The five largest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record have been Cape Verde - type hurricanes . Most of the longest - lived tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin are Cape Verde hurricanes . The islands themselves have only been struck by hurricanes twice in recorded history ( since 1851 ) : once in 1892 , and again in 2015 by Hurricane Fred , the easternmost hurricane ever to form in the Atlantic . Biome ( edit ) Main article : Wildlife of Cape Verde Cape Verde 's isolation has resulted in the islands having a number of endemic species , particularly birds and reptiles , many of which are endangered by human development . Endemic birds include Alexander 's swift ( Apus alexandri ) , Bourne 's heron ( Ardea purpurea bournei ) , the Raso lark ( Alauda razae ) , the Cape Verde warbler ( Acrocephalus brevipennis ) , and the Iago sparrow ( Passer iagoensis ) . The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde shearwater . Reptiles include the Cape Verde giant gecko ( Tarentola gigas ) . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Cabo Verde Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities ( concelhos ) and subdivided into 32 parishes ( freguesias ) , based on the religious parishes that existed during the colonial period : Barlavento Islands Island Municipality Census 2013 Parish Santo Antão Ribeira Grande 18,890 Nossa Senhora do Rosário Nossa Senhora do Livramento Santo Crucifixo São Pedro Apóstolo Paúl 6,997 Santo António das Pombas Porto Novo 18,028 São João Baptista Santo André São Vicente São Vicente 79,374 Nossa Senhora da Luz Santa Luzia São Nicolau Ribeira Brava 7,580 Nossa Senhora da Lapa Nossa Senhora do Rosário Tarrafal de São Nicolau 5,237 São Francisco Sal Sal 30,879 Nossa Senhora das Dores Boa Vista Boa Vista 9,162 Santa Isabel São João Baptista Sotavento Islands Island Municipality Census 2010 Parish Maio Maio 6,952 Nossa Senhora da Luz Santiago Praia 131,719 Nossa Senhora da Graça São Domingos 13,808 Nossa Senhora da Luz São Nicolau Tolentino Santa Catarina 44,388 Santa Catarina São Salvador do Mundo 8,677 São Salvador do Mundo Santa Cruz 26,617 Santiago Maior São Lourenço dos Órgãos 7,388 São Lourenço dos Órgãos Ribeira Grande de Santiago 8,325 Santíssimo Nome de Jesus São João Baptista São Miguel 15,648 São Miguel Arcanjo Tarrafal 18,565 Santo Amaro Abade Fogo São Filipe 22,248 São Lourenço Nossa Senhora da Conceição Santa Catarina do Fogo 5,299 Santa Catarina do Fogo Mosteiros 9,524 Nossa Senhora da Ajuda Brava Brava 6,952 São João Baptista Nossa Senhora do Monte Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Cape Verde Instituto Nacional de Estatística ( Distribuição da população residente - RGPH 2010 : População urbana ) Rank Name Municipality Pop . Praia Mindelo Praia Praia 127 832 Santa Maria Assomada Mindelo São Vicente 70 468 Santa Maria Sal 23 839 Assomada Santa Catarina 12 026 5 Porto Novo Porto Novo 9 430 6 Pedra Badejo Santa Cruz 9 345 7 São Filipe São Filipe 8 125 8 Tarrafal Tarrafal 6 177 9 Sal Rei Boa Vista 5 407 10 Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande 4 625 Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Cape Verde A proportional representation of Cape Verde 's export products Cape Verdean national flag carrier TACV A resort in Sal Cape Verde 's notable economic growth and improvement in living conditions despite a lack of natural resources has garnered international recognition , with other countries and international organizations often providing development aid . Since 2007 , the UN has classified it as a developing nation rather than a least developed country . Cape Verde has few natural resources . Only five of the ten main islands ( Santiago , Santo Antão , São Nicolau , Fogo , and Brava ) normally support significant agricultural production , and over 90 % of all food consumed in Cape Verde is imported . Mineral resources include salt , pozzolana ( a volcanic rock used in cement production ) , and limestone . Its small number of wineries making Portuguese - style wines have traditionally focused on the domestic market , but have recently met with some international acclaim . A number of wine tours of Cape Verde 's various microclimates began to be offered in spring 2010 and can be arranged through the tourism office . The economy of Cape Verde is service - oriented , with commerce , transport , and public services accounting for more than 70 % of GDP . Although nearly 35 % of the population lives in rural areas , agriculture and fishing contribute only about 9 % of GDP . Light manufacturing accounts for most of the remainder . Fish and shellfish are plentiful , and small quantities are exported . Cape Verde has cold storage and freezing facilities and fish processing plants in Mindelo , Praia , and on Sal . Expatriate Cape Verdeans contribute an amount estimated at about 20 % of GDP to the domestic economy through remittances . In spite of having few natural resources and being semi-desert , the country boasts the highest living standards in the region , and has attracted thousands of immigrants of different nationalities . Since 1991 , the government has pursued market - oriented economic policies , including an open welcome to foreign investors and a far - reaching privatization programme . It established as top development priorities the promotion of a market economy and of the private sector ; the development of tourism , light manufacturing industries , and fisheries ; and the development of transport , communications , and energy facilities . From 1994 to 2000 about $407 million in foreign investments were made or planned , of which 58 % were in tourism , 17 % in industry , 4 % in infrastructure , and 21 % in fisheries and services . In 2011 , on four islands a wind farm was built that supplies about 30 % of the electricity of the country . It is one of the top countries for renewable energy . Between 2000 and 2009 , real GDP increased on average by over 7 percent a year , well above the average for Sub-Saharan countries and faster than most small island economies in the region . Strong economic performance was bolstered by one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world , as well as by substantial capital inflows that allowed Cape Verde to build up national currency reserves to the current 3.5 months of imports . Unemployment has been falling rapidly , and the country is on track to achieve most of the UN Millennium Development Goals -- including halving its 1990 poverty level . In 2007 , Cape Verde joined the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and in 2008 the country graduated from Least Developed Country ( LDC ) to Middle Income Country ( MIC ) status . Cape Verde has significant cooperation with Portugal at every level of the economy , which has led it to link its currency first to the Portuguese escudo and , in 1999 , to the euro . On 23 June 2008 Cape Verde became the 153rd member of the WTO . In early January 2018 , the government announced that the minimum wage would be raised to 13,000 CVE ( USD 140 or EUR 130 ) from 11,000 CVE , which was effective in mid-January 2018 . Development ( edit ) The European Commission 's total allocation for the period of 2008 -- 2013 foreseen for Cape Verde to address `` poverty reduction , in particular in rural and periurban areas where women are heading the households , as well as good governance '' amounts to € 54.1 million . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Cape Verde Freedom Avenue in Assomada , near the town square Yachts in Porto Grande , Mindelo on the island of São Vicente . Tourism is a growing source of income on the islands . Cape Verde 's strategic location at the crossroads of mid-Atlantic air and sea lanes has been enhanced by significant improvements at Mindelo 's harbour ( Porto Grande ) and at Sal 's and Praia 's international airports . A new international airport was opened in Boa Vista in December 2007 , and on the island of São Vicente , the newest international airport ( Cesária Évora Airport ) in Cape Verde , was opened in late 2009 . Ship repair facilities at Mindelo were opened in 1983 . The major ports are Mindelo and Praia , but all other islands have smaller port facilities . In addition to the international airport on Sal , airports have been built on all of the inhabited islands . All but the airports on Brava and Santo Antão enjoy scheduled air service . The archipelago has 3,050 km ( 1,895 mi ) of roads , of which 1,010 km ( 628 mi ) are paved , most using cobblestone . The country 's future economic prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows , the encouragement of tourism , remittances , outsourcing labour to neighbouring African countries , and the momentum of the government 's development programme . Society ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Main articles : Cape Verdeans and Demographics of Cape Verde Cape Verde 's population , ( 1961 -- 2003 ) Cape Verde 's population pyramid , 2005 The official Census recorded that Cape Verde had a population of 512,096 in 2013 . A large proportion ( 236,000 ) of Cape Verdeans live on the main island , Santiago . Ethnic groups ( edit ) The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited when the Portuguese discovered it in 1456 . African slaves were brought to the islands to work on Portuguese plantations . Most Cape Verdeans are mulattos ( mestiços in Portuguese ) , who have mixed African and European origins ; another term is creole meaning mixed native African and native European descent . Many Cape Verdeans have emigrated , mainly to the United States and Europe . European ancestors include Spanish and Italian seamen who were granted land by the Portuguese Empire , followed by Portuguese settlers and exiles , as well as Portuguese Muslims and Jews ( both of these religious groups were victims of the Inquisition ) . Many foreigners from other parts of the world settled in Cape Verde as their permanent home . These people came from places such as the Netherlands , France , Britain , Arab countries ( especially Lebanon and Morocco ) , China ( especially from Macau ) , India , Indonesia , South America , North America and Brazil ( including people of Portuguese and African descent ) and were absorbed into the mestiço population . Cape Verde 's population in the 21st century is mostly creole ; the capital city Praia accounts for a quarter of the country 's population . Over 65 % of the population in the archipelago live in urban centers , and the literacy rate is around 87 % ( i.e. , 91 % among men aged 15 and above and 83 % among women aged 15 and above ) according to the 2013 Cape Verdean census . A genetic study revealed that the ancestry of the population in Cape Verde is predominantly European in the male line and West African in the female line ; counted together the percentage is 56 % African and 44 % European . The high degree of genetic and ethnic mixture of individuals is a result of centuries of migration . Languages ( edit ) Cape Verde 's official language is Portuguese . It is the language of instruction and government . It is also used in such media as newspapers , television , and radio . Cape Verdean Creole is used colloquially and is the mother tongue of virtually all Cape Verdeans . The national constitution calls for the measures to give it parity with Portuguese . Cape Verdean Creole or Kriolu is a dialect continuum of a Portuguese - based creole . There is a substantial body of literature in Creole , especially in the Santiago Creole and the São Vicente Creole . Creole has been gaining prestige since the nation 's independence from Portugal . The differences between the forms of the language within the islands have been a major obstacle in the way of standardization of the language . Some people have advocated the development of two standards : a North ( Barlavento ) standard , centered on the São Vicente Creole , and a South ( Sotavento ) standard , centered on the Santiago Creole . Manuel Veiga , PhD , a linguist and Minister of Culture of Cape Verde , is the premier proponent of Kriolu 's officialization and standardization . Religion ( edit ) Further information : Religion in Cape Verde Religion in Cape Verde ( 2010 ) Catholic Church ( 78.7 % ) Other Christian ( 10.4 % ) Other or non-religious ( 10.9 % ) Around 95 % of the population are Christian . More than 85 % of the population was nominally Roman Catholic in 2007 . For a minority of the population , Catholicism is syncretized with African influences . The largest Protestant denomination is the Church of the Nazarene ; other groups include the Seventh - day Adventist Church , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , the Assemblies of God , the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God , and other Pentecostal and evangelical groups . There is a small Muslim community . There were Jewish settlements on several islands . The number of atheists is estimated at less than 1 % of the population . Emigration and immigration ( edit ) Main article : Cape Verdean diaspora Today , more Cape Verdeans live abroad than in Cape Verde itself , with significant emigrant Cape Verdean communities in the United States ( 500,000 of Cape Verdean descent , with a major concentration on the New England coast from Providence , Rhode Island , to New Bedford , Massachusetts ) . There are significant Cape Verde populations in Portugal ( 150,000 ) , Angola ( 45,000 ) , São Tomé and Príncipe ( 25,000 ) , Senegal ( 25,000 ) , the Netherlands ( 20,000 , of which 15,000 are concentrated in Rotterdam ) , Spain ( 65,500 ) , United Kingdom ( 35,500 ) , France ( 25,000 ) , Italy ( 10,000 ) Luxembourg ( 7,000 ) and Scandinavia ( 7,000 ) . There is a Cape Verdean community in Argentina numbering 8,000 . A large number of Cape Verdeans and people of Cape Verdean descent who emigrated before 1975 are not included in these statistics , because Cape Verdeans had Portuguese passports before 1975 . The Chinese make up a sizable and important segment of the immigrant population in Cape Verde . The immigrants from the nearby West African coast make up the majority of foreigners in the country . Over the last several years , a few thousand Europeans and Latin Americans have settled in the country . On the islands , there are over 22,000 foreigners / naturalized Cape Verdeans living and working on a permanent basis . Over the years , Cape Verde has increasingly become a net immigration country due to its relative high per capita income , political and social stability , and freedom . Emigrants from the Cape Verde islands to North America have a long history of involvement with the armed forces . Enlisting in aid of the Revolutionary War , the Civil War , the First and Second World Wars , as well as the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Cape Verdeans moved to places all over the world , from Macau to Haiti , and Argentina to northern Europe . Health ( edit ) Main article : Health in Cape Verde A health clinic in a residential area of Praia The infant mortality rate among Cape Verdean children between 0 and 5 years old is 17.5 per 1,000 live births according to the latest ( 2016 ) data from the National Statistics Bureau ( 1 ) , while the maternal mortality rate is 42 deaths per 100,000 live births . The HIV - AIDS prevalence rate among Cape Verdeans between 15 and 49 years old is 0.8 % . According to the latest data ( 2015 ) from the National Statistics Bureau ( 2 ) , life expectancy at birth in Cape Verde is 71.5 years for males and 79.9 years for females . There are six hospitals in the Cape Verde archipelago : two central hospitals ( one in the capital city of Praia and one in Mindelo , São Vicente ) and four regional hospitals ( one in Santa Catarina ( northern Santiago region ) , one on São Antão , one on Fogo , and one on Sal ) . In addition , there are 28 health centers , 35 sanitation centers and a variety of private clinics located throughout the archipelago . Cape Verde 's population is among the healthiest in Africa . Since its independence , it has greatly improved its health indicators . Besides having been promoted to the group of `` medium development '' countries in 2007 , leaving the least developed countries category ( which is only the second time it has happened to a country ) , is currently the 10th best ranked country in Africa in its Human Development Index . The total expenditure for health was 7.1 % of GDP ( 2015 ) . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Cape Verde A kindergarten graduation in Santiago island Although the Cape Verdean educational system is similar to the Portuguese system , over the years the local universities have been increasingly adopting the American educational system ; for instance , all 10 existing universities in the country offer 4 - year bachelor 's degree programs as opposed to 5 - year bachelor 's degree programs that existed before 2010 . Cape Verde has the second best educational system in Africa , after South Africa . Primary school education in Cape Verde is mandatory and free for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years . In 2011 , the net enrollment ratio for primary school was 85 % . Approximately 90 % of the total population over 15 years of age is literate , and roughly 25 % of the population holds a college degree ; a significant number of these college graduates hold doctorate degrees in different academic fields . Textbooks have been made available to 90 percent of school children , and 98 percent of the teachers have attended in - service teacher training . Although most children have access to education , some problems remain . For example , there is insufficient spending on school materials , lunches , and books . As of October 2016 , there were 69 secondary schools throughout the archipelago ( including 19 private secondary schools ) and at least 10 universities in the country which are based on the two islands of Santiago and São Vicente . In 2015 , 23 % of the Cape Verdean population had either attended or graduated from secondary schools . When it came to higher education , 9 % of Cape Verdean men and 8 % of Cape Verdean women held a bachelor 's degree or had attended universities . The overall college education rate ( i.e. , college graduates and undergraduate students ) in Cape Verde is about 24 % , in relation to the local college age population ( 3 ) . The total expenditure on education was 5.6 % of GDP ( 2010 ) . The mean years of schooling of adults over 25 years is 12 . Science and Technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in Cape Verde In 2011 , Cape Verde devoted just 0.07 % of its GDP to research and development , among the lowest rates in West Africa . The Ministry of Higher Education , Science and Culture plans to strengthen the research and academic sectors by placing emphasis on greater mobility , through exchange programmes and international co-operation agreements . As part of this strategy , Cape Verde is participating in the Ibero - American academic mobility programme that expects to mobilize 200 000 academics between 2015 and 2020 . Cape Verde counted 25 researchers in 2011 , a researcher density of 51 per million inhabitants . The world average was 1,083 per million in 2013 . All 25 researchers were working in the government sector in 2011 and one in three were women ( 36 % ) . There was no research being conducted in either medical or agricultural sciences . Of the eight engineers involved in research and development , one was a woman . Three of the five researchers working in natural sciences were women , as were three of the six social scientists and two of the five researchers from the humanities . In 2015 , the government was planning to build a ' cyber-island ' which would develop and offer services that include software development , computer maintenance and back office operations . Approved in 2013 , the Praia Technology Park is a step in this direction . Financed by the African Development Bank , it is expected to be operational by 2018 . Crime ( edit ) Further information : Crime in Cape Verde Theft and burglary are common in Cape Verde especially in crowds , such as market places , festivals , and celebrations . Often the perpetrators of these crimes are gangs of street children . Murders are concentrated in the major population centres of Praia and Mindelo . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Cape Verde Cape Verdeans are a very musical people ; The Chã das Caldeiras group is an example . In all its aspects , the culture of Cape Verde is characterized by a mixture of European and African elements . This is not a sum of two cultures , living side by side , but a third product , totally new , resulting from an exchange that began five hundred years ago . Much similar to some parts of Brazil . The Cape Verdean case may be situated in the common context of African nations , in which elites , who questioned European racial and cultural superiority and who in some cases undertook a long armed struggle against European imperialism and national liberation , use the rule of Western codes as the main instrument of internal domination . Cape Verdean social and cultural patterns are similar to those of rural Portugal . Football ( futebol ) games and church activities are typical sources of social interaction and entertainment . The traditional walk around the praça ( town square ) to meet friends is practiced regularly in Cape Verde towns . Media ( edit ) Further information : Media of Cape Verde In towns with electricity , television is available on three channels ; one state owned ( RTC - TCV ) and three foreign owned , RTI Cabo Verde launched by the Portuguese - based RTI in 2005 , on 31 March 2007 , Record Cabo Verde , its own version was launched by the Brazilian - based Rede Record . Cape Verde has now received TV CPLP and some of its programs are broadcast , the network first aired in 2016 . Premium channels includes the Capeverdean versions of Boom TV and Zap Cabo Verde , two channels owned by Brazil 's Record . Other premium channels are aired in Cape Verde especially Satellite Network , they are common in hotels and villas but availability is predominantly limited , one of them is RDP África , the African version of the Portuguese radio station RDP . As of early 2017 , about 19 % of the Cape Verdean population own an active cellular phone , 70 % have access to the Internet , 11 % own a landline telephone , and 2 % of the population subscribe to local cable TV . In 2003 , Cape Verde had 71,700 main line telephones with an additional 53,300 cellular phones in use throughout the country . In 2004 , there were seven radio stations ; six independent and one state owned . The media is operated by the Capeverdean News Agency ( secondarily as Inforpress ) . Nationwide radio stations include RCV , RCV+ , Radio Kriola , the religious station Radio Nova . Local radio stations include Rádio Praia , the first radio station in Cape Verde , Praia FM , the first FM station in the nation , Rádio Barlavento , Rádio Clube do Mindelo and Radio Morabeza in Mindelo . Music ( edit ) Further information : Music of Cape Verde Cesária Évora , Cape Verdean singer The Cape Verdean people are known for their musicality , well expressed by popular manifestations such as the Carnival of Mindelo , whose importance makes the city known in the days of the momesque celebrations as `` Brazilim '' ( or `` little Brazil '' ) . Cape Verde music incorporates `` African , Portuguese and Brazilian influences . '' Cape Verde 's quintessential national music is the morna , a melancholy and lyrical song form typically sung in Cape Verdean Creole . The most popular music genre after morna is the coladeira , followed by funaná and batuque music . Cesária Évora was the best - known Cape Verdean singer in the world , known as the `` barefoot diva '' , because she liked to perform barefooted on stage . The international success of Cesária Évora has made other Cape Verdean artists , or descendants of Cape Verdeans born in Portugal , gain more space in the music market . Examples of this are singers Sara Tavares , Lura and Mayra Andrade . Another great exponent of traditional music from Cape Verde was Antonio Vicente Lopes , better known as Travadinha and Ildo Lobo , who died in 2004 . The House of Culture in the center of the city of Praia is called Ildo Lobo House of Culture , in his honor . There are also well known artists born to Cape Verdean parents who excelled themselves in the international music scene . Amongst these artists are jazz pianist Horace Silver , Duke Ellington 's saxophonist Paul Gonsalves , Teófilo Chantre , Paul Pena , the Tavares brothers and singer Lura . Dance ( edit ) Dance forms include the soft dance morna , the extreme sensuality of coladeira , the Cape Verdean version of the zouk from Guadeloupe called Cabo love , the Funaná ( a sensual mixed Portuguese and African dance ) , and the Batuque dance . Literature ( edit ) Cape Verdean literature is one of the richest of Lusophone Africa . Famous poets include Paulino Vieira , Manuel de Novas , Sergio Frusoni , Eugénio Tavares , and B. Léza , and famous authors include Baltasar Lopes da Silva , António Aurélio Gonçalves , Manuel Lopes , Orlanda Amarílis , Henrique Teixeira de Sousa , Arménio Vieira , Kaubverdianu Dambará , Dr. Azágua , and Germano Almeida . Cinema ( edit ) The Carnival and the island of São Vicente is portrayed in the 2015 feature documentary Tchindas , nominated at the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards . Cuisine ( edit ) Cachupa Main article : Cape Verdean cuisine The Cape Verde diet is mostly based on fish and staple foods like corn and rice . Vegetables available during most of the year are potatoes , onions , tomatoes , manioc , cabbage , kale , and dried beans . Fruits such as bananas and papayas are available year - round , while others like mangoes and avocados are seasonal . A popular dish served in Cape Verde is Cachupa , a slow cooked stew of corn ( hominy ) , beans , and fish or meat . A common appetizer is the pastel which is a pastry shell filled with fish or meat that is then fried . Sports ( edit ) The country 's most successful sports team is the Cape Verde national basketball team , which won the bronze medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 2007 , after beating Egypt in its last game . The country 's most well - known player is Walter Tavares , who plays for Real Madrid of Spain . Cape Verde is famous for wave sailing ( a type of windsurfing ) and kiteboarding . Josh Angulo , a Hawaiian and 2009 PWA Wave World Champion , has done much to promote the archipelago as a windsurfing destination . Cape Verde is now his adopted country . Mitu Monteiro , a local kitesurfer , was the 2008 Kite Surfing World Champion in the wave discipline . The Cape Verde national football team , nicknamed either the Tubarões Azuis ( Blue Sharks ) or Crioulos ( Creoles ) , is the national team of Cape Verde and is controlled by the Federação Caboverdiana de Futebol . The team has played at two Africa Cup of Nations , in 2013 and 2015 . The country has competed at every Summer Olympics since 1996 . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Cape Verde Ports ( edit ) New port in Santo Antão There are four international ports : Mindelo , São Vicente ; Praia , Santiago ; Palmeira , Sal ; and Sal Rei , Boa Vista . Mindelo on São Vicente is the main port for cruise liners and the terminus for the ferry service to Santo Antão . Praia on Santiago is a main hub for local ferry services to other islands . Palmeira on Sal supplies fuel for the main airport on the island , Amílcar Cabral International Airport , and is important for the hotel construction taking place on the island . Porto Novo on Santo Antão is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol . There are smaller harbors , essentially single jetties at Tarrafal on São Nicolau , Sal Rei on Boa Vista , Vila do Maio ( Porto Inglês ) on Maio , São Filipe on Fogo and Furna on Brava . These act as terminals for the inter-island ferry services , which carry both freight and passengers . The pier at Santa Maria on Sal used by both fishing and dive boats has been rehabilitated . Airports ( edit ) Aristides Pereira International Airport in Boa Vista island Seven operational in 2014 -- 4 international and 3 domestic . Two non-operational , one on Brava and the other on Santo Antão , closed for safety reasons . International airports ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral International Airport , Sal Island Nelson Mandela International Airport , Santiago Island Aristides Pereira International Airport , Boa Vista Island Cesária Évora Airport , São Vicente Island João dos Santos Airport , CPV See also ( edit ) Cape Verde portal Outline of Cape Verde Index of Cape Verde - related articles List of Cape Verdeans Cape Verdean American Cape Verdeans in the Netherlands List of island countries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Constituição da República de Cabo Verde '' ( PDF ) . ICRC databases on international humanitarian law . Article 9 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People and Society -- Cape Verde '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ John Kerry ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` On the Occasion of the Republic of Cabo Verde 's National Day '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . On behalf of President Obama and the people of the United States , I send best wishes to Cabo Verdeans as you celebrate 39 years of independence on July 5 . ^ Jump up to : Neto , Octávio Amorim ; Lobo , Marina Costa ( 2010 ) . `` Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics : Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese - Speaking Countries '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 1644026 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burundi '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GINI index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tanya Basu ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Cape Verde Gets New Name : 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lobban , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Cabo Verde põe fim à tradução da sua designação oficial '' ( Cabo Verde puts an end to translation of its official designation ) ( in Portuguese ) . Panapress. 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` História '' . governo . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Carta regia ( royal letter ) of 19 September 1462 ^ Jump up to : Cape Verde background note . United States Department of State ( July 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( 1837 ) . Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . 1992 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy index 2012 '' . The Economist . The Economist Intelligence Unit . 2013 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opposition returns to power in Cape Verde after 15 years '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Percival , Debra ( 25 May 2008 ) . `` Cape Verde - EU ' Special Partnership ' takes shape '' . The Courier . European Commission . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde could seek EU membership this year '' . Eubusiness.com . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde becomes the 119th State to join the Rome Statute system '' . icc-cpi.int . International Criminal Court . 13 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ sprungbrett - nach - westafrika Jump up ^ `` Eleven shot dead in Cape Verde , including two Spanish citizens '' . Reuters. 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance '' ( PDF ) . Mo Ibrahim Foundation . October 2013 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde 2010 Index of Economic Freedom '' . Heritage.org . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Forum : The Global Information Technology Report 2010 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Weform.org . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Peace Corps Welcomes You to Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . Peace Corps . April 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 April 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Pim et al. , 2008 , p. 422 Jump up ^ R. Ramalho et al. , 2010 Jump up ^ Le Bas , T.P. ( 2007 ) , `` Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands '' , in Lykousis , Vasilios , Submarine mass movements and their consequences : 3rd international symposium , Springer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6511 - 8 Jump up ^ `` A sinking feeling : why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change ? '' . New York Times Upfront. 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voodoo Skies - Praia Monthly Temperature weather history '' . VoodooSkies.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde weather '' . Met Office . Jump up ^ `` Praia , Cape Verde Travel Weather Averages '' . Weatherbase . Jump up ^ `` Endemic Bird Areas : Cape Verde Islands '' . Birdlife.org . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Census -- source : Instituto Nacional de Estatistica . Jump up ^ See Carlos Ferreira Couto , Incerteza , adaptabilidade e inovação na sociedade rural da Ilha de Santiago de Cabo Verde , Lisbon : Fundação Galouste Gulbenkian , 2010 Jump up ^ See now Brígida Rocha Brito and others , Turismo em Meio Insular Africano : Potencialidades , constrangimentos e impactos , Lisbon : Gerpress , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Turbines arrive for ground breaking wind farm in Africa -- InfraCo Limited '' . Infracoafrica.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MFW4A '' . MFW4A . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cabo Verde - Data '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde to join WTO on 23 July 2008 '' . WTO News . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde government raises minimum wage to 13,000 escudos '' . MacauHub. 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Governo vai aumentar salário mínimo nacional de 11 para 13 mil escudos '' ( in Portuguese ) . A Semana. 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission '' . Ec.europa.eu. 21 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatistica , Praia Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde : Population '' . caperverde.com . Jump up ^ `` População cabo - verdiana : `` 57 % dos genes são de origem africana e 43 % , de origem europeia '' `` . A Semana. 27 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Amado , A.D. ( 2015 ) , The Illegible State in Cape Verde : Language Policy and the Quality of Democracy . Jump up ^ ( CABO VERDE ) . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` State.gov '' . State.gov. 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Cape Verde '' . State.gov. 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in Cape Verde Archived 8 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . '' , by Louise Werlin Jump up ^ Jorgen Carling , 2004 , p. 113 - 132 Jump up ^ `` Cape Verdeans : Cape Verdean Veterans '' . Sites.google.com . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verdean Americans -- History , Modern era , The first cape verdeans in america '' . Everyculture.com . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN advocate salutes Cape Verde 's graduation from category of poorest States '' , UN News Centre , 14 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde '' Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor ( 2001 ) . Bureau of International Labor Affairs , United States Department of Labor ( 2002 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators Data '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ) . UNESCO . 2015 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde '' Archived 25 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... United States Bureau of Consular Affairs ( 5 May 2008 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` TV Record Cabo Verde disponível também nos canais a cabo em Cabo Verde '' . ZAP TV and BOOM TV . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Manuel ( 1988 ) . Popular Musics of the Non-Western World . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 95 -- 97 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Africa Cup of Nations : Cape Verde and Ethiopia qualify '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Pim , J. ; Pierce , C. ; Watts , A.B. ; Grevemeyer , I. ; Krabbenhoeft , A. ( 5 May 2008 ) . `` Crustal structure and origin of the Cape Verde Rise '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . Elesiever. 272 : 422 -- 428 . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2008.05. 012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2011 . Carling , Jorgen ( 2004 ) . `` Emigration , Return and Development in Cape Verde : The Impact of Closing Borders '' . Population , Space and Place . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd. 55 ( 10 ) : 113 -- 132 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 4679 ( 199901 ) 55 : 1 < 117 : : AID - JCLP12 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - A. PMID 10100838 . Ramalho , R. ; Helffrich , G. ; Schmidt , D. ; Vance , D. ( 2010 ) . `` Tracers of Uplift and Subsidence in the Cape Verde Archipelago '' . Journal of the Geological Society . London : Geological Society of London . 167 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 538 . doi : 10.1144 / 0016 - 76492009 - 056 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCape Verdeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Wikimedia Atlas of Cape Verde Official website of the Government of Cape Verde Cape Verde at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Cape Verde '' . The World Factbook . 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where is cape verde located on the african map

Cape Verde ( / ˌkeɪp ˈvɜːrd / ) or Cabo Verde ( / ˌkɑːboʊ ˈvɜːrdeɪ / , / ˌkæb - / ) ( Portuguese : Cabo Verde , pronounced ( ˈkaβu ˈveɾðɨ ) ) , officially the Republic of Cabo Verde , is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean . It forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion , along with the Azores , Canary Islands , Madeira , and the Savage Isles . In ancient times these islands were referred to as `` the Islands of the Blessed '' or the `` Fortunate Isles '' . Located 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula in West Africa , the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) .

Hey Jude - wikipedia Hey Jude Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hey Jude ( disambiguation ) . `` Hey Jude '' A-side label of original UK release Single by the Beatles B - side `` Revolution '' Released 26 August 1968 Format 7 - inch Recorded 31 July -- 1 August 1968 , Trident Studios , London Genre Rock pop rock Length 7 : 11 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles singles chronology `` Lady Madonna '' ( 1968 ) Lady Madonna 1968 `` Hey Jude '' ( 1968 ) Hey Jude1968 `` Get Back '' ( 1969 ) Get Back 1969 Alternative cover 1982 reissue Music video `` Hey Jude '' on YouTube `` Hey Jude '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The ballad evolved from `` Hey Jules '' , a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon 's son , Julian , during his parents ' divorce . `` Hey Jude '' begins with a verse - bridge structure incorporating McCartney 's vocal performance and piano accompaniment ; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses . After the fourth verse , the song shifts to a fade - out coda that lasts for more than four minutes . `` Hey Jude '' was released in August 1968 as the first single from the Beatles ' record label Apple Records . More than seven minutes in length , it was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts . It also spent nine weeks at number one in the United States , the longest for any Beatles single . `` Hey Jude '' tied the `` all - time '' record , at the time , for the longest run at the top of the US charts . The single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional critics ' lists of the greatest songs of all time . In 2013 , Billboard named it the 10th biggest song of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and writing 2 Production 2.1 Abbey Road rehearsals 2.2 Trident Studios recording 2.3 Mixing 3 Composition and structure 4 Release 5 Promotion 6 Critical reception 7 Awards and accolades 8 Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia 9 Cover versions and performances 10 Personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 All - time charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Sources 17 External links Inspiration and writing ( edit ) In May 1968 , John Lennon and his wife Cynthia Lennon separated after John 's affair with Yoko Ono . The following month , Paul McCartney drove out to visit Cynthia and John 's son , Julian , at Kenwood , the family 's home in Weybridge . Cynthia had been part of the Beatles ' social circle since before the band 's rise to fame in 1963 ; McCartney later said he found it `` a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life . '' Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney 's surprise visit : `` I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare ... On the journey down he composed ' Hey Jude ' in the car . I will never forget Paul 's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us . '' I started with the idea `` Hey Jules , '' which was Julian , do n't make it bad , take a sad song and make it better . Hey , try and deal with this terrible thing . I knew it was not going to be easy for him . I always feel sorry for kids in divorces ... -- Paul McCartney , 1997 The song 's original title was `` Hey Jules '' , and it was intended to comfort Julian Lennon from the stress of his parents ' separation . McCartney later said , `` I knew it was not going to be easy for him '' , and that he changed the name to `` Jude '' `` because I thought that sounded a bit better '' . According to music journalist Chris Hunt , in the weeks after writing the song , McCartney `` test ( ed ) his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse . And that meant everyone . '' On 30 June , after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band 's rendition of his instrumental `` Thingumybob '' , in Yorkshire , McCartney stopped at a village in Bedfordshire and performed `` Hey Jude '' at a local pub . He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single `` I 'm the Urban Spaceman '' , in London , and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same . Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys -- soon to be known as Badfinger and , like the Black Dyke Mills Band , an early signing to the Beatles ' new record label Apple Records -- later recalled that on their first day in the studio , McCartney `` gave us a full concert rendition of ' Hey Jude ' '' . When introducing the composition to Lennon , McCartney assured him that he would `` fix '' the line `` the movement you need is on your shoulder '' , reasoning that `` it 's a stupid expression ; it sounds like a parrot . '' Lennon replied : `` You wo n't , you know . That 's the best line in the song . '' McCartney retained the phrase ; he later said of his subsequent live performances of the song : `` that 's the line when I think of John , and sometimes I get a little emotional during that moment . '' If you think about it ... Yoko 's just come into the picture . He 's saying . `` Hey , Jude -- Hey , John . '' I know I 'm sounding like one of those fans who reads things into it , but you can hear it as a song to me ... Subconsciously , he was saying , Go ahead , leave me . On a conscious level , he did n't want me to go ahead . -- John Lennon , 1980 Although McCartney originally wrote `` Hey Jude '' for Julian , John Lennon thought it had actually been written for him . In a 1980 interview , Lennon stated that he `` always heard it as a song to me '' and contended that , on one level , McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono 's relationship , while , on another , he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon 's friend and songwriting partner . Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them , including Judith Simons , a journalist with the Daily Express . Still others , including Lennon , have speculated that in the lyrics to `` Hey Jude '' , McCartney 's failing long - term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious `` message to himself '' . McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967 , yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968 ; that same month , Francie Schwartz , an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple , began living with McCartney at his St John 's Wood home . When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono , McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself . Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that `` many of the song 's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love , especially the lines ' you have found her now go and get her ' and ' you 're waiting for someone to perform with . ' '' Music critic and author Tim Riley writes : `` If the song is about self - worth and self - consolation in the face of hardship , the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey . He begins by singing to comfort someone else , finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process , and finally , in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation , he comes to believe in himself . '' Production ( edit ) Abbey Road rehearsals ( edit ) Having earmarked the song for release as a single , the Beatles recorded `` Hey Jude '' during the sessions for their self - titled double album , commonly known as `` the White Album '' . The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time , partly as a result of Ono 's constant presence at Lennon 's side , and also reflective of the four band members ' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation . Author Peter Doggett describes the completed version of `` Hey Jude '' as a song that `` glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group '' . The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London over two nights , 29 and 30 July 1968 , with George Martin as their producer . These dates served as rehearsals , however , since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight - track recording machine ( Abbey Road was still limited to four - tracks ) . A take from 29 July , which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a `` jovial '' session , was issued on the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996 . The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music ! However , the film shows only three of the Beatles performing `` Hey Jude '' , as George Harrison remained in the studio control room , with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott . Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions , whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon 's songs of the period . During the rehearsals that day , Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song . Harrison 's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal , which did not fit with McCartney 's conception of the song 's arrangement , and he vetoed it . In a 1994 interview , McCartney said , `` looking back on it , I think , Okay . Well , it was bossy , but it was ballsy of me , because I could have bowed to the pressure . '' Ron Richards , a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios , said McCartney was `` oblivious to anyone else 's feelings in the studio '' , and that he was driven to making the best possible record , at almost any cost . Trident Studios recording ( edit ) The master track for `` Hey Jude '' was recorded at Trident Studios on 31 July . Trident 's founder , Norman Sheffield , recalled that Mal Evans , the Beatles ' aide and former roadie , insisted that some pot plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place `` soft '' , consistent with the band 's wishes . Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session . The line - up on the basic track was McCartney on piano and lead vocal , Lennon on acoustic guitar , Harrison on electric guitar , and Ringo Starr on drums . The Beatles recorded four takes of `` Hey Jude '' , the first of which was selected as the master . With drums absent for the first 50 seconds of the song , McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break . Starr soon returned -- `` tiptoeing past my back rather quickly '' , in McCartney 's recollection -- and performed his cue perfectly . McCartney added : `` his timing was absolutely impeccable . '' On 1 August , the group carried out overdubs on the basic track , again at Trident . These additions included McCartney 's lead vocal and bass guitar ; backing vocals from Lennon , McCartney and Harrison ; and tambourine , played by Starr . They then added a 36 - piece orchestra over the long coda , scored by Martin . The orchestra consisted of ten violins , three violas , three cellos , two flutes , one contra bassoon , one bassoon , two clarinets , one contra bass clarinet , four trumpets , four trombones , two horns , percussion and two string basses . With the introduction of what musicologist Walter Everett terms the `` bottom - heavy '' orchestral instruments , particularly the string basses , McCartney 's bass part was cut from the start of the coda onwards . According to Sheffield , there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians , some of whom `` were looking down their noses at the Beatles , I think '' . Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding : `` Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not ? '' During the first few takes , McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra 's performance , so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there . The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda . All but one of the musicians complied ( for a double fee ) , with the abstainer reportedly saying , `` I 'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney 's bloody song ! '' Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song ; one of the label 's first signings , Jackie Lomax , also recalled participating . Trident was paid £ 25 per hour by EMI for the `` Hey Jude '' sessions . Sheffield said that the studio earned about £ 1000 in total at the time , but by having the Beatles record there , and in turn raving about the facility , the value was incalculable . The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968 , and Apple artists such as Lomax , Mary Hopkin , Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year . Mixing ( edit ) Scott , Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road . The transfer of the Trident master tape to acetate proved problematic due to the recording sounding murky when played back on EMI 's equipment . The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick , whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles ' principal recording engineer . Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road , having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer , due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions . A stereo mix of `` Hey Jude '' was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August . Everett writes that the song 's `` most commented - on feature '' is its considerable length , at 7 : 11 . The precedent for issuing such a long track on a single had recently been set by Richard Harris ' hit recording of `` MacArthur Park '' , the composer of which , Jimmy Webb , was a visitor to the studio around this time . According to Webb , Martin admitted to him that `` Hey Jude '' was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of `` MacArthur Park '' . In the song 's final bridge section , at 2 : 58 , the spoken phrase `` Fucking hell ! '' appears . Scott admits that although he was told about it , he could not hear the words originally . Lennon attributed the expletive to McCartney , according to Emerick , who reports Lennon 's comment in his autobiography : `` ' Paul hit a clunker on the piano and said a naughty word , ' Lennon gleefully crowed , ' but I insisted we leave it in ( at Trident ) , buried just low enough so that it can barely be heard . Most people wo n't ever spot it ... but we 'll know it 's there . ' '' Womack considers that the expletive was actually uttered by Lennon . Malcolm Toft , the mix engineer on the Trident recording , also attributes it to Lennon . In Toft 's recollection , Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when , in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones , he first called out `` Whoa ! '' then , two seconds later , swore as he pulled the headphones off . Composition and structure ( edit ) 1968 sheet music cover ( Maclen Music , Inc. , New York ) `` Hey Jude '' begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano . The patterns he plays are based on three chords : F , C , and B ♭ ( I , V and IV ) . The main chord progression is `` flipped on its head '' , in Hertsgaard 's words , for the coda , since the C chord is replaced by E ♭ . Everett comments that McCartney 's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland 's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum , as well as ( with the first change to a B ♭ chord ) suggesting the influence of the Drifters ' 1960 hit `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' . The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine . Tim Riley writes that , with the `` restrained tom - tom and cymbal fill '' that introduces the drum part , `` the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord , making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ( ' And any time you feel the pain ' ) . '' At the end of each bridge , McCartney sings a brief phrase ( `` Na - na - na na ... '' ) , supported by an electric guitar fill , before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse . According to Riley , this vocal phrase serves to `` reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside '' . Additional musical details , such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal , are added to sustain interest throughout the four - verse , two - bridge song . The verse - bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes , after which the band leads into a four - minute - long coda , consisting of nineteen rounds of the song 's double plagal cadence . During this coda , the rest of the band , backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals , repeats the phrase `` Na - na - na na '' followed by the words `` hey Jude '' until the song gradually fades out . In his analysis of the composition , musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of `` Hey Jude '' , in that it uses a `` binary form that combines a fully developed , hymn - like song together with an extended , mantra - like jam on a simple chord progression '' . Riley considers that the coda 's repeated chord sequence ( I - ♭ VII - IV - I ) `` answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges '' , since `` The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it . '' This three - chord refrain allows McCartney `` a bedding ... to leap about on vocally '' , so he ad - libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song . In Riley 's estimation , the song `` becomes a tour of Paul 's vocal range : from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse , through the mounting excitement of the song itself , to the surging raves of the coda '' . Release ( edit ) ( The Beatles ) are confident and cheerful and the human condition will be thrilled by the coming results of their willing and enduring Beatle bondage ... they will give all of us new wonders to soothe our pain . -- Derek Taylor , `` Hey Jude '' press release , August 1968 `` Hey Jude '' was released on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom , backed with `` Revolution '' on the B - side of a 7 '' single . It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records -- the others being Mary Hopkin 's `` Those Were the Days '' , Jackie Lomax 's `` Sour Milk Sea '' , and the Black Dyke Mills Band 's `` Thingumybob '' . In advance of the release date , Apple declared 11 -- 18 August to be `` National Apple Week '' in the UK , and sent gift - wrapped boxes of the records , marked `` Our First Four '' , to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family , and to Harold Wilson , the prime minister at the time . The release was promoted by Derek Taylor , who , in Doggett 's description , `` hyped the first Apple records with typical elan '' . `` Hey Jude '' was the first of the four singles , since it was still designated as an EMI / Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US , but with the Apple Records logo now added . In the US , `` Hey Jude '' was the first Beatles single to be issued in a company sleeve rather than a picture sleeve . Lennon wanted `` Revolution '' to be the A-side of the single , but the other Beatles did not agree . In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone , he said `` Hey Jude '' was worthy of an A-side , `` but we could have had both . '' In 1980 , he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision . The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records , and contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short - lived retail venture , Apple Boutique . `` Hey Jude '' began its sixteen - week run on Britain 's official singles chart on 7 September 1968 , claiming the top spot a week later . It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin 's `` Those Were the Days '' , which was produced by McCartney . `` Hey Jude '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 13 September ; that same week , NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September , beginning a nineteen - week chart run there . It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks , for three of which , `` Those Were the Days '' held the number - two spot . This was the longest time spent by a Beatles single at number one , as well as being the longest - playing single to reach number one . The song was the 16th number - one hit for the band in America , tying Elvis Presley 's record at the time for most number - one songs there . Billboard ranked it as the number - one song for 1968 . In the UK , where `` MacArthur Park '' had failed to top the chart , `` Hey Jude '' remained the longest number - one hit for nearly a quarter of a century . It was surpassed in 1993 by Meat Loaf 's `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' , which ran to 7 : 52 as a single . On 30 November 1968 , NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide . `` Hey Jude '' became the biggest - selling debut release for a record label ever , selling an estimated eight million copies worldwide and topping the charts in eleven countries . In 1999 , it was certified 4x platinum by the RIAA , representing four million units shipped in the US . Promotion ( edit ) A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles ' all - night recording session on 7 -- 8 August 1968 . With Apple Boutique having closed a week before , McCartney and his girlfriend , Francie Schwartz , painted Hey Jude / Revolution across its large , whitewashed shop windows . The words were mistaken for anti-Semitic graffiti ( since Jude means `` Jew '' in German ) , leading to complaints from the local Jewish community , and the windows being smashed by passers - by . Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology , McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location -- `` Great opportunity . Baker Street , millions of buses going around ... '' -- and added : `` I had no idea it meant ' Jew ' , but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany , ' Juden Raus ' was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David . I swear it never occurred to me . '' According to Barry Miles , McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month when he said : `` Starvation in India does n't worry me one bit , not one iota ... And it does n't worry you , if you 're honest . You just pose . '' The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay - Hogg to shoot a promotional clip for `` Hey Jude '' , after he had previously directed a clip for `` Paperback Writer '' in 1966 . They settled on the idea of shooting with a live , albeit controlled , audience . In the clip , the Beatles are first seen by themselves , performing the initial chorus and verses , and then are joined by the audience who appear as the last chorus concludes and coda begins ; the audience sings and claps along with the Beatles through the song 's conclusion . Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968 , with McCartney himself designing the set . Tony Bramwell , a friend of the Beatles , later described the set as `` the piano , there ; drums , there ; and orchestra in two tiers at the back . '' The event marked Starr 's return to the group , after McCartney 's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' During his two - week absence , Starr announced that he had left the band . The final edit was a combination of several different takes and included `` introductions '' to the song by David Frost ( who introduced the Beatles as `` the greatest tea - room orchestra in the world '' ) , and Cliff Richard , for their respective , eponymous TV programmes . As shooting wore on , Lennon repeatedly asked Lindsay - Hogg if he had the material he needed . After 12 takes , McCartney said , `` I think that 's enough '' , and shooting concluded . It was first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968 , and the clip was later broadcast for the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October . According to Riley , the showing on Frost on Sunday `` kicked ' Hey Jude ' into the stratosphere '' in terms of popularity . Hertsgaard pairs it with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created `` a state of nirvana '' for Beatles fans , in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono 's influence and Apple . The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles ' 2015 video compilation 1 , while the three - disc versions of that compilation , titled 1 + , also include an alternate video , with a different introduction and vocal , from the same date . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon the single 's release , Derek Johnson of the NME wrote : `` The intriguing features of ' Hey Jude ' are its extreme length and the 40 - piece orchestral accompaniment -- and personally I would have preferred it without either ! '' While he viewed the track overall as `` a beautiful , compelling song '' , and the first three minutes as `` absolutely sensational '' , Johnson rued the long coda 's `` vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four - bar chorus '' . Time magazine described the coda as `` a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records '' . The same reviewer contrasted `` Hey Jude '' with its B - side , `` Revolution '' , saying that `` The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort '' , due to McCartney `` liltingly exhort ( ing ) a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love '' . Rolling Stone also attributed the song 's meaning as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women : `` to break the old pattern ; to really go through with love '' . Other commentators interpreted `` Hey Jude '' as being directed at Bob Dylan , then semi-retired in Woodstock . Writing in 1971 , Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it `` one of ( McCartney 's ) truest and most forthright love songs '' and was critical of its omission from the album The Beatles . In their 1975 book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that `` Hey Jude '' `` promised great things '' for the ill - conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as `` the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market '' . They noted also that `` the epic proportions of the piece '' encouraged many imitators , yet these other artists `` ( failed ) to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles ' communal feel '' . Among more recent commentators , Alan Pollack admires `` Hey Jude '' as `` such a good illustration of two compositional lessons -- how to fill a large canvas with simple means , and how to use diverse elements such as harmony , bassline , and orchestration to articulate form and contrast . '' Pollack considers that the song 's long coda provides `` an astonishingly transcendental effect '' , while AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger similarly opines : `` What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock ... '' In his book Revolution in the Head , Ian MacDonald wrote that the `` pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade - out may be a blemish '' but he praised the song as `` a pop / rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms '' . MacDonald concluded : `` ' Hey Jude ' strikes a universal note , touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired . '' Lennon said the song was `` one of ( McCartney 's ) masterpieces '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` Hey Jude '' was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , but failed to win any of them . In the 1968 NME Readers ' Poll , `` Hey Jude '' was named the best single of the year , and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for `` A-Side With the Highest Sales '' . In 2001 , `` Hey Jude '' was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked `` Hey Jude '' at number eight on the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , making it the highest - placed Beatles song on the list . Among its many appearances in other best - song - of - all - time lists , VH1 placed it seventh in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year , having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of `` The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time '' . In 1976 , the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine 's `` Top 100 Singles of All Time '' , and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' in 2014 . In January 2001 , `` Hey Jude '' came in third on Channel 4 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Singles '' . The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranks `` Hey Jude '' as the 11th - best jukebox single of all time . In 2008 , the song appeared in eighth place on Billboard 's `` All Time Hot 100 Songs '' . In July 2006 , Mojo placed `` Hey Jude '' at number 12 on its list of `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' ( between `` Eleanor Rigby '' and `` Come Together '' ) . On a similar list compiled four years later , Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven . In 2015 , the ITV program The Nation 's Favourite Beatles Number One ranked `` Hey Jude '' in first place . Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia ( edit ) Julian Lennon ( pictured at the John Lennon Peace Monument in 2010 ) bid successfully for the Beatles ' recording notes for the song at an auction in 1996 . Julian Lennon discovered that `` Hey Jude '' had been written for him almost 20 years after McCartney composed the song . He recalled of his and McCartney 's relationship : `` Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit -- more than Dad and I did . We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad . '' In 1996 , Julian paid £ 25,000 for the recording notes to `` Hey Jude '' at an auction . He spent a further £ 35,000 at the auction , buying John Lennon memorabilia . John Cousins , Julian Lennon 's manager , stated at the time : `` He has a few photographs of his father , but not very much else . He is collecting for personal reasons ; these are family heirlooms if you like . '' In 2002 , the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie 's in London . The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £ 80,000 at the auction , which was scheduled for 30 April 2002 . McCartney went to court to stop the auction , claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home . Richard Morgan , representing Christie 's , said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written . The courts decided in McCartney 's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics . They had been sent to Christie 's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier , who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £ 10 in the early 1970s . In the original catalogue for the auction , Julian Lennon had written , `` It 's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you . It still touches me . '' Cover versions and performances ( edit ) `` Hey Jude '' was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered , when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman , a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now . A medley of the Beatles ' `` Yesterday '' and `` Hey Jude '' was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley 's 1970 live album On Stage . In 1968 , R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals , with guitar from a young Duane Allman , who recommended the choice to Pickett . Eric Clapton commented , `` I remember hearing ( it ) and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying , ' Who 's that guitar player ? ' ... To this day , I 've never heard better rock guitar playing on an R&B record . It 's the best . '' Pickett commented on the outro that `` people were going crazy '' and session musician Jimmy Johnson said that the Allman 's solo `` created Southern rock '' . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included `` Hey Jude '' in his first polka medley , `` Polkas on 45 '' , from his 1984 album `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3 - D. Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney . Paul McCartney sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London . On 4 August 2012 , McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of `` Hey Jude '' while watching cycling at the velodrome . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- lead vocal , piano , bass guitar , handclaps George Harrison -- backing vocal , electric guitar , handclaps John Lennon -- backing vocal , acoustic guitar , handclaps Ringo Starr -- backing vocal , drums , tambourine , handclaps Uncredited 36 - piece orchestra -- 10 violins , three violas , three cellos , two double basses , two flutes , two clarinets , one bass clarinet , one bassoon , one contrabassoon , four trumpets , two horns , four trombones , and one percussion instrument ; 35 of these musicians on additional backing vocals and handclaps Personnel per Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon International Chart ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFE ) Sweden Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Yugoslavia ( Džuboks ) Year Chart Peak position 1976 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 52 Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 59 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 40 2011 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 99 2012 Japan Hot 100 Singles 53 France ( SNEP ) 174 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) 23 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) 35 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Rank US Billboard Hot 100 10 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1968 List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1960s List of Top 25 singles for 1968 in Australia Lists of number - one singles ( Austria ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1968 List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Canada ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one singles of 1968 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 1968 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles in 1968 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles from 1968 -- 79 ( Switzerland ) List of UK charts and number - one singles ( 1952 -- 1969 ) List of best - selling singles of the 1960s in the United Kingdom `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Griffith added that he and his fellow Iveys were `` gobsmacked '' by the performance . Jump up ^ In a 1971 interview with Jonathan Cott , Lennon recalled his and McCartney 's conversation : `` Ah , it 's me ! I said , it 's me ! He says , no it 's me . I said , check , we 're going through the same bit . '' Jump up ^ Produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain , the documentary was released in October 1969 . Jump up ^ Described by Ian MacDonald as `` a tense moment '' , this disagreement between Harrison and McCartney was recalled by the pair in a similar argument they had while filming Let It Be in January 1969 , regarding the lead guitar part on `` Two of Us '' . Partly as a result of McCartney 's criticism , Harrison briefly quit the band on 10 January . Jump up ^ In 2013 McCartney agreed to write the foreword to Sheffield 's book `` Life on Two Legs '' , partly because of his positive experience when recording `` Hey Jude '' . Jump up ^ Writing in his 2006 memoir , Emerick says that `` Obviously something at Trident had been misaligned '' , and the solution for `` Hey Jude '' was to add `` massive amounts of treble equalization '' . Jump up ^ Toft adds : `` because it had been bounced down ( mixed ) with the main vocal , it could not be removed . I just managed to bring the fader down for a split second on the mix to try to lessen the effect . '' Jump up ^ The catalogue numbers for `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' -- Apple 5722 in the UK and 2276 in the US -- were consistent with the numerical sequencing of the Beatles ' previous releases on Parlophone and Capitol . Apple 's other three debut singles followed a new sequencing , starting with `` Those Were the Days '' , which was issued as Apple 2 and Apple 1801 . Jump up ^ Having told Smith , `` The truth about me is that I 'm pleasantly insincere '' , McCartney said : `` You ca n't pretend to me that an Oxfam ad can reach down into the depths of your soul and actually make you feel for those ( starving ) people -- more , for instance , than you feel about getting a new car . '' Jump up ^ EMI archives do not record the names of the studio musicians , but it has been established that two of the cellists were Alexander `` Bobby '' Kok and Peter Halling , and two of the flautists were Bill Jackman and Brian Warren . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lowry 2002 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , p. 397 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles , ' Hey Jude ' '' . Rolling Stone . 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 208 , 221 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Chris ( 2003 ) . `` Here Comes the Son '' . Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years Special Edition . London : Emap . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 367 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 297 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Revised and Updated . London : Virgin Publishing . p. 517 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0481 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Hey Jude -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Carr & Tyler 1978 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 213 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 212 -- 13 , 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hertsgaard 1995 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2002 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 782 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 247 , 251 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , pp. 389 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . Anthology 3 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 14 . 34451 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2001 , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2011 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , p. 466 . Jump up ^ Martin , George ; Hornsby , Jeremy ( 1994 ) . All You Need Is Ears . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 137 , 183 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11482 - 6 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 783 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 267fn . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2013 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1998 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , pp. 194 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2013 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ O'Dell 2009 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Staunton , Terry ( July 2004 ) . `` Jackie Lomax : Is This What You Want ? '' . Record Collector . Rock 's Backpages . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2013 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 308 , 311 . Jump up ^ O'Dell 2009 , pp. 73 , 92 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2011 , p. 408 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Daniel ( 24 April 2009 ) . `` Which Beatles song can you hear Paul McCartney swear in ? '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009 ... The Times ( London ) . Jump up ^ Fanelli , Damian ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` Abbey Road Engineer Ken Scott Discusses Recording The Beatles ' White Album , Says Sessions Were a Blast '' . Guitar World . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , pp. 407 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Emerick & Massey 2006 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Richard Harris -- MacArthur Park -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 266fn . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` How we made MacArthur Park '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Emerick & Massey 2006 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Toft : MTA & Trident '' . Sound on Sound . July 1994 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan & Kehew 2006 , p. 288 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan & Kehew 2006 , pp. 288 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1995 , pp. 249 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan W. ( 2000 ) . `` Notes on ' Hey Jude ' '' . Soundscapes . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 49 , 359 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2001 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Black , Johnny ( 2003 ) . `` A Slice of History '' . Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years Special Edition . London : Emap . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Jude '' . Archived from the original on 4 August 2004 ... Beatles.com. 2004 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , pp. 406 , 408 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Jann S. ( 2000 ) . Lennon Remembers ( Full interview from Lennon 's 1970 interview in Rolling Stone magazine ) . London : Verso . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 600 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 481 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1980 , p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 350 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 539 . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 , pp. 604 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly World News '' . Vol. 15 no . 10 . 7 December 1993 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1980 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 305 -- 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes 2010 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , pp. 391 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Boutique '' . In The Life Of ... The Beatles. 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 250 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , pp. 183 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : Pinchabout , Emma ( 6 March 2009 ) . `` Marc Sinden on John Lennon : We were in the presence of God '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 ... Liverpool Daily Post . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1980 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 247 , 250 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Matt ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` The Beatles 1 To Be Reissued With New Audio Remixes ... And Videos '' . The Morton Report . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Derek ( 31 August 1968 ) . `` The Beatles ' Hey Jude ' / ' Revolution ' ( Apple ) '' . NME . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Recordings : Apples for the Beatles '' . Time . 6 September 1968 . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Manfredi , Catherine ( 12 October 1968 ) . `` Singles '' . Rolling Stone . Straight Arrow Publishers . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1998 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Carr & Tyler 1978 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( September 1971 ) . `` Living Without the Beatles '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database '' . Los Angeles Times . 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivor Novello Awards 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 ... This Day In Music . 2006 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Brett ( 13 February 2001 ) . `` Beatles , Byrds & Supremes Songs Added To Grammy Hall Of Fame '' . Archived from the original on 31 May 2007 ... Yahoo ! Music . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 1 -- 500 ) '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 ... Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beatles : Hey Jude '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 : The 100 best singles '' . ProcolHarum.com. 2006 . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AMOA announces top 40 jukebox singles of all time '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2005 ... BMI. 2006 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` 7 . Hey Jude '' . Rolling Stone . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Renshaw , David ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` ' Hey Jude ' voted UK 's favourite Beatles Number One by ITV viewers '' . NME . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lennon and son finally work it out '' . The Sunday Times . Heyjules.com. 29 September 1996 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Wardell , Jane ( 30 April 2002 ) . `` McCartney In ' Hey Jude ' Battle '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2002 ... CBS News / Associated Press . Jump up ^ Simpson 2004 , pp. 132 , 147 , 212 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Elvis Presley -- On Stage : February 1970 ( Expanded ) '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher 2016 , pp. 141 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Poe 2008 , pp. 81 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Fanelli , Damian . `` Eric Clapton 's Favorite R&B Guitar Solo -- Duane Allman Guests on Wilson Pickett 's Cover of `` Hey Jude '' `` . Guitar World . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Weird Al ' Yankovic in 3 - D ( liner ) . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . Scotti Bros. Records . 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Sings ' Hey Jude , ' Pays Tribute To Sir Paul McCartney , The MusiCares Person Of The Year ( PHOTOS ) '' . The Huffington Post . 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ; Gordon , Bryony ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics : velodrome rocks as Team GB takes home haul of medals '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 302 -- 304 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 9 October 1968 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5854 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 49 . 7 December 1968 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Hey Jude '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HitParadeItalia - Top10 del 12 Ottobre 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan # 1 IMPORT DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles '' . Hbr3.sakura.ne.jp . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Beatles - Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . `` Top 50 Singles -- October 1968 '' . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts ( 1st ed . ) . Wellington : Transpress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 44 . 2 November 1968 . p. 73 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . Billboard. 28 September 1968 . p. 82 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending SEPTEMBER 21 , 1968 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Pops '' ( PDF ) . Record World . 28 September 1968 . p. 33 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 51 . 21 December 1968 . p. 58 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 27 / 11 / 11 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 for 1968 '' . Go - Set . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM 100 Top Singles of 1968 '' . RPM . Vol. 10 no . 19 . 6 January 1969 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` The biggest selling singles of every year revealed ! ( 1952 -- 2011 ) '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 -- 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2006 ... 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 for 1969 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 6 . Carr , Roy ; Tyler , Tony ( 1978 ) . The Beatles : An Illustrated Record . London : Trewin Copplestone Publishing . ISBN 0 - 450 - 04170 - 0 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . Ringo Starr . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 488 - 5 . Cross , Craig ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : Day - by - Day , Song - by - Song , Record - by - Record . Lincoln , NE : iUniverse . ISBN 0 - 595 - 34663 - 4 . Doggett , Peter ( 2011 ) . You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup . New York , NY : It Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177418 - 8 . Emerick , Geoff ; Massey , Howard ( 2006 ) . Here , There and Everywhere : My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles . New York , NY : Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 269 - 4 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509553 - 7 . Fletcher , Tony ( 2016 ) . In the Midnight Hour : The Life & Soul of Wilson Pickett . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 025296 - 0 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1995 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of The Beatles . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 31377 - 2 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Lowry , Todd ( 2002 ) . Lennon and McCartney Hits : Keyboard Signature Licks . Hal Leonard . ISBN 0 - 634 - 03250 - X . MacDonald , Ian ( 1998 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 1st rev . ed . ) . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 4 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York , NY : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . O'Dell , Chris ( 2009 ) . Miss O'Dell : My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles , The Stones , Bob Dylan , Eric Clapton , and the Women They Loved . New York , NY : Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Poe , Randy ( 2008 ) . Skydog : The Duane Allman Story . Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61713 - 487 - 6 . Riley , Tim ( 2002 ) . The Beatles : Album By Album , Song By Song , the Sixties and After . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81120 - 0 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4020 - 6 . Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles : The Studio Equipment and Techniques Used To Create Their Classic Albums . Houston , TX : Curvebender Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 9 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Schultheiss , Tom ( 1980 ) . A Day in the Life : The Beatles Day - By - Day . Ann Arbor , MC : Pierian Press . ISBN 0 - 87650 - 120 - X . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Sheffield , Norman J ( 2013 ) . Life On Two Legs . London : Trident Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9575133 - 0 - 5 . Simpson , Paul ( 2004 ) . The Rough Guide to Elvis . London : Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 417 - 7 . Sounes , Howard ( 2010 ) . Fab : An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723705 - 0 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` HEY JUDE ( Legal Title ) , BMI Work # 562357 '' . BMI . The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Across the Universe '' `` Hey Bulldog '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Jude&oldid=817999578 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1968 songs 1968 singles Apple Records singles The Beatles songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Michael Lindsay - Hogg Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Switzerland Rock ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs published by Northern Songs Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Featured articles Use British English from January 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 22 : 28 . 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who was the song hey jude written for

`` Hey Jude '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The ballad evolved from `` Hey Jules '' , a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon 's son , Julian , during his parents ' divorce . `` Hey Jude '' begins with a verse - bridge structure incorporating McCartney 's vocal performance and piano accompaniment ; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses . After the fourth verse , the song shifts to a fade - out coda that lasts for more than four minutes .

Colonel Sanders - wikipedia Colonel Sanders Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American businessman . For other people called Colonel Sanders , see Colonel Sanders ( disambiguation ) . Colonel Sanders Sanders signing an autograph in his iconic attire , c. 1974 Harland David Sanders ( 1890 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1890 Henryville , Indiana , U.S. December 16 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 16 ) ( aged 90 ) Louisville , Kentucky , U.S. Cause of death Pneumonia , leukemia Resting place Cave Hill Cemetery Nationality American Education La Salle Extension University Occupation Businessman Restaurateur Board member of Kentucky Fried Chicken ( founder ) Spouse ( s ) Josephine King ( divorced ) Claudia Price Children Signature Colonel Harland David Sanders ( September 9 , 1890 -- December 16 , 1980 ) was an American businessman , best known for founding fast food chicken restaurant chain Kentucky Fried Chicken ( now known as KFC ) and later acting as the company 's brand ambassador and symbol . His name and image are still symbols of the company . The title ' colonel ' was honorary -- a Kentucky colonel -- not the military rank . Sanders held a number of jobs in his early life , such as steam engine stoker , insurance salesman and filling station operator . He began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in North Corbin , Kentucky , during the Great Depression . During that time Sanders developed his `` secret recipe '' and his patented method of cooking chicken in a pressure fryer . Sanders recognized the potential of the restaurant franchising concept , and the first KFC franchise opened in Utah in 1952 . When his original restaurant closed , he devoted himself full - time to franchising his fried chicken throughout the country . The company 's rapid expansion across the United States and overseas became overwhelming for Sanders . In 1964 , then 73 years old , he sold the company to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown , Jr. and Jack C. Massey for $2 million ( $15.8 million today ) . However , he retained control of operations in Canada , and he became a salaried brand ambassador for Kentucky Fried Chicken . In his later years , he became highly critical of the food served by KFC restaurants , as he believed they had cut costs and allowed quality to deteriorate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early career 3 Later career 4 Kentucky Fried Chicken 5 Public image 6 Death 7 Legacy 7.1 As a symbol of the KFC brand 7.2 Beyond KFC 7.3 Charitable giving 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life Sanders at the age of seven , pictured with his mother Harland David Sanders was born on September 9 , 1890 , in a four - room house located 3 miles ( 5 km ) east of Henryville , Indiana . He was the oldest of three children born to Wilbur David and Margaret Ann ( née Dunlevy ) Sanders . The family attended the Advent Christian Church . His father was a mild and affectionate man who worked his 80 - acre farm , until he broke his leg after a fall . He then worked as a butcher in Henryville for two years . Sanders ' mother was a devout Christian and strict parent , continuously warning her children of `` the evils of alcohol , tobacco , gambling , and whistling on Sundays . '' One summer afternoon in 1895 , his father came home with a fever and died later that day . Sanders ' mother obtained work in a tomato cannery , and the young Harland was required to look after and cook for his siblings . By the age of seven , he was reportedly skilled with bread and vegetables , and improving with meat ; the children foraged for food while their mother was away for days at a time for work . When he was 10 , Sanders began to work as a farmhand . In 1902 , Sanders ' mother remarried to William Broaddus , and the family moved to Greenwood , Indiana . Sanders had a tumultuous relationship with his stepfather . In 1903 , he dropped out of seventh grade ( later stating that `` algebra 's what drove me off '' ) , and went to live and work on a nearby farm . At age 13 , he left home . He then took a job painting horse carriages in Indianapolis . When he was 14 , he moved to southern Indiana to work as a farmhand . Early career In 1906 , with his mother 's approval , Sanders left the area to live with his uncle in New Albany , Indiana . His uncle worked for the streetcar company , and secured Sanders a job as a conductor . Sanders falsified his date of birth and enlisted in the United States Army in October 1906 , completing his service commitment as a wagoner ( see teamster ) in Cuba . He was honorably discharged in February 1907 and moved to Sheffield , Alabama , where his uncle lived . There , he met his brother Clarence who had also moved there in order to escape their stepfather . The uncle worked for the Southern Railway , and secured Sanders a job there as a blacksmith 's helper in the workshops . After two months , Sanders moved to Jasper , Alabama where he got a job cleaning out the ash pans of trains from the Northern Alabama Railroad ( a division of the Southern Railway ) when they had finished their runs . Sanders progressed to become a fireman ( steam engine stoker ) at the age of 16 or 17 . In 1909 , Sanders found laboring work with the Norfolk and Western Railway . While working on the railroad , he met Josephine King of Jasper , Alabama , and they were married shortly afterwards . They would go on to have a son , Harland , Jr. , who died in 1932 from infected tonsils , and two daughters , Margaret Sanders and Mildred Sanders Ruggles . He then found work as a fireman on the Illinois Central Railroad , and he and his family moved to Jackson , Tennessee . By night , Sanders studied law by correspondence through the La Salle Extension University . Sanders lost his job at Illinois after brawling with a colleague . While Sanders moved to work for the Rock Island Railroad , Josephine and the children went to live with her parents . After a while , Sanders began to practice law in Little Rock , which he did for three years , earning enough in fees for his family to move with him . His legal career ended after a courtroom brawl with his own client . After that , Sanders moved back with his mother in Henryville , and went to work as a laborer on the Pennsylvania Railroad . In 1916 , the family moved to Jeffersonville , where Sanders got a job selling life insurance for the Prudential Life Insurance Company . Sanders was eventually fired for insubordination . He moved to Louisville and got a sales job with Mutual Benefit Life of New Jersey . In 1920 , Sanders established a ferry boat company , which operated a boat on the Ohio River between Jeffersonville and Louisville . He canvassed for funding , becoming a minority shareholder himself , and was appointed secretary of the company . The ferry was an instant success . Around 1922 he took a job as secretary at the Chamber of Commerce in Columbus , Indiana . He admitted that he was not very good at the job , and resigned after less than a year . Sanders cashed in his ferry boat company shares for $22,000 ( $316,000 today ) and used the money to establish a company manufacturing acetylene lamps . The venture failed after Delco introduced an electric lamp that it sold on credit . Sanders moved to Winchester , Kentucky , to work as a salesman for the Michelin Tire Company . He lost his job in 1924 when Michelin closed its New Jersey manufacturing plant . In 1924 , by chance , he met the general manager of Standard Oil of Kentucky , who asked him to run a service station in Nicholasville . In 1930 , the station closed as a result of the Great Depression . Later career Sanders working in his cafe at Corbin , Kentucky , c. 1930 s In 1930 , the Shell Oil Company offered Sanders a service station in North Corbin , Kentucky , rent free , in return for paying the company a percentage of sales . Sanders began to serve chicken dishes and other meals such as country ham and steaks . Initially he served the customers in his adjacent living quarters before opening a restaurant . It was during this period that Sanders was involved in a shootout with Matt Stewart , a local competitor , over the repainting of a sign directing traffic to his station . Stewart killed a Shell employee who was with Sanders and was convicted of murder , eliminating Sanders 's competition . Sanders was commissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1935 by Kentucky governor Ruby Laffoon . His local popularity grew , and , in 1939 , food critic Duncan Hines visited Sanders 's restaurant and included it in Adventures in Good Eating , his guide to restaurants throughout the US . The entry read : Corbin , KY . Sanders Court and Café 41 -- Jct . with 25 , 25 E. 1⁄2 Mi . N. of Corbin . Open all year except Xmas . A very good place to stop en route to Cumberland Falls and the Great Smokies . Continuous 24 - hour service . Sizzling steaks , fried chicken , country ham , hot biscuits . L. 50 ¢ to $1 ; D. , 60 ¢ to $1 In July 1939 , Sanders acquired a motel in Asheville , North Carolina . His North Corbin restaurant and motel was destroyed in a fire in November 1939 , and Sanders had it rebuilt as a motel with a 140 - seat restaurant . By July 1940 , Sanders had finalized his `` Secret Recipe '' for frying chicken in a pressure fryer that cooked the chicken faster than pan frying . As the United States entered World War II in December 1941 , gas was rationed , and as the tourism dried up , Sanders was forced to close his Asheville motel . He went to work as a supervisor in Seattle until the latter part of 1942 . He later ran cafeterias for the government at an ordnance works in Tennessee , followed by a job as assistant cafeteria manager in Oak Ridge , Tennessee . He left his mistress , Claudia Ledington - Price , as manager of the North Corbin restaurant and motel . In 1942 , he sold the Asheville business . In 1947 , he and Josephine divorced and Sanders married Claudia in 1949 , as he had long desired . Sanders was `` re-commissioned '' as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by his friend , Governor Lawrence Wetherby . Kentucky Fried chicken See also : History of KFC The world 's first KFC franchise , located in South Salt Lake , Utah In 1952 , Sanders franchised his secret recipe `` Kentucky Fried Chicken '' for the first time , to Pete Harman of South Salt Lake , Utah , the operator of one of that city 's largest restaurants . In the first year of selling the product , restaurant sales more than tripled , with 75 % of the increase coming from sales of fried chicken . For Harman , the addition of fried chicken was a way of differentiating his restaurant from competitors ; in Utah , a product hailing from Kentucky was unique and evoked imagery of Southern hospitality . Don Anderson , a sign painter hired by Harman , coined the name Kentucky Fried Chicken . After Harman 's success , several other restaurant owners franchised the concept and paid Sanders $0.04 per chicken . Sanders believed that his North Corbin restaurant would remain successful indefinitely , but at age 65 sold it after the new Interstate 75 reduced customer traffic . Left only with his savings and $105 a month from Social Security , Sanders decided to begin to franchise his chicken concept in earnest , and traveled the US looking for suitable restaurants . After closing the North Corbin site , Sanders and Claudia opened a new restaurant and company headquarters in Shelbyville in 1959 . Often sleeping in the back of his car , Sanders visited restaurants , offered to cook his chicken , and if workers liked it negotiated franchise rights . Although such visits required much time , eventually potential franchisees began visiting Sanders instead . He ran the company while Claudia mixed and shipped the spices to restaurants . The franchise approach became highly successful ; KFC was one of the first fast food chains to expand internationally , opening outlets in Canada and later in the UK , Mexico and Jamaica by the mid-1960s . Sanders obtained a patent protecting his method of pressure frying chicken in 1962 , and trademarked the phrase `` It 's Finger Lickin ' Good '' in 1963 . The company 's rapid expansion to more than 600 locations became overwhelming for the aging Sanders . In 1964 , then 73 years old , he sold the Kentucky Fried Chicken corporation for $2 million ( $15.8 million today ) to a partnership of Kentucky businessmen headed by John Y. Brown , Jr. , a 29 - year - old lawyer and future governor of Kentucky , and Jack C. Massey , a venture capitalist and entrepreneur . Sanders became a salaried brand ambassador . The initial deal did not include the Canadian operations , which Sanders retained , or the franchising rights in the UK , Florida , Utah , and Montana , which Sanders had already sold to others . In 1965 , Sanders moved to Mississauga , Ontario to oversee his Canadian franchises and continued to collect franchise and appearance fees both in Canada and in the US . Sanders bought and lived in a bungalow at 1337 Melton Drive in the Lakeview area of Mississauga from 1965 to 1980 . In September 1970 he and his wife were baptized in the Jordan River . He also befriended Billy Graham and Jerry Falwell . Sanders remained the company 's symbol after selling it , traveling 200,000 miles a year on the company 's behalf and filming many TV commercials and appearances . He retained much influence over executives and franchisees , who respected his culinary expertise and feared what The New Yorker described as `` the force and variety of his swearing '' when a restaurant or the company varied from what executives described as `` the Colonel 's chicken '' . One change the company made was to the gravy , which Sanders had bragged was so good that `` it 'll make you throw away the durn chicken and just eat the gravy '' but which the company simplified to reduce time and cost . As late as 1979 Sanders made surprise visits to KFC restaurants , and if the food disappointed him , he denounced it to the franchisee as `` God - damned slop '' or pushed it onto the floor . In 1973 , Sanders sued Heublein Inc. -- the then parent company of Kentucky Fried Chicken -- over the alleged misuse of his image in promoting products he had not helped develop . In 1975 , Heublein Inc. unsuccessfully sued Sanders for libel after he publicly described their gravy as being `` sludge '' with a `` wall - paper taste '' . Sanders and his wife reopened their Shelbyville restaurant as `` Claudia Sanders , The Colonel 's Lady '' and served KFC - style chicken there as part of a full - service dinner menu , and talked about expanding the restaurant into a chain . He was sued by the company for it . After reaching a settlement with Heublein , he sold the Colonel 's Lady restaurant , and it has continued to operate , currently as the Claudia Sanders Dinner House . It serves his `` original recipe '' fried chicken as part of its non-fast - food dinner menu , and it is the only non-KFC restaurant that serves an authorized version of the fried chicken recipe . Sanders remained critical of Kentucky Fried Chicken 's food . In the late 1970s he told the Louisville Courier - Journal : My God , that gravy is horrible . They buy tap water for 15 to 20 cents a thousand gallons and then they mix it with flour and starch and end up with pure wallpaper paste . And I know wallpaper paste , by God , because I 've seen my mother make it ... There 's no nutrition in it and they ought not to be allowed to sell it ... crispy recipe is nothing in the world but a damn fried doughball stuck on some chicken . Public image After being recommissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by Governor Lawrence Wetherby , Sanders began to dress the part , growing a goatee and wearing a black frock coat ( later switching to a white suit ) , a string tie , and referring to himself as `` Colonel '' . His associates went along with the title change , `` jokingly at first and then in earnest '' , according to biographer Josh Ozersky . He never wore anything else in public during the last 20 years of his life , using a heavy wool suit in the winter and a light cotton suit in the summer . He bleached his mustache and goatee to match his white hair . Death Colonel Sanders 's gravesite Sanders 's and his wife grave at Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville , Kentucky Sanders was diagnosed with acute leukemia in June 1980 . He died at Jewish Hospital in Louisville , Kentucky of pneumonia on December 16 , 1980 at the age of 90 . Sanders had remained active until the month before his death , appearing in his white suit to crowds . His body lay in state in the rotunda of the Kentucky State Capitol in Frankfort after a funeral service at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Chapel , which was attended by more than 1,000 people . Sanders was buried in his characteristic white suit and black western string tie in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville . Legacy By the time of Sanders ' death , there were an estimated 6,000 KFC outlets in 48 countries worldwide , with $2 billion ( $5.9 billion today ) of sales annually . As a symbol of the KFC brand Main article : KFC advertising A fictionalized Colonel Sanders has repeatedly appeared as a mascot in KFC 's advertising and branding . Sanders has been voiced by impressionists in radio ads , and from 1998 to 2001 an animated version of him voiced by Randy Quaid appeared in television commercials . In May 2015 , KFC reprised the Colonel Sanders character in new television advertisements , played by comedian Darrell Hammond . Some commentators felt the new portrayal was distasteful and disrespectful of the actual man 's legacy . In August 2015 , KFC launched a new campaign , this time with comedian Norm Macdonald portraying Sanders ; the first ad of the campaign makes direct reference to the Hammond campaign , with a brief piece of footage of Hammond followed by Macdonald 's Colonel declaring his predecessor an impostor . In February 2016 , yet another portrayal was introduced with Jim Gaffigan as the Colonel , shown bolting awake in bed and telling his wife about his recurring nightmare of Macdonald 's Colonel `` pretending to be me '' . By July 2016 , George Hamilton was playing Colonel Sanders , parlaying his famous tan into an advertisement for KFC 's `` extra crispy '' chicken . During the airing of the 2016 SummerSlam , a commercial aired of WWE wrestler Dolph Ziggler dressed up as Colonel Sanders beating up a man in a chicken suit ( played by fellow wrestler The Miz ) in a wrestling ring . In September 2016 comedian Rob Riggle played Sanders in an ad introducing a football team named `` The Kentucky Buckets '' . In January 2017 , to advertise their `` Georgia Gold Honey Mustard BBQ '' Chicken offerings , actor Billy Zane took over the role as the `` Solid Gold Colonel '' . In April 2017 , actor Rob Lowe was announced as the newest actor in the role of Colonel Sanders . Lowe said that as a child , he actually got to meet Harland Sanders . WWE would return to using Colonel Sanders during 2017 , showing ads of Shawn Michaels and Kurt Angle playing him , as well as announcing that Colonel Sanders would be available as a playable character in WWE 2K18 ( accessible through the `` create - a-wrestler '' feature ) as part of a product placement deal with KFC . Ray Liotta then portrayed Sanders , and singer Reba McEntire was named as the newest Sanders in January 2018 . Beyond KFC The Japanese Nippon Professional Baseball league has developed an urban legend of the `` Curse of the Colonel '' . A statue of Colonel Sanders was thrown into a river and lost during a 1985 fan celebration , and ( according to the legend ) the `` curse '' has caused Japan 's Hanshin Tigers to perform poorly since the incident . Characters based on Colonel Sanders have appeared in popular fiction . Within the DC Comics multiverse , alternate versions of the Colonel appear in the promotional title KFC : The Colonel Corps . In the novel Kafka on the Shore by Haruki Murakami , Colonel Sanders appears when an `` abstract concept '' takes on the appearance of `` a famous capitalist icon . '' One of Colonel Sanders ' white suits with its black clip - on bow - tie was sold at auction for $21,510 by Heritage Auctions on June 22 , 2013 . The suit had been given to Cincinnati resident Mike Morris by Sanders , who was close to Morris 's family . The Morris family house was purchased by Col. Sanders , and Sanders lived with the family for six months . The suit was purchased by Kentucky Fried Chicken of Japan president Maseo `` Charlie '' Watanabe . Watanabe put on the famous suit after placing the winning bid at the auction event in Dallas , Texas . In 2011 , a manuscript of a book on cooking that Sanders apparently wrote in the mid-1960s was found in KFC archives . It includes some cooking recipes from Sanders as well as anecdotes and life lessons . KFC said it was planning to try some of the recipes and to publish the 200 - page manuscript online . Charitable giving Before his death Sanders used his stock holdings to create the Colonel Harland Sanders Charitable Organization , a registered Canadian charity . The wing of Mississauga Hospital for women 's and children 's care is named The Colonel Harland Sanders Family Care Centre in honor of his substantial donation . Sanders ' foundation has also made sizeable donations to other Canadian children 's hospitals including the McMaster Children 's Hospital , IWK Health Centre , and Stollery Children 's Hospital . The Toronto - based foundation disbursed $500,000 to other Canadian charities in 2016 , according to its tax return filed with the Canada Revenue Agency . References Notes and citations Jump up ^ Sanders was given the honorary title `` Kentucky Colonel '' in 1935 by Governor Ruby Laffoon . ^ Jump up to : Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Harland ( 1974 ) . The Incredible Colonel . Illinois : Creation House . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88419 - 053 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colonels of Truth '' . www.damninteresting.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitworth , William ( February 14 , 1970 ) . `` Kentucky - Fried '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kleber , John E. ; Clark , Thomas D. ; Harrison , Lowell H. ; Klotter , James C. , eds . ( January 13 , 2015 ) ( 1992 ) . `` Sanders , Harland David '' . The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 796 -- 797 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1772 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Harland ( 2012 ) . The Autobiography of the Original Celebrity Chef ( PDF ) . Louisville : KFC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9855439 - 0 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Ozersky , Josh ( 2012 ) . Colonel Sanders and the American Dream . University of Texas Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74285 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Edith Evans Asbury ( December 17 , 1980 ) . `` Col. Harland Sanders , Founder Of Kentucky Fried Chicken , Dies ; Cooked Meals as a Child Success Comes Slowly : ( Obituary ) '' . The New York Times . p . A33. 936479241 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Josh Kegley , Daughter of Colonel Sanders dies at age 91 , Lexington Herald - Leader , September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Harland ( 1974 ) . The Incredible Colonel . Illinois : Creation House . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88419 - 053 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ozersky , Josh ( 2012 ) . Colonel Sanders and the American Dream . University of Texas Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74285 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ozersky , Josh ( 2012 ) . Colonel Sanders and the American Dream . University of Texas Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74285 - 7 . Jump up ^ Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Harland ( 1974 ) . The Incredible Colonel . Illinois : Creation House . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88419 - 053 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ozersky , Josh ( 2012 ) . Colonel Sanders and the American Dream . University of Texas Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74285 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` About Us KFC History '' . KFC.co.uk . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Things You Did n't Know About The Real Colonel Sanders '' . MSN . p. 2 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Darden , Robert ( January 1 , 2004 ) . Secret Recipe : Why Kfc Is Still Cooking After 50 Years . Tapestry Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930819 - 33 - 7 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : `` KFC -- Colonel Sanders Cafe & Museum -- America 's First Kentucky Fried Chicken '' . Corbinkentucky.us . February 18 , 1964 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nii , Jenifer K. ( 2004 ) . `` Colonel 's landmark KFC is mashed '' . Deseret Morning News . Retrieved October 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Jodi ( November 9 , 1969 ) . `` Chicken Big and the Citizen Senior '' . The Washington Post and Times - Herald . p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Liddle , Alan ( May 21 , 1990 ) . `` Pete Harman '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . ^ Jump up to : Ozersky , Josh ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` KFC 's Colonel Sanders : He Was Real , Not Just an Icon '' . Time . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ I 've Got a Secret interview , originally broadcast April 6 , 1964 ( rebroadcast by GSN March 30 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ McGuire , Jenn ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Claudia Sanders Dinner House Serves Up the Real Thing '' . HelloLouisville . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Process of producing fried chicken under pressure US 3245800 A '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Corporation History '' . Funding Universe . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KFC nixes Mississauga 's Col. Sanders for new upmarket restaurant '' . NiagarathisWeek . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Downs , Jere ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` KFC Col. Sanders ' revival ' tarnishes ' the icon '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Ed ( October 7 , 1974 ) . `` Colonel Sanders and His Lady : He Cooks , She Cleans the Pots '' . People . 2 ( 15 ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : United Press International ( September 12 , 1975 ) . `` Col. Sanders ' Chicken War Ends '' . The New York Times . p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Claudia Sanders Dinner House -- Shelbyville , Kentucky '' . kentuckytourism.com . Kentucky Department of Travel and Tourism . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claudia Sanders Dinner House '' . claudiasanders.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quoted in `` Kentucky Fried Chicken of Bowling Green , Inc. v. Sanders '' . Kentucky Supreme Court . March 14 , 1978 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , John Winn ( December 16 , 1980 ) . `` Flags at half - staff to honor Sanders '' . Associated Press . Louisville , Ky . -- Flags were flying at half - staff here today as Kentucky honored Col. Harland sanders , the smiling , white - suited gentleman whose `` secret recipe '' started an international fried chicken empire . Sanders , founder of the Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise , died Tuesday at age 90 . The immediate cause of death was pneumonia , aggravated by leukemia , said KFC spokesman John Cox . ... Sanders had been hospitalized Nov. 7 for treatment of an infection of the kidney and bladder . While undergoing treatment , he developed pneumonia for the third time this year and lapsed into critical condition . During an earlier hospital stay , doctors found he also was suffering from leukemia , a blood disease . Jump up ^ `` Col. Sanders , fried chicken king , dead '' . Chicago Tribune . December 17 , 1980 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones '' . Time . December 29 , 1980 . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Col. Sanders , 90 , Dies of Pneumonia '' . The Washington Post . December 17 , 1980 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.Y. ( December 17 , 1980 ) . `` Col. Sanders , the Fried - Chicken Gentleman , Dies '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Howard , Theresa ( September 28 , 1998 ) . `` KFC , with Pepsi , Mulls Putting New ' Colonel ' On Proprietary Beverage '' . Brandweek . Highbeam Business . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` KFC is bringing back Colonel Sanders '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Downs , Jere ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Some Colonel Sanders fans find new ads distastefull '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kulp , Patrick ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` KFC likes that you hate the new Colonel Sanders because at least you 're feeling something '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watrous , Monica ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Revival of KFC '' . Food Business News . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Lara ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` KFC has another new Colonel -- and it 'll be hoping some viewers hate these ads as much as the last '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Lauren ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` KFC Swaps Out Norm Macdonald for Jim Gaffigan as Its Latest ' Real ' Colonel '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moran , Victoria ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` KFC Brings in an Extra-Bronzed George Hamilton to Play Extra Crispy Colonel '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sanders Is Ripped and Ready to Rumble in WWE 's Twist on KFC 's Colonel Campaign '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kate ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Rob Riggle as KFC 's newest Colonel Sanders '' . The Kansas City Star . Jump up ^ `` ' Titanic ' villain Billy Zane tapped as new Colonel Sanders to debut ' Georgia Gold ' chicken '' . Fox News . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Bob ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rob Lowe debuts as KFC 's newest colonel Sunday '' . WHIO - TV . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ KFC Explores The Final Frontier With Colonel Rob Lowe ( 21 Apr , 2017 , 08 : 59 ET ) Quote : `` My grandfather was the head of the Ohio chapter of the National Restaurant Association in the 1960s and took me to meet Colonel Harland Sanders when I was a kid . It was a big deal . I thought this would be a nice homage to both Colonel Sanders and to my grandfather , '' said Lowe . `` Plus , we 're sending the Zinger chicken sandwich to space . You kind of ca n't beat that . '' Jump up ^ https://venturebeat.com/2017/10/09/wwe-2k18-scores-the-secret-recipe-for-kfcs-colonel-sanders-as-a-playable-wrestler/ Jump up ^ Hughes , William ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Congratulations to Reba McEntire , America 's first female Colonel Sanders '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ White , Paul ( August 21 , 2003 ) . `` The Colonel 's curse runs deep '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Eric ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` KFC 'S Col. Sanders Comes to the DC Multiverse . For Real '' . Nerdist . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Crossing Over '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Angela K , President of KFC Japan buys Colonel Sanders ' trademark white suit at auction for $21 K Associated Press 6 / 22 / 13 Jump up ^ `` KFC 's Col. Sanders ' White Suit Fetches $21,510 '' . ABC News . June 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Founder Colonel Harland Sander 's Secret Manuscript to Be Revealed '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Kim ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` KFC discovers Colonel Sanders ' secret book '' . MSN Money . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Colonel Harland Sanders Charitable Organization , Inc '' . Canadian registered charities . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Child & Family Services '' . Trillium Health Partners . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Picard , Andre ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Health care in a bucket with fries '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colonel Harland Sanders Charitable Organization - Quick View '' . Charities listing . Canada Revenue Agency . Sources Klotter , James C. ( September 21 , 2005 ) . The Human Tradition in the New South . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 0096 - 1 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Further reading Pearce , John , The Colonel ( 1982 ) ISBN 0 - 385 - 18122 - 1 Encyclopedia of Kentucky . New York , New York : Somerset Publishers . 1987 . pp. 185 -- 186 . ISBN 0 - 403 - 09981 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harland Sanders . Wikinews has related news : Colonel Sanders statue lost in 1985 recovered from river in Japan Kentucky Fried Chicken Harland `` Colonel '' Sanders at Find a Grave CBC Archives CBC Radio talks with Colonel Sanders about Canadian food and cooking ( from 1957 ) . FBI Records : The Vault -- Harland David `` Colonel '' Sanders at fbi.gov Sanders on What 's My Line ? when he was unknown nationally on YouTube Colonel Sanders on IMDb KFC People Colonel Sanders ( founder ) Pete Harman David C. Novak Roger Eaton Company Advertising History Notable locations Harland Sanders Café and Museum KFC Yum ! Center KFC Eleven Products and recipes Original Recipe Popcorn Chicken Double Down Regional operations Japan China South Africa Israel Related articles Kentucky Fried Cruelty PETA satirical browser games Big Bash League ( BBL ) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash H. 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who is the guy on the kentucky fried chicken commercial

A fictionalized Colonel Sanders has repeatedly appeared as a mascot in KFC 's advertising and branding . Sanders has been voiced by impressionists in radio ads , and from 1998 to 2001 an animated version of him voiced by Randy Quaid appeared in television commercials . In May 2015 , KFC reprised the Colonel Sanders character in new television advertisements , played by comedian Darrell Hammond . Some commentators felt the new portrayal was distasteful and disrespectful of the actual man 's legacy . In August 2015 , KFC launched a new campaign , this time with comedian Norm Macdonald portraying Sanders ; the first ad of the campaign makes direct reference to the Hammond campaign , with a brief piece of footage of Hammond followed by Macdonald 's Colonel declaring his predecessor an impostor . In February 2016 , yet another portrayal was introduced with Jim Gaffigan as the Colonel , shown bolting awake in bed and telling his wife about his recurring nightmare of Macdonald 's Colonel `` pretending to be me '' . By July 2016 , George Hamilton was playing Colonel Sanders , parlaying his famous tan into an advertisement for KFC 's `` extra crispy '' chicken . During the airing of the 2016 SummerSlam , a commercial aired of WWE wrestler Dolph Ziggler dressed up as Colonel Sanders beating up a man in a chicken suit ( played by fellow wrestler The Miz ) in a wrestling ring . In September 2016 comedian Rob Riggle played Sanders in an ad introducing a football team named `` The Kentucky Buckets '' . In January 2017 , to advertise their `` Georgia Gold Honey Mustard BBQ '' Chicken offerings , actor Billy Zane took over the role as the `` Solid Gold Colonel '' . In April 2017 , actor Rob Lowe was announced as the newest actor in the role of Colonel Sanders . Lowe said that as a child , he actually got to meet Harland Sanders . WWE would return to using Colonel Sanders during 2017 , showing ads of Shawn Michaels and Kurt Angle playing him , as well as announcing that Colonel Sanders would be available as a playable character in WWE 2K18 ( accessible through the `` create - a-wrestler '' feature ) as part of a product placement deal with KFC . Ray Liotta then portrayed Sanders , and singer Reba McEntire was named as the newest Sanders in January 2018 .

Inauguration of John F. Kennedy - wikipedia Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Jump to : navigation , search Presidential Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Date January 20 , 1961 ; 57 years ago ( 1961 - 01 - 20 ) Location Washington , D.C. U.S. Capitol Participants President of the United States , John F. Kennedy Assuming office Chief Justice of the United States , Earl Warren Administering oath Vice President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson Assuming office Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , Sam Rayburn Administering oath United States Congress Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy Service in WWII Electoral history Why England Slept Profiles in Courage A Nation of Immigrants Family President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1960 Campaign Election Inauguration New Frontier Foreign Policy Doctrine `` A Strategy of Peace '' Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights Address Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Clean Air Peace Corps `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Appointments Cabinet Judges Assassination and legacy November 22 , 1963 State Funeral Eternal Flame Memorials Library Legacy Cultural depictions The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States was held on Friday , January 20 , 1961 at the eastern portico of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. . The inauguration marked the commencement of John F. Kennedy 's only term as President and of Lyndon B. Johnson 's only term as Vice President . Kennedy was murdered 2 years , 306 days into this term , and Johnson succeeded to the presidency . Kennedy took office following the November 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon , the then -- incumbent Vice President . He was the first Catholic to become President , and became the youngest person elected to the office . His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would define his presidency during a time of economic prosperity , emerging social changes , and diplomatic challenges . This inauguration was the first in which a poet , Robert Frost , participated in the program . Presidential inaugurations are organized by the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . For John F. Kennedy 's inauguration , this committee was chaired by Senator John Sparkman , and included Senators Carl Hayden and Styles Bridges , and Representatives Sam Rayburn , John William McCormack , and Charles A. Halleck . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sinatra inaugural ball 2 The inaugural nor'easter 3 Inauguration proceedings 3.1 Oath of office 4 The inaugural address 4.1 Drafting 4.2 Main ideas of the speech 4.3 Rhetorical elements 5 Invited guests 5.1 Presidents and First ladies 6 Parade to the White House 7 Impact 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Sinatra inaugural ball ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy , wearing a gown designed by Ethel Franken of Bergdorf Goodman , arrive at Sinatra 's inaugural ball on the evening of Inauguration Day . `` ( Sinatra 's ball ) may have marked the moment when popular entertainment became an indispensable part of modern politics . '' -- Todd S. Purdum , Vanity Fair , Feb. 2011 Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D.C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration day , January 19 , 1961 , considered as one of the biggest parties ever held in Washington , D.C. Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended , and went as far as convincing Broadway theatres to suspend their shows for the night to accommodate some of their actors attending the gala . With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group , Sinatra hoped to raise $1.7 million ( $13.9 million in today 's dollars ) for the Democratic Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a hard - fought campaign . Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts , rehearsed by Kay Thompson and directed by Roger Edens , and stayed at the Statler - Hilton Hotel where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by Phil Stern . Performances and speeches included Fredric March , Sidney Poitier , Nat King Cole , Ella Fitzgerald , Gene Kelly , Tony Curtis , Janet Leigh , Bill Dana , Milton Berle , Jimmy Durante , Harry Belafonte , and Sinatra himself . Sammy Davis , Jr. , a long - time friend of Sinatra , supporter of the Democratic Party , and member of the Rat Pack , was asked by John F. Kennedy not to attend the gala at the behest of his father Joseph , fearing that his interracial marriage to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion , much to Sammy 's and Sinatra 's dismay . Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election , also at the request of the Kennedy campaign via Sinatra . Davis eventually switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s . Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy , stating `` It was the ambassador , ( but ) we did n't know that until after . Sammy not being there was a loss . '' At the end of the ball , Kennedy spoke to thank Sinatra on the festivities and his support of the Democratic Party throughout his life and the 1960 campaign , adding `` The happy relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I think reached culmination tonight . '' Jacqueline retired to the White House before the ball ended at 1 : 30am ( ET ) , and John went to a second pre-inaugural ball hosted by his father Joseph Kennedy , and would finally return to the White House at around 3 : 30am . The inaugural nor'easter ( edit ) Main article : January 1961 nor'easter A strong nor'easter fell the day before the inauguration , with temperatures at 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) and snowfall at 1 -- 2 inches ( 2.5 -- 5.1 cm ) per hour and a total of 8 inches ( 20 cm ) during the night , causing transportation and logistical problems in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration . On inauguration day , January 20 , 1961 , the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington , almost canceling the inaugural parade . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morning before the inauguration , and were assisted by more than 1,000 District of Columbia employees and 1,700 Boy Scouts . This task force employed hundreds of dump trucks , front - end loaders , sanders , plows , rotaries , and flamethrowers to clear the route . Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions and lack of fuel had to be removed from the parade route along Pennsylvania Avenue . The snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Airport to less than half a mile , preventing former President Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration . Inauguration proceedings ( edit ) View of the extended East Front of the Capitol where the inauguration was held . President Kennedy is in the center delivering his inaugural address , with Vice-President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him . Before the proceeding to the Capitol in company with outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower , Kennedy went to a morning Mass at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown . Cardinal Richard Cushing gave the invocation at the inaugural which lasted for 12 minutes , with additional prayers recited by Archbishop Iakovos of the Greek Orthodox Church and Reverend Dr. John Barclay of the Central Christian Church of Austin , Texas , and a blessing offered by Rabbi Nelson Glueck . The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes . Marian Anderson sang `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and a composition by musical Leonard Bernstein titled `` Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy '' was played . The oath of office for Vice President was administered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson . This marked the first time a Speaker administered the oath , which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the President pro tempore of the Senate , the ex-Vice President , or a United States Senator . Robert Frost , then 86 years old , recited his poem `` The Gift Outright '' . Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration , suggesting `` The Gift Outright '' , considered an act of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the campaign . Kennedy would later state that he admired the `` courage , the towering skill and daring '' of Frost , and adding that `` I 've never taken the view the world of politics and the world of poetry are so far apart . I think politicians and poets share at least one thing , and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life . '' American poet William Meredith would say that the request `` focused attention on Kennedy as a man of culture , as a man interested in culture . '' For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration `` The glory of a next Augustan age Of a power leading from its strength and pride , Of young ambition eager to be tried , Firm in our free beliefs without dismay , In any game the nations want to play . A golden age of poetry and power Of which this noonday 's the beginning hour . '' -- -- Closing seven lines from Robert Frost 's poem `` For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration '' , the expanded version of `` Dedication '' . Frost composed a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the ceremony as a preface to the poem Kennedy suggested , to the surprise of Kennedy 's friends . On the morning of the inauguration , Frost asked Stewart Udall , Kennedy 's future Secretary of the Interior , to have his handwritten draft type scripted for easier reading , to which Udall obliged . Once at the presidential podium , however , the glare of the sun and snow prevented him from reading his papers . When Frost started reading , he stumbled on the first three lines , squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras . Vice-President Johnson tried to assist by using his top hat as a shade , however Frost waved the offer aside , took the hat and jokingly said `` I 'll help you with that '' , sparking laughter and applause from the crowd and President Kennedy . Understanding the immediacy of the situation , Frost stated to the microphones that `` this ( the poem ) was to have been a preface to a poem which I do not have to read '' , and began to recite `` The Gift Outright '' from memory . This marks the first time a poem was read at a Presidential inauguration , a feature repeated by future Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama at their respective ceremonies . Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered `` Dedication '' poem to Udall after the ceremony , who eventually donated the document to the Library of Congress where it is stored today . The original manuscript version , personally dedicated by Frost , was provided to the President and currently held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library . Kennedy 's wife Jacqueline framed this manuscript version , writing on the back of the frame : For Jack . First thing I had framed to be put in your office . First thing to be hung there . Frost officially presented the poem , retitled to For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration and expanded from 42 to 77 lines , to Kennedy in March 1962 . The unread poem ( published in 1962 as part of Frost 's In the Clearing poetry collection ) was finally recited at the U.S. Capitol by Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy 's inauguration . Oath of office ( edit ) The oath of office for the President was administered by Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren to Kennedy using a closed family Bible at 12 : 51 ( ET ) Kennedy did not wear an overcoat when taking the oath of office and delivering the inaugural address , despite the cold conditions of 22 ° F ( − 6 ° C ) with windchill at 7 ° F ( − 14 ° C ) at noon . The inaugural address ( edit ) Play media Video of John F. Kennedy being sworn in as thirty - fifth President of the United States , and delivering his inaugural address . `` Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy '' Audio of John F. Kennedy giving his inaugural address . ( Duration : 14 minutes ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Immediately after reciting the oath of office , President Kennedy turned to address the crowd gathered at the Capitol . His inaugural address , the first delivered to a televised audience in color , is considered among the best presidential inaugural speeches in American history . The address was 1364 words and took 13 minutes and 55 seconds to deliver , from the first word to the last word , not including applause at the end , making it the fourth - shortest inaugural address ever delivered . And so , my fellow Americans : ask not what your country can do for you ; ask what you can do for your country . -- John F. Kennedy , inauguration address , January 1961 . Drafting ( edit ) The most famous passage from the inaugural address is etched in stone at Kennedy 's gravesite in Arlington National Cemetery , with the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument in the background . The speech was crafted by Kennedy and his speech writer Ted Sorensen . Kennedy had Sorensen study President Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address as well as other inaugural speeches . Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration speech in late November 1960 . He took suggestions from various friends , aides and counselors , including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations . Kennedy then made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions . Kennedy included in his speech several suggestions made by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith and by the former Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II . Kennedy 's line `` Let us never negotiate out of fear . But let us never fear to negotiate . '' is nearly identical to Galbraith 's suggestion `` We shall never negotiate out of fear . But we shall never fear to negotiate . '' Stevenson 's suggestion `` if the free way of life does n't help the many poor of this world it will never save the few rich . '' was the basis for Kennedy 's line `` If a free society can not help the many who are poor , it can not save the few who are rich . '' Main ideas of the speech ( edit ) As a president coming into power at the height of the Cold War , President Kennedy 's duty of maintaining peaceful international relations with representing the United States as a force to be reckoned was daunting , at the very least . It is this overarching goal of his presidential term that dominates his inaugural address . Kennedy highlights the newly discovered dangers of nuclear power coupled with the accelerating arms race , and essentially makes the main point that this focus on pure firepower should be replaced with a focus on maintenance of international relations and helping the impoverished in the world . Rhetorical elements ( edit ) The main focus of the speech can crudely be boiled down to one theme -- the relationship between duty and power . This is emphasized by Kennedy 's strong use of juxtaposition in the first part of the speech . For example , he states in the second passage , `` ... Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life , '' a clear calling - out of not only America , but also other nations of power for skewed Cold War priorities . He again employs the strategy in the fifth passage when he says , `` United there is little we can not do in a host of cooperative ventures . Divided there is little we can do , '' again appealing to the idea of refocusing of international values . Again , after exhorting `` both sides '' to action , he calls on all of `` us '' to `` to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of man : tyranny , poverty , disease , and war itself , '' though the phrase `` long twilight struggle '' came to be associated with the cold war struggle against communism . One of the main components of classical rhetoric , to prepon ( the appropriate ) , is also extremely prevalent in this address . Recognizing the fear and anxiety prevalent in the American people since the start of the Cold War , Kennedy geared his speech to have an optimistic and even idealistic tone as a means of providing comfort . He does this by quickly moving the time of the speech into the future , and invokes repetition of the phrase `` Let both sides ... '' to allude to how he plans to deal with strained relations while also appealing to the end goal of international unity . He also phrases negative ideas in a manner so as to present them as opportunities -- a challenge , appealing to innately American ideals . A great line to emphasize this is in the fourth from last passage , where he states , `` In the long history of the world , only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger , '' a simple twist of words that challenges the American public rather than frightening them . It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words , `` ask not what your country can do for you , ask what you can do for your country . '' This use of chiasmus can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech -- a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good . Invited guests ( edit ) Along with official presidential guests and honorees , including former presidents , vice-presidents , cabinet members , and other Washington officials , the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts , including Carl Sandburg , John Steinbeck , Ernest Hemingway , Brendan Behan , Mark Rothko , and fashion icon and future Vogue editor Diana Vreeland . Congressman Tip O'Neill sat next to wealthy Boston businessman George Kara : O'Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said , `` Years from now , historians will wonder what was on the young man 's mind as he strode to take his oath of office . I bet he 's asking himself how George Kara got such a good seat . '' That night , O'Neill and his wife danced over to the president 's box at the ball in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him , and sure enough , Kennedy asked , `` Was that George Kara sitting beside you ? '' O'Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said , and J.F.K replied , `` Tip , you 'll never believe it . I had my left hand on the Bible and my right hand in the air , and I was about to take the oath of office , and I said to myself , ' How the hell did Kara get that seat ? ' '' Presidents and first Ladies ( edit ) Five first Ladies , Edith Wilson , Eleanor Roosevelt , Bess Truman , Mamie Eisenhower and Jackie Kennedy attended the event , as did future First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , and Betty Ford . Former President Harry S Truman joined Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy on the platform , as did future Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson , Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford , making this , retroactively , the largest conclave of the `` presidential fraternity '' prior to the opening of the Reagan Library in the 1990s . Parade to the White House ( edit ) A vast parade along Pennsylvania Avenue followed the inauguration ceremony , bearing the new President from Capitol Plaza to the White House . Upon his arrival , Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand shared with honored guests such as former President Harry Truman and former First Ladies Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt . Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers also watched the procession ; it took three hours to pass by . Sixteen thousand members of the US armed forces marched with displays of modern weaponry like the Minuteman missile and the supersonic B - 70 bomber . A further sixteen thousand marchers were civilians ranging from federal and state officials to high school bands and Boy Scouts , accompanied by forty floats . Impact ( edit ) Kennedy 's inauguration marked many firsts for the United States . Kennedy was the first , and to this date , the only Catholic inaugurated as commander - in - chief . At the inauguration , Kennedy , then 43 , was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time , Eisenhower . The age difference and visual impact of the turnover from Eisenhower 's presence to Kennedy 's was noticeable at the inauguration . In addition , Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to have been inaugurated as President . The claim that Kennedy did not wear a hat to his inauguration , and so single - handedly killed the men 's hat industry , is false . Kennedy wore a top hat to the inauguration and to the balls in the evening , removing it only to be sworn in and give his address . He in fact restored the tradition , after Eisenhower broke with it by wearing a homburg instead of a top hat to both of his inaugurations . Johnson , at his inauguration in 1965 , was the first President to go completely hatless . See also ( edit ) Poems at United States presidential inaugurations Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations Presidency of John F. Kennedy United States presidential election , 1960 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragdon , Henry W. ( 1998 ) . History of a Free Nation . New York City , NY : Glencoe / McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ `` List of United States Congress Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies ( from 1901 ) '' . Senate.gov . United State Senate . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Purdum , Todd ( February 2011 ) . `` From That Day Forth '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Jack ( 21 August 2011 ) . `` The Jack Pack , Pt. 2 : 1961 - 2008 '' . PopHistoryDig.com . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , George ; Stadiem , William ( 2003 ) . Mr. S. : The Last Word on Frank Sinatra . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051516 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Samenow ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Inauguration Weather : The Case of Kennedy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Inaugural Weather : Worst Traffic Jam - 1961 '' . U.S. National Weather Service . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul J. Kocin and Louis W. Uccellini ( 2004 ) . Northeast Snowstorms . American Meteorological Society . p. 400 . ISBN 1 - 878220 - 64 - 0 . Jump up ^ Andrea Stone ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Record Falls With Snow in Washington , DC '' . AOL News . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Sterling , VA . `` Presidential Inaugural Weather '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newdow v. Bush , 391 F. Supp . 2d 95 ( D.D.C. 2005 ) , Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court , District of Columbia . 17 December 2004 . p. 2 of Appendix , footnote 26 . No . Civ. A. 04 - 2208 ( JDB ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` President John Fitzgerald Kennedy , 1961 '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugurals of Presidents of the United States : Some Precedents and Notable Events '' . Library of Congress , citing Roll Call article of 18 January 1961 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wolly , Brian ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` History & Archaeology : Inaugural Firsts - When was the first inaugural parade ? Who had the longest inaugural address ? A look at presidential inaugurations through time '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wirzbicki , Alan ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` The poem Robert Frost wanted to read at John F. Kennedy 's inauguration '' . Boston.com . Boston Globe . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Tuten , Nancy Lewis ; Zubizarreta , John ( 2001 ) . The Robert Frost Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 9780313294648 ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 30 January 1963 ) . `` Robert Frost Dies at 88 ; Kennedy Leads in Tribute '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Frost Adds Poet 's Touch '' . The New York Times . 21 January 1961 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Poetry and Power : Robert Frost 's Inaugural Reading '' . Poets.org . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Camia , Catalina ( 26 September 2010 ) . `` Why poet Frost made a last - minute switch at JFK 's inauguration '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Birney , Alice . `` Stewart L. Udall Collection : Robert Frost 's Dedication '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Poetry of Robert Frost '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Harry ( 20 January 1997 ) . `` Poet Addresses Inaugural Event '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Frost 's Original Poem for JFK 's Inauguration Finds Way to Kennedy Presidential Library '' . John F. Kennedy Library and Museum . JFKPOF - 140 - 045 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy and Ireland -- John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum '' . Jfklibrary.org . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Times , January 21 , 1961 , p. 8 , col. 1 . Jump up ^ `` White House Diaries '' . John F. Kennedy Library and Museum . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Was in Office Despite Delay in Oath '' . The New York Times . January 21 , 1961 . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kennedy 's Words , Obama 's Challenge '' . The New York Times . January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John Fitzgerald . `` Inaugural Address '' . American Rhetoric . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( 10 May 2005 ) . `` Two Authors Ask About ' Ask Not ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest speeches of the 20th century '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ JFK Library . `` Analyzing the Inaugural Address '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` John F. Kennedy 's inaugural address , 1961 '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK 's Inaugural Address '' ( PDF ) . Department of Education and Public Programs , John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address '' . Bartleby . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Timeless Speech : A Close Textual Analysis of John F. Kennedy 's Inaugural '' . Biane . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text Analysis , John F. Kennedy , 1961 . '' Cruz . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Thurston Clarke ( 2010 ) . Ask Not : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America . Penguin . p. 39 . ISBN 9781101478059 . Jump up ^ Thomas Alan Schwartz ( 1994 ) . `` Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle : The United States and Western Europe in the 1960s '' . In Diane B. Kunz . The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade : American Foreign Relations During the 1960s . Columbia University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 9780231081771 . Jump up ^ `` Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric . '' Poulakos . Philosophy and Rhetoric 16 ( 1983 ) : 35 -- 48 . Jump up ^ `` Dazzling Military Might Goes On Parade for New President '' . The Terre Haute Tribune . Terre Haute , IN . UPI . January 20 , 1961 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey . `` The Presidents of the United States of America : John F. Kennedy '' . WhiteHouse.gov . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( May 17 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Now Oldest President '' . The New York Times . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , W.H. ( January 21 , 1961 ) . `` Kennedy Sworn in , Asks ' Global Alliance ' Against Tyranny , Want , Disease , and War ; Republicans and Diplomats Hail Address '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Business Insider . `` Donald Trump is the oldest president elected in US history '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` The Ike Phase '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Crouch , Ian ( 20 January 2011 ) . `` Robert Frost and J.F.K. , Fifty Years Later '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Krulwich ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Who Killed Men 's Hats ? Think Of A Three Letter Word Beginning With ' I ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam Parker ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` How to wear a hat and look good '' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hat Trick '' . Snopes. 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inaugural Traditions : Dude , Where 's My Top Hat ? '' . ABC News . 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . References ( edit ) Clarke , Thurston Ask Not : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America . New York : Henry Holt and Co. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7213 - 6 . Rhetorical Terms and Techniques of Persuasion from Kennedy 's Inaugural Address . United States Department of Education and Public Programs , John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Library of Congress , John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration President Kennedy 1961 Inaugural Address ( with audio ) on YouTube Text of Kennedy 's Inaugural Address Audio of Kennedy 's Inaugural Address John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Bush ( 2005 ) Obama ( 2009 ) Obama ( 2013 ) Trump ( 2017 ) * Non-scheduled ( extraordinary ) inaugurations Robert Frost Poems `` Acquainted with the Night '' `` After Apple - Picking '' `` Birches '' `` The Death of the Hired Man '' `` Fire and Ice '' `` The Gift Outright '' `` Mending Wall '' `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' `` Out , Out - '' `` The Oven Bird '' `` A Question '' `` The Road Not Taken '' `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' Poetry collections A Boy 's Will North of Boston Mountain Interval New Hampshire West - Running Brook Collected Poems of Robert Frost A Further Range A Witness Tree In the Clearing Plays A Masque of Reason Related Robert Frost Farm , New Hampshire The Frost Place , Home and Museum Robert Frost Farm ( Ripton , Vermont ) Robert Frost Farm ( South Shaftsbury , Vermont ) Robert Frost House , Massachusetts Robert Frost Medal Frostiana ( 1959 choral art ) Robert Frost : A Lover 's Quarrel with the World ( 1963 documentary ) Robert Frost : A Life ( 2000 biography ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&oldid=820660081 '' Categories : 1961 in American politics United States presidential inaugurations Presidency of John F. 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who said this quote ask not what your country can do for you

It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words , `` ask not what your country can do for you , ask what you can do for your country . '' This use of chiasmus can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech -- a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good .

Portland , Oregon - wikipedia Portland , Oregon City in Oregon , United States Portland , Oregon City City of Portland View of Portland from Pittock Mansion , with Mount Hood pictured in the background Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` Rose City '' ; `` Stumptown '' ; `` PDX '' ; see Nicknames of Portland , Oregon for a complete list . Location of Portland in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Portland , Oregon Location in the United States Coordinates : 45 ° 31 ′ 12 '' N 122 ° 40 ′ 55 '' W  /  45.52000 ° N 122.68194 ° W  / 45.52000 ; - 122.68194 Coordinates : 45 ° 31 ′ 12 '' N 122 ° 40 ′ 55 '' W  /  45.52000 ° N 122.68194 ° W  / 45.52000 ; - 122.68194 Country United States State Oregon Counties Multnomah , Washington , Clackamas Founded 1845 Incorporated February 8 , 1851 Named for Portland , Maine Government Type Commission Mayor Ted Wheeler ( D ) Commissioners Chloe Eudaly Nick Fish Amanda Fritz Dan Saltzman Auditor Mary Hull Caballero Area City 145 sq mi ( 376 km ) Land 133 sq mi ( 346 km ) Water 12 sq mi ( 30 km ) Elevation 50 ft ( 15.2 m ) Highest elevation 1,188 ft ( 362 m ) Lowest elevation ( Columbia River ) 0.62 ft ( 0.19 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 583,776 Estimate ( 2017 ) 647,805 Rank US : 26th Density 4,375.1 / sq mi ( 1,689.2 / km ) Urban 1,849,898 ( US : 24th ) Metro 2,389,228 ( US : 25th ) CSA 3,110,906 ( US : 18th ) Demonym ( s ) Portlander Time zone PST ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP codes 97086 - 97299 Area codes 503 and 971 FIPS code 41 - 59000 GNIS feature ID 1136645 Interstate ( s ) U.S. Route ( s ) State Highway ( s ) Website PortlandOregon.gov Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . The city covers 145 square miles ( 380 square kilometers ) and had an estimated population of 647,805 in 2017 , making it the 26th most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest . Approximately 2,424,955 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous MSA in the United States . Its Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) ranks 18th with a population of 3,160,488 . Roughly 60 % of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . Named after Portland , Maine , which in turn was named after the Isle of Portland in Dorset , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard - edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission - based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States . The city government is notable for its land - use planning and investment in public transportation . Portland is frequently recognized as one of the world 's most environmentally conscious cities because of its high walkability , large community of bicyclists , farm - to - table dining , expansive network of public transportation options , and over 10,000 acres ( 4,000 hectares ) of public parks . Its climate is marked by warm , dry summers and cool , rainy winters . This climate is ideal for growing roses , and Portland has been called the `` City of Roses '' for over a century . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-history and natives 1.2 Establishment 1.3 Postwar development 1.4 1990s to present 2 Geography 2.1 Geology 2.1. 1 Earthquakes 2.2 Topography 2.3 Cityscape 2.3. 1 Neighborhoods 2.4 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Households 3.2 Social 4 Economy 4.1 Housing 5 Culture 5.1 Music , film , and performing arts 5.2 Museums and recreation 5.3 Cuisine and breweries 6 Sustainability 7 Sports 8 Parks and gardens 9 Law and government 9.1 Politics 9.2 Planning and development 9.3 Free speech 9.4 Crime 10 Education 10.1 Primary and secondary education 10.2 Higher education 11 Media 12 Infrastructure 12.1 Healthcare 12.2 Transportation 13 Notable people 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 Further reading 20 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Portland , Oregon and Timeline of Portland , Oregon Pre-history and natives ( edit ) During the prehistoric period , the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula , in what would later become Montana . These massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet ( 91 to 122 m ) of water . Before American pioneers began arriving in the 1800s , the land that eventually became Portland and surrounding Multnomah County was inhabited for many centuries by two bands of indigenous Chinook people -- the Multnomah and the Clackamas peoples . The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 1805 . Before its European settlement , the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast . Establishment ( edit ) Pioneer Courthouse , 1886 1890 map of Portland Portland waterfront in 1898 Large numbers of pioneer settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail , though life was originally centered in nearby Oregon City . In the early 1840s a new settlement emerged ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River , roughly halfway between Oregon City and Fort Vancouver . This community was initially referred to as `` Stumptown '' and `` The Clearing '' because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth . In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file an official land claim . For 25 cents Overton agreed to share half of the 640 - acre ( 2.6 km ) site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston . In 1845 Overton sold his remaining half of the claim to Francis W. Pettygrove of Portland , Maine . Both Pettygrove and Lovejoy wished to rename `` The Clearing '' after their respective hometowns ( Lovejoy 's being Boston , and Pettygrove 's , Portland ) . This controversy was settled with a coin toss which Pettygrove won in a series of two out of three tosses , thereby providing Portland with its namesake . The coin used for this decision , now known as the Portland Penny , is on display in the headquarters of the Oregon Historical Society . At the time of its incorporation on February 8 , 1851 , Portland had over 800 inhabitants , a steam sawmill , a log cabin hotel , and a newspaper , the Weekly Oregonian . A major fire swept through downtown in August 1873 , destroying twenty blocks on the west side of the Willamette along Yamhill and Morrison Streets , and causing $1.3 million in damage . By 1879 , the population had grown to 17,500 and by 1890 it had grown to 46,385 . In 1888 , the city built the first steel bridge built on the West Coast . Portland 's access to the Pacific Ocean via the Willamette and the Columbia rivers , as well as its easy access to the agricultural Tualatin Valley via the `` Great Plank Road '' ( the route of current - day U.S. Route 26 ) , provided the pioneer city with an advantage over other nearby ports , and it grew very quickly . Portland remained the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century , until the 1890s , when Seattle 's deepwater harbor was connected to the rest of the mainland by rail , affording an inland route without the treacherous navigation of the Columbia River . The lumber industry also became a prominent economical presence , due to the area 's large population of Douglas Firs , Western Hemlocks , Red Cedars , and Big Leaf Maple trees . The White Eagle saloon ( c. 1910 ) , one of many in Portland that had reputed ties to illegal activities such as gambling rackets and prostitution Burnside Street , 1937 Portland developed a reputation early in its history as a hard - edged and gritty port town . Some historians have described the city 's early establishment as being a `` scion of New England ; an ends - of - the - earth home for the exiled spawn of the eastern established elite . '' In 1889 , The Oregonian called Portland `` the most filthy city in the Northern States '' , due to the unsanitary sewers and gutters , and , at the turn of the 20th century , it was considered one of the most dangerous port cities in the world . The city housed a large number of saloons , bordellos , gambling dens , and boardinghouses which were populated with miners after the California Gold Rush , as well as the multitude of sailors passing through the port . By the early 20th century , the city had lost its reputation as a `` sober frontier city '' and garnered a reputation for being violent and dangerous . Postwar development ( edit ) Between 1900 and 1930 , the city 's population tripled from nearly 100,000 to 301,815 . During World War II , it housed an `` assembly center '' from which up to 3,676 people of Japanese descent were dispatched to internment camps in the heartland . The Pacific International Livestock Exposition operated from May through September 10 , 1942 processing people from the city , northern Oregon , and central Washington . At the same time , Portland became a notorious hub for underground criminal activity and organized crime between the 1940s and 1950s . In 1957 , LIFE Magazine published an article detailing the city 's history of government corruption and crime , specifically its gambling rackets and illegal nightclubs . The article , which focused on crime boss Jim Elkins , became the basis of a fictionalized film titled Portland Exposé ( 1957 ) . In spite of the city 's seedier undercurrent of criminal activity , Portland enjoyed an economic and industrial surge during World War II . Ship builder Henry J. Kaiser had been awarded contracts to build Liberty ships and aircraft carrier escorts , and chose sites in Portland and Vancouver , Washington , for work yards . During this time , Portland 's population rose by over 150,000 , largely attributed to recruited laborers . During the 1960s , an influx of hippie subculture began to take root in the city in the wake of San Francisco 's burgeoning countercultural scene . The city 's Crystal Ballroom became a hub for the city 's psychedelic culture , while food cooperatives and listener - funded media and radio stations were established . A large social activist presence evolved during this time as well , specifically concerning Native American rights , environmentalist causes , and gay rights . By the 1970s , Portland had well established itself as a progressive city , and experienced an economic boom for the majority of the decade ; however , the slowing of the housing market in 1979 caused demand for the city and state timber industries to drop significantly . 1990s to present ( edit ) Aerial view of Portland and its bridges across the Willamette River In the 1990s , the technology industry began to emerge in Portland , specifically with the establishment of companies like Intel , which brought more than $10 billion in investments in 1995 alone . After the year 2000 , Portland experienced significant growth , with a population rise of over 90,000 between the years 2000 and 2014 . The city 's increased presence within the cultural lexicon has established it as a popular city for young people , and it was second only to Louisville , Kentucky as one of the cities to attract and retain the highest number of college - educated people in the United States . Between 2001 and 2012 , Portland 's gross domestic product per person grew fifty percent , more than any other city in the country . The city has acquired a diverse range of nicknames throughout its history , though it is most often called `` Rose City '' or `` The City of Roses '' , the latter of which has been its unofficial nickname since 1888 and its official nickname since 2003 . Another widely used nickname by local residents in everyday speech is `` PDX '' , which is also the airport code for Portland International Airport . Other nicknames include Bridgetown , Stumptown , Rip City , Soccer City , P - Town , Portlandia , and the more antiquated Little Beirut . Geography ( edit ) Geology. ( edit ) Portland lies on top of an extinct volcanic field known as the Boring Lava Field , named after the nearby bedroom community of Boring . The Boring Lava Field has at least 32 cinder cones such as Mount Tabor , and its center lies in southeast Portland . Mount St. Helens , a highly active volcano 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast of the city in Washington state , is easily visible on clear days and is close enough to have dusted the city with volcanic ash after its eruption on May 18 , 1980 . The rocks of the Portland area range in age from late Eocene to more recent eras . Earthquakes ( edit ) See also : Geology of the Pacific Northwest Multiple shallow , active fault lines traverse the Portland metropolitan area . Among them are the Portland Hills Fault on the city 's west side , and the East Bank Fault on the east side . According to a 2017 survey , several of these faults were characterized as `` probably more of a hazard '' than the Cascadia subduction zone due to their proximities to population centers , with the potential of producing magnitude 7 earthquakes . Notable earthquakes that have impacted the Portland area in recent history include the 6.8 - magnitude Nisqually earthquake in 2001 , and a 5.6 - magnitude earthquake that struck on March 25 , 1993 . Per a 2014 report , over 7,000 locations within the Portland area are at high - risk for landslides and soil liquefaction in the event of a major earthquake , including much of the city 's west side ( such as Washington Park ) and sections of Clackamas County . Topography ( edit ) Mt . Rainier ( left ) and Mt . St. Helens ( right ) photographed from Mount Calvary Cemetery in Portland Portland is 60 miles ( 97 km ) east of the Pacific Ocean at the northern end of Oregon 's most populated region , the Willamette Valley . Downtown Portland straddles the banks of the Willamette River , which flows north through the city center and separates the city 's east and west neighborhoods . Less than 10 miles ( 16 km ) from downtown , the Willamette River flows into the Columbia River , the fourth - largest river in the United States , which divides Oregon from Washington state . Portland is approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) upriver from the Pacific Ocean on the Columbia . Though much of downtown Portland is relatively flat , the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains , more commonly referred to locally as the `` West Hills '' , pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city . Council Crest Park , commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits , is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet ( 327 m ) The city 's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point of 1,180 feet ( 360 m ) near Forest Park . The highest point east of the river is Mt . Tabor , an extinct volcanic cinder cone , which rises to 636 feet ( 194 m ) . Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet ( 187 m ) and 612 feet ( 187 m ) , respectively . To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range , and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range . On clear days , Mt . Hood and Mt . St. Helens dominate the horizon , while Mt . Adams and Mt . Rainier can also be seen in the distance . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 145.09 square miles ( 375.78 km ) , of which 133.43 square miles ( 345.58 km ) is land and 11.66 square miles ( 30.20 km ) is water . Although almost all of Portland is within Multnomah County , small portions of the city are within Clackamas and Washington Counties , with populations estimated at 785 and 1,455 , respectively . Cityscape ( edit ) See also : Architecture of Portland , Oregon ; List of tallest buildings in Portland , Oregon ; and Downtown Portland Portland 's cityscape derives much of its character from the many bridges that span the Willamette River downtown , several of which are historic landmarks , and Portland has been nicknamed `` Bridgetown '' for many decades as a result . Three of downtown 's most heavily used bridges are more than 100 years old and are designated historic landmarks : Hawthorne Bridge ( 1910 ) , Steel Bridge ( 1912 ) , and Broadway Bridge ( 1913 ) . Portland 's newest bridge in the downtown area , Tilikum Crossing , opened in 2015 and is the first new bridge to span the Willamette in Portland since the 1973 opening of the double - decker Fremont Bridge . Other bridges that span the Willamette river in the downtown area include the Burnside Bridge , the Ross Island Bridge ( both built 1926 ) , and the double - decker Marquam Bridge ( built 1966 ) . Other bridges outside the downtown area include the Sellwood Bridge ( built 2016 ) to the south ; and the St. Johns Bridge , a Gothic revival suspension bridge built in 1931 , to the north . The Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge and the Interstate Bridge provide access from Portland across the Columbia River into Washington state . Panorama of downtown Portland in the day . Hawthorne Bridge viewed from a dock on the Willamette River near the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry . Panorama of downtown Portland at night . View from SE Portland across the Willamette River . The Willamette River runs through the center of the city , while Mount Tabor ( center ) rises on the city 's east side . Mount St. Helens ( left ) and Mount Hood ( right center ) are visible from many places in the city . Neighborhoods ( edit ) See also : Neighborhoods of Portland , Oregon The five current addressing sectors of Portland , pending the addition of South Portland The Willamette River , which flows north through downtown , serves as the natural boundary between east and west Portland . The denser and earlier - developed west side extends into the lap of the West Hills , while the flatter east side fans out for roughly 180 blocks until it meets the suburb of Gresham . In 1891 the cities of Portland , Albina , and East Portland were consolidated , creating inconsistent patterns of street names and addresses . The `` great renumbering '' on September 2 , 1931 standardized street naming patterns , divided Portland into five official quadrants , and changed house numbers from 20 per block to 100 per block . Ladd Carriage House , downtown Portland The United States National Bank Building , downtown Portland The five current quintets ( a.k.a. `` quadrants '' ) of Portland have developed distinctive identities , with mild cultural differences and friendly rivalries between their residents , especially between those who live east of the Willamette River versus west of the river . The official quintets of Portland are : North , Northwest , Northeast , Southwest , and Southeast , with downtown Portland in the SW quadrant . The Willamette River divides the east and west quadrants while Burnside Street , which traverses the entire city lengthwise , divides the north and south quadrants . All addresses within the city are denoted as belonging to one of these specific quadrants with the prefixes : N , NW , NE , SW or SE . Pearl District ( left ) from the Steel Bridge Lloyd District from downtown Portland A new `` sixth sextant '' called South Portland -- which was officially approved by the Portland City Council on June 6 , 2018 -- is roughly bounded by Naito Parkway and Barbur Boulevard to the west , Montgomery Street to the north and Nevada Street to the south . In 2018 , the city 's Bureau of Transportation finalized a plan to transition this part of Portland into South Portland , beginning in May 2020 and to be completed by May 2025 , to reduce confusions by 9 - 1 - 1 dispatchers and delivery services . For example , the current address 0246 SW California St. will become 246 S. California St. effective May 2020 . The Pearl District in Northwest Portland , which was largely occupied by warehouses , light industry and railroad classification yards in the early to mid-20th century , now houses upscale art galleries , restaurants , and retail stores , and is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the city . Areas further west of the Pearl District include neighborhoods known as Uptown and Nob Hill , as well as the Alphabet District and NW 23rd Ave. , a major shopping street lined with clothing boutiques and other upscale retail , mixed with cafes and restaurants . Northeast Portland is home to the Lloyd District , Alberta Arts District , and the Hollywood District . The northernmost point of the city , known simply as North Portland , is also largely residential ; it contains the St. Johns neighborhood , which is historically one of the most ethnically diverse and poorest neighborhoods in the city . Old Town Chinatown is next to the Pearl District in Northwest Portland , while Southwest Portland consists largely of the downtown district , made up of commercial businesses , museums , skyscrapers , and public landmarks . Southeast Portland is largely residential , and consists of the Hawthorne District , Belmont , Brooklyn , and Mount Tabor . Portland 's South Waterfront area has developed into a dense neighborhood of shops , condominiums , and apartments . The area is served by the Portland Streetcar , the MAX Orange Line and four TriMet bus lines . Climate ( edit ) Portland Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 4.9 47 36 3.7 51 36 3.7 57 40 2.7 61 43 2.5 68 49 1.7 74 54 0.7 81 58 0.7 81 58 1.5 76 53 64 46 5.6 53 41 5.5 46 35 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches show Metric conversion J J J O 124 8 93 11 93 14 69 16 6 63 20 9 43 23 12 17 27 14 17 27 14 37 24 12 76 18 8 143 12 5 139 8 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Portland experiences a temperate climate with both oceanic and Mediterranean features . This climate is characterized by warm , dry summers and cool , rainy winters . The precipitation pattern is distinctly Mediterranean , with little to no rainfall occurring during the summer months and more than half of annual precipitation falling between November and February . Of the three most populated cities within the Pacific Northwest ( Seattle , Vancouver , British Columbia and Portland ) Portland has the warmest average temperature , the highest number of sunshine hours , and the fewest inches of rainfall and snowfall . According to the Köppen climate classification , Portland falls within the dry - summer mild temperate zone ( Csb ) , also referred to as a warm - summer Mediterranean climate with a USDA Plant Hardiness Zones between 8b and 9a . Other climate systems , such as the Trewartha climate classification , places it within the oceanic zone ( Do ) , like much of the Pacific Northwest and Western Europe . Summers in Portland are warm to hot , dry , and sunny . The months of June , July , August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches ( 114 mm ) of total rainfall -- only 12 % of the 36.03 in ( 915 mm ) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year . The warmest month is August , with an average high temperature of 81.1 ° F ( 27.3 ° C ) . Because of its inland location 70 miles ( 110 km ) from the coast , as well as the protective nature of the Oregon Coast Range to its west , Portland summers are less susceptible to the moderating influence of the nearby Pacific Ocean . Consequently , Portland experiences heat waves with temperatures rising well above 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) for days at a time , and sometimes above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . On average , temperatures reach or exceed 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) 56 days per year , of which 12 days will reach 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and 1.4 days will reach 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . The most 90 - degree days ever recorded in one year is 29 , which happened in 2015 . The highest temperature ever recorded was 107 ° F ( 42 ° C ) , on July 30 , 1965 , as well as August 8 and 10 , 1981 . The warmest recorded overnight low was 74 ° F ( 23 ° C ) on July 28 , 2009 . A temperature of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) has been recorded in all five months from May through September . Portland 's climate is conducive to the growth of roses . ( Pictured : International Rose Test Garden ) Spring and fall can bring variable weather including warm fronts that send temperatures surging above 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) and cold snaps that plunge daytime temperatures into the 40s ° F ( 4 -- 9 ° C ) . However , consistently mild temperatures in the 50s and 60s ° F ( 12 -- 19 ° C ) are the norm -- with lengthy stretches of cloudy or partly cloudy days beginning in mid fall and continuing into mid spring . Rain often falls as a light drizzle for several consecutive days at a time , contributing to 155 days on average with measurable ( ≥ 0.01 in or 0.25 mm ) precipitation annually . Temperatures have reached 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) as early as May 3 and as late as October 5 , while 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) has been reached as early as April 1 and as late as October 21 . Severe weather , such as thunder and lightning , is uncommon and tornadoes are exceptionally rare . Winters are cool , cloudy , and rainy . The coldest month is December with an average daily high of 45.6 ° F ( 7.6 ° C ) , although overnight lows usually remain above freezing . Evening temperatures fall to or below freezing 33 nights per year on average , but very rarely to or below 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) . There are only 2.1 days per year where the daytime high temperature fails to rise above freezing . The lowest overnight temperature ever recorded was − 3 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) , on February 2 , 1950 , while the coldest daytime high temperature ever recorded was 14 ° F ( − 10 ° C ) on December 30 , 1968 . The average window for freezing temperatures to potentially occur is between November 15 and March 19 , allowing a growing season of 240 days . Snowfall is uncommon with a normal yearly accumulation of 4.3 inches ( 10.9 cm ) , which usually falls during only two or three days per year . Portland has one of the warmest and least snowy winters of any non-Sun Belt city in the United States , with more than 25 percent of its winters receiving no snow whatsoever . The city of Portland avoids snow more frequently than its suburbs , due in part to its low elevation and urban heat island effect . Neighborhoods outside of the downtown core , especially in slightly higher elevations near the West Hills and Mount Tabor , can experience a dusting of snow while downtown receives no accumulation at all . The city has experienced a few major snow and ice storms in its past with extreme totals having reached 44.5 in ( 113 cm ) at the airport in 1949 -- 50 and 60.9 in ( 155 cm ) at downtown in 1892 -- 93 . hide Climate data for Portland , Oregon ( PDX ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1940 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 66 ( 19 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80 ( 27 ) 90 ( 32 ) 100 ( 38 ) 102 ( 39 ) 107 ( 42 ) 107 ( 42 ) 105 ( 41 ) 92 ( 33 ) 73 ( 23 ) 65 ( 18 ) 107 ( 42 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 61.4 ( 16.3 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 91.3 ( 32.9 ) 96.7 ( 35.9 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 78.2 ( 25.7 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 100.2 ( 37.9 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 47.0 ( 8.3 ) 51.3 ( 10.7 ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 61.4 ( 16.3 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 80.6 ( 27 ) 81.1 ( 27.3 ) 75.8 ( 24.3 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 39.6 ( 4.2 ) 43.1 ( 6.2 ) 48.6 ( 9.2 ) 53.6 ( 12 ) 57.8 ( 14.3 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 46.0 ( 7.8 ) 40.5 ( 4.7 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 24.6 ( − 4.1 ) 24.5 ( − 4.2 ) 30.3 ( − 0.9 ) 34.2 ( 1.2 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 44.4 ( 6.9 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 28.4 ( − 2 ) 23.7 ( − 4.6 ) 19.6 ( − 6.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 2 ( − 19 ) − 3 ( − 19 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 39 ( 4 ) 43 ( 6 ) 44 ( 7 ) 34 ( 1 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 6 ( − 14 ) − 3 ( − 19 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.88 ( 124 ) 3.66 ( 93 ) 3.68 ( 93.5 ) 2.73 ( 69.3 ) 2.47 ( 62.7 ) 1.70 ( 43.2 ) 0.65 ( 16.5 ) 0.67 ( 17 ) 1.47 ( 37.3 ) 3.00 ( 76.2 ) 5.63 ( 143 ) 5.49 ( 139.4 ) 36.03 ( 915.2 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.1 ( 5.3 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 4.3 ( 10.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 18.0 14.9 17.6 16.4 13.6 9.2 4.1 3.9 6.7 12.5 19.0 18.6 154.5 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.7 1.5 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1.5 4.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 80.9 78.0 74.6 71.6 68.7 65.8 62.8 64.8 69.4 77.9 81.5 82.7 73.2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 85.6 116.4 191.1 221.1 276.1 290.2 331.9 298.1 235.7 151.7 79.3 63.7 2,340.9 Percent possible sunshine 30 40 52 54 60 62 70 68 63 45 28 23 52 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 2,874 -- 1870 8,293 188.6 % 1880 17,577 111.9 % 1890 46,385 163.9 % 1900 90,426 94.9 % 1910 207,214 129.2 % 1920 258,288 24.6 % 1930 301,815 16.9 % 1940 305,394 1.2 % 1950 373,628 22.3 % 1960 372,676 − 0.3 % 1970 382,619 2.7 % 1980 366,383 − 4.2 % 1990 437,319 19.4 % 2000 529,121 21.0 % 583,776 10.3 % Est. 2017 647,805 11.0 % U.S. Decennial Census hide Demographic profile 1990 1970 1940 White 76.1 % 84.6 % 92.2 % 98.1 % -- Non-Hispanic whites 72.2 % 82.9 % 90.7 % -- Black or African American 6.3 % 7.7 % 5.6 % 0.6 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 9.4 % 3.2 % 1.7 % -- Asian 7.1 % 5.3 % 1.3 % 1.2 % The 2010 census reported the city as 76.1 % White ( 444,254 people ) , 7.1 % Asian ( 41,448 ) , 6.3 % Black or African American ( 36,778 ) , 1.0 % Native American ( 5,838 ) , 0.5 % Pacific Islander ( 2,919 ) , 4.7 % belonging to two or more racial groups ( 24,437 ) and 5.0 % from other races ( 28,987 ) . 9.4 % were Hispanic or Latino , of any race ( 54,840 ) . Whites not of Hispanic origin made up 72.2 % of the total population . In 1940 , Portland 's African - American population was approximately 2,000 and largely consisted of railroad employees and their families . During the war - time Liberty Ship construction boom , the need for workers drew many blacks to the city . The new influx of blacks settled in specific neighborhoods , such as the Albina district and Vanport . The May 1948 flood which destroyed Vanport eliminated the only integrated neighborhood , and an influx of blacks into the northeast quadrant of the city continued . Portland 's longshoremen racial mix was described as being `` lily - white '' in the 1960s , when the local International Longshore and Warehouse Union declined to represent grain handlers since some were black . At 6.3 % , Portland 's African American population is three times the state average . Over two thirds of Oregon 's African - American residents live in Portland . As of the 2000 census , three of its high schools ( Cleveland , Lincoln and Wilson ) were over 70 % white , reflecting the overall population , while Jefferson High School was 87 % non-white . The remaining six schools have a higher number of non-whites , including blacks and Asians . Hispanic students average from 3.3 % at Wilson to 31 % at Roosevelt . Graph showing the city 's population growth from 1850 to 2010 Portland residents identifying solely as Asian Americans account for 7.1 % of the population ; an additional 1.8 % is partially of Asian heritage . Vietnamese Americans make up 2.2 % of Portland 's population , and make up the largest Asian ethnic group in the city , followed by Chinese ( 1.7 % ) , Filipinos ( 0.6 % ) , Japanese ( 0.5 % ) , Koreans ( 0.4 % ) , Laotians ( 0.4 % ) , Hmong ( 0.2 % ) , and Cambodians ( 0.1 % ) . A small population of Yao people live in Portland . Portland has two Chinatowns , with New Chinatown along SE 82nd Avenue with Chinese supermarkets , Hong Kong style noodle houses , dim sum , and Vietnamese phở restaurants . With about 12,000 Vietnamese residing in the city proper , Portland has one of the largest Vietnamese populations in America per capita . According to statistics there are 21,000 Pacific Islanders in Portland , making up 4 % of the population . Map of racial distribution in Portland , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot represents 25 people , according to the following color code : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) . Portland 's population has been and remains predominantly white . In 1940 , whites were over 98 % of the city 's population . In 2009 , Portland had the fifth - highest percentage of white residents among the 40 largest U.S. metropolitan areas . A 2007 survey of the 40 largest cities in the U.S. concluded Portland 's urban core has the highest percentage of white residents . Some scholars have noted the Pacific Northwest as a whole is `` one of the last Caucasian bastions of the United States '' . While Portland 's diversity was historically comparable to metro Seattle and Salt Lake City , those areas grew more diverse in the late 1990s and 2000s . Portland not only remains white , but migration to Portland is disproportionately white . The Oregon Territory banned African American settlement in 1849 . In the 19th century , certain laws allowed the immigration of Chinese laborers but prohibited them from owning property or bringing their families . The early 1920s saw the rapid growth of the Ku Klux Klan , which became very influential in Oregon politics , culminating in the election of Walter M. Pierce as governor . The largest influxes of minority populations occurred during World War II , as the African American population grew by a factor of 10 for wartime work . After World War II , the Vanport flood in 1948 displaced many African Americans . As they resettled , redlining directed the displaced workers from the wartime settlement to neighboring Albina . There and elsewhere in Portland , they experienced police hostility , lack of employment , and mortgage discrimination , leading to half the black population leaving after the war . In the 1980s and 1990s , radical skinhead groups flourished in Portland . In 1988 , Mulugeta Seraw , an Ethiopian immigrant , was killed by three skinheads . The response to his murder involved a community - driven series of rallies , campaigns , nonprofits and events designed to address Portland 's racial history , leading to a city considered significantly more tolerant than in 1988 at Seraw 's death . During the early 2000s , displacement of minorities occurred at a drastic rate . Out of 29 census tracts in north and northeast Portland , ten were majority nonwhite in 2000 . By 2010 , none of these tracts were majority nonwhite as gentrification drove the cost of living up . Today , Portland 's African - American community is concentrated in the north and northeast section of the city , mainly in the King neighborhood . In 2017 , the gentrification of Portland was named by Realtor.com to be among the fastest gentrification of cities in the United States . Households ( edit ) As of the 2010 census , there are 583,776 people residing in the city , organized into 235,508 households . The population density is 4,375.2 people per square mile . There are 265,439 housing units at an average density of 1989.4 per square mile ( 1,236.3 / km2 ) . Population growth in Portland increased 10.3 % between 2000 and 2010 . Population growth in the Portland metropolitan area has outpaced the national average during the last decade , and this is expected to continue over the next 50 years . Out of 223,737 households , 24.5 % have children under the age of 18 living with them , 38.1 % are married couples living together , 10.8 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 47.1 % are non-families. 34.6 % of all households are made up of individuals and 9 % have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . The average household size is 2.3 and the average family size is 3 . The age distribution was 21.1 % under the age of 18 , 10.3 % from 18 to 24 , 34.7 % from 25 to 44 , 22.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 11.6 % who are 65 years of age or older . The median age is 35 years . For every 100 females , there are 97.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there are 95.9 males . The median income for a household in the city is $40,146 , and the median income for a family is $50,271 . Males have a reported median income of $35,279 versus $29,344 reported for females . The per capita income for the city is $22,643. 13.1 % of the population and 8.5 % of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 15.7 % of those under the age of 18 and 10.4 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . Figures delineating the income levels based on race are not available at this time . According to the Modern Language Association , in 2010 80.92 % ( 539,885 ) percent of Multnomah County residents ages 5 and over spoke English as their primary language at home. 8.10 % of the population spoke Spanish ( 54,036 ) , with Vietnamese speakers making up 1.94 % , and Russian 1.46 % . Social ( edit ) St. Michael the Archangel Church ; of the 35 % of religiously affiliated Portland residents , Roman Catholics make up the largest group . The Portland metropolitan area has historically had a significant LGBT population throughout the late 20th and 21st century . In 2015 , the city metro had the second highest percentage of LGBT residents in the United States with 5.4 % of residents identifying as gay , lesbian , bisexual , or transgender , second only to San Francisco . In 2006 , it was reported to have the seventh highest LGBT population in the country , with 8.8 % of residents identifying as gay , lesbian , or bisexual , and the metro ranking fourth in the nation at 6.1 % . The city held its first pride festival in 1975 on the Portland State University campus . Portland has been cited as the least religious city in the United States , with over 42 % of residents identifying as religiously `` unaffiliated '' , according to the nonpartisan and nonprofit Public Religion Research Institute 's American Values Atlas . Of the 35.89 % of the city 's residents who do identify as religious , Roman Catholics make up the largest group , at 15.8 % . The second highest religious group in the city are Evangelical Christians at 6.04 % , with Baptists following behind at 2.5 % . Latter Day Saints make up 2.3 % of the city 's religiously affiliated population , with Lutheran and Pentecostal following behind . 1.48 % of religiously affiliated persons identified themselves as following Eastern religions , while 0.86 % of the religiously affiliated population identified as Jewish , and 0.29 % as Muslim . Economy ( edit ) See also : Companies based in Portland , Oregon Portland 's location is beneficial for several industries . Relatively low energy cost , accessible resources , north -- south and east -- west Interstates , international air terminals , large marine shipping facilities , and both west coast intercontinental railroads are all economic advantages . The U.S. consulting firm Mercer , in a 2009 assessment `` conducted to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments '' , ranked Portland 42nd worldwide in quality of living ; the survey factored in political stability , personal freedom , sanitation , crime , housing , the natural environment , recreation , banking facilities , availability of consumer goods , education , and public services including transportation . In 2012 , the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U.S. by CBS MoneyWatch . Adidas has its North American headquarters in the Overlook neighborhood The city 's marine terminals alone handle over 13 million tons of cargo per year , and the port is home to one of the largest commercial dry docks in the country . The Port of Portland is the third - largest export tonnage port on the west coast of the U.S. , and being about 80 miles ( 130 km ) upriver , it is the largest fresh - water port . The city of Portland is largest shipper of wheat in the United States , and is the second - largest port for wheat in the world . The steel industry 's history in Portland predates World War II . By the 1950s , the steel industry became the city 's number one industry for employment . The steel industry thrives in the region , with Schnitzer Steel Industries , a prominent steel company , shipping a record 1.15 billion tons of scrap metal to Asia during 2003 . Other heavy industry companies include ESCO Corporation and Oregon Steel Mills . Technology is a major component of the city 's economy , with more than 1,200 technology companies existing within the metro . This high density of technology companies has led to the nickname Silicon Forest being used to describe the Portland area , a reference to the abundance of trees in the region and to the Silicon Valley region in Northern California . The area also hosts facilities for software companies and online startup companies , some supported by local seed funding organizations and business incubators . Computer components manufacturer Intel is the Portland area 's largest employer , providing jobs for more than 15,000 people , with several campuses to the west of central Portland in the city of Hillsboro . Coava Coffee The Portland metro area has become a business cluster for athletic and footwear manufacturers . The area is home to the global , North American or U.S. headquarters of Nike , Adidas , Columbia Sportswear , LaCrosse Footwear , Dr. Martens , Li - Ning , Keen , and Hi - Tec Sports . While headquartered elsewhere , Merrell , Amer Sports and Under Armour have design studios and local offices in the Portland area . Portland - based Precision Castparts is one of two Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Oregon , the other being Nike . Other notable Portland - based companies include film animation studio Laika ; commercial vehicle manufacturer Daimler Trucks North America ; advertising firm Wieden + Kennedy ; bankers Umpqua Holdings ; and retailers Fred Meyer , New Seasons Market and Storables . Breweries are another major industry in Portland , which is home to 85 breweries / microbreweries , the most of any city in the world . Additionally , the city boasts a robust coffee culture that now rivals Seattle and hosts over 20 coffee roasters . Housing ( edit ) In 2016 , home prices in Portland grew faster than in any other city in the United States . Apartment rental costs in the Portland metro area are now equal to those in other major cities such as San Diego , Boston , Miami , Seattle , and Los Angeles with the average one bedroom costing between $1,300 and $1,950 per month . New sky rise apartment building and condo complexes have changed the skyline of the city , adding over 16,000 new units since 2010 . Culture ( edit ) Music , film , and performing arts ( edit ) See also : Music of Oregon and List of films shot in Northwestern Oregon The Sagebrush Symphony , an early incarnation of the Portland Youth Philharmonic , performing in Burns c. 1916 Portland is home to a range of classical performing arts institutions , including the Portland Opera , the Oregon Symphony , and the Portland Youth Philharmonic ; the latter , established in 1924 , was the first youth orchestra established in the United States . The city is also home to several theaters and performing arts institutions , including the Oregon Ballet Theatre , Northwest Children 's Theatre , Portland Center Stage , Artists Repertory Theatre , Miracle Theatre , and Tears of Joy Theatre . In 2013 , the Guardian named the city 's music scene as one of the `` most vibrant '' in the United States . Portland is home to famous bands such as the Kingsmen and Paul Revere & the Raiders , both famous for their association with the song `` Louie Louie '' ( 1963 ) . Other widely known musical groups include the Dandy Warhols , Quarterflash , Everclear , Pink Martini , The Hugs , Sleater - Kinney , the Shins , Blitzen Trapper , the Decemberists , and the late Elliott Smith . In the 1980s , the city was home to a burgeoning punk scene , which included bands such as the Wipers and Dead Moon . The city 's now - demolished Satyricon nightclub was a punk venue notorious for being the place where Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain first encountered future wife and Hole frontwoman Courtney Love in 1990 . Love was then a resident of Portland and started several bands there with Kat Bjelland , later of Babes in Toyland . Multi-Grammy award - winning jazz artist Esperanza Spalding is from Portland and performed with the Chamber Music Society of Oregon at a young age . A wide range of films have been shot in Portland , from various independent features to major big - budget productions ( see List of films shot in Oregon for a complete list ) . Director Gus Van Sant has notably set and shot many of his films in the city . The city has also been featured in various television programs , notably the IFC sketch comedy series Portlandia . The series , which ran for eight seasons from 2011 to 2018 , was shot on location in Portland , and satirized the city as a hub of liberal politics , organic food , alternative lifestyles , and anti-establishment attitudes . MTV 's long - time running reality show The Real World was also shot in Portland for the show 's 29th season : The Real World : Portland premiered on MTV in 2013 . Other television series shot in the city include Leverage , The Librarians , Under Suspicion , Grimm , and Nowhere Man . An unusual feature of Portland entertainment is the large number of movie theaters serving beer , often with second - run or revival films . Notable examples of these `` brew and view '' theaters include the Bagdad Theater and Pub , a former vaudeville theater built in 1927 by Universal Studios ; Cinema 21 ; and the Laurelhurst Theater , in operation since 1923 . Portland hosts the world 's longest - running H.P. Lovecraft Film Festival at the Hollywood Theatre . The Oregon Symphony performs at the Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall . The Hollywood Theatre is a non-profit organization . The Art Deco - styled Laurelhurst Theater in the Kerns neighborhood was opened in 1923 . Avalon Theatre in the Belmont neighborhood plays second - run films . The Moreland Theater in the Westmoreland neighborhood One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest premiered at the Bagdad Theater in 1975 . Museums and Recreation ( edit ) See also : List of museums in Portland , Oregon ; Tourism in Portland , Oregon ; and List of artists and art institutions in Portland , Oregon Oregon Museum of Science and Industry ( OMSI ) Portland is home to numerous museums and educational institutions , ranging from art museums to institutions devoted to science and wildlife . Among the science - oriented institutions are the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry ( OMSI ) , which consists of five main halls and other ticketed attractions , such as the USS Blueback submarine , the ultra-large - screen Empirical Theater ( which replaced an OMNIMAX theater in 2013 ) , and the Kendall Planetarium . The World Forestry Center Discovery Museum , located in the city 's Washington Park area , offers educational exhibits on forests and forest - related subjects . Also located in Washington Park are the Hoyt Arboretum , the International Rose Test Garden , the Japanese Garden , and the Oregon Zoo . Portland Art Museum The Portland Art Museum owns the city 's largest art collection and presents a variety of touring exhibitions each year and , with the recent addition of the Modern and Contemporary Art wing , it became one of the United States ' 25 largest museums . Other museums include the Portland Children 's Museum , a museum specifically geared for early childhood development ; and the Oregon Historical Society Museum , founded in 1898 , which has a variety of books , film , pictures , artifacts , and maps dating back throughout Oregon 's history . It houses permanent and temporary exhibits about Oregon history , and hosts traveling exhibits about the history of the United States . Oaks Amusement Park , in the Sellwood district of Southeast Portland , is the city 's only amusement park and is also one of the country 's longest - running amusement parks . It has operated since 1905 and was known as the `` Coney Island of the Northwest '' upon its opening . Cuisine and breweries ( edit ) Portland has been named the best city in the world for street food by several publications and news outlets , including the U.S. News & World Report and CNN . Food carts are extremely popular within the city , with over 600 licensed carts , making Portland one of the most robust street food scenes in North America . In 2014 , the Washington Post called Portland the fourth best city for food in the United States . Travel + Leisure ranked Portland 's food and bar scene No. 5 in the nation in 2012 . Portland is also known as a leader in specialty coffee . The city is home to Stumptown Coffee Roasters as well as dozens of other micro-roasteries and cafes . Widmer Brewing Company headquarters Portland has the most breweries and independent microbreweries of any city in the world , with 58 active breweries within city limits and 70 + within the surrounding metro area . The city receives frequent acclaim as the best beer city in the United States and is consistently ranked as one of the top - five beer destinations in the world . Portland has played a prominent role in the microbrewery revolution in the U.S. and is nicknamed `` Beertown '' and `` Beervana '' as a result . The McMenamin brothers alone have over thirty brewpubs , distilleries , and wineries scattered throughout the metropolitan area , several in renovated cinemas and other historically significant buildings otherwise destined for demolition . Other notable Portland brewers include Widmer Brothers , BridgePort , Portland Brewing , Hair of the Dog , and Hopworks Urban Brewery . Portland hosts a number of festivals throughout the year that celebrate beer and brewing , including the Oregon Brewers Festival , held in Tom McCall Waterfront Park . Held each summer during the last full weekend of July , it is the largest outdoor craft beer festival in North America , with over 70,000 attendees in 2008 . Other major beer festivals throughout the calendar year include the Spring Beer and Wine Festival in April , the North American Organic Brewers Festival in June , the Portland International Beerfest in July , and the Holiday Ale Festival in December . Sustainability ( edit ) Portland is often awarded `` Greenest City in America '' and similar designations . Popular Science awarded Portland the title of the Greenest City in America in 2008 , and Grist magazine listed it in 2007 as the second greenest city in the world . The city became a pioneer of state - directed metropolitan planning , a program which was instituted statewide in 1969 to compact the urban growth boundaries of the city . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Portland , Oregon Providence Park , home of the Portland Timbers and the Portland Thorns Portland is home to two major league sports franchises : the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA and the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer . The Portland Thorns of the National Women 's Soccer League also play in Portland . In 2015 , the Timbers won the MLS Cup , which was the first male professional sports championship for a team from Portland since the Trail Blazers won the NBA championship in 1977 . Despite being the 19th most populated metro area in the United States , Portland contains only one franchise from the NFL , NBA , NHL , or MLB , making it America 's most populated metro area with that distinction . The city has been often rumored to receive an additional franchise , although efforts to acquire a team have failed due to stadium funding issues . Portland sports fans are characterized by their passionate support . The Trail Blazers sold out every home game between 1977 and 1995 , a span of 814 consecutive games , the second - longest streak in American sports history . The Timbers joined MLS in 2011 and have sold out every home match since joining the league , a streak that has now reached 70 + matches . The Timbers season ticket waiting list has reached 10,000 + , the longest waiting list in MLS . In 2015 , they became the first team in the Northwest to win the MLS Cup . Player Diego Valeri marked a new record for fastest goal in MLS Cup history at 27 seconds into the game . The Moda Center , home of the Portland Trail Blazers Two rival universities exist within Portland city limits : the University of Portland Pilots and the Portland State University Vikings , both of whom field teams in popular spectator sports including soccer , baseball , and basketball . Portland State also has a football team . Additionally , the University of Oregon Ducks and the Oregon State University Beavers both receive substantial attention and support from many Portland residents , despite their campuses being 110 and 84 miles from the city , respectively . The Shamrock Run , held annually on St. Patrick 's Day Running is a popular activity in Portland and every year the city hosts the Portland Marathon as well as parts of the Hood to Coast Relay , the world 's largest long - distance relay race ( by number of participants ) . Portland serves as the center to an elite running group , the Nike Oregon Project , and is the residence of several elite runners including British 2012 Olympic 10,000 m and 5,000 m champion Mo Farah , American record holder at 10,000 m Galen Rupp , and 2008 American Olympic bronze medalist at 10,000 m Shalane Flanagan . Portland also hosts numerous cycling events and has become an elite bicycle racing destination . The Oregon Bicycle Racing Association supports hundreds of official bicycling events every year . Weekly events at Alpenrose Velodrome and Portland International Raceway allow for racing nearly every night of the week from March through September . Cyclocross races , such as the Cross Crusade , can attract over 1,000 riders and spectators . Portland area sports teams Club Sport League Championships Venue Founded Attendance Portland Thorns FC Women 's soccer National Women 's Soccer League 2 ( 2013 , 2017 ) Providence Park 2012 16,945 Portland Timbers Soccer Major League Soccer 1 ( 2015 ) Providence Park 2009 21,144 Portland Timbers 2 Soccer USL 0 Merlo Field 2014 1,740 Portland Timbers U23s Soccer Premier Development League 1 ( 2010 ) Providence Park 2008 -- Portland Trail Blazers Basketball National Basketball Association 1 ( 1976 -- 77 ) Moda Center 1970 19,317 Portland Winterhawks Ice hockey Western Hockey League 2 ( 1982 -- 83 , 1997 -- 98 ) Moda Center 1976 6,080 Parks and gardens ( edit ) Main article : List of parks in Portland , Oregon Forest Park is the largest wilderness park in the United States that is within city limits Parks and greenspace planning date back to John Charles Olmsted 's 1903 Report to the Portland Park Board . In 1995 , voters in the Portland metropolitan region passed a regional bond measure to acquire valuable natural areas for fish , wildlife , and people . Ten years later , more than 8,100 acres ( 33 km ) of ecologically valuable natural areas had been purchased and permanently protected from development . Portland is one of only four cities in the U.S. with extinct volcanoes within its boundaries ( along with Pilot Butte in Bend , Oregon , Jackson Volcano in Jackson , Mississippi , and Diamond Head in Honolulu , Hawaii ) . Mount Tabor Park is known for its scenic views and historic reservoirs . Forest Park is the largest wilderness park within city limits in the United States , covering more than 5,000 acres ( 2,023 ha ) . Portland is also home to Mill Ends Park , the world 's smallest park ( a two - foot - diameter circle , the park 's area is only about 0.3 m ) . Washington Park is just west of downtown and is home to the Oregon Zoo , Hoyt Arboretum , the Portland Japanese Garden , and the International Rose Test Garden . Portland is also home to Lan Su Chinese Garden ( formerly the Portland Classical Chinese Garden ) , an authentic representation of a Suzhou - style walled garden . Portland 's east side has several formal public gardens : the historic Peninsula Park Rose Garden , the rose gardens of Ladd 's Addition , the Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden , the Leach Botanical Garden , and The Grotto . Portland 's downtown features two groups of contiguous city blocks dedicated for park space : the North and South Park Blocks . The 37 - acre ( 15 ha ) Tom McCall Waterfront Park was built in 1974 along the length of the downtown waterfront after Harbor Drive was removed ; it now hosts large events throughout the year . The nearby historically significant Burnside Skatepark and five indoor skateparks give Portland a reputation as possibly `` the most skateboard - friendly town in America . '' Tryon Creek State Natural Area is one of three Oregon State Parks in Portland and the most popular ; its creek has a run of steelhead . The other two State Parks are Willamette Stone State Heritage Site , in the West Hills , and the Government Island State Recreation Area in the Columbia River near Portland International Airport . Portland 's city park system has been proclaimed one of the best in America . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , the Trust for Public Land reported Portland had the seventh best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities . ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city 's median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of city residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents . The survey revealed that 80 % of Portlanders live within a half - mile to a park , and over 16 % of Portland 's city area is parkland . Holly Farm Park is a relatively new park in Portland . After it was acquired in 2003 by Portland Parks & Recreation the land was developed into a park by 2007 . Located in Downtown Portland , Keller Fountain Park is named for Portland Development Commission chairwoman Ira Keller . The Portland Japanese Garden is a traditional Japanese garden that opened in 1967 . Cathedral Park , under the St. Johns Bridge , hosts an annual jazz music festival . Named in honor of Oregon 's governor Tom McCall in 1984 , the park opened in 1978 . It hosts several annual events , including the Waterfront Blues Festival and the Oregon Brewers Festival . Originally built as the private residence of The Oregonian publisher Henry Pittock , the grounds of Pittock Mansion are a public park . Law and government ( edit ) See also : Government of Portland , Oregon Portland City Hall The city of Portland is governed by the Portland City Council , which includes the Mayor , four Commissioners , and an auditor . Each is elected citywide to serve a four - year term . The auditor provides checks and balances in the commission form of government and accountability for the use of public resources . In addition , the auditor provides access to information and reports on various matters of city government . Built in 1869 , Pioneer Courthouse ( pictured ) is the oldest federal building in the Pacific Northwest The city 's Office of Neighborhood Involvement serves as a conduit between city government and Portland 's 95 officially recognized neighborhoods . Each neighborhood is represented by a volunteer - based neighborhood association which serves as a liaison between residents of the neighborhood and the city government . The city provides funding to neighborhood associations through seven district coalitions , each of which is a geographical grouping of several neighborhood associations . Most ( but not all ) neighborhood associations belong to one of these district coalitions . Portland and its surrounding metropolitan area are served by Metro , the United States ' only directly elected metropolitan planning organization . Metro 's charter gives it responsibility for land use and transportation planning , solid waste management , and map development . Metro also owns and operates the Oregon Convention Center , Oregon Zoo , Portland Center for the Performing Arts , and Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center . The Multnomah County government provides many services to the Portland area , as do Washington and Clackamas counties to the west and south . Law enforcement is provided by the Portland Police Bureau . Fire and emergency services are provided by Portland Fire & Rescue . Politics ( edit ) Portland is a territorial charter city , and strongly favors the Democratic Party . All city offices are technically non-partisan . Portland 's delegation to the Oregon Legislative Assembly is entirely Democratic . In the current 76th Oregon Legislative Assembly , which first convened in 2011 , four state Senators represent Portland in the state Senate : Diane Rosenbaum ( District 21 ) , Chip Shields ( District 22 ) , Jackie Dingfelder ( District 23 ) , and Rod Monroe ( District 24 ) . Portland sends six Representatives to the state House of Representatives : Jules Bailey ( District 42 ) , Lew Frederick ( District 43 ) , Tina Kotek ( District 44 ) , Michael Dembrow ( District 45 ) , Alissa Keny - Guyer ( District 46 ) , and Jefferson Smith ( District 47 ) . Portland is split among three U.S. congressional districts . Most of the city is in the 3rd District , represented by Earl Blumenauer , who served on the city council from 1986 until his election to Congress in 1996 . Most of the city west of the Willamette River is part of the 1st District , represented by Suzanne Bonamici . A small portion of southwestern Portland is in the 5th District , represented by Kurt Schrader . All three are Democrats ; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Portland in the U.S. House of Representatives since 1975 . Both of Oregon 's senators , Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley , are from Portland and are also both Democrats . In the 2008 presidential election , Democratic candidate Barack Obama easily carried Portland , winning 245,464 votes from city residents to 50,614 for his Republican rival , John McCain . In the 2012 presidential election , Democratic candidate Barack Obama again easily carried Portland , winning 256,925 votes from Multnomah county residents to 70,958 for his Republican rival , Mitt Romney . Sam Adams , the former mayor of Portland , became the city 's first openly gay mayor in 2009 . In 2004 , 59.7 percent of Multnomah County voters cast ballots against Oregon Ballot Measure 36 , which amended the Oregon Constitution to prohibit recognition of same - sex marriages . The measure passed with 56.6 % of the statewide vote . Multnomah County is one of two counties where a majority voted against the initiative ; the other is Benton County , which includes Corvallis , home of Oregon State University . On April 28 , 2005 , Portland became the only city in the nation to withdraw from a Joint Terrorism Task Force . As of February 19 , 2015 , the Portland city council approved permanently staffing the JTTF with two of its city 's police officers . Voter registration and party enrollment As of December 2015 Party Number of voters Percentage Democratic 197,133 54.03 % Republican 40,374 11.07 % Unaffiliated 95,561 26.19 % Libertarian 2,752 0.75 % Other 31,804 8.72 % Total 364,872 100 % Planning and development ( edit ) Play media Video of Portland 's urban growth boundary . The red dots indicate areas of growth between 1986 and 1996 . ( larger size ) The city consulted with urban planners as far back as 1904 , resulting in the development of Washington Park and the 40 - Mile Loop greenway , which interconnects many of the city 's parks . Portland is often cited as an example of a city with strong land use planning controls . This is largely the result of statewide land conservation policies adopted in 1973 under Governor Tom McCall , in particular the requirement for an urban growth boundary ( UGB ) for every city and metropolitan area . The opposite extreme , a city with few or no controls , is typically illustrated by Houston . 1966 photo shows sawdust - fired power plant on the edge of downtown that was removed to make way for dense residential development . High rises to left in background were early projects of the Portland Development Commission Portland 's urban growth boundary , adopted in 1979 , separates urban areas ( where high - density development is encouraged and focused ) from traditional farm land ( where restrictions on non-agricultural development are very strict ) . This was atypical in an era when automobile use led many areas to neglect their core cities in favor of development along interstate highways , in suburbs , and satellite cities . The original state rules included a provision for expanding urban growth boundaries , but critics felt this was n't being accomplished . In 1995 , the State passed a law requiring cities to expand UGBs to provide enough undeveloped land for a 20 - year supply of future housing at projected growth levels . Oregon 's 1973 `` urban growth boundary '' law limits the boundaries for large - scale development in each metropolitan area in Oregon . This limits access to utilities such as sewage , water and telecommunications , as well as coverage by fire , police and schools . Originally this law mandated the city must maintain enough land within the boundary to provide an estimated 20 years of growth ; however , in 2007 the legislature changed the law to require the maintenance of an estimated 50 years of growth within the boundary , as well as the protection of accompanying farm and rural lands . The growth boundary , along with efforts of the PDC to create economic development zones , has led to the development of a large portion of downtown , a large number of mid - and high - rise developments , and an overall increase in housing and business density . The Portland Development Commission is a semi-public agency that plays a major role in downtown development ; city voters created it in 1958 to serve as the city 's urban renewal agency . It provides housing and economic development programs within the city , and works behind the scenes with major local developers to create large projects . In the early 1960s , the PDC led the razing of a large Italian - Jewish neighborhood downtown , bounded roughly by I - 405 , the Willamette River , 4th Avenue and Market street . Mayor Neil Goldschmidt took office in 1972 as a proponent of bringing housing and the associated vitality back to the downtown area , which was seen as emptying out after 5 pm . The effort has had dramatic effects in the 30 years since , with many thousands of new housing units clustered in three areas : north of Portland State University ( between I - 405 , SW Broadway , and SW Taylor St . ) ; the RiverPlace development along the waterfront under the Marquam ( I - 5 ) bridge ; and most notably in the Pearl District ( between I - 405 , Burnside St. , NW Northrup St. , and NW 9th Ave . ) . The 2015 - opened Tilikum Crossing attracted national attention for being a major bridge open only to transit vehicles , cyclists and pedestrians , and not private motor vehicles Historically , environmental consciousness has weighed significantly in the city 's planning and development efforts . Portland was one of the first cities in the United States to promote and integrate alternative forms of transportation , such as the MAX Light Rail and extensive bike paths . The city 's longstanding efforts were recognized in a 2010 Reuters report , which named Portland the second-most environmentally conscious or `` green '' city in the world after Reykjavik , Iceland . As of 2012 , Portland was the largest city in the United States that did not add fluoride to its public water supply , and fluoridation has historically been a subject of controversy in the city . Portland voters have four times voted against fluoridation , in 1956 , 1962 , 1980 ( repealing a 1978 vote in favor ) , and 2013 . In 2012 the city council , responding to advocacy from public health organizations and others , voted unanimously to begin fluoridation by 2014 . Fluoridation opponents forced a public vote on the issue , and on May 21 , 2013 , city voters again rejected fluoridation . Free speech ( edit ) Protests against the Iraq War on March 19 , 2006 Strong free speech protections of the Oregon Constitution upheld by the Oregon Supreme Court in State v. Henry , specifically found that full nudity and lap dances in strip clubs are protected speech . Portland has the highest number of strip clubs per - capita in a city in the United States , and Oregon ranks as the highest state for per - capita strip clubs . In addition to its strip clubs and erotic massage parlors , the city also has a high rate of child sex trafficking . In November 2008 , a Multnomah County judge dismissed charges against a nude bicyclist arrested on June 26 , 2008 . The judge stated that the city 's annual World Naked Bike Ride -- held each year in June since 2004 -- has created a `` well - established tradition '' in Portland where cyclists may ride naked as a form of protest against cars and fossil fuel dependence . The defendant was not riding in the official World Naked Bike Ride at the time of his arrest as it had occurred 12 days earlier that year , on June 14 . A state law prohibiting publicly insulting a person in a way likely to provoke a violent response was tested in Portland and struck down unanimously by the State Supreme Court as violating protected free speech and being overly broad . Crime ( edit ) According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Uniform Crime Report in 2009 , Portland ranked 53rd in violent crime out of the top 75 U.S. cities with a population greater than 250,000 . The murder rate in Portland in 2013 averaged 2.3 murders per 100,000 people per year , which was lower than the national average . In October 2009 , Forbes magazine rated Portland as the third safest city in America . Below is a sortable table containing violent crime data from each Portland neighborhood during the calendar year of 2014 . show Violent Crime by Neighborhood in Portland ( 2014 ) Totals Per 100,000 residents Neighborhood Population Aggravated Assault Homicide Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Homicide Rape Robbery Alameda 5,214 0 19.2 0.0 19.2 19.2 Arbor Lodge 6,153 8 0 0 14 130.0 0.0 0.0 227.5 Ardenwald - Johnson Creek 4,748 0 0 0 0.0 21.1 0.0 0.0 Argay 6,006 19 0 12 316.4 0.0 33.3 199.8 Arlington Heights 718 0 0 139.3 0.0 0.0 139.3 Arnold Creek 3,125 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ashcreek 5,719 0 0 69.9 17.5 0.0 0.0 Beaumont - Wilshire 5,346 0 0 0 18.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Boise 3,311 11 0 332.2 0.0 30.2 120.8 Brentwood - Darlington 12,994 30 0 5 12 230.9 0.0 38.5 92.4 Bridgeton 725 0 0 0 137.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bridlemile 5,481 0 0 36.5 0.0 0.0 18.2 Brooklyn 3,485 6 0 0 172.2 0.0 0.0 114.8 Buckman 8,472 46 0 19 543.0 0.0 47.2 224.3 Cathedral Park 3,349 8 0 238.9 0.0 29.9 29.9 Centennial 23,662 94 7 28 397.3 8.5 29.6 118.3 Collins View 3,036 0 0 0 32.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concordia 9,550 8 0 6 83.8 0.0 10.5 62.8 Creston - Kenilworth 8,227 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.2 Crestwood 1,047 12 0 0 7 1146.1 0.0 0.0 668.6 Cully 13,209 47 9 25 355.8 15.1 68.1 189.3 Downtown 12,801 95 10 75 742.1 7.8 78.1 585.9 East Columbia 1,748 13 0 0 13 743.7 0.0 0.0 743.7 Eastmoreland 5,007 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 Eliot 3,611 19 0 9 526.2 0.0 83.1 249.2 Far Southwest 1,320 0 0 75.8 0.0 75.8 0.0 Forest Park 4,129 0 0 0 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foster - Powell 7,335 19 0 8 259.0 0.0 27.3 109.1 Glenfair 3,417 18 0 14 526.8 0.0 87.8 409.7 Goose Hollow 6,507 14 0 9 215.2 0.0 15.4 138.3 Grant Park 3,937 5 0 0 127.0 0.0 25.4 0.0 Hayden Island 2,270 8 0 0 10 352.4 0.0 0.0 440.5 Hayhurst 5,382 0 0 74.3 0.0 18.6 0.0 Hazelwood 23,462 116 13 50 494.4 12.8 55.4 213.1 Healy Heights 187 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hillsdale 7,540 0 13.3 13.3 13.3 0.0 Hillside 2,200 0 0 0 45.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hollywood 1,578 10 0 8 633.7 0.0 63.4 507.0 Homestead 2,009 0 0 149.3 0.0 149.3 0.0 Hosford - Abernethy 7,336 7 0 0 6 95.4 0.0 0.0 81.8 Humboldt 5,110 29 0 5 567.5 19.6 0.0 97.8 Irvington 8,501 10 0 117.6 0.0 35.3 35.3 Kenton 7,272 24 0 0 18 330.0 0.0 0.0 247.5 Kerns 5,340 9 0 6 168.5 0.0 37.5 112.4 King 6,149 19 0 12 309.0 0.0 16.3 195.2 Laurelhurst 4,633 0 0 64.8 0.0 0.0 43.2 Lents 20,465 73 7 41 356.7 9.8 34.2 200.3 Linnton 941 0 0 106.3 0.0 318.8 0.0 Lloyd District 1,142 21 6 42 1838.9 87.6 525.4 3677.8 Madison South 7,130 21 0 11 294.5 0.0 28.1 154.3 Maplewood 2,557 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.1 Markham 2,248 0 0 0 44.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Marshall Park 1,248 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mill Park 8,650 31 0 10 358.4 0.0 34.7 115.6 Montavilla 16,287 49 0 30 300.9 0.0 12.3 184.2 Mount Scott - Arleta 7,397 18 0 7 243.3 0.0 54.1 94.6 Mount Tabor 10,162 0 0 39.4 0.0 0.0 19.7 Multnomah 7,409 0 13.5 0.0 27.0 27.0 North Tabor 5,163 8 154.9 19.4 19.4 77.5 Northwest District 13,399 25 0 19 186.6 0.0 22.4 141.8 Northwest Heights 4,806 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Old Town - Chinatown 3,922 106 6 47 2702.7 25.5 153.0 1198.4 Overlook 6,093 16 0 5 12 262.6 0.0 82.1 196.9 Parkrose 6,363 52 6 817.2 15.7 62.9 94.3 Parkrose Heights 6,119 12 0 0 10 196.1 0.0 0.0 163.4 Pearl 5,997 19 0 19 316.8 0.0 66.7 316.8 Piedmont 7,025 14 0 199.3 0.0 28.5 42.7 Pleasant Valley 12,743 9 0 0 70.6 0.0 15.7 0.0 Portsmouth 9,789 37 6 13 378.0 30.6 61.3 132.8 Powellhurst - Gilbert 30,639 124 8 48 404.7 6.5 26.1 156.7 Reed 4,399 5 0 0 0 113.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Richmond 11,607 13 7 112.0 8.6 25.8 60.3 Rose City Park 8,982 6 0 0 8 66.8 0.0 0.0 89.1 Roseway 6,323 14 0 221.4 15.8 0.0 47.4 Russell 3,175 0 94.5 0.0 31.5 63.0 Sabin 4,149 9 0 216.9 0.0 24.1 72.3 Sellwood - Moreland 11,621 5 0 43.0 0.0 17.2 17.2 South Burlingame 1,747 0 0 0 229.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Portland 6,631 0 60.3 0.0 15.1 60.3 South Tabor 5,995 9 0 150.1 0.0 33.4 33.4 Southwest Hills 8,389 0 0 0 23.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 St. Johns 12,207 51 0 5 18 417.8 0.0 41.0 147.5 Sullivan 's Gulch 3,139 7 0 6 223.0 0.0 31.9 191.1 Sumner 2,137 14 0 655.1 0.0 46.8 187.2 Sunderland 718 0 278.6 0.0 139.3 139.3 Sunnyside 7,354 9 0 0 5 122.4 0.0 0.0 68.0 Sylvan - Highlands 1,317 0 0 75.9 0.0 0.0 151.9 University Park 6,035 9 0 0 7 149.1 0.0 0.0 116.0 Vernon 2,585 6 0 0 7 232.1 0.0 0.0 270.8 West Portland Park 3,921 6 0 0 153.0 0.0 0.0 25.5 Wilkes 8,775 15 0 7 170.9 0.0 45.6 79.8 Woodland Park 176 0 0 0.0 0.0 568.2 568.2 Woodlawn 4,933 17 0 8 344.6 0.0 20.3 162.2 Woodstock 8,942 11 11 123.0 22.4 11.2 123.0 Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Portland , Oregon Primary and secondary education ( edit ) St. Mary 's Academy , a private Roman Catholic girls ' school established in 1859 Six public school districts and many private schools serve Portland . Portland Public Schools is the largest school district , operating 85 public schools . David Douglas High School , in the Powellhurst neighborhood , has the largest enrollment of any public high school in the city . Other high schools include Benson Polytechnic High School , Cleveland High School , Grant High School , Jefferson High School , Madison High School and Roosevelt High School . Established in 1869 , Lincoln High School is the city 's oldest public education institution , and is one of two of the oldest high schools west of the Mississippi River ( after San Francisco 's Lowell High School ) . Former public schools in the city included Washington High School , which operated from 1906 until 1981 , as well as Jackson High School , which also closed the same year . The area 's private schools include The Northwest Academy , Portland Jewish Academy , Rosemary Anderson High School , Portland Adventist Academy , Portland Lutheran School , the Portland Waldorf School , and Trinity Academy . The city and surrounding metropolitan area is also home to a large number of Roman Catholic - affiliated private schools , including St. Mary 's Academy , an all - girls school ; De La Salle North Catholic High School ; the co-educational Jesuit High School ; La Salle High School ; and Central Catholic High School , the only archdiocesan high school in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland . Higher education ( edit ) Eliot Hall , Reed College Urban Center , Portland State University Portland State University has the second - largest enrollment rate of any university in the state ( after Oregon State University ) , with a student body of nearly 30,000 . It has been named among the top fifteen percentile of American universities by The Princeton Review for undergraduate education , and has been internationally recognized for its degrees in Masters of Business Administration and urban planning . The city is also home to the Oregon Health & Science University , as well as Portland Community College . Notable private universities include the University of Portland , a Roman Catholic university affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross ; Reed College , a rigorous liberal arts college , ranked by Forbes as the 52nd best college in the country ; and Lewis & Clark College . Other institutions of higher learning within the city are : Pacific Northwest College of Art Concordia University Linfield College Multnomah University Cascade College Warner Pacific College Oregon College of Oriental Medicine National University of Natural Medicine The Art Institute of Portland Northwest Film Center Lewis & Clark Law School Oregon Culinary Institute University of Western States Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Portland , Oregon See also : List of radio stations in Oregon and List of television stations in Oregon The Oregonian Building of 1892 , which no longer stands The Oregonian is the only daily general - interest newspaper serving Portland . It also circulates throughout the state and in Clark County , Washington . KPTV is the Fox Broadcasting Company affiliate Smaller local newspapers , distributed free of charge in newspaper boxes and at venues around the city , include the Portland Tribune ( general - interest paper published on Tuesdays and Thursdays ) , Willamette Week ( general - interest alternative weekly published on Wednesdays ) , The Portland Mercury ( another alt - weekly , targeted at younger urban readers published on Thursdays ) , The Asian Reporter ( a weekly covering Asian news , both international and local ) and The Skanner ( a weekly African - American newspaper covering both local and national news ) . Portland Indymedia is one of the oldest and largest Independent Media Centers . The Portland Alliance , a largely anti-authoritarian progressive monthly , is the largest radical print paper in the city . Just Out , published in Portland twice monthly until the end of 2011 , was the region 's foremost LGBT publication . A biweekly paper , Street Roots , is also sold within the city by members of the homeless community . The Portland Business Journal , a weekly , covers business - related news , as does The Daily Journal of Commerce . Portland Monthly is a monthly news and culture magazine . The Bee , over 105 years old , is another neighborhood newspaper serving the inner southeast neighborhoods . Infrastructure ( edit ) Healthcare ( edit ) Main article : List of hospitals in Portland , Oregon Legacy Good Samaritan Medical Center Legacy Health , a non-profit healthcare system in Portland , operates multiple facilities in the city and surrounding suburbs . These include Legacy Emanuel , founded in 1912 , in Northeast Portland ; and Legacy Good Samaritan , founded in 1875 , and in Northwest Portland . Randall 's Children 's Hospital operates at the Legacy Emanuel Campus . Good Samaritan has centers for breast health , cancer , and stroke , and is home to the Legacy Devers Eye Institute , the Legacy Obesity and Diabetes Institute , the Legacy Diabetes and Endocrinology Center , the Legacy Rehabilitation Clinic of Oregon , and the Linfield - Good Samaritan School of Nursing . The Catholic - affiliated Providence Health & Services operates Providence Portland Medical Center in the North Tabor neighborhood of the city . Oregon Health & Science University is a university hospital formed in 1974 . The Veterans Affairs Medical Center operates next to the Oregon Health & Science University main campus . Adventist Medical Center also serves the city . Shriners Hospital for Children is a small children 's hospital established in 1923 . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Portland , Oregon MAX Light Rail is the centerpiece of the city 's public transportation system . Portland Streetcar is a three - line system serving downtown and nearby areas . The Portland metropolitan area has transportation services common to major U.S. cities , though Oregon 's emphasis on proactive land - use planning and transit - oriented development within the urban growth boundary means commuters have multiple well - developed options . In 2014 , Travel + Leisure magazine rated Portland as the No. 1 most pedestrian and transit - friendly city in the United States . A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Portland 12th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities . In 2008 , 12.6 % of all commutes in Portland were on public transit . TriMet operates most of the region 's buses and the MAX ( short for Metropolitan Area Express ) light rail system , which connects the city and suburbs . The 1986 - opened MAX system has expanded to five lines , with the latest being the Orange Line to Milwaukie , in service as of September 2015 . WES Commuter Rail opened in February 2009 in Portland 's western suburbs , linking Beaverton and Wilsonville . The city - owned Portland Streetcar serves two routes in the Central City -- downtown and adjacent districts . The first line , which opened in 2001 and was extended in 2005 -- 2007 , operates from the South Waterfront District through Portland State University and north through the West End of downtown , to shopping areas and dense residential districts north and northwest of downtown . The second line that opened in 2012 added 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) of tracks on the east side of the Willamette River and across the Broadway Bridge to a connection with the original line . The east - side line completed a loop to the tracks on the west side of the river upon completion of the new Tilikum Crossing in 2015 , and , in anticipation of that , had been named the Central Loop line in 2012 . However , it was renamed the Loop Service , with an A Loop ( clockwise ) and B Loop ( counterclockwise ) , when it became a complete loop with the opening of the Tilikum Crossing bridge . Fifth and Sixth avenues within downtown comprise the Portland Transit Mall , two streets devoted primarily to bus and light rail traffic with limited automobile access . Opened in 1977 for buses , the transit mall was renovated and rebuilt in 2007 -- 09 , with light rail added . Starting in 1975 and lasting nearly four decades , all transit service within downtown Portland was free , the area being known by TriMet as Fareless Square , but a need for minor budget cuts and funding needed for expansion prompted the agency to limit free rides to rail service only in 2010 , and subsequently to discontinue the fare - free zone entirely in 2012 . TriMet provides real - time tracking of buses and trains with its TransitTracker , and makes the data available to software developers so they can create customized tools of their own . Union Station I - 5 connects Portland with the Willamette Valley , Southern Oregon , and California to the south and with Washington to the north . I - 405 forms a loop with I - 5 around the central downtown area of the city and I - 205 is a loop freeway route on the east side which connects to the Portland International Airport . U.S. 26 supports commuting within the metro area and continues to the Pacific Ocean westward and Mount Hood and Central Oregon eastward . U.S. 30 has a main , bypass , and business route through the city extending to Astoria to the west ; through Gresham , Oregon , and the eastern exurbs , and connects to I - 84 , traveling towards Boise , Idaho . Portland ranks 13th in traffic congestion of all American cities , and is 16th among all North American cities . Portland 's main airport is Portland International Airport , about 20 minutes by car ( 40 minutes by MAX ) northeast of downtown . Portland is also home to Oregon 's only public use heliport , the Portland Downtown Heliport . Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , provides service to Portland at Union Station on three routes . Long - haul train routes include the Coast Starlight ( with service from Los Angeles to Seattle ) and the Empire Builder ( with service from Seattle / Portland to Chicago . ) The Amtrak Cascades state - supported trains operate between Vancouver and Eugene , Oregon , and serve Portland several times daily . The city is also served by Greyhound Lines intercity bus service which operates BoltBus an express bus service . The bus depot is about one block from the Portland Union Station . The city 's first airport was the Swan Island Municipal Airport which was closed in the 1940s . The Portland Aerial Tram connects the South Waterfront district with OHSU Portland is the only city in the United States that owns operating mainline steam locomotives , donated to the city in 1958 by the railroads that ran them . Spokane , Portland & Seattle 700 and the world - famous Southern Pacific 4449 can be seen several times a year pulling a special excursion train , either locally or on an extended trip . The `` Holiday Express '' , pulled over the tracks of the Oregon Pacific Railroad on weekends in December , has become a Portland tradition over its several years running . These trains and others are operated by volunteers of the Oregon Rail Heritage Foundation , an amalgamation of rail preservation groups which collaborated on the finance and construction of the Oregon Rail Heritage Center , a permanent and publicly accessible home for the locomotives , which opened in 2012 adjacent to OMSI . In Portland , cycling is a significant mode of transportation . As the city has been particularly supportive of urban bicycling it now ranks highly among the most bicycle - friendly cities in the world . Approximately 8 % of commuters bike to work , the highest proportion of any major U.S. city and about 10 times the national average . For its achievements in promoting cycling as an everyday means of transportation , Portland has been recognized by the League of American Bicyclists and other cycling organizations for its network of on - street bicycling facilities and other bicycle - friendly services , being one of only three U.S. cities to have earned a Platinum - level rating . A new bicycle - sharing system , Biketown , launched on July 19 , 2016 , with 100 stations in the city 's central and eastside neighborhoods . The bikes were provided by Social Bicycles , and the system is operated by Motivate . Car sharing through Zipcar , Car2Go , Getaround , and Uhaul Car Share is available to residents of the city and some inner suburbs . Portland has a commuter aerial cableway , the Portland Aerial Tram , which connects the South Waterfront district on the Willamette River to the Oregon Health & Science University campus on Marquam Hill above . Fremont Bridge St. Johns Bridge Broadway Bridge Glenn Jackson Bridge Hawthorne Bridge Morrison Bridge Interstate Bridge Notable people ( edit ) See List of people from Portland , Oregon Sister cities ( edit ) Sapporo , Japan is Portland 's oldest sister city Portland has ten sister cities and one `` friendship city '' ( Utrecht ) ; each city is required to maintain long - term involvement and participation : Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan ( November 17 , 1959 ) Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico ( September 23 , 1983 ) Ashkelon , Israel ( October 13 , 1987 ) Ulsan , South Korea ( November 20 , 1987 ) Suzhou , Jiangsu , People 's Republic of China ( June 7 , 1988 ) Khabarovsk , Russia ( June 10 , 1988 ) Kaohsiung , Taiwan ( October 11 , 1988 ) Mutare , Zimbabwe ( December 18 , 1991 ) Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Italy ( June 5 , 2003 ) Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia ( September 29 , 2014 ) Utrecht , Netherlands See also ( edit ) Oregon portal United States portal 1972 Portland -- Vancouver tornado List of hospitals in Portland , Oregon List of sports venues in Portland , Oregon Roses in Portland , Oregon Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon Keep Portland Weird Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Oregon 's population as of 2015 was 4,028,977 ; with the MSA being 2,424,955 , this leaves 65 % of Oregon 's population residing within the metro . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Portland have been kept at PDX since 13 October 1940 . In January 1996 , snow measurements for PDX were moved to the NWS Portland office 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) to the east at 5241 NE 122nd Avenue , Portland , OR 97230 - 1089 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Portland : The Town that was Almost Boston '' . National Association of Scientific Materials Managers . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City Home '' . City of Portland , Oregon . 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The highest elevation is at 9936 NW Wind Ridge Dr. , 45 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 122 ° 46 ′ 43 '' W  /  45.55873 ° N 122.77854 ° W  / 45.55873 ; - 122.77854  ( Portland highest elevation ) . `` City of Portland Urban Services Area '' . Bureau of Planning and Sustainability . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The lowest elevation historically occurred at low water on January 17 , 1937 at the confluence of the Columbia and Willamette Rivers 45 ° 39 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 45 ′ 46 '' W  /  45.65096 ° N 122.76289 ° W  / 45.65096 ; - 122.76289  ( Portland lowest elevation ) . `` Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service : Portland : Columbia River at Vancouver '' . Water.weather.gov . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census '' . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Census population estimates for every U.S. city , county , state ( database ) '' . Jump up ^ Danver , Steven L. , ed. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West . CQ Press . pp. 533 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 506 - 35491 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baker , Emerson W. ( 2005 ) . `` Portland as a Contested Frontier in the Seventeenth Century '' . In Conforti , Joseph A. Creating Portland : History and Place in Northern New England . Lebanon , NH : University of New Hampshire Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9781584654490 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olsen , Polina ( 2012 ) . Portland in the 1960s : Stories from the Counterculture . Charleston , South Carolina : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 471 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weber , Peter ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Do n't let Portlandia ruin Portland '' . The Week . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nate Berg ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Only Elected Regional Government in the U.S. '' City Lab . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The `` Smart Growth '' Debate Continues `` . Urban Mobility Corporation . May -- June 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kate Sheppard ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` 15 Green Cities '' . Environmental News and Commentary . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haru Fisher , Robert ( February 13 , 2004 ) . `` Portland , Oregon : Green City of Roses Frommers.com '' . Frommer 's . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Portland -- MSN Encarta . Encarta.msn.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Burns & Sargent 2009 , pp. 175 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Marschner 2008 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Susan ( 2009 ) . `` East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study '' . City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott 1890 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Orloff , Chet ( 2004 ) . `` Maintaining Eden : John Charles Olmsted and the Portland Park System '' . Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. 66 : 114 -- 119 . doi : 10.1353 / pcg. 2004.0006 . Jump up ^ `` Overton Cabin '' . Oregon History Project . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 . U.S. Bureau of the Census -- Population Division . Jump up ^ Scott 1890 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Loy , William G. ; Stuart Allan ; Aileen R. Buckley ; James E. Meacham ( 2001 ) . Atlas of Oregon . University of Oregon Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 87114 - 101 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Timeline '' . Portland Online . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City keeps lively pulse '' . ( Spencer Heinz , The Oregonian , January 23 , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roos , Roy E. ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` The White Eagle Saloon '' . Eliot Neighborhood . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John 2012 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ John 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ MacColl , E. Kimbark ( November 1976 ) . The Shaping of a City : Business and Politics in Portland , Oregon 1885 to 1915 . Portland , Oregon : The Georgian Press Company . OCLC 2645815 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Sarah . `` The Shanghai Tunnels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chandler 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Portland , OR '' . Jump up ^ `` Portland ( detention facility ) '' . Densho Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Janey . `` Portland 's Dirty Little Secret : How Vice and Corruption Held the Rose City In Its Clutches '' ( PDF ) . Oregon History . ^ Jump up to : Toll , William ( 2003 ) . `` Home Front Boom '' . Oregon Historical Society . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1960s '' . Oregon Live . An Oregon Century . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1970s '' . Oregon Live . An Oregon Century . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1990s '' . An Oregon Century . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Clair Cane ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Will Portland Always Be a Retirement Community for the Young ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Flower '' . City of Portland Auditor 's Office -- City Recorder Division . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Henry ( June 19 , 2003 ) . `` Name comes up roses for P - town : City Council sees no thorns in picking ' City of Roses ' as Portland 's moniker '' . The Oregonian ^ Jump up to : `` The Water '' . Portland State University . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` From Robin 's Nest to Stumptown '' . End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center . February 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Nena ( May 21 , 1991 ) . `` R.I.P. FOR ' Rip City ' Ruckus '' . The Oregonian . pp. A01 . Jump up ^ `` Portland is new Soccer City , USA '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . United Press International . August 13 , 1975 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Seeking Help to Bring an M.L.S. Team to Portland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dure , Beau ( August 26 , 2009 ) . `` Portland Timbers show bark , bite as they prepare to join MLS '' . USA Today . McLean , Virginia . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hagestedt , Andre ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Missing Oregon Coast : Waves After Dark '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . I 'm used to seeing that hint of dawn back in P - town , with my wretched habit of playing video games until 6 a.m Jump up ^ McCall , William ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` ' Little Beirut ' nickname has stuck '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Boring Lava Field , Portland , Oregon '' . USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tabor Cinder Cone , Portland , Oregon '' . USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nokes , R. Gregory ( December 4 , 2000 ) . `` History , relived saved from St. Helens by a six - pack of Fresca '' . The Oregonian . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Donald ( 1963 ) . Geology of Portland , Oregon and Adjacent Areas ( PDF ) . Geological Survey Bulletin . pp. 1 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Banse , Tom ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Geologists Keep Finding More Northwest Earthquake Faults '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rojas - Burke , Joe ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comparing Portland 's quake risk to that of devastated Christchurch , New Zealand '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mesh , Aaron ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Quake - Up Call '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bott , Jacqueline D.J. ; Wong , Ivan G. ( September 1993 ) . `` Historical Earthquakes in and around Portland , Oregon '' . Oregon Geology. 55 ( 5 ) : 116 . Jump up ^ McDonough , P.W. , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Nisqually , Washington , Earthquake of February 28 , 2001 . Open - File Report 2002 - 346 . American Society of Civil Engineers . pp. 28 , 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 7516 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cassuto , Dan ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` 7,000 high - risk landslide zones in Portland area ; check if you live in one '' . KATU . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portland High Point - Peakbagger.com '' . www.peakbagger.com . Jump up ^ Ordinance 61325 : Street re-numbering report . Providing for renumbering of buildings and renaming of streets. , Auditor of the City of Portland , February 28 , 1933 , retrieved August 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Reed , Jackson ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Perceptions of Portland 's east side changing '' . DJCOregon.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Templeton , Amelia . `` South Portland Becomes City 's Newest Address Area '' . www.opb.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Amy Frazier and KOIN staff ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' South Portland ' may be newest city destination '' . KOIN . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hottman , Sara ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` New Pearl District affordable apartment highlights misperception of neighborhood 's wealth '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nob Hill Neighborhood Guide Portlandneighborhood.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Butler , Grant ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Rediscover the north end of NW 23rd Avenue , where the vibe is more quirky than trendy '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roth , Sara . `` The Changing Face of St. Johns '' . KGW . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2014 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Ecological Zoning for the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 '' . Forestry Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization . 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average Annual Temperatures for Large US Cities -- Current Results '' . www.currentresults.com . Jump up ^ Kottek , M. ; J. Grieser ; C. Beck ; B. Rudolf ; F. Rubel ( 2006 ) . `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . Meteorol . Z. 15 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 263 . doi : 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2006 / 0130 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global ecological zoning for the global forest resources assessment 2000 '' . Food And Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Times to Visit Portland , OR '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portland breaks record for 90 - degree days ; Oregonlive.com '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portland Airport ( Oregon ) : Normals , means , and extremes '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mass 2008 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Has The Snow Finally Stopped ? '' . fivethirtyeight.com . March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AIRPORT Portland : Monthly and Seasonal Snowfall ( inches ) '' ( PDF ) . NWS Portland , OR . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` DOWNTOWN Portland : Monthly and Seasonal Snowfall ( inches ) '' ( PDF ) . NWS Portland , Oregon . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ThreadEx Jump up ^ `` Station Name : OR PORTLAND INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for PORTLAND OR 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portland ( city ) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample ^ Jump up to : MacColl , E. Kimbark ( 1979 ) ( 1979 ) . The Growth of a City : Power and Politics in Portland , Oregon 1915 -- 1950 . Portland , Oregon : The Georgian Press . ISBN 0 - 9603408 - 1 - 5 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Marc ( January 7 , 2008 ) . The Box : How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13640 - 8 . Related sources noted by Levinson : Journal of Negro History 65 , no . 1 ( 1980 ) : 27 ; Clyde W. Summers , `` Admission Policies of Labor Unions '' , Quarterly Journal of Economics 61 , no . 1 ( 1946 ) : 98 ; Wilson , Dockers , p. 29 . The Portland grain workers ' case is mentioned in Charles P. Larrowe , Harry Bridges : The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States ( New York , 1972 ) , p. 368 . 16 . On Portland , see Pilcher , The Portland Longshoremen , p. 17 ; Jump up ^ Management Information Services ( 2002 ) . `` Abernethy Elementary School : Recent Enrollment Trends , 1995 -- 96 through 2002 -- 03 '' ( PDF ) . Portland Public Schools . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Community Facts : Portland , Oregon '' . American FactFinder . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swart , Cornelius . `` Asian American community in east Portland 's New Chinatown ponders the future '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamese population by region : top metropolitan areas '' Archived August 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Vietnamese American Population . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Islander '' Archived July 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Betsy ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` In a changing world , Portland remains overwhelmingly white '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson III 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Templeton , Amelia . `` History Hinders Diversification of Portland , Oregon : NPR '' . NPR . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dresbeck , Rachel . Insiders ' Guide to Portland , Oregon ( 7th ed . ) . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6475 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Frazier , John W. ; Tettey - Fio , Eugene L. Race , Ethnicity , and Place in a Changing America . Global Academic Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58684 - 264 - 1 . Jump up ^ Levitas , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Terrorist Next Door : The Militia Movement and the Radical Right . New York : Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 29105 - 1 . Jump up ^ Foster , Laura O. Portland Hill Walks : Twenty Explorations in Parks and Neighborhoods . Timber Press , Incorporated . p. 239 . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 692 - 2 . Jump up ^ Baker , Jeff ( August 31 , 2003 ) . `` Our Homegrown Hitlers '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hannah - Jones , Nikole ( April 30 , 2011 ) . `` Lessons learned ? What Portland leaders did -- and did n't do -- as people of color were forced to the fringes '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Portland is 4th fastest gentrifying U.S. city , says Realtor.com '' . The Oregonian . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau State & County '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Law , Steve ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` Metro takes long view of growth '' . Portland Tribune . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Data Center Results : Multnomah County , Oregon '' . Modern Language Association . 2010 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Portland , Oregon Religion '' . Sperling 's Best Places . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT history in Portland '' . Travel Portland . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Gay History Timeline '' . GLAPN . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ; Cain Miller , Claire ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Metro Areas With the Largest , and Smallest , Gay Populations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary J. Gates `` Same - sex Couples and the Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual Population : New Estimates from the American Community Survey '' ( PDF ) . ( 2.07 MB ) . The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy , UCLA School of Law , October 2006 . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Rachel ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Looking Back on 40 Years of Portland Pride '' . PDX Monthly . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barooah , Jahnabi ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Most and Least Religious Cities in America '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Binder , Melissa ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Yes , Portland is America 's most religiously unaffiliated metro . But who exactly are the ' nones ' ? '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fottrell , Quentin ( March 28 , 2015 ) . `` This is the most godless city in America '' . Market Watch . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portland : Economy -- Major Industries and Commercial Activity '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quality of Living global city rankings 2009 -- Mercer survey '' . Mercer . April 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nancy F. ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Best Places to Retire '' . CBS MoneyWatch via Yahoo ! Finance . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Places to Retire : Portland , Ore '' . CBS MoneyWatch . February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cascade General , Inc '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Portfolio '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Next stop : Port of Portland '' . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Port of Portland 's Statement of Need '' . Center for Columbia River History . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` White House press release : The Columbia River Channel Deepening Project , August 13 , 2004 '' . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . August 13 , 2004 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Profile '' . Schnitzer Steel Industries . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . ESCO Corporation . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogoway , Mike ( April 9 , 2006 ) . Bizz blog : Silicon Forest . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ Gage , Deborah ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Portland Makes Bid To Become Budding Techlandia '' . Venture Capital Dispatch . Jump up ^ Korfhage , Matthew ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About the Portland Shoe Industry '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Roger . `` Top Chinese shoemaker opens U.S. headquarters in Portland '' ( January 21 , 2008 ) . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duxbury , Sarah ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Footwear firm gives Bay Area the boot '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( October 10 , 2010 ) . `` Hi - Tec moving U.S. headquarters to Portland '' . 10 October 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Local Brewpubs in Beertown ( AKA Portland ) '' . 10Best.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 8 Best Beertowns in the USA '' . CNN.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best Cities in the World for Drinking Beer '' . Gadling.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 10 Best Cities for Beer Lovers '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beer Drinking in Portland , Oregon '' . BeerTutor.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee made in Portland , Oregon '' . MadeInPortland.org . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zillow : Portland area leads nation in home - price increases , second in rent hikes '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latest ' Oregon Experience ' chronicles a violin teacher 's legacy '' . The Oregonian . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rayburn , Aaron ; Vickery , Ben ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` Top 10 live music venues in Portland , Oregon '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ely , Jack . `` The Kingsmen Homepage '' . The Kingsmen Online . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Cult heroes : Wipers -- the sound of emptiness and dread '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Cobain '' . Biography.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Dana ( August 12 , 1994 ) . `` The Power of Love '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Courtney Love '' . The E ! True Hollywood Story . October 5 , 2003 . E ! . Jump up ^ Hughley , Marty ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Esperanza Spalding did n't come out of the blue to beat Justin Bieber at the Grammys -- she came from Portland 's jazz community '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falsetto 2015 , pp. 1 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Scott , Aaron ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Portlandia ' Is Ending , And Portlanders Are OK With That '' . NPR . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike Hsu ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Talking Portlandia With Fred Armisen '' . WAAF Radio . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` MTV goes ' Real World ' retro in run - up to ' The Real World : Portland ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TNT cancels Portland - filmed series , ' The Librarians ' '' . The Oregonian . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` 23 TV series set in Oregon , ranked : Most memorable to totally forgettable '' . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ `` Portland brew ' n ' view theaters '' . Travel Portland . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Palahniuk 2003 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Tom ( 2010 ) . Haunted Hotels : Eerie Inns , Ghoulish Guests , and Creepy Caretakers . Globe Pequot Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0762756599 . Jump up ^ `` Lovecraft Film Festival Official site '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pitawanich , Christine ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fond memories aboard USS Blueback submarine featured at OMSI '' . KGW . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mohan , Marc ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Omnimax says goodbye ; Bagdad goes first - run : Indie theater news '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John Gottberg ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Observatories and planetariums within a day 's drive of Bend '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Portland hiking guide : The 20 best places to hike in the city '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Historical Society Museum '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beck , Dana ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Oaks Amusement Park , and its beginnings '' . The Bee . Pamplin Media Group . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Miriam B. ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` World 's Best Street Food '' . U.S. News . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson - Textor , Marisa ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` World 's Best Street Food '' . CNN Travel . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Few Favorite Portland Food Carts '' . Denver Post . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brett Burmeister ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Food carts for dessert '' . PortlandPulp . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mara , Melina ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` The search for America 's best food cities : Portland , Ore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Eric ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` In Portland , a Golden Age of Dining and Drinking -- New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Cities 2012 , Food / Drink / Restaurants '' . Travel + Leisure . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See Andrew Jones , Craft Brewing Defines Oregon as U.S. `` Beer Capital '' ( August 10 , 2001 ) , National Geographic News ; Christian DeBenedetti and Seth Fletcher , The Top Five Beer Towns in the U.S. Archived January 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( October 2009 ) , Men 's Journal ; Matt Hannafin , Cruising for a Brew - sing : Sailing from America 's Beer Capital ( May 14 , 2009 ) , Frommer 's . Jump up ^ Oliver Strand , In Portland , Ore. , a D.I.Y. Coffee Culture ( February 10 , 2012 ) . New York Times Jump up ^ A Tale Of Two Cities : Portland 's Coffee Culture Swipes Seattle 's Crown ( February 19 , 2010 ) , KUOW . Jump up ^ Strand , Oliver ( September 16 , 2009 ) . `` A Seductive Cup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts -- Oregon Craft Beer '' . OregonCraftBeer.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ransom , Diana ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Why Portland 's Beer Economy is ' Hoppy ' '' . Entrepreneur . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Experience : Beervana '' ( video ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland : The center of the beer universe '' . Travel Portland . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Portland lifts a glass to its new name '' . KOIN6 News . January 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Foyston , John ( July 29 , 2008 ) . `` 2008 OBF biggest ever '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Distefano , Anne Marie ( July 8 , 2005 ) . `` Brewers , beer lovers get many reasons to raise a glass '' . Portland Tribune . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's 50 Greenest Cities '' . Popular Science . February 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Green Cities '' . Grist . July 20 , 2007 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Freilich , Sitkowski & Mennilo 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus Crew SC 1 , Portland Timbers 2 MLS Cup Match Recap '' . mlssoccer.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neyer , Rob ( August 21 , 2003 ) . `` Though not perfect , Portland is a viable city for baseball '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Portland is the largest metropolitan area with just one major professional sports team ( the Trail Blazers ) . Jump up ^ `` History of Portland Trail Blazers '' . fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 MLS Ambition Rankings '' . SI.com . March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` For the Portland Timbers , home field is a real advantage '' . The Oregonion . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merz , Craig ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` Champs ! Timbers beat Columbus , win first - ever MLS Cup '' . KOIN . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Dome backers saddened but note idea gaining '' . The Oregonian . November 5 , 1964 . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Parks and nature investments '' . OregonMetro.Gov . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Houck , Mike . `` Metropolitan Greenspaces : A Grassroots Perspective '' . Audubon Society of Portland . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tabor Park '' . Portland Parks & Recreation . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Korn , Peter ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Forest Park Fallacy : Boosters ' Claim of ' Largest Forested City Park ' Is Long Outdated '' . Portland Tribune . Pamplin Media Group . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` North Park Blocks '' . The City of Portland , Oregon . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Park Blocks '' . The City of Portland , Oregon . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waterfront Park Master Plan '' ( PDF ) . Portland , Oregon . p. 54 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Skateboarding Capital of the World '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Belz , Kristin . `` New York Parks Rank No. 2 in a Survey of 50 U.S. cities '' . June 12 , 2013 . Portland Monthly Magazine . Retrieved on July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer courthouse 's bare earth will soon sprout native plants '' . The Oregonian . October 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Caballero , Mary Hull . `` City Government Structure '' . Portland Online . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon 2012 Election Results for Multnomah County '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mary Judetz , `` Portland : Largest U.S. city with openly gay mayor Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . '' ( January 2 , 2009 ) . Associated Press . The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Measure 36 Results by County '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FBI 's Joint Terrorism Task Force '' . ACLU Oregon . April 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Politically correct Portland rejected feds who saved city from terrorist attack '' . San Francisco Examiner . November 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Brad ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` After 10 - year hiatus , Portland OKs cops for FBI 's Joint Terrorism Task Force '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` District Voter Counts '' . Multnomah County . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 40 - Mile Loop : More than a bike trail , and more than 40 miles '' . The Oregonian . September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Houston gets along without zoning -- BusinessWeek '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Sherry ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` Houston : A city without zoning '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewyn , Michael . `` Zoning Without Zoning Planetizen '' . Planetizen.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Robert ( August 17 , 1986 ) . `` FOCUS : Houston ; A Fresh Approach To Zoning `` . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schadewald , Bill ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` ' The only major U.S. city without zoning ' '' . Houston Business Journal . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Planning Goals '' . Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Land Use Planning Coordination '' . Legislative Counsel Committee of the Oregon Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban growth boundary '' . Metro . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portland -- SkyscraperPage '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Korfhage , Matthew ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Portland Once Had a Thriving Little Italy -- What the Hell Happened ? '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libby , Brian ( October 2015 ) . `` Bridge to the Future ( The Bridge that Bans Cars ) '' . The Atlantic . 316 ( 3 ) : 42 -- 43 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Tim . `` Portland Is Set To Open a Beautiful $135 Million Bridge You Ca n't Drive Across '' . Popular Mechanics ( August 20 , 2015 ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hogdson , Beth ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Top 5 greenest cities in the world '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 -- via GlobalPost . Jump up ^ Law , Steve ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Council adopts aggressive Climate Action Plan '' . Portland Tribune . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muskal , Michael ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Portland joins fluoride bandwagon , will add it to water supply '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Heidi ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Portland 's fluoride debate : History , timeline and official positions '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blumgart , Jake ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` What 's the Matter With Portland ? The city has been fighting fluoridation for 50 years . Will facts trump fear this month ? '' . Slate . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slovic , Beth ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Portland votes to add fluoride to its drinking water as opponents vow to stop the effort '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kost , Ryan ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Portland fluoride : For the fourth time since 1956 , Portland voters reject fluoridation '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ State v. Henry , 732 P. 2d 9 ( Or . 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Busse , Phil ( November 7 , 2002 ) . `` Cover Yourself ! '' . The Portland Mercury . Retrieved February 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Crockett , Zachary ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Why Does Portland Have so Many Strip Clubs ? '' . Priceonomics . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ KATU News ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Is Portland ' Pornland ? ' Nightline highlights city sex trade '' . KATU . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rather , Dan ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Rather : Pornland , Oregon : Child Prostitution in Portland '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Judge : riding in the buff is ' tradition , ' man cleared '' . KATU . Associated Press . November 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pedalpalooza '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Court : Racist , insulting speech is protected '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area , 2009 ( Table 6 ) '' . FBI . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` America 's Safest Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Crime Rate Report ( Oregon ) '' . CityRating.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data for Portland Neighborhoods '' . City of Portland . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Portland Public Schools Enrollment Summary ( 1 ) , page 3 Jump up ^ `` Search for Public Schools - School Detail for David Douglas High School '' . nces.ed.gov . Jump up ^ Geddes , Ryan ( September 22 , 2005 ) . `` Public school notebook : The Count '' . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon : Oregonian Publishing . pp. A7 . Jump up ^ `` Profile '' . Portland State University . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Princeton Review Best Regional Colleges '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton Review Top 100 MBA Rankings '' . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reed College '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Human Rights Campaign 2013 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` Our Hospitals '' . Legacy Health System . August 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Cities '' . Travel + Leisure . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Means of Transportation to Work by Selected Characteristics : 2006 American Community Survey '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2015 Service Improvements '' . TriMet . TriMet . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Joseph ( September 22 , 2012 ) . `` Portland Streetcar 's eastside loop gets off to hobbled start Saturday '' . The Oregonian . p. 1 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portland - Milwaukie Light Rail Bridge to bring new options for transit , cyclists and pedestrians '' ( PDF ) . Portland - Milwaukie Light Rail Transit Project . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Dylan ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` The days of a free bus ride are over '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bailey Jr. , Everton ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` TriMet boosts most fares starting Saturday ; some routes changing '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , Joseph ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` TriMet 's open source heaven : The 5 best transit - rider apps '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogoway , Mike ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Google Maps adds live TriMet arrival and departure times '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` INRIX / ODOT Traffic Scorecard '' . April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Campaign '' . Oregon Rail Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ashton , David F. ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` '' Holiday Express '' delights families , benefits new S.E. museum `` . The Sellwood Bee . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tims , Dana ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Oregon Rail Heritage Center ready for grand opening Saturday , Sunday '' . The Oregonian . p . B1 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Most Bike Friendly Cities in the World -- Bicycle friendly cities '' . Virgin Vacations . Virgin Airlines . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' Youth Magnet ' Cities Hit Midlife Crisis The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League of American Bicyclists * Press Releases '' . Bikeleague.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Njus , Elliot ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Biketown bike - share program launches with inaugural Tilikum Crossing ride '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Njus , Elliot ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Biketown bike - share launch date , pricing , station locations announced '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ART - 1.01 -- Exhibit A. Portlandonline.com ( October 31 , 2001 ) . Retrieved on September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portland , Oregon '' . Sister Cities International . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` portland-sapporo.org '' . portland-sapporo.org . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` pgsca.com '' . pgsca.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities , Public Relations '' . Guadalajara municipal government . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` portlandashkelon.org '' . portlandashkelon.org . August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` portlandulsan.org '' . portlandulsan.org . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` portlandsuzhou.org '' . portlandsuzhou.org . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` pksca.org '' . pksca.org. April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portland - Kaohsiung '' . Portland - Kaohsiung Sister City Association . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portland - Mutare '' . Portland - Mutare Sister City Association . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` portland-bologna.org '' . portland-bologna.org . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Lee ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Partnership leads to growth '' . The Star . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities '' . sistercities.org . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , John Elliott ; Burns , Marjorie ; Sargent , Sam C. ( 2009 ) . Cataclysms on the Columbia . Ooligan Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 93201 - 031 - 2 . Anderson , Heather Arndt ( 2014 ) . Portland : A Food Biography . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44222 - 738 - 5 . Barth , Jack ( 1991 ) . Roadside Hollywood : The Movie Lover 's State - By - State Guide to Film Locations , Celebrity Hangouts , Celluloid Tourist Attractions , and More . Contemporary Books . Chandler , J.D. ( 2013 ) . Hidden History of Portland , Oregon . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62619 - 198 - 3 . Falsetto , Mario ( 2015 ) . Conversations with Gus Van Sant . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44224 - 766 - 6 . Freilich , Robert H ; Sitkowski , Robert J. ; Mennilo , Seth D. ( 2010 ) . From Sprawl to Sustainability : Smart Growth , New Urbanism , Green Development . Amer - Bar - Asso . Human Rights Campaign . Healthcare Equality Index 2013 . HRC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934765 - 27 - 2 . John , Finn ( 2012 ) . Wicked Portland : The Wild and Lusty Underworld of a Frontier Seaport Town . History Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 578 - 7 . Marschner , Janice . Oregon 1859 : A Snapshot in Time . Timber Press . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88192 - 873 - 0 . Mass , Clifford ( 2008 ) . The Weather of the Pacific Northwest . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 29598 - 847 - 4 . Palahniuk , Chuck ( 2003 ) . Fugitives and Refugees : A Walk in Portland , Oregon . Crown . ISBN 978 - 1 - 40004 - 783 - 3 . Platt , Rutherford ( 2006 ) . The Humane Metropolis : People and Nature in the 21st - Century City . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 554 - 8 . Scott , H.W. ( 1890 ) . History of Portland Oregon with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens and Pioneers . D. Mason & Co . Wilson III , Ernest J. ; Wilson , Ernest J. ( 2004 ) . Diversity and US Foreign Policy : A Reader . New York : Routledge . p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92884 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Abbott , Carl ( 2001 ) . Greater Portland : Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1779 - 9 . Abbott , Carl ( 2011 ) . Portland in Three Centuries : The Place and the People . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87071 - 613 - 3 . ; scholarly history Gaston , Joseph ( 1911 ) . Portland , Oregon , Its History and Builders : In Connection with the Antecedent Explorations , Discoveries , and Movements of the Pioneers that Selected the Site for the Great City of the Pacific . Chicago : S.J. Clarke Publishing Co . OCLC 1183569 . In Three Volumes . Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Hodges , Adam J. World War I and Urban Order : The Local Class Politics of National Mobilization . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2017 . Holbrook , Stewart ( 1986 ) ( Reprint of 1952 edition ) . Far Corner : A Personal View of the Pacific Northwest . Sausalito , California : Comstock Editions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89174 - 043 - 8 . Lansing , Jewel ( 2003 ) . Portland : People , Politics , and Power , 1851 -- 2001 . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87071 - 559 - 3 . MacColl , E. Kimbark ( 1976 ) . The Shaping of a City : Business and Politics in Portland , Oregon 1885 to 1915 . Portland , Oregon : Georgian Press . OCLC 2645815 . MacColl , E. Kimbark ( 1979 ) . The Growth of a City : Power and Politics in Portland , Oregon 1915 to 1950 . Portland , Oregon : Georgian Press . ISBN 0 - 9603408 - 1 - 5 . MacGibbon , Elma ( 1904 ) . Leaves of knowledge . Spokane : Shaw & Borden Co . OCLC 3877939 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Contents : `` Elma MacGibbon reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898 , which were mainly in Oregon and Washington . '' Includes chapter `` Portland , the Western Hub . '' O'Toole , Randal ( July 9 , 2007 ) . `` Debunking Portland : The City That Does n't Work '' ( PDF ) . Policy Analysis . Washington , D.C. : Cato Institute . 596 . OCLC 164599623 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Ozawa , Connie P. , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Portland Edge : Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities . Washington , D.C. : Island Press . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 695 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPortland , Oregonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity City of Portland official website Portland Maps ( lot - level GIS ) Portland Business Alliance -- Portland Chamber of Commerce Portland 's Visitor Association -- official visitors ' bureau website Portland , Oregon at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Portland websites that are also wikis PortlandWiki is Portland , Oregon 's civic wiki . WikiWikiWeb installed by Howard Cunningham from Beaverton . Since Ward invented the concept of a wiki wiki web , this is the very first wiki in existence . City of Portland , Oregon History Timeline Government Mayors Neighborhoods Flag Nicknames Transportation Buildings & architecture Hospitals Education Famous Portlanders Tourism Sports and sports venues Artists and art institutions Multnomah County Portland - Vancouver metro area Oregon Neighborhoods of Portland , Oregon Neighborhood Associations Alameda Arbor Lodge Ardenwald - Johnson Creek Argay Arlington Heights Arnold Creek Ashcreek Beaumont - Wilshire Boise Brentwood - Darlington Bridgeton Bridlemile Brooklyn Buckman Cathedral Park Centennial Collins View Concordia Creston - Kenilworth Crestwood Cully Downtown East Columbia Eastmoreland Eliot Far Southwest Forest Park Foster - Powell Glenfair Goose Hollow Grant Park Hayden Island Hayhurst Hazelwood Healy Heights Hillsdale Hillside Hollywood Homestead Hosford - Abernethy Humboldt Irvington Kenton Kerns King Laurelhurst Lents Linnton Lloyd District Madison South Maplewood Markham Marshall Park Mill Park Montavilla Mt . Scott - Arleta Mt . Tabor Multnomah North Tabor Northwest District Northwest Heights Northwest Industrial Old Town Chinatown Overlook Parkrose Parkrose Heights Pearl District Piedmont Pleasant Valley Portsmouth Powellhurst - Gilbert Reed Richmond Rose City Park Roseway Russell Sabin St. Johns Sellwood - Moreland South Burlingame South Portland South Tabor Southwest Hills Sullivan 's Gulch Sumner Sunderland Sunnyside Sylvan - Highlands University Park Vernon West Portland Park Wilkes Woodland Park Woodlawn Woodstock Other areas Alberta Arts District Albina Belmont Burnside Triangle Dignity Village Hawthorne Ladd 's Addition Marquam Hill RiverPlace South Waterfront Westmoreland Municipalities and communities of Clackamas County , Oregon , United States County seat : Oregon City Cities Barlow Canby Estacada Gladstone Happy Valley Johnson City Lake Oswego ‡ Milwaukie ‡ Molalla Oregon City Portland ‡ Rivergrove ‡ Sandy Tualatin ‡ West Linn Wilsonville ‡ Hamlets Beavercreek Molalla Prairie Mount Hood Villages Mulino Stafford CDPs Clackamas Government Camp Jennings Lodge Oak Grove Oatfield Other unincorporated communities Barton Boring Brightwood Bull Run Carus Carver Cazadero Cherryville Colton Cottrell Damascus Eagle Creek Faubion Jean Kelso Ladd Hill Lakewood Liberal Logan Lone Elder Macksburg Marmot Marquam Marylhurst Milwaukie Heights Mountain Air Park Needy New Era Redland Rhododendron Ripplebrook Riverside Shadowood Springwater Sunnyside Wankers Corner Welches Wemme Wildwood Yoder Zigzag Indian reservation Warm Springs Indian Reservation ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Multnomah County , Oregon , United States County seat : Portland Cities Fairview Gresham Lake Oswego ‡ Maywood Park Milwaukie ‡ Portland ‡ Troutdale Wood Village Unincorporated communities Bonneville Bridal Veil Burlington Corbett Dodson Dunthorpe Interlachen Latourell Riverview Riverwood Springdale Warrendale Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Washington County , Oregon , United States County seat : Hillsboro Cities Banks Beaverton Cornelius Durham Forest Grove Gaston Hillsboro King City Lake Oswego ‡ North Plains Portland ‡ Rivergrove ‡ Sherwood Tigard Tualatin ‡ Wilsonville ‡ CDPs Aloha Bethany Bull Mountain Cedar Hills Cedar Mill Garden Home -- Whitford Metzger Oak Hills Raleigh Hills Rockcreek West Haven -- Sylvan West Slope Unincorporated communities Bacona Blooming Bonita Bonny Slope Buxton Carnation Chehalem Cherry Grove Dilley Elmonica Farmington Gales Creek Glenwood Hayward Hazeldale Helvetia Huber Kansas City Kinton Laurel Laurelwood Manning Marlene Village Middleton Midway Mountaindale Mulloy Norwood Reedville Roy Scholls Timber Tonquin Verboort West Union Wilkesboro Ghost towns Dixie Greenville Thatcher Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Oregon Salem ( capital ) Topics History Geography Fauna Climate Pioneers People Governors Government Delegations Constitution Congress Ballot measures Elections Parks Fair Symbols Oregon Trail Beaches Lakes Rivers Misc . Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Western Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Portland Metro Tualatin Valley Willamette Valley Eastern Harney Basin High Desert Palouse Treasure Valley Central Oregon Southern Rogue Valley Shared The Cascades Columbia Gorge Columbia River Columbia Plateau Great Basin Mount Hood Corridor Trout Creek Mountains Metro areas Albany -- Corvallis Bend -- Redmond Eugene -- Springfield Medford -- Ashland Portland Salem -- Keizer Largest cities Portland Salem Eugene Gresham Hillsboro Beaverton Bend Medford Springfield Corvallis Albany Tigard Lake Oswego Keizer Grants Pass Oregon City McMinnville Redmond Tualatin West Linn Woodburn Forest Grove Newberg Wilsonville Roseburg Klamath Falls Ashland Milwaukie Sherwood Happy Valley Central Point Canby Hermiston Pendleton Counties Baker Benton Clackamas Clatsop Columbia Coos Crook Curry Deschutes Douglas Gilliam Grant Harney Hood River Jackson Jefferson Josephine Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah Polk Sherman Tillamook Umatilla Union Wallowa Wasco Washington Wheeler Yamhill The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte , NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville , FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - Salem , NC Cape Coral , FL Boise , ID Wichita , KS Springfield , MA Madison , WI Lakeland , FL Ogden , UT Toledo , OH Deltona , FL Des Moines , IA Jackson , MS Augusta , GA Scranton , PA Youngstown , OH Harrisburg , PA Provo , UT Palm Bay , FL Chattanooga , TN United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Oregon Ted Wheeler ( D ) ( Portland ) Chuck Bennett ( D ) ( Salem ) Lucy Vinis ( D ) ( Eugene ) Shane Bemis ( R ) ( Gresham ) Steve Callaway ( Hillsboro ) BNF : cb12019068f ( data ) GND : 4226095 - 4 LCCN : n79007500 NARA : 10045767 NDL : 00853326 VIAF : 152427175 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portland,_Oregon&oldid=853805495 '' Categories : Portland , Oregon Cities in Oregon Cities in Clackamas County , Oregon Cities in Multnomah County , Oregon Cities in Washington County , Oregon County seats in Oregon Populated places on the Columbia River Populated places on the Willamette River 1845 establishments in Oregon Country Populated places established in 1845 Port cities in Oregon Railway towns in Oregon Cities in the Portland metropolitan area Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - 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what is the highest point in portland oregon

Though much of downtown Portland is relatively flat , the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains , more commonly referred to locally as the `` West Hills '' , pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city . Council Crest Park , commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits , is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet ( 327 m ) The city 's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point of 1,180 feet ( 360 m ) near Forest Park . The highest point east of the river is Mt . Tabor , an extinct volcanic cinder cone , which rises to 636 feet ( 194 m ) . Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet ( 187 m ) and 612 feet ( 187 m ) , respectively . To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range , and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range . On clear days , Mt . Hood and Mt . St. Helens dominate the horizon , while Mt . Adams and Mt . Rainier can also be seen in the distance .

Pokémon Trading card game - wikipedia Pokémon Trading card game Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the card game . For the video game , see Pokémon Trading Card Game ( video game ) . Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pokémon Trading Card Game Pokémon Trading Card Game cardback Publisher ( s ) Japan : Creatures Inc . Media Factory ( October 1996 -- September 2013 ) The Pokémon Company ( October 2013 -- present ) United States : Creatures Inc . Wizards of the Coast ( Hasbro ) ( December 1998 -- July 2003 ) The Pokémon Company International ( July 2003 -- present ) Players Setup time 18 -- 40 seconds Playing time 5 -- 120 minutes Random chance Some ( order of cards drawn , dice , coin flip ) Skill ( s ) required Card playing Arithmetic Basic reading ability Basic trading skills The Pokémon Trading Card Game ( ポケモン カード ゲーム , Pokemon Kādo Gēmu , `` Pokémon Card Game '' ) , abbreviated to PTCG or Pokémon TCG , is a collectible card game , based on the Pokémon video game series , first published in October 1996 by Media Factory in Japan . In the US , it was initially published by Wizards of the Coast ; Nintendo eventually took over publishing the card game alongside the video games in June 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Card types 1.2 Pokémon types 2 Sets 3 Competitive play 3.1 Major tournaments 4 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) A collection of Pokémon and Yu - Gi - Oh ! cards Players assume the role of a Pokémon trainer and use their Pokémon to battle their opponents ' . Players play Pokémon to the field and attack their opponent 's Pokémon . A Pokémon that has sustained enough damage is knocked out , and the player who knocked it out draws a Prize card . There are usually six Prize cards , and the primary win condition is to draw all of them . Other ways to win are by knocking out all the Pokémon the opponent has on the field such that the opponent has none left , or if at the beginning of their opponent 's turn there are no cards left to draw in the opponent 's deck . Players begin by shuffling their decks and drawing seven cards , then playing one Basic Pokémon onto the field . This Pokémon is known as the Active Pokémon , and is usually the one that attacks and receives damage . If a player does not have any Basic Pokémon , they must shuffle and draw a new hand , and the opponent may draw one additional card . Once both players have at least one Basic Pokémon , they can play up to five more Basic Pokémon onto their `` Bench '' ( representing the maximum - carry limit of six from the video games ) . Players then take the top six cards of their deck and place them to the side as Prize Cards . Next , one player selects heads or tails , and the other flips a coin ; the winner of the coin flip will decide who goes first or second . The player going first can not attack on their first turn . ( Dice may be used in place of coins , with even numbers representing heads and odd numbers representing tails ) . Play alternates between players who may take several actions during their turn , including playing new Basic Pokémon , evolving their Pokémon , playing Trainer cards and Energy cards , and using Pokémon Abilities . A player may also retreat their Active Pokémon , switching the Active Pokémon with one on the Bench . At the end of their turn , a player may use one of their Active Pokémon 's attacks , provided the prerequisite amount and types of Energy are attached to that Pokémon . Effects from that attack are then activated and damage may be placed on the Defending Pokémon ( some attacks simply have effects but do not do damage ) . This damage may be modified depending on whether the defender has a Weakness or Resists the attacker 's Pokémon type . If the final damage exceeds the defending Pokémon 's HP , it is Knocked Out , and the active player takes a Prize Card and ends their turn . Card types ( edit ) Basic Pokémon are the foundation of all decks . Without them a player can not play the game , since both players begin the game by placing a Basic Pokémon in the Active position on the field . Each Pokémon card depicts a Pokémon from the video games . Each player may have up to six Pokémon on the playing field at a time : one `` Active '' Pokémon and up to five on the bench . Each Pokémon card has a name , a type , and an amount of Health Points ( HP ) . All Pokémon feature attacks ; these typically deal damage to the opponent 's active Pokémon , or occasionally , their benched Pokémon ; however , an attack may also perform different functions , such as drawing cards , inflicting Special Conditions , or altering the opponent 's board state . The vast majority of these attacks require Energy , which comes in the form of Energy cards . Abilities ( known as Poké - Powers and Poké - Bodies until 2011 ) are not attacks but simply effects that either are activated under certain conditions , or remain in effect as long as the Pokémon with the Ability remains in play . The other type of Pokémon card is an Evolved Pokémon . Basic Pokémon are Pokémon that have not evolved , and can be played directly onto the Bench . In contrast , an Evolved Pokémon can not normally be placed directly onto the field ; they must be played on top of the corresponding lower - stage Pokémon . Stage 1 Pokémon evolve from Basic Pokémon , and Stage 2 Pokémon evolve from Stage 1 Pokémon . As a Pokémon evolves , it gains HP and its attacks change , typically becoming more powerful . Pokémon ex or EX cards were first introduced in the TCG set EX Ruby and Sapphire , and typically have higher Hit Points than other Pokémon , yet award an extra prize card to the opponent when defeated . Baby Pokémon cards , introduced in Neo Genesis , are a special kind of Basic Pokémon that have low HP but attack with strange ( sometimes very powerful ) effects . Mega Pokémon , introduced in XY , evolve from Pokémon - EX , but are a special stage ; as such , effects on Stage 1 Pokémon do not apply to Mega Pokémon . Break Pokémon were also introduced later on in the XY series . Variations of Basic , Evolved , and Baby Pokémon cards have appeared in many sets , usually indicated with a word before or after the Pokémon 's name . Secret Rare Pokémon cards are some of the rarest cards . They are usually represented by a shiny holo foil and a gold outline . These cards include Shiny Pokémon , Trainers , alternate - art Pokémon , and some rarer Mega evolution cards . New with the Pokémon Sun & Moon expansion are Pokémon - GX cards . These cards have a specific move set at the bottom of their card that can only be used once per game . Only one GX move can be played per game , so if there are three different Pokémon - GX cards in your deck only one of the three GX moves can be used . Also with the new Pokémon Sun & Moon sun and moon expansion are Alolan Pokémon , these Pokémon are monsters that have an alternate form from their original look that is specific to Alola and the Sun & Moon series . Energy cards are attached to a Pokémon to power that Pokémon 's attacks . Typically , only one Energy card may be played per turn . There are two main categories of Energy cards : Basic Energy and Special Energy . The nine different Basic Energy types ( which correspond to Pokémon card types ) are Grass , Fire , Water , Lightning , Psychic , Fighting , Darkness , Metal , and Fairy . Two additional types , Dragon and Colorless , do not have their own Energy cards and instead use other types of Energy . Basic Energy cards are used only to fulfill costs for attacking and retreating , while Special Energy cards have additional benefits . Most attacks require a certain type and amount of Energy . If an attack requires a certain type and amount of Energy , then that type and amount of Energy must be attached to the Pokémon . If the attack has a Colorless Energy requirement , that requirement can be met by any Energy card . Trainer cards perform various functions to affect the game : healing Pokémon , discarding energy from the opposing Pokémon , or retrieving cards from the discard pile are some key examples . Before the Diamond & Pearl expansion , all cards that were not Pokémon or Energy were considered Trainer cards . Trainers have since been subdivided into categories : Item cards directly affect the battling Pokémon , Stadium cards affect the entire field , and Supporters are like more powerful Items , only one of which can be played per turn . Pokémon types ( edit ) Color TCG type Type ( s ) Green Grass Bug , Grass Red Fire Blue Water Water , Ice Yellow Lightning Electric Purple Psychic Psychic , Ghost , Poison Brown / Orange Fighting Fighting , Rock , Ground Black Darkness Dark Silver Metal Steel Pink Fairy Gold Dragon White Colorless Normal , Flying A simplified type system was adopted from the video games for use in the trading card game . Instead of 18 types of Pokémon , only eleven exist in the TCG . Seven were introduced in the Base Set ( the first ever set of Pokémon cards ) ; Darkness and Metal types appeared when Pokémon Gold and Silver introduced the Dark and Steel types in the video games ; the Dragon type was introduced in the Japanese Dragon Selection set ; and finally , the Fairy type was introduced in the Japanese XY set to correspond to its introduction in the video games . Most Pokémon have only one type , three exceptions are EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua which introduced Dual - type Pokémon that have two different types , XY : Steam Siege , and the Heartgold / Soulsilver era sets . Dual - types were utilized in Pokémon LEGEND cards , to emphasize the multiple Pokémon the mechanic has in the Heartgold and Soulsilver sets . In August 2016 , the Steam Siege expansion from the XY Series reintroduced dual - type Pokémon , this time with regular Pokémon being multiple types as well as EX Pokémon . ^ Starting with the Diamond & Pearl expansion , Poison - type Pokémon in - game are now Psychic ; they were previously Grass . ^ Starting with the Black & White expansion set Dragon Selection , Dragon - type Pokémon in - game are now Dragon ; they were previously Colorless . Sets ( edit ) Main article : List of Pokémon Trading Card Game sets A new set addition in November of 2017 , with the announcement of SM4 : Crimson Invasion in North America , 75 different sets have been released in English and 69 in Japanese . A rarely played format is Unlimited , in which all cards released in English are legal ( except oversized cards , such as promotional boxes like Mega Blaziken Ex Premium Collection Box ) . Every few sets , new Mechanics or types of cards are introduced to the game . Several of these include : Dark Pokémon ( Team Rocket ) ; Owners ' Pokémon and Stadium cards ( Gym Heroes ) ; Darkness - type and Metal - type Pokémon , the second generation , and Pokémon Tools ( Neo Genesis ) ; Shining Pokémon ( Neo Revelation ) ; Light Pokémon ( Neo Destiny ) ; Supporter cards and Technical Machines ( Expedition ) ; Crystal - type Pokémon ( Aquapolis ) ; Pokémon - ex ( EX Ruby & Sapphire ) ; Dual - type Pokémon ( EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua ) ; Pokémon Star ( EX Team Rocket Returns ) ; Delta Species Pokémon and Holon 's Pokémon ( EX Delta Species ) ; Pokémon LV. X , the separation of Trainer , Supporter and Stadium cards , and the addition of Metal and Darkness as Basic Energy types ( Diamond and Pearl ) ; Pokémon With Items ( Mysterious Treasures ) ; Pokémon - GX , with a move that is playable only once a game ( Sun & Moon ) ; Trainer cards of which two can be played at once ( Stormfront ) ; owner - specific Pokémon SP ( Platinum ) , Pokémon LEGEND ( HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection ) , Pokémon PRIME which replace Pokémon Lv . X ( `` HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection '' ) , Full Art cards ( Black and White ) , Dragon - type Pokémon , BREAK evolution cards which replace Pokémon PRIME ( XY BREAKthrough ) , and the newly release GX cards from Sun and Moon . These changes , along with yearly format rotations , make for a constantly evolving game . Competitive play ( edit ) Main article : Play ! Pokémon This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In addition to the collectible aspect of the card game , The Pokémon Company International ( formerly known as Pokémon USA ) has also created Play ! Pokémon , formerly known as Pokémon Organized Play ( POP ) , which is in charge of the organization of an official League program , where players can battle others in local environments and earn player points , two - card booster packets from a promotional set , badges , stickers and other materials . These are run by League leaders and owners . POP also runs a professor program , in which individuals age 18 or over may become a professor , who can sanction and run tournaments and leagues . A League Leader may assist in organizing the league , while a League Owner is the one officially in charge of the league , reporting to the Organized Play program any results and / or problems every seven weeks . The leagues run in yearly cycles , based on a certain aspect of one of the Pokémon Video Game or Trading Card Game : the current cycle is based upon the Newest set , The current season is Evolutions season . Prerelease tournaments are organized just before each set is released . Usually , they are run on the two weekends before a set is released in stores to the public . At Prerelease Tournaments players are given three booster packs from the judge and must construct a 40 card deck , with only 4 prize cards , using only the cards pulled from the packs and the judges provide the energy , but not special energy cards . Many fans have come up with alternative methods of playing the Trading Card Game . Certain websites such as PokéCap are dedicated to providing players with a new twist to their card game with new game rules they can follow . New methods may be based more on the video game adaptations of Pokémon or the Pokémon television show . Players in a tournament are split into three age categories : Junior ( born in 2003 or later ) , Senior ( born in 2000 - 2002 ) , and Master ( born in 1999 or earlier ) . Notable references include : Austin Brewen who won the first junior tournament , Brenden Zhang who won the first Senior Tournament , and Arturo Heras who won the first Master Tournament . These tournaments play a number of rounds , where players will play a standard game against each other and wins and losses will be recorded . In most tournaments , there are a number of Swiss - style rounds where players are paired up against others of similar win / loss ratios , usually from their own age group ( this does not always occur in smaller events , though ) . Afterwards , there will either be a cut of the top record - holders ( approximately the top 1 / 8 of participants ) where players will play best two out of three matches , and the loser gets eliminated ( standard tournament bracket style ) , with an eventual winner . POP runs a season for these tournaments , which allows players to earn larger prizes and play in a more competitive environment in comparison to League . These range from City and State Championships , all the way up to the Pokémon World Championships , the single invite - only event of the year . Players can earn invites to the World Championships by winning or ranking high at National Championships , doing well at tournaments to get Championship Points , or by qualifying in the Last Chance Qualifier . The World Championships is a three - day tournament , with one eventual winner in each age group ; the winner of the Masters Division age group is generally noticed as the best player in the world for that season . Some of these methods are only used in the United States , as PUI and POP are based in the United States , but they are represented by local distributors who provide the Organized Play program to their own country . 2017 Worlds - Anaheim California 2018 Worlds - Nashville Tennessee Major tournaments ( edit ) On August 26 -- 27 , 2000 , forty - two Pokémon trainers from around the world met at the Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu for the Tropical Mega Battle , an international communication event for the Pokémon Trading Card Game . The Tropical Mega Battle brought together children aged 14 and under from the United States , Japan , France , Italy , Canada , Spain , Germany , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom for two days in Honolulu , Hawaii . Children participating in the Tropical Mega Battle received invitations through Qualifier tournaments , DCI rankings , and other events in their respective countries . The Super Trainer Showdowns were large Pokémon TCG tournaments held in the United States by Wizards of the Coast between 2000 and 2001 . The tournaments were open to the public . Each tournament consisted of three age groups : 10 and under , 11 to 14 years old , and 15 years old and over . Each Super Trainer Showdown was preceded by a series of Qualifier Tournaments held in cities around the United States and abroad in which players in the 11 - to - 14 and 10 - and - under age groups could win trips for themselves and a parent or guardian to the Super Trainer Showdown event . To date , there have been four Super Trainer Showdowns . The first Super Trainer Showdown was held in Long Beach , California inside of the cruise liner , the Queen Mary on July 22 , 2000 . The format was unlimited , meaning that all Pokémon cards released in the United States were legal for deck construction . The second Super Trainer Showdown was held at the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus , New Jersey on November 18 , 2000 . There were over 700 players in all three age divisions competing for the title . The tournament was eight rounds of Swiss style pairings followed by a cut to a top - eight single - elimination playoff . All games were best - of - one . The third Super Trainer Showdown was held again in the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus , New Jersey . It was held on June 23 -- 24 , 2001 and more than 1,600 players attended the event . The format for this event was titled `` Modified '' and allowed players to construct 60 - card decks using a maximum of four of any card other than basic energy from specific sets . The fourth and final Super Trainer Showdown was held at the San Antonio Convention Center in San Antonio , Texas on December 1 -- 2 , 2001 . The format was again `` Modified '' , however the newest set Neo Discovery was also legal for the tournament . Although TPCI tries to keep Organized Play as equal as possible all over the Earth , there are some notable differences in how POP is run outside of the United States . The Pokémon Card Laboratory ( PCL ) , located in Japan , is the designer of new cards and the ultimate authority on any matter relating to the Pokémon Trading Card Game . It can declare rulings on any in - game circumstance , issue errata , change card text after publishing , and change the basic game rules , although the latter three rarely occur . PCL runs Organized Play in Japan . The Pokémon Trading Card Game in most European countries is currently handled by The Pokémon Company International . Certain countries have no direct official presence ; in these regions , distributors of the game run tournaments . European countries are able to qualify for positions at the Pokémon Trading Card Game World Championships each year , through National Championships and European Rankings . Video games ( edit ) There are a few video games based on the card game . Pokémon TCG Online ( PTCGO ) is the official digital version of the card game available for Microsoft Windows , OS X , Android and iPad . It was originally released in April 2011 as Pokémon Trainer Challenge . The game initially offered three starting decks , and featured more content after release . After April 6 , 2011 , players could buy cards from the Black and White series , which have a code to be digitally represented . Players can also create a custom avatar . There were booster pack codes which allow booster packs up to Black and White - Boundaries Crossed , to be purchased from the online shop . However , as of Black and White - Plasma Storm , the code card within booster packs directly redeem as online booster packs of their respective set . GamesRadar praised the game , stating `` Everything looks to be faithfully recreated , including the card mat , prize card layout , and even coins . '' The eponymously titled Pokémon Trading Card Game , known as Pokémon Card GB in Japan , was developed for the Game Boy Color , releasing in Japan in December 1998 and later in North America and Europe in 2000 . The game is based on the rules of the card game and features 226 cards from the game , as well as infrared linking for multiplayer and trading . The game was re-released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in 2014 . A sequel , Pokémon Card GB2 : Great Rocket - Dan Sanjō ! was released exclusively in Japan in March 2001 . See also ( edit ) Obake karuta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Trading_Card_Game#Winning_a_match , Bulpapedia ^ Jump up to : http://assets.pokemon.com/assets/cms2/pdf/trading-card-game/rulebook/xy8-rulebook-en.pdf Jump up ^ `` Big Changes in Pokémon TCG : Sun & Moon ! Pokemon.com '' . www.pokemon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Big Changes in Pokémon TCG : Sun & Moon ! Pokemon.com '' . www.pokemon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/ List_of_Pokémon_Trading_Card_Game_expansions . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Template : Https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/List of Pokémon Trading Card Game expansions Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Worlds Is a Wrap ! Pokemon.com '' . www.pokemon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Worlds Is a Wrap ! Pokemon.com '' . www.pokemon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/World_Championships Jump up ^ `` Pokemon TCG Online now available for iPad users in North America '' . Tech Times . Jump up ^ Matthew Kato ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Online Battles Start With Pokémon Trainer Challenge - News - www.GameInformer.com '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Raby ( Feb 16 , 2011 ) . `` Pokémon trading cards getting free browser - based game , Pokemon Black / White DS News '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Pokémon Trading Card Game Official website Android version Top 10 Most Expensive Pokemon Cards ( hide ) Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . The Pokémon Company Video games ( Video games list ) Main series Red & Blue Yellow Gold & Silver ( Crystal ) Ruby & Sapphire Emerald Diamond & Pearl Platinum Black & White Black 2 & White 2 X & Y Sun & Moon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon Remakes FireRed & LeafGreen HeartGold & SoulSilver Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Console games Snap Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD : Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution Pokkén Tournament Other Go Mystery Dungeon TCG Online Shuffle Duel Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) Original Indigo League `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' Adventures on the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Generation Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Diamond and Pearl DP : Battle Dimension DP : Galactic Battles DP : Sinnoh League Victors Best Wishes Black & White BW : Rival Destinies BW : Adventures in Unova BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond XY XY Kalos Quest XY & Z Sun and Moon Sun and Moon Specials Mewtwo Returns Chronicles The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Origins Generations Films Original The First Movie 2000 4Ever Heroes Advanced Generation Jirachi Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea Diamond and Pearl The Rise of Darkrai Giratina and the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark : Master of Illusions Best Wishes Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened XY Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Sun and Moon I Choose You ! Manga series ( volume list ) Pocket Monsters Pokémon Adventures Magical Pokémon Journey The Electric Tale of Pikachu Battle Frontier Ginji 's Rescue Team Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Team Rocket Meowth Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . 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Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Wikipedia Big Bang nucleosynthesis Part of a series on Physical cosmology Big Bang Universe Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe ( hide ) Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch Big Bang nucleosynthesis Inflation Dark Ages Backgrounds Cosmic background radiation ( CBR ) Gravitational wave background ( GWB ) Cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) Cosmic neutrino background ( CNB ) Cosmic infrared background ( INB ) Expansion Future ( show ) Hubble 's law Redshift Expansion of the universe Accelerating expansion of the universe FLRW metric Friedmann equations Inhomogeneous cosmology Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Heat death of the universe Big Rip Big Crunch Big Bounce Components Structure ( show ) Components Lambda - CDM model Baryonic matter Energy Radiation Dark energy Quintessence Phantom energy Dark matter Cold dark matter Warm dark matter Hot dark matter Dark radiation Structure Shape of the universe Reionization Structure formation Galaxy formation Large - scale structure Large quasar group Galaxy filament Supercluster Galaxy cluster Galaxy group Local Group Void Experiments ( show ) Black Hole Initiative ( BHI ) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) Illustris project Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Scientists ( show ) Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Bharadwaj Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedman Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Lemaître Linde Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Starobinsky Steinhardt Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zel'dovich Subject history ( show ) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation History of the Big Bang theory Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Cosmology portal Astronomy portal hide This article has multiple issues . 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( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In physical cosmology , Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( abbreviated BBN , also known as primordial nucleosynthesis , arch ( a ) eonucleosynthesis , archonucleosynthesis , protonucleosynthesis and pal ( a ) eonucleosynthesis ) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen ( hydrogen - 1 , H , having a single proton as a nucleus ) during the early phases of the Universe . Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have taken place in the interval from roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang , and is calculated to be responsible for the formation of most of the universe 's helium as the isotope helium - 4 ( He ) , along with small amounts of the hydrogen isotope deuterium ( H or D ) , the helium isotope helium - 3 ( He ) , and a very small amount of the lithium isotope lithium - 7 ( Li ) . In addition to these stable nuclei , two unstable or radioactive isotopes were also produced : the heavy hydrogen isotope tritium ( H or T ) ; and the beryllium isotope beryllium - 7 ( Be ) ; but these unstable isotopes later decayed into He and Li , as above . Essentially all of the elements that are heavier than lithium were created much later , by stellar nucleosynthesis in evolving and exploding stars . Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Important parameters 2.1 Neutron -- proton ratio 2.2 Baryon -- photon ratio 3 Sequence 3.1 History of theory 3.2 Heavy elements 3.3 Helium - 4 3.4 Deuterium 3.5 Lithium 4 Measurements and status of theory 5 Non-standard scenarios 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 For a general audience 8.2 Academic articles Characteristics ( edit ) There are several important characteristics of Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( BBN ) : The initial conditions ( neutron - proton ratio ) were set in the first second after the Big Bang . The universe was very close to homogeneous at this time , and strongly radiation - dominated . The fusion of nuclei occurred between roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang ; this corresponds to the temperature range when the universe was cool enough for deuterium to survive , but hot and dense enough for fusion reactions to occur at a significant rate . It was widespread , encompassing the entire observable universe . The key parameter which allows one to calculate the effects of BBN is the baryon / photon number ratio , which is a small number of order 6 × 10 . This parameter corresponds to the baryon density and controls the rate at which nucleons collide and react ; from this it is possible to calculate element abundances after nucleosynthesis ends . Although the baryon per photon ratio is important in determining element abundances , the precise value makes little difference to the overall picture . Without major changes to the Big Bang theory itself , BBN will result in mass abundances of about 75 % of hydrogen - 1 , about 25 % helium - 4 , about 0.01 % of deuterium and helium - 3 , trace amounts ( on the order of 10 ) of lithium , and negligible heavier elements . That the observed abundances in the universe are generally consistent with these abundance numbers is considered strong evidence for the Big Bang theory . In this field , for historical reasons it is customary to quote the helium - 4 fraction by mass , symbol Y , so that 25 % helium - 4 means that helium - 4 atoms account for 25 % of the mass , but less than 8 % of the nuclei would be helium - 4 nuclei . Other ( trace ) nuclei are usually expressed as number ratios to hydrogen . Important parameters ( edit ) The creation of light elements during BBN was dependent on a number of parameters ; among those was the neutron - proton ratio ( calculable from Standard Model physics ) and the baryon - photon ratio . Neutron -- proton ratio ( edit ) The neutron - proton ratio was set by Standard Model physics before the nucleosynthesis era , essentially within the first 1 - second after the Big Bang . Neutrons can react with positrons or electron neutrinos to create protons and other products in one of the following reactions : n + e + ↽ − − ⇀ ν ̄ e + p ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( n \ + e + < = > ( \ overline ( \ nu ) ) _ ( e ) + p ) ) ) n + ν e ↽ − − ⇀ p + e − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( n \ + \ nu_ ( e ) < = > p + e - ) ) ) At times much earlier than 1 sec , these reactions were fast and maintained the n / p ratio close to 1 : 1 . As the temperature dropped , the equilibrium shifted in favour of protons due to their slightly lower mass , and the n / p ratio smoothly decreased . These reactions continued until the decreasing temperature and density caused the reactions to become too slow , which occurred at about T = 0.7 MeV ( time around 1 second ) and is called the freeze out temperature . At freeze out , the neutron - proton ratio was about 1 / 6 . However , free neutrons are unstable with a mean life of 880 sec ; some neutrons decayed in the next few minutes before fusing into any nucleus , so the ratio of total neutrons to protons after nucleosynthesis ends is about 1 / 7 . Almost all neutrons that fused instead of decaying ended up combined into helium - 4 , due to the fact that helium - 4 has the highest binding energy per nucleon among light elements . This predicts that about 8 % of all atoms should be helium - 4 , leading to a mass fraction of helium - 4 of about 25 % , which is in line with observations . Small traces of deuterium and helium - 3 remained as there was insufficient time and density for them to react and form helium - 4 . Baryon -- photon ratio ( edit ) The baryon -- photon ratio , η , is the key parameter determining the abundances of light elements after nucleosynthesis ends . Baryons and light elements can fuse in the following main reactions : p + n ⟶ H 2 + γ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( p + n - > ^ 2H + \ gamma ) ) ) p + H 2 ⟶ He 3 + γ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( p + ^ 2H - > ^ 3He + \ gamma ) ) ) H 2 + H 2 ⟶ He 3 + n ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 2H + ^ 2H - > ^ 3He + n ) ) ) H 2 + H 2 ⟶ H 3 + p ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 2H + ^ 2H - > ^ 3H + p ) ) ) He 3 + H 2 ⟶ He 4 + p ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 3He + ^ 2H - > ^ 4He + p ) ) ) H 3 + H 2 ⟶ He 4 + n ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 3H + ^ 2H - > ^ 4He + n ) ) ) along with some other low - probability reactions leading to Li or Be . ( An important feature is that there are no stable nuclei with mass 5 or 8 , which implies that reactions adding one baryon to He , or fusing two He , do not occur ) . Most fusion chains during BBN ultimately terminate in He ( helium - 4 ) , while `` incomplete '' reaction chains lead to small amounts of left - over H or He ; the amount of these decreases with increasing baryon - photon ratio . That is , the larger the baryon - photon ratio the more reactions there will be and the more efficiently deuterium will be eventually transformed into helium - 4 . This result makes deuterium a very useful tool in measuring the baryon - to - photon ratio . Sequence ( edit ) The main nuclear reaction chains for Big Bang nucleosynthesis Big Bang nucleosynthesis began roughly 10 seconds after the big bang , when the universe had cooled sufficiently to allow deuterium nuclei to survive disruption by high - energy photons . ( Note that the neutron - proton freeze - out time was earlier ) . This time is essentially independent of dark matter content , since the universe was highly radiation dominated until much later , and this dominant component controls the temperature / time relation . At this time there were about six protons for every neutron , but a small fraction of the neutrons decay before fusing in the next few hundred seconds , so at the end of nucleosynthesis there are about seven protons to every neutron , and almost all the neutrons are in Helium - 4 nuclei . The sequence of these reaction chains is shown on the image . One feature of BBN is that the physical laws and constants that govern the behavior of matter at these energies are very well understood , and hence BBN lacks some of the speculative uncertainties that characterize earlier periods in the life of the universe . Another feature is that the process of nucleosynthesis is determined by conditions at the start of this phase of the life of the universe , and proceeds independently of what happened before . As the universe expands , it cools . Free neutrons are less stable than helium nuclei , and the protons and neutrons have a strong tendency to form helium - 4 . However , forming helium - 4 requires the intermediate step of forming deuterium . Before nucleosynthesis began , the temperature was high enough for many photons to have energy greater than the binding energy of deuterium ; therefore any deuterium that was formed was immediately destroyed ( a situation known as the deuterium bottleneck ) . Hence , the formation of helium - 4 is delayed until the universe became cool enough for deuterium to survive ( at about T = 0.1 MeV ) ; after which there was a sudden burst of element formation . However , very shortly thereafter , around twenty minutes after the Big Bang , the temperature and density became too low for any significant fusion to occur . At this point , the elemental abundances were nearly fixed , and the only changes were the result of the radioactive decay of the two major unstable products of BBN , tritium and beryllium - 7 . History of theory ( edit ) The history of Big Bang nucleosynthesis began with the calculations of Ralph Alpher in the 1940s . Alpher published the Alpher -- Bethe -- Gamow paper that outlined the theory of light - element production in the early universe . During the 1970s , there was a major puzzle in that the density of baryons as calculated by Big Bang nucleosynthesis was much less than the observed mass of the universe based on measurements of galaxy rotation curves and galaxy cluster dynamics . This puzzle was resolved in large part by postulating the existence of dark matter . Heavy elements ( edit ) A version of the periodic table indicating the origins -- including big bang nucleosynthesis -- of the elements . All elements above 103 ( lawrencium ) are also manmade and are not included . Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced very few nuclei of elements heavier than lithium due to a bottleneck : the absence of a stable nucleus with 8 or 5 nucleons . This deficit of larger atoms also limited the amounts of lithium - 7 produced during BBN . In stars , the bottleneck is passed by triple collisions of helium - 4 nuclei , producing carbon ( the triple - alpha process ) . However , this process is very slow and requires much higher densities , taking tens of thousands of years to convert a significant amount of helium to carbon in stars , and therefore it made a negligible contribution in the minutes following the Big Bang . The predicted abundance of CNO isotopes produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis is expected to be on the order of 10 that of H , making them essentially undetectable and negligible . Indeed , none of these primordial isotopes of the elements from lithium to oxygen have yet been detected , although those of beryllium and boron may be able to be detected in the future . So far , the only stable nuclides known experimentally to have been made before or during Big Bang nucleosynthesis are protium , deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Helium - 4 ( edit ) Main article : Helium - 4 Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts a primordial abundance of about 25 % helium - 4 by mass , irrespective of the initial conditions of the universe . As long as the universe was hot enough for protons and neutrons to transform into each other easily , their ratio , determined solely by their relative masses , was about 1 neutron to 7 protons ( allowing for some decay of neutrons into protons ) . Once it was cool enough , the neutrons quickly bound with an equal number of protons to form first deuterium , then helium - 4 . Helium - 4 is very stable and is nearly the end of this chain if it runs for only a short time , since helium neither decays nor combines easily to form heavier nuclei ( since there are no stable nuclei with mass numbers of 5 or 8 , helium does not combine easily with either protons , or with itself ) . Once temperatures are lowered , out of every 16 nucleons ( 2 neutrons and 14 protons ) , 4 of these ( 25 % of the total particles and total mass ) combine quickly into one helium - 4 nucleus . This produces one helium for every 12 hydrogens , resulting in a universe that is a little over 8 % helium by number of atoms , and 25 % helium by mass . One analogy is to think of helium - 4 as ash , and the amount of ash that one forms when one completely burns a piece of wood is insensitive to how one burns it . The resort to the BBN theory of the helium - 4 abundance is necessary as there is far more helium - 4 in the universe than can be explained by stellar nucleosynthesis . In addition , it provides an important test for the Big Bang theory . If the observed helium abundance is significantly different from 25 % , then this would pose a serious challenge to the theory . This would particularly be the case if the early helium - 4 abundance was much smaller than 25 % because it is hard to destroy helium - 4 . For a few years during the mid-1990s , observations suggested that this might be the case , causing astrophysicists to talk about a Big Bang nucleosynthetic crisis , but further observations were consistent with the Big Bang theory . Deuterium ( edit ) Main article : Deuterium This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deuterium is in some ways the opposite of helium - 4 , in that while helium - 4 is very stable and difficult to destroy , deuterium is only marginally stable and easy to destroy . The temperatures , time , and densities were sufficient to combine a substantial fraction of the deuterium nuclei to form helium - 4 but insufficient to carry the process further using helium - 4 in the next fusion step . BBN did not convert all of the deuterium in the universe to helium - 4 due to the expansion that cooled the universe and reduced the density , and so cut that conversion short before it could proceed any further . One consequence of this is that , unlike helium - 4 , the amount of deuterium is very sensitive to initial conditions . The denser the initial universe was , the more deuterium would be converted to helium - 4 before time ran out , and the less deuterium would remain . There are no known post-Big Bang processes which can produce significant amounts of deuterium . Hence observations about deuterium abundance suggest that the universe is not infinitely old , which is in accordance with the Big Bang theory . During the 1970s , there were major efforts to find processes that could produce deuterium , but those revealed ways of producing isotopes other than deuterium . The problem was that while the concentration of deuterium in the universe is consistent with the Big Bang model as a whole , it is too high to be consistent with a model that presumes that most of the universe is composed of protons and neutrons . If one assumes that all of the universe consists of protons and neutrons , the density of the universe is such that much of the currently observed deuterium would have been burned into helium - 4 . The standard explanation now used for the abundance of deuterium is that the universe does not consist mostly of baryons , but that non-baryonic matter ( also known as dark matter ) makes up most of the mass of the universe . This explanation is also consistent with calculations that show that a universe made mostly of protons and neutrons would be far more clumpy than is observed . It is very hard to come up with another process that would produce deuterium other than by nuclear fusion . Such a process would require that the temperature be hot enough to produce deuterium , but not hot enough to produce helium - 4 , and that this process should immediately cool to non-nuclear temperatures after no more than a few minutes . It would also be necessary for the deuterium to be swept away before it reoccurs . Producing deuterium by fission is also difficult . The problem here again is that deuterium is very unlikely due to nuclear processes , and that collisions between atomic nuclei are likely to result either in the fusion of the nuclei , or in the release of free neutrons or alpha particles . During the 1970s , cosmic ray spallation was proposed as a source of deuterium . That theory failed to account for the abundance of deuterium , but led to explanations of the source of other light elements . Lithium ( edit ) Main article : Lithium Lithium - 7 and lithium - 6 produced in the Big Bang are in the order of : lithium - 7 to be 10 of all primordial nuclides ; and lithium - 6 around 10 . Measurements and status of theory ( edit ) The theory of BBN gives a detailed mathematical description of the production of the light `` elements '' deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Specifically , the theory yields precise quantitative predictions for the mixture of these elements , that is , the primordial abundances at the end of the big - bang . In order to test these predictions , it is necessary to reconstruct the primordial abundances as faithfully as possible , for instance by observing astronomical objects in which very little stellar nucleosynthesis has taken place ( such as certain dwarf galaxies ) or by observing objects that are very far away , and thus can be seen in a very early stage of their evolution ( such as distant quasars ) . As noted above , in the standard picture of BBN , all of the light element abundances depend on the amount of ordinary matter ( baryons ) relative to radiation ( photons ) . Since the universe is presumed to be homogeneous , it has one unique value of the baryon - to - photon ratio . For a long time , this meant that to test BBN theory against observations one had to ask : can all of the light element observations be explained with a single value of the baryon - to - photon ratio ? Or more precisely , allowing for the finite precision of both the predictions and the observations , one asks : is there some range of baryon - to - photon values which can account for all of the observations ? More recently , the question has changed : Precision observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) and Planck give an independent value for the baryon - to - photon ratio . Using this value , are the BBN predictions for the abundances of light elements in agreement with the observations ? The present measurement of helium - 4 indicates good agreement , and yet better agreement for helium - 3 . But for lithium - 7 , there is a significant discrepancy between BBN and WMAP / Planck , and the abundance derived from Population II stars . The discrepancy is a factor of 2.4 ― 4.3 below the theoretically predicted value and is considered a problem for the original models , that have resulted in revised calculations of the standard BBN based on new nuclear data , and to various reevaluation proposals for primordial proton - proton nuclear reactions , especially the abundances of Be + n → Li + p , versus Be + H → Be + p . Non-standard scenarios ( edit ) In addition to the standard BBN scenario there are numerous non-standard BBN scenarios . These should not be confused with non-standard cosmology : a non-standard BBN scenario assumes that the Big Bang occurred , but inserts additional physics in order to see how this affects elemental abundances . These pieces of additional physics include relaxing or removing the assumption of homogeneity , or inserting new particles such as massive neutrinos . There have been , and continue to be , various reasons for researching non-standard BBN . The first , which is largely of historical interest , is to resolve inconsistencies between BBN predictions and observations . This has proved to be of limited usefulness in that the inconsistencies were resolved by better observations , and in most cases trying to change BBN resulted in abundances that were more inconsistent with observations rather than less . The second reason for researching non-standard BBN , and largely the focus of non-standard BBN in the early 21st century , is to use BBN to place limits on unknown or speculative physics . For example , standard BBN assumes that no exotic hypothetical particles were involved in BBN . One can insert a hypothetical particle ( such as a massive neutrino ) and see what has to happen before BBN predicts abundances that are very different from observations . This has been done to put limits on the mass of a stable tau neutrino . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Book : Nucleosynthesis Big Bang Chronology of the universe Nucleosynthesis Stellar nucleosynthesis Ultimate fate of the universe Relic abundance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www-pdg.lbl.gov/2017/mobile/reviews/pdf/rpp2016-rev-bbang-nucleosynthesis-m.pdf Jump up ^ Coc , Alain ; Vangioni , Elisabeth ( 2017 ) . `` Primordial nucleosynthesis '' . International Journal of Modern Physics E. 26 ( 8 ) : 1741002 . arXiv : 1707.01004 . Bibcode : 2017IJMPE ... 2641002C . doi : 10.1142 / S0218301317410026 . ISSN 0218 - 3013 . Jump up ^ ( Particle Data Group ) ; C. Patrignani ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Big - Bang nucleosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . Chin . Phys. C. 40 : 100001 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Gary Steigman ( 2007 ) . `` Primordial Nucleosynthesis in the Precision Cosmology Era '' . Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science . 57 ( 1 ) : 463 -- 491 . arXiv : 0712.1100 . Bibcode : 2007ARNPS ... 57 ... 463S . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nucl. 56.080805. 140437 . Jump up ^ Bertulani , Carlos A. ( 2013 ) . Nuclei in the Cosmos . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4417 - 66 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Equilibrium and change : The physics behind Big Bang Nucleosynthesis '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Coc , A ( 2017 ) . `` Primordial Nucleosynthesis '' . Journal of Physics : Conference Series . 665 : 012001 . arXiv : 1609.06048 . doi : 10.1088 / 1742 - 6596 / 665 / 1 / 012001 . Jump up ^ Coc , Alain ; Vangioni , Elisabeth ( 2014 ) . `` Revised Big Bang Nucleosynthesis with long - lived negatively charged massive particles : Impact of new 6Li limits , primordial 9Be nucleosynthesis , and updated recombination rates '' . arXiv : 1403.4156 v1 ( astro-ph.CO ) . Jump up ^ Bludman , S.A. ( December 1998 ) . `` Baryonic Mass Fraction in Rich Clusters and the Total Mass Density in the Cosmos '' . Astrophysical Journal . 508 ( 2 ) : 535 -- 538 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9706047 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 508 ... 535B . doi : 10.1086 / 306412 . Jump up ^ Schramm , D.N. , The Big Bang and Other Explosions in Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics ( Singapore : World Scientific , 1995 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ BD Fields `` The Primordial Lithium Problem '' , Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 2011 Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Cosmic Background Radiation '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Unit 4 : The Evolution Of The Universe '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ R.H. Cyburt , B.D. Fields & K.A. Olive ( 2008 ) . `` A Bitter Pill : The Primordial Lithium Problem Worsens '' . Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2008 ( 11 ) : 012 . arXiv : 0808.2818 . Bibcode : 2008JCAP ... 11 ... 012C . doi : 10.1088 / 1475 - 7516 / 2008 / 11 / 012 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Elements of the past : Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . For a recent calculation of BBN predictions , see A. Coc ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Updated Big Bang Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements '' . Astrophysical Journal . 600 ( 2 ) : 544 -- 552 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0309480 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 600 ... 544C . doi : 10.1086 / 380121 . For the observational values , see the following articles : Helium - 4 : K.A. Olive & E.A. Skillman ( 2004 ) . `` A Realistic Determination of the Error on the Primordial Helium Abundance '' . Astrophysical Journal . 617 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 49 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0405588 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 617 ... 29O . doi : 10.1086 / 425170 . Helium - 3 : T.M. Bania , R.T. Rood & D.S. Balser ( 2002 ) . `` The cosmological density of baryons from observations of 3He+ in the Milky Way '' . Nature . 415 ( 6867 ) : 54 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 415 ... 54B . doi : 10.1038 / 415054a . PMID 11780112 . Deuterium : J.M. O'Meara ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The Deuterium to Hydrogen Abundance Ratio Towards a Fourth QSO : HS0105 + 1619 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 552 ( 2 ) : 718 -- 730 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0011179 . Bibcode : 2001ApJ ... 552 ... 718O . doi : 10.1086 / 320579 . Lithium - 7 : C. Charbonnel & F. Primas ( 2005 ) . `` The Lithium Content of the Galactic Halo Stars '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 442 ( 3 ) : 961 -- 992 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0505247 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 442 ... 961C . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20042491 . A. Korn ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` A probable stellar solution to the cosmological lithium discrepancy '' . Nature . 442 ( 7103 ) : 657 -- 9 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0608201 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 442 ... 657K . doi : 10.1038 / nature05011 . PMID 16900193 . Jump up ^ Soler , F.J.P. , Froggatt , C.D. , & Muheim , F. , eds. , Neutrinos in Particle Physics , Astrophysics and Cosmology ( Baton Rouge : CRC Press , 2009 ) , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.W. , The Cosmic Compendium : The Big Bang & the Early Universe ( Morrisville , NC : Lulu Press , Inc. , 2015 ) , p. 54 . External links ( edit ) For a general audience ( edit ) Weiss , Achim . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Cooking up the first light elements '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . White , Martin : Overview of BBN Wright , Ned : BBN ( cosmology tutorial ) Big Bang nucleosynthesis on arxiv.org Burles , Scott ; Nollett , Kenneth M. ; Turner , Michael S. ( 1999 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Big - Bang Nucleosynthesis : Linking Inner Space and Outer Space '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 9903300 . Academic articles ( edit ) Cyburt , Richard H. ; Fields , Brian D. ; Olive , Keith A. ; Yeh , Tsung - Han ( February 2016 ) . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : 2015 '' . Rev. Mod . Phys. 88 ( 1 ) : 015004 . arXiv : 1505.01076 . Bibcode : 2016RvMP ... 88a5004C . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 88.015004 . Burles , Scott ; Kenneth M. Nollett ; Michael S. Turner ( 2001 ) . `` What Is The BBN Prediction for the Baryon Density and How Reliable Is It ? '' . Phys. Rev. D. 63 ( 6 ) : 063512 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0008495 . Bibcode : 2001PhRvD ... 63f3512B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 63.063512 . Report - no : FERMILAB - Pub - 00 - 239 - A Jedamzik , Karsten , `` Non-Standard Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Scenarios '' . Max - Planck - Institut für Astrophysik , Garching . Steigman , Gary , Primordial Nucleosynthesis : Successes And Challenges arXiv : astro - ph / 0511534 ; Forensic Cosmology : Probing Baryons and Neutrinos With BBN and the CBR arXiv : hep - ph / 0309347 ; and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Probing the First 20 Minutes arXiv : astro - ph / 0307244 R.A. Alpher , H.A. Bethe , G. Gamow , The Origin of Chemical Elements , Physical Review 73 ( 1948 ) , 803 . The so - called αβγ paper , in which Alpher and Gamow suggested that the light elements were created by hydrogen ions capturing neutrons in the hot , dense early universe . Bethe 's name was added for symmetry Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Origin of Elements and the Separation of Galaxies '' . Physical Review . 74 ( 4 ) : 505 -- 506 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74 ... 505G . doi : 10.1103 / physrev. 74.505. 2 . These two 1948 papers of Gamow laid the foundation for our present understanding of big - bang nucleosynthesis Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 ( 4122 ) : 680 -- 2 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 680G . doi : 10.1038 / 162680a0 . PMID 18893719 . Alpher , R.A. ( 1948 ) . `` A Neutron - Capture Theory of the Formation and Relative Abundance of the Elements '' . Physical Review . 74 ( 12 ) : 1737 -- 1742 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74.1737 A . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 74.1737 . R.A. Alpher and R. Herman , `` On the Relative Abundance of the Elements , '' Physical Review 74 ( 1948 ) , 1577 . This paper contains the first estimate of the present temperature of the universe Alpher , R.A. ; Herman , R. ; Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 ( 4124 ) : 774 -- 775 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 774A . doi : 10.1038 / 162774b0 . Java Big Bang element abundance calculator C. Pitrou , A. Coc , J. - P. Uzan , E. Vangioni , Precision big bang nucleosynthesis with improved Helium - 4 predictions arXiv : 1801.08023 ; hide Timeline of the Big Bang Chronology of the universe Big Bang Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Electroweak epoch ( Inflationary epoch , Reheating , Baryogenesis ) Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch ( Big Bang nucleosynthesis , Matter domination , Recombination ) Dark ages Habitable epoch Reionization Fate of the universe Big Crunch Big Rip Heat death of the universe Graphical timeline of the Big Bang Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis&oldid=865963633 '' Categories : Nucleosynthesis Physical cosmology Big Bang Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Webarchive template wayback links Self - contradictory articles from March 2017 All self - contradictory articles Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 09 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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where did helium come from the early universe

In physical cosmology , Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( abbreviated BBN , also known as primordial nucleosynthesis , arch ( a ) eonucleosynthesis , archonucleosynthesis , protonucleosynthesis and pal ( a ) eonucleosynthesis ) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen ( hydrogen - 1 , H , having a single proton as a nucleus ) during the early phases of the Universe . Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have taken place in the interval from roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang , and is calculated to be responsible for the formation of most of the universe 's helium as the isotope helium - 4 ( He ) , along with small amounts of the hydrogen isotope deuterium ( H or D ) , the helium isotope helium - 3 ( He ) , and a very small amount of the lithium isotope lithium - 7 ( Li ) . In addition to these stable nuclei , two unstable or radioactive isotopes were also produced : the heavy hydrogen isotope tritium ( H or T ) ; and the beryllium isotope beryllium - 7 ( Be ) ; but these unstable isotopes later decayed into He and Li , as above .

Ovarian cyst - wikipedia Ovarian cyst Jump to : navigation , search Ovarian cyst A simple ovarian cyst of most likely follicular origin Specialty Gynecology Symptoms None , bloating , lower abdominal pain , lower back pain Complications Rupture , twisting of the ovary Types Follicular cyst , corpus luteum cyst , cysts due to endometriosis , dermoid cyst , cystadenoma , ovarian cancer Diagnostic method Ultrasound Prevention Hormonal birth control Treatment Conservative management , pain medication , surgery Prognosis Usually good Frequency 8 % symptomatic before menopause ( edit on Wikidata ) An ovarian cyst is a fluid - filled sac within the ovary . Often they cause no symptoms . Occasionally they may produce bloating , lower abdominal pain , or lower back pain . The majority of cysts are harmless . If the cyst either breaks open or causes twisting of the ovary , it may cause severe pain . This may result in vomiting or feeling faint . Most ovarian cysts are related to ovulation , being either follicular cysts or corpus luteum cysts . Other types include cysts due to endometriosis , dermoid cysts , and cystadenomas . Many small cysts occur in both ovaries in polycystic ovarian syndrome . Pelvic inflammatory disease may also result in cysts . Rarely , cysts may be a form of ovarian cancer . Diagnosis is undertaken by pelvic examination with an ultrasound or other testing used to gather further details . Often , cysts are simply observed over time . If they cause pain , medications such as paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or ibuprofen may be used . Hormonal birth control may be used to prevent further cysts in those who are frequently affected . However , evidence does not support birth control as a treatment of current cysts . If they do not go away after several months , get larger , look unusual , or cause pain , they may be removed by surgery . Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month . Large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8 % of women before menopause . Ovarian cysts are present in about 16 % of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Cyst rupture 1.2 Ovarian torsion 2 Diagnosis 2.1 Ultrasound 2.2 Scoring systems 2.3 Functional 2.4 Non-functional 2.5 Associated medical conditions 2.6 Risk of cancer 3 Treatment 3.1 Pain 3.2 Surgery 4 Frequency 5 References 6 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Some or all of the following symptoms may be present , though it is possible not to experience any symptoms : Abdominal pain . Dull aching pain within the abdomen or pelvis , especially during intercourse . Uterine bleeding . Pain during or shortly after beginning or end of menstrual period ; irregular periods , or abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting . Fullness , heaviness , pressure , swelling , or bloating in the abdomen . When a cyst ruptures from the ovary , there may be sudden and sharp pain in the lower abdomen on one side . Change in frequency or ease of urination ( such as inability to fully empty the bladder ) , or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on adjacent pelvic anatomy . Constitutional symptoms such as fatigue , headaches Nausea or vomiting Weight gain Other symptoms may depend on the cause of the cysts : Symptoms that may occur if the cause of the cysts is polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS ) may include increased facial hair or body hair , acne , obesity and infertility . If the cause is endometriosis , then periods may be heavy , and intercourse painful . The effect of cysts not related to PCOS on fertility is unclear . Cyst rupture ( edit ) A ruptured ovarian cyst is usually self - limiting , and only requires keeping an eye on the situation and pain medications . The main symptom is abdominal pain , which may last a few days to a several weeks , but they can also be asymptomatic . Rupture of large ovarian cysts can cause bleeding inside the abdominal cavity and in some cases shock . Ovarian torsion ( edit ) Ovarian cysts increase the risk for ovarian torsion ; cysts larger than 4 cm are associated with approximately 17 % risk . The torsion can cause obstruction of blood flow and lead to infarction . Diagnosis ( edit ) A 2 cm left ovarian cyst as seen on ultrasound Ovarian cysts are usually diagnosed by ultrasound , CT scan , or MRI , and correlated with clinical presentation and endocrinologic tests as appropriate . Ultrasound ( edit ) Follow - up imaging in women of reproductive age for incidentally discovered simple cysts on ultrasound is not needed until 5 cm , as these are usually normal ovarian follicles . Simple cysts 5 to 7 cm in premenopausal females should be followed yearly . Simple cysts larger than 7 cm require further imaging with MRI or surgical assessment . Because they are large , they can not be reliably assessed by ultrasound alone because it may be difficult to see the soft tissue nodularity or thickened septation at their posterior wall due to limited penetrance of the ultrasound beam . For the corpus luteum , a dominant ovulating follicle that typically appears as a cyst with circumferentially thickened walls and crenulated inner margins , follow up is not needed if the cyst is less than 3 cm in diameter . In postmenopausal patients , any simple cyst greater than 1 cm but less than 7 cm needs yearly follow - up , while those greater than 7 cm need MRI or surgical evaluation , similar to reproductive age females . An Axial CT demonstrating a large hemorrhagic ovarian cyst . The cyst is delineated by the yellow bars with blood seen anteriorly . For incidentally discovered dermoids , diagnosed on ultrasound by their pathognomonic echogenic fat , either surgical removal or yearly follow up is indicated , regardless of patient age . For peritoneal inclusion cysts , which have a crumpled tissue - paper appearance and tend to follow the contour of adjacent organs , follow up is based on clinical history . Hydrosalpinx , or fallopian tube dilation , can be mistaken for an ovarian cyst due to its anechoic appearance . Follow - up for this is also based on clinical presentation . For multiloculate cysts with thin septation less than 3 mm , surgical evaluation is recommended . The presence of multiloculation suggests a neoplasm , although the thin septation implies that the neoplasm is benign . For any thickened septation , nodularity , or vascular flow on color doppler assessment , surgical removal should be considered due to concern for malignancy . Scoring systems ( edit ) There are several systems to assess risk of an ovarian cyst of being an ovarian cancer , including the RMI ( risk of malignancy index ) , LR2 and SR ( simple rules ) . Sensitivities and specificities of these systems are given in tables below : Scoring systems Premenopausal Postmenopausal Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity RMI I 44 % 95 % 79 % 90 % LR2 85 % 91 % 94 % 70 % SR 93 % 83 % 93 % 76 % Ovarian cysts may be classified according to whether they are a variant of the normal menstrual cycle , referred to as a functional or follicular cyst . Ovarian cysts are considered large when they are over 5 cm and giant when they are over 15 cm . In children , ovarian cysts reaching above the level of the umbilicus are considered giant . Functional ( edit ) Functional cysts form as a normal part of the menstrual cycle . There are several types of cysts : Follicular cyst , the most common type of ovarian cyst . In menstruating women , a follicle containing the ovum , an unfertilized egg , will rupture during ovulation . If this does not occur , a follicular cyst of more than 2.5 cm diameter may result . Corpus luteum cysts appear after ovulation . The corpus luteum is the remnant of the follicle after the ovum has moved to the fallopian tubes . This normally degrades within 5 to 9 days . A corpus luteum that is more than 3 cm is defined as cystic . Theca lutein cysts occur within the thecal layer of cells surrounding developing oocytes . Under the influence of excessive hCG , thecal cells may proliferate and become cystic . This is usually on both ovaries . Non-functional ( edit ) Transvaginal ultrasonography of a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst , probably originating from a corpus luteum cyst . The coagulating blood gives the content a cobweb - like appearance . Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a 67 x 40 mm endometrioma , with a somewhat grainy content . Non-functional cysts may include the following : An ovary with many cysts , which may be found in normal women , or within the setting of polycystic ovary syndrome Cysts caused by endometriosis , known as chocolate cysts Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst Dermoid cyst Ovarian serous cystadenoma Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma Paraovarian cyst Cystic adenofibroma Borderline tumoral cysts Associated medical conditions ( edit ) In juvenile hypothyroidism multicystic ovaries are present in about 75 % of cases , while large ovarian cysts and elevated ovarian tumor marks are one of the symptoms of the Van Wyk and Grumbach syndrome . The CA - 125 marker in children and adolescents can be frequently elevated even in absence of malignancy and conservative management should be considered . Polycystic ovarian syndrome involves the development of multiple small cysts in both ovaries due to an elevated ratio of leutenizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone , typically more than 25 cysts in each ovary , or an ovarian volume of greater than 10 mL . Larger bilateral cysts can develop as a result of fertility treatment due to elevated levels of HCG , as can be seen with the use of clomifene for follicular induction , in extreme cases resulting in a condition known as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome . Certain malignancies can mimic the effects of clomifene on the ovaries , also due to increased HCG , in particular gestational trophoblastic disease . Ovarian hyperstimulation occurs more often with invasive moles and choriocarcinoma than complete molar pregnancies . Risk of cancer ( edit ) A widely recognised method of estimating the risk of malignant ovarian cancer based on initial workup is the risk of malignancy index ( RMI ) . It is recommended that women with an RMI score over 200 should be referred to a centre with experience in ovarian cancer surgery . The RMI is calculated as follows : RMI = ultrasound score x menopausal score x CA - 125 level in U / ml . There are two methods to determine the ultrasound score and menopausal score , with the resultant RMI being called RMI 1 and RMI 2 , respectively , depending on what method is used : Feature RMI 1 RMI 2 Ultrasound abnormalities : Multilocular cyst Solid areas Bilateral lesions Ascites Intra-abdominal metastases 0 = no abnormality 1 = one abnormality 3 = two or more abnormalities 0 = none 1 = one abnormality 4 = two or more abnormalities Menopausal score 1 = premenopausal 3 = postmenopausal 1 = premenopausal 4 = postmenopausal CA - 125 Quantity in U / ml Quantity in U / ml An RMI 2 of over 200 has been estimated to have a sensitivity of 74 to 80 % , a specificity of 89 to 92 % and a positive predictive value of around 80 % of ovarian cancer . RMI 2 is regarded as more sensitive than RMI 1 . Treatment ( edit ) Cysts associated with hypothyroidism or other endocrine problems are managed by treating the underlying condition . About 95 % of ovarian cysts are benign , not cancerous . Functional cysts and hemorrhagic ovarian cysts usually resolve spontaneously . However , the bigger an ovarian cyst is , the less likely it is to disappear on its own . Treatment may be required if cysts persist over several months , grow , or cause increasing pain . Cysts that persist beyond two or three menstrual cycles , or occur in post-menopausal women , may indicate more serious disease and should be investigated through ultrasonography and laparoscopy , especially in cases where family members have had ovarian cancer . Such cysts may require surgical biopsy . Additionally , a blood test may be taken before surgery to check for elevated CA - 125 , a tumour marker , which is often found in increased levels in ovarian cancer , although it can also be elevated by other conditions resulting in a large number of false positives . Pain ( edit ) Pain associated with ovarian cysts may be treated in several ways : Pain relievers such as acetaminophen , nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , or opioids . While hormonal birth control prevents the development of new cysts in those who frequently get them , it is not useful for the treatment of current cysts . Surgery ( edit ) Although most cases of ovarian cysts involve monitoring , some cases require surgery . This may involve removing the cyst , or one or both ovaries . Technique is typically laparoscopic , unless the cyst is particularly large , or if pre-operative imaging suggests malignancy or complex anatomy . In certain situations , the cyst is entirely removed , while with cysts with low recurrence risk , younger patients , or which are in anatomically eloquent areas of the pelvis , they can be drained . Features that may indicate the need for surgery include : Persistent complex ovarian cysts Persistent cysts that are causing symptoms Complex ovarian cysts larger than 5 cm Simple ovarian cysts larger 10 cm or larger than 5 cm in postmenopausal patients Women who are menopausal or perimenopausal Frequency ( edit ) Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month , and large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8 % of women before menopause . Ovarian cysts are present in about 16 % of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer . Benign ovarian cysts are common in asymptomatic premenarchal girls and found in approximately 68 % of ovaries of girls 2 -- 12 years old and in 84 % of ovaries of girls 0 -- 2 years old . Most of them are smaller than 9 mm while about 10 - 20 % are larger macrocysts . While the smaller cysts mostly disappear within 6 months the larger ones appear to be more persistent . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ovarian cysts '' . Office on Women 's Health . November 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Grimes , DA ; Jones , LB ; Lopez , LM ; Schulz , KF ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 4 : CD006134 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006134. pub5 . PMID 24782304 . ^ Jump up to : Mimoun , C ; Fritel , X ; Fauconnier , A ; Deffieux , X ; Dumont , A ; Huchon , C ( December 2013 ) . `` ( Epidemiology of presumed benign ovarian tumors ) '' . Journal de gynecologie , obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction . 42 ( 8 ) : 722 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jgyn. 2013.09. 027 . PMID 24210235 . ^ Jump up to : Helm , William . `` Ovarian Cysts '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Legendre , G ; Catala , L ; Morinière , C ; Lacoeuille , C ; Boussion , F ; Sentilhes , L ; Descamps , P ( March 2014 ) . `` Relationship between ovarian cysts and infertility : what surgery and when ? '' . Fertility and Sterility. 101 ( 3 ) : 608 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2014.01. 021 . PMID 24559614 . Jump up ^ Ovarian Cyst Rupture Archived 2013 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . at Medscape . Authors : Nathan Webb and David Chelmow . Updated : Nov 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Ovarian Cysts Causes , Symptoms , Diagnosis , and Treatment '' . eMedicineHealth.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , D ; Brown , DL ; Andreotti , RF ; Benacerraf , B ; Benson , CB ; Brewster , WR ; Coleman , B ; Depriest , P ; Doubilet , PM ; Goldstein , SR ; Hamper , UM ; Hecht , JL ; Horrow , M ; Hur , HC ; Marnach , M ; Patel , MD ; Platt , LD ; Puscheck , E ; Smith - Bindman , R ( September 2010 ) . `` Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US : Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement '' . Radiology. 256 ( 3 ) : 943 -- 54 . doi : 10.1148 / radiol. 10100213 . PMID 20505067 . Jump up ^ Kaijser J , Sayasneh A , Van Hoorde K , Ghaem - Maghami S , Bourne T , Timmerman D , Van Calster B ( 2013 ) . `` Presurgical diagnosis of adnexal tumours using mathematical models and scoring systems : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 449 -- 462 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt059 . ISSN 1355 - 4786 . PMID 24327552 . Jump up ^ Durbin KL , Diaz - Montes T , Loveless MB ( 2011 ) . `` Van wyk and grumbach syndrome : An unusual case and review of the literature '' . Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 24 ( 4 ) : e93 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2010.08. 003 . PMID 21600802 . Jump up ^ Dewailly , D ; Lujan , ME ; Carmina , E ; Cedars , MI ; Laven , J ; Norman , RJ ; Escobar - Morreale , HF ( May 2014 ) . `` Definition and significance of polycystic ovarian morphology : a task force report from the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 52 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt061 . PMID 24345633 . Jump up ^ Altinkaya , SO ; Talas , BB ; Gungor , T ; Gulerman , C ( October 2009 ) . `` Treatment of clomiphene citrate - related ovarian cysts in a prospective randomized study . A single center experience '' . The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research . 35 ( 5 ) : 940 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1447 - 0756.2009. 01041. x . PMID 20149045 . Jump up ^ Suzuki , H ; Matsubara , S ; Uchida , S ; Ohkuchi , A ( October 2014 ) . `` Ovary hyperstimulation syndrome accompanying molar pregnancy : case report and review of the literature '' . Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 290 ( 4 ) : 803 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s00404 - 014 - 3319 - 0 . PMID 24966119 . Jump up ^ NICE clinical guidelines Issued : April 2011 . Guideline CG122 . Ovarian cancer : The recognition and initial management of ovarian cancer Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Appendix D: Risk of malignancy index ( RMI I ) . ^ Jump up to : Network , Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines ( 2003 ) . `` EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER SECTION 3 : DIAGNOSIS '' . Epithelial ovarian cancer : a national clinical guideline . Edinburgh : SIGN . ISBN 1899893938 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ V.T. ( 14 May 2014 ) . Understanding Ovarian Cyst . V.T. pp. 25 -- . GGKEY : JTX84XQARW9 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward I. Bluth ( 2000 ) . Ultrasound : A Practical Approach to Clinical Problems . Thieme . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86577 - 861 - 0 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Susan A. Orshan ( 2008 ) . Maternity , Newborn , and Women 's Health Nursing : Comprehensive Care Across the Lifespan . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4254 - 2 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia CA - 125 Jump up ^ Tamparo , Carol ; Lewis , Marcia ( 2011 ) . Diseases of the Human Body . Philadelphia , PA : Library of Congress . p. 475 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8036 - 2505 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` HealthHints : Gynecologic Health ( January / February , 2003 ) '' . Texas AgriLife Extension Service : HealthHints . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Surgit , O ; Inegol Gumus , I ( 2014 ) . `` Single - port Laparoscopic Total Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo - oopherectomy Combined with Burch Colposuspension '' . Acta chirurgica Belgica. 114 ( 4 ) : 0 . PMID 26021429 . Jump up ^ Cho , MJ ; Kim , DY ; Kim , SC ( October 2015 ) . `` Ovarian Cyst Aspiration in the Neonate : Minimally Invasive Surgery '' . Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 28 ( 5 ) : 348 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2014.10. 003 . PMID 26148782 . Jump up ^ Nohuz , E ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` ( How I do ... the aspiration of an adnexal cyst without iterative needle punctures neither irrigation - aspiration device during a laparoscopy ) '' . Gynecologie , obstetrique & fertilite. 44 : 63 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gyobfe. 2015.11. 001 . PMID 26701109 . Jump up ^ Ovarian cysts Archived 2013 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . from MedlinePlus . Update Date : 2 / 26 / 2012 . Updated by : Linda J. Vorvick and Susan Storck . Also reviewed by David Zieve Jump up ^ Cohen HL , Eisenberg P , Mandel F , Haller JO ( 1992 ) . `` Ovarian cysts are common in premenarchal girls : A sonographic study of 101 children 2 - 12 years old '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 159 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 91 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 159.1. 1609728 . PMID 1609728 . Jump up ^ Qublan HS , Abdel - hadi J ( 2000 ) . `` Simple ovarian cysts : Frequency and outcome in girls aged 2 - 9 years '' . Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology. 27 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 3 . PMID 10758801 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : N83. 0 - N83. 2 ICD - 9 - CM : 620.0 - 620.2 MeSH : D010048 DiseasesDB : 9433 External resources MedlinePlus : 001504 eMedicine : med / 1699 emerg / 352 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovarian_cyst&oldid=808821559 '' Categories : Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract Cysts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what is meant by cyst in the ovary

An ovarian cyst is a fluid - filled sac within the ovary . Often they cause no symptoms . Occasionally they may produce bloating , lower abdominal pain , or lower back pain . The majority of cysts are harmless . If the cyst either breaks open or causes twisting of the ovary , it may cause severe pain . This may result in vomiting or feeling faint .

Gaby Hoffmann - wikipedia Gaby Hoffmann Gaby Hoffmann Hoffmann in June 2015 Gabrielle Mary Hoffmann ( 1982 - 01 - 08 ) January 8 , 1982 ( age 36 ) Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Residence Fort Greene , Brooklyn , New York Education Buckley School Calabasas High School Alma mater Bard College ( 2004 ) Occupation Actress Years active 1989 -- present Children Parent ( s ) Viva ( mother ) Anthony Herrera ( father ) Gabrielle Mary Hoffmann ( born January 8 , 1982 ) is an American film and television actress best known for her roles on Sleepless in Seattle , Transparent and Girls , which garnered her nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2015 , respectively . Additionally , she is remembered as a child actress from the films Field of Dreams , Uncle Buck , Now and Then , and Volcano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Life at the Chelsea Hotel 1.2 Adolescence on the West Coast 1.3 College and assorted jobs 2 Career 2.1 Childhood acting career 2.2 Teen and college years : 1996 -- 2003 2.3 Theatre work in New York : 2003 -- 2007 2.4 Return to film work : 2007 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hoffmann was born in Manhattan , New York City , New York . Her mother , Viva ( born Janet Susan Mary Hoffmann ) , is an actress , writer and former Warhol superstar , and her father , Anthony Herrera , was a soap opera actor best known for his role as James Stenbeck from As the World Turns . Viva and Herrera were estranged shortly after Hoffmann 's birth ; she was raised by her mother at the Chelsea Hotel in New York . Her father did not have a significant presence in her life . Hoffmann 's birth is documented in Brigid Berlin 's The Andy Warhol Diaries . An entry dated January 10 , 1982 , two days after Hoffmann was born , says that a friend of Warhol 's telephoned Warhol and told him that they were going to the Chelsea Hotel to see Viva and her new baby . Hoffmann 's mother was raised in a devout Catholic family on Long Island , the daughter of an attorney . She was previously married to director Michel Auder in 1969 . Gaby has a half - sister , Alexandra `` Alex '' Auder , who is 11 years older . Auder teaches yoga in New York City . Hoffmann 's father was raised in Wiggins , Mississippi by his maternal grandparents ; his own father , Gaby 's biological great - grandfather was referenced , viewed , and stated on the PBS series , Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates Jr . Season 4 , Episode 8 , to be Gaston L Malecot . An instructor at Columbia University and a World War 1 veteran . Herrera died in 2011 from cancer . Hoffmann attended elementary school in Manhattan at P.S. 3 on Hudson Street in the West Village , then another school in Hell 's Kitchen . After she moved to Los Angeles in 1994 , she attended the Buckley School , before finally graduating from Calabasas High School in 1999 . Life at the Chelsea Hotel ( edit ) Until July 1993 , Hoffmann lived in Manhattan 's Chelsea Hotel ( now a landmark ) , which Hoffmann later said she enjoyed . According to Hoffmann , she and her best friend Talya Shomron would roller - skate in the hallways , spy on the drug dealer across the hall , and persuade the bellman to go to the neighborhood delicatessen at night to fetch them ice cream . Hoffmann recalled , `` I grew up in downtown New York in the ' 80s . I have a friend who grew up with me , and she puts it well . She says , ' If you grew up where we grew up , if you were n't an artist , a drag queen , queer , or a drug addict , then you were the freak ( unusual one ) . ' I grew up in a world where I guess what is considered unusual or abnormal for the rest of America was very much considered the norm . '' She also reported in an interview that there had been gunfire and a rape at the hotel shortly before they moved out of it . Hoffmann and her mother left the Chelsea Hotel after a long - standing dispute with the management that ended in eviction . Regardless , Gaby 's connection to the hotel resulted in a significant effect on her future . The idea for the 1994 sitcom Someone Like Me originated after Gail Berman ( former president of Viacom 's Paramount Pictures ) read a New York Times article about the hotel which referred to a children 's book that Viva and friend Jane Lancellotti wrote , Gaby at the Chelsea ( a take on Kay Thompson 's 1950s classic Eloise books ) . Berman became the show 's producer . Adolescence on the west coast ( edit ) When Hoffmann was 11 , after leaving the Chelsea , Hoffmann and her mother moved to the west coast to a two - bedroom rented house in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles , California , which was badly damaged in the January 17 , 1994 Northridge earthquake . While regrouping their living situation , Gaby and her mother temporarily lived at The Oceana Suites Hotel in Santa Monica , California . College and assorted jobs ( edit ) After she graduated from Calabasas High School in 1999 , Hoffmann followed her half - sister Alex 's example and entered New York 's Bard College to pursue a degree in literature and writing . Around 2001 , she temporarily left her acting career to complete her studies and graduated in 2004 ; her senior thesis was a documentary film . After college , she spent much of her 20s drifting . She interned with a chef in Italy , and then trained to be a doula after helping deliver Alex 's children . For a time , Hoffmann and a boyfriend lived in an old trailer in the Catskill Mountains . Career ( edit ) Childhood acting career ( edit ) Hoffmann began her acting career at the age of four to help pay the family bills by acting in commercials . In 1989 , she starred in her first movie , Field of Dreams , with Kevin Costner. 1989 's Uncle Buck followed , working beside John Candy and up - and - coming child star Macaulay Culkin . However , she grew tired of the rigors of screen performance and temporarily retired . Nevertheless , upon hearing that Culkin ( whom she disliked when they worked together ) was making a lot of money in feature films , her `` competitive spirit got the best of her , '' as she later put it , and she re-entered the profession . She went on to star in This Is My Life ( 1992 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) with Tom Hanks and The Man Without a Face with Mel Gibson ( who also directed the film ) . According to Hoffmann , it was the praise she received for her performance in This is My Life which encouraged her to pursue a full - time acting career in Hollywood as it gave her the confidence she needed to handle major roles . In 1994 , Hoffmann was given the starring role in her own sitcom Someone Like Me ( on NBC ) about a young girl , Gaby , and her dysfunctional family . Although generally well received , the show only lasted six episodes . Publicity work for the show included personal appearances by Hoffmann on late night talk shows like The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Show with David Letterman . After Someone Like Me , Hoffmann won the lead role opposite Shelley Long in the 1995 TV film Freaky Friday , a remake of the 1976 film of the same name starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris . In the same year as Freaky Friday , Hoffmann starred as Young Samantha ( the childhood counterpart to Demi Moore 's character ) in the coming - of - age feature film , Now and Then . In 1995 , Hoffmann played Andrea Eagerton in the CBS TV film Whose Daughter Is She ? . Teen and College years : 1996 -- 2003 ( edit ) Between 1996 and 2001 , Hoffmann landed roles in several films including Everyone Says I Love You ( 1996 ) , Volcano ( 1997 ) , Snapped ( 1998 ) , The Hairy Bird ( 1998 ) , 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) , Coming Soon ( 1999 ) , Black & White ( 1999 ) , You Can Count on Me ( 2000 ) , and Perfume ( 2001 ) . Theatre work in New York : 2003 -- 2007 ( edit ) Between 2003 and 2007 , Hoffmann largely concentrated on a theatre career in New York . Roles included 24 Hour Plays ( as Denise at the American Airlines Theatre ) , The Sugar Syndrome ( Williamstown Theatre Festival -- July / August 2005 ) , and Third ( Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater / Lincoln Center Theater -- September -- December 2005 ) . In late 2005 , she starred in an episode of Law & Order : Criminal Intent . She also appeared in the Broadway play Suburbia , alongside Kieran Culkin and Jessica Capshaw at the Second Stage Theatre on 43rd Street in New York City , which ran from September to October 2006 . Hoffmann then returned to the 24 Hours Plays where she acted alongside Jennifer Aniston . Return to film work : 2007 -- Present ( edit ) Since 2007 , Hoffmann has made a gradual return to film acting . In 2007 , she starred in the film Severed Ways : The Norse Discovery of America . In 2008 , she appeared in Guest of Cindy Sherman , a documentary on art - scene commentator Paul Hasegawa - Overacker 's relationship with enigmatic photographer Cindy Sherman . Later in 2008 , Hoffmann appeared in the documentary Chelsea on the Rocks , which is a tribute to the Chelsea Hotel where she grew up . Directed by Abel Ferrara , the documentary highlights the many personalities and artistic voices that have emerged from the legendary residence . In 2009 , Hoffmann had a supporting role in Todd Solondz 's Life During Wartime , and the thriller 13 with Mickey Rourke ( released in 2010 ) . More recently , Hoffmann has starred alongside Michael Cera in Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus ( 2013 ) . While shooting the film in Chile , she and Cera took mescaline for her performance in a climactic scene . Recent guest appearances have been in the television series Louie and Girls in Season 3 . Hoffmann said that she will be coming back in season 4 of Girls . Hoffmann ( bottom left ) . She is seen here with fellow cast members of Transparent in 2015 In 2013 , she completed work on the lead role of a Web series entitled Lyle , created by Stewart Thorndike and Jill Soloway . It was shot in NYC . She subsequently acquired an apartment in Brooklyn 's Fort Greene section . In October 2013 , she starred in the 1910s installment of Vanity Fair 's The Decades Series , `` The First March '' , directed by Gilly Barnes . Hoffmann has discussed her full frontal nude scenes in a few of her recent projects including Crystal Fairy , Girls and the Amazon series Transparent . On nudity , Hoffmann said : `` People are obsessed with actresses being hairless , fatless Barbie dolls . They ca n't imagine that people would want to be anything other than that . When they are , it 's looked at as almost a political statement . Look at Lena Dunham . She is a gorgeous woman and people ca n't stop talking about how brave she is to show herself naked , which I find totally condescending and ridiculous . If Angelina Jolie was naked onscreen no one would say she was brave . The implication is that Lena 's brave because she does n't look the way she 's supposed to look . I think that 's a shame . '' Jill Soloway wrote the role Hoffmann plays in Transparent for her after seeing her performance on Louis C.K. 's third season of Louie . In 2016 she appeared in video as an onstage `` stand - in '' during the Nostalgic For the Present concert tour of Australian singer Sia Furler for her song , `` Unstoppable . '' Personal Life ( edit ) Hoffmann has a daughter , Rosemary , born in November 2014 , with longtime boyfriend , cinematographer Chris Dapkins ( born on November 19 , 1980 ) . She lives in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 Field of Dreams Karin Kinsella 1989 Uncle Buck Maizy Russell This Is My Life Opal Ingels 1993 Sleepless in Seattle Jessica 1993 The Man Without a Face Megan Norstadt 1995 Now and Then Samantha `` Sam '' Albertson Everyone Says I Love You Lane Dandridge 1997 Volcano Kelly Roark 1998 All I Wanna Do Odette Sinclair 1998 Snapped Tara 1999 200 Cigarettes Stephie 1999 Coming Soon Jenny Simon 1999 Black and White Raven 2000 You Can Count on Me Sheila Seidleman Perfume Gabrielle Mancini 2007 Severed Ways Orn 's Wife 2009 Life During Wartime Wanda 13 Clara Ferro 2011 Wolfe with an E Karen 2011 Confidante Sam Short film 2011 The Surrogate Mary Sally 2012 Nate & Margaret Darla 2013 Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus Crystal Fairy 2013 All That I Am Susan 2013 Goodbye World Laura 2014 Obvious Child Nellie 2014 Veronica Mars Ruby Jetson 2014 Wild Aimee 2014 Lyle Leah 2015 Manhattan Romance Emmy Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Someone Like Me Gaby Stepjak 6 episodes 1995 Freaky Friday Annabelle Andrews Television film 1995 Whose Daughter Is She ? Andrea Eagerton Television film 2005 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Rachel Burnett Episode : `` The Good Child '' 2009 The Eastmans Dr. Sally Eastman Pilot Private Practice Emily Episode : `` Just Lose It '' 2011 The Good Wife Rhonda Cerone Episode : `` Killer Song '' 2011 Homeland CNN Producer Episode : `` Clean Skin '' 2012 Louie April Episode : `` Something Is Wrong '' 2014 -- 2017 Girls Caroline Sackler 8 episodes 2014 -- present Transparent Alexandria `` Ali '' Pfefferman Series regular 2016 High Maintenance Gaby Episode : `` Tick '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Production Result Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Supporting Role in a Motion Picture Field of Dreams Won 1993 Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Under Ten in a Motion Picture This Is My Life Nominated 1994 Young Artist Award Best Youth Actress Co-Starring in a Motion Picture Drama The Man Without a Face Nominated 1995 Young Artist Award Best Youth Comedienne in a TV Show Someone Like Me Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance by a Young Ensemble -- Feature Film or Video Now and Then Nominated 1997 YoungStar Award Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film Everyone Says I Love You Nominated 2014 Independent Spirit Award Best Female Lead Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus Nominated 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Girls Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Transparent Nominated 2016 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stated on Finding Your Roots , November 21 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Tina . `` Gaby Hoffmann , 1997 '' . Index Magazine . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann on Girls , Growing Up in ' 80s New York , and Her Amazon Show Transparent '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy Award Nominations : Full List of 2015 Emmy Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Lara ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Do you remember ... Gaby Hoffmann ? '' . reveal.co.uk . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viva Auder Auder -- United States Public Records , 1970 -- 2009 '' . FamilySearch . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Barbara L. ( April 29 , 1968 ) . `` La Dolce Viva '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Herrera Obituary '' . San Antonio Express - News . July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony Herrera Obituary '' . Stone County Enterprise . July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Dana ( March 25 , 1994 ) . `` 30 Minutes of Fame '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Caddell , Ian ( March 5 , 1992 ) . `` Child actor Gaby Hoffmann sounds off on directors , costars , and Madonna '' . Straight.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ EW Staff ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann on child stars and coming back to acting on her own terms '' . EW.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brock , Chris ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Paintings of Viva Hoffmann on exhibit at Thousand Islands Arts Center '' . Watertown Daily Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brodesser - Akner , Taffy ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Chelsea Hotel Had Its Own Eloise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Villeneuve , Poppy ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` Alexandra Auder , Yoga Teacher '' ( video interview ) . AnotherMag.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Soboroff , Jacob ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Says Mel Gibson Screamed And Made Her Cry As A Child Actor ( video ) '' ( video interview ) . Huffington Post Live . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Julie Miller ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Cera and Gaby Hoffmann on Crystal Fairy , Acting on Mescaline , and Trips with Strangers '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fine , Marshall ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann : Now playing adults '' . Hollywood & Fine . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Gilly ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Decades Series : The 1910s '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Marisa ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Below the Bikini Line , a Growing Trend : Brazilian Bikini Wax ? In a New Trend in Hair Removal , Women Prefer the Natural Look '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jennifer Ashley ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann : Warhol Would Have Loved Her '' . New York Observer . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Jessie ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Pret - a Reporter : Dynamic Duos : Jill Soloway and Gaby Hoffmann are Ready to Inhabit Your Brain '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matasci , Matt . `` Star - Studded Coachella 2016 Sia Set Features Pre-Recorded Cameos By Tig Notaro , Paul Dano and Kristen Wiig '' . music.mxdwn.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ; Jordan , Julie ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Welcomes Daughter Rosemary '' . People . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zaman , Farihah ( 2012 ) . `` Chris Dapkins : 25 New Faces of Independent Film ( 2012 ) '' . Filmmaker Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ; Jordan , Julie ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Expecting First Child '' . People . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Is Pregnant , Girls Guest Star Expecting First Child With Boyfriend Chris Dapkins '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Gaby Hoffmann on IMDb Gaby Hoffmann at the Internet Broadway Database BNF : cb140526586 ( data ) GND : 14377011X ISNI : 0000 0001 1563 1700 LCCN : no96019667 SNAC : w6vm5857 VIAF : 27269490 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaby_Hoffmann&oldid=849742543 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York City American child actresses American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Bard College alumni People from Manhattan Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 01 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who plays the little girl in field of dreams

Gabrielle Mary Hoffmann ( born January 8 , 1982 ) is an American film and television actress best known for her roles on Sleepless in Seattle , Transparent and Girls , which garnered her nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2015 , respectively . Additionally , she is remembered as a child actress from the films Field of Dreams , Uncle Buck , Now and Then , and Volcano .

Colin fickes - Wikipedia Colin fickes This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Colin Fickes Raleigh , North Carolina , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1994 -- present Colin Fickes is an American actor . He is best known as high school teenager Jimmy Edwards on the hit series One Tree Hill . In one of the series ' most notable episodes , the character committed suicide after bringing a gun to his school Tree Hill High , resulting in a hostage situation . Jimmy Edwards was seen in the very first episode of One Tree Hill . The character 's death motivated much of the drama in the third season . Fickes also appeared in the 2007 hit , Transformers as a Pentagon Analyst . Additionally , he has appeared in several other feature films and made guest television appearances , including a recurring role on Dawson 's Creek . Colin was a classmate of writer / director Nick Karner and actress Aubrey Dollar , he attended Needham B. Broughton High School . He has recently completed a movie called The Go - Getter where he plays Cousin Buddy alongside Lou Taylor Pucci , Zooey Deschanel and Jena Malone . Filmography ( edit ) 10 Years Later ( 2010 ) -- Drew The Chopping Block ( 2009 ) -- Arthur The New Twenty ( 2009 ) -- Ben Barr Late in the Game ( 2008 ) ( post-production ) -- Ben Barr Broken Angel ( 2008 ) ( post-production ) -- Hank Ten Years Later ( 2008 ) ( post-production ) -- Drew Over Her Dead Body ( 2008 ) -- Don Sunny & Share Love You ( 2007 ) -- Jason Trumble Fast Company ( 2007 ) -- Ben Barr Transformers ( 2007 ) -- Pentagon analyst # 1 The Go - Getter ( 2007 ) -- Cousin Buddy Chrystal ( 2004 ) -- Hog One Tree Hill ( 2003 ) -- Jimmy Edwards Roger Dodger ( 2002 ) -- Angus Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 2001 ) -- Glenn Rudd Cherry Falls ( 2000 ) -- Dino The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) -- Tuba Player Dawson 's Creek ( 1998 ) -- Kenny The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) -- Newsboy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holbrok , Damian ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` The Most Shocking One Tree Hill Ever ? '' . TV Guide Network . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Colin Fickes on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 7136 9615 VIAF : 100737490 This article about an American film and television actor is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Fickes&oldid=801424958 '' Categories : American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from North Carolina Actors from Raleigh , North Carolina Needham B. Broughton High School alumni American screen actor stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from September 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 16 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played jimmy edwards on one tree hill

He is best known as high school teenager Jimmy Edwards on the hit series One Tree Hill . In one of the series ' most notable episodes , the character committed suicide after bringing a gun to his school Tree Hill High , resulting in a hostage situation . Jimmy Edwards was seen in the very first episode of One Tree Hill . The character 's death motivated much of the drama in the third season .

As Long As You Love Me ( Justin Bieber song ) - wikipedia As Long As You Love Me ( Justin Bieber song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` As Long as You Love Me '' Single by Justin Bieber featuring Big Sean from the album Believe Released June 11 , 2012 Format Digital download Genre Electropop dubstep Length 3 : 49 ( album version ) 3 : 20 ( international version ) Label Island RBMG Schoolboy Songwriter ( s ) Andre Lindal Justin Bieber Nasri Atweh Rodney Jerkins Sean Anderson Producer ( s ) Darkchild The Messengers Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' ( 2012 ) `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Beauty and a Beat '' ( 2012 ) `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' ( 2012 ) `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Beauty and a Beat '' ( 2012 ) Big Sean singles chronology `` My Homies Still '' ( 2012 ) My Homies Still 2012 `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) As Long as You Love Me2012 `` Clique '' ( 2012 ) Clique 2012 Music video `` As Long as You Love Me '' on YouTube `` As Long as You Love Me '' is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber , from his third studio album , Believe ( 2012 ) . The track features American rapper Big Sean . It was written by both artists with Nasri Atweh , and was produced by Rodney `` Darkchild '' Jerkins and Andre Lindal . It was first released on June 11 , 2012 , as a promotional single from the album , and one month later it was released as the album 's second single . The song has since charted in the United Kingdom , first at number thirty as a promotional single with first - week sales of 11,598 , and then after being released as a single it improved its position on the UK Singles Chart , reaching number 22 . On Billboard 's Rhythmic Airplay Chart , the single reached number one , giving Bieber his first number one single on an American airplay music chart . It peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached the number one position on Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart , making Bieber the fifth Canadian artist to reach that position after Martin Solveig featuring Dragonette 's `` Hello '' in 2011 . The song has sold 2,240,000 copies in the US as December 2012 . The music video features actor Michael Madsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Track listings 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Certifications 7.3 Year - end charts 8 Release history 8.1 Promotional releases 8.2 Single releases 9 References Background and release ( edit ) In late 2011 , Bieber confirmed to radio network Capital FM that he was recording material for his third studio album , which was originally going to be released in early 2012 . He later spoke to MTV News and revealed that Believe would surprise people in different ways , since it musically is a departure from his previous works . While Bieber has said that he wants his next release to recall Justin Timberlake 's Future Sex / Love Sounds sonically , in an interview with V magazine , he noted that what he 'll be singing is a bit more PG than the topics Timberlake covered on that album . `` I 'm not going to try to conform to what people want me to be or go out there and start partying , have people see me with alcohol . I want to do it at my own pace . I do n't want to start singing about things like sex , drugs and swearing . I 'm into love , and maybe I 'll get more into making love when I 'm older . I want to be someone who is respected by everybody . '' After releasing `` Boyfriend '' as the lead single , Bieber announced that he will release promotional singles to promote Believe . The first promotional single `` Die in Your Arms '' was released to iTunes on May 29 , 2012 . The second `` All Around The World '' was released on iTunes on June 4 , 2012 . `` As Long as You Love Me '' was released on June 11 , 2012 , as the third and final promotional single . The cover art for `` As Long as You Love Me '' shows Bieber perched on a wooden stool , holding an acoustic guitar . Sia Nicole of `` Idolator expressed dissatisfaction with the cover , saying `` It 's false advertising for the high - fidelity track that has nary a strum within earshot . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` As Long as You Love Me '' was written by Bieber , Nasri Atweh , and guest vocalist Big Sean , while production was handled by Darkchild , The Messengers and Andre Lindal . The song is officially written in the key of C minor . It is heavily influenced by dubstep , with vocal loops complemented by a booming beat . As the song continues , it builds and builds to a rave - ready drop . Lyrically , it tells listeners that true love can defy all circumstances and the obstacles that it can overcome . `` As long as you love me / We could be starving / We could be homeless / We could be broke , '' Bieber sings over a staccato beat and handclaps , with an undercurrent of a swirling - sounding synth . `` As long as you love me / I 'll be your platinum / I 'll be your silver / I 'll be your gold , '' he adds . Big Sean drops a rap exalting a lady love , too . `` I do n't know if this makes sense , but you 're my hallelujah / Give me a time and a place , and I 'll rendezvous , and I 'll fly you to it , '' Sean raps . Critical reception ( edit ) Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described the song as `` a dubstep love song , with Mr. Bieber reaching into falsetto at points without losing power , and showing restraint at the chorus . '' Natalie Shaw of BBC Music wrote , `` It 's fine that his vocal simpers on the verses of As Long As You Love Me , because the song 's pulsating undercurrent propels it onto the dancefloor . '' Hermione Hoby of The Observer complimented his vocals , calling `` plaintive and still unmistakably teenage . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard defined the track : `` A massive yet somehow intimate dance track , with the drums almost reaching hair metal levels in their vibrations . The Biebs handles his business , but Big Sean 's verse probably is n't necessary . '' Becky Bain of Idolator commented , `` The electro - infused track carries your basic we - do n't - need - money - we - have - love sentiment , while Big Sean cameo is mostly useless , but it does come at a pivotal moment in the Darkchild - produced tune . '' In his review for Fact Magazine , Alex Macpherson described the track : `` ' As Long As You Love Me ' is a post-austerity , us - against - the - world electronic storm in which Bieber promises romantic fealty even as he 's buffeted this way and that by a cornucopia of sonic switch - ups courtesy of Darkchild : the 4 × 4 march leading up to the peak of the second chorus , the way the word ' love ' is caught , cut up and tossed into a digital swirl until it becomes helpless surrender . Notably and surprisingly , too , Bieber 's own delivery stands out : his blend of puppy - eyed pleading and genuine tenderness on the line ' We could be homeless , we could be broke ' is the song 's emotional pivot . It 's enough to make you jealous of those terrifyingly devoted Beliebers : imagine how much more intensely they 're feeling this . '' Music video ( edit ) As part of promotion for `` As Long As You Love Me '' , a music video , which was filmed in early July 2012 , was released . Prior to the release of the video , Bieber revealed that a minute - long clip of the video was due to be broadcast following an episode of The Voice ; however , much to the displeasure of Bieber and his fans , the clip was n't shown . NBC later revealed that technical difficulties prevented the clip from being aired . The full video was later premiered on Bieber 's official YouTube page on July 12 , 2012 . Bieber very rarely referred to the video as a `` music video '' , but rather as a `` short film '' . Directed by Anthony Mandler , produced by Andrew Lerios , cinematography by David Devlin , and edited by Jacquelyn London the video was Bieber 's longest music video at five minutes and fifty - two seconds , before being surpassed by `` Confident '' at six minutes and six seconds . It featured guest appearances by Michael Madsen and Big Sean , the latter of which performs the rapping on the track . The video was filmed in Los Angeles , California . The actress in the music video is Chanel Celaya . Live performances ( edit ) Bieber performed the song for the first time in Oslo , Norway at the Oslo Opera House , on May 30 , 2012 at his Believe promo tour . Also Bieber performed the song , with Big Sean , in Today Show on June 15 , 2012 and again with Big Sean at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , in a medley with `` Boyfriend '' . Bieber also performed the song , once again with Big Sean , during the season finale of the NBC summer reality talent show `` America 's Got Talent '' . He also performed in late September on `` Dancing With The Stars '' , and on the February 9 , 2013 episode of `` Saturday Night Live '' , which he also hosted . Bieber has also performed the song on the 2012 Victoria 's Secret Fashion show on November 7 , 2012 in a medley with `` Boyfriend '' . On March 28 , 2015 , Bieber performed a duet with Ariana Grande on The Honeymoon Tour in Miami . Bieber performed the song at the 2015 Wango Tango . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) 3 : 49 ( show ) Digital download -- Remixes EP No . Title Length 1 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Remix ) 5 : 42 2 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Club Dub ) 4 : 58 3 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Radio Mix ) 3 : 31 4 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Remix ) 5 : 04 5 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Instrumental ) 5 : 04 6 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Radio Mix ) 3 : 55 7 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Club Mix ) 7 : 41 8 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Dub ) 7 : 26 9 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Radio Mix ) 3 : 55 10 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Dubstep Radio Mix ) 4 : 03 11 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Dubstep Mix ) 4 : 37 12 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Luvstep Mix ) 4 : 37 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Current Position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 63 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 52 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 48 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 33 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 40 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 37 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 55 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 22 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 78 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 34 Release history ( edit ) Promotional releases ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United States June 11 , 2012 Digital Download Island Records Canada France Universal Music , Mercury Records Worldwide June 13 , 2012 Single releases ( edit ) Region Date Format United States / Canada July 10 , 2012 Top 40 / Mainstream and Rhythmic radio Worldwide September 7 , 2012 Digital Remixes EP References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anzuoni , Mario ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Bieber spotlights his grown - up side in flashy new video '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caramanica , Jon ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Pop 's Good Boy Tries Growing Up '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : Cheryl 's Call My Name sells 152k in week one '' . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ from Billboard Top 40 Update ( October 8 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ from Billboard Top 40 Update ( October 22 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Top Songs of 2012 '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Teams Up With Kanye West And Drake For New Album ' Believe ' '' . Capital FM . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Boyfriend ' Track Getting Early Buzz '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Next Album Is ' Ridiculous ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg - Morse , Mredith ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Listen To A Sampler Of Tracks From Justin Bieber 's Upcoming Believe Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber to Release New Singles Each Week Leading Up to Believe '' . Mix FM . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Justin Bieber f / Big Sean -- ' As Long As You Love Me ' '' . Rap - Up . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Sia , Nicole ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Clutches Guitar On Cover Art For Guitarless Next Single , `` As Long As You Love Me '' `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Believe ( liner notes ) . Justin Bieber . Island Records , Raymond Braun Media Group , School Boy Records . 2012 . ^ Jump up to : A. Schillaci , Sophie ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Goes Dubstep with ' As Long as You Love Me ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bieber , Justin . `` Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber , Big Sean Get Romantic On ' As Long As You Love Me ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bain , Becky ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Gets Romantic On Club Banger `` As Long As You Love Me '' : Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Natalie ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Review of Justin Bieber -- Believe '' . BBC Music . BBC Online . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hermione , Hoby ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Believe -- review '' . The Observer . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lipshut , Jason ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber , ' Believe ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Alex ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Believe -- FACT magazine : music and art '' . Fact Magazine ( United Kingdom ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ London , Jacquelyn . `` BIEBER ' AS LONG AS YOU LOVE ME ' '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ London , Jacquelyn . `` VIDEOSTATIC ' AS LONG AS YOU LOVE ME ' '' . VIDEOSTATIC . Jump up ^ Exton , Emily ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Justin Bieber Performs New Songs `` All Around the World '' and `` As Long As You Love Me '' `` . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Brings Out Big Sean For ' Today ' Show Performance '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ebergamaschi ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) . `` '' As Long As You Love Me '' on iTunes News `` . Now Justin Bieber . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean Téléchargements MP3 7digital France '' . Fr.7digital.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( Remixes EP ) '' . iTunes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201248 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : As Long As You Love Me ( Feat . Big Sean ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 34 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 ( Week : September 1 , 2012 to September 6 , 2012 '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201241 into search . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As Long As You Love Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter As Long As Long As You Love Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles of 2012 '' . ARIA . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Canadian Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean MP3 Downloads 7digital United Kingdom '' . 7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean Descargas de MP3 7digital España '' . Es.7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean MP3 Downloads 7digital Ireland '' . Ie.7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query results '' . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query results '' . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Big Sean singles Discography Finally Famous `` My Last '' `` Marvin & Chardonnay '' `` Dance ( Ass ) '' Cruel Summer `` Mercy '' `` Clique '' Hall of Fame `` Guap '' `` Switch Up '' `` Beware '' `` Fire '' Dark Sky Paradise `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' `` Paradise '' `` Blessings '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Play No Games '' I Decided . `` Bounce Back '' `` Moves '' Other singles `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' `` Champions '' `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' Featured singles `` Lay It on Me '' `` Till I Die '' `` Naked '' `` My Homies Still '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Burn '' `` Show Out '' `` All That ( Lady ) '' `` Wild '' `` Right There '' `` Sorry '' `` All Me '' `` Open Wide '' `` B Boy '' `` How Many Times '' `` Back Up '' `` Workin '' ( remix ) `` Holy Key '' `` I Think of You '' `` Feels '' Promotional singles `` Oh My '' ( remix ) `` What Yo Name Iz ? '' ( remix ) `` Control '' `` Best Mistake '' Other songs `` See Me Now '' `` Do n't Like '' ( remix ) `` Sanctified '' `` Research '' `` No Favors '' `` On Everything '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_(Justin_Bieber_song)&oldid=810353444 '' Categories : 2012 singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Justin Bieber songs Island Records singles Big Sean songs Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler Songs about domestic violence Songs written by Andre Lindal Songs written by Nasri ( musician ) Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Big Sean Songs written by Rodney Jerkins 2012 songs Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 19 : 23 . 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who produced as long as you love me

`` As Long as You Love Me '' is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber , from his third studio album , Believe ( 2012 ) . The track features American rapper Big Sean . It was written by both artists with Nasri Atweh , and was produced by Rodney `` Darkchild '' Jerkins and Andre Lindal . It was first released on June 11 , 2012 , as a promotional single from the album , and one month later it was released as the album 's second single .

Lens speed - wikipedia Lens speed Jump to : navigation , search A fast prime ( fixed focal length ) lens , the Canon 50mm f / 1.4 ( left ) , and a slower zoom lens , the Canon 18 -- 55mm f / 3.5 -- 5.6 ( right ) ; this lens is faster at 18mm than it is at 55mm . Main article : Aperture Lens speed refers to the maximum aperture diameter , or minimum f - number , of a photographic lens . A lens with a larger maximum aperture ( that is , a smaller minimum f - number ) is called a `` fast lens '' because it can achieve the same exposure with a faster shutter speed . Conversely , a smaller maximum aperture ( larger minimum f - number ) is `` slow '' because it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower ( longer ) shutter speed . A fast lens speed is desirable in taking pictures in dim light , or with long telephoto lenses and for controlling depth of field and bokeh , especially in portrait photography , and for sports photography and photojournalism . Lenses may also be referred to as being `` faster '' or `` slower '' than one another ; so an f / 3.5 lens can be described as faster than an f / 5.6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tradeoffs 2 Fast lenses 2.1 Maximum possible speed 2.2 List of ultrafast lenses 3 References 4 External links Tradeoffs ( edit ) Attaining maximum lens speed requires engineering tradeoffs , and as such , `` prime '' ( fixed focal length ) lenses are generally faster than zoom lenses , and modern manual - focus lenses are generally faster than their autofocus counterparts . With 35mm cameras , the fastest lenses are typically in the `` normal lens '' range near 50mm and there are several high - quality fast lenses available that are relatively inexpensive . For example , the Canon EF 50mm f / 1.8 II or Nikon AF Nikkor 50mm f / 1.8 D are very inexpensive , but quite fast and optically well - regarded . Old fast manual focus lenses , just as the Nikkor - S ( C ) or Nikkor AI - S 50mm f / 1.4 , were historically produced abundantly , and are thus sold relatively inexpensively on the used lens market . Especially outside of the `` normal lenses '' , lens speed also tends to correlate with the price and / or quality of the lens . This is because lenses with larger maximum apertures require greater care with regard to design , precision of manufacture , special coatings and quality of glass . At wide apertures , spherical aberration becomes more significant and must be corrected . Faster telephoto and wide - angle retrofocus designs tend to be much more expensive . Fast lenses ( edit ) The fastest lenses in general production now are f / 1.2 or f / 1.4 , with more at f / 1.8 and f / 2.0 , and many at f / 2.8 or slower . What is considered `` fast '' has evolved to lower f - numbers over the years , due to advances in lens design , optical manufacturing , quality of glass , optical coatings , and the move toward smaller imaging formats . For example , the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states that `` ... ( Lenses ) are also sometimes classified according to their rapidity , as expressed by their effective apertures , into extra rapid , with apertures larger than f / 6 ; rapid , with apertures from f / 6 to f / 8 ; slow , with apertures less than f / 11 . '' Canon 85mm f / 1.8 and f / 1.2 showing their large entrance pupils For scale , note that f / 0.5 , f / 0.7 , f / 1.0 , f / 1.4 , and f / 2.0 are each 1 f - stop apart ( 2 × as fast ) , as an f - stop corresponds to a factor of square root of 2 , about 1.4 . Thus around f / 1.0 , a change of 0.1 corresponds to about 1 / 4 of an f - stop ( by linear approximation ) : f / 1.0 is about 50 % faster than f / 1.2 , which is about 50 % faster than f / 1.4 . As of 2017 , Canon , Nikon , Pentax and Sony all make an autofocus 50mm f / 1.4 lens . These are not unusual lenses and are relatively inexpensive . Canon also makes autofocus 50mm and 85mm f / 1.2 lenses , while Nikon makes a manual focus 50mm f / 1.2 lens and an autofocus 85mm f / 1.4 ; see Canon EF 50mm lenses and Canon EF 85mm lenses for details . Pentax makes a 50mm f / 1.4 lens and 55mm f / 1.4 lens for APS - C cameras ; see Pentax lenses . Sony makes a 50mm f / 1.4 lens which is a continuation of the Minolta AF 50mm f / 1.4 lens , and two lenses with Carl Zeiss : a 50mm f / 1.4 and 85mm f / 1.4 . The maximum exposure time in free - hand photography can be enhanced even more also for fast lenses , if the camera is equipped with an image stabilisation system . In 2014 Panasonic introduced the fastest lens with in - built stabilisation , the Leica Nocticron 42.5 mm f / 1.2 , which in the meantime even can be operated with dual image stabilisation ( Dual I.S. ) , provided that the camera body has an additional stabilising system at the image sensor , too . In the mid 60s there was something of a fad for fast lenses among the major manufacturers . In 1966 in response to the trend Carl Zeiss displayed a prop lens christened the Super-Q - Gigantar 40mm f / 0.33 at photokina . Made from various parts found around the factory ( the lenses came from a darkroom condenser enlarger ) , the claimed speed and focal lengths were purely nominal and it was n't usable for photography . Maximum possible speed ( edit ) Ultimately , the speed of a lens is limited by mechanical constraints of the camera system ( shutter or mirror clearance , mount diameter ) . The smallest possible working f - number is N min = 1 2 N A max = 1 2 n sin ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle N_ ( \ text ( min ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ ; \ mathrm ( NA ) _ ( \ text ( max ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ , n \ sin \ theta ) ) ) where NA is the largest possible numerical aperture , n is the index of refraction of the medium behind the lens , most often air where n = 1 , θ is the half - angle of the maximum cone of light that can reach the film or sensor . This sets a limit close to f / 1.0 to f / 1.2 for most SLR mounts , whereas lenses for rangefinder and mirrorless cameras can be faster , as they can be brought closer to the image plane . Reproduction lenses incapable of infinity focus can have nominal f - numbers smaller than this limit , as the limit applies to the working f - number ( the f - number corrected by the bellows factor ) , not to the nominal f - number . It should be noted that only the working f - number correctly assesses the light gathering power of the lens . Since sin θ < 1 , it follows that no lens can be faster than f / 0.5 if it operates in air . Lenses can be made faster than this by requiring the film emulsion to be in physical contact with the rear element , thus eliminating the air gap between the lens and the emulsion . Another option is to use oil immersion techniques . List of ultrafast lenses ( edit ) Some of the fastest camera lenses in production as of 2017 were as follows : Handevision Ibelux 40mm f / 0.85 , Made for multiple camera mounts including Micro 4 / 3 , Sony E-Mount and Fujifilm X-Mount Fujinon 43mm f / 0.85 Cosina Voigtländer Nokton 17.5 mm f / 0.95 Aspherical Micro Four Thirds mount Cosina Voigtländer Nokton 25mm f / 0.95 Micro Four Thirds mount Cosina Voigtländer Nokton 42.5 mm f / 0.95 Micro Four Thirds mount Leica Noctilux - M 50mm f / 0.95 ASPH announced on September 15 , 2008 , it is one of the fastest aspherical lens to have ever reached mass production , with a MSRP of £ 6290 ( approximately US $10,000 ) . SLR Magic HyperPrime LM 50mm T0. 95 ( f / 0.92 ) Noktor 50mm f / 0.95 ' HyperPrime ' a fast CCTV lens design adapted for the Micro Four Thirds system SLR Magic 25mm T / 0.95 SLR Magic 35mm T / 0.95 Mitakon 50mm and 35mm f / 0.95 Vantage One T / 1.0 Cine lenses - 17.5 mm to 120mm Super35mm Spherical Primes . Metabones 0.58 x BMPCC Speed Booster ( for Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera ) combined with an f / 1.2 SLR lens to yield f / 0.74 or combined with an f / 1.4 SLR lens to yield f / 0.80 Metabones 0.64 x Speed Booster XL ( for Micro Four Thirds format ) combined with an f / 1.2 SLR lens to yield f / 0.80 or combined with an f / 1.4 SLR lens to yield f / 0.90 Metabones 0.71 x Speed Booster ULTRA ( for either Micro Four Thirds or APS - C formats ) combined with an f / 1.2 SLR lens to yield f / 0.90 or combined with an f / 1.4 SLR lens to yield f / 1.0 The following camera lenses are no longer in production as of 2010 : American Optical 81mm f / 0.38 Solid Schmidt Mirror lens . Designed for aerial reconnaissance GOI CV 20mm f / 0.5 Mirror lens Signal Corps Engineering 33mm f / 0.6 GOI Iskra - 3 72mm f / 0.65 Mirror lens Fujinon - IDEAX 125mm f / 0.67 Zeiss Planar 50mm f / 0.7 Limited production lens built for the NASA space program , used on 35mm movie cameras by Stanley Kubrick for some candlelit scenes in Barry Lyndon Tokyo Kogaku Similar 50mm f / 0.7 , 8 elements in 4 groups , limited produced in 1944 for Japanese Army . ( In 1951 another three were produced , two of which were used on a South Pole expedition ) Kinoptik Lynxar 60mm f / 0.7 Reproduction lens , not for photography . Wray 64mm f / 0.71 Reproduction lens , not for photography . LOMO 60mm f / 0.75 Reproduction lens , not for photography . Aerojet Delft Rayxar 105mm f / 0.75 Full Frame aerial photography lens Aerojet Delft Rayxar 150mm f / 0.75 Medium Format aerial photography lens Aerojet Delft Rayxar 250mm f / 0.75 Large Format aerial photography lens American Optical 43mm f / 0.8 JML Optical 64mm f / 0.85 Leica Summar 75mm f / 0.85 Leica Leitz - IR 150mm f / 0.85 Farrand Super Farron 76mm f / 0.87 Farrand Super Farron 150mm f / 0.87 Medium Format aerial photography lens Рекорд - 4 52mm f / 0.9 Nikon TV - Nikkor 35mm f / 0.9 Fastest Nikon lens ever made . ( TV lens in M39 lens mount , 12.6 mm diameter image circle ) Noktor HyperPrime CINE 50mm f / 0.92 T0. 95 , Fastest cinema lens made for 35mm interchangeable lens camera Canon 50mm f / 0.95 Available in TV ( c - mount ) and Canon 7 Rangefinder Version Astro Berlin 52mm f / 0.95 Perkin Elmer 114mm f / 0.95 Medium Format aerial photography lens Pacific Optical 25mm f / 1.0 Medium Format Fish - eye lens . Only 3 were ever made for the Canadian Government for aurora borealis research in the late 60s / early 70s . One of these lenses was used in the production of the IMAX movie Solarmax Leica Noctilux 50mm f / 1.0 Leica M mount , discontinued and replaced 2008 with a new Noctilux , see above Canon EF 50mm f / 1.0 for Canon autofocus SLR , now out of production Panavision 50mm f / 1.0 Nikkor - O 50mm f / 1.0 Prototype lens for Nikkor - S Rangefinder camera Leica ELCAN 90mm f / 1.0 Wild Heerbrugg Reconar 98mm f / 1.0 Medium Format aerial photography lens Kollmorgen 153mm f / 1.0 Zeiss UR 250mm f / 1.0 Canon 8.5 -- 25.5 mm f / 1.0 zoom lens , made 1975 -- 1983 for the 310XL Super 8mm silent and sound camera series , fastest lens ever made in Super8 , was originally advertised as facilitating `` shooting at candlelight '' in combination with 160 - ASA films . Many very fast lenses exist in C - mount ( such as used by 16mm film cameras , CCTV , medical & scientific imaging systems ) , including : Fujinon 50mm f / 0.7 Canon ' TV - 16 ' 25mm f / 0.78 Apollo 25mm f / 0.85 Ernitec 25mm f / 0.85 Fujinon 25mm f / 0.85 Tarcus 25mm f / 0.85 Kern Switar 18mm f / 0.9 built for NASA for Apollo Moon landing Ampex ' LE610 Television Lens ' 25mm f / 0.95 Angenieux ' M1 ' and ' M2 ' 25mm f / 0.95 ( M1 was a consumer product , while M2 was aimed at the professional cine market ) Angenieux ' M2 ' 28mm f / 1.1 Angenieux 35mm f / 0.95 Angenieux 50mm f / 0.95 Type M1 ( original more common ) , and Type M2 ( better corrected for aberrations and distortions , designed for NASA , very rare and hard to find ) AstroScope 25mm f / 0.95 Avenir 25mm f / 0.95 Century ' Nighthawk ' 25mm f / 0.95 Carl Meyer 25mm f / 0.95 Cinetar 25mm f / 0.95 Goyo Optical 17mm , 25mm , and 50mm f / 0.95 JML 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Navitar 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Navitron 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Schneider Kreuznach ' Xenon ' 17mm , 25mm , and 50mm f / 0.95 Senko 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Soligor ' Super Elitar ' 25mm f / 0.95 Som Berthiot ' Cinor ' 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Tarcus ' I.T.V. Lens ' 50mm f / 0.95 Precise Optics 50mm f / 0.95 Kowa 50mm f / 0.95 Yakumo 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Zeika ' Nominar ' 25mm f / 0.95 Kaligar ' Nominar ' 25mm f / 0.95 Dallmeyer 25mm f / 0.99 ( 1930 ) Astro Berlin 25mm f / 1.0 Bausch & Lomb 29mm f / 1.0 Astro Berlin ' Tachonar ' 35mm and 75mm f / 1.0 Carl Meyer 38mm f / 1.0 RTH ( Rank / Taylor Hobson ) Monital 130mm f / 1.0 made by SOPELEM in France Very fast lenses in D - mount for 8mm movie use on H8 cameras : Kern Switar 13mm f / 0.9 Cinetor ' TELE - PHOTO ' 37.5 mm f / 1.0 Walz ' TELEPHOTO ' 37.5 mm f / 1.0 Amitar ' Telephoto ' 38.1 mm f / 1.0 Rexer ' TELE ' 38mm f / 1.0 Manon ' Telephoto ' 37.5 mm f / 1.0 Very fast lenses used in x-ray machines : Zeiss R - Biotar 100mm f / 0.73 LOMO 100mm f / 0.73 Canon 50mm / 65mm f / 0.75 Leitz 50mm / 65mm f / 0.75 Rayxar 50mm / 65mm / 150mm f / 0.75 Rayxar 90mm f / 1.0 Tachon Astro - Berlin 65mm f / 0.75 Rodenstock XR - Heligon 42mm / 50mm f / 0.75 Rodenstock XR - Heligon 68mm f / 0.95 etc . Kowa 42mm / 65mm f / 0.75 Carl Zeiss Jena 50mm f / 0.77 Kowa 55mm f / 0.8 Zeiss R - Biotar 55mm f / 0.85 Lenzar Optics 184.6 mm f / 0.9 ( Photographic lens made by Lenzar Optics Corp. , Riviera Beach FL , f0. 9 -- f8 ) Kowa 33.5 mm f / 0.95 Kowa 55mm f / 1.0 Rodenstock Heligon 68mm f / 1.0 Canon 65mm / 90mm f / 1.0 Fuji 90mm f / 1.0 Kowa 90mm f / 1.0 Leitz 90mm f / 1.0 Mt Prospect 90mm f / 1.0 Zeiss R - Biotar 120mm f / 1.0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waldren , Margaret ( and others ) Advanced Digital Photography 2004 Media Publishing Jump up ^ Long , Ben Complete Digital Photography 2004 Charles River Media ^ Jump up to : Maiello , Agostino ( January 2000 ) . `` L'OBIETTIVO PIU ' LUMINOSO DEL MONDO '' . Nadir.it ( in Italian ) . Nadir Magazine . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Michael ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Carl Zeiss Super-Q - Gigantar 40mm f / 0.33 : The Fastest Lens Ever Made ? '' . Petapixel . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cosina Voigtänder -- Nokton 17.5 mm F0. 95 Aspherical '' . Cosina Voigtländer . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cosina Voigtänder - Nokton 25mm F0. 95 '' . Cosina Voigtländer. 2010 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Voigtlander 17.5 mm f / 0.95 at B&H Photo Jump up ^ The Voigtlander 25mm f / 0.95 at B&H Photo Jump up ^ The Voigtlander 42.5 mm f / 0.95 at B&H Photo Jump up ^ `` Leica offers World 's fastest Aspherical lens '' . Leica Camera. 2008 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NOKTOR -- Ultra Fast Lenses '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` KenRockwell.com -- Noktor 50mm f / 0.95 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` F0. 74 - new Metabones Speed Boosters break boundaries - EOSHD '' . EOSHD . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Metabones introduces Speed Booster XL 0.64 x for Panasonic GH4 '' . dpreview.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Official announcement - Metabones Speed Booster ULTRA - EOSHD '' . EOSHD . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Metabones creates Speed Booster ULTRA with improved optics and Canon lens AF for Panasonic users '' . dpreview.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` USAF Lens Datasheets - Type 1 Aerial Reconnaissance '' . archive.org . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Two Special Lenses for `` Barry Lyndon '' , by Ed DiGiulio ( President , Cinema Products Corp . ) , American Cinematographer Jump up ^ `` TV - Nikkor 35mm F0. 9 Big First Super Light '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lossau , Jürgen ( 2003 ) . The Complete Catalogue Of Movie Cameras , Hamburg / Germany , atoll medien , p. 59 , ISBN 3 - 9807235 - 3 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Science , Kern - Paillard advertisement '' ( PDF ) . 165 . External links ( edit ) Just how fast is that lens ? f - number does n't directly determine focal - plane illuminance , due to light transmission losses . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lens_speed&oldid=812028942 '' Categories : Optics Science of photography Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Polski Русский Slovenčina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what does the speed of a lens mean

Lens speed refers to the maximum aperture diameter , or minimum f - number , of a photographic lens . A lens with a larger maximum aperture ( that is , a smaller minimum f - number ) is called a `` fast lens '' because it can achieve the same exposure with a faster shutter speed . Conversely , a smaller maximum aperture ( larger minimum f - number ) is `` slow '' because it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower ( longer ) shutter speed .

List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes - wikipedia List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation . The series centers on Star Butterfly , a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly , when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom . As an exchange student on Earth , she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school . The series marks the second woman - led animated series by Disney . Before the series was picked up , Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster . The first episode of the series premiered on January 18 , 2015 , on Disney Channel . Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30 , 2015 . The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere . In March 2016 it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year . The episode `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season , according to Nefcy . The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays , with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day . In the same month , the series was renewed for a fourth season . A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni , which comprises the first four episodes of the third season , premiered on July 15 , 2017 , with the succeeding third - season episodes to begin airing on November 6 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 22 July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) TBA July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11 - minute segments . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Star Comes to Earth '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 On her 14th birthday , Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand , but when she sets fire to the castle , she is sent to Earth to train . There , she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz , a reputed `` safe kid '' . Upon befriending Marco , Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters . 1b 1b `` Party with a Pony '' Mike Mullen Ian Wasseluk January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head , her best friend from Mewni . Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star 's best friend on Earth . She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs , but she competes with Marco for Star 's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade . Meanwhile , guards have been hot on Pony Head 's trail . Eventually , King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses . 2a 2a `` Matchmaker '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , Lane Lueras & Dave Stone March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Star fails her first test , so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade . However , she winds up turning her into a troll . When Ludo and his minions attack , one of the monsters falls for Skullnick . 2b 2b `` School Spirit '' Aaron Hammersley Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school . Marco tries to protect Ferguson , who has become the team mascot , from being kidnapped . Star takes the concept of going to battle literally , and booby traps the field with bombs , evil kittens , and giant birds . 3a 3a `` Monster Arm '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament . Star uses her wand to fix it , but transforms it into a tentacle arm . As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it , Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm . However , the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world . 3b 3b `` The Other Exchange Student '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia , Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs , that Star feels neglected . She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack . 4a 4a `` Cheer up Star '' Aaron Hammersley Carrie Liao , Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army . As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off , he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush , a keytar - playing student named Oskar , but he has not called her back . Guest star : Jon Heder as Oskar 4b 4b `` Quest Buy '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 When Star 's wand runs low on power , she and Marco visit Quest Buy , a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger . However , the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to . Meanwhile , Ludo and his minions , who are shopping there for a beak sharpener , pursue Star to try to take her wand . 5a 5a `` Diaz Family Vacation '' Piero Piluso Zeus Cervas , Christopher Graham & Piero Piluso April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 As an anniversary gift for Marco 's parents , Star invites them and Marco to Mewni , but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth . While they visit a Mewni village , Star sees her father strolling about , and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest . 5b 5b `` Brittney 's Party '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong 's birthday event which takes place on a party bus . While Star tries to make the party `` fun '' , Marco gets carsick . Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus . 6a 6a `` Mewberty '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 Star experiences `` mewberty '' , that is , her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys . Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition , Star 's is more extreme . She sprouts hearts all over her body , and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away . Marco turns to the Glossaryck , a genie inside Star 's book of magic , for advice on how to stop her . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck 6b 6b `` Pixtopia '' Mike Mullen Christofer Graham , Mike Mullen & Carlos Ramos June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror , Marco , Alfonzo , Ferguson , and Star must go to Pixtopia : Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill . When they ca n't pay it , they are forced to work in a mine shaft . The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson . Guest stars : Anna Camp as Pixie Empress , Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster 7a 7a `` Lobster Claws '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard 's antler when trying to get Star 's wand . Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he can not be reformed . 7b 7b `` Sleep Spells '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room , with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project . Marco discovers that Star has been `` sleep spelling '' , that is , casting spells when sleepwalking . He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder , revealed to be Princess Smooshy , an ugly `` goblin - elephant '' princess who wants to steal Star 's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it . 8a 8a `` Blood Moon Ball '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball , an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years . Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf , having hired an anger management consultant . Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway . When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light , Tom reverts to his old self . Guest star : Rider Strong as Tom 8b 8b `` Fortune Cookies '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions , Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant . Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future . Meanwhile , Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions . They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession . Guest star : Michael C. Hall as Toffee 9a 9a `` Freeze Day '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas . But when she is unable to cancel out the effects , she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time 9b 9b `` Royal Pain '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself . After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf , he ends up overstaying his welcome . He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends , but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios . Guest star : Jamie Kennedy as Helios 10 10 `` St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 110 0.50 Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday . They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous . Guest stars : Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous , Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher 11a 11a `` Mewnipendance Day '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Star Butterfly recruits her classmates , Miss Skullnick , and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni 's Independence Day . Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities . Ludo 's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand . 11b 11b `` The Banagic Incident '' Mike Mullen Dominic Bisignano , Nate Cash , Mike Mullen , Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Impressed by a commercial for a `` magical '' Earth product called a Banagic Wand , Star tries to get Marco to buy it , but Marco refuses as he has karate class . Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate - themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place . Meanwhile , Marco 's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals . 12a 12a `` Interdimensional Field Trip '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Miss Skullnick 's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring , so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement . But when she lets the students do whatever they want , she puts the entire class in danger . Meanwhile , Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history . When a yarn monster captures the class , Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them . 12b 12b `` Marco Grows a Beard '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Tyler Chen September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas . The hair grows out of control , engulfing the house , and Star loses her wand in the midst of it . Meanwhile , Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand . 13 13 `` Storm the Castle '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Christopher Graham , Aaron Hammersley & Ian Wasseluk September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 113 0.68 Toffee has taken over Ludo 's castle ; he has one of Ludo 's minions abduct Marco . Star allies with Buff Frog ( and the kicked - out Ludo ) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo 's former minions and free Marco . However , Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse , forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco . The resulting explosion destroys Ludo 's castle and Toffee , after which Star banishes Ludo . Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14a 1a `` My New Wand ! '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman and Aaron Hammersley July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 As Marco gets out of the shower , Star activates her new wand , but it accidentally knocks Marco , her wand , and her book of spells into her closet . Unable to open the closet door , Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to find a solution . Meanwhile , as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star 's closet . When he finds and starts reading Star 's diary , Star panics and unleashes her innate magic , which unlocks the door and frees Marco . 14b 1b `` Ludo in the Wild '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley and Jushtin Lee July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 After the destruction of his castle , Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location . He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing . When a bag of potato chips is found , he and the giant spider fight until he wins . He also tames a bald eagle . When he spots Star in the woods , he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni . He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star 's wand magic . 15a 2a `` Mr. Candle Cares '' Giancarlo Volpe Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni . She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style . Meanwhile , Marco , who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island , discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom , who planned to ensure `` Starco '' does n't happen . He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom , and must duel Tom to get his freedom . Guest star : Dave Allen as Mr. Candle 15b 2b `` Red Belt '' Piero Piluso John Mathot and Piero Piluso July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Marco trains for a red belt in karate . However , after visiting his sensei 's home , he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt . Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player . Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape . Meanwhile , Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained . 16a 3a `` Star on Wheels '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle , but Star does not know how to stop . To make things worse , she refuses to listen to Marco 's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike . Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand . Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun . 16b 3b `` Fetch '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley and Aleth Romanillos July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go . She has to take care of the dog and find its owner . Meanwhile , Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies . She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet , so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia . Guest stars : Mayim Bialik as Willoughby , Amy Sedaris as Lydia 17a 4a `` Star vs. Echo Creek '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito , Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser . While trying to evade the police , Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of hair and taking care of injured animals . She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing , but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience . Missing her family and friends , she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service . Guest star : Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid 17b 4b `` Wand to Wand '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco 's parents return , but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess . Meanwhile , Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern , learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged . 18a 5a `` Starstruck '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day , Star encounters Mina Loveberry , a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol . Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth . Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways , which annoys Marco . At a park , when Mina announces she plans to take over the world , the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule , and Star is left to break the tie . Guest star : Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry 18b 5b `` Camping Trip '' John Infantino and Piero Piluso John Infantino , Brandon Kruse and Piero Piluso August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 Marco wants to show Star the geyser '' Old Youthful '' during a Diaz camping trip . King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like . But King Butterfly 's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger . When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser , and the ranger says it 's likely the last time it will ever erupt , the three try to rush there to see it . 19a 6a `` Starsitting '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog 's tadpoles . Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook , while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them . Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around . 19b 6b `` On the Job '' Piero Piluso John Mathot and Piero Piluso August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles , Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn , but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job , causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy . 20a 7a `` Goblin Dogs '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , John Infantino and Aleth Romanillos September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star , Marco , Pony Head , and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog ( a goblin version of a hot dog ) . They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck . Guest star : Jerry Trainor as Roy 20b 7b `` By the Book '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out . Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile . Meanwhile , Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand . 21a 8a `` Game of Flags '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot and Piero Piluso September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 During a reunion between Star 's parents ' families -- the Butterflies and the Johansens -- Star is placed at the kids ' table . The two families compete in Flags , a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year . Against the wishes of her mother , Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags . Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning . 21b 8b `` Girls ' Day Out '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick 's class when she frees the class 's pet hamster Marisol . Although she could easily escape , she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention , and is assigned to help the students out with their needs . She helps all of them except for Toby , a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV . Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar . Meanwhile , Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe . 22a 9a `` Sleepover '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates and Pony Head . They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called `` Truth or Punishment '' , where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies , and refuses to free everyone until the game is over . The cube 's final question is who is their greatest crush . Marco admits he likes Jackie , but the cube gets angrier , insisting someone else is lying . When Star tells the cube that her preferences can change , the cube gets confused and self - destructs . After everyone goes home , the discarded cube springs to life one last time , answering the question about Star 's crush . 22b 9b `` Gift of the Card '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Annisa Adjani and Natasha Kline September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 After having lost her job at St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses , Miss Heinous hires a lizard - man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture Princess Marco . Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card . Marco agrees , but because it 's a `` friends to the end '' card , he has to use it on something he really wants , and if he does n't redeem it by midnight when it expires , they will expire too . 23a 10a `` Friendenemies '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands , Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star . They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence , but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon , Tom refuses to let him go , and gets angry , voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge . Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song , and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead . Although they can not get into the theatre , Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 23b 10b `` Is Mystery '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante and Jushtin Lee October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork , a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand . Upon being put to work to grind corn , Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters . He encounters the rats as well as Ludo , who offers him Meat Fork 's job . Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork . Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back . 24a 11a `` Hungry Larry '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , and Aaron Hammersley October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house , Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry , reputed to be a very scary spirit , to haunt the house . Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house . But the kids get scared and go missing ; Star and Marco are attacked . Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone , and rescues them . Guest star : Billy West as Hungry Larry 24b 11b `` Spider with a Top Hat '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus , Piero Piluso , and Brett Varon October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party . Afterwards , he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall . Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock , he is unable to break through the wall . The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up . Encouraged by Rock 's words , Spider is finally called to fight a monster ' . Guest stars : Steve Little as Spider , Eric Christian Olsen as Rock , Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make - up Blast . 25a 12a `` Into the Wand '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , and Jushtin Lee November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star 's wand malfunctions , making a mess of her spell casting . Glossaryck tells Star that the way to fix it is to go inside the wand and to fetch the item that does not belong . Star finds that the inside is connected to her memories , but when she gets distracted she loses touch with Glossaryck , and must find the item before her duplicate selves overwrite her past memories . She eventually finds the item in a room highlighting her mother 's lineage . 25b 12b `` Pizza Thing '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , Piero Piluso , and Cassie Zwart November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star , Marco , and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show . Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio 's shop . But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans , inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking , and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio 's pizza that Emilio takes to heart . 26a 13a `` Page Turner '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic . Star chooses a mysterious chapter , but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page . However , Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic ; he tells Star not to turn to that page , and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension . While Glossaryck must deal with a not - so - helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is `` on the fritz '' , Star is tempted to turn the page , and enlists Marco to help do it . 26b 13b `` Naysaya '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , John Infantino , Le Tang , and Giancarlo Volpe November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date , but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself . He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things . It is a Naysaya , a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star . The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased , so Marco tries giving it what it wants , which is some cereal , but it does n't go away . Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up , so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie . 27 14 `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 213 0.53 Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon , a clown who had died 100 years ago , but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco . Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie , who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park . During the seance , when Janna falls asleep , Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell , only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together , which makes her jealous . Star is surprised by Ludo , who steals Star 's spellbook . Marco and Jackie share a kiss , but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her . They pull Star from being sucked through a portal . Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master . 28a 15a `` Raid the Cave '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 215 0.12 Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells . She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog , who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo 's hideout . There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo . Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back , but he refuses , saying that he has to follow Ludo now . 28b 15b `` Trickstar '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee and Sarah Oleksyk February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 215 N / A Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei . Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O , who , after every magic trick he does , seems to be taking something spiritual from the person , and that his hat is becoming longer and longer . She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people , so she warns him not to do so or else , but Preston does it anyway . When Star tells everyone what is happening , the audience think Star is a spoilsport and ignore her . Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk , but when they open it , Preston has disappeared . Guest star : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Preston Change - O 29a 16a `` Baby '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman and Le Tang February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 216 0.20 Star 's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star , who takes the task seriously , as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni . At first , Star cleans up her room , shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets , but when Baby starts asking Star questions , and things start falling out of the pockets , Star 's responses are met with the same neutral phrase `` Interesting . '' followed by jotting down of notes . Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food . Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic , but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries . Baby concludes that Star failed , but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby . Star 's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized , losing the book of spells , and failing to do simple spells , Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age , and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa . Guest star : Melissa Rauch as Baby 29b 16b `` Running with Scissors '' Piero Piluso Gina Gress and John Mathot February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 216 0.19 Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies , but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences , opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things . Hekapoo , the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors , pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star ( Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star ) . Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head . Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco , who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge . When they return , Marco reverts to his teenage body as only a few minutes have passed on Earth time . Guest star : Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo 30a 17a `` Mathmagic '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland and Riccardo Durante February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 217 0.16 Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class , but she refuses to do it . She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop . However with each iteration , the scenario is slightly different . Star goes to Father Time 's dimension , but Father Time is too busy to help her , and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime , who is in charge of space - time . Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time , Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime 30b 17b `` The Bounce Lounge '' Piero Piluso and Brett Varon Zach Marcus and Brett Varon February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 217 0.20 Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge , their favorite partying venue , is closing . Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse . They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place , however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years . Afterwards , the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth . Guest star : Constance Shulman as Milly , Dana Davis as Kelly 31a 18a `` Crystal Clear '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 218 0.23 Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal , believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions . When he inadvertently encases his boss , and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council , he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament . Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star 's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck . 31b 18b `` The Hard Way '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 218 0.21 Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells . He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way . Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment . But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star , he makes Glossaryck unlock them . Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic , but when he talks with Glossaryck , he now has the voice of Toffee , who has possessed him . 32a 19a `` Heinous '' Brett Varon Gina Gress and John Mathot February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 219 0.25 The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still - living , still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter , Rastacore . Heinous wants `` Princess Marco '' to pay for causing the students at St. Olga 's to rebel and to kick Heinous out , leaving her living out of a car . The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons . Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails . After Heinous negotiates with Marco 's parents over the kind of punishment , Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming . 32b 19b `` All Belts are Off '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman and Le Tang February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 219 0.21 Dojo - sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How - To - Karate video series . When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo , Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise , but Sensei sticks with his choice . Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy 's shenanigans , and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration , but realizing it is n't honorable , he apologizes . Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend . Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo . 33a 20a `` Collateral Damage '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen and Jushtin Lee February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 220 N / A Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school 's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it breaks . The entire school is devastated . Star tries to make a replacement statue , but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character . After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue , Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore . 33b 20b `` Just Friends '' Brett Varon Zach Marcus and Brett Varon February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 220 N / A Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert , but also invites Jackie . Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek . Marco starts to feel jealous and wants them to go on without him , but Jackie convinces him otherwise . At the concert , everyone is having fun until couples start kissing , and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss , Star decides to let the two be . As Star leaves the concert , she fires a blast of tainted magic , destroying a billboard . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 34 21 `` Face the Music '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 221 0.32 The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewnian tradition of Song Day , but Star is reluctant to participate because it portrays princesses as being perfect . When Ruberiot visits , Star at first leaves him with Marco and runs away , but after coming back , Ruberiot is upset . When Ruberiot shares that he wanted to write about the real Star and not do another perfect princess song , Star agrees to share everything about her life . Meanwhile , Queen Butterfly takes a secret trip to visit Ludo 's parents , but discovers something is very wrong about Ludo . On Song Day , Ruberiot starts the song like the old perfect princess style , but then changes to a pop song that makes Mewnians excited . But when he sings lyrics about how Star lost the Book of Spells and Glossaryck , that the queen and king had hidden this fact , and that Star has a crush on Marco , the Mewnian crowd becomes angry at Star 's family . Guest star : Patrick Stump as Ruberiot 35 22 `` Starcrushed '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Evon Freeman , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , John Mathot and Le Tang February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 222 0.40 Star and Marco 's class holds a party for the end of the school year at Marco 's house . Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode . Queen Butterfly and the Magic High Commission invade Ludo 's new castle . Star , who also feels uncomfortable about the situation , summons her friends and shares her predicament . The girls convince her to ditch the end - of - year party and instead attend another party where she sees Oskar . Meanwhile , Toffee , who has possessed Ludo 's body , drains the powers from the Magic High Commission and nearly kills Queen Butterfly , who retreats with the fallen commission members . When Star returns from the party , Queen Butterfly tells her they are in danger and she will have to leave Earth immediately due to Toffee 's return . Star admits to Marco that she does have a crush on him but that she has to leave . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36a 1a `` The Battle for Mewni : Return to Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Marco 's parents try to console Marco . Star and Queen Butterfly take the Magical High Commission members to the sanctuary , but their carriage breaks down because of the fritz . Some of Ludo 's rats try to take away the members while they are camping , but they fight them off . They make it to the sanctuary , but the well spring that is supposed to revive the members is corrupted with dark magic . Queen Butterfly and Star rest and think about what to do next : Queen wants them to stay and hide , but Star wants to fight . 36b 1b `` The Battle for Mewni : Moon the Undaunted '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish & Aaron Hammersley July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Queen Moon shares her story of when she was a teenager and her mother ( Star 's grandmother ) had died . She had to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army , led by `` The Lizard '' . She partly melts the ice encasing Eclipsa , to learn some dark magic from the forbidden section of the Book of Spells . She confronts The Lizard ( Toffee ) and uses the dark magic to sever his finger , which he is unable to regenerate . Toffee flees . 37a 2a `` The Battle for Mewni : Book Be Gone '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon & Nicolette Wood July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Ludo finds that his wand is now embedded into his hand . He finds Glossaryck , who tells them that the Magic High Commission has been defeated . Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells , but the book will not let him , as he is not the owner of the book anymore . Despite multiple attempts , he is unable to write into the book until he throws the book into the fire , at which it burns up ( and Glossaryck along with it ) . 37b 2b `` The Battle for Mewni : Marco and the King '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee & Amelia Lorenz July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day , but he and his subjects wear down quickly . Marco arrives , but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave . River tries to hide , but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster . River rallies the villagers to fight the monster , and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle , not to go away . It leaves peacefully , but as River is about to have a party to celebrate , Ludo and his minions appear and take over the kingdom . 38a 3a `` The Battle for Mewni : Puddle Defender '' Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe Tyler Chen , Gina Gress & Sarah Oleksyk July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 With the sanctuary all sludged up , Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog 's . Star wants to sneak out to fight , so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewnian board games such as Puddle Defender , which Buff and Moon find have a biased perspective towards the monsters instead of the Mewnians . After a heated argument , Buff Frog sides with Moon and forbids Star from leaving . However , Buff 's youngest tadpole Katerina later sneaks Star out . 38b 3b `` The Battle for Mewni : King Ludo '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe , Evon Freeman & Brett Varon July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Ludo has taken over the kingdom , and has imprisoned Marco and River , but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom 's villagers . He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky . Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself , but River has eaten his part of the butter so Marco has to steal Ludo 's key . He meets with some of the court entertainers , and they steal the key , but River refuses to escape . Ludo levitates River into the skies while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next . 39 `` The Battle for Mewni : Toffee '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Star attacks Ludo at the castle but Ludo suddenly stops when he gets a signal from his hand . Star tells Ludo that Toffee is controlling him , but Spider is able to capture her in the meantime . Marco breaks her out and calls the entertainers ( called Le Resistance ) but Ludo arrives and imprisons them except for Star . Ludo asks Star about his wand hand . While Queen Moon and Buff Frog break Marco out , Star agrees to use the whispering spell to free the magic in the wand and there is a big blast . Star finds herself in a sea of dark magic inside Ludo 's body , and Ludo is taken over by Toffee again . Queen Moon agrees to return Toffee 's finger in exchange for Star 's freedom . Toffee resurrects , but tells them that Star is gone . But as he leaves , Star is able to find her magic and returns to Mewni in a new golden Mewberty form , defeating Toffee with a magical blast from her restored wand . As the gravely injured Toffee rants about still being in control , Ludo crushes Toffee , apparently killing him . Ludo asks Star to send him back to the void so he can find himself some more . While King River returns on some eagles , Queen Moon checks on Eclipsa who is still encased in crystal , however as Moon leaves , the crystal starts to crack . 40a 5a `` Scent of a Hoodie '' TBA TBA November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) TBA TBD 40b 5b `` Rest in Pudding '' TBA TBA November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) TBA TBD 41a 6a `` Club Snubbed '' TBA TBA November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD 41b 6b `` Stranger Danger '' TBA TBA November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD 42a 7a `` Demoncism '' TBA TBA November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) TBA TBD 42b 7b `` Sophomore Slump '' TBA TBA November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) TBA TBD 43a 8a `` Lint Catcher '' TBA TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) TBA TBD 43b 8b `` Trial by Square '' TBA TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) TBA TBD 44a 9a `` Princess Turdina '' TBA TBA November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA TBD 44b 9b `` Starfari '' TBA TBA November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA TBD 45a 10a `` Lava Lake Beach '' TBA TBA November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA TBD 45b 10b `` Sweet Dreams '' TBA TBA November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA TBD 46a 11a `` Death Peck '' TBA TBA November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA TBD 46b 11b `` Ponymonium '' TBA TBA November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA TBD 47a 12a `` Night Life '' TBA TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA TBD 47b 12b `` Deep Dive '' TBA TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA TBD 48 13 `` Monster Bash '' TBA TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA TBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first being Pepper Ann , which was created by Sue Rose ^ Jump up to : This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD . The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Friendenemies '' , Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers . He sings the Love Sentence song `` Awesome Feeling . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Tries Something New with ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women in Animation Host ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bryn , Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ( ' Bon Bon the Birthday Clown ' announcement ) '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . The 22 - minute mid-season finale you 've all been waiting for ! Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ( Daron Nefcy regarding The Battle for Mewni ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This Season in Mewni ... Disney - ABC Television Group . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Marcy ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` You Should Give Star vs. The Forces of Evil a Try '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- Star vs. the Forces of Evil on Disney '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Catalog '' . United States Copyright Office . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : January 18 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : April 6 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Gotham ' on Fox Returns at Season - Low Numbers '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Scorpion ' on CBS Concludes Its Inaugural Season on a Positive Note '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : June 15 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : June 22 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 20 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 27 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : August 10 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : August 17 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : September 14 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : September 21 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 11 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 18 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 25 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 1 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 8 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 15 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 12 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 19 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 26 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Brian H. ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Awesome Feeling ( extended cut ) '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Nick Lachey in `` Friendenemies '' : Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 1 / 4 ) For today 's # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ep `` Friendenemies '' I got to fulfill not one , not two , but THREE lifelong dreams ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 2 / 4 ) 1 . Write a boyband song . ( And we wrote two ! ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 3 / 4 ) 2 . Record that song with an actual boyband member from the 90s . Many thanks @ NickLachey for being absurdly terrific . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 4 / 4 ) 3. Make @ _AdamM sing on national television . MISSION ACCOMPLISHED . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 3 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Larry / Spider with a Top Hat '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 10 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 7 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 14 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 21 , 2016 '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 6 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.02 / 123K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 8 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 202K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 9 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.05 / 190K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 13 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.03 / 166K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 14 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 207K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 15 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 230K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 16 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 216K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 20 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 21 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 219K ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 27 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Disney XD ( @ DisneyXD ) ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Just like that , November got a little closer ! # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil # SVTFOE '' . ( hide ) Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Kirby Buckets ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Pickle and Peanut ( since 2015 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( since 2016 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) MECH - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spiderman ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big Hero 6 ( 2017 ) Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_vs._the_Forces_of_Evil_episodes&oldid=804958242 '' Categories : Lists of American animated television series episodes Lists of American children 's television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 04 : 16 . 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TBA July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA

List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Michael Jordan won a record ten scoring titles in his career . In basketball , points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throws or field goals . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season . The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968 -- 69 season , after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead . Players who earned scoring titles before the 1979 -- 80 season did not record any three - point field goals because the three - point line was first implemented in the NBA during that season . To qualify for the scoring title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 1,400 points . These have been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season . Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time records for total points scored ( 4,029 ) and points per game ( 50.4 ) in a season ; both records were achieved in the 1961 -- 62 season . He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959 -- 60 season . Among active players , Kevin Durant has the highest point total ( 2,593 ) and the highest scoring average ( 32.0 ) in a season ; both were achieved in the 2013 -- 14 season . Michael Jordan has won the most scoring titles , with ten . Jordan and Chamberlain are the only players to have won seven consecutive scoring titles ( this was also Chamberlain 's career total ) . George Gervin , Allen Iverson and Durant have won four scoring titles in their career , and George Mikan , Neil Johnston and Bob McAdoo have achieved it three times . Paul Arizin , Bob Pettit , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Shaquille O'Neal , Tracy McGrady , Kobe Bryant , and Russell Westbrook have each won the scoring title twice . Since the 1946 -- 47 season , five players have won both the scoring title and the NBA championship in the same season : Fulks in 1947 with the Philadelphia Warriors , Mikan from 1949 to 1950 with the Minneapolis Lakers , Abdul - Jabbar ( then Alcindor ) in 1971 with the Milwaukee Bucks , Jordan from 1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998 with the Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal in 2000 with the Los Angeles Lakers . Since the introduction of the three - point field goal , O'Neal is the only scoring leader to have made no three - point field goals in his winning season . At 21 years and 197 days , Durant is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history , averaging 30.1 points in the 2009 -- 10 season . The most recent champion is Russell Westbrook , who averaged a career - high 31.6 points in the 2016 -- 17 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Scoring leaders 2.1 Multiple - time leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player who won the MVP award that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center Scoring Leaders ( edit ) Joe Fulks won the first scoring title in 1947 . Wilt Chamberlain won seven consecutive scoring titles from 1960 to 1966 . Jerry West won the scoring title in 1970 , averaging 31.2 points per game . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won scoring titles in 1971 and 1972 . Allen Iverson won scoring titles in 1999 , 2001 , 2002 and 2005 . Kobe Bryant won scoring titles in 2006 and 2007 . LeBron James won the scoring title in 2008 Kevin Durant became the youngest scoring champion in 2010 . He won another three in 2011 , 2012 and 2014 Russell Westbrook won in 2015 , following teammate Durant 's win a year earlier , and again in 2017 . Stephen Curry won the scoring title in 2016 . Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946 -- 47 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2 1947 -- 48 Zaslofsky , Max Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0 1948 -- 49 Mikan , George George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3 1949 -- 50 Mikan , George George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4 1950 -- 51 Mikan , George George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4 1951 -- 52 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4 1952 -- 53 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3 1953 -- 54 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5 1954 -- 55 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7 1955 -- 56 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7 1956 -- 57 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6 1957 -- 58 Yardley , George George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8 1958 -- 59 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2 1959 -- 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6 1960 -- 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4 1961 -- 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4 1962 -- 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8 1963 -- 64 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9 1964 -- 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7 1965 -- 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5 1966 -- 67 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6 1967 -- 68 Bing , Dave Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1 1968 -- 69 Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4 1969 -- 70 West , Jerry Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2 1970 -- 71 Alcindor , Lew Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7 1971 -- 72 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8 1972 -- 73 Archibald , Nate `` Tiny '' Nate `` Tiny '' Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0 1973 -- 74 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6 1974 -- 75 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5 1975 -- 76 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1 1976 -- 77 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1 1977 -- 78 Gervin , George George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2 1978 -- 79 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6 1979 -- 80 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 1980 -- 81 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7 1981 -- 82 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 1982 -- 83 English , Alex Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4 1983 -- 84 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6 1984 -- 85 King , Bernard Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9 1985 -- 86 Wilkins , Dominique Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 1986 -- 87 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 1987 -- 88 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 1988 -- 89 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 1989 -- 90 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 1990 -- 91 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 1991 -- 92 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 1992 -- 93 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 1993 -- 94 Robinson , David David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 1994 -- 95 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 1995 -- 96 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 1996 -- 97 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 1997 -- 98 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 1998 -- 99 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 1999 -- 00 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 2000 -- 01 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 2001 -- 02 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 2002 -- 03 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 2003 -- 04 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 2004 -- 05 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 2005 -- 06 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 2006 -- 07 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 2007 -- 08 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 2008 -- 09 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 2009 -- 10 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 2010 -- 11 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 2011 -- 12 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 2012 -- 13 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 2013 -- 14 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 2014 -- 15 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 2015 -- 16 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 2016 -- 17 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 Multiple - time leaders ( edit ) Ranking Player Team Times leader Years Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors / San Francisco Warriors ( 5 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 Kevin Durant George Gervin Allen Iverson Oklahoma City Thunder San Antonio Spurs Philadelphia 76ers 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 Neil Johnston Bob McAdoo George Mikan Philadelphia Warriors Buffalo Braves Minneapolis Lakers 1953 , 1954 , 1955 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1949 , 1950 , 1951 5 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Paul Arizin Kobe Bryant Adrian Dantley Tracy McGrady Shaquille O'Neal Bob Pettit Russell Westbrook Milwaukee Bucks Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz Orlando Magic Orlando Magic ( 1 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) St. Louis Hawks Oklahoma City Thunder 1971 , 1972 1952 , 1957 2006 , 2007 1981 , 1984 2003 , 2004 1995 , 2000 1956 , 1959 2015 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the start of February 1st of that season . Jump up ^ The player 's primary position is listed first . Jump up ^ In the 1947 -- 48 season , Joe Fulks averaged the most points ( 22.1 ) but had only played in 43 games and totaled 949 points , the second highest total . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time rookie record for points per game . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time record for total points scored and points per game in a single season . Jump up ^ In the 1967 -- 68 season , Oscar Robertson averaged the most points ( 29.2 ) but had only played in 65 games and totaled 1,896 points , the sixth highest total . Jump up ^ Elvin Hayes is the last rookie to lead the league in scoring average . Jump up ^ In the 1969 -- 70 season , rookie Lew Alcindor had the highest point total ( 2,361 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.8 ) . Jump up ^ Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ In the 1977 -- 78 season , George Gervin defeated David Thompson for the scoring title in the closest scoring duel ever ( 27.21 to 27.15 ) where Thompson scored 73 on the last day of the season and Gervin answered with 63 ( Gervin also broke Thompson 's record of 32 points set earlier on the same day in the first quarter by scoring a record 33 points in the second quarter ) . Both Thompson 's and Gervin 's games were losses . Jump up ^ In the 1984 -- 85 season , rookie Michael Jordan had the highest point total ( 2,313 ) but was third in scoring average ( 28.2 ) . Bernard King tied for the twelfth highest point total ( 1,809 ) but had the highest scoring average ( 32.9 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1985 -- 86 season Alex English had the highest point total ( 2,414 ) but was third in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1993 -- 94 season , David Robinson scored 71 points in the final game of the season to edge Shaquille O'Neal ( 29.3 ) for the scoring title . Jump up ^ In the 1997 -- 98 season , Michael Jordan defeated Shaquille O'Neal for the scoring title in the third closest scoring race ever ( 28.7 to 28.3 ) . Jordan , at 35 years and 60 days old , is the oldest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 1998 -- 99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 43 games ( out of 50 ) or to have at least 854 points . Jump up ^ In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , Shaquille O'Neal had the highest point total ( 1,289 ) but was second in scoring average ( 26.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2000 -- 01 season , Jerry Stackhouse had the highest point total ( 2,380 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2001 -- 02 season , Paul Pierce had the highest point total ( 2,144 ) but was third in scoring average ( 26.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2002 -- 03 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,461 ) but was second in scoring average ( 30.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2003 -- 04 season , Kevin Garnett had the highest point total ( 1,987 ) but was third in scoring average ( 24.2 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2007 -- 08 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,323 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2009 -- 10 season , Kevin Durant defeated LeBron James for the scoring title ( 30.1 to 29.7 ) . Durant , at 21 years and 197 days old , is also the youngest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 2011 -- 12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 56 games ( out of 66 ) or to have at least 1127 points . Jump up ^ In the 2011 -- 12 season , Kevin Durant defeated Kobe Bryant for the scoring title in the second closest scoring race ever ( 28.03 to 27.86 ) . Bryant , who needed to score 38 points in the final game to win , decided to sit out . Jump up ^ In the 2012 -- 13 season , Kevin Durant had the highest point total ( 2,280 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2014 -- 15 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,217 ) but was second in scoring average ( 27.4 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2015 -- 16 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Liz ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Around the N.B.A. ; In the N.B.A. , Scoring Titles Rarely Equal Championships '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( February 5 , 1990 ) . `` 3 - Pointer Adds Dimension To N.B.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haubner , Mark ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` The trey is the thing in today 's NBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Brian ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Iverson Wins Fourth Scoring Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carr , Janis ( April 2 , 2000 ) . `` Jackson aware of the score with O'Neal '' . The Orange County Register . p . D11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1946 - 47 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Fulks NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 - 48 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1947 - 48 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Max Zaslofsky NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1948 - 49 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Mikan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1949 - 50 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1950 - 51 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1951 - 52 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Arizin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1952 - 53 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Johnston NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1953 - 54 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . 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Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1960 - 61 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1961 - 62 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1962 - 63 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1963 - 64 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1964 - 65 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1965 - 66 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1966 - 67 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 - 68 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1967 - 68 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bing NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1968 - 69 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - 70 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1969 - 70 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry West NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1970 - 71 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1971 - 72 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1972 - 73 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Archibald NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1973 - 74 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McAdoo NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1974 - 75 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1975 - 76 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1976 - 77 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` April 9 , 1978 : Gervin beats Thompson in NBA scoring title duel '' . History Channel . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Thompson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George Gervin '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( February 7 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Giant Leap For Gervin , Thompson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 - 78 NBA Game Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1977 - 78 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Gervin NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1978 - 79 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1979 - 80 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1980 - 81 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Dantley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1981 - 82 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1982 - 83 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alex English NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1983 - 84 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 - 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1984 - 85 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard King NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 - 86 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1985 - 86 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Wilkins NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1986 - 87 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1987 - 88 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1988 - 89 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1989 - 90 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1995 - 96 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1996 - 97 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , Bryant take scoring race to wire '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 1997 - 98 game log '' . basketball - reference . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1997 - 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1998 - 99 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Iverson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1999 - 2000 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2000 - 01 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 - 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2001 - 02 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 - 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2002 - 03 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracy McGrady NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tight N.B.A. Scoring Race Comes Down to James and Durant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` durant '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sits ; Kevin Durant wins '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russell Westbrook NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . line feed character in title = at position 27 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_annual_scoring_leaders&oldid=802117178 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 errors : invisible characters Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 03 : 05 . 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most points ever averaged in a nba season

1946 -- 47 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2

RMS Titanic - wikipedia RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation , search `` Titanic '' redirects here . For the film by James Cameron , see Titanic ( 1997 film ) . For other uses , see Titanic ( disambiguation ) . RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912 History United Kingdom Name : RMS Titanic Owner : White Star Line Port of registry : Liverpool , UK Route : Southampton to New York City Ordered : 17 September 1908 Builder : Harland and Wolff , Belfast Cost : $7.5 million ( $300 million in 2017 ) Yard number : 401 Laid down : 31 March 1909 Launched : 31 May 1911 Completed : 2 April 1912 Maiden voyage : 10 April 1912 In service : 10 -- 15 April 1912 Identification : Radio call sign `` MGY '' Fate : Hit an iceberg 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later Status : Wreck General characteristics Class and type : Olympic - class ocean liner Tonnage : 46,328 GRT Displacement : 52,310 tons Length : 882 ft 9 in ( 269.1 m ) Beam : 92 ft 6 in ( 28.2 m ) Height : 175 ft ( 53.3 m ) ( keel to top of funnels ) Draught : 34 ft 7 in ( 10.5 m ) Depth : 64 ft 6 in ( 19.7 m ) Decks : 9 ( A -- G ) Installed power : 24 double - ended and five single - ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers , and a low - pressure turbine for the centre propeller ; output : 46,000 HP Propulsion : Two three - blade wing propellers and one four - blade centre propeller Speed : Cruising : 21 kn ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . Max : 24 kn ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) Capacity : Passengers : 2,435 , crew : 892 . Total : 3,327 ( or 3,547 according to other sources ) Notes : Lifeboats : 20 ( sufficient for 1,178 people ) RMS Titanic ( / taɪˈtænɪk / ) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912 , after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship , and more than 1,500 died , making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history . The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic - class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line . The Titanic was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast . Thomas Andrews , her architect , died in the disaster . Titanic was under the command of Edward Smith , who also went down with the ship . The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world , as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland , Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe who were seeking a new life in the United States . The first - class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury , with an on - board gymnasium , swimming pool , libraries , high - class restaurants and opulent cabins . A high - powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger `` marconigrams '' and for the ship 's operational use . Although Titanic had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors , there were not enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard , due to outdated maritime safety regulations . Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people -- slightly more than half of the number on board , and one third of her total capacity . After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912 , Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland before heading west to New York . On 14 April , four days into the crossing and about 375 miles ( 600 km ) south of Newfoundland , she hit an iceberg at 11 : 40 p.m. ship 's time . The collision caused the ship 's hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea ; she could only survive four flooding . Meanwhile , passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats , many of which were launched only partially loaded . A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a `` women and children first '' protocol for loading lifeboats . At 2 : 20 a.m. , she broke apart and foundered -- with well over one thousand people still aboard . Just under two hours after the Titanic sank , the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene , where she brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors . The disaster was met with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it . Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety . One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today . Additionally , several new wireless regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications -- which could have saved many more passengers . The wreck of Titanic was first discovered in 1985 ( more than 70 years after the disaster ) , and the vessel remains on the seabed . The ship was split in two and is gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet ( 3,784 m ) . Since her discovery in 1985 , thousands of artefacts have been recovered and put on display at museums around the world . Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history ; her memory is kept alive by numerous works of popular culture , including books , folk songs , films , exhibits , and memorials . Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world , only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic , the largest ever sunk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Dimensions and layout 3 Features 3.1 Power 3.2 Technology 3.2. 1 Watertight compartments and funnels 3.2. 2 Rudder and steering engines 3.2. 3 Water , ventilation and heating 3.2. 4 Radio communications 3.3 Passenger facilities 3.4 Mail and cargo 3.5 Lifeboats 4 Building and preparing the ship 4.1 Construction , launch and fitting - out 4.2 Sea trials 5 Maiden voyage 5.1 Crew 5.2 Passengers 5.3 Collecting passengers 5.4 Atlantic crossing 5.5 Sinking 6 Aftermath of sinking 6.1 Arrival of Carpathia in New York 6.2 Insurance and aid for survivors 6.3 Investigations into the disaster 6.3. 1 Role of the SS Californian 6.4 Survivors and victims 6.5 Retrieval and burial of the dead 7 Wreck 8 Legacy 8.1 Safety 8.2 Cultural 9 Appendix 10 Titanic replicas 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Background The name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic . Built in Belfast , Ireland , in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( as it was then known ) , the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Olympic - class ocean liners -- the first was the RMS Olympic and the third was the HMHS Britannic . They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line 's fleet , which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912 . The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line 's chairman , J. Bruce Ismay , and the American financier J.P. Morgan , who controlled the White Star Line 's parent corporation , the International Mercantile Marine Co . ( IMM ) . The White Star Line faced an increasing challenge from its main rivals Cunard , which had recently launched the Lusitania and the Mauretania -- the fastest passenger ships then in service -- and the German lines Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd . Ismay preferred to compete on size rather than speed and proposed to commission a new class of liners that would be larger than anything that had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury . The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their oldest pair of passenger ships still in service , being the SS Teutonic of 1889 and SS Majestic of 1890 . Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic . Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star 's New York service after Titanic 's loss . The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff , who had a long - established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867 . Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line ; the usual approach was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the former would take away and turn into a ship design . Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships , plus a five percent profit margin . In the case of the Olympic - class ships , a cost of £ 3 million ( £ 250 million in 2015 money ) for the first two ships was agreed plus `` extras to contract '' and the usual five percent fee . Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic - class vessels . The design was overseen by Lord Pirrie , a director of both Harland and Wolff and the White Star Line ; naval architect Thomas Andrews , the managing director of Harland and Wolff 's design department ; Edward Wilding , Andrews ' deputy and responsible for calculating the ship 's design , stability and trim ; and Alexander Carlisle , the shipyard 's chief draughtsman and general manager . Carlisle 's responsibilities included the decorations , equipment and all general arrangements , including the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design . On 29 July 1908 , Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line executives . Ismay approved the design and signed three `` letters of agreement '' two days later , authorising the start of construction . At this point the first ship -- which was later to become Olympic -- had no name , but was referred to simply as `` Number 400 '' , as it was Harland and Wolff 's four hundredth hull . Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number 401 . Dimensions and layout Titanic in 1912 Titanic was 882 feet 9 inches ( 269.06 m ) long with a maximum breadth of 92 feet 6 inches ( 28.19 m ) . Her total height , measured from the base of the keel to the top of the bridge , was 104 feet ( 32 m ) . She measured 46,328 gross register tons and with a draught of 34 feet 7 inches ( 10.54 m ) , she displaced 52,310 tons . All three of the Olympic - class ships had ten decks ( excluding the top of the officers ' quarters ) , eight of which were for passenger use . From top to bottom , the decks were : The Boat Deck , on which the lifeboats were housed . It was from here during the early hours of 15 April 1912 that Titanic 's lifeboats were lowered into the North Atlantic . The bridge and wheelhouse were at the forward end , in front of the captain 's and officers ' quarters . The bridge stood 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above the deck , extending out to either side so that the ship could be controlled while docking . The wheelhouse stood directly behind and above the bridge . The entrance to the First Class Grand Staircase and gymnasium were located midships along with the raised roof of the First Class lounge , while at the rear of the deck were the roof of the First Class smoke room and the relatively modest Second Class entrance . The wood - covered deck was divided into four segregated promenades : for officers , First Class passengers , engineers , and Second Class passengers respectively . Lifeboats lined the side of the deck except in the First Class area , where there was a gap so that the view would not be spoiled . A Deck , also called the Promenade Deck , extended along the entire 546 feet ( 166 m ) length of the superstructure . It was reserved exclusively for First Class passengers and contained First Class cabins , the First Class lounge , smoke room , reading and writing rooms and Palm Court . B Deck , the Bridge Deck , was the top weight - bearing deck and the uppermost level of the hull . More First Class passenger accommodations were located here with six palatial staterooms ( cabins ) featuring their own private promenades . On Titanic , the À La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien provided luxury dining facilities to First Class passengers . Both were run by subcontracted chefs and their staff ; all were lost in the disaster . The Second Class smoking room and entrance hall were both located on this deck . The raised forecastle of the ship was forward of the Bridge Deck , accommodating Number 1 hatch ( the main hatch through to the cargo holds ) , numerous pieces of machinery and the anchor housings . Aft of the Bridge Deck was the raised Poop Deck , 106 feet ( 32 m ) long , used as a promenade by Third Class passengers . It was where many of Titanic 's passengers and crew made their last stand as the ship sank . The forecastle and Poop Deck were separated from the Bridge Deck by well decks . C Deck , the Shelter Deck , was the highest deck to run uninterrupted from stem to stern . It included both well decks ; the aft one served as part of the Third Class promenade . Crew cabins were housed below the forecastle and Third Class public rooms were housed below the Poop Deck . In between were the majority of First Class cabins and the Second Class library . D Deck , the Saloon Deck , was dominated by three large public rooms -- the First Class Reception Room , the First Class Dining Saloon and the Second Class Dining Saloon . An open space was provided for Third Class passengers . First , Second and Third Class passengers had cabins on this deck , with berths for firemen located in the bow . It was the highest level reached by the ship 's watertight bulkheads ( though only by eight of the fifteen bulkheads ) . E Deck , the Upper Deck , was predominantly used for passenger accommodation for all three classes plus berths for cooks , seamen , stewards and trimmers . Along its length ran a long passageway nicknamed Scotland Road , in reference to a famous street in Liverpool . Scotland Road was used by Third Class passengers and crew members . F Deck , the Middle Deck , was the last complete deck and mainly accommodated Second and Third Class passengers and several departments of the crew . The Third Class dining saloon was located here , as were the swimming pool and Turkish bath . G Deck , the Lower Deck , was the lowest complete deck that carried passengers , and had the lowest portholes , just above the waterline . The squash court was located here along with the traveling post office where letters and parcels were sorted ready for delivery when the ship docked . Food was also stored here . The deck was interrupted at several points by orlop ( partial ) decks over the boiler , engine and turbine rooms . The Orlop Decks and the Tank Top below that were on the lowest level of the ship , below the waterline . The orlop decks were used as cargo spaces , while the Tank Top -- the inner bottom of the ship 's hull -- provided the platform on which the ship 's boilers , engines , turbines and electrical generators were housed . This area of the ship was occupied by the engine and boiler rooms , areas which passengers would have been prohibited from seeing . They were connected with higher levels of the ship by flights of stairs ; twin spiral stairways near the bow provided access up to D Deck . Features Power Rudder with central and port wing propellers for scale note the man at bottom of the photo Titanic was equipped with three main engines -- two reciprocating four - cylinder , triple - expansion steam engines and one centrally placed low - pressure Parsons turbine -- each driving a propeller . The two reciprocating engines had a combined output of 30,000 hp and a further 16,000 hp was contributed by the turbine . The White Star Line had used the same combination of engines on an earlier liner , the SS Laurentic , where it had been a great success . It provided a good combination of performance and speed ; reciprocating engines by themselves were not powerful enough to propel an Olympic - class liner at the desired speeds , while turbines were sufficiently powerful but caused uncomfortable vibrations , a problem that affected the all - turbine Cunard liners Lusitania and Mauretania . By combining reciprocating engines with a turbine , fuel usage could be reduced and motive power increased , while using the same amount of steam . The two reciprocating engines were each 63 feet ( 19 m ) long and weighed 720 tons , with their bedplates contributing a further 195 tons . They were powered by steam produced in 29 boilers , 24 of which were double - ended and five single - ended , which contained a total of 159 furnaces . The boilers were 15 feet 9 inches ( 4.80 m ) in diameter and 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) long , each weighing 91.5 tons and capable of holding 48.5 tons of water . They were heated by burning coal , 6,611 tons of which could be carried in Titanic 's bunkers , with a further 1,092 tons in Hold 3 . The furnaces required over 600 tons of coal a day to be shovelled into them by hand , requiring the services of 176 firemen working around the clock . 100 tons of ash a day had to be disposed of by ejecting it into the sea . The work was relentless , dirty and dangerous , and although firemen were paid relatively generously there was a high suicide rate among those who worked in that capacity . Exhaust steam leaving the reciprocating engines was fed into the turbine , which was situated aft . From there it passed into a surface condenser , to increase the efficiency of the turbine and so that the steam could be condensed back into water and reused . The engines were attached directly to long shafts which drove the propellers . There were three , one for each engine ; the outer ( or wing ) propellers were the largest , each carrying three blades of manganese - bronze alloy with a total diameter of 23.5 feet ( 7.2 m ) . The middle propeller was slightly smaller at 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) in diameter , and could be stopped but not reversed . Titanic 's electrical plant was capable of producing more power than an average city power station of the time . Immediately aft of the turbine engine were four 400 kW steam - driven electric generators , used to provide electrical power to the ship , plus two 30 kW auxiliary generators for emergency use . Their location in the stern of the ship meant they remained operational until the last few minutes before the ship sank . Technology Watertight compartments and funnels The interiors of the Olympic - class ships were subdivided into 16 primary compartments divided by 15 bulkheads which extended well above the waterline . Eleven vertically closing watertight doors could seal off the compartments in the event of an emergency . The ship 's exposed decking was made of pine and teak , while interior ceilings were covered in painted granulated cork to combat condensation . Standing above the decks were four funnels , each painted buff with black tops , ( though only three were functional -- the last one was a dummy , installed for aesthetic purposes and also for kitchen ventilation ) -- and two masts , each 155 feet ( 47 m ) high , which supported derricks for working cargo . Rudder and steering engines Titanic 's rudder was so large -- at 78 feet 8 inches ( 23.98 m ) high and 15 feet 3 inches ( 4.65 m ) long , weighing over 100 tons -- that it required steering engines to move it . Two steam - powered steering engines were installed though only one was used at any one time , with the other one kept in reserve . They were connected to the short tiller through stiff springs , to isolate the steering engines from any shocks in heavy seas or during fast changes of direction . As a last resort , the tiller could be moved by ropes connected to two steam capstans . The capstans were also used to raise and lower the ship 's five anchors ( one port , one starboard , one in the centreline and two kedging anchors ) . Water , ventilation and heating The ship was equipped with her own waterworks , capable of heating and pumping water to all parts of the vessel via a complex network of pipes and valves . The main water supply was taken aboard while Titanic was in port , but in an emergency the ship could also distil fresh water from seawater , though this was not a straightforward process as the distillation plant quickly became clogged by salt deposits . A network of insulated ducts conveyed warm air , driven by electric fans , around the ship , and First Class cabins were fitted with additional electric heaters . Radio communications Marconi company receiving equipment for a 5 kilowatt ocean liner station . Titanic 's radiotelegraph equipment ( then known as wireless telegraphy ) was leased to the White Star Line by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company , which also supplied two of its employees , Jack Phillips and Harold Bride , as operators . The service maintained a 24 - hour schedule , primarily sending and receiving passenger telegrams , but also handling navigation messages including weather reports and ice warnings . The radio room was located on the Boat Deck , in the officers ' quarters . A soundproofed `` Silent Room '' , next to the operating room , housed loud equipment , including the transmitter and a motor - generator used for producing alternating currents . The operators ' living quarters were adjacent to the working office . The ship was equipped with a ' state of the art ' 5 kilowatt rotary spark - gap transmitter , operating under the radio callsign MGY , and communication was conducted in Morse code . This transmitter was one of the first Marconi installations to use a rotary spark gap , which gave Titanic a distinctive musical tone that could be readily distinguished from other signals . The transmitter was one of the most powerful in the world , and guaranteed to broadcast over a radius of 350 miles ( 563 km ) . An elevated T - antenna that spanned the length of the ship was used for transmitting and receiving . The normal operating frequency was 500 kHz ( 600 m wavelength ) , however the equipment could also operate on the `` short '' wavelength of 1000 kHz ( 300 m wavelength ) that was employed by smaller vessels with shorter antennas . Passenger facilities This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : First class facilities of the RMS Titanic and Second and Third - Class Facilities on the RMS Titanic The passenger facilities aboard Titanic aimed to meet the highest standards of luxury . According to Titanic 's general arrangement plans , the ship could accommodate 833 First Class Passengers , 614 in Second Class and 1,006 in Third Class , for a total passenger capacity of 2,453 . In addition , her capacity for crew members exceeded 900 , as most documents of her original configuration have stated that her full carrying capacity for both passengers and crew was approximately 3,547 . Her interior design was a departure from that of other passenger liners , which had typically been decorated in the rather heavy style of a manor house or an English country house . Titanic was laid out in a much lighter style similar to that of contemporary high - class hotels -- the Ritz Hotel was a reference point -- with First Class cabins finished in the Empire style . A variety of other decorative styles , ranging from the Renaissance to Louis XV , were used to decorate cabins and public rooms in First and Second Class areas of the ship . The aim was to convey an impression that the passengers were in a floating hotel rather than a ship ; as one passenger recalled , on entering the ship 's interior a passenger would `` at once lose the feeling that we are on board ship , and seem instead to be entering the hall of some great house on shore '' . Among the more novel features available to first - class passengers was a 7 ft. deep saltwater swimming pool , a gymnasium , a squash court , and a Turkish bath which comprised electric bath , steam room , cool room , massage room , and hot room . First - class common rooms were impressive in scope and lavishly decorated . They included a Lounge in the style of the Palace of Versailles , an enormous Reception Room , a men 's Smoking Room , and a Reading and Writing Room . There was an À la Carte Restaurant in the style of the Ritz Hotel which was run as a concession by the famous Italian restaurateur Gaspare Gatti . A Café Parisien decorated in the style of a French sidewalk café , complete with ivy covered trellises and wicker furniture , was run as an annex to the restaurant . For an extra cost , first - class passengers could enjoy the finest French haute cuisine in the most luxurious of surroundings . There was also a Verandah Café where tea and light refreshments were served , that offered grand views of the ocean . At 114 ft. long X 92 ft. wide , the Dining Saloon on D - Deck was the largest room afloat and could seat almost 600 passengers at a time . Third Class ( commonly referred to as Steerage ) accommodations aboard Titanic were not as luxurious as First or Second Class , but even so were better than on many other ships of the time . They reflected the improved standards which the White Star Line had adopted for trans - Atlantic immigrant and lower - class travel . On most other North Atlantic passenger ships at the time , Third Class accommodations consisted of little more than open dormitories in the forward end of the vessels , in which hundreds of people were confined , often without adequate food or toilet facilities . The White Star Line had long since broken that mould . As seen aboard Titanic , all White Star Line passenger ships divided their Third Class accommodations into two sections , always at opposite ends of the vessel from one another . The established arrangement was that single men were quartered in the forward areas , while single women , married couples and families were quartered aft . In addition , while other ships provided only open berth sleeping arrangements , White Star Line vessels provided their Third Class passengers with private , small but comfortable cabins capable of accommodating two , four , six , eight and 10 passengers . Third Class accommodations also included their own dining rooms , as well as public gathering areas including adequate open deck space , which aboard Titanic comprised the Poop Deck at the stern , the forward and aft well decks , and a large open space on D Deck which could be used as a social hall . This was supplemented by the addition of a smoking room for men and a General Room on C Deck which women could use for reading and writing . Although they were not as glamorous in design as spaces seen in upper class accommodations , they were still far above average for the period . Leisure facilities were provided for all three classes to pass the time . As well as making use of the indoor amenities such as the library , smoking rooms , and gymnasium , it was also customary for passengers to socialise on the open deck , promenading or relaxing in hired deck chairs or wooden benches . A passenger list was published before the sailing to inform the public which members of the great and good were on board , and it was not uncommon for ambitious mothers to use the list to identify rich bachelors to whom they could introduce their marriageable daughters during the voyage . One of Titanic 's most distinctive features was her First Class staircase , known as the Grand Staircase or Grand Stairway . Built of solid English oak with a sweeping curve , the staircase descended through seven decks of the ship , between the Boat Deck to E deck , before terminating in a simplified single flight on F Deck . It was capped with a dome of wrought iron and glass that admitted natural light to the stairwell . Each landing off the staircase gave access to ornate entrance halls paneled in the William & Mary style and lit by ormolu and crystal light fixtures . At the uppermost landing was a large carved wooden panel containing a clock , with figures of `` Honour and Glory Crowning Time '' flanking the clock face . The Grand Staircase was destroyed during the sinking and is now just a void in the ship which modern explorers have used to access the lower decks . During the filming of James Cameron 's Titanic in 1997 , his replica of the Grand Staircase was ripped from its foundations by the force of the inrushing water on the set . It has been suggested that during the real event , the entire Grand Staircase was ejected upwards through the dome . The gymnasium on the Boat Deck , which was equipped with the latest exercise machines The famous Grand Staircase , which connected Boat Deck and E Deck Swimming Pool on the Titanic Mail and cargo La Circassienne au Bain ; the most highly valued item of cargo lost on the Titanic . Although Titanic was primarily a passenger liner , she also carried a substantial amount of cargo . Her designation as a Royal Mail Ship ( RMS ) indicated that she carried mail under contract with the Royal Mail ( and also for the United States Post Office Department ) . For the storage of letters , parcels and specie ( bullion , coins and other valuables ) , 26,800 cubic feet ( 760 m ) of space in her holds was allocated . The Sea Post Office on G Deck was manned by five postal clerks ; three Americans and two Britons , who worked 13 hours a day , seven days a week sorting up to 60,000 items daily . The ship 's passengers brought with them a huge amount of baggage ; another 19,455 cubic feet ( 550.9 m ) was taken up by first - and second - class baggage . In addition , there was a considerable quantity of regular cargo , ranging from furniture to foodstuffs and even motor cars . Despite later myths , the cargo on Titanic 's maiden voyage was fairly mundane ; there was no gold , exotic minerals or diamonds , and one of the more famous items lost in the shipwreck , a jewelled copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam , was valued at only £ 405 ( £ 36,200 today ) . According to the claims for compensation filed with Commissioner Gilchrist , following the conclusion of the Senate Inquiry , the single most highly valued item of luggage or cargo was a large neoclassical oil painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain by French artist Merry - Joseph Blondel . The painting 's owner , first class passenger Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson , filed a claim for $100,000 ( $2.4 million equivalent in 2014 ) in compensation for the loss of the artwork . Titanic was equipped with eight electric cranes , four electric winches and three steam winches to lift cargo and baggage in and out of the hold . It is estimated that the ship used some 415 tons of coal whilst in Southampton , simply generating steam to operate the cargo winches and provide heat and light . Lifeboats Main article : Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic A collapsible lifeboat with canvas sides Titanic carried a total of 20 lifeboats : 14 standard wooden Harland and Wolff lifeboats with a capacity of 65 people each and four Englehardt `` collapsible '' ( wooden bottom , collapsible canvas sides ) lifeboats ( identified as A to D ) with a capacity of 47 people each . In addition , she had two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40 people each . Olympic herself did not even carry the four collapsibles A -- D during the 1911 -- 12 season . All of the lifeboats were stowed securely on the boat deck and , except for collapsible lifeboats A and B , connected to davits by ropes . Those on the starboard side were odd - numbered 1 -- 15 from bow to stern , while those on the port side were even - numbered 2 -- 16 from bow to stern . Both cutters were kept swung out , hanging from the davits , ready for immediate use , while collapsible lifeboats C and D were stowed on the boat deck ( connected to davits ) immediately inboard of boats 1 and 2 respectively . A and B were stored on the roof of the officers ' quarters , on either side of number 1 funnel . There were no davits to lower them and their weight would make them difficult to launch by hand . Each boat carried ( among other things ) food , water , blankets , and a spare life belt . Lifeline ropes on the boats ' sides enabled them to save additional people from the water if necessary . Titanic had 16 sets of davits , each able to handle four lifeboats . This gave Titanic the ability to carry up to 64 wooden lifeboats which would have been enough for 4,000 people -- considerably more than her actual capacity . However , the White Star Line decided that only 16 wooden lifeboats and four collapsibles would be carried , which could accommodate 1,178 people , only one - third of Titanic 's total capacity . At the time , the Board of Trade 's regulations required British vessels over 10,000 tons to only carry 16 lifeboats with a capacity of 990 occupants . Therefore , the White Star Line actually provided more lifeboat accommodation than was legally required . At the time , lifeboats were intended to ferry survivors from a sinking ship to a rescuing ship -- not keep afloat the whole population or power them to shore . Had the SS Californian responded to Titanic 's distress calls , the lifeboats may have been adequate to ferry the passengers to safety as planned . Building and preparing the ship Construction , launch and fitting - out Play media Titanic Disaster -- Genuine Footage ( 1911 -- 1912 ) The sheer size of Titanic and her sister ships posed a major engineering challenge for Harland and Wolff ; no shipbuilder had ever before attempted to construct vessels this size . The ships were constructed on Queen 's Island , now known as the Titanic Quarter , in Belfast Harbour . Harland and Wolff had to demolish three existing slipways and build two new ones , the largest ever constructed up to that time , to accommodate both ships . Their construction was facilitated by an enormous gantry built by Sir William Arrol & Co. , a Scottish firm responsible for the building of the Forth Bridge and London 's Tower Bridge . The Arrol Gantry stood 228 feet ( 69 m ) high , was 270 feet ( 82 m ) wide and 840 feet ( 260 m ) long , and weighed more than 6,000 tons . It accommodated a number of mobile cranes . A separate floating crane , capable of lifting 200 tons , was brought in from Germany . The construction of Olympic and Titanic took place virtually in parallel , with Olympic 's keel laid down first on 16 December 1908 and Titanic 's on 31 March 1909 . Both ships took about 26 months to build and followed much the same construction process . They were designed essentially as an enormous floating box girder , with the keel acting as a backbone and the frames of the hull forming the ribs . At the base of the ships , a double bottom 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) deep supported 300 frames , each between 24 inches ( 61 cm ) and 36 inches ( 91 cm ) apart and measuring up to about 66 feet ( 20 m ) long . They terminated at the bridge deck ( B Deck ) and were covered with steel plates which formed the outer skin of the ships . The 2,000 hull plates were single pieces of rolled steel plate , mostly up to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) long and weighing between 2.5 and 3 tons . Their thickness varied from 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) to 1.5 inches ( 3.8 cm ) . The plates were laid in a clinkered ( overlapping ) fashion from the keel to the bilge . Above that point they were laid in the `` in and out '' fashion , where strake plating was applied in bands ( the `` in strakes '' ) with the gaps covered by the `` out strakes '' , overlapping on the edges . Commercial oxy - fuel and electric arc welding methods , ubiquitous in fabrication today , were still in their infancy ; like most other iron and steel structures of the era , the hull was held together with over three million iron and steel rivets , which by themselves weighed over 1,200 tons . They were fitted using hydraulic machines or were hammered in by hand . In the 1990s some material scientists concluded that the steel plate used for the ship was subject to being especially brittle when cold , and that this brittleness exacerbated the impact damage and hastened the sinking . It is believed that , by the standards of the time , the steel plate 's quality was good , not faulty , but that it was inferior to what would be used for shipbuilding purposes in later decades , owing to advances in the metallurgy of steelmaking . As for the rivets , considerable emphasis has also been placed on their quality and strength . One of the last items to be fitted on Titanic before the ship 's launch was her two side anchors and one centre anchor . The anchors themselves were a challenge to make with the centre anchor being the largest ever forged by hand and weighing nearly 16 tons . Twenty Clydesdale draught horses were needed to haul the centre anchor by wagon from the Noah Hingley & Sons Ltd forge shop in Netherton , near Dudley , United Kingdom to the Dudley railway station two miles away . From there it was shipped by rail to Fleetwood in Lancashire before being loaded aboard a ship and sent to Belfast . The work of constructing the ships was difficult and dangerous . For the 15,000 men who worked at Harland and Wolff at the time , safety precautions were rudimentary at best ; a lot of the work was dangerous and was carried out without any safety equipment like hard hats or hand guards on machinery . As a result , deaths and injuries were to be expected . During Titanic 's construction , 246 injuries were recorded , 28 of them `` severe '' , such as arms severed by machines or legs crushed under falling pieces of steel . Six people died on the ship herself while she was being constructed and fitted out , and another two died in the shipyard workshops and sheds . Just before the launch a worker was killed when a piece of wood fell on him . Titanic was launched at 12 : 15 p.m. on 31 May 1911 in the presence of Lord Pirrie , J. Pierpoint Morgan , J. Bruce Ismay and 100,000 onlookers. 22 tons of soap and tallow were spread on the slipway to lubricate the ship 's passage into the River Lagan . In keeping with the White Star Line 's traditional policy , the ship was not formally named or christened with champagne . The ship was towed to a fitting - out berth where , over the course of the next year , her engines , funnels and superstructure were installed and her interior was fitted out . Although Titanic was virtually identical to the class 's lead ship Olympic , a few changes were made to distinguish both ships . The most noticeable of these was that Titanic ( and the third vessel in class , Britannic ) had a steel screen with sliding windows installed along the forward half of the A Deck promenade . This was installed as a last minute change at the personal request of Bruce Ismay , and was intended to provide additional shelter to first class passengers . These changes made Titanic slightly heavier than her sister , and thus she could claim to be the largest ship afloat . The work took longer than expected due to design changes requested by Ismay and a temporary pause in work occasioned by the need to repair Olympic , which had been in a collision in September 1911 . Had Titanic been finished earlier , she might well have missed her collision with an iceberg . Construction in gantry , 1909 -- 11 Launch , 1911 ( unfinished superstructure ) Fitting - out , 1911 -- 12 Sea trials RMS Titanic leaving Belfast for her sea trials on 2 April 1912 Titanic 's sea trials began at 6 a.m. on Tuesday , 2 April 1912 , just two days after her fitting out was finished and eight days before she was due to leave Southampton on her maiden voyage . The trials were delayed for a day due to bad weather , but by Monday morning it was clear and fair . Aboard were 78 stokers , greasers and firemen , and 41 members of crew . No domestic staff appear to have been aboard . Representatives of various companies travelled on Titanic 's sea trials , Thomas Andrews and Edward Wilding of Harland and Wolff and Harold A. Sanderson of IMM . Bruce Ismay and Lord Pirrie were too ill to attend . Jack Phillips and Harold Bride served as radio operators , and performed fine - tuning of the Marconi equipment . Francis Carruthers , a surveyor from the Board of Trade , was also present to see that everything worked , and that the ship was fit to carry passengers . The sea trials consisted of a number of tests of her handling characteristics , carried out first in Belfast Lough and then in the open waters of the Irish Sea . Over the course of about 12 hours , Titanic was driven at different speeds , the turning ability was tested and a `` crash stop '' was performed in which the engines were reversed full ahead to full astern , bringing her to a stop in 850 yd ( 777 m ) or 3 minutes and 15 seconds . The ship covered a distance of about 80 nautical miles ( 92 mi ; 150 km ) , averaging 18 knots ( 21 mph ; 33 km / h ) and reaching a maximum speed of just under 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . On returning to Belfast at about 7 p.m. , the surveyor signed an `` Agreement and Account of Voyages and Crew '' , valid for 12 months , which declared the ship seaworthy . An hour later , Titanic departed Belfast to head to Southampton , a voyage of about 570 nautical miles ( 660 mi ; 1,060 km ) . After a journey lasting about 28 hours and arrived about midnight on 4 April and was towed to the port 's Berth 44 , ready for the arrival of her passengers and the remainder of her crew . Maiden voyage Both Olympic and Titanic registered Liverpool as their home port . The offices of the White Star Line as well as Cunard were in Liverpool , and up until the introduction of the Olympic , most British ocean liners for both Cunard and White Star , such as Lusitania and Mauretania , sailed out of Liverpool followed by a port of call in Queenstown , Ireland . Since the company 's founding in 1871 , a vast majority of their operations had taken place out of Liverpool . However , in 1907 White Star established another service out of the port of Southampton on England 's south coast , which became known as White Star 's `` Express Service '' . Southampton had many advantages over Liverpool , the first being its proximity to London . In addition , Southampton , being on the south coast , allowed ships to easily cross the English Channel and make a port of call on the northern coast of France , usually at Cherbourg . This allowed British ships to pick up clientele from continental Europe before recrossing the channel and picking up passengers at Queenstown . The Southampton - Cherbourg - New York run would become so popular that most British ocean liners began using the port after World War I. Out of respect for Liverpool , ships continued to be registered there until the early 1960s . Queen Elizabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in Southampton when introduced into service by Cunard in 1969 . Titanic 's maiden voyage was intended to be the first of many trans - Atlantic crossings between Southampton and New York via Cherbourg and Queenstown on westbound runs , returning via Plymouth in England while eastbound . Indeed , her entire schedule of voyages through to December 1912 still exists . When the route was established , four ships were assigned to the service . In addition to Teutonic and Majestic , the RMS Oceanic and the brand new RMS Adriatic sailed the route . When the Olympic entered service in June 1911 , she replaced Teutonic , which after completing her last run on the service in late April was transferred to the Dominion Line 's Canadian service . The following August , Adriatic was transferred to White Star 's main Liverpool - New York service , and in November , Majestic was withdrawn from service impending the arrival of Titanic in the coming months , and was mothballed as a reserve ship . White Star 's initial plans for Olympic and Titanic on the Southampton run followed the same routine as their predecessors had done before them . Each would sail once every three weeks from Southampton and New York , usually leaving at noon each Wednesday from Southampton and each Saturday from New York , thus enabling the White Star Line to offer weekly sailings in each direction . Special trains were scheduled from London and Paris to convey passengers to Southampton and Cherbourg respectively . The deep - water dock at Southampton , then known as the `` White Star Dock '' , had been specially constructed to accommodate the new Olympic - class liners , and had opened in 1911 . Edward Smith , captain of Titanic , in 1911 Titanic at Southampton docks , prior to departure Display ad for Titanic 's first but never made sailing from New York on 20 April 1912 Crew Main article : Crew of the RMS Titanic Titanic had around 885 crew members on board for her maiden voyage . Like other vessels of her time , she did not have a permanent crew , and the vast majority of crew members were casual workers who only came aboard the ship a few hours before she sailed from Southampton . The process of signing up recruits had begun on 23 March and some had been sent to Belfast , where they served as a skeleton crew during Titanic 's sea trials and passage to England at the start of April . Captain Edward John Smith , the most senior of the White Star Line 's captains , was transferred from Olympic to take command of Titanic . Henry Tingle Wilde also came across from Olympic to take the post of Chief Mate . Titanic 's previously designated Chief Mate and First Officer , William McMaster Murdoch and Charles Lightoller , were bumped down to the ranks of First and Second Officer respectively . The original Second Officer , David Blair , was dropped altogether . The Third Officer was Herbert Pitman MBE , the only deck officer who was not a member of the Royal Naval Reserve . Pitman was the second to last surviving officer . Titanic 's crew were divided into three principal departments : Deck , with 66 crew ; Engine , with 325 ; and Victualling ( pronounced vi - tal - ling ) , with 494 . The vast majority of the crew were thus not seamen , but were either engineers , firemen , or stokers , responsible for looking after the engines , or stewards and galley staff , responsible for the passengers . Of these , over 97 % were male ; just 23 of the crew were female , mainly stewardesses . The rest represented a great variety of professions -- bakers , chefs , butchers , fishmongers , dishwashers , stewards , gymnasium instructors , laundrymen , waiters , bed - makers , cleaners , and even a printer , who produced a daily newspaper for passengers called the Atlantic Daily Bulletin with the latest news received by the ship 's wireless operators . Most of the crew signed on in Southampton on 6 April ; in all , 699 of the crew came from there , and 40 % were natives of the town . A few specialist staff were self - employed or were subcontractors . These included the five postal clerks , who worked for the Royal Mail and the United States Post Office Department , the staff of the First Class A La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien , the radio operators ( who were employed by Marconi ) and the eight musicians , who were employed by an agency and travelled as second - class passengers . Crew pay varied greatly , from Captain Smith 's £ 105 a month ( equivalent to £ 9,400 today ) to the £ 3 10 s ( £ 310 today ) that stewardesses earned . The lower - paid victualling staff could , however , supplement their wages substantially through tips from passengers . Passengers Main article : Passengers of the RMS Titanic John Jacob Astor IV in 1909 . He was the wealthiest person aboard Titanic . Titanic 's passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people : 324 in First Class , 284 in Second Class , and 709 in Third Class . Of these , 869 ( 66 % ) were male and 447 ( 34 % ) female . There were 107 children aboard , the largest number of which were in Third Class . The ship was considerably under capacity on her maiden voyage , as she could accommodate 2,453 passengers -- 833 First Class , 614 Second Class , and 1,006 Third Class . Usually , a high prestige vessel like Titanic could expect to be fully booked on its maiden voyage . However , a national coal strike in the UK had caused considerable disruption to shipping schedules in the spring of 1912 , causing many crossings to be cancelled . Many would - be passengers chose to postpone their travel plans until the strike was over . The strike had finished a few days before Titanic sailed ; however , that was too late to have much of an effect . Titanic was able to sail on the scheduled date only because coal was transferred from other vessels which were tied up at Southampton , such as SS City of New York and RMS Oceanic , as well as coal Olympic had brought back from a previous voyage to New York , which had been stored at the White Star Dock . Some of the most prominent people of the day booked a passage aboard Titanic , travelling in First Class . Among them were the American millionaire John Jacob Astor IV and his wife Madeleine Force Astor , industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim , painter and sculptor Francis Davis Millet , Macy 's owner Isidor Straus and his wife Ida , Denver millionairess Margaret `` Molly '' Brown , Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and his wife , couturière Lucy ( Lady Duff - Gordon ) , Lieut . Col. Arthur Peuchen , writer and historian Archibald Gracie , cricketer and businessman John B. Thayer with his wife Marian and son Jack , George Dunton Widener with his wife Eleanor and son Harry , Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes , Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Hays , Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Harper , Mr. and Mrs. Walter D. Douglas , Mr. and Mrs. George D. Wick , Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Harris , Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Ryerson , Mr. and Mrs. Hudson J.C. Allison , Mr. and Mrs. Dickinson Bishop , noted architect Edward Austin Kent , brewery heir Harry Molson , tennis players Karl Behr and Dick Williams , author and socialite Helen Churchill Candee , future lawyer and suffragette Elsie Bowerman and her mother Edith , journalist and social reformer William Thomas Stead , journalist and fashion buyer Edith Rosenbaum , Philadelphia and New York socialtie Edith Corse Evans , wealthy divorcée Charlotte Drake Cardeza , French sculptor Paul Chevré , author Jacques Futrelle with his wife May , silent film actress Dorothy Gibson with her mother Pauline , Alfons Simonius - Blumer , Swiss Army Colonel and Banker , President of the Swiss Bankverein , James A. Hughes 's daughter Eloise , banker Robert Williams Daniel , the chairman of the Holland America Line , Johan Reuchlin , Arthur Wellington Ross 's son John H. Ross , Washington Roebling 's nephew Washington A. Roebling II , Andrew Saks 's daughter Leila Saks Meyer with her husband , senator William A. Clark 's nephew Walter M. Clark with his wife Virginia , great - great - grandson of soap manufacturer Andrew Pears , Thomas C. Pears , with wife , John S. Pillsbury 's honeymooning grandson John P. Snyder and wife , Nelle , Dorothy Parker 's New York manufacturer uncle Martin Rothschild with his wife , Elizabeth , among others . Titanic 's owner J.P. Morgan was scheduled to travel on the maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute . Also aboard the ship were the White Star Line 's managing director J. Bruce Ismay and Titanic 's designer Thomas Andrews , who was on board to observe any problems and assess the general performance of the new ship . The exact number of people aboard is not known , as not all of those who had booked tickets made it to the ship ; about 50 people cancelled for various reasons , and not all of those who boarded stayed aboard for the entire journey . Fares varied depending on class and season . Third Class fares from London , Southampton , or Queenstown cost £ 7 5s ( equivalent to £ 600 today ) while the cheapest First Class fares cost £ 23 ( £ 2,100 today ) . The most expensive First Class suites were to have cost up to £ 870 in high season ( £ 78,000 today ) . Collecting passengers On Wednesday 10 April 1912 Titanic 's maiden voyage began . Following the embarkation of the crew the passengers began arriving from 9 : 30 a.m. , when the London and South Western Railway 's boat train from London Waterloo station reached Southampton Terminus railway station on the quayside , alongside Titanic 's berth . In all , 923 passengers boarded Titanic at Southampton , 179 First Class , 247 Second Class and 494 Third Class . The large number of Third Class passengers meant they were the first to board , with First and Second Class passengers following up to an hour before departure . Stewards showed them to their cabins , and First Class passengers were personally greeted by Captain Smith on boarding . Third Class passengers were inspected for ailments and physical impairments that might lead to their being refused entry to the United States -- a prospect the White Star Line wished to avoid , as it would have to carry anyone who failed the examination back across the Atlantic . 922 passengers were recorded as having embarked Titanic at Southampton . Additional passengers were to be picked up at Cherbourg and Queenstown . The maiden voyage began on time , at noon . An accident was narrowly averted only a few minutes later as Titanic passed the moored liners SS City of New York of the American Line and what would have been her running mate on the service from Southampton , White Star 's Oceanic . Her huge displacement caused both of the smaller ships to be lifted by a bulge of water and then drop into a trough . New York 's mooring cables could not take the sudden strain and snapped , swinging her around stern - first towards Titanic . A nearby tugboat , Vulcan , came to the rescue by taking New York under tow , and Captain Smith ordered Titanic 's engines to be put `` full astern '' . The two ships avoided a collision by a matter of about 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) . The incident delayed Titanic 's departure for about an hour , while the drifting New York was brought under control . After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent , Titanic headed out into the English Channel . She headed for the French port of Cherbourg , a journey of 77 nautical miles ( 89 mi ; 143 km ) . The weather was windy , very fine but cold and overcast . Because Cherbourg lacked docking facilities for a ship the size of Titanic , tenders had to be used to transfer passengers from shore to ship . The White Star Line operated two at Cherbourg , the SS Traffic and the SS Nomadic . Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic - class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic . ( Nomadic is today the only White Star Line ship still afloat . ) Four hours after Titanic left Southampton , she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. 274 additional passengers were taken aboard , 142 First Class , 30 Second Class , and 102 Third Class . Twenty - four passengers who had booked passage only cross-channel from Southampton left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore . The process was completed within only 90 minutes and at 8 p.m. Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown with the weather continuing cold and windy . At 11 : 30 a.m. on Thursday 11 April , Titanic arrived at Cork Harbour on the south coast of Ireland . It was a partly cloudy but relatively warm day , with a brisk wind . Again , the dock facilities were not suitable for a ship of Titanic 's size , and tenders were used to bring passengers aboard . In all , 123 passengers boarded Titanic at Queenstown , 3 First Class , 7 Second Class and 113 Third Class . In addition to the 24 cross-channel passengers who had disembarked at Cherbourg , another seven passengers had booked an overnight passage from Southampton to Queenstown . Among the seven was Father Francis Browne , a Jesuit trainee , who was a keen photographer and took many photographs aboard Titanic , including the last - ever known photograph of the ship . A decidedly unofficial departure was that of a crew member , stoker John Coffey , a Queenstown native who sneaked off the ship by hiding under mail bags being transported to shore . Titanic weighed anchor for the last time at 1 : 30 p.m. and departed on her westward journey across the Atlantic . Titanic ( right ) after the near - collision with City of New York ( left , together with Oceanic at the far left ) Titanic in Cork harbour , 11 April 1912 The route of Titanic 's maiden voyage , with the coordinates of its sinking Atlantic crossing Titanic was planned to arrive at New York Pier 54 on the morning of 17 April . After leaving Queenstown Titanic followed the Irish coast as far as Fastnet Rock , a distance of some 55 nautical miles ( 63 mi ; 102 km ) . From there she travelled 1,620 nautical miles ( 1,860 mi ; 3,000 km ) along a Great Circle route across the North Atlantic to reach a spot in the ocean known as `` the corner '' south - east of Newfoundland , where westbound steamers carried out a change of course . Titanic sailed only a few hours past the corner on a rhumb line leg of 1,023 nautical miles ( 1,177 mi ; 1,895 km ) to Nantucket Shoals Light when she made her fatal contact with an iceberg . The final leg of the journey would have been 193 nautical miles ( 222 mi ; 357 km ) to Ambrose Light and finally to New York Harbor . From 11 April to local apparent noon the next day , Titanic covered 484 nautical miles ( 557 mi ; 896 km ) ; the following day , 519 nautical miles ( 597 mi ; 961 km ) ; and by noon on the final day of her voyage , 546 nautical miles ( 628 mi ; 1,011 km ) . From then until the time of her sinking she travelled another 258 nautical miles ( 297 mi ; 478 km ) , averaging about 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . The weather cleared as she left Ireland under cloudy skies with a headwind . Temperatures remained fairly mild on Saturday 13 April , but the following day Titanic crossed a cold weather front with strong winds and waves of up to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) . These died down as the day progressed until , by the evening of Sunday 14 April , it became clear , calm and very cold . The first three days of the voyage from Queenstown had passed without apparent incident . A fire had begun in one of Titanic 's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship 's departure , and continued to burn for several days into its voyage , but passengers were unaware of this situation . Fires occurred frequently on board steamships of that day due to spontaneous combustion of the coal . The fires had to be extinguished with fire hoses , by moving the coal on top to another bunker and by removing the burning coal and feeding it into the furnace . Fortunately , the fire was over on 14 April . Titanic received a series of warnings from other ships of drifting ice in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . One of the ships to warn Titanic was the Atlantic Line 's Mesaba . Nevertheless , the ship continued to steam at full speed , which was standard practice at the time . Although the ship was not trying to set a speed record , timekeeping was a priority , and under prevailing maritime practices , ships were often operated at close to full speed , with ice warnings seen as advisories and reliance placed upon lookouts and the watch on the bridge . It was generally believed that ice posed little danger to large vessels . Close calls with ice were not uncommon , and even head - on collisions had not been disastrous . In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner , had rammed an iceberg but still had been able to complete her voyage , and Captain Smith himself had declared in 1907 that he `` could not imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder . Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that . '' Sinking Main article : Sinking of the RMS Titanic At 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) on 14 April , lookout Frederick Fleet spotted an iceberg immediately ahead of Titanic and alerted the bridge . First Officer William Murdoch ordered the ship to be steered around the obstacle and the engines to be stopped , but it was too late ; the starboard side of Titanic struck the iceberg , creating a series of holes below the waterline . The hull was not punctured by the iceberg , but rather dented such that the hull 's seams buckled and separated , allowing water to seep in . Five of the ship 's watertight compartments were breached . It soon became clear that the ship was doomed , as she could not survive more than four compartments being flooded . Titanic began sinking bow - first , with water spilling from compartment to compartment as her angle in the water became steeper . Those aboard Titanic were ill - prepared for such an emergency . In accordance with accepted practices of the time , where ships were seen as largely unsinkable and lifeboats were intended to transfer passengers to nearby rescue vessels , Titanic only had enough lifeboats to carry about half of those on board ; if the ship had carried her full complement of about 3,339 passengers and crew , only about a third could have been accommodated in the lifeboats . The crew had not been trained adequately in carrying out an evacuation . The officers did not know how many they could safely put aboard the lifeboats and launched many of them barely half - full . Third - class passengers were largely left to fend for themselves , causing many of them to become trapped below decks as the ship filled with water . The `` women and children first '' protocol was generally followed when loading the lifeboats , and most of the male passengers and crew were left aboard . At 2 : 20 a.m. , two hours and 40 minutes after Titanic struck the iceberg , her rate of sinking suddenly increased as her forward deck dipped underwater , and the sea poured in through open hatches and grates . As her unsupported stern rose out of the water , exposing the propellers , the ship began to break in two between the third and fourth funnels , due to the immense forces on the keel . With the bow underwater , and air trapped in the stern , the stern remained afloat and buoyant for a few minutes longer , rising to a nearly vertical angle with hundreds of people still clinging to it , before sinking . For many years it was generally believed the ship sank in one piece ; however , when the wreck was located many years later , it was discovered that the ship had fully broken in two . All remaining passengers and crew were immersed into lethally cold water with a temperature of 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) . Almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water , within 15 -- 30 minutes . Only 13 of them were helped into the lifeboats , though these had room for almost 500 more people . Distress signals were sent by wireless , rockets , and lamp , but none of the ships that responded was near enough to reach Titanic before she sank . A radio operator on board the Birma , for instance , estimated that it would be 6 a.m. before the liner could arrive at the scene . Meanwhile , the SS Californian , which was the last to have been in contact before the collision , saw Titanic 's flares but failed to assist . Around 4 a.m. , RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene in response to Titanic 's earlier distress calls . About 710 people survived the disaster and were conveyed by Carpathia to New York , Titanic 's original destination , while at least 1,500 people lost their lives . Carpathia 's captain described the place as an ice field that had included 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet ( 61 m ) high and numerous smaller bergs , as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic ; passengers described being in the middle of a vast white plain of ice , studded with icebergs . This area is now known as Iceberg Alley . The sinking , according to J. Thayer , sketched onboard Carpathia , based on his description The iceberg thought to have been hit by Titanic , photographed on the morning of 15 April 1912 . `` Untergang der Titanic '' , as conceived by Willy Stöwer , 1912 Aftermath of sinking Arrival of Carpathia in New York London newsboy Ned Parfett with news of the disaster . RMS Carpathia took three days to reach New York after leaving the scene of the disaster . Her journey was slowed by pack ice , fog , thunderstorms and rough seas . She was , however , able to pass news to the outside world by wireless about what had happened . The initial reports were confused , leading the American press to report erroneously on 15 April that Titanic was being towed to port by the SS Virginian . Later that day , confirmation came through that Titanic had been lost and that most of her passengers and crew had died . The news attracted crowds of people to the White Star Line 's offices in London , New York , Montreal , Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast . It hit hardest in Southampton , whose people suffered the greatest losses from the sinking . Four out of every five crew members came from this town . Carpathia docked at 9 : 30 p.m. on 18 April at New York 's Pier 54 and was greeted by some 40,000 people waiting at the quayside in heavy rain . Immediate relief in the form of clothing and transportation to shelters was provided by the Women 's Relief Committee , the Travelers Aid Society of New York , and the Council of Jewish Women , among other organisations . Many of Titanic 's surviving passengers did not linger in New York but headed onwards immediately to relatives ' homes . Some of the wealthier survivors chartered private trains to take them home , and the Pennsylvania Railroad laid on a special train free of charge to take survivors to Philadelphia . Titanic 's 214 surviving crew members were taken to the Red Star Line 's steamer SS Lapland , where they were accommodated in passenger cabins . Carpathia was hurriedly restocked with food and provisions before resuming her journey to Fiume , Austria - Hungary . Her crew were given a bonus of a month 's wages by Cunard as a reward for their actions , and some of Titanic 's passengers joined together to give them an additional bonus of nearly £ 900 ( £ 80,000 today ) , divided among the crew members . The ship 's arrival in New York led to a frenzy of press interest , with newspapers competing to be the first to report the survivors ' stories . Some reporters bribed their way aboard the pilot boat New York , which guided Carpathia into harbour , and one even managed to get onto Carpathia before she docked . Crowds gathered outside newspaper offices to see the latest reports being posted in the windows or on billboards . It took another four days for a complete list of casualties to be compiled and released , adding to the agony of relatives waiting for news of those who had been aboard Titanic . Arrival of Titanic 's survivors at New York ( artist concept ) Cartoon demanding better safety from shipping companies , 1912 Carpathia 's captain Arthur Rostron awarded by Margaret Brown , 1912 Insurance and Aid for survivors In January 1912 , the hulls and equipment of Titanic and Olympic had been insured through Lloyd 's of London . The total coverage was £ 1,000,000 ( £ 89,000,000 today ) per ship . The policy was to be `` free from all average '' under £ 150,000 , meaning that the insurers would only pay for damage in excess of that sum . The premium , negotiated by brokers Willis Faber & Company ( now Willis Group ) , was 15 s ( 75 p ) per £ 100 , or £ 7,500 ( £ 670,000 today ) for the term of one year . Lloyd 's paid the White Star Line the full sum owed to them within 30 days . Many charities were set up to help the victims and their families , many of whom lost their sole breadwinner , or , in the case of many Third Class survivors , everything they owned . On 29 April opera stars Enrico Caruso and Mary Garden and members of the Metropolitan Opera raised $12,000 ( $300,000 in 2014 ) in benefits for victims of the disaster by giving special concerts in which versions of `` Autumn '' and `` Nearer My God To Thee '' were part of the programme . In Britain , relief funds were organised for the families of Titanic 's lost crew members , raising nearly £ 450,000 ( £ 40,000,000 today ) . One such fund was still in operation as late as the 1960s . Investigations into the disaster Main articles : United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic and British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic Even before the survivors arrived in New York , investigations were being planned to discover what had happened , and what could be done to prevent a recurrence . Inquiries were held in both the United States and United Kingdom , the former more robustly critical of traditions and practices , and scathing of the failures involved , and the latter broadly more technical and expert - oriented . The U.S. Senate 's inquiry into the disaster was initiated on 19 April , a day after Carpathia arrived in New York . The chairman , Senator William Alden Smith , wanted to gather accounts from passengers and crew while the events were still fresh in their minds . Smith also needed to subpoena all surviving British passengers and crew while they were still on American soil , which prevented them from returning to the UK before the American inquiry was completed on 25 May . The British press condemned Smith as an opportunist , insensitively forcing an inquiry as a means of gaining political prestige and seizing `` his moment to stand on the world stage '' . Smith , however , already had a reputation as a campaigner for safety on U.S. railroads , and wanted to investigate any possible malpractices by railroad tycoon J.P. Morgan , Titanic 's ultimate owner . The British Board of Trade 's inquiry into the disaster was headed by Lord Mersey , and took place between 2 May and 3 July . Being run by the Board of Trade , who had previously approved the ship , it was seen by some as having little interest in its own or White Star 's conduct being found negligent . Each inquiry took testimony from both passengers and crew of Titanic , crew members of Leyland Line 's Californian , Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia and other experts . The British inquiry also took far greater expert testimony , making it the longest and most detailed court of inquiry in British history up to that time . The two inquiries reached broadly similar conclusions : the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate , Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings , the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed , and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a dangerous area at too high a speed . Neither inquiry 's findings listed negligence by IMM or the White Star Line as a factor . The American inquiry concluded that since those involved had followed standard practice the disaster was an act of God . The British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long - standing practice that had not previously been shown to be unsafe , noting that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 10 lives , and concluded that Smith had done `` only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position '' . Lord Mersey did however find fault with the `` extremely high speed ( twenty - two knots ) which was maintained '' following numerous ice warnings , noting that without hindsight , `` what was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future '' . The recommendations included strong suggestions for major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures , such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided , that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that wireless equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock . An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic , and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ; both measures are still in force today . On 18 June 1912 , Guglielmo Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry regarding the telegraphy . Its final report recommended that all liners carry the system and that sufficient operators maintain a constant service . Role of the SS Californian The SS Californian , which had tried to warn Titanic of the danger from pack - ice One of the most controversial issues examined by the inquiries was the role played by SS Californian , which had been only a few miles from Titanic but had not picked up her distress calls or responded to her signal rockets . Californian had warned Titanic by radio of the pack ice that was the reason Californian had stopped for the night , but was rebuked by Titanic 's senior wireless operator , Jack Phillips . Testimony before the British inquiry revealed that at 10 : 10 p.m. , Californian observed the lights of a ship to the south ; it was later agreed between Captain Stanley Lord and Third Officer C.V. Groves ( who had relieved Lord of duty at 11 : 10 p.m. ) that this was a passenger liner . At 11 : 50 p.m. , the officer had watched that ship 's lights flash out , as if she had shut down or turned sharply , and that the port light was now visible . Morse light signals to the ship , upon Lord 's order , were made between 11 : 30 p.m. and 1 : 00 a.m. , but were not acknowledged . If Titanic were as far from the Californian as Lord claimed , then he knew , or should have known , that Morse signals would not be visible . A reasonable and prudent course of action would have been to awaken the wireless operator and to instruct him to attempt to contact Titanic by that method . Had Lord done so , it is possible he could have reached Titanic in time to save additional lives . Captain Lord had gone to the chartroom at 11 : 00 p.m. to spend the night ; however , Second Officer Herbert Stone , now on duty , notified Lord at 1 : 10 a.m. that the ship had fired five rockets . Lord wanted to know if they were company signals , that is , coloured flares used for identification . Stone said that he did not know and that the rockets were all white . Captain Lord instructed the crew to continue to signal the other vessel with the Morse lamp , and went back to sleep . Three more rockets were observed at 1 : 50 a.m. and Stone noted that the ship looked strange in the water , as if she were listing . At 2 : 15 a.m. , Lord was notified that the ship could no longer be seen . Lord asked again if the lights had had any colours in them , and he was informed that they were all white . Californian eventually responded . At around 5 : 30 a.m. , Chief Officer George Stewart awakened wireless operator Cyril Furmstone Evans , informed him that rockets had been seen during the night , and asked that he try to communicate with any ship . He got news of Titanic 's loss , Captain Lord was notified , and the ship set out to render assistance . She arrived well after Carpathia had already picked up all the survivors . The inquiries found that the ship seen by Californian was in fact Titanic and that it would have been possible for Californian to come to her rescue ; therefore , Captain Lord had acted improperly in failing to do so . Survivors and victims Main article : List of Titanic passengers The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear , due to a number of factors . These include confusion over the passenger list , which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute , and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were therefore double - counted on the casualty lists . The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people . The tables below use figures from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster . Fewer than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster . Some survivors died shortly afterwards ; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia . The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic . Although only 3 % of first - class women were lost , 54 % of those in third class died . Similarly , five of six first - class and all second - class children survived , but 52 of the 79 in third class perished . The differences by gender were even bigger : nearly all female crew members , first and second class passengers were saved . Men from the First Class died at a higher rate than women from the Third Class . In total , 50 % of the children survived , 20 % of the men and 75 % of the women . The last living survivor , Millvina Dean from England , who at only nine weeks old was the youngest passenger on board , died aged 97 on 31 May 2009 . A special survivor was crew member Violet Jessop who survived the sinkings of both Titanic and Britannic and was aboard Olympic when she was rammed in 1911 . Age / gender Class / crew Number aboard Number saved Number lost Percentage saved Percentage lost Children First Class 6 5 83 % 17 % Second Class 24 24 0 100 % 0 % Third Class 79 27 52 34 % 66 % Women First Class 144 140 97 % 3 % Second Class 93 80 13 86 % 14 % Third Class 165 76 89 46 % 54 % Crew 23 20 87 % 13 % Men First Class 175 57 118 33 % 67 % Second Class 168 14 154 8 % 92 % Third Class 462 75 387 16 % 84 % Crew 885 192 693 22 % 78 % Total 2224 710 1514 32 % 68 % Retrieval and burial of the dead Markers of Titanic victims , Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Once the massive loss of life became known , White Star Line chartered the cable ship CS Mackay - Bennett from Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , to retrieve bodies . Three other Canadian ships followed in the search : the cable ship Minia , lighthouse supply ship Montmagny and sealing vessel Algerine . Each ship left with embalming supplies , undertakers , and clergy . Of the 333 victims that were eventually recovered , 328 were retrieved by the Canadian ships and five more by passing North Atlantic steamships . The first ship to reach the site of the sinking , the CS Mackay - Bennett , found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted . Health regulations required that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port . Captain Larnder of the Mackay - Bennett and undertakers aboard decided to preserve only the bodies of first class passengers , justifying their decision by the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates . As a result , many third class passengers and crew were buried at sea . Larnder identified many of those buried at sea as crew members by their clothing , and stated that as a mariner , he himself would be contented to be buried at sea . Bodies recovered were preserved for transport to Halifax , the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections . The Halifax coroner , John Henry Barnstead , developed a detailed system to identify bodies and safeguard personal possessions . Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim bodies . A large temporary morgue was set up in the curling rink of the Mayflower Curling Club and undertakers were called in from all across eastern Canada to assist . Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe . About two - thirds of the bodies were identified . Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered . The majority of recovered victims , 150 bodies , were buried in three Halifax cemeteries , the largest being Fairview Lawn Cemetery followed by the nearby Mount Olivet and Baron de Hirsch cemeteries . In mid-May 1912 , RMS Oceanic recovered three bodies over 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the site of the sinking who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site sometime after the sinking in a lifeboat to pick up survivors , they rescued a dozen males and one female from Collapsible A , but left the dead bodies of three of its occupants . After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic , the bodies were buried at sea . The last Titanic body recovered was steward James McGrady , Body No. 330 , found by the chartered Newfoundland sealing vessel Algerine on 22 May and buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax on 12 June . Only 333 bodies of Titanic victims were recovered , one in five of the over 1500 victims . Some bodies sank with the ship while currents quickly dispersed bodies and wreckage across hundreds of miles making them difficult to recover . By June one of the last search ships reported that life jackets supporting bodies were coming apart and releasing bodies to sink . Wreck Main article : Wreck of the RMS Titanic The bow of the wrecked RMS Titanic , photographed in June 2004 Titanic was long thought to have sunk in one piece and , over the years , many schemes were put forward for raising the wreck . None came to fruition . The fundamental problem was the sheer difficulty of finding and reaching a wreck that lies over 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) below the surface , in a location where the water pressure is over 6,500 pounds per square inch ( 450 bar ) . A number of expeditions were mounted to find Titanic but it was not until 1 September 1985 that a Franco - American expedition led by Robert Ballard succeeded . The team discovered that Titanic had in fact split apart , probably near or at the surface , before sinking to the seabed . The separated bow and stern sections lie about a third of a mile ( 0.6 km ) apart in Titanic Canyon off the coast of Newfoundland . They are located 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) from the inaccurate coordinates given by Titanic 's radio operators on the night of her sinking , and approximately 715 miles ( 1,151 km ) from Halifax and 1,250 miles ( 2,012 km ) from New York . Both sections struck the sea bed at considerable speed , causing the bow to crumple and the stern to collapse entirely . The bow is by far the more intact section and still contains some surprisingly intact interiors . In contrast , the stern is completely wrecked ; its decks have pancaked down on top of each other and much of the hull plating was torn off and lies scattered across the sea floor . The much greater level of damage to the stern is probably due to structural damage incurred during the sinking . Thus weakened , the remainder of the stern was flattened by the impact with the sea bed . The two sections are surrounded by a debris field measuring approximately 5 by 3 miles ( 8.0 km × 4.8 km ) . It contains hundreds of thousands of items , such as pieces of the ship , furniture , dinnerware and personal items , which fell from the ship as she sank or were ejected when the bow and stern impacted on the sea floor . The debris field was also the last resting place of a number of Titanic 's victims . Most of the bodies and clothes were consumed by sea creatures and bacteria , leaving pairs of shoes and boots -- which have proved to be inedible -- as the only sign that bodies once lay there . Since its initial discovery , the wreck of Titanic has been revisited on numerous occasions by explorers , scientists , filmmakers , tourists and salvagers , who have recovered thousands of items from the debris field for conservation and public display . The ship 's condition has deteriorated significantly over the years , particularly from accidental damage by submersibles but mostly because of an accelerating rate of growth of iron - eating bacteria on the hull . It has been estimated that within the next 50 years the hull and structure of Titanic will eventually collapse entirely , leaving only the more durable interior fittings of the ship intermingled with a pile of rust on the sea floor . Bell from the Titanic Many artefacts from Titanic have been recovered from the sea bed by RMS Titanic Inc. , which exhibits them in touring exhibitions around the world and in a permanent exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . A number of other museums exhibit artefacts either donated by survivors or retrieved from the floating bodies of victims of the disaster . On 16 April 2012 , the day after the 100th anniversary of the sinking , photos were released showing possible human remains resting on the ocean floor . The photos , taken by Robert Ballard during an expedition led by NOAA in 2004 , show a boot and a coat close to Titanic 's stern which experts called `` compelling evidence '' that it is the spot where somebody came to rest , and that human remains could be buried in the sediment beneath them . The wreck of the Titanic falls under the scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage . This means that all states party to the convention will prohibit the pillaging , commercial exploitation , sale and dispersion of the wreck and its artefacts . Because of the location of the wreck in international waters and the lack of any exclusive jurisdiction over the wreckage area , the convention provides a state co-operation system , by which states inform each other of any potential activity concerning ancient shipwreck sites , like the Titanic , and co-operate to prevent unscientific or unethical interventions . Legacy Safety Main article : Changes in safety practices after the sinking of the RMS Titanic An ice patrol aircraft inspecting an iceberg After the disaster , recommendations were made by both the British and American Boards of Inquiry stating that ships should carry enough lifeboats for all aboard , mandated lifeboat drills would be implemented , lifeboat inspections would be conducted , etc . Many of these recommendations were incorporated into the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea passed in 1914 . The convention has been updated by periodic amendments , with a completely new version adopted in 1974 . Signatories to the convention followed up with national legislation to implement the new standards . For example in Britain , new `` Rules for Life Saving Appliances '' were passed by the Board of Trade on 8 May 1914 and then applied at a meeting of British steamship companies in Liverpool in June 1914 . Further , the United States government passed the Radio Act of 1912 . This act , along with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea , stated that radio communications on passenger ships would be operated 24 hours a day , along with a secondary power supply , so as not to miss distress calls . Also , the Radio Act of 1912 required ships to maintain contact with vessels in their vicinity as well as coastal onshore radio stations . In addition , it was agreed in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea that the firing of red rockets from a ship must be interpreted as a sign of need for help . Once the Radio Act of 1912 was passed it was agreed that rockets at sea would be interpreted as distress signals only , thus removing any possible misinterpretation from other ships . Finally , the disaster led to the formation and international funding of the International Ice Patrol , an agency of the United States Coast Guard that to the present day monitors and reports on the location of North Atlantic Ocean icebergs that could pose a threat to transatlantic sea traffic . Coast Guard aircraft conduct the primary reconnaissance . In addition , information is collected from ships operating in or passing through the ice area . Except for the years of the two World Wars , the International Ice Patrol has worked each season since 1913 . During the period there has not been a single reported loss of life or property due to collision with an iceberg in the patrol area . In 1912 , the Board of Trade chartered the barque Scotia to act as a weather ship in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , keeping a look - out for icebergs . A Marconi wireless was installed to enable her to communicate with stations on the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland . Cultural Main article : Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic Titanic Belfast , 2012 Titanic has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable . For more than 100 years , she has been the inspiration of fiction and non-fiction . She is commemorated by monuments for the dead and by museums exhibiting artefacts from the wreck . Just after the sinking memorial postcards sold in huge numbers together with memorabilia ranging from tin candy boxes to plates , whiskey jiggers , and even black mourning teddy bears . Several survivors wrote books about their experiences but it was not until 1955 the first historically accurate book A Night to Remember was published . The first film about the disaster , Saved from the Titanic , was released only 29 days after the ship sank and had an actual survivor as its star -- the silent film actress Dorothy Gibson . The British film A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) is still widely regarded as the most historically accurate movie portrayal of the sinking . The most financially successful by far has been James Cameron 's Titanic ( 1997 ) , which became the highest - grossing film in history up to that time , as well as the winner of 11 Oscars at the 70th Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Cameron . The Titanic disaster was commemorated through a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims , erected in several English - speaking countries and in particular in cities that had suffered notable losses . These included Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast in the United Kingdom ; New York and Washington , D.C. in the United States ; and Cobh ( formerly Queenstown ) in Ireland . A number of museums around the world have displays on Titanic . In Northern Ireland , the ship is commemorated by the Titanic Belfast visitor attraction , opened on 31 March 2012 , that stands on the site of the shipyard where Titanic was built . RMS Titanic Inc. , which is authorised to salvage the wreck site , has a permanent Titanic exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Nevada which features a 22 - ton slab of the ship 's hull . It also runs an exhibition which travels around the world . In Nova Scotia , Halifax 's Maritime Museum of the Atlantic displays items that were recovered from the sea a few days after the disaster . They include pieces of woodwork such as panelling from the ship 's First Class Lounge and an original deckchair , as well as objects removed from the victims . In 2012 the centenary was marked by plays , radio programmes , parades , exhibitions and special trips to the site of the sinking together with commemorative stamps and coins . In a frequently commented - on literary coincidence , Morgan Robertson authored a novel called Futility in 1898 about a fictional British passenger liner with the plot bearing a number of similarities to the Titanic disaster . In the novel the ship is the SS Titan , a four - stacked liner , the largest in the world and considered unsinkable . But like the Titanic , she sinks after hitting an iceberg and does not have enough lifeboats . Appendix Diagrams of RMS Titanic ( show ) Diagram of RMS Titanic showing the arrangement of the bulkheads in red . Compartments in the engineering area at the bottom of the ship are noted in blue . Names of decks are listed to the right ( starting at top on Boat deck , going from A through F and ending on Lower deck at the waterline ) . Areas of damage made by the iceberg are shown in green . The scale 's smallest unit is 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and its total length is 400 feet ( 120 m ) . A cutaway diagram of Titanic 's midship section . S : Sun deck . A : Upper promenade deck . B : Promenade deck , glass - enclosed . C : Saloon deck . E : Main deck . F : Middle deck . G : Lower deck : cargo , coal bunkers , boilers , engines . ( a ) Welin davits with lifeboats , ( b ) Bilge , ( c ) Double bottom Comparison of Titanic in size to modern means of transport and a person Timeline of RMS Titanic ( show ) 17 September 1908 : Ship ordered . 31 May 1911 : Ship launched . 1 April 1912 : Trials completed . 10 April , noon : Maiden voyage starts . Leaves Southampton dock , narrowly escaping collision with American liner New York . 10 April , 19 : 00 : Stops at Cherbourg for passengers . 10 April , 21 : 00 : Leaves Cherbourg for Queenstown . 11 April , 12 : 30 : Stops at Queenstown for passengers and mail . 11 April , 14 : 00 : Leaves Queenstown for New York . 14 April , 23 : 40 : Collision with iceberg ( Latitude 41 ° 46 ′ N , Longitude 50 ° 14 ′ W ) . 15 April , 00 : 45 : First boat , No. 7 , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 05 : Last boat , Collapsible D , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 20 : Foundering . 15 April , 03 : 30 -- 08 : 50 : Rescue of survivors . 19 April -- 25 May : U.S. inquiry . 2 May -- 3 July : British inquiry . 1 September 1985 : Discovery of wreck . Titanic replicas See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II , and Romandisea Titanic First Class Lounge of the Olympic which was almost identical to that of the Titanic , seen today as a dining room in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick There have been several proposals and studies for a project to build a replica ship based on the Titanic . A project by South African businessman Sarel Gaus was abandoned in 2006 , and a project by Australian businessman Clive Palmer was announced in 2012 , known as the Titanic II . A Chinese shipbuilding company known as Wuchang Shipbuilding Industry Group Co. , Ltd commenced construction in January 2014 to build a replica ship of the Titanic for use in a resort . The vessel will house many features of the original , such as a ballroom , dining hall , theatre , first - class cabins , economy cabins and swimming pool . Tourists will be able to reside inside the Titanic during their time at the resort . It will be permanently docked at the resort and feature an audiovisual simulation of the sinking , which has caused some criticism . The RMS Olympic was the sister ship of the Titanic . The interior decoration of the dining salon and the grand staircase were in identical style and created by the same craftsmen . Large parts of the interior of the Olympic were later sold and are now in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick , which gives an impression of how the interior of the Titanic looked . See also Disaster portal Nautical portal United Kingdom portal International Maritime Organization Lists of shipwrecks RMS Titanic alternative theories , alternative explanations for the fate of the Titanic ( rather than it hitting an iceberg ) The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility Notes Jump up ^ Carlisle would leave the project in 1910 , before the ships were launched , when he became a shareholder in Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd , the firm making the ship 's davits . Wilding was sacked following the Titanic disaster , having apparently been blamed by Pirrie , unfairly , for the ship 's loss . Jump up ^ It was kept off - limits to passengers ; the famous `` flying '' scene at the ship 's bow from the 1997 film Titanic would not have been permitted in real life . Jump up ^ This photo is probably of Titanic 's sister ship , Olympic . Jump up ^ Copy after Merry - Joseph Blondel of the neoclassical oil painting Jump up ^ Measurement of lifeboats : 1 -- 2 : 25'2 '' long by 7'2 '' wide by 3'2 '' deep ; 326.6 cubic feet ( 9.25 m ) ; 3 -- 16 : 30 ' long by 9'1 '' wide by 4 ' deep ; 655.2 cubic feet ( 18.55 m ) and A -- D : 27'5 '' long by 8 ' wide by 3 ' deep ; 376.6 cubic feet ( 10.66 m ) Jump up ^ Since 1894 , when the largest passenger ship under consideration was the Cunard Line 's 13,000 - ton Lucania , the Board of Trade had made no provision to increase the existing scale regarding the number of required lifeboats for larger ships , such as the 46,000 - ton Titanic . Sir Alfred Chalmers , nautical adviser to the Board of Trade from 1896 to 1911 , had considered the matter of adjusting the scale `` from time to time '' , but because he not only assumed that experienced sailors would need to be carried `` uselessly '' aboard ship only to lower and man the extra lifeboats , but also anticipated the difficulty in getting away a greater number than 16 boats in any emergency , he `` did not consider it necessary to increase ( the scale ) '' . Jump up ^ He expressed deep disappointment about the decision before the voyage , but was presumably greatly relieved afterwards . Jump up ^ Titanic also had a ship 's cat , Jenny , who gave birth to a litter of kittens shortly before the ship 's maiden voyage ; all perished in the sinking . Jump up ^ Known afterward as the `` Unsinkable Molly Brown '' due to her efforts in helping other passengers while the ship sank Jump up ^ Captain Edward Smith had been in command of Titanic 's sister Olympic when she in 1911 collided with a warship . Even though that ship was designed to sink others by ramming them , it suffered greater damage than Olympic , thereby strengthening the image of the class being unsinkable . Jump up ^ The official enquiry found that damage extended about 300 feet , but both Edward Wilding 's testimony and modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck suggest the total area was perhaps a few narrow openings totalling perhaps no more than 12 to 13 square feet ( 1.1 to 1.2 m ) . Jump up ^ An incident confirmed this philosophy while Titanic was under construction : the White Star liner Republic was involved in a collision and sank . Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers , they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist . Jump up ^ Life expectancy in such temperatures is often under 15 minutes even for people who are young and fit . The victims would have died from bodily reactions to freezing water rather than hypothermia ( loss of core temperature ) . Immersed into freezing seas , around 20 % of victims die within two minutes from cold shock ( uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation , massive increase in blood pressure , cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest , and panic ) , another 50 % die within 15 -- 30 minutes from cold incapacitation ( inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping , as the body ' protectively ' shuts down peripheral muscles to protect its core ) , and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning , claiming the rest within a similar time . Jump up ^ The Salvation Army newspaper , The War Cry , reported that `` none but a heart of stone would be unmoved in the presence of such anguish . Night and day that crowd of pale , anxious faces had been waiting patiently for the news that did not come . Nearly every one in the crowd had lost a relative . '' It was not until 17 April that the first incomplete lists of survivors came through , delayed by poor communications . Jump up ^ On 23 April , the Daily Mail reported : `` Late in the afternoon hope died out . The waiting crowds thinned , and silent men and women sought their homes . In the humbler homes of Southampton there is scarcely a family who has not lost a relative or friend . Children returning from school appreciated something of tragedy , and woeful little faces were turned to the darkened , fatherless homes . '' Jump up ^ According to an eyewitness report , there `` were many pathetic scenes '' when Titanic 's survivors disembarked at New York Jump up ^ Lord protested his innocence to the end of his life , and many researchers have asserted that the known positions of Titanic and Californian make it impossible that the former was the infamous `` mystery ship '' , a topic which has `` generated ... millions of words and ... hours of heated debates '' and continues to do so . Jump up ^ Most of the bodies were numbered , however , the five passengers buried at sea by Carpathia went unnumbered . Jump up ^ Thomas Beattie , a first class passenger , and two crew members , a fireman and a seaman . Jump up ^ An example is Daniel Butler 's book about RMS Titanic , titled Unsinkable ^ Jump up to : Ship 's time ; at the time of the collision , Titanic 's clocks were set to 2 hours 2 minutes ahead of Eastern Time Zone and 2 hours 58 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time . References Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Official investigation report - the sinking of RMS Titanic ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) . London : The final board of inquiry . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Ship Listing '' . Chris ' Cunard Page . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Second Officer Lightoller insisted on excluding men , while First Officer Murdoch , on the other side of the ship , permitted men and women to board the lifeboats . Jump up ^ `` Patrick S. Ryan , The ITU and the Internet 's Titanic Moment '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Outgoing Steamships -- Sail Saturday October 26 , 1912 : Majestic ( Southampton ) '' . The Sun . 24 October 1912 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Alexander Carlisle '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ McCluskie 1998 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : McCluskie 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. efn319 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Beveridge 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 148 . 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National Museums Northern Ireland . 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Brewster , Hugh & Coulter , Laurie. 882 1 / 2 Answers to Your Questions About The Titanic , Scholastic Press , 1998 ; 32 . Jump up ^ ( Bruce Beveridge 2008 , p. 15 ) Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Merideth 2003 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , Thursday 16 January 1913 , Titanic Survivors Asking $6,000,000 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ The Titanic : The Memorabilia Collection , by Michael Swift , Igloo Publishing 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85780 - 251 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1997 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Trade 's Administration '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Chris ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The Real Reason for the Tragedy of the Titanic '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Conspiracies '' . Titanic Conspiracies Stuff They Do n't Want You to Know . 2017 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Felkins , Leighly & Jankovic 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Broad 1997 . Jump up ^ Materials Today , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarty & Foecke 2012 , p. . Jump up ^ Broad 2008 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven 2007 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jonathan . `` Titanic : The Hingley Anchors '' . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Marriott , Leo ( 1997 ) . TITANIC . 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Portanova . `` Memory and Monuments : Some Sites Connected with the Titanic in Manhattan '' ( PDF ) . New York University . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ John Lang ( 2012 ) . Titanic : A Fresh Look at the Evidence by a Former Chief Inspector of Marine Accidents . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 124 . ISBN 1442218924 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Fire Down Below -- by Samuel Halpern . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Titanic Research & Modeling Association : Coal Bunker Fire Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , pp. 122 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Titanic : Fire & Ice ( Or What You Will ) Various Authors . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1985 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Winifreda '' . The Yard . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray 1912 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic and co , RMS Olympic The Old Reliable '' . Titanicandco.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ James Donahue ( 20 September 1911 ) . `` The Titanic 's Sister Ship Olympic '' . Perdurabo10.tripod.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Report 1912 , p. question 20422 , Day 19 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About The Cold Water '' . Mario Vittone . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hypothermia safety '' . United States Power Squadrons. 23 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , pp. 45 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 242 , 245 . Jump up ^ `` A trip down Canada 's Iceberg Alley - EarthSky.org '' . earthsky.org . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ The Whatley Design Group , 2000 ( 15 April 1912 ) . `` A Walking Tour of Montreal -- Sites Related to the Titanic Disaster '' . Vehiculepress.com . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerins , Dan ( 2012 ) . `` White Star Offices , Canute Chambers , Canute Road , Southampton '' . Titanic trail . Southern Daily Echo . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ In His Court . Mike Yorkey ( 2002 ) p. 127 ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic anniversary : the day Southampton went silent '' . The Telegraph . 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , pp. 170 , 172 . Jump up ^ Landau 2001 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Lloyd 's . `` Titanic Information Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ from Bing.com -- Dave Manuel 's Inflation Calculator Retrieved 21 May 2015 Jump up ^ The New York Times ; Tuesday 30 April 1912 `` GEORGE VANDERBILT 'S ESCAPE. ; Mrs. Dresser Persuaded Him Not to Sail on Titanic -- Footman Lost '' . ( in PDF format ) Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , pp. 70 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic -- The Senatorial Investigation '' . United States Senate Inquiry . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . 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Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Last Titanic survivor , a baby put in a lifeboat , dies at 97 The Guardian . Retrieved 31 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` Titanic and other White Star ships Titanic Crew Member Profile : Violet Constance Jessop , Ship Stewardess '' . Titanic-whitestarships.com. 19 July 1958 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic : List of Bodies and Disposition of Same '' . Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Titanic Research Page -- Victims '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca. 8 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . `` Chapter xxi . the funeral ship and its dead '' . The sinking of the Titanic ( 1912 ) . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 242 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Alan Ruffman , Titanic Remembered : The Unsinkable Ship and Halifax Formac Publishing ( 1999 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Why So Few ? '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Ward 2012 , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ `` Paper says Titanic discovered '' . The San Bernardino County Sun . 1 September 1985 . p. 3 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Canfield & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Crosbie & Mortimer 2006 , p. last page ( no page number specified ) . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 248 , 251 . Jump up ^ `` Human remains pictured at Titanic shipwreck site '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ `` Titanic United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . Unesco.org . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 's remains to come under Unesco 's protection '' . 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 6 April 2012 ) . `` Titanic wreck to be protected by UN maritime convention '' . The Guardian . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Captainsvoyage - forum , lifeboat requirements '' . Captainsvoyage-forum.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . International Maritime Organization , 1974 . Jump up ^ Conlin , Dan ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` A Titanic Report that Changed History '' . Marinecurator.blogspot.ca . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Minichiello , P.E. , Ray . `` TITANIC Tragedy Spawns Wireless Advancements '' . The Guglielmo Marconi Foundation , U.S.A. , Inc . Archived from the original on 3 December 1998 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Navigation Center , Ice Patrol '' . Navcen.uscg.gov . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ice danger in the North Atlantic '' . The Times ( 40136 ) . London . 15 February 1913 . col C , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` 45p SY Scotia '' . Mike Skidmore . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Maniera 2003 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Rasor 2001 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Heyer 2012 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Parisi 1998 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` The Oscars 2015 News , Blogs & Articles - Academy Awards â € '' Oscars 2015 `` . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , pp. 262 -- 263 . Jump up ^ BBC News & 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ ITV : Titanic . Retrieved 13 January 2012 Jump up ^ Iceberg Right Ahead ! -- review The Guardian . Retrieved 1 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Cruise to mark Titanic centenary '' . BBC News . 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar Titanic stamps '' . Gibraltar-stamps.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic -- Futility '' . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Bruce ; Andrews , Scott ; Hall , Steve ; Klistorner , Daniel ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Inception & Construction Plans '' . In Braunschweiger , Art . Titanic : The Ship Magnificent . I. Gloucestershire , United Kingdom : History Press . ISBN 9780752446066 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Launch of Titanic '' . National Museums Northern Ireland . 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 2005 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry Report . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Australian News Channel Pty . `` China to build full - size Titanic replica '' . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Xuequan , Mu . `` Chinese manufacturer builds Titanic replica '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full size Titanic replica will stage ' simulation ' of iceberg collision in China '' . The Independent . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Bibliography Books : Aldridge , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . The Sinking of the Titanic . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9643 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 500 - 0 . Barratt , Nick ( 2009 ) . Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1 . Bartlett , W.B. ( 2011 ) . Titanic : 9 Hours to Hell , the Survivors ' Story . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0482 - 4 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2004 ) . Olympic & Titanic : The Truth Behind the Conspiracy . Haverford , Pennsylvania : Infinity Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7414 - 1949 - 1 . Beveridge , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Titanic -- The Ship Magnificent Volume One : Design & Construction . Stroud : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4606 - 6 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Brewster , Hugh ; Coulter , Laurie ( 1998 ) . 8821⁄2 Amazing Answers to your Questions about the Titanic . Madison Press Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 590 - 18730 - 5 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2002 ) ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . USA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81110 - 4 . Chernow , Ron ( 2010 ) . The House of Morgan : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4465 - 2 . Chirnside , Mark ( 2004 ) . The Olympic - Class Ships . Stroud , England : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2868 - 0 . Crosbie , Duncan ; Mortimer , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Titanic : The Ship of Dreams . New York , NY : Orchard Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 89995 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732164 - 3 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1995 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03697 - 8 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . Gill , Anton ( 2010 ) . Titanic : the real story of the construction of the world 's most famous ship . Channel 4 Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905026 - 71 - 5 . Halpern , Samuel ( 2011 ) . `` Account of the Ship 's Journey Across the Atlantic '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Heyer , Paul ( 2012 ) . Titanic Century : Media , Myth , and the Making of a Cultural Icon . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39815 - 5 . Howells , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Myth of the Titanic . United Kingdom : MacMillan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72597 - 9 . Hutchings , David F. ; de Kerbrech , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . RMS Titanic 1909 -- 12 ( Olympic Class ) : Owners ' Workshop Manual . Sparkford , Yeovil : Haynes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84425 - 662 - 4 . Landau , Elaine ( 2001 ) . Heroine of the Titanic : The Real Unsinkable Molly Brown . New York . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 93912 - 3 . Lord , Walter ( 1976 ) . A Night to Remember . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8 . Lord , Walter ( 1997 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 27827 - 9 . Lord , Walter ( 2005 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7764 - 3 . Lynch , Don ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56282 - 918 - 6 . Maniera , Leyla ( 2003 ) . Christie 's Century of Teddy Bears . London : Pavilion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86205 - 595 - 7 . McCarty , Jennifer Hooper ; Foecke , Tim ( 2012 ) ( 2008 ) . What Really Sank The Titanic -- New Forensic Evidence . New York : Citadel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2895 - 3 . McCluskie , Tom ( 1998 ) . Anatomy of the Titanic . London : PRC Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85648 - 482 - 4 . Merideth , Lee W. ( 2003 ) . 1912 Facts About Titanic . Sunnyvale , CA : Rocklin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9626237 - 9 - 0 . Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic . Harrisburg , PA : The Minter Company . OCLC 9176732 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Rasor , Eugene L. ( 2001 ) . The Titanic : historiography and annotated bibliography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31215 - 1 . Reade , Leslie ( 1993 ) . The Ship That Stood Still : The Californian and Her Mysterious Role in the Titanic Disaster . Edited by Edward de Groot . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393035377 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . The Complete Titanic : From the Ship 's Earliest Blueprints to the Epic Film . Secaucus , New Jersey : Birch Lane Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55972 - 483 - 8 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) . The Titanic For Dummies . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 20651 - 5 . Verhoeven , John D. ( 2007 ) . Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist . Materials Park , OH : ASM International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 858 - 8 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8699 - 9 . Wels , Susan ( 1997 ) . Titanic : Legacy of the World 's Greatest Ocean Liner . Del Mar , California : Tehabi Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7835 - 5261 - 3 . Journals and news articles : Broad , William J. ( 8 April 1997 ) . `` Toppling Theories , Scientists Find 6 Slits , Not Big Gash , Sank Titanic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Broad , William J. ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` In Weak Rivets , a Possible Key to Titanic 's Doom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Canfield , Clarke ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Felkins , Katherine ; Leighly , HP ; Jankovic , A ( 1998 ) , `` The Royal Mail Ship Titanic : Did a Metallurgical Failure Cause a Night to Remember ? '' , JOM , Minerals , Metals & Materials Society , 50 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 18 , doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 998 - 0062 - 7 Ryan , Paul R. ( Winter 1985 -- 1986 ) . `` The Titanic Tale '' . Oceanus . Woods Hole , MA : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 4 ( 28 ) . `` New Titanic Belfast complex opens '' . BBC News . 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Investigations : `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , Final Report ( Watertight Compartments ) . 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Mersey , Lord ( 1999 ) ( 1912 ) . The Loss of the Titanic , 1912 . The Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 702403 - 8 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` RMS Titanic '' dated 2005 - 12 - 10 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikiquote has quotations related to : RMS Titanic Wikimedia Commons has media related to RMS Titanic . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titanic ( ship , 1912 ) . Wikisource has original text related to this article : RMS Titanic Wikivoyage has a travel guide for RMS Titanic . RMS Titanic , Inc , exclusive steward of RMS Titanic Titanic Historical Society RMS Titanic at DMOZ RMS Titanic on Facebook Collection of Marconigram radio messages related to the Titanic `` Titanic collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . New York Times coverage of the Titanic RMS Titanic : 100 Years Later -- An Online Newspaper Exhibition at Library of Virginia Titanic Footage and Survivors Interviews -- YouTube Titanic Disaster -- Genuine Footage 1911 -- 1912 -- British Pathe References to the Titanic in European Historic Newspapers Rare Postcard from the Titanic RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2017 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Olympic - class ocean liners RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II Last remaining survivors of the RMS Titanic disaster 2000 -- 2009 Millvina Dean ( 1912 -- 2009 ) Barbara West ( 1911 -- 2007 ) Lillian Asplund ( 1906 -- 2006 ) Winnifred Quick ( 1904 -- 2002 ) Michel Navratil ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1995 -- 1999 Eleanor Johnson ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Louise Laroche ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Edith Brown ( 1896 -- 1997 ) Eva Hart ( 1905 -- 1996 ) Beatrice Sandström ( 1910 -- 1995 ) 1990 -- 1994 Robertha `` Bertha '' Watt ( 1899 -- 1993 ) Ellen Shine ( 1891 -- 1993 ) Marjorie Newell ( 1889 -- 1992 ) Louise Kink ( 1908 -- 1992 ) Bertram Dean ( 1910 -- 1992 ) Alden Caldwell ( 1911 -- 1992 ) Michael Joseph ( 1907 -- 1991 ) Frank `` Philip '' Aks ( 1911 -- 1991 ) George Touma ( 1904 -- 1991 ) Anna `` Annie '' McGowan ( 1897 -- 1990 ) Ruth Becker ( 1899 -- 1990 ) Ocean liners with four funnels SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse ( 1897 ) SS Deutschland ( 1900 ) SS Kronprinz Wilhelm ( 1901 ) SS Kaiser Wilhelm II ( 1902 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1906 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1906 ) SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie ( 1906 ) SS France ( 1910 ) RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) RMS Aquitania ( 1913 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) RMS Arundel Castle ( 1921 ) RMS Windsor Castle ( 1922 ) Timeline of the world 's largest passenger ships Syracusia ( 240 BC ) Thalamegos ( 200 BC ) Caravel ships ( 1400s ) SS Royal William ( 1831 ) SS Great Western ( 1837 ) SS British Queen ( 1839 ) SS President ( 1840 ) SS Great Britain ( 1845 ) HMS Himalaya ( 1854 ) RMS Atrato ( 1854 ) SS Great Eastern ( 1858 ) RMS Celtic ( 1901 ) RMS Baltic ( 1903 ) RMS Empress of Scotland ( 1906 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1907 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1907 ) RMS Olympic ( 1911 ) RMS Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Imperator ( 1913 ) SS Leviathan ( 1913 ) RMS Majestic ( 1914 ) SS Normandie ( 1935 ) RMS Queen Mary ( 1936 ) RMS Queen Elizabeth ( 1940 ) MS Sovereign of the Seas ( 1987 ) MS Sun Princess ( 1995 ) MS Carnival Sunshine ( 1996 ) MS Grand Princess ( 1997 ) MS Voyager of the Seas ( 1999 ) MS Explorer of the Seas ( 2000 ) MS Navigator of the Seas ( 2002 ) RMS Queen Mary 2 ( 2004 ) MS Freedom of the Seas / MS Liberty of the Seas / MS Independence of the Seas ( 2006 ) MS Oasis of the Seas ( 2009 ) MS Allure of the Seas ( 2010 ) MS Harmony of the Seas ( 2016 ) White Star Line ships Surviving ships Nomadic ( 1911 ) Planned Olympic ( order cancelled ) Oceanic ( never completed ) Former ships Red Jacket ( 1853 ) Blue Jacket ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Oceanic ( 1870 ) Atlantic ( 1871 ) Baltic ( 1871 ) Tropic ( 1871 ) Asiatic ( 1871 ) Republic ( 1872 ) Adriatic ( 1872 ) Celtic ( 1872 ) Traffic ( 1872 ) Gaelic ( 1872 ) Belgic ( 1873 ) Britannic ( 1874 ) Germanic ( 1875 ) Arabic ( 1881 ) Coptic ( 1881 ) Ionic ( 1883 ) Doric ( 1883 ) Belgic ( 1885 ) Gaelic ( 1885 ) Cufic ( 1888 ) Runic ( 1889 ) Teutonic ( 1889 ) Majestic ( 1890 ) Tauric ( 1891 ) Magnetic ( 1891 ) Nomadic ( 1891 ) Naronic ( 1892 ) Bovic ( 1892 ) Gothic ( 1893 ) Cevic ( 1894 ) Pontic ( 1894 ) Georgic ( 1895 ) Delphic ( 1897 ) Cymric ( 1898 ) Afric ( 1899 ) Medic ( 1899 ) Persic ( 1899 ) Oceanic Runic ( 1900 ) Suevic ( 1901 ) Celtic ( 1901 ) Athenic ( 1902 ) Corinthic ( 1902 ) Ionic ( 1903 ) Cedric ( 1903 ) Victorian ( 1903 ) Armenian ( 1903 ) Arabic ( 1903 ) Romanic ( 1903 ) Cretic ( 1903 ) Republic ( 1903 ) Canopic ( 1904 ) Cufic ( 1904 ) Baltic ( 1904 ) Tropic ( 1904 ) Gallic ( 1907 ) Adriatic ( 1907 ) Laurentic ( 1909 ) Megantic ( 1909 ) Zeeland ( 1910 ) Traffic ( 1911 ) Olympic ( 1911 ) Belgic ( 1911 ) Zealandic ( 1911 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Ceramic ( 1913 ) Lapland ( 1914 ) Britannic ( 1914 ) Belgic ( 1917 ) Justicia ( 1918 ) Vedic ( 1918 ) Bardic ( 1919 ) Gallic ( 1920 ) Mobile ( 1920 ) Arabic ( 1920 ) Homeric ( 1920 ) Haverford ( 1921 ) Poland ( 1922 ) Majestic ( 1922 ) Pittsburgh ( 1922 ) Doric ( 1923 ) Delphic ( 1925 ) Regina ( 1925 ) Albertic ( 1927 ) Calgaric ( 1927 ) Laurentic ( 1927 ) Britannic ( 1929 ) Georgic ( 1931 ) Ships that were lost on their maiden voyage Naval ships Vasa ( 1628 ) Galera Victoria ( 1729 ) Georgiana ( 1863 ) Flach ( 1866 ) Grosser Kurfürst ( 1878 ) Posidonia ( 1940 ) Bismarck ( 1941 ) Dinsdale ( 1942 ) Shinano ( 1944 ) Passenger ships and cargo liners Amazon ( 1851 ) City of Philadelphia ( 1854 ) New Era ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Castilian ( 1899 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) Georges Philippar ( 1932 ) Magdalena ( 1949 ) Hans Hedtoft ( 1959 ) Zenobia ( 1980 ) Cargo ships Batavia ( 1629 ) Vansittart ( 1719 ) Fortuyn ( 1723 ) Zeewijk ( 1727 ) Amsterdam ( 1749 ) Royal Captain ( 1773 ) Hartwell ( 1787 ) Carrier Pigeon ( 1852 ) Crescent City ( 1871 ) Catherine Griffiths ( 1875 ) Queensmore ( 1889 ) Irex ( 1890 ) Brecknockshire ( 1916 ) Dumaru ( 1918 ) Mecanicien Donzel ( 1918 ) Hastier ( 1919 ) Treveal ( 1920 ) Adolf Vinnen ( 1923 ) Île de Los ( 1935 ) Joseph Medill ( 1935 ) Mim ( 1939 ) Empire Thunder ( 1941 ) Michael E ( 1941 ) Alexander Macomb ( 1942 ) Derryheen ( 1942 ) Empire Clough ( 1942 ) Empire Drum ( 1942 ) Empire Dryden ( 1942 ) Empire Spenser ( 1942 ) Fort Good Hope ( 1942 ) Fort la Reine ( 1942 ) George Calvert ( 1942 ) George Thatcher ( 1942 ) Sam Houston ( 1942 ) San Victorio ( 1942 ) Stangarth ( 1942 ) Stephen Hopkins ( 1942 ) Bloody Marsh ( 1943 ) Empire Florizel ( 1943 ) Fort Cedar Lake ( 1943 ) Haakon Jarl ( 1943 ) John Morgan ( 1943 ) J. Pinckney Henderson ( 1943 ) Kherzon ( 1943 ) Matt W. Ransom ( 1943 ) Molly Pitcher ( 1943 ) Fort Crevier ( 1944 ) John A. Treutlen ( 1944 ) Union Star ( 1981 ) Ranga ( 1982 ) Reijin ( 1988 ) Racing yachts Mohawk ( 1876 ) 1 = Due to enemy action . 2 = Maiden revenue - earning voyage . 3 = Constructive total loss Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1912 Shipwrecks 2 Feb : HMS A3 29 Feb : H.K. Bedford 12 Mar : Oceana 20 Mar : Koombana 2 Apr : USS Santee 15 Apr : Titanic ( sinking ) 12 May : HMS A3 May ( unknown date ) : USS Pensacola 8 Jun : Vendémiaire 26 Jun : Naniwa 8 Aug : HMS Holland 5 17 Aug : Leafield 1 Sep : HMS Waterwitch 28 Sep : Kiche Maru 4 Oct : HMS B2 16 Oct : Ralph Creyke , Nicaragua 22 Oct : SS Keystorm 31 Oct : Feth - i Bülend 23 Nov : Rouse Simmons 28 Nov : Friendship Unknown date : City of Adelaide , Fox Other incidents 18 Jan : Sarah Dixon 2 Feb : HMS Hazard 12 Mar : Pisagua 14 - 15 Apr : Californian 2 Jun : Friendship , Derwent 8 Jun : Saint Louis 16 Aug : Camano , Sioux 4 Oct : Amerika 12 Oct : Arabia December ( unknown date ) : Lady Elizabeth , Pelayo 1911 1913 Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W  /  41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W  / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 VIAF : 264840228 LCCN : n50082026 GND : 4121777 - 9 NLA : 52369553 IATH : w6zk9cf5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMS_Titanic&oldid=805999140 '' Categories : Maritime incidents in 1912 RMS Titanic 1910s in Newfoundland 1911 ships 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States Deaths by drowning Deaths due to shipwreck Four funnel liners History of Halifax , Nova Scotia Olympic - class ocean liners Passenger ships of the United Kingdom Ship collisions with icebergs Ships built by Harland and Wolff Ships built in Belfast Ships of Ireland Ships of the White Star Line Ships sunk in collisions Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast Steamships of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Davvisámegiella Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 00 : 34 . 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where was the titanic going when it sunk

RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912 History United Kingdom Name : RMS Titanic Owner : White Star Line Port of registry : Liverpool , UK Route : Southampton to New York City Ordered : 17 September 1908 Builder : Harland and Wolff , Belfast Cost : $7.5 million ( $300 million in 2017 ) Yard number : 401 Laid down : 31 March 1909 Launched : 31 May 1911 Completed : 2 April 1912 Maiden voyage : 10 April 1912 In service : 10 -- 15 April 1912 Identification : Radio call sign `` MGY '' Fate : Hit an iceberg 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later Status : Wreck General characteristics Class and type : Olympic - class ocean liner Tonnage : 46,328 GRT Displacement : 52,310 tons Length : 882 ft 9 in ( 269.1 m ) Beam : 92 ft 6 in ( 28.2 m ) Height : 175 ft ( 53.3 m ) ( keel to top of funnels ) Draught : 34 ft 7 in ( 10.5 m ) Depth : 64 ft 6 in ( 19.7 m ) Decks : 9 ( A -- G ) Installed power : 24 double - ended and five single - ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers , and a low - pressure turbine for the centre propeller ; output : 46,000 HP Propulsion : Two three - blade wing propellers and one four - blade centre propeller Speed : Cruising : 21 kn ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . Max : 24 kn ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) Capacity : Passengers : 2,435 , crew : 892 . Total : 3,327 ( or 3,547 according to other sources ) Notes : Lifeboats : 20 ( sufficient for 1,178 people )

It All Started with a Beer - Wikipedia It All Started with a Beer Jump to : navigation , search `` It All Started with a Beer '' Single by Frankie Ballard from the album El Rio Released November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 19 Label Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Jaren Johnston Neil Mason Jeremy Stover Producer ( s ) Marshall Altman Frankie Ballard singles chronology `` Young & Crazy '' ( 2015 ) `` It All Started with a Beer '' ( 2015 ) `` Cigarette '' ( 2016 ) `` Young & Crazy '' ( 2015 ) `` It All Started with a Beer '' ( 2015 ) `` Cigarette '' ( 2016 ) `` It All Started with a Beer '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Frankie Ballard . It was released in November 2015 as the first single from Ballard 's third studio album , El Rio . The song was written by Jaren Johnston , Neil Mason and Jeremy Stover . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Music video 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year end charts 4 References Personnel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marshall Altman - background vocals Frankie Ballard - acoustic guitar , percussion , lead vocals Sean Hurley - bass guitar Ken Johnson - background vocals Tim Lauer - keyboards Rob McNelley - electric guitar Aaron Sterling - drums , percussion Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Marcel and premiered in March 2016 . Charts ( edit ) The song has sold 212,500 copies in the United States as of July 2016 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 50 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 15 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 57 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 56 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shelburne , Craig ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Frankie Ballard Announces ' El Rio ' Album Release On June 10 '' . MusicRow . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It All Started With a Beer -- Frankie Ballard '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Frankie Ballard : It All Started With a Beer '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Soundscan Chart '' . Nielsen . July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( hide ) Frankie Ballard Studio albums Frankie Ballard ( 2011 ) Sunshine & Whiskey ( 2014 ) El Rio ( 2016 ) Notable singles `` Tell Me You Get Lonely '' `` A Buncha Girls '' `` Helluva Life '' `` Sunshine & Whiskey '' `` Young & Crazy '' `` It All Started with a Beer '' `` You 'll Accomp'ny Me '' This 2010s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_All_Started_with_a_Beer&oldid=799761501 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Frankie Ballard songs Warner Bros. Nashville singles Songs written by Jaren Johnston Songs written by Jeremy Stover Songs about alcohol Song recordings produced by Marshall Altman Music videos directed by Marcel ( singer ) 2010s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 18 : 01 . About Wikipedia

who sings it all started with a beer

`` It All Started with a Beer '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Frankie Ballard . It was released in November 2015 as the first single from Ballard 's third studio album , El Rio . The song was written by Jaren Johnston , Neil Mason and Jeremy Stover .

List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka - wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Sri Lanka Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1931 1947 Law of Sri Lanka Human rights Law enforcement Government ( show ) Executive President ( List ) : Maithripala Sirisena Prime Minister ( List ) : Ranil Wickremesinghe Cabinet : 15th cabinet Ministries Legislature Parliament Speaker Deputy Speaker Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Constitutional Council Supreme Court Chief Justice : Priyasath Dep Court of Appeal High Courts District Courts Magistrate 's Courts Primary Courts Labour Tribunal Elections ( show ) Elections Political parties Last election Next election Administrative geography ( show ) Provinces Districts Municipalities Wards Grama Niladhari divisions Foreign policy ( show ) Foreign relations Related issues ( show ) Civil War Sri Lanka Portal Other countries Atlas There have been fourteen Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka since the creation of the position in 1947 , prior to the formation of the Dominion of Ceylon . The Prime Minister of Ceylon was the head of the government until 1978 . In 1972 , the country was named as the Free , Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka and the position was known as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka from then onwards . The Prime Minister also held the unified Ministry of External Affairs and Defence until 1977 , when J.R. Jayewardene 's government adapted two separate ministries , forming the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In 1978 , Prime Minister J.R. Jayewardene introduced new constitutional changes . The position of the Executive President was introduced , resulting in the powers of the Prime Minister being reduced . The President became the head of state and head of government , and the Prime Minister became a nominal position . Under the current constitution of Sri Lanka , the Prime Minister is the leader of the Cabinet business and also functions as a deputy to the President . In the event a president dies in office , the Prime Minister becomes the acting president until the Parliament convens to elect a successor or new elections can be held to elect a new president . This was the case in 1993 , when President Ranasinghe Premadasa was assassinated and Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunge took office as President . On 28 April 2015 , the Parliament approved the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which gives the power of the Government to the Prime Minister , while the President remains the head of state , head of the cabinet , and Commander - in - chief . Of the fourteen prime ministers who have held office since the introduction of the position in 1947 , three have held office thrice , and one has held office twice . Five prime ministers have gone on to become president of the country . The current Prime Minister of Sri Lanka is Ranil Wickremesinghe , since 9 January 2015 . Ranil Wickramasinghe has been sworn in as prime minister the most times in the country 's history , on four separate occasions ( May 1993 , December 2001 , January 2015 and August 2015 ) , whilst Dudley Shelton Senanayaka and Sirimavo Bandaranayake were appointed three times . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Prime Ministers 2 Living former Prime Ministers 3 Timeline 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References List of Prime Ministers ( edit ) Parties United National Party Sri Lanka Freedom Party No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Constituency / Title Term of office -- Electoral mandates Other ministerial offices held while Prime Minister Political party of PM ( Alliance ) Government Refs Governor - General / President ( 1 . Term of Office ) ( 2 . Political Party ) DS Senanayake දොන් ස්ටීවන් සේනානායක டான் ஸ்டீபன் சேனாநாயக்க ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Mirigama 24 September 1947 22 March 1952 Minister of External Affairs and Defence United National Party D.S. Senanayake 3rd Henry Monck - Mason Moore 4 February 1948 -- 29 June 1949 , as Governor - General representing George VI Independent 1947 Herwald Ramsbotham , 1st Viscount Soulbury 6 July 1949 -- 17 July 1954 , as Governor - General representing George VI & Elizabeth II Conservative Party ( UK ) The first Prime Minister of Ceylon . The country gained independence from United Kingdom during his term of office . Dudley Senanayake ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක டட்லி சேனநாயக்கா ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Dedigama 26 March 1952 12 October 1953 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Minister of Agriculture & Lands & Minister of Health & Local Government United National Party Dudley Senanayake I 3rd 4th 1952 Appointed as Prime Minister following the death of his father , D.S. Senanayake . His party won at the general elections held in June 1952 , and he continued in the office without a re-appointment . Dudley Senanayake resigned in 1953 . Sir John Kotelawala ජෝන් කොතලාවල ஜோன் கொத்தலாவல CH , KBE , KStJ , CLI ( 1897 -- 1980 ) Dodangaslanda 12 October 1953 12 April 1956 Minister of External Affairs and Defence & Minister of Minister of Transport & Works United National Party Kotelawala 4th -- Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke 17 July 1954 -- 2 March 1962 , as Governor - General representing Elizabeth II Independent Sri Lanka joined the United Nations under the leadership of Kotelawala . S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike සොලමන් බන්ඩාරනායක சாலமன் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1899 -- 1959 ) Attanagalla 12 April 1956 26 September 1959 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Sri Lanka Freedom Party S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike 5th 1956 Bandaranaike changed the official language of the country from English to Sinhalese . He was assassinated before his term of office ended . 5 Wijeyananda Dahanayake විජයානන්ද දහනායක விஜயானந்த தகநாயக்கா ( 1902 -- 1997 ) Galle 26 September 1959 20 March 1960 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Sri Lanka Freedom Party Dahanayake 5th -- Dahanayake was appointed following the assassination of Bandaranaike . However , following disagreements with the members of his government and party , he was forced to dissolve the parliament . ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක டட்லி சேனநாயக்கா ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Dedigama 21 March 1960 21 July 1960 Minister of External Affairs and Defence United National Party Dudley Senanayake II 6th March 1960 Senanayake 's government was defeated after one month . Senanayake continued to serve as Prime Minister until 21 July 1960 . 6 Sirimavo Bandaranayake සිරිමාවො රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1916 -- 2000 ) 21 July 1960 25 March 1965 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Sri Lanka Freedom Party Sirimavo Bandaranaike I 7th July 1960 William Gopallawa 2 March 1962 -- 4 February 1978 , as Governor - General representing Elizabeth II until 22 May 1972 Independent Sirimavo Bandaranaike was the world 's first female prime minister . She was not a member of Parliament at the time of appointment , and was appointed to the Senate on 2 August 1960 . ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක டட்லி சேனநாயக்கா ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Dedigama 25 March 1965 29 May 1970 Minister of External Affairs and Defence United National Party Dudley Senanayake III 8th 1965 Senanayake was elected Prime Minister for the third time , when his party formed a government with the help of six other parties , after an election which did not give a clear majority to any party . The agriculture sector was given high priority during his term of office . ( 6 ) Sirimavo Bandaranayake සිරිමාවො රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1916 -- 2000 ) Attanagalla 29 May 1970 22 May 1972 Minister of External Affairs and Defence & Minister of Planning & Employment Sri Lanka Freedom Party Sirimavo Bandaranaike II 9th 22 May 1972 23 July 1977 10th 1970 Sirimavo Bandaranaike declared the country a republic , and its name was changed from Ceylon to Sri Lanka . Nationalized many companies in the plantation sector and imposed restrictions on several imports . This led to the downfall of the country 's economy , and she was defeated in the general elections of 1977 , with allegations of corruption which later led to her expulsion from Parliament . 7 Junius Richard Jayewardene ජුනියස් රිචඩ් ජයවර්ධන ஜூனியஸ் ரிச்சட் ஜயவர்தனா ( 1906 -- 1996 ) Colombo West 23 July 1977 4 February 1978 Minister of Defence Minister of Planning & Economic Affairs & Minister of Plan Implementation United National Party Jayewardene 11th 1977 Introduced the Executive Presidency in 1978 , and assumed the position of President of Sri Lanka . 8 Ranasinghe Premadasa රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස ரணசிங்க பிரேமதாசா ( 1924 -- 1993 ) Colombo Central 6 February 1978 2 January 1989 Minister of Local Government , Housing & Construction United National Party Jayewardene 11th 12th J.R. Jayewardene 4 February 1978 -- 2 January 1989 United National Party -- Was the first Prime Minister to be appointed after the constitutional changes of 1978 , with powers of the position reduced significantly . 9 Dingiri Banda Wijetunga ඩිංගිරි බණ්ඩා විජේතුංග டிங்கிரி பண்ட விஜேதுங்க ( 1916 -- 2008 ) Kandy 6 March 1989 7 May 1993 Minister of Finance & Minister of Labour & Vocational Training United National Party Premadasa 13th Ranasinghe Premadasa ) 2 January 1989 -- 1 May 1993 United National Party 1989 Was appointed in a surprise move by the then President , Ranasinghe Premadasa . Wijetunge himself reacted in surprise at the appointment . He resigned from the post on 28 March 1990 , but was reappointed two days later , on 30 March 1990 . 10 Ranil Wickremesinghe රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ ரணில் விக்ரமசிங்க ( 1949 -- ) Gampaha 7 May 1993 19 August 1994 United National Party Wijetunga 13th Dingiri Banda Wijetunga 1 May 1993 -- 12 November 1994 United National Party -- Appointed as the Prime Minister when Wijetunge was appointed as the President of Sri Lanka , following the assassination of the former President , Ranasinghe Premadasa . 11 Chandrika Kumaratunga චන්ද්‍රිකා බණ්ඩාරනායක කුමාරතුංග சந்திரிகா பண்டாரநாயக்கே குமாரதுங்கா ( 1945 -- ) Gampaha 19 August 1994 12 November 1994 Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( People 's Alliance ) Wijetunga 14th 1994 Served as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka for a short period , before contesting in the presidential elections in 1994 and being elected as president . ( 6 ) Sirimavo Bandaranayake සිරිමාවො රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1916 -- 2000 ) National List 14 November 1994 9 August 2000 Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( People 's Alliance ) Kumaratunga 14th Chandrika Kumaratunga 12 November 1994 -- 19 November 2005 Sri Lanka Freedom Party -- Sirimavo Bandaranaike was appointed as the Prime Minister when Chandrika Kumaratunga was appointed as the President of Sri Lanka . She resigned in 2000 . 12 Ratnasiri Wickremanayake රත්නසිරි වික්‍රමනායක ரத்னசிறி விக்கிரமநாயக்க ( 1933 -- 2016 ) Kalutara 10 August 2000 7 December 2001 Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( People 's Alliance ) Kumaratunga 14th 15th 2000 Wickremanayake assumed the office of the Prime Minister following the resignation of Sirimavo Bandaranaike . ( 10 ) Ranil Wickremesinghe රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ ரணில் விக்ரமசிங்க ( 1949 -- ) Colombo 9 December 2001 6 April United National Party Kumaratunga 16th 2001 Wickremesinghe 's term of office ended early when the then president Chandrika Kumaratunga dismissed his government and called for a general election in 2004 . 13 Mahinda Rajapaksa මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ மகிந்த ராசபக்ச ( 1945 -- ) Hambantota 6 April 19 November 2005 Ministry of Highways Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( United People 's Freedom Alliance ) Kumaratunga 17th Appointed as Prime Minister of the Cabinet that was formed after the elections following the dismissal of Wickremesinghe 's government by President Chandrika Kumaratunga . He won the presidential elections in 2005 and assumed the office of the President of Sri Lanka . ( 12 ) Ratnasiri Wickremanayake රත්නසිරි වික්‍රමනායක ரத்னசிறி விக்கிரமநாயக்க ( 1933 -- 2016 ) National List 19 November 2005 21 April Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( United People 's Freedom Alliance ) Rajapaksa 17th Mahinda Rajapaksa 19 November 2005 -- 9 January 2015 Sri Lanka Freedom Party -- Appointed as Prime Minister when Rajapaksa assumed the office of the President of Sri Lanka . 14 D.M. Jayaratne දිසානායක මුදියන්සේලාගේ ජයරත්න திசாநாயக்க முதியன்சேலாகே ஜயரத்ன ( 1931 - ) National List 21 April 9 January 2015 Minister of Buddhasasana & Religious Affairs Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( United People 's Freedom Alliance ) Rajapaksa 18th Appointed as Prime Minister after the parliamentary election held in April 2010 was won by the incumbent Freedom Party . ( 10 ) Ranil Wickremesinghe රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ ரணில் விக்ரமசிங்க ( 1949 -- ) Colombo 9 January 2015 Incumbent Minister of National Policies and Economic Affairs United National Party Sirisena 18th Maithripala Sirisena 9 January 2015 -- Sri Lanka Freedom Party 2015 19th Appointed as Prime Minister by President Maithripala Sirisena after winning 2015 presidential election and was re-elected in the 2015 parliamentary election . Living former Prime Ministers ( edit ) Prime Minister Term of office Date of birth Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga 1994 -- 1994 ( 1945 - 06 - 29 ) 29 June 1945 ( age 72 ) Mahinda Rajapaksa 2004 -- 2005 ( 1945 - 11 - 18 ) 18 November 1945 ( age 72 ) Disanayaka Mudiyanselage Jayaratne 2010 -- 2015 ( 1931 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1931 ( age 87 ) The most recent death of a former Prime Minister was that of Ratnasiri Wickremanayake ( 2000 -- 2001 / 2005 - 2010 ) on 27 December 2016 , aged 83 . Timeline ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Sri Lanka portal Prime Minister 's Office Notes ( edit ) The Parliament was known as the `` House of Representatives '' during the period of 1947 -- 1972 In 1972 , the country was named `` Free , Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka '' , and the Parliament was named as the National State Assembly . Under the constitutional changes of 1978 , the country was renamed as the `` Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka '' , and the Parliament was referred to as `` Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka '' . References ( edit ) General `` Former Prime Ministers '' (. html ) . Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . `` Handbook of Parliament - Prime Ministers '' (. jsp ) . The Parliament of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . `` PMs of Sri Lanka '' (. htm ) . Prime Minister 's Office . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . Specific Jump up ^ V. Jayanth ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Sri Lanka 's executive presidency '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : V.S. Sambandan ( 2005 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Ratnasiri Wickremanayake appointed Sri Lankan Premier '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : M.B. Dassanayake ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Dingiri Banda Wijetunga - the journey to greatness '' . Daily News . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka : 19A to the Constitution passed in parliament '' . Jump up ^ Wanniarachchi , Lakruwan . `` Sri Lanka 's new president gets down to mending ties '' . 10 January 2015 . Business Insider AFP . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ ^ Jump up to : `` Prime Ministers '' . Parliament.lk . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senanayake , Don Stephen ( 1884 -- 1952 ) '' Archived 27 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The History Channel . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buddhika Kurukularatne ( 2007 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Dudley -- the reluctant Prince '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ K.T. Rajasingham ( 2001 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Sri Lanka : The Untold Story '' . Asia Times Online . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bandaranaike , Solomon West Ridgeway Dias '' . history.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Short Term '' . Time . 1959 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sirimavo Bandaranaike : First woman premier '' . BBC News . 2000 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Neville de Silva . `` A Prime Minister who knew his onions '' Archived 29 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Lanka Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Former Sri Lanka president dies , leaves mixed legacy '' . CNN . 1996 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barbara Crossette ( 1988 - 12 - 21 ) . `` MAN IN THE NEWS : Ranasinghe Premadasa ; Sri Lankan At the Top '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Ranil Wickramasinghe '' . BBC News . 2005 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Hon Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga ( 1994 -- 2005 ) '' Archived 3 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine ... The official website of the Government of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka '' Archived 22 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The History Channel . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Profile '' Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... The President 's Fund of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Don Stephen Senanayake Dudley Senanayake John Kotelawala S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike Wijeyananda Dahanayake Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Junius Richard Jayewardene Ranasinghe Premadasa Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Ranil Wickremesinghe Chandrika Kumaratunga Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Ranil Wickremesinghe Mahinda Rajapaksa Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Disanayaka Jayaratne Ranil Wickremesinghe hide Parliament of Sri Lanka 15th Parliament Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka Members Current members By length of service Youngest members Longest - serving members ever Women and minority members Sri Lankan Tamil members Sri Lankan Moor members Other minority members Lady members Appointed members Leaders Prime Minister ( list ) Speaker of the Parliament ( list ) Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees Deputy Chairman of Committees Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Chief Government Whip Chief Opposition Whip Parliament Secretariat Secretariat leaders Secretaries - General ( list ) Deputy Secretary General ( list ) Assistant Secretary General ( list ) Departments Serjeant - at - Arms Administration Legislative Services Finance and Supplies Hansard Co-ordinating Engineer Catering and Housekeeping Information Systems and Management Powers , procedure and customs Powers Legislative Power of the Sri Lankan Parliament Committees Selection House Standing Orders Parliamentary Business Public Accounts Public Enterprises Privileges Public Petitions Items Mace Chair Bar History History of Parliament of Sri Lanka Building of Parliament Sri Lankan Parliament Building Miscellaneous Historic Sri Lankan legislature Parliaments Districts Website : Parliament of Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Sri_Lanka&oldid=841021796 '' Categories : Lists of prime ministers Lists of political office - holders in Sri Lanka Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Lists of government ministers of Sri Lanka Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Use dmy dates from December 2014 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Occitan Polski Português Русский සිංහල Svenska தமிழ் Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 15 : 48 . 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who was the first sri lankan politician who held the office of the prime minister for four times

Ranil Wickramasinghe has been sworn in as prime minister the most times in the country 's history , on four separate occasions ( May 1993 , December 2001 , January 2015 and August 2015 ) , whilst Dudley Shelton Senanayaka and Sirimavo Bandaranayake were appointed three times .

List of Dallas Cowboys seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Cowboys seasons For complete team history , see History of the Dallas Cowboys . This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 31 postseason appearances , tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls . The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowl V , X , and XIII . The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966 -- 1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991 -- 1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11 -- 2 in the postseason . Outside of these 2 periods of success , The Cowboys have experienced long periods failure in their history . The three most notable periods of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965 , during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance . They did not win a single game during their first season , compiling an 0 -- 11 -- 1 record that is still the worst in franchise history . Also , they did not have a single winning record in this period . Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled , with the low point being the NFL 's second 15 - loss season ( after the 1980 Saints ) in 1989 . After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996 , the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games , one after a franchise - record 13 -- 3 season in 2007 , during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak . This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival , the Philadelphia Eagles 34 -- 14 after an 11 -- 5 season in 2009 . From 1996 to 2017 , a period of 21 years , The Cowboys have only 3 post season wins , all taking place in the wild card round . In comparison since 2011 the Texans have an equal number ( 3 ) of postseason wins . The teams combined winning percentage since 1996 is under 500 percent NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason Results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1960 1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 Tom Landry 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 6th 9 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 5th 10 0 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 Tom Landry ( COY ) 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 Calvin Hill ( OROY ) 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 1982 1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 5th 15 0 Jimmy Johnson 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 Barry Switzer 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 Chan Gailey 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 Bill Parcells NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) Wade Phillips 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) 2017 2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Total 502 374 6 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 34 27 0 All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 536 401 6 All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships Football note 📝 ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys ' Official Website . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys ' Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Franchise History '' . SportsEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season , the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Cowboys , Redskins , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season , the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season , the Cowboys , Lions , and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8 -- 8 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head - to - head record . References ( edit ) `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sportsline . Retrieved January 2007 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . National Football League Official website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame Website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- ) '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` History -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Hickoksports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Franchise page -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . `` Dallas Cowboys Live -- Dallas Cowboys '' . cowboysgames.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill `` Get Up ( A Cowboys Anthem ) '' Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys seasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=866161953 '' Categories : National Football League teams seasons Dallas Cowboys seasons Dallas Cowboys lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many games did the cowboys win last year

Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason Results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1960 1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 Tom Landry 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 6th 9 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 5th 10 0 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 Tom Landry ( COY ) 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 Calvin Hill ( OROY ) 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 1982 1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 5th 15 0 Jimmy Johnson 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 Barry Switzer 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 Chan Gailey 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 Bill Parcells NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) Wade Phillips 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) 2017 2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Total 502 374 6 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 34 27 0 All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 536 401 6 All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships

Aqueous humour - wikipedia Aqueous humour Jump to : navigation , search Aqueous humor Schematic diagram of the human eye . Details Identifiers Latin humor aquosus TA A15. 2.06. 002 FMA 58819 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The aqueous humour is a transparent , watery fluid similar to plasma , but containing low protein concentrations . It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium , a structure supporting the lens . It fills both the anterior and the posterior chambers of the eye , and is not to be confused with the vitreous humour , which is located in the space between the lens and the retina , also known as the posterior cavity or vitreous chamber . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Composition 2 Function 2.1 Production 2.2 Drainage 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional Images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Amino acids : transported by ciliary muscles 98 % water Electrolytes Sodium = 142.09 Potassium = 2.2 - 4.0 Calcium = 1.8 Magnesium = 1.1 Chloride = 131.6 HCO3 - = 20.15 Phosphate = 0.62 pH = 7.4 Osm = 304 Ascorbic acid Glutathione Immunoglobulins Function ( edit ) Maintains the intraocular pressure and inflates the globe of the eye . It is this hydrostatic pressure which keeps the eyeball in a roughly spherical shape and keeps the walls of the eyeball taut . Provides nutrition ( e.g. amino acids and glucose ) for the avascular ocular tissues ; posterior cornea , trabecular meshwork , lens , and anterior vitreous . May serve to transport ascorbate in the anterior segment to act as an antioxidant agent . Presence of immunoglobulins indicate a role in immune response to defend against pathogens . Provides inflation for expansion of the cornea and thus increased protection against dust , wind , pollen grains and some pathogens . for refractive index . Production ( edit ) Aqueous humour is secreted into the posterior chamber by the ciliary body , specifically the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body ( pars plicata ) . 5 alpha - dihydrocortisol , an enzyme inhibited by 5 - alpha reductase inhibitors , may be involved in production of aqueous humour . Drainage ( edit ) Aqueous humour is continually produced by the ciliary processes and this rate of production must be balanced by an equal rate of aqueous humour drainage . Small variations in the production or outflow of aqueous humour will have a large influence on the intraocular pressure . The drainage route for aqueous humour flow is first through the posterior chamber , then the narrow space between the posterior iris and the anterior lens ( contributes to small resistance ) , through the pupil to enter the anterior chamber . From there , the aqueous humour exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm 's canal ( a channel at the limbus , i.e. , the joining point of the cornea and sclera , which encircles the cornea ) It flows through 25 -- 30 collector canals into the episcleral veins . The greatest resistance to aqueous flow is provided by the trabecular meshwork ( esp . the juxtacanalicular part ) , and this is where most of the aqueous outflow occurs . The internal wall of the canal is very delicate and allows the fluid to filter due to high pressure of the fluid within the eye . The secondary route is the uveoscleral drainage , and is independent of the intraocular pressure , the aqueous flows through here , but to a lesser extent than through the trabecular meshwork ( approx. 10 % of the total drainage whereas by trabecular meshwork 90 % of the total drainage ) . The fluid is normally 15 mmHg ( 0.6 inHg ) above atmospheric pressure , so when a syringe is injected the fluid flows easily . If the fluid is leaking , due to collapse and wilting of cornea , the hardness of the normal eye is therefore corroborated . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Glaucoma Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy where retinal ganglion cells and their axons die causing a corresponding visual field defect . An important risk factor is increased intraocular pressure ( pressure within the eye ) either through increased production or decreased outflow of aqueous humour . Increased resistance to outflow of aqueous humour may occur due to an abnormal trabecular mesh work or to obliteration of the meshwork due to injury or disease of the iris . However , increased interocular pressure is neither sufficient nor necessary for development of primary open angle glaucoma , although it is a major risk factor . Uncontrolled glaucoma typically leads to visual field loss and ultimately blindness . Additional Images ( edit ) Structures of the eye labeled This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye See also ( edit ) Vitreous Humour References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vitreous and Aqueous Humor '' . Jump up ^ Human Physiology . An Integrate approach . 5th edition . Dee Unglaub Silverthorn Jump up ^ `` Eye Anatomy '' . WebMD . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , B.I. ; Kandalaft , N. ; Ritch , R. ; Camras , C.B. ; Morris , D.J. ; Latif , S.A. ; Vecsei , P. ; Vittek , J. ; Gordon , G.G. ; Southren , A.L. ( 1991 ) . `` 5 alpha - dihydrocortisol in human aqueous humour and metabolism of cortisol by human lenses in vitro '' . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science . 32 ( 7 ) : 2130 -- 35 . PMID 2055703 . ^ Jump up to : `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 Jump up ^ `` Glaucoma Medications : Click for Facts About Side Effects '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aqueous humour . `` Anatomy diagram : 02566.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . ( hide ) Anatomy of the globe of the eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Tapetum lucidum Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aqueous_humour&oldid=821632773 '' Categories : Body fluids Human eye anatomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 18 : 05 . About Wikipedia

where is the aqueous humor located in a cow eye

The aqueous humour is a transparent , watery fluid similar to plasma , but containing low protein concentrations . It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium , a structure supporting the lens . It fills both the anterior and the posterior chambers of the eye , and is not to be confused with the vitreous humour , which is located in the space between the lens and the retina , also known as the posterior cavity or vitreous chamber .

A113 - wikipedia A113 For the A113 road in England , see A roads in Zone 1 of the Great Britain numbering scheme . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The door of Room A113 at the California Institute of Arts A113 ( sometimes A-113 or A1 - 13 ) is an inside joke , an Easter egg in media created by alumni of California Institute of the Arts , referring to the classroom used by graphic design and character animation students including John Lasseter , Tim Burton and Brad Bird . Bird first used it for a license plate number in the `` Family Dog '' episode of Amazing Stories . It has appeared in other Disney movies and every Pixar movie . Bird said , `` I put it into every single one of my films , including my Simpsons episodes -- it 's sort of my version of Hirschfeld 's ' Nina . ' '' Classroom A113 is currently the first year graphic design studio . Contents 1 A113 appearances 1.1 Television animation 1.2 Other TV shows 1.3 Pixar films 1.4 Other films 1.5 Video games 2 See also 3 References 4 External links A113 Appearances ( edit ) Television animation ( edit ) American Dad ! - Stan 's neighbor 's license plate when he pulls into church , in Season 1 , Episode 7 , `` Deacon Stan , Jesus Man '' at 1 : 40 . American Dad ! - The license plate of the red ' Hummer ' car , in Season 8 , Episode 1 , `` Love , American Dad Style '' at 2 : 13 . American Dad ! - On a boxcar rode by a hobo former co-worker of Stan 's , in the Season 9 , Episode 18 `` Permanent Record Wrecker '' at 19 : 13 . American Dad ! - The license plate number of car driving by , in Season 12 , Episode 8 , `` A Whole Slotta Love '' at 5 : 16 . American Dad ! - The number on the side of the second carriage of the miniature train , in Season 12 , Episode 12 , `` The Shrink '' at 15 : 31 and twice more at 18 : 54 and 19 : 28 . American Dad ! - The number can be seen on the clapperboard during the production of `` Marble Trouble , '' in Season 12 , Episode 10 , `` A Star is Reborn '' at 11 : 55 . Aqua Teen Hunger Force - Carl 's prison number , in Season 11 , episode 9 , The Greatest Story Ever Told . BoJack Horseman - Briefly seen on a classroom door during BoJack 's drug trip in Season 1 , Episode 11 `` Downer Ending '' . The `` Family Dog '' episode of the Amazing Stories series . It is on the license plate of the red van . It is also on the top of the clipboard the cop holds . Family Guy - In the crossover episode with The Simpsons , `` The Simpsons Guy '' , A113 is a license plate number for the police cruiser of Chief Clancy Wiggum at the car wash held by Homer Simpson and Peter Griffin to find the Griffins ' stolen car . Family Guy - In the episode , `` A Lot Going on Upstairs '' , the number is shown on Lois 's driver license that Stewie brings to preschool in his dream . Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law - In `` Deadomutt Part 1 '' , Birdman is moved to office 113 - A ( which is really a restroom ) . Rugrats - In `` Little Dude , '' Season 1 , Episode 4 , the room number of the Home Economics class . The Powerpuff Girls - The number of the Stealth Fighter when Blossom flies as she reaches and touches the tail with her hand . The Simpsons - Krusty the Clown 's prison uniform number , in episode 12 of Season 1 , `` Krusty Gets Busted '' , at 10 : 45 . The Simpsons - Sideshow Bob 's mugshot number , in episode 2 of Season 5 , `` Cape Feare '' , at 9 : 30 . The Simpsons - Sideshow Bob 's prison uniform number , in episode 9 of Season 7 , `` Sideshow Bob 's Last Gleaming '' , at 4 : 30 . The Simpsons - Mug shot of Bart Simpson from `` Do The Bartman . '' Tiny Toon Adventures - In Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation , when Plucky and Hamton arrive at Happy World Land , a license plate reads `` A-113 '' on one of the cars in the parking lot . South Park - On the side of a helicopter in the episode `` Prehistoric Ice Man '' , `` A-113 '' is clearly visible . Bobby 's World - In the episode `` The Visit to Aunt Ruth 's '' , the number on the card of Bobby 's imaginary mugshot . The Adventures of McGee and Me ! - In the episode `` The Big Lie , '' A113 is seen as the license plate number for the paddy wagon that takes away a small child in an animated vignette . Whatever Happened to ... Robot Jones ? - In the episode `` Work '' , Robot Jones enters a Gym and matches the unit number of the spotter robot he is to help remove with the unit number on his checklist , `` A113 '' . The Zeta Project - In the episode `` Remote Control '' , Bucky has a rocket ship labeled A113 in his room . We Bare Bears - A classroom is labeled `` A113 '' in the episode `` Money Man . '' Other TV shows ( edit ) Doctor Who - In `` Flatline '' , the ninth episode of the eighth series , the first train carries the headcode A113 . Firefly - In episode two , `` The Train Job '' , the registry number of the train is A113 . Supernatural - In The first episode of Season 5 `` Sympathy for The Devil '' , the number of the hospital room where Bobby is recovering is 113A . Quantico - In the first episode of Season 1 `` Run '' , the room which Caleb Haas was staying in before he flunked out was numbered 113A . Terra Nova - In `` Genesis ( Part One ) '' , the security camera showing Jim Shannon in unauthorized areas is labeled `` CAM A113 '' . Pixar. films ( edit ) Toy Story trilogy - License plate number on Andy 's mom 's cars ( a minivan in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 , and a Crossover in Toy Story 3 ) . Airport announcement for `` LassetAir Flight A113 '' ( also a reference to director John Lasseter ) in Toy Story 2 . A Bug 's Life - Code on cereal box as Flik enters the bug city . Monsters , Inc . - One of the pillars inside the company reads `` A13 '' . The stars also make the marking A 113 after Randall gets thrown in the door . Finding Nemo - The model number of the camera used by the scuba diver . The Incredibles - The trap conference room number in Syndrome 's lair ( not seen but mentioned by Mirage ) . The prison level where Mr. Incredible is held is `` Level A1 '' in Cell # 13 ( A1 & 13 ) . The power level control room monitors `` Level A1 '' , section `` 13 '' , which is where the rocket is located . The office number of superhero costume designer Edna Mode . ( The building she is in is the entranceway to CalArts . ) Cars franchise - In the first film , it is the number on Trev Diesel , the freight train that Lightning McQueen outruns while he is first on his way to Radiator Springs . Trev Diesel was also made as a carrying case for the die - cast line and has A113 on it . It is Mater 's license plate number in the related short film Mater and the Ghostlight , Cars Toons , and other Cars merchandise . The minor character Dexter Hoover 's diecast version has license plate number `` A113CA '' . And the beginning of the image file name for the leader of the lemon cars . In the second film , it is the number on Siddeley 's tail ( shown as A113 ) , as well as on Mater 's license plate again . On the tail of the plane in the airfield that Mater and McMissile escape on . In Cars 3 , the Number is used as a room number placed on the sliding door of Sterling 's office . Ratatouille - Git , the lab rat , has a tag on his left ear that reads `` A113 '' . Also , when Linguini is watching TV while sleeping , A113 also appears on a train behind the love couple . WALL - E - The code for the directive given to Auto to never return to Earth , the first ( and currently , only ) time A113 had any real significance to a Pixar film 's plot . It also seems to spell out part of WALL - E 's name , WA11 - 3 ( partial Leet ) . Also , when Eve and WALL - E arrive on the Axiom , as they leave the docking bay , the doors are marked Deck A-224 - 1 added to each digit of the reference . Up - The number of the court room that Carl Fredricksen goes to after he hits a worker to protect his mailbox . Brave - written in Roman numerals ( ACXIII ) above the interior of the door to the witch 's cottage . Monsters University - The lecture hall where Mike and Sulley have their first class has this number on the door . Inside Out - When Riley is walking up a street in San Francisco going towards the bus , she stops to see who is calling her . In the building in the background , `` a113 '' is written in graffiti on the building . When Riley Andersen heads to her new school in San Francisco , she is put in room A113 . The Good Dinosaur - When the bird chases Arlo out of his feeding area , `` A113 '' is formed by sticks along the fence in the right side of the frame . Finding Dory - The license plate for the cargo truck that is taking the animals to Cleveland has the license plate `` CALA113 '' . Also , the tags of the two sea lions , Fluke and Rudder , are labeled `` A1 '' and `` 13 '' respectively . Coco - The number appears on the Bureau of Family Grievances door and on the cover of one of Ernesto de la Cruz 's albums . Incredibles 2 - At the end of the film , the Parrs about to drop Violet and Tony off at a movie . On the marquee , the film is called Dementia 113 , but one side makes it appear to read Dementi A113 , which is a reference to the film Dementia 13 by Francis Ford Coppola . Also , the room where Elastigirl checks The Screenslaver footage at DevTech is room A113 . The model number for the out - of - control hovertrain includes A113 . Other films ( edit ) Tomorrowland - At the start of the film when the screen reads : `` An A113 Production '' . Neighbors - When Seth Rogen is fighting Zac Efron it is visible on the transmission box . The Hunger Games : Catching Fire - At the bottom right corner of the monitor when President Snow is watching Katniss decide whether to kill someone in the arena . Alpha and Omega - On the back of Garn and Debbie 's truck , seen when Humphrey is talking to Marcel and Paddy . The Iron Giant - License plate on car partially eaten by the Giant ; the 3 is bitten off . Also in Dean 's house there is a painting which has A113 on it . Lilo & Stitch - License plate number on all vehicles , including Cobra Bubbles ' rental car , Captain Gantu 's spaceship , Nani 's car , fire truck , tanker truck , and license plate in Lilo 's room ( used in Stitch 's model of San Francisco ) . Also in direct - to - video film Leroy & Stitch . Bugs Bunny 's Lunar Tunes - In the scene with the Key Witness , one of the videos the Witness shows is `` Satellite View A-113 . '' The Brave Little Toaster - The apartment number where `` The Master '' lives . Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers - The license plate number of the carriage that has Mickey held as captive . The Princess and the Frog - A trolley is labeled number A113 . Zootopia - The fox Gideon Grey 's van number plate is JED3113 . Big Hero 6 - Appears as a part number on the schematics for Wasabi 's energy blades as Hiro builds it . Meet the Robinsons - The license plate of Cornelius ' Lewis ' Robinson 's adoptive parents . Terminator Salvation - Seen on the computer screen ( as a login override code ) during the assault on a Skynet base . Timeframe - 00 : 09 : 32 Planet 51 - License plate on Lem 's car is A113 . Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol - Josh Holloway 's character Hanaway 's weaponized `` class ring '' has A113 emblazoned on the side . It is Tom Cruise 's character Ethan Hunt 's extraction access code given over the phone and is on the plate of a car in front of the Kremlin during the big explosion , time at which the bomb 's deactivation button is pushed `` 1.13 seconds '' . The Avengers - A113 can be seen in the top left corner of all news clips near the end of the film , when the world reacts to the revelation of the Avengers . Also seen in the bottom right hand corner of Nick Fury 's Helicarrier Glass Screens . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - The virus that wipes out most of humanity is called ALZ - 113 . The Colony - Inside the storage area a box has A113 as its registration number . Saving Mr. Banks - Walt Disney looks at the travel itinerary of P.L. Travers as she flies from Los Angeles to London . Her flight number is BTA - 113 . Sausage Party - License plate on the back of Druggie 's car along with the sticker `` DIXAR '' . Spider - Man : Homecoming - A113 can be seen in the top left of the Spider Drone HUD when it is first initiated at Washington Monument . Video Games ( edit ) In Prototype , the poison Bloodtox is officially written as Substance A-113A though pronounced A1 - 13 Variation A . In A Vampyre Story , it is the position of Mona 's grave . In Back to the Future : The Game , it is a convention booth . In Beyond : Two Souls , it is the number of a room in the building Jodie grows up in . In Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure , it is on a license plate in the ' Day Care ' part of the game . In Lego The Incredibles , it can be seen on numerous buildings fronts both in Municiberg and New Urbem , as well as on the side of the ship where the Anchor - Man is hidng . In Outlast , it is the name of a locked room in the earliest stage of the game . In Sunset Overdrive , it is seen while Walter is working on his glider during a cutscene . The easter egg is once again encountered in the game 's DLC , where it can be seen on the new glider in the end of the introduction mission cutscene . In Destiny , it is the name of an unknown area on the Dead Orbit Ghost fragment Grimoire card . In Fallout 4 , it can be seen on one of the gas station signs in the gameplay demo and in the Brotherhood of Steel Cambridge computer logs . In Final Fantasy XV , it is the licence plate on the regalia . In War Thunder , it was included as a decal with certain event vehicles . See also ( edit ) List of Pixar film references List of filmmaker 's signatures 19 - often seen in the works of Stephen King . 27 - often used in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's videos and music . 37 - used several times in the movies of Kevin Smith . 42 - The Answer to Life , the Universe , and Everything , first used by Douglas Adams in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Seen in several productions . 47 - often repeated in many Star Trek and JJ Abrams productions . 83 - often used in the TV series How I Met Your Mother by Barney . 114 - appearing in two of Stanley Kubrick 's films . 1138 - appearing in several George Lucas productions . AE - 35 -- from Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey , often appears in science fiction films and television series . Marc Brown hid the names of his two sons , Tolon and Eliot , in all but one of his Arthur books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Sragow ( 1999 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Iron without irony '' . Salon Arts & Entertainment . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 1999 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . A113 was our classroom number . On `` Family Dog '' I put it on the license plate of the thieves ' car . And I put it into every single one of my films ... ^ Jump up to : `` A-113 Easter Eggs in American Dad ! '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ Reddit post Jump up ^ `` A-113 Easter Eggs in Family Dog '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` A-113 Easter Eggs in Rugrats '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` A-113 Appearances in The Simpsons '' . blog.bcdb.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , Dave ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Of A113 , Pizza Trucks and Future Heroes : Pixar Easter Eggs '' . Big Cartoon News . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A-113 in Tiny Toon Adventures '' . blog.bcdb.com , June 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Bobby 's World Has an A-113 , too '' . blog.bcdb.com , June 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Zeta Project Screenshots '' . DCAU Timeline , May 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flatline : Fact File BBC One , retrieved 19 October 2014 . Quote : `` One of the train 's featured in Flatline is clearly numbered A113 . This designation is often featured in films created by former students of California Institute of the Arts , referring to the classroom used by graphic design and character animation students . As such , A113 has appeared ( with varying degrees of subtlety ! ) in TV shows such as The Simpsons and Family Guy plus movies including Toy Story , Monsters University and The Hunger Games : Catching Fire . '' Jump up ^ Jeff Goldsmith , Andrew Stanton ( 2008 - 12 - 16 ) . Andrew Stanton : Wall - E Q&A podcast ( MP3 ) . Creative Screenwriting Magazine . Event occurs at 05 : 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Finding Nemo ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2003 - 05 - 30 . Event occurs at 14 : 52 . Jump up ^ Incredibles , The Easter Egg - Hidden Mickeys and a113 :D Jump up ^ the second post by the user `` Nexas '' Jump up ^ Cars ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2006 - 06 - 09 . Event occurs at 23 : 01 . Jump up ^ Mater and the Ghost Light ( Short ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2006 - 11 - 07 . Event occurs at 4 : 58 . Jump up ^ Ratatouille ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2007 - 06 - 29 . Event occurs at 1 : 11 : # # . Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta ( 2008 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Interview : Andrew Stanton '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ WALL - E ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2008 - 06 - 27 . Event occurs at 1 : 08 : 48 . Jump up ^ WALL - E ( Motion Picture ) . Emeryville , CA : Pixar. 2008 - 06 - 27 . Event occurs at 0 : 38 : 50 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Eggs in Pixar 's UP '' . SlashFilm. 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` More ' Brave ' Easter Eggs -- A113 , The Late Joe Ranft '' . The Pixar Times . 2012 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Out - Pixar Trivia , Easter Eggs and A-113 '' . blog.bcdb.com , June 26 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` A-113 Easter Egg in Disney Films '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` A-113 Easter Egg in Brave Little Toaster '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 - Walt Disney Studios Animated Features '' . findingmickey.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A-113 Easter Egg in Mission Impossible : Ghost Protocol '' . blog.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jayse Hansen Portfolio Avengers Helicarrier Fury 's Glass Screens Jayse Hansen Portfolio '' . jayse.tv . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Fragment : Dead Orbit - City Factions '' . Jump up ^ War Thunder Grant Mk. I External links ( edit ) Pixar Did You Know : A113 Disney Pixar Media related to A113 at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A113&oldid=855694853 '' Categories : In - jokes Individual rooms California Institute of the Arts Vehicle registration plates of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 05 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what does the a113 mean in disney movies

A113 ( sometimes A-113 or A1 - 13 ) is an inside joke , an Easter egg in media created by alumni of California Institute of the Arts , referring to the classroom used by graphic design and character animation students including John Lasseter , Tim Burton and Brad Bird . Bird first used it for a license plate number in the `` Family Dog '' episode of Amazing Stories . It has appeared in other Disney movies and every Pixar movie .

United States Department of Defense - Wikipedia United States Department of Defense Jump to : navigation , search United States Department of Defense Department overview Formed September 18 , 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 09 - 18 ) ( as National Military Establishment ) Preceding Department U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Type Executive Department Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County , Virginia , US 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W  /  38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W  / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W  /  38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W  / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Employees 742,000 ( civilian ) 1,300,000 ( active duty military ) 826,000 ( National Guard and reserve ) : 2.87 million total ( 2016 ) Annual budget US $530.1 billion ( 2010 ) US $549.1 billion ( 2011 ) US $553.0 billion ( est. 2012 ) US $496.1 billion ( 2015 ) US $534.3 billion ( base FY2016 ) Department executives Jim Mattis , Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan , Deputy Secretary Child agencies U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Website www.defense.gov The Pentagon , headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense The Department of Defense ( DoD , USDOD , or DOD ) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces . The Department is the largest employer in the world , with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016 . Adding to its employees are over 826,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services , and over 742,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8 million employees . It is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense , a cabinet - level head who reports directly to the President of the United States . Beneath the Department of Defense are three subordinate military departments : the United States Department of the Army , the United States Department of the Navy , and the United States Department of the Air Force . In addition , four national intelligence services are subordinate to the Department of Defense : the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) , the National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) , and the National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) . Other Defense Agencies include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , the Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) , the Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) , the Defense Health Agency ( DHA ) , Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) , the Defense Security Service ( DSS ) , and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( PFPA ) , all of which are under the command of the Secretary of Defense . Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified combatant commands . The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools , including the National Defense University ( NDU ) and the National War College ( NWC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The War Department 1.2 National Military Establishment 2 Organizational structure 2.1 Office of the Secretary of Defense 2.1. 1 Defense Agencies 2.1. 2 National Intelligence Agencies 2.2 Joint Chiefs of Staff 2.3 Military Departments 2.4 Unified Combatant Commands 3 Budget 4 Criticism 4.1 2016 Internal Study Cover Up 4.2 Manipulation of Finances 5 Energy use 6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 7 Related legislation 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : National Security Act of 1947 and History of the United States military The history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775 . The creation of the United States Army was enacted on June 14 , 1775 . This coincides with the American holiday Flag Day . The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy , on October 13 , 1775 , and create the United States Marine Corps on November 10 , 1775 . Today , both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy . The War Department ( edit ) Main article : United States Department of War The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to the federal government to defend its citizens : We the People of the United States , in Order to form a more perfect Union , establish Justice , insure domestic Tranquility , provide for the common defence , promote the general Welfare , and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity , do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America . -- Constitution of the United States Upon the seating of the first Congress on March 4 , 1789 , legislation to create a military defense force stagnated as they focused on other concerns relevant to setting up the new government . President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military twice during this time . Finally , on the last day of the session , September 29 , 1789 , Congress created the War Department , historic forerunner of the Department of Defense. 1 Stat. 95 The War Department handled naval affairs until Congress created the Navy Department in 1798 . The secretaries of each of these departments reported directly to the President as cabinet - level advisors until 1949 , when all military departments became subordinate to the Secretary of Defense . National military Establishment ( edit ) President Harry Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 After the end of World War II , President Harry Truman proposed creation of a unified department of national defense . In a special message to Congress on December 19 , 1945 , the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts . Deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive . On July 26 , 1947 , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , which set up a unified military command known as the `` National Military Establishment '' , as well as creating the Central Intelligence Agency , the National Security Council , National Security Resources Board , United States Air Force ( formerly the Army Air Forces ) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment formally began operations on September 18 , the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment was renamed the `` Department of Defense '' on August 10 , 1949 and absorbed the three cabinet level military departments , in an amendment to the original 1947 law . Under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ( Pub. L. 85 -- 599 ) , channels of authority within the department were streamlined , while still maintaining the ordinary authority of the Military Departments to organize , train and equip their associated forces . The Act clarified the overall decision - making authority of the Secretary of Defense with respect to these subordinate Military Departments and more clearly defined the operational chain of command over U.S. military forces ( created by the military departments ) as running from the President to the Secretary of Defense and then to the unified combatant commanders . Also provided in this legislation was a centralized research authority , the Advanced Research Projects Agency , eventually known as DARPA . The act was written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration , and was signed into law August 6 , 1958 . Organizational structure ( edit ) Main article : Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense See also : List of Department of Defense agencies Department of Defense organizational chart ( December 2013 ) The Secretary of Defense , appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate , is by federal law ( 10 U.S.C. § 113 ) the head of the Department of Defense , `` the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense '' , and has `` authority , direction and control over the Department of Defense '' . Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President , the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities . Since it is impractical for either Congress or the President to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs , the Secretary of Defense , and the Secretary 's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority . The Department of Defense is composed of the Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) and the Joint Staff ( JS ) , Office of the Inspector General ( DODIG ) , the Combatant Commands , the Military Departments ( Department of the Army ( DA ) , Department of the Navy ( DON ) & Department of the Air Force ( DAF ) ) , the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities , the National Guard Bureau ( NGB ) , and such other offices , agencies , activities , organizations , and commands established or designated by law , or by the President or by the Secretary of Defense . Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the Department , and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the Department . The latest version , signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010 , is the first major re-write since 1987 . Office of the Secretary of Defense ( edit ) Main article : Office of the Secretary of Defense 2008 OSD organizational chart The Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) is the Secretary and Deputy Secretary 's ( mainly ) civilian staff . OSD is the principal staff element of the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of policy development , planning , resource management , fiscal and program evaluation and oversight , and interface and exchange with other U.S. Government departments and agencies , foreign governments , and international organizations , through formal and informal processes . OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities . Defense agencies ( edit ) OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies : Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute ( AFRRI ) Department of Defense Education Activity ( DoDEA ) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) Defense Commissary Agency ( DeCA ) Defense Contract Audit Agency ( DCAA ) Defense Contract Management Agency ( DCMA ) Defense Finance and Accounting Service ( DFAS ) Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) Defense Legal Services Agency Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) Defense Security Cooperation Agency ( DSCA ) ( formerly Defense Security Assistance Agency ) Defense Security Service ( DSS ) ( formerly Defense Investigative Service ) Defense Technical Information Center ( DTIC ) Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) National intelligence agencies ( edit ) Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community . These are national - level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence . They fulfill the requirements of national policy makers and war planners , serve as Combat Support Agencies , and also assist non-Department of Defense intelligence or law enforcement services such as the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation . The military services each have their own intelligence elements which are distinct from but subject to coordination , by national intelligence agencies under Department of Defense . Department of Defense manages the nation 's coordinating authorities and assets in disciplines of signals intelligence , geospatial intelligence , and measurement and signature intelligence , and also builds , launches and operates the Intelligence Community 's satellite assets . Department of Defense also has its own human intelligence service , which contributes to the CIA 's human intelligence efforts while also focusing on military human intelligence priorities . These agencies are directly overseen by the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence . National Intelligence Agencies under the Department of Defense Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office Joint Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) Main article : Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff / Joint Staff organizational chart . The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the Department of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and the President on military matters . The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS ) , Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( VCJCS ) , Senior Enlisted Advisor to the chairman ( SEAC ) , the Military Service Chiefs from the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force , in addition to the Chief of National Guard Bureau , all appointed by the President following Senate confirmation . Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs , outside their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations , works directly for the Secretary of the Military Department concerned , i.e. Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , and the Secretary of the Air Force . Following the Goldwater - Nichols Act in 1986 the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority , neither individually nor collectively , as the chain of command goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense , and from the Secretary of Defense to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands . Goldwater - Nichols also created the office of vice-chairman , and the chairman is now designated as the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and to the President . The Joint Staff ( JS ) is a headquarters staff at the Pentagon composed of personnel from all four services that assist the chairman and vice-chairman in discharging their duties , and managed by the Director of the Joint Staff ( DJS ) who is a Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral . Military Departments ( edit ) Military Departments of the Department of Defense Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force There are three Military Departments within the Department of Defense : the Department of the Army , which the United States Army is organized within . the Department of the Navy , which the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps are organized within . the Department of the Air Force , which the United States Air Force is organized within . The Military Departments are each headed by their own Secretary ( i.e. , Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy and Secretary of the Air Force ) , appointed by the President , with the advice and consent of the Senate . They have legal authority under Title 10 of the United States Code to conduct all the affairs of their respective departments within which the military services are organized . The Secretaries of the Military Departments are ( by law ) subordinate to the Secretary of Defense and ( by SecDef delegation ) to the Deputy Secretary of Defense . The Secretaries of the Military Departments , in turn , normally exercises authority over their forces by delegation through their respective Service Chiefs ( i.e. , Chief of Staff of the Army , Commandant of the Marine Corps , Chief of Naval Operations , and Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) over forces not assigned to a Combatant Command . The Secretaries of the Military Departments and the Service Chiefs do not possess operational command authority over U.S. troops ( this power was stripped from them in the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ) , and instead the Military Departments are tasked solely with `` the training , provision of equipment , and administration of troops . '' Unified Combatant Commands ( edit ) Map of the Department of Defense 's geographic commands A Unified Combatant Command is a military command composed of personnel and equipment from at least two Military Departments , which has a broad and continuing mission . The Military Departments are responsible for equipping and training the troops to fight , while the Unified Combatant Commands are responsible for actual operational command of military forces . Almost all operational U.S. forces are under the authority of a Unified Command . The Unified Commands are governed by a Unified Command Plan , a frequently updated document ( produced by the Department of Defense ) which lays out the Command 's mission , geographical / functional responsibilities , and force structure . During military operations , the chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commanders of the Combatant Commands . The United States currently has nine Combatant Commands , organized either on a geographical basis ( known as `` area of responsibility '' , AOR ) or on a global , functional basis : U.S. Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) U.S. Southern Command ( USSOUTHCOM ) U.S. Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) U.S. European Command ( USEUCOM ) U.S. Pacific Command ( USPACOM ) U.S. Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) U.S. Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) U.S. Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) U.S. Transportation Command ( USTRANSCOM ) Budget ( edit ) Chart showing growth in U.S. Department of Defense spending 2000 -- 2011 Main article : Military budget of the United States Department of Defense spending in 2010 was 4.8 % of GDP and accounted for about 45 % of budgeted global military spending -- more than the next 17 largest militaries combined . The Department of Defense accounts for the majority of federal discretionary spending . In FY 2010 the Department of Defense budgeted spending accounted for 21 % of the U.S. Federal Budget , and 53 % of federal discretionary spending , which represents funds not accounted for by pre-existing obligations . However , this does not include many military - related items that are outside the Defense Department budget , such as nuclear weapons research , maintenance , cleanup , and production , which is in the Department of Energy budget , Veterans Affairs , the Treasury Department 's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families , interest on debt incurred in past wars , or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily - related development assistance . Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature , such as the Department of Homeland Security , counter-terrorism spending by the FBI , and intelligence - gathering spending by the NSA . In the 2010 United States federal budget , the Department of Defense was allocated a base budget of $533.7 billion , with a further $75.5 billion adjustment in respect of 2009 , and $130 billion for overseas contingencies . The subsequent 2010 Department of Defense Financial Report shows the total budgetary resources for fiscal year 2010 were $1.2 trillion . Of these resources , $1.1 trillion were obligated and $994 billion were disbursed , with the remaining resources relating to multi-year modernization projects requiring additional time to procure . After over a decade of non-compliance , Congress has established a deadline of Fiscal year 2017 for the Department of Defense to achieve audit readiness . In 2015 the allocation for the Department of Defense was $585 billion , the highest level of budgetary resources among all Federal agencies , and this amounts to more than one - half of the annual Federal Expenditures in the United States federal budget discretionary budget . Criticism ( edit ) 2016 internal study cover up ( edit ) In 2015 , a Pentagon consulting firm performed an audit on the department of defense 's budget . It found that there was $125 billion in wasteful spend that could be saved over the next 5 years without layoffs or reduction in military personnel . In 2016 , The Washington Post uncovered that rather than taking the advise of the auditing firm , senior defense officials suppressed and hid the report from the public to avoid political scrutiny . Manipulation of finances ( edit ) In June of 2016 , The Defense Department 's Inspector General released a report that stated the United States Army made $6.5 trillion in wrongful adjustments to its accounting entries in 2015 . Energy use ( edit ) Main article : Energy usage of the United States military The Department of Defense was the largest single consumer of energy in the United States in 2006 . In FY 2006 , the Department used almost 30,000 gigawatt hours ( GWH ) of electricity , at a cost of almost $2.2 billion . The Department 's electricity use would supply enough electricity to power more than 2.6 million average American homes . In electricity consumption , if it were a country , the Department would rank 58th in the world , using slightly less than Denmark and slightly more than Syria ( CIA World Factbook , 2006 ) . The Department of Defense is responsible for 93 % of all US government fuel consumption in 2007 ( Department of the Air Force : 52 % ; Department of the Navy : 33 % ; Department of the Army : 7 % ; other Department components : 1 % ) . The Department of Defense uses 4,600,000,000 US gallons ( 1.7 × 10 L ) of fuel annually , an average of 12,600,000 US gallons ( 48,000,000 L ) of fuel per day . A large Army division may use about 6,000 US gallons ( 23,000 L ) per day . According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook , if it were a country , the Department of Defense would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use , coming in just behind Iraq and just ahead of Sweden . The Air Force is the largest user of fuel energy in the federal government . The Air Force uses 10 % of the nation 's aviation fuel . ( JP - 8 accounts for nearly 90 % of its fuels . ) This fuel usage breaks down as such : 82 % jet fuel , 16 % facility management and 2 % ground vehicle / equipment . Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act ( United States ) ( FOIA ) requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the DoD earned a D − by scoring 61 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . While it had improved from a failing grade in 2013 , it still had low scores in processing requests ( 55 % ) and their disclosure rules ( 42 % ) . Related legislation ( edit ) The organization and functions of the Department of Defense are in Title 10 of the United States Code . Other significant legislation related to the Department of Defense includes : 1947 : National Security Act of 1947 1958 : Department of Defense Reorganization Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 899 ( see note in history section above ) 1963 : Department of Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 149 1963 : Military Construction Authorization Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 174 1967 : Supplemental Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 8 1984 : Department of Defense Authorization Act , Pub. L. 98 -- 525 1986 : Goldwater - Nichols Act of 1986 ( Department of Defense Reorganization Act ) , Pub. L. 99 -- 433 1996 : Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 132 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Military history portal Arms industry List of United States military bases Military -- industrial complex Nuclear weapons Private military company Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Department of Homeland Security United States Department of Justice United States Department of Veterans Affairs Warrior Games Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ soldiers , marines , sailors , airmen Jump up ^ Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Department of Defense '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budget of the US Government , FY 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Defense.gov '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request / Overview '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Chief Financial Officer . February 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manual for Written Material '' ( PDF ) . Department of Defense . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 29 , 2004 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Employers '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense ( DoD ) Releases Fiscal Year 2017 President 's Budget Proposal '' . U.S. Department of Defense . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maass , John R. ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` June 14th : The Birthday of the U.S. Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naval History and Heritage Command . `` Navy Birthday Information -- 13 October 1775 '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps : Timeline '' . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Officially Created the U.S. Military : September 29 , 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael J. ( 2000 ) . A cross of iron : Harry S. Truman and the origins of the national security state , 1945 -- 1954 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79537 - 1 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` James V. Forrestal , Harry S. Truman Administration '' . Historical Office , Office of the Secretary of Defense . Office of the Secretary of Defense . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolton , M. Kent ( 2008 ) . U.S. national security and foreign policymaking after 9 / 11 : present at the re-creation . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5900 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rearden , Steven L. ( 2001 ) . `` Department of Defense '' . In DeConde , Alexander et al. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy , Volume 1 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80657 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Organizational and Management Planning '' . Odam.defense.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 10 USC 151 . Joint Chiefs of Staff : composition ; functions Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5043 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 8033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 162 ( b ) Archived May 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C § 151 ( b ) Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C § 155 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Defense organization '' . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3013 , 10 U.S.C. § 5013 and 10 U.S.C. § 8013 ^ Jump up to : Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Defense Organization '' . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2010 ) . Combatant Commands : Origins , Structure , and Engagements . ABC - CLIO . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35432 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Whitley , Joe D. ; et al. , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Unified Combatant Commands and USNORTHCOM '' . Homeland security : legal and policy issues . American Bar Association . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60442 - 462 - 1 . Jump up ^ Reveron , Derek S. ( 2007 ) . America 's Viceroys : The Military and U.S. Foreign Policy . Macmillan . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60219 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Military Spending : Defence Costs '' . The Economist . June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 ( vid . p. 53 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Defense . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness ( FIAR ) Plan Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current & Future Defense Capabilities of the U.S '' . UTEP . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Spending : Where Does the Money Go '' . National Priorities Project . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitlock , Craig ; Woodward , Bob ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Pentagon buries evidence of $125 billion in bureaucratic waste '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army fudged its accounts by trillions of dollars , auditor finds '' . Reuters . Fri Aug 19 21 : 34 : 34 UTC 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andrews Anthony ( 2011 ) . Department of Defense Facilities : Energy Conservation Policies and Spending . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 3835 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 . Jump up ^ Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 , `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Powering America 's Defense : Energy and the Risks to National Security , CNA Analysis & Solutions , May 2009 Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Defense and The Pentagon . Official website Department of Defense in the Federal Register Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Budget and Financial Management Policy Death and Taxes : 2009 -- A visual guide and infographic of the 2009 United States federal budget including the Department of Defense with data provided by the Comptrollers office . Department of Defense IA Policy Chart Works by United States Department of Defense at Project Gutenberg Works by or about United States Department of Defense at Internet Archive Department of Defense Collection on the Internet Archive United States Department of Defense Headquarters : The Pentagon James Mattis , Secretary of Defense Patrick M. Shanahan , Deputy Secretary of Defense Office of the Secretary of Defense ( including Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities ) Deputy Secretary of Defense Deputy 's Advisory Working Group Office of Net Assessment Special Access Program Oversight Committee Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Director , Defense Research and Engineering Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Missile Defense Agency Defense Contract Management Agency Defense Logistics Agency Defense Technical Information Center Defense Threat Reduction Agency Office of Economic Adjustment Defense Acquisition University Defense Acquisition Board Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Defense Security Cooperation Agency Defense POW / MIA Accounting Agency Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Defense Contract Audit Agency Defense Finance and Accounting Service Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Defense Commissary Agency Department of Defense Education Activity DoD Human Resources Activity Military Health System Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Security Service Defense Information Systems Agency National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency ( Director ) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Defense Media Activity ( American Forces Press Service , American Forces Radio and Television Service , Stars and Stripes , The Pentagon Channel ) General Counsel of the Department of Defense Defense Legal Services Agency Director of Administration and Management Pentagon Force Protection Agency Washington Headquarters Services Military Departments Department of the Army Secretary of the Army The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Army Assistant Secretary for Acquisition , Logistics , and Technology Assistant Secretary for Civil Works Assistant Secretary ( Financial Management and Comptroller ) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations , Energy and Environment Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs General Counsel of the Army The Administrative Assistant The Army Staff : Chief of Staff of the Army Vice Chief of Staff of the Army Sergeant Major of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff G - 8 Chief of Chaplains Judge Advocate General Provost Marshal General Surgeon General U.S. Army field organizations : see Structure of the United States Army Department of the Navy Secretary of the Navy The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Navy Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Financial Management and Comptroller ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Installations and Environment ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Manpower and Reserve Affairs ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Research , Development and Acquisitions ) General Counsel of the Navy Judge Advocate General Naval Criminal Investigative Service Naval Inspector General Headquarters Marine Corps : Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Chaplain U.S. Marine Corps field organizations : see Organization of the United States Marine Corps Office of the Chief of Naval Operations : Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Director of Naval Reactors Chief of Chaplains Chief of Naval Personnel Surgeon General United States Navy field organizations : see Structure of the United States Navy Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Air Force Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Acquisition ) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Financial Management & Comptroller ) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Installations , Environment & Logistics ) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Manpower & Reserve Affairs ) General Counsel of the Air Force Air Force Office of Special Investigations The Air Staff : Chief of Staff of the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Chief of Chaplains Chief of Safety Chief Scientist Judge Advocate General Surgeon General U.S. Air Force field organizations : Major Commands Direct Reporting Units Field Operating Agencies Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Joint Requirements Oversight Council Director of the Joint Staff Joint Staff National Military Command Center Alternate National Military Command Center National Defense University Combatant Commands Africa Command Central Command European Command Northern Command Pacific Command Southern Command Special Operations Command Strategic Command ( Cyber Command ) Transportation Command National Guard Bureau Chief of the National Guard Bureau Air National Guard Army National Guard Office of the Inspector General Defense Criminal Investigative Service United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : Army Marine Corps Reserve N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard United States Intelligence Community Intelligence Community Defense Defense Intelligence Agency ( Defense Clandestine Service Defense Attaché System National Intelligence University Missile and Space Intelligence Center National Center for Medical Intelligence Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance ) National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency ( Central Security Service , Special Collection Service ) Armed Forces Army Intelligence and Security Command Marine Corps Intelligence Office of Naval Intelligence Twenty - Fifth Air Force Coast Guard Intelligence ( Homeland Security ) Civilian Bureau of Intelligence and Research ( State ) Central Intelligence Agency ( Directorate of Operations Special Activities Division Open Source Center Directorate of Science and Technology CIA University ) Drug Enforcement Administration ( Justice ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( Justice ) Office of Intelligence and Analysis ( Homeland Security ) Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence ( Treasury ) Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence ( Energy ) Director of National Intelligence Director of National Intelligence National Counterterrorism Center National Counterproliferation Center Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive National Intelligence Council Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity Joint Intelligence Community Council Chief Information Officer Executive Office of the President National Security Advisor National Security Council President 's Intelligence Advisory Board Homeland Security Council Homeland Security Advisor President 's Daily Brief Other Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Army Intelligence Support Activity Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System Intellipedia Oversight United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board Office of Management and Budget Defunct Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse Counterintelligence Field Activity Military Information Division Military Intelligence Division Military Intelligence Service Office of Strategic Services Office of Special Plans Strategic Support Branch Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Defense&oldid=816062115 '' Categories : United States Department of Defense 1947 establishments in the United States Government agencies established in 1947 Military - industrial complex Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States United States federal executive departments Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Use American English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2017 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 00 : 34 . 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which branch of government commands the army and navy

The Department of Defense ( DoD , USDOD , or DOD ) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces . The Department is the largest employer in the world , with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016 . Adding to its employees are over 826,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services , and over 742,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8 million employees . It is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C.

Lincoln ( film ) - wikipedia Lincoln ( film ) Lincoln Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Steven Spielberg Kathleen Kennedy Screenplay by Tony Kushner Based on Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln by Doris Kearns Goodwin Starring Daniel Day - Lewis Sally Field David Strathairn Joseph Gordon - Levitt James Spader Hal Holbrook Tommy Lee Jones Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company DreamWorks Pictures 20th Century Fox Reliance Entertainment Participant Media Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( North America ) 20th Century Fox ( International ) Release date October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 150 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $65 million Box office $275.3 million Lincoln is a 2012 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg , starring Daniel Day - Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln . The film also features Sally Field , David Strathairn , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , James Spader , Hal Holbrook and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting performances . The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin 's biography Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln , and covers the final four months of Lincoln 's life , focusing on his efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives . The film was produced by Spielberg and frequent collaborator Kathleen Kennedy , through their respective production companies , Amblin Entertainment and the Kennedy / Marshall Company . Filming began October 17 , 2011 , and ended on December 19 , 2011 . Lincoln premiered on October 8 , 2012 at the New York Film Festival . The film was co-produced by DreamWorks Pictures , 20th Century Fox , and Participant Media , and released theatrically by Touchstone Pictures in North America on November 9 , 2012 . The film was distributed by Fox in international territories . Lincoln received significant praise for the acting , especially Day - Lewis 's performance , as well as Spielberg 's direction , and production values . In December 2012 , the film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director for Spielberg and winning Best Actor ( Motion Picture -- Drama ) for Day - Lewis . At the 85th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for twelve Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director ; it won for Best Production Design and Best Actor for Day - Lewis . The film was also a commercial success , grossing over $275 million at the box office . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Historian response 5.4 Accolades 5.4. 1 Top ten lists 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In January 1865 , President Abraham Lincoln expects the Civil War to end soon , with the defeat of the Confederate States . He is concerned that his 1863 Emancipation Proclamation may be discarded by the courts after the war , and the proposed Thirteenth Amendment will be defeated by the returning slave states . He feels it imperative to pass the amendment beforehand , to remove any possibility that freed slaves might be re-enslaved . The Radical Republicans fear the amendment will be defeated by some who wish to delay its passage ; support from Republicans in the border states is not yet assured . The amendment also requires the support of several Democratic congressmen to pass . With dozens of Democrats being lame ducks after losing their re-election campaigns in the fall of 1864 , some of Lincoln 's advisors believe he should wait for a new Republican - heavy Congress . Lincoln remains adamant about having the amendment in place before the war is concluded and the southern states readmitted . Lincoln 's hopes rely upon the support of Francis Preston Blair , a founder of the Republican Party whose influence could win over members of the western and border state conservative faction . With Union victory in the Civil War highly likely , but not yet secured , and with two sons serving in the Union Army , Blair is keen to end hostilities . Therefore , in return for his support , Blair insists that Lincoln allow him immediately to engage the Confederate government in peace negotiations . Yet Lincoln knows that significant support for the amendment comes from Radical Republicans , for whom negotiated peace is unacceptable . Unable to proceed without Blair 's support , Lincoln reluctantly authorizes Blair 's mission . In the meantime , Lincoln and Secretary of State William Seward work to secure Democratic votes for the amendment . Lincoln suggests they concentrate on the lame duck Democrats , as they will feel freer to vote as they choose , and will also soon need employment ; Lincoln will have many federal jobs to fill as he begins his second term . Though Lincoln and Seward are unwilling to offer monetary bribes to the Democrats , they authorize agents to contact Democratic congressmen with offers of federal jobs in exchange for their support . At a key moment in the debate , racial - equality advocate Thaddeus Stevens agrees to moderate his position and argue that the amendment represents only legal equality , not a declaration of actual equality . Meanwhile , Confederate envoys are ready to meet with Lincoln to discuss terms for peace , but he instructs they be kept out of Washington , as the amendment approaches a vote on the House floor . Rumor of their mission circulates , prompting both Democrats and conservative Republicans to advocate postponing the vote . But in a carefully worded statement , Lincoln denies there are envoys in Washington , and the vote proceeds , passing by a margin of just two votes . Black visitors to the gallery celebrate , and Stevens returns home to his `` housekeeper '' and lover , a black woman . When Lincoln meets with the Confederates , he tells them slavery can not be restored , as the North is united for ratification of the amendment , and several of the southern states ' reconstructed legislatures would also vote to ratify . On April 3 , Lincoln visits the battlefield at Petersburg , Virginia , where he exchanges a few words with Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant . Six days later , Grant receives General Robert E. Lee 's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse . On April 14 , Lincoln is meeting members of his cabinet to discuss future measures to enfranchise blacks , when he is reminded that First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln is waiting to take them to their evening at Ford 's Theatre . That night , while Lincoln 's son Tad is watching Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp at Grover 's Theatre , the manager suddenly stops the play to announce that the President has been shot . The next morning Lincoln dies ; Secretary of War Edwin Stanton declares , `` Now he belongs to the ages '' . Cast ( edit ) Lincoln household Daniel Day - Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln Sally Field as First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln Gloria Reuben as Elizabeth Keckley , a former slave who was dressmaker and confidante to Mary Todd Lincoln . Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Robert Todd Lincoln Gulliver McGrath as Tad Lincoln Stephen Henderson as Lincoln 's valet William Slade Elizabeth Marvel as Mrs. Jolly Union Army Adam Driver as Lincoln 's telegraph operator , historically Grant 's operator , Samuel Beckwith Jared Harris as Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant Asa - Luke Twocrow as Lieutenant Colonel Ely S. Parker , a Native American Military Secretary to Grant and drafter of the terms of the Confederate Army 's surrender at Appomattox Court House Colman Domingo as Private Harold Green David Oyelowo as Corporal Ira Clark Lukas Haas as First White Soldier Dane DeHaan as Second White Soldier White House David Strathairn as Secretary of State William H. Seward Bruce McGill as Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton Joseph Cross as Major John Hay , Lincoln 's military secretary Jeremy Strong as John George Nicolay , Lincoln 's private secretary Grainger Hines as Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles Richard Topol as Attorney General James Speed Dakin Matthews as Secretary of the Interior John Palmer Usher Walt Smith as Secretary of the Treasury William P. Fessenden James Ike Eichling as Postmaster General William Dennison House of Representatives Tommy Lee Jones as Republican Congressman Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania . A leader of the Radical Republicans and a fervent abolitionist , Stevens feared that Lincoln would `` turn his back on emancipation . '' Lee Pace as Democratic Congressman Fernando Wood of New York Peter McRobbie as Democratic Congressman George H. Pendleton of Ohio , leader of the Democratic opposition Bill Raymond as Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana , a Republican David Costabile as Republican Congressman James Ashley of Ohio Stephen Spinella as radical Republican Congressman Asa Vintner Litton Michael Stuhlbarg as Democratic Congressman George Yeaman of Kentucky Boris McGiver as Democratic Congressman Alexander Coffroth of Pennsylvania Walton Goggins as Democratic Congressman Clay Hawkins of Ohio . David Warshofsky as Congressman William Hutton , whose brother died in the war Michael Stanton Kennedy as Republican Congressman Hiram Price of Iowa Raynor Scheine as Republican Congressman Josiah S. ' Beanpole ' Burton of Missouri . Christopher Evan Welch as Clerk of the House Edward McPherson Republican Party Hal Holbrook as Francis Preston Blair Blair was an influential Republican politician who tried to arrange a peace agreement between the Union and the Confederacy . Holbrook had previously portrayed Lincoln in the 1976 mini-series Carl Sandburg 's Lincoln and in the 1980s North and South mini-series . James Spader as Republican Party operative William N. Bilbo . Bilbo had been imprisoned but was freed by Lincoln , and then lobbied for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . Tim Blake Nelson as lobbyist Richard Schell . ( Schell was a Democratic lobbyist who worked with Republicans to obtain votes in the House for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . ) John Hawkes as Republican operative Colonel Robert Latham Byron Jennings as Conservative Republican Montgomery Blair , son of Francis Preston Blair Julie White as Elizabeth Blair Lee : Lee was the daughter of Francis Preston Blair , and wrote hundreds of letters documenting events during the Civil War S. Epatha Merkerson as Lydia Smith : Smith was Thaddeus Stevens ' biracial housekeeper . Wayne Duvall as Radical Republican Senator Benjamin `` Bluff Ben '' Wade John Hutton as Senator Charles Sumner Confederate States Jackie Earle Haley as Confederate States Vice President Alexander H. Stephens Stephens had served with Lincoln in Congress as Whig party representatives from 1847 to 1849 . He met with Abraham Lincoln on the steamboat River Queen at the unsuccessful Hampton Roads Conference on February 3 , 1865 Gregory Itzin as John Archibald Campbell Campbell was a former Supreme Court Justice who had resigned at the start of war and then served as Assistant Secretary of War in the Confederate government . He was also a member of the Confederate delegation that met with Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Conference . Michael Shiflett as the third Confederate delegate to Hampton Roads , Senate President Robert M.T. Hunter Christopher Boyer ( non-speaking role ) as Robert E. Lee Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) While consulting on a Steven Spielberg project in 1999 , Goodwin told Spielberg she was planning to write Team of Rivals , and Spielberg immediately told her he wanted the film rights . DreamWorks finalized the deal in 2001 , and by the end of the year , John Logan signed on to write the script . His draft focused on Lincoln 's friendship with Frederick Douglass . Playwright Paul Webb was hired to rewrite and filming was set to begin in January 2006 , but Spielberg delayed it out of dissatisfaction with the script . Liam Neeson said Webb 's draft covered the entirety of Lincoln 's term as President . Tony Kushner replaced Webb . Kushner considered Lincoln `` the greatest democratic leader in the world '' and found the writing assignment daunting because `` I have no idea ( what made him great ) ; I do n't understand what he did any more than I understand how William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet or Mozart wrote Così fan tutte . '' Kushner said Lincoln 's abolitionist ideals made him appealing to a Jewish writer , and although he felt Lincoln was Christian , he noted the president rarely quoted the New Testament and that his `` thinking and his ethical deliberation seem very talmudic '' . By late 2008 , Kushner joked he was on his `` 967,000 th book about Abraham Lincoln '' . Kushner 's initial 500 - page draft focused on four months in the life of Lincoln , and by February 2009 he had rewritten it to focus on two months in Lincoln 's life when he was preoccupied with adopting the Thirteenth Amendment . Casting ( edit ) Spielberg first approached Daniel Day - Lewis about the project in 2003 , but Day - Lewis turned down the part at the time , believing the idea of himself playing Lincoln to be `` preposterous '' . Liam Neeson was then cast as Lincoln in January 2005 , having previously worked with Spielberg in Schindler 's List . In preparation for the role , Neeson studied Lincoln extensively . However , in July 2010 , Neeson left the project , saying that he had grown too old for the part . Neeson was 58 at the time , and Lincoln , during the time period depicted , was 55 and 56 . In an interview with GQ Neeson stated that he realized during a table read that the part was not right for him in `` a thunderbolt moment '' and after the read requested that Spielberg recast his role . Co-star Sally Field , in a 2012 PBS interview , intimated that Neeson 's decision was influenced by the death of his wife Natasha Richardson less than a year earlier . In November 2010 , it was announced that Day - Lewis would replace Neeson in the role . While promoting Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in May 2008 , Spielberg announced his intention to start filming in early 2009 , for release in November , ten months after the 200th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth . In January 2009 , Taunton and Dighton , Massachusetts were being scouted as potential locations . Spielberg arranged a $50 million budget for the film , to please Paramount Pictures CEO Brad Grey , who had previously delayed the project over concerns it was too similar to Spielberg 's commercially unsuccessful Amistad ( 1997 ) . Spielberg had wanted Touchstone Pictures -- which agreed to distribute all his films from 2010 -- to distribute the film , but he was unable to afford paying off Paramount , which had collaborated with DreamWorks on the film 's development . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place in Richmond , Fredericksburg , and Petersburg , Virginia . In reference to Petersburg , according to location manager Colleen Gibbons , `` one thing that attracted the filmmakers to the city was the 180 - degree vista of historic structures '' which is `` very rare '' . The Virginia State Capitol served as the exteriors and interiors of the U.S Capitol , and the exteriors of the White House . The House of Delegates inside the building was remodeled to fit for The House of Representatives Chamber set . Scenes representing Grovers Theatre were filmed in Fredericksburg , Virginia , at Virginia Repertory Theatre 's November Theatre . Music ( edit ) John Williams composed and conducted the score . The score was recorded by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Chorus . The soundtrack album was released by Sony Classical on November 6 , 2012 . Lincoln : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by John Williams Released November 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) Recorded 2012 Studio Symphony Center , Chicago Genre Soundtrack Length 58 : 46 Label Sony Classical Producer John Williams All music was composed by Williams , except `` Battle Cry of Freedom , '' which was written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root ( 1820 -- 1895 ) during the American Civil War . No . Title Length 1 . `` The People 's House '' 3 : 43 2 . `` The Purpose of the Amendment '' 3 : 07 3 . `` Getting Out the Vote '' 2 : 49 4 . `` The American Process '' 3 : 57 5 . `` The Blue and Grey '' 3 : 00 6 . `` '' With Malice Toward None `` '' 1 : 51 7 . `` Call to Muster , and Battle Cry of Freedom '' 2 : 17 8 . `` The Southern Delegation , and the Dream '' 4 : 43 9 . `` Father and Son '' 1 : 42 10 . `` The Race to the House '' 2 : 42 11 . `` Equality under the Law '' 3 : 12 12 . `` Freedom 's Call '' 6 : 08 13 . `` Elegy '' 2 : 35 14 . `` Remembering Willie '' 1 : 51 15 . `` Appomattox , April 9 , 1865 '' 2 : 38 16 . `` The Peterson House , and Finale '' 11 : 00 17 . `` '' With Malice Toward None '' ( Piano Solo ) '' 1 : 31 Total length : 58 : 46 Release ( edit ) Lincoln held its world premiere at the New York Film Festival on October 8 , 2012 . The film was also screened at the 2012 AFI Film Festival on November 8 , 2012 . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed the film in North America through the Touchstone Pictures banner , while 20th Century Fox distributed the film in the remaining international territories . Disney Publishing Worldwide released several companion books and ancillary literature in anticipation of the film , including Lincoln : A Cinematic and Historical Companion and Lincoln : A Spielberg Film -- Discover the Story . DreamWorks and Google Play released the film 's trailer during a Google+ hangout with Spielberg and Joseph Gordon - Levitt on September 13 , 2012 . Then , on September 10 , 2012 , a teaser for the trailer was released . Lincoln was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download in North America on March 26 , 2013 . The film debuted at No. 1 in Blu - ray and DVD sales in its first week of release . Disney Educational Productions donated DVD copies of the film and a teaching guide titled Stand Tall : Live Like Lincoln to more than 37,100 secondary schools in the United States , after Spielberg received letters from educators requesting to incorporate the film into their curriculum . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Lincoln earned $182,207,973 in North America from 2,293 theaters and $93,085,477 overseas for a total of $275,293,450 , well exceeding its $65 million budget . The film had a limited opening in 11 theaters with $944,308 and an average of $85,846 per theater . It opened at the # 15 rank , becoming the highest opening of a film with such a limited release . The film opened in 1,175 theaters with $21,049,406 and an average of $11,859 per theater . Due to the widespread success of Lincoln , Disney produced additional prints of the film to accommodate theater demand . Critical response ( edit ) Lincoln received worldwide critical acclaim . The cast was notably lauded , especially Day - Lewis , Field , and Jones . The film currently holds a 90 % approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 263 reviews with an average rating of 8 / 10 , with the critical consensus `` Daniel Day - Lewis characteristically delivers in this witty , dignified portrait that immerses the audience in its world and entertains even as it informs . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 86 ( out of 100 ) based on 44 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , thus making it Spielberg 's highest rated film on the site since Saving Private Ryan . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars and said , `` The hallmark of the man , performed so powerfully by Daniel Day - Lewis in Lincoln , is calm self - confidence , patience and a willingness to play politics in a realistic way . '' Glenn Kenny of MSN Movies gave it 5 out of 5 stars stating , `` It 's the most remarkable movie Steven Spielberg has made in quite a spell , and one of the things that makes it remarkable is how it fulfills those expectations by simultaneously ignoring and transcending them . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune wrote , `` Lincoln is one of those rare projects where a great director , a great actor and a great writer amplify one another 's gifts . The team of Steven Spielberg , Daniel Day - Lewis and Tony Kushner has brought forth a triumphant piece of historical journalism , a profound work of popular art and a rich examination of one of our darkest epochs . '' It was praised by Charlie McCollum of the San Jose Mercury News as `` one of the finest historical dramas ever committed to film . '' Despite mostly positive reviews , Rex Reed of The New York Observer stated , `` In all , there 's too much material , too little revelation and almost nothing of Spielberg 's reliable cinematic flair . '' However , the reviews have been unanimous in their praise of Day - Lewis 's performance as Abraham Lincoln . A.O. Scott from The New York Times stated the film `` is finally a movie about how difficult and costly it has been for the United States to recognize the full and equal humanity of black people '' and concluded that the movie was `` a rough and noble democratic masterpiece '' . Scott also stated that Lincoln 's concern about his wife 's emotional instability and `` the strains of a wartime presidency ... produce a portrait that is intimate but also decorous , drawn with extraordinary sensitivity and insight and focused , above all , on Lincoln 's character as a politician . This is , in other words , less a biopic than a political thriller , a civics lesson that is energetically staged and alive with moral energy . '' Lebanese film critic Anis Tabet gave the film a positive review , giving it a 3.5 / 4 rating . As reported in the Maariv newspaper , on February 3 , 2013 , Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and his ministers discussed Spielberg 's film , which several of them saw in Israeli cinemas . They debated whether the end of abolishing slavery justified the means used by Lincoln , and also compared Lincoln 's predicament with their own complicated situation in the confused aftermath of the 2013 Israeli elections . The review by The Daily Mail suggested : `` The sad truth is that Spielberg and his writer Tony Kushner are offering a phoney , sanitised version of Lincoln . '' Historian response ( edit ) Eric Foner ( Columbia University ) , a Pulitzer Prize -- winning historian of the period , claimed in a letter to The New York Times that `` The film grossly exaggerates the possibility that by January 1865 the war might have ended with slavery still intact . '' He also noted , `` The 13th Amendment originated not with Lincoln but with a petition campaign early in 1864 organized by the Women 's National Loyal League , an organization of abolitionist women headed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . '' Kate Masur ( Northwestern University ) accuses the film of oversimplifying the role of blacks in abolition and dismissed the effort as `` an opportunity squandered '' in an op - ed for The New York Times . Harold Holzer , co-chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation and author of more than 40 books , served as a consultant to the film and praised it , but also observed that there is `` no shortage of small historical bloopers in the movie '' in a piece for The Daily Beast . Holzer states , `` As for the Spielberg movie 's opening scene , ... it is almost inconceivable that any uniformed soldier of the day ( or civilians , for that matter ) would have memorized a speech that , however ingrained in modern memory , did not achieve any semblance of a national reputation until the 20th century . '' Barry Bradford , a member of the Organization of American Historians , offers an analysis of some of the finer historical points of the film 's representation of clothing , relationships and appearance . Allen Guelzo ( Gettysburg College ) , also writing for The Daily Beast , had some plot criticism , but disagreed with Holzer , arguing that , `` The pains that have been taken in the name of historical authenticity in this movie are worth hailing just on their own terms '' . In a later interview with the World Socialist Web Site Guelzo claimed that `` the film was 90 percent on the mark , which given the way Hollywood usually does history is saying something '' . David Stewart , independent historical author , writing for History News Network , described Spielberg 's work as `` reasonably solid history '' , and told readers of HNN to `` go see it with a clear conscience '' . Lincoln biographer Ronald White also admired the film , though he noted a few mistakes and pointed out in an interview with NPR , `` Is every word true ? No . '' Historian Joshua M. Zeitz , writing in The Atlantic , noted some minor mistakes , but concluded `` Lincoln is not a perfect film , but it is an important film '' . Following a screening during the film 's opening weekend , the Minnesota Civil War Commemoration Task Force held a panel discussion in which Dr. David Woodard of Concordia University remarked , `` I always look at these films to see if a regular person who was n't a ' Lincoln nut ' would want to read a book about it after they watched the movie . I get the impression that most people who are not history buffs will now want to read something about Lincoln . '' Allen C. Guelzo said that Lincoln was `` 90 percent on the mark ... it got with reasonable accuracy a lot of Lincoln 's character , the characters of the main protagonists , and the overall debate over the 13th Amendment . The acting and screenwriting were especially well done ... I had never thought that Daniel Day - Lewis was acting , because what he portrayed seemed so close to my own mental image of what Lincoln must have been like . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Lincoln ( film ) Top ten lists ( edit ) Lincoln was listed on many critics ' top ten lists . 1st -- David Denby , The New Yorker ( tied with Zero Dark Thirty ) 1st -- Owen Gleiberman , Entertainment Weekly 1st -- Stephen Holden , The New York Times 1st -- Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle 2nd -- Lisa Schwarzbaum , Entertainment Weekly 2nd -- David Edelstein , New York 2nd -- Betsy Sharkey , Los Angeles Times ( tied with Django Unchained ) 2nd -- Christopher Orr , The Atlantic 2nd -- Michael Phillips , Chicago Tribune 2nd -- Ann Hornaday , The Washington Post 2nd -- Huffington Post 2nd -- A.O. Scott , The New York Times 3rd -- Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times 3rd -- Mike Scott , The Times - Picayune 3rd -- James Berardinelli , Reelviews 3rd -- Mary Pols , Time 3rd -- Dana Stevens , Slate 4th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 4th -- Rene Rodriguez , Miami Herald 4th -- Bill Goodykoontz , Arizona Republic 4th -- Joshua Rothkopf , Time Out New York 4th -- Alison Willmore , The A.V. Club 4th -- Steven Rea , Philadelphia Inquirer 5th -- Anne Thompson , Indiewire 5th -- Joe Neumaier , New York Daily News 6th -- Ty Burr , Boston Globe 6th -- David Fear , Time Out New York 6th -- Kristopher Tapley , HitFix 6th -- Jake Coyle , Associated Press 6th -- Andrew O'Hehir , Salon.com 7th -- Glenn Kenny , MSN Movies 8th -- David Germain , Associated Press 8th -- Lisa Kennedy , Denver Post 10th -- Melissa Anderson , Village Voice 10th -- Richard Roeper , Chicago Sun - Times Best of 2014 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Kenneth Turan , Los Angeles Times Top 10 ( listed alphabetically ) -- Bob Mondello , NPR Top 10 ( ranked alphabetically ) -- Claudia Puig , USA Today Top 10 ( listed alphabetically ) -- Joe Morgenstern , The Wall Street Journal See also ( edit ) Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln White savior narrative in film List of films featuring slavery American Civil War portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Dates Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Into Awards - Season Fray '' . Jump up ^ `` LINCOLN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks ' Stacey Snider Reveals How Studio Slimmed Down to Stay Alive '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' gets its Mary Todd : Sally Field '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Participant Media Boarding Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Filmmakers really liked Petersburg '' . The Progress - Index . Petersburg , Virginia . December 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis to Star in Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . / Film . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Fox Partnering with DreamWorks on Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis to Star in Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . / Film . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Sally Field Set to Play Mary Todd Lincoln in Steven Spielberg 's LINCOLN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spielberg 's Lincoln Casts Every Other Good Actor Under The Sun '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goetz , Barrett ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Tommy Lee Jones & Joseph Gordon - Levitt Join Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . TheMovieMash.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' : Meet the Cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Brian Scott ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Announces Additional Casting '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) : Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` David Oyelowo Joins Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Weinstein ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` David Strathairn Joins DreamWorks ' ' Lincoln ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeanne Jakle ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Jeanne Jakle : McGill 's profile going higher and higher '' . mysanantonio.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) - Full cast and crew '' . Imdb.com , Inc . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 2006 ) . Team of Rivals . Simon & Schuster . pp. 686 -- 754 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7075 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Walton Goggins Joins Cast Of Lincoln '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Blake Nelson tapped for Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' film in 2012 '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Mal ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' takes Richmond '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Virginia . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ruben V. Nepales ( May 18 , 2008 ) . `` Spielberg may co-direct next with Peter Jackson '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( January 11 , 2005 ) . `` Lincoln logs in at DreamWorks : Spielberg , Neeson eye Abe pic '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Scripting Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . IGN . December 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Update '' . IGN . January 23 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ron Grover ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Director 's Cut '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Wells ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Spielberg 's Lincoln in December ? '' . Hollywood Elsewhere . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Naomi Pffefferman ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Kushner 's ( old ) testament to Lincoln '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Karen Bovard ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Lincoln Logs '' . Hartford Advocate . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln As You 've Never Heard Him Before '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Max Evry ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Liam Neeson Talks Lincoln '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Simon Reynolds ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Neeson quits Spielberg 's Lincoln biopic '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Hainey , Michael . `` The GQ Cover Story : Liam Neeson '' . GQ . p. 3 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Sally Field , Part 1 '' . Tavis Smiley . Season 9 . November 15 , 2012 . 08 : 00 minutes in . PBS . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Chiarella ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Hard Luck and Beautiful Life of Liam Neeson '' . Esquire . Hearst Communications . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis set for Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln film '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheigh Crabtree ( May 10 , 2008 ) . `` Steven Spielberg : He wants to shoot ' Abraham Lincoln ' in 2009 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Winokoor ( February 7 , 2009 ) . `` Film crews may be back in Silver City '' . Taunton Daily Gazette . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim Masters ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Spielberg 's Lincoln Troubles '' . Slate . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , F.M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Lincoln film to come to Petersburg next month '' . The Progress - Index . Petersburg , Virginia . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb > Lincoln ( 2012 ) > Filming locations '' . imdb.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams ' Tracklist For Score To Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' Is Suitably Important & Historical '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams ' Lincoln Score Gently Spoils A Few Key Scenes '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Surprise : Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' To Premiere Monday At New York Film Festival '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chan , Stephanie ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Receives Standing Ovation at ' Lincoln ' L.A. Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jane ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` A few books tied to Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Google Hangout and Trailer Premiere Announced for September 13th '' . ComingSoon.net . Los Angeles , CA . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take a Sneak Peek at Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Trailer '' . ComingSoon.net . Los Angeles , CA . September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Justin Sluss ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Oscar nominated Lincoln comes to Blu - ray in March '' . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lincoln ' top DVD and Blu - ray seller ; ' Argo ' top rental '' . The Los Angeles Times . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' DVDs to Go to All U.S. Middle and High Schools '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney will give `` Lincoln '' DVD to every middle , high school in U.S. '' The Denver Post . 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Solis , Liana ( 18 February 2013 ) . `` Disney announces it will donate Lincoln movie to schools '' . The Daily Toreador . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrick ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' Box Office So Strong , Disney Having Hard Time Keeping Up With Demand '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Lincoln '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review by Glenn Kenny ( MSN Movies ) '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Making history with ' Lincoln ' '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCollum , Charlie ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Review : An epic ' Lincoln ' '' . San Jose Mercury News . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` A President Engaged in a Great Civil War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ anistabet ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) Let 's tlk abt movies '' . Tlkabtmovies.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Shalom Yerushalmi , `` Throne Games '' ( Hebrew : משחקי הכס ) , a commentary on the week 's political events , Maariv , Feb. 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Tookey , Chris ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Abe needs a few amendments : Spielberg 's Lincoln biopic is heavy on heroic speeches but light on the historical truth '' . MailOnline Jump up ^ `` Lincoln 's Use of Politics for Noble Ends '' . NYTimes.com. 2012 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kate Masur ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) . `` In Spielberg 's Lincoln , Passive Black Characters '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harold Holzer ( 2012 - 11 - 22 ) . `` What 's True and False in Lincoln Movie '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barry Bradford . `` Is the Lincoln Movie Historically Accurate ? '' . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) . `` A Civil War Professor Reviews ' Lincoln ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Lincoln : An interview with historian Allen Guelzo '' . World Socialist Web Site . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ David O. Stewart ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` How True is `` Lincoln '' ? History News Network `` . Hnn.us . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Updated : Nov 23 , 2012 04 : 49 PM EST ( 2012 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Fact - Checking Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' Movie with Biographer Ronald C. White : Books : Books & Review '' . Booksnreview.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Checking ' Lincoln ' : Lincoln 's Mostly Realistic ; His Advisers Are n't -- Joshua Zeitz '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Panel Discussion for the film LINCOLN '' . This Week in the Civil War . 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130406110353/http://www.wsws.org:80/en/articles/2013/04/03/guel-a03.html Jump up ^ `` Film Critic Top 10 Lists - Best of 2012 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Mitchell , Mary Niall . `` Seeing Lincoln : Spielberg 's Film and the Visual Culture of the Nineteenth Century , '' Rethinking History 19 ( Sept. 2015 ) , 493 - 505 . Dimock , Wai Chee ( Winter 2013 ) . `` Crowdsourcing History : Ishmael Reed , Tony Kushner , and Steven Spielberg Update the Civil War '' . American Literary History . 25 ( 4 ) : 896 -- 914 . doi : 10.1093 / alh / ajt044 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lincoln ( 2012 film ) Official website Lincoln on IMDb Lincoln at the TCM Movie Database Lincoln at AllMovie Lincoln at Rotten Tomatoes Lincoln at Metacritic Lincoln at Box Office Mojo Lincoln Learning Hub at Disney.com Official production notes Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. 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who played lincoln in steven spielberg's lincoln

Lincoln is a 2012 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg , starring Daniel Day - Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln . The film also features Sally Field , David Strathairn , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , James Spader , Hal Holbrook and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting performances . The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin 's biography Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln , and covers the final four months of Lincoln 's life , focusing on his efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives .

Taxman - wikipedia Taxman This article is about the Beatles song . For the profession , see Tax collector . For other uses of taxman , see The Taxman ( disambiguation ) . `` Taxman '' Cover of the Northern Songs sheet music ( licensed to Sonora Musikförlag ) Song by the Beatles from the album Revolver Published Northern Songs Released 5 August 1966 Recorded 20 -- 22 April , 16 May and 21 June 1966 , EMI Studios , London Genre Rock , hard rock , psychedelic rock Length 2 : 39 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Taxman '' is a song written by George Harrison and released as the opening track on the Beatles ' 1966 album Revolver . Its lyrics attack the high levels of progressive tax taken by the British Labour government of Harold Wilson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and recording 2 Musical characteristics 3 Legacy 4 Personnel 5 Other versions 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Composition and recording Harrison said , `` ' Taxman ' was when I first realized that even though we had started earning money , we were actually giving most of it away in taxes . It was and still is typical . '' As their earnings placed them in the top tax bracket in the United Kingdom , the Beatles were liable to a 95 % supertax introduced by Harold Wilson 's Labour government ( hence the lyrics `` There 's one for you , nineteen for me '' , referring to the pre-decimal pound sterling which consisted of twenty shillings ) . In a 1984 interview with Playboy magazine , Paul McCartney explained : `` George wrote that and I played guitar on it . He wrote it in anger at finding out what the taxman did . He had never known before then what he 'll do with your money . '' John Lennon recalled , in a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine : `` I remember the day he ( Harrison ) called to ask for help on ' Taxman ' , one of his first songs . I threw in a few one - liners to help the song along , because that 's what he asked for . He came to me because he could n't go to Paul , because Paul would n't have helped him at that period . I did n't want to do it ... I just sort of bit my tongue and said OK . It had been John and Paul for so long , he 'd been left out because he had n't been a songwriter up until then . '' `` Taxman '' , however , was the sixth song written by Harrison to be included on an album issued by the group . The backing vocals ' references to `` Mr Wilson '' and `` Mr Heath '' , suggested by Lennon , refer respectively to Harold Wilson and Edward Heath ; the former was the leader of the Labour Party and the latter the leader of the Conservative Party , the two largest parties in British politics . Wilson , then Prime Minister , had nominated all four of the Beatles as Members of the Order of the British Empire just the previous year . The chanted names replaced two refrains of `` Anybody got a bit of money ? '' heard in take 11 , an earlier version that was subsequently released on Anthology 2 in 1996 . Recording began on 20 April , but this was left unused and ten new takes occurred on 21 April , the four tracks being filled that day with drums and bass , Harrison 's distorted rhythm guitar , followed by overdubs of McCartney 's lead guitar , Harrison 's lead vocal and Lennon and McCartney 's backing vocals . The ending was created on 21 June . As the lead track on Revolver , `` Taxman '' represents the only time a UK - issued Beatles studio album opened with a Harrison song or lead vocal . Musical characteristics The song is in the key of D major and in 4 / 4 time . The recording begins before the actual song with coughing and counting ( pointedly cut short -- the real count being heard in the background ) that McCartney described as sounds that were on the tape , and that Lennon `` thought ( the listeners ) would like to hear . '' The counting , sounding like a half - speed ' tape - effect ' version of the brisk ' live - effect ' `` one - two - three - four '' that opened their first LP record , has been described as an `` elaborate conceptual joke '' with hints of `` self - mockery '' . The chords stress the flat VII scale degree ( C - natural in the key of D major ) and frequently involve a major / minor I chord ( D / Dm ) in the harmony , which consequently evokes either Mixolydian or Dorian modes . There is one flat - III ( F chord ) near the end , but unusually no V ( A ) chord . The song is also notable musically for its use of both a 5th - string voicing of the dominant seventh sharp ninth chord to embellish the tonic D7 chord at the end of each two - line verse ( at 0.12 and 0.19 secs ) , and a 6th - string form to create a complementary `` jarring dissonance '' with the lyrics in the subdominant ( IV ) G chord ( to a G7 # 9 ) at 1.29 ( after the solo ) on `` Cause I 'm the taxman , yeah -- I 'm the taxman '' . This also accentuates the comic comparison between this `` civil servant superhero '' and the hero of the popular 1966 television series Batman . McCartney 's bass line has been considered to imitate Motown bassist James Jamerson in its active lines and glissandi ( at 0.55 - 1.08 ) In the third verse McCartney doubles his own pentatonic bass line while outlining the jarring Iflat7 chord in octaves ( at 1.32 - 1.44 ) . McCartney 's guitar solo uses what musicologist Alan W. Pollack describes as `` fast triplets , exotic modal touches , and a melodic shape which traverses several octaves and ends with a breathtaking upward flourish '' . Walter Everett considers that the solo is in the same Dorian mode that Harrison had adapted for his sitar part in `` Love You To '' . In 1987 , Harrison stated : `` I was pleased to have Paul play that bit on ' Taxman ' . If you notice , he did like a little Indian bit on it for me . '' Ian MacDonald writes that , while Harrison was `` rightly praised '' for his composition , the track benefits from the whole group 's creativity . MacDonald highlights McCartney 's contributions , saying his guitar solo is `` outstanding '' and his bass part is `` remarkable '' . Legacy In the show Love , the guitar solo was sampled in the piece `` Drive My Car '' / `` The Word '' / `` What You 're Doing '' . `` Taxman '' was included in Harrison 's concert repertoire during his solo career ; on his tour of Japan in 1991 with Eric Clapton , `` Taxman '' was on the set list . `` It 's a song that goes regardless if it 's the sixties , seventies , eighties or nineties , '' Harrison declared . `` There 's always a taxman . '' Harrison added more lyrics on that tour , such as `` If you 're overweight , I 'll tax your fat . '' In the United States , radio disc jockeys and TV news reporters annually feature the song in the days leading up to 15 April , the date by which US income tax returns must usually be filed . Some post offices have even been known to sardonically play the song on in - house audio systems for the long lines of last - minute tax filers . In 2002 tax preparation service H&R Block used a slower - paced cover version of the song in television commercials . In 2006 , Virginia State Senator and future Republican gubernatorial candidate Ken Cuccinelli introduced an amendment to make `` Taxman '' the state song of Virginia , stating that taxes were an important part of Virginia history . He gave the example of Patrick Henry 's strong opposition to British taxation during the American Revolution . The measure did not pass . The Jam 's ' Start ' is openly influenced by Taxman Personnel According to Ian MacDonald , except where noted : George Harrison -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar John Lennon -- backing vocals Paul McCartney -- backing vocals , bass guitar , lead guitar Ringo Starr -- drums , cowbell , tambourine Other versions The song has also been played and recorded by Junior Parker , Les Claypool , Black Oak Arkansas , Bill Wyman , the Music Machine , Stevie Ray Vaughan , Nickel Creek , Les Fradkin , Rootjoose , Garrison Starr , Rockwell , Mutual Admiration Society , Pat Travers , Franz Ferdinand , Power Station and Saga . Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers played the song in tribute to Harrison at 2002 's Concert For George . Tok tok tok played the song on their Beatles tribute album from 2010 , Revolution 69 . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a parody of this song in late 1981 called `` Pac - Man '' , during the height of the game 's popularity . It was released on the compilations Dr. Demento 's Basement Tapes No. 4 and Squeeze Box : The Complete Works of `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Beatallica recorded a parody called `` Sandman '' , which also was a parody of a popular Metallica song , `` Enter Sandman '' . The Jam released `` Start ! '' in 1980 , which uses the bassline and guitar solos . Ride 's song `` Seagull '' , from the album Nowhere , borrows McCartney 's bassline . The main guitar riff of 31 Minutos 's song `` Equilibrio Espiritual '' is based in this song . Cheap Trick 's `` Taxman , Mr Thief '' , from their eponymous debut , takes its title , theme and several lyrics from the Beatles ' `` Taxman '' . Notes Jump up ^ `` Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Pete Prown ; Harvey P. Newquist ; Jon F. Eiche . Legends of rock guitar : the essential reference of rock 's greatest guitarists . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 4042 - 9 . the hard - rock riffing of ' Taxman ' Jump up ^ Chris Gregory . Who Could Ask For More ? : Reclaiming The Beatles . p. 125 . Two brilliantly incendiary ascending guitar solos played by Paul transform the song into a psychedelic opus . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Everett 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1980 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ WalesOnline 2009 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , pp. 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Apple Records 1996 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Walter Everett . The Beatles as Musicians . Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press , . New York , 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 p48 Jump up ^ `` Paul Played Lead Guitar on ' Ticket to Ride ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Pollack . Notes on ' Taxman ' http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/t.shtml accessed 28 Feb 2012 Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 39 , track 1 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Gould . Ca n't Buy Me Love . The Beatles , Britain and America , Piatkus 2007 p349 Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Song Writing Secrets of the Beatles . Omnibus Press . London 2003 p440 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Gould . Ca n't Buy Me Love . The Beatles , Britain and America , Piatkus 2007 p350 ^ Jump up to : Walter Everett . The Beatles as Musicians . Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford Uni Press . NY 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 p49 Jump up ^ Guitar 1987 . Jump up ^ Hugh Lessig . `` Searching For a Song , Legislators Weigh `` Taxman '' . Daily Press , 31 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/article/weird-al-yankovic-shares-his-unreleased-beatles-pa-250477 Jump up ^ `` Music -- Review of The Jam -- Sound Affects '' . BBC . 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . References Anthology 2 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . 1996 . 31796 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology Project . US : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 2010 ) . The Beatles as Musicians . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` The Rubberization of Soul : The great pop music renaissance '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . Digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Guitar . November 1987 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Harrison , George ( 1980 ) . I Me Mine . London : Phoenix . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1734 - 9 . `` How the Budget affects you : The public give their verdict '' . WalesOnline. 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Robb , John ( 2010 ) . The Stone Roses and the Resurrection of British Pop . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Strong , Martin C ( 2010 ) . The Essential Rock Discography . Unterberger , Richie ( 2009 ) . `` Review of `` Taxman '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York , NY : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Revolver ( Beatles album ) Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Taxman '' hide Revolver Songs Side one `` Taxman '' `` Eleanor Rigby '' `` I 'm Only Sleeping '' `` Love You To '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Yellow Submarine '' `` She Said She Said '' Side two `` Good Day Sunshine '' `` And Your Bird Can Sing '' `` For No One '' `` Doctor Robert '' `` I Want to Tell You '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' Non-album single `` Paperback Writer '' `` Rain '' Related articles Yesterday and Today More popular than Jesus The Beatles ' 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines The Beatles ' 1966 US tour The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxman&oldid=849364494 '' Categories : The Beatles songs 1966 songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Protest songs Songs written by George Harrison Songs published by Northern Songs Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use British English from June 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Pages with citations lacking titles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 13 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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who played the guitar solo on the beatles taxman

McCartney 's guitar solo uses what musicologist Alan W. Pollack describes as `` fast triplets , exotic modal touches , and a melodic shape which traverses several octaves and ends with a breathtaking upward flourish '' . Walter Everett considers that the solo is in the same Dorian mode that Harrison had adapted for his sitar part in `` Love You To '' . In 1987 , Harrison stated : `` I was pleased to have Paul play that bit on ' Taxman ' . If you notice , he did like a little Indian bit on it for me . '' Ian MacDonald writes that , while Harrison was `` rightly praised '' for his composition , the track benefits from the whole group 's creativity . MacDonald highlights McCartney 's contributions , saying his guitar solo is `` outstanding '' and his bass part is `` remarkable '' .

Make It or Break It - Wikipedia Make It or Break It This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Make It or Break It Genre Family drama Teen drama Created by Holly Sorensen Starring Josie Loren Ayla Kell Cassie Scerbo Susan Ward Neil Jackson Candace Cameron Bure Peri Gilpin Chelsea Hobbs Johnny Pacar Anthony Starke Dondre Whitfield Theme music composer Michael Suby Opening theme `` Make It or Break It '' by Michael Suby Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 48 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Holly Sorensen Paul Stupin John Ziffren Producer ( s ) Kevin C. Slattery David Hartle Maria L. Melograne Nancy Haas Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , CA California State University , Long Beach Long Beach , CA Santa Monica Civic Auditorium Santa Monica , CA Santa Clarita Studios The Ranch , Disney Studious Santa Clarita , CA Westlake Village , CA Cinematography Patrick Cady Roy H. Wagner Jonathan West Editor ( s ) Elena Malagini Nathan Easterling Lori Jane Coleman David A. Simmons Nicholas Erasmus William Marrinson Jan Northrop Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Super Delicious ! ( pilot ) Pirates ' Cove Entertainment ProdCo Original Hollycake ( from season 2 ) ABC Family Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Family Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) -- May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) Make It or Break It ( a.k.a. MIOBI ) is an American teen / family comedy - drama television series that focused on the lives of teen gymnasts who strived to make it to the Olympic Games . The series was inspired by Touchstone 's 2006 teen comedy - drama film Stick It . It premiered on ABC Family on June 22 , 2009 , with 2.5 million viewers . The show was picked up for an additional 10 episodes on July 27 , 2009 , which started airing on January 4 , 2010 , bringing the total number of episodes in the first season to 20 . In January 2010 , the show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on June 28 , 2010 at 10 pm . Starting on July 13 , 2010 , new episodes aired following Pretty Little Liars . The show 's second season resumed after a six - month hiatus on March 28 , 2011 . The series was renewed for a third season on September 16 , 2011 , which premiered on March 26 , 2012 . It was announced on April 26 , 2012 , that the series had ended and the third season would be the final season . The series finale aired on May 14 , 2012 . Internationally , the show aired on E4 in the United Kingdom , Zee Café in India , Fox8 in Australia , ABC Spark in Canada , RTM2 in Malaysia , and on TV2 in New Zealand . Make It or Break It was created by Holly Sorensen who , along with Paul Stupin and John Ziffren , served as the show 's executive producers . The stunt doubles were former elite , Olympian or NCAA champion gymnasts . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast and characters 2.2 Recurring cast and characters 3 U.S. Nielsen ratings 4 DVD releases 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Make It or Break It episodes This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the season one premiere , Payson Keeler ( Ayla Kell ) , Kaylie Cruz ( Josie Loren ) , and Lauren Tanner ( Cassie Scerbo ) are elite - level gymnasts . They train at one of the best gyms in the country , the fictional `` Rocky Mountain Gymnastics Training Center '' ( or `` The Rock '' ) in Boulder , Colorado , in hopes of winning gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics . The girls have been best friends and teammates for years . They are joined by newcomer Emily Kmetko ( Chelsea Hobbs ) , an untrained gymnastics phenomenon plucked from obscurity . It is revealed that Emily 's family is struggling for money , and she has to work at Pizza Shack to keep them afloat , and receives scholarship money to do gymnastics . The Rock 's Athletes compete for places on the club 's team for nationals . Emily ranks third ahead of Lauren , despite Lauren 's attempt to sabotage her vault . The girls ' futures are thrown into turmoil when their head coach , Marty Walsh ( Erik Palladino ) , is blackmailed out of his job at The Rock by Lauren 's father Steve , who is angry that his daughter was beaten by Emily . Marty is forced to move to The Rock 's rival gym in Denver , taking Lauren and other gymnasts with him . It is revealed later that Kaylie 's mother ( Rosa Blasi ) and Marty were having an affair , and he left to keep the secret from being exposed . After a visit from an angry Payson ( who is joined by Kaylie , Emily and her sister Becca ) , Marty tells Steve he is in charge from now on and will do things his way . Steve then goes in search of Sasha Belov , the only gymnast to have beaten Marty Walsh to an Olympic gold medal . Belov tells Tanner he is n't interested because Steve split up what could have been the greatest team in US history when he took Lauren to Denver . Steve and Lauren then return to the rock accompanied by Sasha . While Payson appreciates Sasha 's experience and drive , the other girls chafe at his demanding style . Kaylie and Emily decide to go to a party before Sasha 's new regime is put in place . Payson agrees to go as a chaperone . At the party Emily meets Razor , a coworker from the pizza shack , and a drunk Kaylie is seen by her secret boyfriend Carter having told him she could n't go out because her Dad would n't let her . Meanwhile , Lauren abandons her birthday meal with her father , after he brings his executive assistant ( and girlfriend ) Summer . She goes to the party and comforts Carter . The two sleep together , but it clearly does n't mean as much to Carter as it does to Lauren . Throughout the season , Emily tries to hide the fact she has to work to support her family , fearing this news could jeopardize her scholarship . However , she is forced to confess this to the other girls while they are cleaning mats as punishment for going to the party . They help her climb out the window to get to work in time to avoid being fired . Kaylie hides her relationship with Carter Anderson , another gymnast at The Rock . Lauren is hiding the fact that she has lost her virginity to Carter from Kaylie , while trying to get him to go out with her instead and struggling to fight the feeling that Summer is trying to replace her mother or is after her father 's money . Payson has back problems and tries to conceal this from her parents and Sasha because she is desperate not to lose her chance to become National Champion and beat her rival , Kelly Parker ( Nicole Gale Anderson ) in a pre-nationals club meet between The Denver Elite and The Rock . While Payson manages to beat Kelly , Emily attempts a more difficult dismount on bars than the one Sasha told her to do and falls . She is banned from competing at nationals and suspended from the rock . Damon , a friend of Razors who is covering his shifts at the Pizza Shack helps Emily break into the gym at night to perfect the move and prove herself to Sasha . However , she is n't allowed back until she get over her trust issues and lets Sasha help her . Lauren warms up to Summer who convinces Steve to give Lauren her mother 's contact details so she can come to watch her at nationals . Lauren goes to the bus stop but her mother Leslie never arrives . Later at nationals Summer realizes that Steve threatened Leslie into not coming and their argument results in a break - up . Before nationals , Carter confesses to Kaylie that he cheated . She disappears , but Emily , Lauren and Payson find her at gymnastics camp . Lauren reveals it was her who slept with Carter , but eventually all the girls put aside their differences and return to Boulder in time to leave for nationals . Payson is favorite to win but after a fall on the uneven bars , she fractures her spine and is told she can never do gymnastics again . Kaylie receives the title of National Champion , beating Kelly Parker . Lauren places fifth and Emily places twelfth , meaning that all three receive spots on the National Team . As season one resumes , Payson deals with what seems to be the end of her gymnastics career and dreams . Summer and Sasha begin a relationship , and Emily and Payson get closer . Payson undergoes cutting - edge surgery to fix her spine . Although the operation is successful , she does not want to return to gymnastics , fearing she will re-injure herself . Meanwhile , the three Rock girls find an enemy in the head of the National Gymnastics Committee , Ellen Beals ( Michelle Clunie ) , who prizes obedience to her authority and feels threatened by The Rock girls ' independence . Emily wrestles with her desire to be an Olympic gymnast and her love for Damon , a co-worker at The Pizza Shack where she works . Carter is allowed back in The Rock and finds support from Lauren after she learns he is living in his car , having been kicked out of the home by his father , who does not support his gymnastics career . Payson 's father is laid off from his job and has to accept another one far from Boulder . Payson 's mother , Kim ( Peri Gilpin ) takes over managing The Rock , as the girls are shut out of the National Team . Kaylie and Emily are kept back from a USA vs. China meet . To get The Rock girls recognized as being international standard , The Rock holds a private meet between them and the Chinese National Team . Ellen Beals pressures Kaylie not to compete , telling her she might lose and damage her profile . Ellen also blackmails Emily , telling her if she competes she will have her scholarship revoked after Ellen finds out about Emily 's job at the Pizza Shack . Working together , the girls get five medals , more than the U.S. National Team got in Beijing . In the second season , the girls are joined at The Rock by superstar male gymnast Austin Tucker ( Zane Holtz ) . Payson refuses to accept her body has changed since her injury and is encouraged to petition to the National Team by Ellen Beals against the advice of Sasha , who thinks she is not ready . Her petition is denied , and she is heartbroken until Sasha convinces her to return , hoping to revitalize her career by transitioning her into being an artistic gymnast . Payson , whose previous style emphasized power over grace , is skeptical but comes around and finds herself romantically attracted to Sasha . She impulsively kisses him , but he pushes her away . The Kmetko family struggles financially with the loss of Emily 's scholarship , until Steve Tanner secretly organizes a private scholarship to fund her training , after beginning a relationship with Chloe . When Emily finds out where the money is coming from , she refuses to accept the charity . Chloe secretly begins work as a bartender in a strip club . Emily 's brother begins to have seizures because his prescription has not been refilled . Discovering problems with their insurance and not having money to pay for the medication , Emily steals the medication and is arrested . Lauren finds the tape of Sasha and Payson 's kiss in the practice camera . In an effort to get rid of Sasha and have Summer get back with her father , she leaks the first part ( showing only the kiss ) to Ellen Beals and deletes the later part ( showing Sasha pushing Payson away ) . This results in Sasha being dismissed and Steve Tanner becoming president of The Rock . Summer is behind Sasha and does not believe he would act inappropriately . Sasha and Summer break up because though Sasha respects Summer 's values , he does not share them . Newly minted national champion Kaylie struggles with the demands of her position and develops an eating disorder . Her parents refuse to believe it , but Austin tries to convince Kaylie that she needs help . In the midseason finale , the girls compete at trials for the World Championships . Payson confronts the gymnastics committee , asking them to accept her as an artistic gymnast . Police arrive to take Emily away , as she has missed her court hearing . Kaylie collapses while competing and is rushed to the hospital . All four girls make the Worlds team . When Season Two returns , the girls cope with the loss of Sasha Belov . After breaking down , Kaylie admits to having an eating disorder and seeks treatment . Austin supports her , and they begin a relationship . Emily is forced to wear an ankle monitor due to her probation after being caught stealing . The other girls train for the World Gymnastics Competition , a task made harder by the presence of their arch enemy , Kelly Parker , at The Rock . Sasha returns after the girls track him down in Romania , and Lauren starts to like him better as he begins coaching her directly . While in recovery , Kaylie offers her mother 's old recording studio to Emily 's boyfriend Damon , who has been struggling to make an album in order to impress his new record label . After Emily witnesses Kaylie and Damon singing together at the Pizza Shack , she imagines Damon is unfaithful and breaks up with him . Emily learns that she is pregnant , and Damon is the father . After members of the NGO try to persuade her to have an abortion , she insists that they have controlled her life for too long . She ignores their suggestion , and she keeps the baby . After informing Damon of the baby , she insists that being teen parents together will be perfect . Emily returns immediately to pack but is interrupted by Kaylie . Kaylie tells her that after Damon and Emily broke up , Damon kissed Kaylie . Feeling betrayed , Emily leaves to live with her godmother in Las Vegas without telling Damon . Eventually , Damon finds Emily and decides to be there for her . Summer and Steve Tanner become engaged . A new gymnast , Max ( Josh Bowman ) , comes to The Rock , attracting the attention of Lauren and Payson . Though Max seems more interested in Payson , she is more focused on her dream . Lauren pursues him past the point of ridiculousness . She assures Payson that Max is her new boyfriend ; Max denies this . Max , Austin , and Payson help Kaylie train in secret , as they try to convince Sasha that Kaylie is ready to compete at Worlds . In the wake of Emily 's departure , Kelly Parker becomes closer to Kaylie , despite the scheming of her stage mother , Sheila ( Kathy Najimy ) . Kaylie offers her comfort as Kelly 's mom is only supportive of Kelly 's fame and fortune . Kelly steals Kaylie 's journal and is instructed by her mother to give it to Ellen Beals . The night before Worlds , Kelly returns the journal and admits to stealing it . This causes Kaylie 's new trust in Kelly to falter . At a party before the team is about to head off to Worlds , Steve announces that Summer and he are planning to get married in Rio , where worlds is hosted . However , later , Summer finds out that Lauren sent in the kiss cam video and calls off the wedding , as she wants nothing to do with Lauren or Steve Tanner . At the same party , Lauren tries to convince Max to have sex with her while Payson admits to Max that she thinks she might be in love with him . Max gets drunk sitting on a couch and later Austin finds him . Max explains his situation with the two girls under the influence of alcohol and Austins helps him up . Max kisses Austin drunkly and when questioned about his sexuality by Austin , Max admits that he is bisexual . He goes on a drive with Lauren , and they get into a car accident . Lauren is fine , but Max breaks his collarbone . Payson wants to go professional so she can earn money to help support her family , as they are struggling with debt after Payson 's medical bills and training , but her parents do not want her to forfeit her eligibility for a college scholarship . Payson tells Max she loves him and begs him to forget she said anything when his feelings are not confessed to her . In the season two finale , the four girls lead the team to the World Competition in Rio de Janeiro , where they win team gold . Season Three opens with Payson , Lauren , and Kaylie heading to the American Olympic Training Center as they prepare for the 2012 London Olympics . They deal with a new coach and teammates , including upcoming gymnasts . Max and Payson have a relationship through letters ; on the first day Payson receives a letter in which Max breaks up with her because he 's confused . Later Payson , Lauren , Kaylie , and Austin are having a conversation based around the breakup and Austin admits to the group that Max was bisexual and that they shared a kiss on the night of the party which leaves all three girls stunned . An uninvited gymnast , Jordan Randall , convinces Coach MacIntire to let her train with the group , causing tension . Coach Mac pairs up the girls , forcing Kaylie to live and work with Kelly Parker and Lauren to work with Payson . They eventually become close friends . Kelly is not good enough for the Olympics and leaves gymnastics . Payson has a new romance with Rigo ( Tom Maden ) . Payson finds out that Lauren has an irregular heart beat , but Lauren has heart surgery . Austin does not make the Olympic Team and blames Kaylie . Jordan reveals that a former coach , Coach Keagan , molested her when she was young . Desperate to ensure her spot on the team , Wendy drugs Kaylie with a cold medicine containing a banned substance . After Austin and Kaylie reunite , then Lauren , Payson , and Jordan tell the NGO that they are boycotting Olympic tryouts unless Kaylie is allowed to perform . Lauren discovers the secret Wendy has been hiding and exposes her , getting Wendy kicked out . The season three finale culminates with the five girls , Payson , Lauren , Kaylie , plus Jordan , and finally Colleen , being chosen to represent the U.S. in the Olympics . Cast and characters ( edit ) The main cast of Make It or Break It Main article : List of Make It or Break It characters Main cast and characters ( edit ) Character Cast member Notes Kaylie Cruz Josie Loren Seasons 1 -- 3 Payson Keeler Ayla Kell Seasons 1 -- 3 Lauren Tanner Cassie Scerbo Seasons 1 -- 3 Emily Kmetko Chelsea Hobbs Seasons 1 -- 2 Summer van Horne Candace Cameron Bure Seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring Season 3 Sasha Belov Neil Jackson Seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring Season 3 Steve Tanner Anthony Starke Seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring Season 3 Kim Keeler Peri Gilpin Seasons 1 -- 2 Chloe Kmetko Susan Ward Seasons 1 -- 2 Damon Young Johnny Pacar Seasons 1 -- 2 Coach McIntire ( Mac ) Dondre Whitfield Season 3 Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Character Cast member Notes Ronnie Cruz Rosa Blasi Seasons 1 -- 3 Alex Cruz Jason Manuel Olazabal Seasons 1 -- 3 Mark Keeler Brett Cullen Seasons 1 -- 3 Kelly Parker Nicole Gale Anderson Seasons 1 -- 3 Carter Anderson Zachary Burr Abel Seasons 1 -- 2 Razor Nico Tortorella Seasons 1 -- 2 Ellen Beals Michelle Clunie Seasons 1 -- 2 Becca Keeler Mia Rose Frampton Seasons 1 -- 2 Leo Cruz Marcus Coloma Season 1 Nicky Russo Cody Longo Season 1 Marty Walsh Erik Palladino Seasons 1 -- 2 MJ Martin Marsha Thomason Season 1 Brian Kmetko Wyatt Smith Seasons 1 -- 2 Darby Conrad Meagan Holder Season 2 Max Spencer Joshua Bowman Season 2 Marcus Sean Maher Season 2 Sheila Baboyon Kathy Najimy Seasons 2 -- 3 Austin Tucker Zane Holtz Seasons 2 -- 3 Jordan Randall Chelsea Tavares Season 3 Wendy Capshaw Amanda Leighton Season 3 Rigo Tom Maden Season 3 Jake Russell Pitts Season 3 U.S. nielsen ratings ( edit ) Main article : List of Make It or Break It episodes The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode , each season of Make It or Break It on ABC Family . Season Timeslot ( ET / PT ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV Season Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) Season 1 Monday 9 : 00 pm ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Monday 10 : 00 pm ( 2010 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2010 ) Monday 9 : 00 pm ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 20 June 22 , 2009 2.50 March 8 , 2010 2.50 2009 - 2010 2.24 Season 2 20 June 28 , 2010 1.83 May 23 , 2011 1.49 2010 - 2011 1.68 Season 3 08 March 26 , 2012 1.57 May 14 , 2012 1.29 2012 1.19 DVD releases ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the first ten episodes in a set entitled Make It or Break It -- Volume 1 : Extended Edition . Bonus material includes deleted scenes , the never - before - seen extended finale , and the featurette , `` Making It '' , which shows how the stars manage the acting with the difficult stunts they do . DVD release dates for Make It or Break It Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Season 1 , Volume 1 : Extended Edition January 12 , 2010 10 Deleted scenes , the never - before - seen extended finale , and the featurette `` Making It '' . Season 1 , Volume 2 January 4 , 2011 10 Deleted scenes Season 2 , Volume 3 May 3 , 2011 10 Deleted scenes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Make It or Break It Year Award Recipients and nominees Result 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Make It or Break It Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama Series Peri Gilpin Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Make It or Break It Nominated Choice Summer TV Star Male Zachary Burr Abel Nominated Choice Summer TV Star Female Josie Loren Nominated 2011 Choice TV Drama Make It or Break It Nominated Choice TV Star Female Drama Josie Loren Nominated See also ( edit ) Stick It , an American teen - comedy drama film in 2006 Code of Points ( artistic gymnastics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's `` Secret Life '' Returns at Record Levels , While `` Make It Or Break It '' Sets Time Period Highs `` . The Futon Critic . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family Orders More `` Make It '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family Orders 10 More Episodes of Make It Or Break It '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager , Make It Or Break It return to ABC Family Monday , January 4 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' and `` Make It or Break It '' Renewed `` . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Summer Slate Including `` Pretty Little Liars , '' `` Huge , '' and `` Melissa & Joey '' `` . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC Family to `` Break It '' on Tuesdays `` . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` THE SECRET LIFE OF THE AMERICAN TEENAGER & MAKE IT OR BREAK IT Return on March 26 and 8 episodes of the Third Season will end on May 14 '' . ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , N. `` ABC Family 's ' Make It Or Break It ' To End '' . Deadline Hollywood ( April 26 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Make it Or Break It ' Canceled , According to Executive Producer '' . TV By the Numbers. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It - Make It or Break It '' . E4.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Scenes Of ' Make It Or Break It ' With Ayla Kell '' . Starpulse.com. 2011 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Make It Or Break It : Stunt Doubles Just About Every TV Show '' . Ax20.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/stunts_and_circuses/ Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Returns At Record Levels - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals : Secret Life Beats Gossip Girl ; Damages Down Slightly - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Life of the American Teenager ratings , Real Housewives of New Jersey ratings , American Pickers ratings , Pawn Stars ratings , Tori & Dean : Home Sweet Hollywood ratings , Nurse Jackie ratings , United States of Tara ratings , Neighbors from Hell ratings , WWE Raw ratings , Cake Boss ratings , All Worked Up ratings , Operation Repo ratings , Saving Grace ratings - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : Mavs / Thunder Tops Night ; ' WWE Raw ' Up + ' Sanctuary , ' ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' American Chopper , ' ' Secret Life ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - make it or break it on abc family '' . TheFutonCritic.com . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Futon Critic Staff , The ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : TNT Hits NBA Postseason High With Lakers / Thunder '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Make It or Break It -- ABC / Disney Announces a Volume 1 : Extended Edition DVD '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Make It or Break It -- Volume 1 : Extended Edition '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It : Volume One - Extended Edition : Chelsea Hobbs , Ayla Kell , Josie Loren , Cassie Scerbo , Zachary Burr Abel , Mia Frampton , n / a : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It : Season One , Volume Two : Chelsea Hobbs , Ayla Kell , Josie Loren , Cassie Scerbo , Candace Cameron Bure , Neil Jackson , Peri Gilpin , Holly Sorenson : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It : Season Two , Volume Three : Chelsea Hobbs , Ayla Kell , Cassie Scerbo , Mia Frampton , Zachary Abel , Peri Gilpin , Candace Cameron Bure , Josie Loren , Susan Ward , ABC Family : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Make It or Break It on IMDb Make It or Break It at TV.com Freeform original programming Current Alone Together ( since 2018 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Cloak & Dagger ( since 2018 ) Disney 's Fairy Tale Weddings ( since 2017 ) Grown - ish ( since 2018 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Siren ( since 2018 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) Former 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Shop ' til You Drop ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Zorro ( 1990 - 1993 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & the Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? ( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Beyond ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Famous in Love ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The Fosters ( 2013 -- 2018 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? ( 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Young & Hungry ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Upcoming Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists ( 2019 ) Good Trouble ( 2019 ) Besties ( TBA ) Related History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . 31 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of Freeform original films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_It_or_Break_It&oldid=843176865 '' Categories : Make It or Break It 2009 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings 2000s American drama television series 2010s American drama television series ABC Family shows American drama television series American high school television series English - language television programs Gymnastics media American teen drama television series Television shows set in Colorado Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Magyar Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 11 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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Season Three opens with Payson , Lauren , and Kaylie heading to the American Olympic Training Center as they prepare for the 2012 London Olympics . They deal with a new coach and teammates , including upcoming gymnasts . Max and Payson have a relationship through letters ; on the first day Payson receives a letter in which Max breaks up with her because he 's confused . Later Payson , Lauren , Kaylie , and Austin are having a conversation based around the breakup and Austin admits to the group that Max was bisexual and that they shared a kiss on the night of the party which leaves all three girls stunned . An uninvited gymnast , Jordan Randall , convinces Coach MacIntire to let her train with the group , causing tension . Coach Mac pairs up the girls , forcing Kaylie to live and work with Kelly Parker and Lauren to work with Payson . They eventually become close friends . Kelly is not good enough for the Olympics and leaves gymnastics . Payson has a new romance with Rigo ( Tom Maden ) . Payson finds out that Lauren has an irregular heart beat , but Lauren has heart surgery . Austin does not make the Olympic Team and blames Kaylie . Jordan reveals that a former coach , Coach Keagan , molested her when she was young . Desperate to ensure her spot on the team , Wendy drugs Kaylie with a cold medicine containing a banned substance . After Austin and Kaylie reunite , then Lauren , Payson , and Jordan tell the NGO that they are boycotting Olympic tryouts unless Kaylie is allowed to perform . Lauren discovers the secret Wendy has been hiding and exposes her , getting Wendy kicked out . The season three finale culminates with the five girls , Payson , Lauren , Kaylie , plus Jordan , and finally Colleen , being chosen to represent the U.S. in the Olympics .

List of changes in Star Wars re-releases - wikipedia List of changes in Star Wars re-releases Jump to : navigation , search Changes in Star Wars re-releases vary from minor differences in color timing , audio mixing , and take choices to major insertions of new visual effects , additions of characters and dialogue , scene expansions , and replacement of original cast members with newer ones . Though changes were also made to the prequel trilogy , the original trilogy saw the most alteration . Dissatisfied with the original theatrical cuts of the original Star Wars film , The Empire Strikes Back , and Return of the Jedi , creator George Lucas altered the films in an attempt to achieve the ideal versions that he could not initially due to limitations of time , budget , and technology . The first significant changes were made in 1997 with the release of a Special Edition remaster in commemoration of the franchise 's twentieth anniversary . These changes were intended to modernize the films and create consistency with the forthcoming prequel trilogy . Additional significant changes were made when the original trilogy was released on DVD in 2004 , and such changes tried to further create consistency with the prequel trilogy after the release of The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones and in anticipation of Revenge of the Sith . Further changes were made to the films for their Blu - ray release in 2011 . Many changes met criticism and outrage from fans and critics , and many believed that Lucas degraded the original films with the additions . Most controversial is the decision to have Greedo shoot before Han Solo does , which sparked wide usage of the phrase `` Han shot first '' . Other controversial changes include replacing the `` Lapti Nek '' performance by a puppet Sy Snootles with a longer `` Jedi Rocks '' performance by a CGI Snootles , having Darth Vader yell `` No ! '' as he kills the Emperor , and replacing Sebastian Shaw as the Force ghost of Anakin Skywalker with Hayden Christensen , who was cast to play Anakin in the prequel films . It was also felt that subsequent changes stripped the Star Wars film of the qualities for which it won Academy Awards . Despite the negative response to many significant changes , critics also felt that many smaller changes were improvements , innocuous , or understandable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Star Wars release history 2 Significant changes 2.1 Title change to Star Wars 2.2 Han shot first 2.3 Biggs Darklighter on Yavin IV 2.4 Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett in Star Wars 2.5 Max Rebo Band 2.6 Expansion of Oola 's death scene 2.7 Addition of Darth Vader 's `` No ! '' in Return of the Jedi 2.8 Victory celebration in Return of the Jedi 2.9 Consistency between original and prequel trilogies 3 Response 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) There will only be one ( version of the films ) . And it wo n't be what I would call the `` rough cut '' , it 'll be the `` final cut '' . The other one will be some sort of interesting artifact that people will look at and say , `` There was an earlier draft of this . '' The same thing happens with plays and earlier drafts of books . In essence , films never get finished , they get abandoned . At some point , you 're dragged off the picture kicking and screaming while somebody says , `` Okay , it 's done . '' That is n't really the way it should work . Occasionally , ( you can ) go back and get your cut of the video out there , which I did on both American Graffiti and THX 1138 ; that 's the place where it will live forever . So what ends up being important in my mind is what the DVD version is going to look like , because that 's what everybody is going to remember . The other versions will disappear . Even the 35 million tapes of Star Wars out there wo n't last more than 30 or 40 years . A hundred years from now , the only version of the movie that anyone will remember will be the DVD version ( of the Special Edition ) , and you 'll be able to project it on a 20 - foot - by - 40 - foot screen with perfect quality . I think it 's the director 's prerogative , not the studio 's , to go back and reinvent a movie . George Lucas The 1977 release of Star Wars was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress in 1989 . In 2014 , the National Film Registry still did not have a copy of the 1977 film ; George Lucas refused to submit a copy , stating that he no longer authorized the release of the theatrical version . Lucasfilm offered the altered 1997 Special Edition release , but the Registry refused it as the first published version must be accepted . The Library of Congress , however , received a 35mm print of the film , without the A New Hope subtitle and subsequent alterations , in 1978 as part of the film 's copyright deposit . Star Wars release history ( edit ) 1977 : Star Wars was theatrically released . 1980 : The Empire Strikes Back was theatrically released . A 70mm print of the film differed from the more widely distributed 35mm print in takes of dialogue , visual and sound effects , shot choices , and transitions between shots . None of these changes appeared in later releases , with exception of one dialogue change . 1983 : Return of the Jedi was theatrically released . 1985 : Star Wars , now subtitled A New Hope , was re-released on VHS and in 1989 released on LaserDisc with an improved audio mix . The LaserDisc release , and the CED videodisc also released , sped the film up by three percent to fit the film onto a single disc . Some releases additionally had minor aspect ratio changes . 1993 : The original trilogy was released on LaserDisc as `` The Definitive Collection '' . With exception of a THX audio mix , scratch and dirt removal , and color balance changes , it matched the original theatrical releases . 1995 : The original trilogy was offered on VHS in a `` last chance to own the original '' campaign before the films were taken off the market in January 1996 and an altered re-release released in 1997 . 1997 : The Special Edition of the original trilogy was released theatrically and to home media for the twentieth anniversary of Star Wars . This release featured the first significant changes , intended to modernize the films and create consistency with the forthcoming prequel trilogy . The original negatives were also digitally restored . 1999 : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace was theatrically released . 2002 : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones was theatrically released . 2004 : The original trilogy was released on DVD . Further significant alterations were made . 2005 : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith was theatrically released . 2006 : Another version of 2004 DVD edition was released . An unaltered version of the trilogy was included on bonus discs ; it was same as the 1993 LaserDisc release and was of inferior quality to the restored version . 2011 : The original and prequel films were released for Blu - ray . Alterations were made to all films . 2015 : The original and prequel films were released digitally to streaming services . It is identical to the Blu - ray release , except for changes to the opening logos and fanfares . Significant changes ( edit ) Title change to Star Wars ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars ( film ) § Title The first film was released in 1977 under the title Star Wars . The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were retroactively added to the opening crawl in a subsequent release . Accounts differ as to when this change occurred . Some , including Lucasfilm , date the addition to a theatrical re-release on April 10 , 1981 , while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978 . This change was made to bring the original film in line with the titling of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back , which was released in 1980 with the subtitle Episode V . Han shot first ( edit ) Main article : Han shot first Because I was thinking mythologically -- should he be a cowboy , should he be John Wayne ? And I said , ' Yeah , he should be John Wayne . ' And when you 're John Wayne , you do n't shoot people ( first ) -- you let them have the first shot . George Lucas in 2015 In the Star Wars film , Han Solo is cornered in the Mos Eisley Cantina by the bounty hunter Greedo , and the confrontation ends with Han shooting under the table and killing Greedo . The circumstances of the shot varies between versions of the film . In the original 1977 theatrical release of the film , Han shoots Greedo , and Greedo does not shoot at all . The 1997 Special Edition release of the film alters the scene so that Greedo shoots first and misses , and the scene is altered again in the 2004 DVD release of the film so that Han and Greedo shoot simultaneously . Lucas stated that he always intended for Greedo to have shot first . He felt that the idea of Han shooting first depicts him as `` a cold - blooded killer '' . This decision sparked objections that it changed Han 's moral ambiguity , fundamentally altered his established character , and diminished his transition from antihero to hero ; it became one of the most controversial changes to the films . Biggs Darklighter on Yavin IV ( edit ) During the production of the Star Wars film , scenes were filmed featuring Biggs Darklighter and his friendship with Luke Skywalker set on Tatooine and at the rebel base on Yavin IV shortly before the attack on the Death Star . The scenes were cut because they were felt to disrupt the pacing of the film , and in the original theatrical release , Biggs is only seen briefly during the attack on the Death Star , in which he dies , and a relationship between Biggs and Luke is never stated . Despite this , Luke reacts strongly to Biggs 's death . The 1997 Special Edition of the Star Wars film incorporated the previously deleted scene on Yavin IV . The loss of the scenes at Tatooine and Yavin IV was felt to lessen the significance of Biggs ' death , cast Luke 's reaction to the death as overly strong , and make the framing of the death as a tragedy confusing . It was felt that the readdition of the Yavin IV scene helped to rectify this issue . Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett in Star Wars ( edit ) The original script for the Star Wars film included a scene between Jabba the Hutt and Han Solo , and the scene was filmed with Harrison Ford , playing Solo , and Declan Mulholland , a stand - in for Jabba . Lucas intended to replace Mulholland in post-production with a stop motion character . Due to time limitations and budget constraints , Lucas could not achieve this , and the scene was cut . In the 1997 Special Edition , the scene was reinserted with CGI replacing Mulholland . Because Ford walked too close to Mulholland in the original scene , Han stepping on Jabba 's tail , causing Jabba to squeal , was created as a workaround . Boba Fett was also added to the background of the scene . Jabba 's design was modified for the 2004 DVD release . The insertion of this scene into the film was criticized for being superfluous to the previous cantina scene , slowing down the pacing , and failing to move the plot forward . The original 1997 CGI was also described as `` atrocious '' . Max Rebo Band ( edit ) Main article : Max Rebo Band The scene in Return of the Jedi in which Jabba the Hutt feeds the dancer Oola to the rancor opens with performance by the Max Rebo Band and its lead singer Sy Snootles . In the original theatrical release , the song is `` Lapti Nek '' , sung for 45 seconds in the fictional language Huttese . The 1997 Special Edition changed the performance to the `` less dated '' song `` Jedi Rocks '' , which runs nearly 2 minutes . Owen Good of Polygon , though he understood the desire to update the song , described the `` Jedi Rocks '' performance as `` an overproduced intrusion that takes twice as long to add nothing '' and felt that it distracted from the intention of the scene : to establish the trapdoor leading to the rancor and Jabba 's deadliness . He also felt that `` Lapti Nek '' was an overall better song and described the vocal performance in `` Jedi Rocks '' as difficult to listen to or understand and as having `` the volume and vocal fry of a higher pitched Tina Turner but none of the soul '' . Brian Raftery of Wired wrote that replacing `` Lapti Nek '' , which he praised as a track , was `` one of Lucas ' most salaciously dumb choices '' and described `` Jedi Rocks '' as a Pointer Sisters `` rip - off '' and a `` soul - free strutter , which is so grating that you can almost hear a tone - deaf Lucas beard - smirking approvingly in the background '' . Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek ! similar noted that change negatively altered the tone of the scene and only `` replaced one flawed effect with another '' , writing : `` What was once a low - key yet appealing background moment in the movie 's first act had grown into a literal show - stopper -- an in - your - face audio - visual spectacle that literally overshadowed the original hand - made effects '' . The puppet used for Sy Snootles was also replaced with CGI in the Special Edition . This was made because , according to producer Rick McCallum , Lucas could not achieve the `` large musical number '' he envisioned because characters could not move in certain ways , Sy Snootles could not open her mouth to lip sync correctly , and her eyes did not move . Lambie criticized this decision because it removed almost all evidence of puppeteer Timothy D. Rose 's work in the film . The 1997 Special Edition also increased the size of the Max Rebo Band from three members to twelve . While Good wrote that this change was inconsequential , Ratery felt that the additions made the scene `` overstuffed '' and described the CGI as dead on arrival . Expansion of Oola 's death scene ( edit ) In the theatrical release of Return of the Jedi , Oola 's death is filmed from outside the rancor pit : she falls into the pit , and her scream is heard from off - screen . In the 1997 Special Edition , extra shots were inserted depicting her in the pit , including shots where she looks up to the crowd , the pit door being raised , and a shot of her terror . The rancor and Oola as she screams remain off - screen . Femi Taylor , who played Oola , impressed critics with her ability to reprise the role almost a decade later without visible difference . James Whitbrook at io9 praised the additions to the scene , especially in comparison to the decision to bring the wampa on - screen in the Special Edition of The Empire Strikes Back , writing that it teased the rancor well while still keeping the monster a surprise for Luke 's later battle with it . Den of Geek ! UK , however , criticized the additions as unnecessary and felt that they made the audience familiar with the pit , lessening fear during Luke 's scene in the pit . Addition of Darth Vader 's `` no ! '' in Return of the Jedi ( edit ) At the climax of Return of the Jedi , the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning , prompting Darth Vader to throw the Emperor down a chasm and kill him . In the theatrical release and earlier home video releases , Darth Vader watches and acts in silence . The 2011 Blu - ray release adds Darth Vader yelling a drawn out `` No '' , creating a parallel with his similar cry at the end of Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . This addition was described as unnecessary and awful sounding , and it was said to `` ( take ) what was once emotional and ( make ) it laughable '' and even ruin the film 's climax . It was also felt that the addition displayed a distrust in an audience 's ability to interpret Vader 's emotions . The symmetry created by the parallel was described as `` clumsy '' and was felt to mock the scene in the prequel . Victory Celebration in Return of the Jedi ( edit ) Return of the Jedi ends with a scene of the Rebel Alliance and a village of Ewoks on Endor celebrating the death of the Emperor and victory over the Empire . The original theatrical release of the film featured the song `` Ewok Celebration '' , also known as `` Yub Nub '' , playing over the celebration . The 1997 Special Edition release of the film replaced `` Ewok Celebration '' with score composed by John Williams titled `` Victory Celebration '' , and the scene was lengthened to include shots of celebration on the planets Coruscant , Bespin , and Tatooine . The 2004 DVD release further added a shot set on Naboo , in which a Gungan is given a line of dialogue . Consistency between original and prequel trilogies ( edit ) The original theatrical release of Return of the Jedi showed Sebastian Shaw as Anakin Skywalker ( above ) . The 2004 DVD release of the film replaced him with Hayden Christensen ( below ) , who was cast in the role for the prequel trilogy . In The Empire Strikes Back , the Emperor appears via hologram . In the original theatrical 1980 release , he was portrayed by a woman under heavy makeup and voiced by Clive Revill . The Emperor was later played by Ian McDiarmid in Return of the Jedi , and McDiarmid reprised the role for the prequel trilogy . To reflect this , the 2004 DVD release of The Empire Strikes Back replaced the woman with McDiarmid and new dialogue was written . Boba Fett 's dialogue in The Empire Strikes Back was originally recorded by Jason Wingreen . Subsequently , Attack of the Clones revealed Boba to be a clone of Jango Fett , played by Temuera Morrison . To reflect this , Morrison re-recorded Boba 's lines for the 2004 DVD release of the film . In a scene of Return of the Jedi where Darth Vader is unmasked , the 2004 DVD release digitally removed his eyebrows to reflect Anakin burning on Mustafar at the end of Revenge of the Sith . At the end of Return of the Jedi , Darth Vader is redeemed killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker 's life , dies of his injuries shortly after , and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi - Wan Kenobi . In the 1983 theatrical release , Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader . Later , Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . To reflect this , the 2004 DVD release of Return of the Jedi replaced Shaw 's appearance as the Force ghost with Christensen . Response ( edit ) The first Star Wars won the Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects , Best Production Design , Best Original Score , and the Special Edition changes to the sound mixing , sound effects , and visual effects were felt to have `` stripped the film of every aspect that it had won its Academy Awards for '' . Michael Matessino of Mashable , who in 2015 viewed the original theatrical print of Star Wars submitted to the Library of Congress , notes merit to Lucas ' belief that technology did not allow him to achieve his vision , noting that a visible marquee around Leia 's ship is `` so jarring that it temporarily pulls me out of the film '' because it is `` lack ( ing ) the seamless quality ( he has ) come to expect from sci - fi and fantasy '' . Despite this , he `` hate ( s ) each and every one '' of the later added CGI effects and describes positively his ability to view the original print despite `` Lucas 's meddling '' . Dave Tach writing for Polygon noted minor changes , such as adding windows to Cloud City on Bespin , adding sparks to Jango Fett 's jetpack , or replacing the original Emperor hologram with McDiarmid , as `` innocuous '' ones that `` angered , to a close approximation , nobody '' because `` there was a solid logic behind those amendments '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magid , Ron ( February 1997 ) . `` An Expanded Universe '' . American Society of Cinematographers . p. 4 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eveleth , Rose ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Star Wars George Lucas Does n't Want You To See '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abramo , Donya ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Unaltered Star Wars theatrical cuts rumored to be released : Why it 's culturally important '' . Hypable . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unaloff , Lance ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` The search for the ' Star Wars ' George Lucas does n't want you to see '' . Mashable . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Lucas '' . Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matessino , Michael ( January -- February 1997 ) . `` 70mm Variations Strike Back '' . Film Score Monthly . Vol. 2 no . 1 . p. 15 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Ben ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Who Shot First ? The Complete List Of Star Wars Changes '' . Empire . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( September 15 , 1995 ) . `` Video Review : ' The Star Wars Trilogy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ; Goldstein , Seth ( July 1 , 1997 ) . `` Video at ' Miracle ' Price ; Last Shot for ' Star Wars ' '' . Billboard . p. 107 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode IV A New Hope '' . Lucasfilm . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 30 pieces of trivia about Star Wars '' . BBC . May 23 , 2007 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Harry N. Abrams . p. 124 . ISBN 0810949687 . OCLC 56405075 . ^ Jump up to : Stuever , Hank ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` George Lucas : To feel the true force of ' Star Wars , ' he had to learn to let it go '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Alex Ben ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` 5 Questions With George Lucas : Controversial ' Star Wars ' Changes , SOPA and ' Indiana Jones 5 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Polo , Susana ; Hall , Charlie ; Good , Owen ; Tach , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Worst Things in Star Wars '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vanderbilt , Mike ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Star Wars character Biggs Darklighter gets his due '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitbrook , James ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` 6 Ways the Star Wars Special Editions Actually Improved The Original Trilogy '' . io9 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Gwynne ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` 15 Changes to the Original ' Star Wars ' Trilogy That Still Make Us Crazy '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 10 Worst Crimes Against the Original Star Wars Trilogy '' . Den of Geek !. April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Max Rebo Band : Behind the Scenes '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2006 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Brian ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` The 9 Best Songs Ever Played in a Star Wars Movie '' . Wired . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambie , Ryan ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : the changing face of Sy Snootles & the Rebo band '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Popolo , Meredith ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Top 10 Worst Changes Made to Star Wars '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Darryn ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Star Wars Saga 's Secret Weapon : A Visual Effects Nerd with a Big Story to Tell '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mark ( 2015 ) . Star Wars FAQ : Everything Left to Know About the Trilogy That Changed the Movies . Milwaukee , WI : Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . ISBN 148036018X . OCLC 907104091 . ^ Jump up to : Hyde , Douglas ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Five major changes in the ' Star Wars ' DVD '' . CNN . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Palpatine '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Wingreen dead : All in the Family , Star Wars actor was 95 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fett , Jango '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Online archive of Star Wars coverage at American Cinematographer , including interviews regarding the 1997 Special Edition Lists of changes in Star Wars , The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and the prequel trilogy at DVD Active ( hide ) Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Solo ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Detours Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_changes_in_Star_Wars_re-releases&oldid=806906073 '' Categories : Star Wars lists Alternate versions of films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 21 : 41 . 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when was a new hope added to star wars

The first film was released in 1977 under the title Star Wars . The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were retroactively added to the opening crawl in a subsequent release . Accounts differ as to when this change occurred . Some , including Lucasfilm , date the addition to a theatrical re-release on April 10 , 1981 , while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978 . This change was made to bring the original film in line with the titling of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back , which was released in 1980 with the subtitle Episode V .

Descendants of the Sun - wikipedia Descendants of the Sun For Disney movie , see Descendants ( 2015 film ) and Descendants 2 . The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Descendants of the Sun Promotional poster Original title 태양 의 후예 Genre Romance Melodrama Action Created by KBS Drama Production ( KBS 드라마 제작국 ) Written by Kim Eun - sook Kim Won - seok Directed by Lee Eung - bok Baek Sang - hoon Creative director ( s ) Yoo Young - eun Kim Hyung - joon Starring Song Joong - ki Song Hye - kyo Jin Goo Kim Ji - won Composer ( s ) Gaemi Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 + 3 special episodes Production Executive producer ( s ) Bae Kyung - soo Producer ( s ) Ham Young - hoon Yoo Jong - seon Park Woo - ram Production location ( s ) South Korea Greece Cinematography Kim Si - hyeong Uhm Jun - seong Editor ( s ) Choi Jung - won Kim Young - joo Camera setup Single - camera Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) KBS Next Entertainment World Barunson Inc . Descendants of the Sun SPC Distributor KBS Budget ₩ 13 billion Release Original network KBS2 Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release February 24 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) -- April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) External links Website Descendants of the Sun ( Hangul : 태양 의 후예 ; RR : Taeyang - ui Huye ) is a 2016 South Korean television series starring Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo , Jin Goo , and Kim Ji - won . It aired on KBS2 from February 24 to April 14 , 2016 for 16 episodes . KBS then aired three additional special episodes from April 20 to April 22 , 2016 containing highlights and the best scenes from the series , the drama 's production process , behind - the - scenes footage , commentaries from cast members and the final epilogue . The series was a major hit in South Korea where it drew a peak audience share of 38.8 % , and gained popularity across Asia . It received several awards , such as winning the Grand Prize in television at the 52nd Baeksang Arts Awards ; and was named the Most Popular Show of the year by Korea Broadcasting Advertising Corporation . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Alpha Team Members 2.2. 2 Haesung Hospital Medical Services Team 2.2. 3 People at Haesung Hospital 2.2. 4 Tae Baek Army 2.2. 5 Uruk area 2.3 Special appearances 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Legal 4 Original soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Economic effect 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 Criticism 6 Ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast 8.1 Asia 8.2 Others 9 Adaptation and sequel 9.1 Adaptation 9.2 Sequel 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Yoo Si - jin ( Song Joong - ki ) is the captain of a South Korean Special Forces unit . He and his friend Sergeant Major Seo Dae - young ( Jin Goo ) are off - duty when they witness a young man , Kim Gi - bum ( Kim Min - seok ) , stealing a motorcycle and apprehend him . The thief is injured during his capture and therefore sent to the hospital . Dae - young realizes his cell phone was stolen by the thief and goes to the hospital along with Si - jin to retrieve his cellphone . In the emergency room , Si - jin meets Dr. Kang Mo - yeon ( Song Hye - kyo ) for the first time , and is instantly attracted to her . Mo - yeon mistakenly assumes Si - jin is part of the thief 's criminal gang , due to his nickname `` Big Boss '' , which is actually his call sign . He proves his identity with the help of army surgeon Yoon Myung - ju ( Kim Ji - won ) . Si - jin and Mo - yeon begin to date , but due to Si - jin 's special forces secret jobs , their dates are often interrupted halfway . Si - jin receives his orders to be deployed on a peacekeeping mission in the country of Uruk ( present day : Iraq ) . Meanwhile , Mo - yeon is upset because she had been passed over for professorship in favor of a colleague who had familial connections to the hospital management . When Si - jin returns and meets Mo - yeon again , they talk about their views on life and realize how different they are . Si - jin , as a soldier , kills to protect lives while Mo - yeon , as a doctor , honors the Hippocratic Oath and tries to save lives . Due to this difference in viewpoints on life , they agree to part ways . Dae - young , on the other hand , faces a dilemma on whether to continue his relationship with Myung - ju or risk being forced out of the army by Myung - ju 's father for breaking fraternization rules , who is the commander of special force . Eight months later , Mo - yeon rebuffs the advances of the hospital director and , as a result , is assigned to lead a voluntary medical team to Uruk . There , Si - jin and Mo - yeon reunite . Through their encounters in Uruk , an earthquake and an epidemic , their love for each other grows stronger . Mo - yeon gains an insight into Si - jin 's job and is forced to confront the stark reality that she may never have full disclosure of his whereabouts due to the highly classified nature of his work and the possibility of him being killed in action . While in Uruk , Mo - yeon accidentally confesses her feelings ( much to the amusement of their respective teams ) and the two officially start dating . Si - jin and Mo - yeon continue their relationship after returning to Korea , until Si - jin and Dae - young are sent on a classified operation in which they disappear and are assumed to be dead . Months passes , and Mo - yeon mourns Si - Jin 's death , deciding to commemorate his passing with a volunteer trip to Albania . This is where Si - jin eventually finds her on the day of their one - year death anniversary , after he and Dae - young are rescued from captivity by `` a friend from afar '' , a soldier from North Korea whom Si - jin had helped earlier . Si - jin and Mo - yeon along with Myung - ju and Dae - young are all happily reunited with each other . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Song Joong - ki as Captain Yoo Si - jin ( a.k.a. Big Boss ) The Captain and team leader of Alpha Team , a fictional elite special forces team of the 707th Special Mission Battalion in South Korea . He followed in the footsteps of his father , a retired Sergeant Major , into the military and graduated from the Korea Military Academy at the top of his class . Si - jin cares little for the politics of war and believes in protecting and defending those who need help , his country and his men 's honor , even if it means having to question his superiors ' orders . His light - hearted approach to life and witty sense of humor made him popular with his team but Mo - yeon quickly realizes that it was his way of deflecting her questions about his job and coping with the pain of losing comrades . At the end of the series , he was promoted to Major . Song Hye Kyo as Doctor Kang Mo - yeon ( a.k.a. Beauty ) A cardiothoracic surgeon who works at Haesung Hospital . She is an assertive woman who believes that competence overrules connections but is hit by the harsh reality that she still can not go anywhere without any connections . She stands firmly by her principles and does n't fall prey easily to her emotions , though she is not afraid to admit her mistakes . Jin Goo as Sergeant Major Seo Dae - young ( a.k.a. Wolf ) As the senior non-commissioned officer in Alpha Team , Dae - young is a career military man who sticks to his principles and is extremely loyal to his commanding officer Si - jin and comrades . He is notorious amongst recruits and Academy cadets as a strict instructor . His level head and vast experience often come in handy in times of crisis during deployments . He is often the straight man to the happy - go - lucky Si - jin and possesses a sharp deadpan sense of humor . For much of the series he struggles with expressing his true feelings for Myung - ju . Kim Ji - won as First Lieutenant Yoon Myung - ju An army doctor who is also the daughter of Lieutenant General Yoon , commander of the South Korean Special Forces Brigade . She follows her father 's footsteps and graduates from the Korea Military Academy , where she was a junior of Si - jin , before doing an internship at Haesung Hospital . At her first assignment she meets Dae - young , a non-commissioned soldier . Their relationship was considered a taboo as she was an officer and he was a non-commissioned officer but it did not hinder her from pursuing Dae - young , much to the Lt. Gen 's chagrin . Recurring ( edit ) Alpha Team Members ( edit ) Park Hoon as Staff Sergeant Choi Woo - geun - Bomb Expert ( a.k.a. Snoopy ) Choi Woong as Staff Sergeant Gong Cheol - ho ( a.k.a. Harry Potter ) Ahn Bo - hyun as Sergeant First Class Im Gwang - nam ( a.k.a. Piccolo ) Haesung Hospital Medical Services Team ( edit ) Onew as Lee Chi - hoon ( 1st year resident of Thoracic Surgery a.k.a. Handsome Spaceman ) Lee Seung - joon as Song Sang - hyun ( General Surgeon ) Seo Jeong - yeon as Ha Ja - ae ( ER Senior Nurse ) Park Hwan - hee as Choi Min - ji ( ER Nurse ) People at Haesung Hospital ( edit ) Hyun Jyu - ni as Pyo Ji - soo ( Pathology Specialist ) Tae In - ho as Han Suk - won ( Chairman of Haesung Hospital ) Park Ah - in as Kim Eun - ji ( Thoracic Surgery Specialist ) Jo Woo - ri as Jang Hee - eun ( 1st Year Resident of Anesthesiology ) ( wife of Dr. Lee Chi - hoon ) Tae baek army ( edit ) Kang Shin - il as Lieutenant General Yoon Gil - joon ( a.k.a. Yellow Tiger ) ( Myung - ju 's father ) Kim Byeong - cheol as Lieutenant Colonel ( later promoted to Colonel ) Park Byung - soo Kim Min - seok as Private First Class Kim Gi - bum ( later promoted to Staff Sergeant as seen in ep 16 ) . A pickpocket later enlisted to the army . Uruk area ( edit ) Cho Tae - gwan as Daniel Spencer ( Peacemaker Emergency Doctor Team ) Jeon Soo - jin as Ri Ye - hwa ( Peacemaker Emergency Nurse Team ) David Lee McInnis as David Argus ( Gang Boss , former Delta Force Captain ) , the main antagonist . Dean Dawson as the Chief of Police ( Tae Baek Police Chief ) Jo Jae - yoon as Jin Young - soo ( Chief Manager of Uruk Electric Power Corporation ) Lee Yi - kyung as Kang Min - jae Zyon Barreto as Fatima Elena Zhernovaia as Valentine David Pipes as Martin ( World Times Reporter ) Ji Seung - hyun as Senior Lieutenant Ahn Jung - joon , Korean People 's Army . Kwak In - joon as Lee Han - soo ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Joey Albright as US Army Delta Force member Special appearances ( edit ) Lee Kwang - soo as shooting arcade operator ( episode 1 ) Lee Jong - hyuk as Captain Kim Jin - seok ( episode 2 , 5 , 10 , 15 ) Matthew Douma as Jordan , US Army Delta Force Captain ( episode 2 , 10 , 12 ) Jung Ji - won as TV announcer ( episode 2 ) Park Tae - won as TV announcer ( episode 2 ) Ryu Hwa - young as Seo Dae - young 's ex-girlfriend ( episode 4 ) Jun In - taek as Yoo Young - geun ( Yoo Shi Jin 's father ) ( episode 6 , 7 , 15 , 16 ) Park Joon - geum as Lee Chi - hoon 's mother ( episode 7 , 11 ) Yoo Ah - in as bank reception Eom Hong - shik ( episode 13 ) Nam Ki - ae as Kang Mo - yeon 's mother ( episode 13 ) Lee Jae - yong as Lieutenant General Choi Ji - ho , Korean People 's Army Red Velvet as themselves ( episode 16 ) Production ( edit ) Descendants of the Sun was fully pre-produced before airing which is a departure from the live - shoot production format that characterizes most Korean dramas . The drama is Song Joong - ki 's comeback project after serving his two years of mandatory military service . The production cost 13 billion won ( approximately $10.8 million ) to produce . Initially , there were doubts about the profitability of the drama , as a story involving a soldier may not be enough to garner a very high successive rate . This is revealed when SBS were reluctant to continue with the project . It was then passed to KBS . According to local reports by Newsis , lead actor Song Joong - ki was not the first choice of writers and directors for the hit South Korean series , as he was deemed too slender for the role of a heroic special forces officer . Song was later cast as the producers decided to change the character of the role . The 6 June episode of tvN 's The List 2016 revealed the names of four actors who rejected the role before Joong - ki was chosen . As per the show , the A-listers who passed the role includes Won Bin , Jo In - sung , Gong Yoo , Hyun Bin and Kim Woo - bin . Reportedly , the actors were skeptical on sporting the army style short hair . It is also said that the artists expressed slight discomfort on portraying a role of a soldier and could not commit with the pre-production format of the show . On June 12 , 2015 , lead actors Song Joong - ki and Song Hye - kyo filmed their first scene in Seoul . On September 28 , 2015 , the entire cast and crew ( including the four leads , Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo , Jin Goo , Kim Ji - won , as well as supporting actors Kang Shin - il and Onew ) departed for Greece . The team resided in the country for approximately a month to shoot episodes crucial to the drama 's plot . According to Greek and South Korean news portals and blogs , filming mainly took place in Zakynthos , Arachova , Lemnos , and Navagio . The series ' location was modelled after Iraq , a remote area located at the margin of Balkan Peninsula ; but changed its name to Uruk to avoid diplomatic conflict . On November 25 , 2015 , it was announced that actor Song Joong - ki injured his arm while filming an action scene for the drama on November 23 . On December 7 , 2015 , Song Joong - ki returned to work only 2 weeks after he was injured and spotted filming at a station in Seoul . The MERS - CoV outbreak in South Korea in 2015 also seriously hampered filming schedules . The outbreak claimed the lives of 33 people , according to WHO . The location which served as the Mowuru Company 's base camp was set at the exhausted Taebaek Hanbo Coal Mine while earthquake scenes were mostly filmed at the Samtan Art Mine . Filming also took place at Camp Greaves DMZ Experience Centre , once a US Army base camp during the Korean War . Filming at Haesung Hospital was actually done at the Seoul St Mary 's Hospital . The crew wrapped up the last shoot in the early morning of December 30 , 2015 . The director 's cut , which feature a re-edited version of the last and 16th episode , as well as deleted scenes , a music video and behind - the - scenes footage , was released in the second half of the year . Due to the success of the drama , an OST concert was held at the Grand Peace Palace at Kyung Hee University in Seoul on May 14 , 2016 ; and featured performers of the drama 's soundtrack . On July 5 , 2017 , lead actors Song Joong - ki and Song Hye - kyo announced through their respective agencies that the two are engaged and will get married on the last day of October . Pre-production ( edit ) After the success of Descendants , the industry saw a shift toward pre-production of Korean dramas . This is because pre-production allowed producers to secure investment and distribution in a carefully planned fashion ; and allowed the show to air simultaneously in China , thus bringing greater profits . Kim Won - seok , co-writer of Descendants , said the system helps raise quality of the drama . However , apart from Descendants , none of the other pre-produced dramas thus far such as Moon Lovers : Scarlet Heart Ryeo , Uncontrollably Fond and Hwarang : The Poet Warrior Youth have been successful . Legal ( edit ) Production company NEW said that there have been hundreds of violations of their publicity rights by businesses , in an attempt to take advantage of the drama 's success . The announcement came about when lead actress Song Hye - kyo sued jewelry firm J. Estina for using her pictures for promotion though the contract ended in January . J. Estina said in a press release that it abided by the contract with production staff of Descendants , which allowed it to use stills from the episodes as one of the main sponsors of the series . However , NEW refuted the claims , saying that the jewelry firm 's arguments lacked legal grounds . Song eventually won the legal battle , and donated the damages received to charity . Original soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack of the series topped local music charts . Preorders for the soundtrack album surpassed the 10,000 mark , and eventually sold over 60,000 copies . Descendants of the Sun Original Sound Track Vol. 1 Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 25 , 2016 Genre K - pop , soundtrack Label Music&NEW , OU Entertainment Descendants of the Sun Original Sound Track Vol. 2 Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released April 21 , 2016 Genre K - pop , soundtrack Label Music&NEW , OU Entertainment Volume 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Always '' Yoon Mi - rae 3 : 25 2 . `` Everytime '' Chen and Punch 3 : 08 3 . `` This Love '' ( 이 사랑 ) Davichi 3 : 46 4 . `` You Are My Everything '' Gummy 4 : 00 5 . `` Once Again '' ( 다시 너를 ) Kim Na - young feat . Mad Clown 3 : 55 6 . `` Save The Day '' Various Artists 3 : 20 7 . `` Mission Part 1 '' Various Artists 4 : 25 8 . `` Time Is Running Out '' Various Artists 3 : 29 9 . `` Hidden Genius '' Various Artists 4 : 53 10 . `` Endless War '' Various Artists 2 : 48 11 . `` My Everything '' Various Artists 2 : 54 12 . `` Heart Break '' Various Artists 4 : 16 13 . `` Military Dignity '' Various Artists 2 : 08 14 . `` Mission Part 2 '' Various Artists 6 : 14 15 . `` I Love You '' Various Artists 2 : 53 16 . `` Aroma '' Various Artists 1 : 56 17 . `` War Of Tomorrow '' Various Artists 3 : 58 18 . `` The Lover '' Various Artists 3 : 25 19 . `` You 're My Everything ( English ver . ) '' Gummy 4 : 00 Volume 2 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Talk Love '' ( 말해 ! 뭐해 ? ) K. Will 3 : 37 2 . `` With You '' Lyn 4 : 15 3 . `` By My Side '' ( 사랑 하자 ) SG Wannabe 3 : 46 4 . `` Wind Beneath Your Wings '' ( 그대 , 바람 이 되어 ) M.C the MAX 3 : 55 5 . `` How Can I Love You '' XIA ( Junsu ) 4 : 20 6 . `` No More War '' Various Artists 3 : 52 7 . `` Always I Love You '' Various Artists 2 : 42 8 . `` Fighter '' Various Artists 2 : 32 9 . `` Mission2 -- Epic Tension '' Various Artists 4 : 45 10 . `` Lonely Road '' Various Artists 4 : 18 11 . `` Vital Fantasy '' Various Artists 3 : 01 12 . `` Love You 2 '' Various Artists 2 : 58 13 . `` Do n't Forget Me '' Various Artists 3 : 30 14 . `` Time Is Running Out ( Ver. 2 ) '' Various Artists 3 : 41 15 . `` Attention ( Mission ver . ) '' Various Artists 3 : 25 16 . `` Move Forward '' Various Artists 3 : 41 17 . `` Freedom '' Various Artists 3 : 40 18 . `` Attention O.R.I '' Various Artists 1 : 51 Chart Performance Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Remarks Gaon `` Always '' ( Yoon Mi - rae ) 2016 KOR ( DL ) : 1,454,125 + Part 1 `` Everytime '' ( Chen and Punch ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,241,255 + Part 2 `` This Love '' ( Davichi ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,671,196 + Part 3 `` You Are My Everything '' ( Gummy ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,600,720 + Part 4 `` Once Again '' ( Kim Na - young ft . Mad Clown ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,056,319 + Part 5 `` Talk Love '' ( K. Will ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,347,821 + Part 6 `` With You '' ( Lyn ) 15 KOR ( DL ) : 532,924 + Part 7 `` By My Side '' ( SG Wannabe ) 8 KOR ( DL ) : 864,429 + Part 8 `` Wind Beneath Your Wings '' ( M.C the MAX ) 7 KOR ( DL ) : 588,832 + Part 9 `` How Can I Love You '' ( XIA ( Junsu ) ) KOR ( DL ) : 674,908 + Part 10 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region . Reception ( edit ) Descendants received immense popularity both locally , with a peaking rating of 40 % , making it the first weeknight series to do so in the country since Moon Embracing the Sun in 2012 ; as well as internationally , where it has been sold to 32 countries and translated into 32 different languages . The success of the drama helped revive the Hallyu wave that was in decline over recent years , boosting tourism and spreading Korean culture . The series was also watched in North Korea , one of the most secluded countries in the world . The drama 's success factors were attributed to its elaborate screenplay , beautiful love story and the co-production between South Korea and China . The Korea Times said , `` At a time when Korean melodramas are said to have been losing steam , ' Descendants of the Sun ' brought fantasy together with a number of different genres to create a high quality production . '' and `` the drama appeals to viewers ' desires for justice in a society that appears to lack it . '' The drama also earned plaudits from ( former ) president Park Geun - hye , who praised the drama for instilling `` patriotism '' among young Koreans . She also called Descendants an exemplary case of the positive effects of cultural content on the manufacturing industry . Economic effect ( edit ) The drama 's success helped boost Korea 's economy ; contributing in a rise of tourists , overseas sales of products ( exports ) and creating new jobs . It has also resulted in more investment in Korean entertainment companies by Chinese companies seeking partnerships . Descendants has been reported to have earned 3 billion won from product placement advertisements ( PPL ) and 10 billion won from sales of related sound tracks and video - on - demand service . According to reports , the direct and indirect economic effects of Descendants are estimated to hover above 1 trillion won ( $880 million ) . The `` Two Tone Lip Bar '' lipstick that Song Hye - kyo wore in a scene on the show has broken sales records for Aritaum in South Korea with Laneige subsequently hosting its own Descendants of the Sun makeup event on its homepage . The product became so popular that it sold out four days after its release on the popular Chinese shopping website , 11th Street , owned by its Korean parent - company , SK Planet . The same product also experienced `` double digit growth '' in Singapore . Laneige , Dal. Komm Coffee , KGC Cheong Kwan Jang Korean Red Ginseng , Subway and Hyundai all reported a surge in sales after exposure of their products in the drama . The popularity of the show has also led to KBS launching several merchandise of the drama , such as cookies , memory sticks , emoticons and commemorative medals , which were specially created and sold to fans . Cultural impact ( edit ) Filming locations and sets of the show underwent restoration by the government , due to the demands by both local and foreign tourists . Camp Greaves , the former U.S. military camp near the Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) in Paju , north of Seoul , was turned into a park composed of separate zones focusing on natural scenery , culture and arts , and military experience . The Taebak film site was also re-modeled as a tourist site , where visitors can browse the medical camp and military base wearing costumes with the same design as those worn by the cast . The set in Taebaek was featured on popular variety shows 2 Days & 1 Night and Battle Trip . Navagio , one of the iconic locations where the `` relationship between the lead characters blossom '' , experienced a surge in popularity among Chinese and Korean tourists . The success of the drama has given rise to the popularity of `` soldier talk '' , a style of Korean speaking only used in the military . There is also a spike in the number of young men wanting to join South Korean special forces units for their mandatory military service . After Samgyetang was featured in the drama , it gained wider appeal among the Chinese . Criticism ( edit ) However , there has been controversy surrounding the use of product placement in this drama . Some critics argued that there was excessive product placement in the drama and that the use of product placement undermined the drama 's content and artistry . Kim Si - hyoung , cinematographer of Descendants admitted that product placement was excessive , but argued that they were `` essential , '' as he and other production staff found it hard to secure revenues from TV advertising . The series also drawn criticism for its unconvincing plot and unrealistic storyline . Critics say that the drama ironically reflects what today 's Korean society lacks , such as the cohesive military culture ; and also pointed out deeply embedded sexual discrimination featured in the drama . The drama was also accused of missing a noticeable plot , and kept with the terrestrial tradition of being overly predictable . Ratings ( edit ) In the tables below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Ep . Broadcast date Average audience share TNmS AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul Nationwide Seoul February 24 , 2016 12.6 % ( 7th ) 12.7 % ( 4th ) 14.3 % ( 4th ) 14.4 % ( 4th ) February 25 , 2016 13.5 % ( 6th ) 14.5 % ( 4th ) 15.5 % ( 3rd ) 16.0 % ( 4th ) March 2 , 2016 21.8 % ( 2nd ) 22.7 % ( 1st ) 23.4 % ( 2nd ) 24.6 % ( 2nd ) March 3 , 2016 22.9 % ( 2nd ) 23.5 % ( 2nd ) 24.1 % ( 2nd ) 25.1 % ( 2nd ) 5 March 9 , 2016 24.6 % ( 2nd ) 26.3 % ( 1st ) 27.4 % ( 1st ) 29.2 % ( 1st ) 6 March 10 , 2016 25.4 % ( 2nd ) 27.6 % ( 1st ) 28.5 % ( 1st ) 29.8 % ( 1st ) 7 March 16 , 2016 27.0 % ( 2nd ) 28.9 % ( 1st ) 28.3 % ( 1st ) 30.1 % ( 1st ) 8 March 17 , 2016 25.9 % ( 2nd ) 28.7 % ( 1st ) 28.8 % ( 1st ) 30.5 % ( 1st ) 9 March 23 , 2016 29.7 % ( 1st ) 32.3 % ( 1st ) 30.4 % ( 1st ) 31.0 % ( 1st ) 10 March 24 , 2016 28.8 % ( 1st ) 31.0 % ( 1st ) 31.6 % ( 1st ) 33.3 % ( 1st ) 11 March 30 , 2016 29.1 % ( 2nd ) 31.3 % ( 1st ) 31.9 % ( 1st ) 33.5 % ( 1st ) 12 March 31 , 2016 31.1 % ( 1st ) 33.9 % ( 1st ) 33.0 % ( 1st ) 34.3 % ( 1st ) 13 April 6 , 2016 30.4 % ( 1st ) 33.7 % ( 1st ) 33.5 % ( 1st ) 35.0 % ( 1st ) 14 April 7 , 2016 31.1 % ( 1st ) 33.5 % ( 1st ) 33.0 % ( 1st ) 35.6 % ( 1st ) 15 April 13 , 2016 31.1 % ( 1st ) 35.6 % ( 1st ) 34.8 % ( 1st ) 37.5 % ( 1st ) 16 April 14 , 2016 35.3 % ( 1st ) 40.5 % ( 1st ) 38.8 % ( 1st ) 41.6 % ( 1st ) Average 26.3 % 28.5 % 28.6 % 30.1 % Special April 20 , 2016 15.3 % ( 5th ) 16.6 % ( 4th ) 17.7 % ( 4th ) 19.5 % ( 3rd ) April 21 , 2016 12.3 % ( 6th ) 13.9 % ( 5th ) 13.6 % ( 5th ) 14.7 % ( 5th ) April 22 , 2016 10.9 % ( 7th ) 11.8 % ( 6th ) 12.2 % ( 5th ) 13.2 % ( 6th ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of awards and nominations received by Descendants of the Sun International broadcast ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) In China , iQiyi bought the exclusive rights to stream the show for US $250,000 per episode which , in total , is equivalent to about 40 % of the show 's production costs . The show was released simultaneously in South Korea and China , the first Korean drama to do so , and was viewed 2.4 billion times by April 2016 . The success of the drama was credited for driving up the paid membership of iQiyi . Government mouthpiece People 's Daily praised it as `` an excellent advertisement for conscription '' showcasing South Korea 's `` national spirit '' and `` communitarian culture '' . However , its popularity in China caused concern with the country 's Ministry of Public Security , posting a warning on its official Weibo account against the drama warning viewers `` watching Korean dramas could be dangerous , and even lead to legal troubles '' . It was part of a growing concern among Chinese officials at the time who were wary of the growing influence of Korean pop culture on the Chinese populace since the similar success of My Love from the Star which aired in 2014 . In Singapore , the drama was streamed on Viu with English and Chinese subtitles . Each episode was available to stream eight hours after the original South Korean broadcast . During its run it was the most - watched show on Viu in the country and enjoyed ratings as high as 31.8 % . Statistics from March 2016 showed about 60 % of users on Viu had tuned in to watch the drama . In the week following its finale , eight songs from the drama 's soundtrack occupied the top 10 , including the top six positions , of Singapore 's Top 30 Singles chart . In May 2017 , it was aired on Channel U and premiered on May 3 , 2017 . It was dubbed into Mandarin and featured English and Mandarin subtitles . In Malaysia , the drama was streamed on Viu with English , Malay and Chinese subtitles within 24 hours of the original South Korean broadcast . It aired one week later on KBS World through ASTRO channel subscription . It premiered on 8TV on June 9 , 2016 , with Malay subtitles . In Vietnam , the drama premiered on April 21 , 2016 , on HTV2 . The popularity of the show drew 8000 tourists from Vietnam , who signed up for tour packages to visit major sightseeing areas and filming locations of Descendants . Prior to the airing of the show , there was a debate on whether it 's appropriate for Vietnamese to watch it given the alleged atrocities committed by Korean soldiers against civilians during the Vietnam War . In Thailand , the drama premiered on May 7 , 2016 , on Channel 7 . Prior to the screening of the drama in Thailand , Prayut Chan - o - cha , the prime minister of Thailand , called for citizens of Thailand to watch the drama claiming it conveys messages of `` patriotism , sacrifice , obeying orders and being a dutiful citizen '' . The drama 's lead star , Song Joong - ki , was invited to Thailand by Yuthasak Supasorn , governor of the Tourism Authority of Thailand . He visited the country to promote the drama as part of his Asia tour . In Japan , the drama premiered on June 21 , 2016 , on the cable channel BS Sky PerfecTV ! . Reports have claimed that the drama was sold for US $100,000 per episode . In Hong Kong , it was streamed on Viu with Traditional Chinese subtitles four hours after the original broadcast and also aired on ViuTV . Song - Song couple attended a promotional event for the premiere . It recorded over 1.2 million views . In the Philippines , the drama premiered on July 25 , 2016 , on GMA Network as part of The Heart of Asia programming block replacing Once Again , dubbed in Filipino . In Indonesia , the drama is available to stream on Viu with Indonesian subtitles . It premiered on RCTI on July 25 , 2016 and re-aired on Global TV on July 24 , 2017 . In Cambodia , the drama premiered on August 5 , 2016 , on Hang Meas HDTV under the title , រឿង ភាគ កូរ៉េ `` ម្ចាស់ ព្រះ អាទិត្យ dubbed in Khmer . In Sri Lanka , the drama is available to stream on Iflix with English subtitles . Google Trends revealed there were more searches for `` Descendants of the Sun '' than `` Donald Trump '' in Sri Lanka which stood in stark contrast to most of the world in the year 2016 . In India , it premiered on February 8 , 2017 dubbed in Hindi and was on Zindagi and was well received by Indian audiences . The Hindi dubbed version of the Series is also available to stream on a VOD platform owned by ZEEL , called ZEE5 . In Pakistan it aired on Filmazia dubbed in Urdu ( coming soon ) Others ( edit ) In Greece , the drama premiered on December 7 , 2016 , on TV100 The Municipal Television of Thessaloniki with Greek subtitles . TV100 is the only TV network in Greece that airs K - Dramas . The drama also contributed to the rise of tourism in Greece , where scenes of the drama were shot . In some countries , the drama is available to stream on Viki with subtitles in many languages created by the volunteer community . Each episode was available to stream a couple hours after the original South Korean broadcast . The drama was also broadcast around the world on KBS World with English subtitles . In particular , it enjoyed popularity in the United States , where the drama was the most - searched on Viki . The drama was put up for streaming worldwide on Netflix . Adaptation and sequel ( edit ) Adaptation ( edit ) A Chinese film adaptation produced by Huace Film & TV and directed by Zhang Yibai is planned . A book based on the script is also planned for release . A Philippine television adaption produced by GMA Entertainment Content Group is planned . Sequel ( edit ) As per KBS 's Head of Drama , Jung Sung - ho , said the sequel is in planning , and filming would likely to take place in Greece . The sequel , this time , will be co-produced by Jidam Inc. , the production company behind the hit and award - winning TV dramas My Daughter , Geum Sa - wol and Jang Bo - ri is Here ! . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' bet pays off for NEW '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` < 태후 빅뱅 > 2 제작비 130 억원 투입 ... '' 볼거리 풍성 `` '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Yonhap News . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye - kyo , Song Joong - ki pair up for new drama '' . The Korea Herald . 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actors chosen for ' Sun 's Descendant ' '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki , Song Hye Kyo , Jin Goo and Kim Ji Won Confirm for ′ Descendants of the Sun ′ '' . enewsWorld. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' first K - drama to air simultaneously in Korea , China '' . The Korea Herald . January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KBS to air ' Descendants of the Sun ' special edition '' . Kpop Herald . March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KBS prepares special programs for ' Descendants of the Sun ' fans '' . Yonhap . March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' ends with record rating '' . The Korea Herald . April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' most engrossing show of 2016 '' . Kpop Herald . December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Song Joong - ki toes line between pretty , masculine in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Herald . March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Sarah ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Song Hye - kyo talks her next role as military doctor with Elle '' . K - pop Herald . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Jin Goo gets boost with ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Herald . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Ji - won Gains Leverage from Hit TV Soap '' . The Chosun Ilbo. April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHINee Onew dons doctor gown for his new role '' . Kpop Herald . February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jo Woo - ri joins the cast of ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Kpop Herald . June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( Yonhap Interview ) Supporting actor for ' Descendants of the Sun ' says he ' could have been better ' '' . Yonhap. April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Template : Instagram : www.instagram.com/vse krugom / Jump up ^ Choi , He - suk ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Song Joong - ki recruits Lee Kwang - soo for new drama '' . K - pop Herald . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Produce 101 '' Trainee Jun Somi 's Father Cameos in `` Descendants of the Sun '' `` . Soompi . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yoo Ah - in gets ' Descendants of the Sun ' role '' . The Korea Times . April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun outpaces My Love from the Star '' . Yonhap . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki to Return to Acting After Military Discharge '' . The Chosun Ilbo. April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ orionight . `` The Staggering Production Cost of `` Descendants of the Sun '' Revealed `` . Soompi . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Reason SBS Missed Out on `` Descendants of the Sun '' and `` Signal '' `` . Soompi . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki initially not cast as Yoo Shi - jin '' . Kpop Herald . April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Director says Song not first choice in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Yonhap . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( SBS Star ) Five Actors Who Turned Down the Role of Captain Yoo Si Jin '' . SBS News . March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun : See who were the 4 actors who rejected Song Joong Ki 's role '' . International Business Times . June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo revealed to have started filming Descendants of the Sun '' . Allkpop . June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sung , So - young ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Song Joong - ki is filming in Greece '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun Starts Filming in Greece With Month - Long Schedule '' . Soompi . September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo in Greece for drama shoot '' . K - pop Herald . September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun filming in Greece '' . Hancinema . October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uruk , backdrop of ' Descendants of the Sun , ' inspired by Iraq '' . Kpop Herald . March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki hurt while filming drama '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki 's Agency Updates Fans on His Injury '' . Soompi . November 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki returns to Descendants of the Sun despite injury '' . DramaFever . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS - CoV ) -- Republic of Korea '' . World Health Organization . July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Discover Filming Sites from `` Descendants of the Sun ! '' `` . Visit Korea . October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo Wrap Up Filming for `` Descendants of the Sun '' `` . Soompi . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' director 's cut to be released '' . Kpop Herald . May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' concert lineup revealed '' . Kpop Herald . April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DOTS ' OST concert partly revealed '' . Kpop Herald . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star couple Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo to wed on Oct. 31 '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo to Wed in October '' . The Chosun Ilbo . July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun ' transforms TV production in S. Korea '' . Yonhap. April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dramas get lift from pre-production '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Descendants ' spur film - style TV drama production ? '' . The Korea Herald . March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-production of ' Descendants of the Sun ' raised drama 's quality : writer '' . Yonhap. April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Dramas Adopt Pre-Produced Format to Mixed Results '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds of businesses violate ' Descendants of the Sun ' publicity rights : producers '' . Yonhap. April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye - kyo sues J. Estina for misappropriation '' . Yonhap. April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J. Estina ups ante against Song Hye - kyo , NEW jumps into fray '' . Kpop Herald . April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye Kyo Donates Money Won From Legal Case To Charity '' . Korea Portal . December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack rule music charts '' . The Korea Times . March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preorders surge for ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack '' . The Korea Herald . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Original soundtrack of ' Descendants of the Sun ' sells 60,000 copies '' . Yonhap. April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXO 's Chen , Punch sing in ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack '' . Kpop Herald . February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendant of the Sun ' OST defeats ' Call You Bae ' by Jimin , Xiumin '' . Kpop Herald . March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gummy 's ' Descendants of the Sun ' OST sweeps local chart '' . Kpop Herald . March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lyn to sing ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack '' . Kpop Herald . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Junsu tops charts with song in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Kpop Herald . April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart '' . Gaon . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart '' . Gaon . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Always '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 9 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Everytime '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 22 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` This Love '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 4 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` You Are My Everything '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 6 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Once Again '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 31 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Talk Love '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 14 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` With You '' : `` 2016 Half Year Download Chart ( see # 68 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . `` 2016 July Download Chart ( see # 286 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . `` 2016 August Download Chart ( see # 393 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Be My Side '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 53 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Wind Beneath Your Wings '' : `` 2016 Half Year Download Chart ( see # 65 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . `` 2016 July Download Chart ( see # 161 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . `` 2016 August Download Chart ( see # 246 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` How Can I Love You '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 95 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' sets viewership record of 40.4 % '' . The Korea Times . April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Descendants of the Sun : the Korean military romance sweeping Asia '' . BBC News . March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Park , Hyun - Taek ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ( 이슈 is ) ' 태후 ' , 세계 가 본다 ... 판권 또 수출 ' 국민 국제 드라마 ' '' ( Descendants of the Sun has been exported 32 countries . ) . Joins ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' available in 32 languages '' . The Korea Times . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' sets new standards for K - dramas in 2016 '' . The Korea Times . December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Even N. Korea watches ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Times . April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Yonhap Interview ) Story , co-production behind success of ' Descendants of the Sun ' in China '' . Yonhap . March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New hallyu dawns on ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Times . April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park says ' Descendants of the Sun ' will help attract foreign tourists '' . Yonhap . March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park : ' Descendants of the Sun ' exemplary case of cultural enhancement '' . The Korea Herald . April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mega-hit Korean drama creates huge economic effect '' . The Korea Herald . May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drama Series Gives Boost to Korean Economy '' . Epoch Times . April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' secures 12.2 bln won worth of ad deals '' . The Korea Herald . April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye - Kyo Makeup Beauty : Descendants of the Sun Kang Mo Yeon Laneige Two Tone Lipstick '' . SweetNara. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 영남 일보 . `` ' 태양 의 후예 ' 중국 대륙 삼키다 , 송중기 황 치열 특집 기사 봇물 ' 송혜교 상품'은 동 났다 '' . 영남 일보 ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Singapore fans think of Descendants Of The Sun 's finale '' . The Straits Times . April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun shines bright for brands '' . Marketing Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' buoys Korean economy '' . The Korea Herald . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KBS makes ' Descendants of the Sun ' cookies '' . The Korea Herald . April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' stars get role on memory sticks '' . The Korea Times . April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emoticons of ' Descendants of the Sun ' characters released '' . The Korea Times . April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song - Song couple medals to go on sale '' . Kpop Herald . December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't to turn ' Descendants of the Sun ' filming sites into tourist destinations '' . Yonhap . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' filming set to be rebuilt '' . The Korea Herald . April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filming site of ' Descendants of the Sun ' to be turned into park '' . Yonhap. April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit drama gets its own park , too '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Production site of ' Descendants of the Sun ' opens as tourist attraction '' . The Korea Times . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' 2 Days & 1 Night '' Airs `` Descendants Of The Sun '' Themed Episode `` . Soompi . September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trip 215 : Drama Road '' . 2 Days & 1 Night . Season 3 . September 18 , 2016 . KBS2 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 '' . Battle Trip . Season 1 . April 16 , 2016 . KBS2 . Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock to this country to stand where Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo stood in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Allkpop. 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` You 'd be surprised by how many real locations made up Descendants of the Sun 's fictional country of Uruk '' . DramaFever. 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Drama Hit Creates New Travel Boom '' . The Korea Bizwire. 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` How to speak like the Korean soldiers in Descendants of the Sun '' . DramaFever. April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popularity of hallyu drama spurs rush to become special forces NCO '' . The Korea Herald . May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean chicken soup set to make inroads into China '' . The Korea Herald . July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Drama to Boost Exports of Korean Chicken - Ginseng Soup to China '' . The Chosun Ilbo. April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 유통 업계 ' 태양 의 후예 ' PPL 광고 효과 ↑ , ' 사고 싶지 말입니다 ' '' . Asia Today ( in Korean ) . April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of PPL ' '' . The Korea Times . April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 한국 경제 TV . `` 태양 의 후예 PPL `` 시청자 우롱 하나 '' ... 높은 시청률 로 돈벌기 ? -- 한국 경제 TV `` . www.wowtv.co.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' cinematographer admits product placement excessive '' . Kpop Herald . April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' marred by unrealistic storyline , PPL '' . The Korea Times . April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' : more fantasy than reality '' . The Korea Herald . April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` While triumphant , ' Descendants of the Sun ' leaves mixed legacy '' . Yonhap. April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' special tops ratings '' . Kpop Herald . April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Drama ' Descendants Of The Sun ' Breaks Records Thanks To Chinese Investments '' . Forbes . April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese love for Descendants of the Sun hits 2.4 billion views in latest episode '' . AsiaOne . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' spurs jump in iQiyi subscribers '' . The Korea Heral . July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fever over S. Korea 's hit TV drama gets attention of China 's military '' . Yonhap . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' a real threat to Chinese couples '' . The Korea Times . March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese government warns of dangers of Korean dramas as Descendants Of The Sun hits 440m views in China '' . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ GWENDOLYN NG . `` Descendants Of The Sun : Hot , hot , hot '' . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ `` Viu Singapore -- # DescendantsOfTheSun hits a new tv rating '' . VIU Singapore Facebook . Jump up ^ Gwendolyn Ng ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Descendants Of The Sun star Song Joong Ki : `` It feels natural for me to be in a soldier 's uniform '' `` . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ `` Music Weekly AsiaTop 30 Singles Chart Singapore -- Music Weekly Asia '' . Music Weekly Asia . April 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Korean Drama Series Online TV Viu Launches In Singapore '' . Vulcan Post . Jump up ^ Mediacorp Channel U Jump up ^ `` Viu Malaysia -- If you have n't yet , today 's the perfect day ... '' VIU Malaysia Facebook . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun '' . Tonton . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HTV2 -- Trailer Hậu Duệ Mặt Trời '' . YouTube ( in Vietnamese ) . April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Korean drama draws travelers from Vietnam '' . Kpop Herald . November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' stirs debate over Korean atrocities in Vietnam '' . The Asia Times . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamese journalist blasts ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Kpop Herald . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` คอนเฟิร์ม ! ไทย ได้ ลิขสิทธิ์ Descendants of the Sun เตรียม ออกอากาศ ช่อง 7 เร็ว ๆ นี้ ! '' . Sanook ( in Thai ) . Jump up ^ `` Thai PM calls on people to watch ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Times . March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki gets invitation to visit Thailand '' . The Korea Times . March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Song Joong - ki enjoys unrivaled popularity in Thailand '' . Yonhap . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BS スカパー ! スカパー ! の '' おまけ `` チャンネル BS スカパー ! ( BS241 ) '' . SPTV.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' to premiere in Japan '' . Yonhap . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' holds promotion in Hong Kong '' . Yonhap. April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viu app nets 1.2 m downloads in Hong Kong '' . Marketing Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' to air in Hong Kong '' . Kpop Herald . April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The highest - rating Korean Drama of 2016 , # DescendantsOfTheSun , malapit nang mapanuod sa GMA ! '' . GMA Network 's Twitter ( in Filipino ) . Jump up ^ `` Viu Indonesia -- Tonton tayangan Korea favorit kamu dengan ... '' Viu Indonesian Facebook ( in Indonesian ) . May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RCTI Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia '' . Rcti.tv ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hang Meas HDTV . `` រឿង ភាគ កូរ៉េ `` ម្ចាស់ ព្រះ អាទិត្យ '' Trailer `` . YouTube ( in Cambodia ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/iflix.SriLanka/videos/vb.558646250965150/878467638983008/?type=2&theater Jump up ^ https://www.techinasia.com/google-asia-search-trends-2016 Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun -- Coming Soon '' . Zindagi ( in Hindi ) . Zee Entertainment Enterprises . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Δημοτική Εταιρεία Πληροφόρησης , Θεάματος και Επικοινωνίας '' . Fm100.gr ( in Greek ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun '' . Fm100.gr ( in Greek ) . Jump up ^ `` Latest drama hit creates new travel boom '' . The Korea Times . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : `` Descendants of the Sun '' Press Conference `` . Soompi . Jump up ^ `` KBSWORLD - Weekly Schedule '' . KBS World . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' going viral in North America '' . Kpop Herald . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans to expand presence in Korea '' . Kpop Herald . June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Fergus ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hit Korean TV Drama ' Descendants ' to be Remade as Chinese Film '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' to meet fans as movie , book '' . Yonhap. April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MUST - READ : Ang mga bigating teleseryeng dapat abangan sa 2018 '' . GMANetwork.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KBS plans ' Descendants of the Sun ' sequel '' . Yonhap. April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ' 왔다 장 보리 ' 제작사 손 잡았다 ... '' 제 2 의 ' 태후 ' 제작 '' ( NEW , `` Jang Bo - ri '' producer Jidam start collaboration , plan to produce `` Descendants 2 '' ) `` . The Chosun Ilbo ( in Korean ) . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Descendants of the Sun . Official website ( in Korean ) Descendants of the Sun at KBS World Descendants of the Sun at HanCinema Descendants of the Sun at IMDb KBS 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Papa 2000 -- 2004 Empress Myeongseong April Kiss Full House Emperor of the Sea 2005 -- 2009 Resurrection My Rosy Life Golden Apple Goodbye Solo Great Inheritance Hwang Jini Dal - ja 's Spring The Devil Capital Scandal Hong Gil - dong One Mom and Three Dads Women of the Sun The Kingdom of the Winds The Accidental Couple My Fair Lady Iris 2010 -- 2014 The Slave Hunters Cinderella 's Stepsister Bread , Love and Dreams The Fugitive : Plan B The President The Thorn Birds Romance Town The Princess ' Man Glory Jane Wild Romance Man from the Equator Bridal Mask The Innocent Man Jeon Woo - chi Iris II : New Generation The Fugitive of Joseon The Blade and Petal Secret Love Bel Ami Inspiring Generation Golden Cross Gunman in Joseon Blade Man The King 's Face 2015 -- 2018 Unkind Ladies The Man in the Mask Assembly The Merchant : Gaekju 2015 Descendants of the Sun The Master of Revenge Uncontrollably Fond On the Way to the Airport My Fair Lady Naked Fireman Good Manager Queen of Mystery Queen for Seven Days Manhole Mad Dog Black Knight : The Man Who Guards Me Queen of Mystery 2 Suits Your House Helper The Ghost Detective Happy If You Died Screenplays by Kim Eun - sook South of the Sun ( 2003 ) Lovers in Paris ( 2004 ) Lovers in Prague ( 2005 ) Fly High ( 2006 ) Lovers ( 2006 ) On Air ( 2008 ) The City Hall ( 2009 ) Secret Garden ( 2010 ) A Gentleman 's Dignity ( 2012 ) The Heirs ( 2013 ) Descendants of the Sun ( 2016 ) Guardian : The Lonely and Great God ( 2016 ) Mr. Sunshine ( 2018 ) Baeksang Arts Award Grand Prize -- Television 1970s - ( 1974 ) - ( 1975 ) - ( 1976 ) - ( 1977 ) - ( 1978 ) Kim Hye - ja , Jung Hye - sun and Kim Young - ok ( I Sell Happiness ) ( 1979 ) 1980s Kim Min - ja ( A Lonely Affair ) ( 1980 ) Ulhwa ( 1981 ) A Life - sized Buddha ( 1982 ) Winds of Change ( 1983 ) The Five Indian Kingdoms ( 1984 ) Korea 's Butterflies ( 1985 ) Shin Bong - seung ( 500 Years of Joseon Dynasty ) ( 1986 ) The Boil ( 1987 ) Love and Ambition ( 1988 ) Kim Hye - ja ( Winter Mist and Sand Castle ) ( 1989 ) 1990s Peace , the Arduous Way to Go and Tree Blooming with Love ( 1990 ) The Second Republic ( 1991 ) Eyes of Dawn ( 1992 ) Go Doo - shim ( My Husband 's Woman ) and Kim Hee - ae ( Sons and Daughters ) ( 1993 ) Park Chul ( My Mother 's Sea ) ( 1994 ) Sandglass ( 1995 ) Korea 's Reptiles ( 1996 ) The Most Beautiful Goodbye ( 1997 ) Lee Jang - soo ( Offspring ) ( 1998 ) Jang Soo - bong ( When Time Flows ) ( 1999 ) 2000s Kuk - hee ( 2000 ) Kim Soo - hyun ( The Aspen Tree ) ( 2001 ) Taejo Wang Geon ( 2002 ) All In ( 2003 ) Kim Hee - ae ( Perfect Love ) ( 2004 ) Lovers in Paris ( 2005 ) My Lovely Sam Soon ( 2006 ) Jumong ( 2007 ) Kang Ho - dong ( 2 Days & 1 Night ) ( 2008 ) Kim Hye - ja ( Mom 's Dead Upset ) ( 2009 ) 2010s Go Hyun - jung ( Queen Seondeok ) ( 2010 ) Hyun Bin ( Secret Garden ) ( 2011 ) Deep Rooted Tree ( 2012 ) Yoo Jae - suk ( Infinite Challenge , Running Man and Happy Together ) ( 2013 ) Jun Ji - hyun ( My Love from the Star ) ( 2014 ) Na Young - seok ( Grandpas Over Flowers and Three Meals a Day ) ( 2015 ) Descendants of the Sun ( 2016 ) Kim Eun - sook ( Guardian : The Lonely and Great God ) ( 2017 ) Stranger ( 2018 ) awarded to theatrical play or film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Descendants_of_the_Sun&oldid=866102130 '' Categories : Grand Prize Paeksang Arts Award ( television ) winners Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2016 South Korean television series debuts 2016 South Korean television series endings 2010s South Korean television series Military television series Screenplays by Kim Eun - sook South Korean romance television series South Korean pre-produced television series Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from April 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles with Korean - language external links HanCinema drama ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 07 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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who plays daniel in descendants of the sun

Cho Tae - gwan as Daniel Spencer ( Peacemaker Emergency Doctor Team )

Wentworth Miller - wikipedia Wentworth Miller This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Wentworth Miller Miller in September 2011 Wentworth Earl Miller III ( 1972 - 06 - 02 ) June 2 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , England Alma mater Princeton University Occupation Actor writer model Years active 1998 -- present Wentworth Earl Miller III ( born June 2 , 1972 ) is a British - American actor , model , and screenwriter . He rose to prominence following his role as Michael Scofield in the five seasons of the Fox series Prison Break , for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role . He made his screenwriting debut with the 2013 thriller film Stoker . In 2014 , he began playing Leonard Snart / Captain Cold in a recurring role on The CW series The Flash before becoming a series regular on the spin - off Legends of Tomorrow . Miller reprised his role as Michael Scofield for the fifth season of the limited - run Prison Break revival , which aired on April 4 , 2017 and concluded on May 30 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Filmography 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Miller was born in Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , the son of American parents , Roxann ( née Palm ) , a special education teacher , and Wentworth E. Miller II , a lawyer and teacher . His father , a Rhodes Scholar , was studying at Oxford at the time of Miller 's birth . Miller said in 2003 that his father is black and his mother is white . His father is of African - American , Jamaican , German , and English ancestry ; his mother is of Russian , Swedish , French , Dutch , Syrian , and Lebanese ancestry . Miller 's family moved to Park Slope , Brooklyn when he was a year old . He graduated from Princeton University in 1995 with a bachelor 's degree in English literature . While at Princeton , he performed with the a cappella group the Princeton Tigertones , and was a member of the Quadrangle Club and the Colonial Club . Career ( edit ) Miller at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . In 1995 , Miller relocated to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career . He has stated that his rocky road to stardom `` was a long time in the coming and there were a lot of upsets and a lot of failures and roadblocks , but I could n't walk away from it . I needed it like I needed air , it was just something I had to do . '' Miller 's first TV appearance was as student - turned - sea monster Gage Petronzi on Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( `` Go Fish '' , 1998 ) . Miller 's first starring role was in 2002 as the sensitive , introverted David Scott in ABC 's mini-series Dinotopia . After appearing in a few minor television roles , he moved on to co-star in the 2003 film The Human Stain , playing the younger version of the Anthony Hopkins character , Coleman Silk . He identified strongly with the core dilemma of the movie , about a black man who chooses to `` pass '' as white . Miller worked extensively on the role , not only in researching Anthony Hopkins , but by embarking on a four - month regimen to accurately portray Silk as a boxer . Also in 2003 , he had a minor role in the film Underworld , playing a doctor and friend of the character Michael Corvin . In 2005 , Miller was cast as Michael Scofield in Fox Network 's television drama Prison Break . He played the role of a caring brother who created an elaborate scheme to help his brother , Lincoln Burrows ( Dominic Purcell ) escape death row after being found guilty of a crime he did not commit . His character had a full upper body ( front and back ) tattoo . Covering both the front of Miller 's torso and his back , along with both arms from shoulders to wrists , the special effects for the tattoo took over four hours to apply . His performance in the show earned him a 2005 Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series . The show was finished in 2009 after four seasons , but a new nine - episode fifth season was released April 4 , 2017 with Miller reprising his role . Miller appeared in two Mariah Carey music videos , `` It 's Like That '' as a party guest and `` We Belong Together '' as her love interest . Director Brett Ratner , who directed the pilot episode of Prison Break , was also signed on to direct the two Carey videos . Ratner decided to use Miller in the videos as well . In addition , Miller guest - starred in the Season 11 premiere of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Detective Nate Kendall , a detective from Precinct 24 of the New York City Police Department . He also featured in Resident Evil : Afterlife , the fourth film in the commercially successful Resident Evil film series based on the video game series of the same name ; Miller plays Chris Redfield , one of the protagonists of the video game series . Miller wrote the screenplay for the film Stoker , as well as a prequel to Stoker , Uncle Charlie . He used the pseudonym Ted Foulke , later explaining , `` I just wanted the scripts to sink or swim on their own . '' Miller 's script was voted to the 2010 `` Black List '' of the 10 best unproduced screenplays then making the rounds in Hollywood . The film is about a teenage girl who must deal with a mysterious uncle following the death of her father . Miller described it as a `` horror film , a family drama and a psychological thriller '' . Although influenced by Bram Stoker 's Dracula , Miller has clarified that Stoker is not a vampire story . Hitchcock 's Shadow of a Doubt also influenced the film but only as a jumping - off point , from which the story takes a different direction . Park Chan - wook directed , with stars Mia Wasikowska as the teenager , Nicole Kidman as the mother , and Matthew Goode as the uncle . The film was released in 2013 , and received generally positive reviews from critics . In July 2014 , it was announced that Miller had joined the cast of The CW superhero series The Flash in a recurring role as Leonard Snart / Captain Cold . He made his first appearance in the fourth episode of the first season , and reprised his role on Legends of Tomorrow . These shows reunited him with his Prison Break co-star Dominic Purcell , who portrayed Mick Rory / Heat Wave . Miller exited Legends of Tomorrow as a series regular at the end of season one , but signed a contract with Warner Bros. TV to continue portraying Snart simultaneously on multiple shows in the Arrowverse . Miller wrote the screenplay for the 2016 horror film The Disappointments Room , produced by Voltage Pictures and Killer Films . The film received negative reviews from critics . He is reportedly in negotiations to write the screenplay adaptation of the novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle by David Wroblewski which is set to be produced by Oprah Winfrey and Tom Hanks among others . Personal life ( edit ) Miller in 2015 Miller lives in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . He has two sisters , Leigh and Gillian . He holds dual British and US citizenship by virtue of his birth in the United Kingdom to American parents . In 2007 , Miller denied to InStyle magazine that he was gay . However , he came out as gay in August 2013 , when he posted a letter on GLAAD 's website declining an invitation to attend the Saint Petersburg International Film Festival because he felt `` deeply troubled '' by the Russian government 's treatment of its gay citizens ( referring to Russian LGBT propaganda law enacted the previous June which banned `` propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations '' ) . Miller wrote that he `` can not in good conscience participate in a celebratory occasion hosted by a country where people like myself are being systematically denied their basic right to live and love openly '' . At the 2013 Human Rights Campaign Dinner in Seattle , Washington , Miller said he had attempted suicide multiple times as a teenager before coming out as gay . He said : `` When someone asked me if that was a cry for help , I said no , because I told no one . You only cry for help if you believe there 's help to cry for . '' He discussed struggling in Hollywood as a closeted actor , and talked about how his involvement in the ManKind Project helped him learn about brotherhood , sisterhood , and being part of a community . In a 2016 Facebook post , he revealed that he `` ( had ) struggled with depression since childhood . It 's a battle that 's cost ( him ) time , opportunities , relationships , and a thousand sleepless nights . '' He made this emotional post in reaction to a meme of himself which poked fun at his weight gain in 2010 . Miller said that his weight gain was due to him finding comfort in food as he was suicidal . On October 17 , 2016 , Active Minds , a mental health charity , announced that Miller will be Ambassador for the organization . Filmography ( edit ) Filmography ( edit ) Film performances Year Title Role Notes 2000 Romeo and Juliet Paris Direct - to - video Room 302 Server # 1 Short film 2003 Human Stain , The The Human Stain Young Coleman Silk Underworld Dr. Adam Lockwood 2005 Confession , The The Confession The Prisoner / Tom Short film Stealth EDI Voice 2009 Blood Creek German soldier Uncredited Resident Evil : Afterlife Chris Redfield 2014 Loft , The The Loft Luke Seacord 2015 2 Hours 2 Vegas Guy in rally car Short film As screenwriter and producer Year Title Notes 2013 Stoker Writer and co-producer 2016 Disappointments Room , The The Disappointments Room Writer Television ( edit ) Television performances Year Title Role Notes 1998 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Gage Petronzi Episode : `` Go Fish '' 1999 -- 2000 Time of Your Life Nelson 3 episodes 2000 Popular Adam Rothschild - Ryan 2 episodes ER Mike Palmieri Episode : `` Homecoming '' 2002 Dinotopia David Scott Lead role , 3 episodes 2005 Joan of Arcadia Ryan Hunter 2 episodes 2005 -- 2009 , 2017 Prison Break Michael Scofield Lead role 2005 Ghost Whisperer Sgt . Paul Adams Episode : `` Pilot '' 2009 Family Guy Jock # 4 / Popular Kid # 2 Voice , Episode : `` Stew - Roids '' Prison Break : The Final Break Michael Scofield Television film Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Detective Nate Kendall Episode : `` Unstable '' 2011 House Benjamin Byrd Episode : `` Charity Case '' 2013 Young Justice Slade Wilson / Deathstroke Voice , Episode : `` The Fix '' 2014 -- 2017 Flash , The The Flash Leonard Snart / Captain Cold / Citizen Cold Recurring role , 12 episodes ( seasons 1 - 4 ) 2015 Superhero Fight Club Short promo video 2016 -- 2018 Legends of Tomorrow Main ( season 1 , 16 episodes ) Recurring ( seasons 2 - 3 , 7 episodes ) Music videos ( edit ) Music video appearances Year Song title Artist 2005 `` It 's Like That '' Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' Video games ( edit ) Video games Year Title Role Notes Prison Break : The Conspiracy Michael Scofield Voice Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Work Black Reel Award Best Actor Nominated The Human Stain Black Reel Award Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated The Human Stain 2005 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a TV Series -- Drama Nominated Prison Break 2005 Saturn Award Best Actor on Television Nominated Prison Break 2006 Gold Derby Award Breakthrough Performer of the Year Nominated Prison Break 2006 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Nominated Prison Break 2006 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Breakout Star Nominated Prison Break 2007 Bravo Otto Best Male TV Star 2nd place Prison Break 2007 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Drama Nominated Prison Break 2008 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Action Adventure Nominated Prison Break 2013 Fright Meter Award Best Screenplay Nominated Stoker 2013 International Online Cinema Awards Best Original Screenplay Nominated Stoker 2014 Fangoria Chainsaw Award Best Screenplay 2nd place Stoker 2015 Saturn Award Best Guest Starring Role on Television Won The Flash 2017 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Action Adventure Nominated Prison Break References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Miller Biography ( 1972 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , the Newly Out Wentworth Miller is British - BBC America '' . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Being Wentworth Miller : The star of Fox 's upcoming `` Prison Break '' navigates Hollywood 's biracial politics `` . EURWeb.com . June 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Though he was raised in Brooklyn , Miller was actually born in Chipping Norton , England where his black father , a Rhodes Scholar , had been studying . Miller retains dual citizenship , but affirms he is ' American -- first , last and always . ' Jump up ^ Baskin , Ellen ( November 6 , 2003 ) . `` A clear sense of self '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Paumgarten , Nick. Central Casting : The Race Card , The New Yorker , November 10 , 2003 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reider , Maxim ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' star on furlough here '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` On The Move : Wentworth Miller '' . The Times . London . May 11 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` From Princeton to Primetime '' . The Daily Princetonian . Princeton University . November 10 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dutch television program Jensen ! , September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Owen ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' role reversals energize Wentworth Miller '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Golden Globe Nominations & Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . January 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller says he 's not gay , just shy and concentrating on career @ Flylip.com -- Latest Breaking Celebrity News , Celebrity Photos And Celebrity Gossip From Around The Web . The latest celebrity news from the webs best celebrity blogs '' . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller Photo '' . tv.com . September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News Wentworth Miller Joins SVU '' . TV Guide Magazine . June 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Prison Break ' Star Secretly Writing Horror Scripts ? '' . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` Wentworth Miller on How He Became Hollywood 's Hottest Secret Screenwriter '' . Movieline . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Black List : 2010 Best Unproduced Screenplays '' . moviefone.com . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` SDCC 2010 : Wentworth Miller Interview RESIDENT EVIL : AFTERLIFE ; Plus Updates on STOKER and UNCLE CHARLIE '' . collider.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Miller On Love , His Celebrity Crush '' . Who . January 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Matthew Goode in talks for ' Stoker ' lead '' . Variety . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stoker '' . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Flash : Prison Break Star To Play Captain Cold '' . IGN . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beedle , Tim ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Breaking News : DC 's Legends of Tomorrow , a New Arrow and Flash Spinoff Series , is Coming to The CW '' . DC Comics . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) . `` ' DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow ' : Wentworth Miller Exits As Regular , Becomes Regular In The Berlanti Universe '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wentworth Miller Script ' The Disappointments Room ' Grabbed by Voltage Pictures and Killer Films , Jay A. Fernandez , April 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Disappointments Room '' . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wentworth Miller in Talks to Adapt the Bestselling Novel , THE STORY OF EDGAR SAWTELLE , Dave Trumbore , August 13 , 2012 , Jump up ^ `` Prison Break 's Wentworth Miller comes out in letter protesting Russian government '' . The A.V. Club . August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adam , Seth ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wentworth Miller rejects Russian film festival invitation ; ' As a gay man , I must decline ' '' . GLAAD . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dahvi ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Comes Out as Gay '' . People . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idato , Michael ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wentworth Miller reveals struggles with suicide '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peeples , Jase . `` Wentworth Miller Attempted Suicide Before Coming Out '' . advocate.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Opens Up About Depression And Suicidal Thoughts In Candid Facebook Post '' . MTV.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller Named Active Minds ' Ambassador for Mental Health '' ( Press release ) . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWentworth Millerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Wentworth Miller at AllMovie Wentworth Miller on IMDb Wentworth Miller at Rotten Tomatoes Wentworth Miller at the TCM Movie Database Wentworth Miller Interviews on theTVaddict.com Saturn Award for Best Guest Starring Role on Television Jimmy Smits ( 2008 ) Leonard Nimoy ( 2009 ) Richard Dreyfuss / Joe Manganiello ( 2010 ) Tom Skerritt ( 2011 ) Yvonne Strahovski ( 2012 ) Robert Forster ( 2013 ) Wentworth Miller ( 2014 ) William Shatner ( 2015 ) Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( 2016 ) VIAF : 37224600 LCCN : no2005104703 ISNI : 0000 0001 1622 0399 GND : 137961383 SUDOC : 174424760 BNF : cb155212587 ( data ) BIBSYS : 7039286 BNE : XX4616458 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wentworth_Miller&oldid=834457171 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from New York City Gay actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT models LGBT people from New York ( state ) LGBT entertainers from the United Kingdom People from Chipping Norton Princeton University alumni People from Brooklyn American expatriates in Canada American male film actors Male models from New York ( state ) American male television actors British emigrants to the United States American people of African descent American people of German descent American people of Jamaican descent American people of Lebanese descent LGBT African Americans Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 20 : 51 . 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who plays leonard snart in legends of tomorrow

Wentworth Earl Miller III ( born June 2 , 1972 ) is a British - American actor , model , and screenwriter . He rose to prominence following his role as Michael Scofield in the five seasons of the Fox series Prison Break , for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role . He made his screenwriting debut with the 2013 thriller film Stoker . In 2014 , he began playing Leonard Snart / Captain Cold in a recurring role on The CW series The Flash before becoming a series regular on the spin - off Legends of Tomorrow . Miller reprised his role as Michael Scofield for the fifth season of the limited - run Prison Break revival , which aired on April 4 , 2017 and concluded on May 30 , 2017 .

Heart valve - wikipedia Heart valve Heart valves Valves of the heart in motion , the front wall of the heart is removed in this image . Details System Cardiovascular Identifiers MeSH D006351 FMA 7110 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A heart valve normally allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart . The four valves are commonly represented in a mammalian heart that determines the pathway of blood flow through the heart . A heart valve opens or closes incumbent on differential blood pressure on each side . The four main valves in the heart are : The two atrioventricular ( AV ) valves , the mitral valve ( bicuspid valve ) , and the tricuspid valve , which are between the upper chambers ( atria ) and the lower chambers ( ventricles ) . The two semilunar ( SL ) valves , the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve , which are in the arteries leaving the heart . The mitral valve and the aortic valve are in the left heart ; the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve are in the right heart . There are also the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava valves . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Atrioventricular valves 1.2 Semilunar valves 1.3 Development 2 Physiology 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Congenital heart disease 4 History 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Structure of the heart valves Blood flow through the valves The heart valves and the chambers are lined with endocardium . Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles , or the ventricles from a blood vessel . Heart valves are situated around the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton . The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps , which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow . The mitral valve has two cusps , whereas the others have three . There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter . The pulmonary valve has left , right , and anterior cusps . The aortic valve has left , right , and posterior cusps . The tricuspid valve has anterior , posterior , and septal cusps ; and the mitral valve has just anterior and posterior cusps . Atrioventricular valves ( edit ) Main articles : Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve 3D - loop of a heart viewed from the apex , with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible . Due to missing data , the leaflets of the tricuspid and aortic valves are not clearly visible , but the openings are ; the pulmonary valve is not visible . On the left are two standard 2D views ( taken from the 3D dataset ) showing tricuspid and mitral valves ( above ) and aortal valve ( below ) . These are the mitral and tricuspid valves , which are situated between the atria and the ventricles and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole . They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendineae , which prevent the valves from inverting . The chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to better hold the valve . Together , the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are known as the subvalvular apparatus . The function of the subvalvular apparatus is to keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close . The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves , however , which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve . The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin , however , provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness . The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub , the first heart sound ( S1 ) . The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub , the second heart sound ( S2 ) . The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps . The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a bishop 's mitre ( a type of hat ) . It is on the left side of the heart and allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle . During diastole , a normally - functioning mitral valve opens as a result of increased pressure from the left atrium as it fills with blood ( preloading ) . As atrial pressure increases above that of the left ventricle , the mitral valve opens . Opening facilitates the passive flow of blood into the left ventricle . Diastole ends with atrial contraction , which ejects the final 30 % of blood that is transferred from the left atrium to the left ventricle . This amount of blood is known as the end diastolic volume ( EDV ) , and the mitral valve closes at the end of atrial contraction to prevent a reversal of blood flow . The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart . It is between the right atrium and the right ventricle , and stops the backflow of blood between the two . Semilunar valves ( edit ) Main articles : Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve The aortic and pulmonary valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk respectively . These are also called the `` semilunar valves '' . These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries , and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles . These valves do not have chordae tendineae , and are more similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves . The closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound . The aortic valve , which has three cusps , lies between the left ventricle and the aorta . During ventricular systole , pressure rises in the left ventricle and when it is greater than the pressure in the aorta , the aortic valve opens , allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta . When ventricular systole ends , pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops and the pressure in the aorta forces aortic valve to close . The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound . The pulmonary valve ( sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve ) lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery , and has three cusps . Similar to the aortic valve , the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole , when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery . At the end of ventricular systole , when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly , the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve . The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound . The right heart is a low - pressure system , so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound . However , it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation . Development ( edit ) See also : Heart development In the developing heart , the valves between the atria and ventricles , the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves , develop on either side of the atrioventricular canals . The upward extension of the bases of the ventricles causes the canal to become invaginated into the ventricle cavities . The invaginated margins form the rudiments of the lateral cusps of the AV valves . The middle and septal cusps develop from the downward extension of the septum intermedium . The semilunar valves ( the pulmonary and aortic valves ) are formed from four thickenings at the cardiac end of the truncus arteriosus . These thickenings are called endocardial cushions . The truncus arteriosus is originally a single outflow tract from the embryonic heart that will later split to become the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk . Before it has split , four thickenings occur . There are anterior , posterior , and two lateral thickenings . A septum begins to form between what will later become the ascending aorta and pulmonary tract . As the septum forms , the two lateral thickenings are split , so that the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk have three thickenings each ( an anterior or posterior , and half of each of the lateral thickenings ) . The thickenings are the origins of the three cusps of the semilunar valves . The valves are visible as unique structures by the ninth week . As they mature , they rotate slightly as the outward vessels spiral , and move slightly closer to the heart . Physiology ( edit ) In general , the motion of the heart valves is determined using the Navier -- Stokes equation , using boundary conditions of the blood pressures , pericardial fluid , and external loading as the constraints . The motion of the heart valves is used as a boundary condition in the Navier -- Stokes equation in determining the fluid dynamics of blood ejection from the left and right ventricles into the aorta and the lung . Wiggers diagram , showing various events during a cardiac cycle , with closures and openings of the aortic and mitral marked in the pressure curves . This is further explanation of the echocardiogram above . MV : Mitral valve , TV : Tricuspid valve , AV : Aortic valve , Septum : Interventricular septum . Continuous lines demarcate septum and free wall seen in echocardiogram , dotted line is a suggestion of where the free wall of the right ventricle should be . The red line represents where the upper left loop in the echocardiogram transects the 3D - loop , the blue line represents the lower loop . Relationship between pressure and flow in open valves The pressure drop , Δ p ( \ displaystyle ( \ Delta ) p ) , across an open heart valve relates to the flow rate , Q , through the valve : a ∂ Q ∂ t + b Q 2 = Δ p ( \ displaystyle a ( ( \ partial ) Q \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + bQ ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ Delta ) p ) If : Inflow energy conserved Stagnant region behind leaflets Outflow momentum conserved Flat velocity profile Valves with a single degree of freedom Usually , the aortic and mitral valves are incorporated in valve studies within a single degree of freedom . These relationships are based on the idea of the valve being a structure with a single degree of freedom . These relationships are based on the Euler equations . Equations for the aortic valve in this case : ρ ( ∂ u ∂ t + u ∂ u ∂ x ) + ∂ p ∂ x = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ rho ) \ left ( ( ( \ partial ) u \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + ( u ( \ partial ) u \ over ( \ partial ) x ) \ right ) + ( ( \ partial ) p \ over ( \ partial ) x ) = 0 ) ∂ A ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ( A u ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ partial ) A \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + ( ( \ partial ) \ over ( \ partial ) x ) ( Au ) = 0 ) A ( x , t ) = A 0 ( 1 − ( 1 − Λ ( t ) ) x L ) 2 ( \ displaystyle A ( x , t ) = A_ ( 0 ) \ left ( 1 - ( 1 - ( \ Lambda ) ( t ) ) ( x \ over ( L ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ∫ 0 L p ( x , t ) ∂ A ∂ x d x = ( A 0 − A ( L , t ) ) p ( L , t ) ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( L ) p ( x , t ) ( ( \ partial ) A \ over ( \ partial ) x ) \ , dx = ( A_ ( 0 ) - A ( L , t ) ) \ , p ( L , t ) ) where : u = axial velocity p = pressure A = cross sectional area of valve L = axial length of valve Λ ( t ) = single degree of freedom ; when Λ 2 ( t ) = A ( L , t ) A 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda ^ ( 2 ) ( t ) = ( A ( L , t ) \ over A_ ( 0 ) ) ) Atrioventricular valve Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Valvular heart disease Valvular heart disease is a general term referring to dysfunction of the valves , and is primarily in two forms , either regurgitation , where a dysfunctional valve lets blood flow in the wrong direction , or stenosis , when a valve is narrow . Regurgitation occurs when a valve becomes insufficient and malfunctions , allowing some blood to flow in the wrong direction . This insufficiency can affect any of the valves as in aortic insufficiency , mitral insufficiency , pulmonary insufficiency and tricuspid insufficiency . The other form of valvular heart disease is stenosis , a narrowing of the valve . This is a result of the valve becoming thickened and any of the heart valves can be affected , as in mitral valve stenosis , tricuspid valve stenosis , pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis . Stenosis of the mitral valve is a common complication of rheumatic fever . Inflammation of the valves can be caused by infective endocarditis , usually a bacterial infection but can sometimes be caused by other organisms . Bacteria can more readily attach to damaged valves . Another type of endocarditis which does n't provoke an inflammatory response , is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis . This is commonly found on previously undamaged valves . A major valvular heart disease is mitral valve prolapse , which is a weakening of connective tissue called myxomatous degeneration of the valve . This sees the displacement of a thickened mitral valve cusp into the left atrium during systole . Disease of the heart valves can be congenital , such as aortic regurgitation or acquired , for example infective endocarditis . Different forms are associated with cardiovascular disease , connective tissue disorders and hypertension . The symptoms of the disease will depend on the affected valve , the type of disease , and the severity of the disease . For example , valvular disease of the aortic valve , such as aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation , may cause breathlessness , whereas valvular diseaes of the tricuspid valve may lead to dysfunction of the liver and jaundice . When valvular heart disease results from infectious causes , such as infective endocarditis , an affected person may have a fever and unique signs such as splinter haemorrhages of the nails , Janeway lesions , Osler nodes and Roth spots . A particularly feared complication of valvular disease is the creation of emboli because of turbulent blood flow , and the development of heart failure . Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography , which is a form of ultrasound . Damaged and defective heart valves can be repaired , or replaced with artificial heart valves . Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics . Congenital heart disease ( edit ) Main article : Congenital heart defect The most common form of valvular anomaly is a congenital heart defect ( CHD ) , called a bicuspid aortic valve . This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during embryonic development forming a bicuspid valve instead of a tricuspid valve . This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic stenosis has developed , and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop . Less common CHD 's are tricuspid and pulmonary atresia , and Ebstein 's anomaly . Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid valve which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle . Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary valve . Ebstein 's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 ) Illustration of the valves of the heart when the ventricles are contracting . Function of heart valves Pericardial heart valves Bjork -- Shiley valve References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ `` Heart Valves '' . American Heart Association , Inc -- 10000056 Heart and Stroke Encyclopedia . American Heart Association , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Pressure Gradients '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Richard E. Klabunde . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2007 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Cardiac Valve Disease '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Richard E. Klabunde . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Anatomy photo : 20 : 21 - 0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : The Pulmonic Valve '' Jump up ^ Anatomy photo : 20 : 29 - 0104 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : The Aortic Valve and Aortic Sinuses '' Jump up ^ S Nazari et al. : Patterns Of Systolic Stress Distribution On Mitral Valve Anterior Leaflet Chordal Apparatus . A Structural Mechanical Theoretical Analysis . J Cardiovasc Surg ( Turin ) 2000 Apr ; 41 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 202 ( video ) ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 177 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06811 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 612 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell RS , Kumar V , Robbins SL , Abbas AK , Fausto N ( 2007 ) . Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Saunders / Elsevier . pp. 406 -- 08 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2973 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bertazzo , S. et al. Nano - analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification . Nature Materials 12 , 576 -- 83 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Miller , J.D. Cardiovascular calcification : Orbicular origins . Nature Materials 12 , 476 -- 78 ( 2013 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heart valves . Mitral Valve Repair at The Mount Sinai Hospital -- `` Mitral Valve Anatomy '' 3D , animated , rotatable heart valves ( Rich media including Javascript and Flash player required ) Transcatheter mitral valve implantation : Tendyne Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula , crista supraventricularis ) , → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_valve&oldid=865365405 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Cardiac anatomy Heart valves Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles to be expanded from October 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाली Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 13 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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where are semilunar valves to be found in the mammalian heart

The aortic and pulmonary valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk respectively . These are also called the `` semilunar valves '' . These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries , and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles . These valves do not have chordae tendineae , and are more similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves . The closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound .

O Brother , Where Art Thou ? - Wikipedia O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Jump to : navigation , search For the film soundtrack , see O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) . For the unrelated Simpsons episodes , see Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? and O Brother , Where Bart Thou ? O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Coen Produced by Ethan Coen Written by Ethan Coen Joel Coen Based on The Odyssey by Homer Starring George Clooney John Turturro Tim Blake Nelson Charles Durning Michael Badalucco John Goodman Holly Hunter Music by T Bone Burnett Cinematography Roger Deakins Edited by Roderick Jaynes Tricia Cooke Production company Working Title Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date October 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 19 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United Kingdom United States France Language English Budget $26 million Box office $72 million O Brother , Where Art Thou ? is a 2000 crime comedy film written , produced , and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen , and starring George Clooney , John Turturro , and Tim Blake Nelson , with John Goodman , Holly Hunter , and Charles Durning in supporting roles . The film is set in 1937 rural Mississippi during the Great Depression , and its story is a modern satire loosely based on Homer 's epic poem The Odyssey that incorporates mythology from the American South . The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 film Sullivan 's Travels , in which the protagonist is a director who wants to film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? , a fictional book about the Great Depression . Much of the music used in the film is period folk music , including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley . The movie was one of the first to extensively use digital color correction to give the film an autumnal , sepia - tinted look . The film received positive reviews , and the soundtrack won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2001 using American folk music . The original band became popular after the film release . The country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film included John Hartford , Alison Krauss , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Chris Sharp , and others . They joined together to perform the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Accolades 6 Soggy Bottom Boys 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Three convicts , Ulysses Everett McGill , Pete Hogwallop , and Delmar O'Donnell , escape from a chain gang and set out to retrieve a supposed treasure Everett buried before the area is flooded to make a lake . The three get a lift from a blind man driving a handcar on a railway . He tells them , among other prophecies , that they will find a fortune but not the one they seek . The trio make their way to the house of Wash , Pete 's cousin . They sleep in the barn , but Wash reports them to Sheriff Cooley , who , along with his men , torches the barn . Wash 's son helps them escape . They pick up Tommy Johnson , a young black man , who claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for the ability to play guitar . In need of money , the four stop at a radio broadcast tower where they record a song as The Soggy Bottom Boys . That night , the trio part ways with Tommy after their car is discovered by the police . Unbeknownst to them , the recording becomes a major hit . Near a river , the group hears singing . They see three women washing clothes and singing . The women drug them with corn whiskey and they lose consciousness . Upon waking , Delmar finds Pete 's clothes lying next to him , empty except for a toad . Delmar is convinced the women were Sirens and transformed Pete into the toad . Later , one - eyed Bible salesman Big Dan Teague invites them for a picnic lunch , then mugs them and kills the toad . Everett and Delmar arrive in Everett 's home town . Everett confronts his wife Penny , who changed her last name and told his daughters he was dead . He gets into a fight with Vernon T. Waldrip , her new `` suitor . '' They later see Pete working on a chain gang . Later that night , they sneak into Pete 's holding cell and free him . As it turns out , the women had dragged Pete away and turned him in to the authorities . Under torture , Pete gave away the treasure 's location to the police . Everett then confesses that there is no treasure . He made it up to convince the guys he was chained with to escape with him in order to stop his wife from getting married . Pete is enraged at Everett , because he had two weeks left on his original sentence , and must serve fifty more years for the escape . The trio stumble upon a rally of the Ku Klux Klan , who are planning to hang Tommy . The trio disguise themselves as Klansmen and attempt to rescue Tommy . However , Big Dan , a Klan member , reveals their identities . Chaos ensues , and the Grand Wizard reveals himself as Homer Stokes , a candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election . The trio rush Tommy away and cut the supports of a large burning cross , leaving it to fall on Big Dan . Everett convinces Pete , Delmar and Tommy to help him win his wife back . They sneak into a Stokes campaign gala dinner she is attending , disguised as musicians . The group begins a performance of their radio hit . The crowd recognizes the song and goes wild . Homer recognizes them as the group who humiliated his mob . When he demands the group be arrested and reveals his white supremacist views , the crowd runs him out of town on a rail . Pappy O'Daniel , the incumbent candidate , seizes the opportunity , endorses the Soggy Bottom Boys and grants them full pardons . Penny agrees to marry Everett with the condition that he find her original ring . The next morning , the group sets out to retrieve the ring , which is at a cabin in the valley which Everett had earlier claimed was the location of his treasure . The police , having learned of the place from Pete , arrest the group . Dismissing their claims of having received pardons , Sheriff Cooley orders them hanged . Just as Everett prays to God , the valley is flooded and they are saved . Tommy finds the ring in a desk that floats by , and they return to town . However , when Everett presents the ring to Penny , it turns out it was not her ring , she does n't want that one , and she ca n't remember where she put the real ring . Cast ( edit ) George Clooney as Ulysses Everett McGill , a man who is imprisoned for practicing law without a license . He claims to have escaped from prison so he can find a stash of money he had hidden , though in reality it is so he can get back to his family before his wife remarries . He corresponds to Odysseus ( Ulysses ) in the Odyssey . John Turturro , as Pete Hogwallop , a fellow criminal who reveals little about his past . He believes in being true to one 's kin , even when his cousin Washington B. Hogwallop betrays him . He dreams of moving out west and opening a fine restaurant , where he will be the maître d ' . He agreed to go along with the breakout , though he only had two weeks left on his sentence . Tim Blake Nelson as Delmar O'Donnell , a small - time crook imprisoned for robbing a Piggly Wiggly in Yazoo City ; he initially claims innocence but later admits he is guilty . Delmar says he will spend his share of Everett 's nonexistent money buying back his family farm , believing , `` You ai n't no kind of man if you ai n't got land . '' Chris Thomas King as Tommy Johnson , a skilled blues musician . He is the accompanying guitarist in the Soggy Bottom Boys . He claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for his skill on the guitar . He shares his name and story with Tommy Johnson , a blues musician with a mysterious past , who is said to have sold his soul to the devil at the Crossroads ( a story more often attributed to Robert Johnson ) . Frank Collison as Washington B. `` Wash '' Hogwallop , Pete 's paternal cousin . He removes the escapees ' chains but later betrays the men to the police . John Goodman as Daniel `` Big Dan '' Teague , a one - eyed man who masquerades as a Bible salesman and mugs Everett and Delmar . He later reveals the identity of the trio when they are disguised at a Ku Klux Klan rally , but they kill him by cutting loose a burning cross , which falls on him and the Klansmen . He corresponds to the cyclops Polyphemus in the Odyssey . Holly Hunter as Penny , Everett 's ex-wife , who is fed up with Everett 's wheeling and dealing . She divorces him while he is in prison , telling their children he was hit by a Louisville & Nashville train . She is engaged to Vernon T. Waldrip until Everett wins her back . She corresponds to Penelope in the Odyssey . ( Penelope is an icon of the faithful wife , as she rejected her many suitors , stalling for time while awaiting Odysseus ' return . ) Charles Durning as Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , the incumbent Governor of Mississippi . He is frequently seen berating his son and his campaign managers , who are depicted as simpletons . The character is based on Texas governor W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . ( Flensted - Jensen elaborates on the connection between the fictional and the real Pappy O'Daniel . ) He corresponds to Menelaus in the Odyssey . Daniel von Bargen as Sheriff Cooley , a ruthless rural sheriff who , with his bloodhound , pursues the trio for the duration of the film . It is implied several times that he is the devil incarnate , and Cooley fits Tommy Johnson 's description of Satan : Cooley 's sunglasses evoke Satan 's `` big empty eyes . '' He eventually ambushes the escapees after they have been pardoned by the governor . He intends to hang them nonetheless , but when the valley is flooded , he , his men , and his dog all drown . He corresponds to Poseidon in the Odyssey . He has been compared to Boss Godfrey in Cool Hand Luke . Wayne Duvall as Homer Stokes , the reform candidate in the upcoming election for Governor . He travels the countryside with a dwarf , who depicts the `` little man '' , and a broom , with which he promises to `` sweep this state clean . '' He is secretly an Imperial Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan . He falsely identifies Everett , Pete , and Delmar as people of color because they darkened their faces to remain unseen when freeing Tommy . Ray McKinnon as Vernon T. Waldrip , Penny 's bona fide suitor and the manager of Homer Stokes 's election campaign . It has been suggested that his name is a nod to novelist Howard Waldrop , whose novella A Dozen Tough Jobs is one of the inspirations for the film . He corresponds to the Suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey . Michael Badalucco as George Nelson , a bipolar bank robber who dislikes being called `` Baby Face . '' The real George Nelson died in 1934 , three years before the story is set . Nelson died in a shootout known as the Battle of Barrington rather than by electric chair , as suggested in the film . Stephen Root as Mr. Lund , the blind radio station manager who records Everett 's story in the song `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' and makes him known throughout the state . He corresponds to Homer . Lee Weaver as the Blind Seer , a mysterious railroad man who accurately predicts the outcome of the trio 's adventure as well as several other incidents . He corresponds to Tiresias in the Odyssey . Production ( edit ) The idea of O Brother , Where Art Thou ? arose spontaneously . Work on the script began in December 1997 , long before the start of production , and was at least half - written by May 1998 . Despite the fact that Ethan Coen described the Odyssey as `` one of my favorite storyline schemes , '' neither of the brothers had read the epic and were only familiar with its content through adaptations and numerous references to the Odyssey in popular culture . According to the brothers , Nelson ( who has a degree in classics from Brown University ) was the only person on the set who had read the Odyssey . The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 Preston Sturges film Sullivan 's Travels , in which the protagonist ( a director ) wants to direct a film about the Great Depression called O Brother , Where Art Thou ? that will be a `` commentary on modern conditions , stark realism , and the problems that confront the average man . '' Lacking any experience in this area , the director sets out on a journey to experience the human suffering of the average man but is sabotaged by his anxious studio . The film has some similarity in tone to Sturges 's film , including scenes with prison gangs and a black church choir . The prisoners at the picture show scene is also a direct homage to a nearly identical scene in Sturges 's film . Joel Coen revealed in a 2000 interview that he came to Phoenix , Arizona , to offer the lead role to Clooney . Clooney agreed to do the role immediately , without reading the script . He stated that he liked even the Coens ' least successful films . Clooney did not immediately understand his character and sent the script to his uncle Jack who lived in Kentucky and asked him to read the entire script into a tape recorder . Unknown to Clooney , in his recording , Jack , a devout Baptist , omitted all instances of the words `` damn '' and `` hell '' from the Coens ' script , which only became known to Clooney after the directors pointed this out to him in the middle of shooting . This was the fourth film of the brothers in which John Turturro has starred . Other actors in O Brother , Where Art Thou ? who had worked previously with the Coens include John Goodman ( three films ) , Holly Hunter ( two ) , Michael Badalucco and Charles Durning ( one film each ) . The Coens used digital color correction to give the film a sepia - tinted look . Joel stated this was because the actual set was `` greener than Ireland . '' Cinematographer Roger Deakins stated , `` Ethan and Joel favored a dry , dusty Delta look with golden sunsets . They wanted it to look like an old hand - tinted picture , with the intensity of colors dictated by the scene and natural skin tones that were all shades of the rainbow . '' Initially the crew tried to perform the color correction using a physical process , however after several tries with various chemical processes proved unsatisfactory , it became necessary to perform the process digitally . This was the fifth film collaboration between the Coen Brothers and Deakins , and it was slated to be shot in Mississippi at a time of year when the foliage , grass , trees , and bushes would be a lush green . It was filmed near locations in Canton , Mississippi and Florence , South Carolina in the summer of 1999 . After shooting tests , including film bipack and bleach bypass techniques , Deakins suggested digital mastering be used . Deakins subsequently spent 11 weeks fine - tuning the look , mainly targeting the greens , making them a burnt yellow and desaturating the overall image in the digital files . This made it the first feature film to be entirely color corrected by digital means , narrowly beating Nick Park 's Chicken Run . O Brother , Where Art Thou ? was the first time a digital intermediate was used on the entirety of a first - run Hollywood film that otherwise had very few visual effects . The work was done in Los Angeles by Cinesite using a Spirit DataCine for scanning at 2K resolution , a Pandora MegaDef to adjust the color , and a Kodak Lightning II recorder to put out to film . A major theme of the film is the connection between old - time music and political campaigning in the Southern U.S. It makes reference to the traditions , institutions , and campaign practices of bossism and political reform that defined Southern politics in the first half of the 20th century . The Ku Klux Klan , at the time a political force of white populism , is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance . The character Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , the governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show The Flour Hour , is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , one - time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from that state . W. Lee O'Daniel was in the flour business , and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show . In one campaign , W. Lee O'Daniel carried a broom , an oft - used campaign device in the reform era , promising to sweep away patronage and corruption . His theme song had the hook , `` Please pass the biscuits , Pappy '' , emphasizing his connection with flour . While the film borrows from real - life politics , differences are obvious between the characters in the film and historical political figures . The O'Daniel of the movie used `` You Are My Sunshine '' as his theme song ( which was originally recorded by real - life Governor of Louisiana James Houston `` Jimmie '' Davis ) and Homer Stokes , as the challenger to the incumbent O'Daniel , portrays himself as the `` reform candidate '' , using a broom as a prop . Music ( edit ) See also : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) and Down from the Mountain Music in the film was originally conceived as a major component of the film , not merely as a background or a support . Producer and musician T - Bone Burnett worked with the Coens while the script was still in its working phases , and the soundtrack was recorded before filming commenced . Much of the music used in the film is period - specific folk music , including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley . The musical selection also includes religious music , including Primitive Baptist and traditional African American gospel , most notably The Fairfield Four , an a cappella quartet with a career extending back to 1921 who appear in the soundtrack and as gravediggers towards the film 's end . Selected songs in the film reflect the possible spectrum of musical styles typical of the old culture of the American South : gospel , delta blues , country , swing and bluegrass . The use of dirges and other macabre songs is a theme that often recurs in Appalachian music ( `` O Death '' , `` Lonesome Valley '' , `` Angel Band '' , `` I Am Weary '' ) in contrast to bright , cheerful songs ( `` Keep On the Sunny Side '' , `` In the Highways '' ) in other parts of the film . The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski ( lead vocal on `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' ) , Nashville songwriter Harley Allen , and the Nashville Bluegrass Band 's Pat Enright . The three won a CMA Award for Single of the Year and a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals , both for the song `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' . Tim Blake Nelson sang the lead vocal on `` In the Jailhouse Now '' . `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' has five variations : two are used in the film , one in the music video , and two in the soundtrack album . Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back - to - back , and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse . Though the song received little significant radio airplay , it reached # 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2002 . The version of `` I 'll Fly Away '' heard in the film is performed not by Krauss and Welch ( as it is on the CD and concert tour ) , but by the Kossoy Sisters with Erik Darling accompanying on long - neck five - string banjo , recorded in 1956 for the album Bowling Green on Tradition Records . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival on October 19 , 2000 . It grossed $71,868,327 worldwide off its $26 million budget . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 77 % based on 147 reviews and an average score of 7.1 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` Though not as good as Coen brothers ' classics such as Blood Simple , the delightfully loopy O Brother , Where Art Thou ? is still a lot of fun . '' The film holds an average score of 69 / 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews . Roger Ebert gave two and a half out of four stars to the film , saying all the scenes in the film were `` wonderful in their different ways , and yet I left the movie uncertain and unsatisfied '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was selected into the main competition of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival . The film also received two Academy Award nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards : Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography . Cinematographer Roger Deakins was recognized with both Academy Award and ASC Outstanding Achievement Award nominations for his work on the film . For his portrayal of Ulysses Everett McGill , George Clooney received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . The film was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . Soggy Bottom Boys ( edit ) The Soggy Bottom Boys is the musical group that the main characters form to serve as accompaniment for the film . The name is in homage to the Foggy Mountain Boys , a bluegrass band led by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs . In the film , the songs credited to the band are lip - synched by the actors , except that Tim Blake Nelson does sing his own vocals on `` In the Jailhouse Now . '' The actual musicians are Dan Tyminski ( guitar and lead vocals ) , Harley Allen , and Pat Enright . The band 's hit single is Dick Burnett 's `` Man of Constant Sorrow , '' a song that had already enjoyed much success in real life . After the film 's release , the fictitious band became so popular that the country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film got together and performed the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD . This included Ralph Stanley , John Hartford , Alison Krauss , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Chris Sharp , and others . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Data :O Brother Where Art Thou '' . The Numbers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Gray , Owen Robinson . A companion to the literature and culture of the American south . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22404 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lafrance , J.D. ( April 5 , 2004 ) . `` The Coen Brothers FAQ '' ( PDF ) . pp. 33 -- 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Menaker , Daniel ( November 30 , 2000 ) . `` A Film Score Odyssey Down a Quirky Country Road '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPR : Pioneering Bluegrass Musician Ralph Stanley '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` CGSociety -- The Colorists '' . The Colorists . The CGSociety . p. 3 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Filmed near locations in Canton , MS ; Florence , SC ; and Wardville , LA . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Grammy Awards -- Infoplease.com '' . 2001 Grammy Award Winners . Infoplease.com . February 27 , 2000 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Flensted - Jensen , Pernille ( 2002 ) , `` Something old , something new , something borrowed : the Odyssey and O Brother , Where Art Thou '' , Classica Et Mediaevalia : Revue Danoise De Philologie , 53 : 13 -- 30 Jump up ^ `` The real king of delta blues - Tommy Johnson '' . Erinharpe.com . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blues Singers '' . University of Virginia . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorin , Hillary ( August 4 , 2010 ) , `` Today in Texas History : Gov. Pappy O'Daniel resigns '' , The Houston Chronicle , retrieved August 2 , 2011 , Many cultural and political historians think the character Gov. Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel of Mississippi is based on the notorious Texas politician , Wilbert Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . Jump up ^ Conard , Mark T . The Philosophy of the Coen Brothers ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Datlow , Ellen ; Howard Waldrop ( 2003 ) . `` Howard Waldrop Interviewed '' . Readercon 15 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michel Ciment , Hubert Niogret. ( 1998 ) . The Logic of Soft Drugs . Positive . Jump up ^ Tim Blake Nelson Biography Archived June 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kari Molvar , `` '' Q&A : Tim Blake Nelson `` '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2001 . Retrieved December 26 , 2001 . , Brown Alumni Magazine ( March / April 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Double Vision '' . The Guardin . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sullivan 's Travels ( 1941 ) '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Steve . `` George Clooney : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf , Zach . `` The Coen Brothers and George Clooney Uncover the Magic of ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' at 15th Anniversary Reunion '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Robert . `` Digital Domain '' . The Digital Domain : A brief history of digital film mastering -- a glance at the future . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , Where Art Thou : Box office / business '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Bob ( October 2000 ) . `` Escaping from chains '' . American Cinematographer . Jump up ^ Crawford , Bill ( 2004 ) . Please Pass the Biscuits , Pappy : Pictures of Governor W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . University of Texas Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70575 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Pappy O'Daniel '' . Texas Treasures . Texas State Library . March 11 , 2003 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Jesse ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` Pass the Biscuits -- We 're living in Pappy O'Daniel's world '' . Reason . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Boulard , Garry ( February 5 , 2002 ) . `` Following the Leaders '' . Gambit Weekly . Gambit Weekly . p. 1 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` River of Song : The Artists '' . Louisiana : Where Music is King . The Filmmakers Collaborative & The Smithsonian Institution . 1998 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , why art thou so popular ? '' . BBC News . February 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Double Vision '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Jim ( May 22 , 2000 ) . `` Talking with Joel and Ethan Coen about ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClatchy , Debbie ( June 27 , 2000 ) . `` A Short History of Appalachian Traditional Music '' . Appalachian Traditional Music -- A Short History . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soggy Bottom Boys Hit the Top at 35th CMA Awards '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Long , Roger J. ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` '' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' entry page `` . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , why art thou so popular '' . BBC News . February 28 , 2002 . p. 1 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top Music Charts -- Hot 100 -- Billboard 200 -- Music Genre Sales '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Kossoy Sisters , Where Art Thou Been ? '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 29 , 2000 ) . `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Review '' . The Chicago Sun Times . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Temple Kirby , Jack ( 2006 ) . Mockingbird Song : Ecological Landscapes of the South . UNC Press . p. 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3057 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rowell , Erica ( 2007 ) . The Brothers Grim : The Films of Ethan and Joel Coen . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 276 n. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0810858503 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zac . `` The Soggy Bottom Boys '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Man of Constant Sorrow ( trad. / The Stanley Brothers / Bob Dylan ) '' . Man of Constant Sorrow . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? O Brother , Where Art Thou ? on IMDb O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at AllMovie O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at Box Office Mojo O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at Rotten Tomatoes `` Coenesque : The Films of the Coen Brothers '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2003 . `` American Myth Today : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . American Studies at the University of Virginia Works by the Coen brothers Filmography Awards and nominations Frequent collaborators Films directed Blood Simple ( 1984 ) Raising Arizona ( 1987 ) Miller 's Crossing ( 1990 ) Barton Fink ( 1991 ) The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) The Ladykillers ( 2004 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Burn After Reading ( 2008 ) A Serious Man ( 2009 ) True Grit ( 2010 ) Inside Llewyn Davis ( 2013 ) Hail , Caesar ! ( 2016 ) Written only Crimewave ( 1985 ) The Naked Man ( 1998 ) Gambit ( 2012 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) Suburbicon ( 2017 ) Television The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) Homer 's Odyssey ( 8th century BC ) Characters Characters House of Odysseus Penelope ( wife ) Telemachus ( son ) Ctimene ( sister ) Anticlea ( mother ) Laërtes ( father ) Autolycus ( grandfather ) Eurycleia ( chief servant ) Mentor ( advisor ) Phemius ( musician ) Eumaeus ( swineherd ) Philoetius ( cowherd ) Melanthius ( goatherd ) Argos ( pet - dog ) Monarchs and royals Alcinous of Phaeacia Arete of Phaeacia Nestor of Pylos Menelaus of Sparta Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia Agamemnon of Mycenae Gods Athena Apollo Artemis Atlas Calypso Circe Hermes Poseidon Zeus Oceanus Others Achilles Aeolus Ajax Amphimedon Anticlus Antiphates Antiphus Aretus Cyclopes Demodocus Demoptolemus Deucalion Dolius Echephron Echetus Elpenor Eupeithes Euryalus Eurylochus Halitherses Helen Heracles Idomeneus Irus Kikonians Laodamas Laestrygones Medon Melantho Mentes Old Man of the Sea Peisistratus Perimedes Perseus Polites Polydamna Polyphemus Scylla and Charybdis Sirens Stratichus Tiresias Theoclymenus Thrasymedes Suitors Agelaus Amphinomus Antinous Ctesippus Eurymachus Leodes Odyssean gods Athena Poseidon Calypso Circe Ino Hermes Zeus Heracles Films L'Odissea ( 1911 Italian ) Ulysses ( 1954 Italian ) Ulysses ' Gaze ( 1995 Greek ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? 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what are the sirens in o brother where art thou

Near a river , the group hears singing . They see three women washing clothes and singing . The women drug them with corn whiskey and they lose consciousness . Upon waking , Delmar finds Pete 's clothes lying next to him , empty except for a toad . Delmar is convinced the women were Sirens and transformed Pete into the toad . Later , one - eyed Bible salesman Big Dan Teague invites them for a picnic lunch , then mugs them and kills the toad .

Estates General ( France ) - wikipedia Estates General ( France ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2009 ) Opening of the Estates General on May 5 , 1789 in the Grands Salles des Menus - Plaisirs in Versailles . In France under the Old Regime , the Estates General ( French : États généraux ) or States - General was a legislative and consultative assembly ( see The Estates ) of the different classes ( or estates ) of French subjects . It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates ( clergy , nobility and commoners ) , which were called and dismissed by the king . It had no true power in its own right -- unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation -- instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king , primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy . The Estates General met intermittently until 1614 and only once afterwards , but was not definitively dissolved until after the French Revolution . It is comparable to similar institutions across Europe , such as the States General of the Netherlands , the Parliament of England , the Estates of Parliament of Scotland , the Cortes of Portugal or Spain , the Imperial Diet ( `` Reichstag '' ) of the Holy Roman Empire or Germanic Empire , the Diets ( German : Landtage ) of the `` Lands '' , and the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates . Contents 1 Origin 2 Rise and fall of power 3 Revival in 1560 -- 1614 4 1789 5 See also 6 References Origin ( edit ) A painting depicting the three classes In 1302 , expanding French royal power led to a general assembly consisting of the chief lords , both lay and ecclesiastical , and the representatives of the principal privileged towns , which were like distinct lordships . Certain precedents paved the way for this institution : representatives of principal towns had several times been convoked by the king , and under Philip III there had been assemblies of nobles and ecclesiastics in which the two orders deliberated separately . It was the dispute between Philip the Fair and Pope Boniface VIII which led to the States - General of 1302 ; the king of France desired that , in addition to the Great Officers of the Crown of France , he receive the counsel from the three estates in this serious crisis . The letters summoning the assembly of 1302 are published by M. Georges Picot in his collection of Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire de France . During the same reign they were subsequently assembled several times to give him aid by granting subsidies . Over time subsidies came to be the most frequent motive for their convocation . In one sense , the composition and powers of the Estates General always remained the same . They always included representatives of the First Estate ( clergy ) , Second Estate ( the nobility ) , and Third Estate ( commoners : all others ) , and monarchs always summoned them either to grant subsidies or to advise the Crown , to give aid and counsel . Their composition , however , as well as their effective powers , varied greatly at different times . In their primitive form in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries , the Estates General had only a limited elective element . The lay lords and the ecclesiastical lords ( bishops and other high clergy ) who made up the Estates General were not elected by their peers , but directly chosen and summoned by the king . In the order of the clergy , however , since certain ecclesiastical bodies , e.g. abbeys and chapters of cathedrals , were also summoned to the assembly , and as these bodies , being persons in the moral but not in the physical sense , could not appear in person , their representative had to be chosen by the monks of the convent or the canons of the chapter . It was only the representation of the Third Estate which was furnished by election . Originally , the latter was not called upon as a whole to seek representation in the estates . It was only the bonnes villes , the privileged towns , which were called upon . They were represented by elected procureurs , who were frequently the municipal officials of the town , but deputies were often elected for the purpose . The country districts , the plat pays , were not represented . Even within the bonnes villes , the franchise was quite narrow . It was during the last thirty years of the 15th century that the Estates General became an entirely elective body and really representative of the whole nation as divided into three parts . This came about through various causes . On the one hand , the nobles and prelates who were summoned were not always inclined to attend the estates , so had themselves represented by an envoy , a procureur , as they had the right to do , and frequently the lords or prelates of the same district chose the same procureur to represent them . On the other hand , the Crown seems at that time to have felt the need of having the consent of representatives really expressing the will and feelings of all the orders , and especially of the Third Estate as a whole . The letters of summons to the Estates General of 1484 invited the ecclesiastics , nobles , and Third Estate to meet at the chief town of their bailliage or sénéchaussé and elect deputies . An intermediate form had been employed in 1468 when the prelates and lords had still been summoned personally , but the towns had each elected three deputies , an ecclesiastic , a noble and a burgess . At the estates of 1484 there seems to have been universal and direct suffrage for all the three orders . But the roturiers of the country districts could not in practice avail themselves of this power ; so the country communities and small towns spontaneously elected delegates to represent them at the electoral assembly . Thus a system of indirect election arose for the Third Estate which became confirmed and subsequently continued to be used . To a certain extent there were sometimes more than two degrees in the suffrage ; the delegates nominated by the country communities would gather together with the electors chosen by the neighbouring little town , and appoint with them new delegates to represent them at the electoral assembly of the bailliage . This ultimately became the system . For the clergy and nobles , the suffrage remained direct ; but as a rule only such ecclesiastics were admitted to the assembly of the bailliage as possessed a benefice , and only such lords as had a fief . Rise and fall of power ( edit ) The effective powers of the Estates General likewise varied over time . In the 14th century they were considerable . The king could not , in theory , levy general taxation . Even in the provinces attached to the domain of the Crown , he could only levy it where he had retained the haute justice over the inhabitants , but not on the subjects of lords having the haute justice . The privileged towns had generally the right of taxing themselves . To collect general taxes , the king required consent of the lay and ecclesiastical lords , and of the towns . This amounted to needing authorization from the Estates General , which only granted these subsidies temporarily for fairly short periods . As a result , they were summoned frequently and their power over the Crown became considerable . In the second half of the 14th century , however , certain royal taxes , levied throughout the Crown 's domain , tended to become permanent and independent of the vote of the estates . This sprang from many causes , but from one in particular ; the Crown endeavoured by transforming and changing the nature of the `` feudal aid '' to levy a general tax by right , on its own authority , in such cases as those in which a lord could demand feudal aid from his vassals . For instance , it was in this way that the necessary taxes were raised for twenty years to pay the ransom of King John II of France without a vote of the Estates General , although they met several times during this period . Custom confined this tendency . Thus during the second half of the 15th century the chief taxes , the taille , aids and gabelle became definitely permanent for the benefit of the Crown , sometimes by the formal consent of the Estates General , as in 1437 in the case of the aids . The critical periods of the Hundred Years ' War favoured the Estates General , though at the price of great sacrifices . Under the reign of King John II they had controlled , from 1355 to 1358 , not only the voting , but through their commissaries , the administration of and jurisdiction over the taxes . In the first half of the reign of Charles VII they had been summoned almost every year and had dutifully voted subsidies . But when the struggle was over they renounced , through weariness and a longing for peace , their most precious right , the power of the purse . At the estates of 1484 , however , after the death of Louis XI , the Duke of Orleans sought to obtain the regency during the minority of Charles VIII , but the Estates sided with Charles 's sister Anne de Beaujeu and refused . Deputies of the three orders united their efforts in the hope of regaining the right of periodically sanctioning taxation . They voted the taille for two years only , at the same time reducing it to the amount it had reached at the end of the reign of Charles VII . They even demanded , and obtained , the promise of the Crown that they should be summoned again before the expiration of the two years . But the promise was not kept , and the Estates General were not summoned again until 1560 . There was thus a 76 - year interim , during which successive kings expanded the role of the centralised state through various means . Revival in 1560 -- 1614 ( edit ) The Estates General was revived in the second half of the 16th century because of scarcity of money and the quarrels and Wars of Religion . The estates of Orléans in 1560 , followed by those of Pontoise in 1561 , and those of Blois in 1576 and 1588 were most remarkable for the wisdom , courage and efforts of the deputies , but on the whole were lacking in effect . Those of 1588 ended with a regular coup d'etat effected by Henry III , and the States summoned by the League , which sat in Paris in 1593 and whose chief object was to elect a Catholic king , were not a success . The Estates General again met in Paris in 1614 , on the occasion of the disturbances that followed the death of Henry IV ; however , though their minutes bear witness to their sentiments of exalted patriotism , dissensions between the three orders rendered them weak . They dissolved before completing their work and were not summoned again until 1789 . As to the question whether the Estates General formed one or three chambers for the purposes of their working , from the constitutional point of view the point was never decided . What the king required was to have the consent , the resolution of the three estates of the realm ; it was in reality of little importance to him whether their resolutions expressed themselves in common or separately . At the Estates General of 1484 the elections were made in common for the three orders , and the deputies also arrived at their resolutions in common . But after 1560 the rule was that each order deliberate separately ; the royal declaration of 23 June 1789 ( at the outbreak of the French Revolution ) even stated that they formed three distinct chambers . But Necker 's report to the conseil du roi according to which the convocation of 1789 was decided , said ( as did the declaration of 23 June ) , that on matters of common interest the deputies of the three orders could deliberate together , if each of the others decided by a separate vote in favour of this , and if the king consented . The working of the Estates General led to an almost exclusive system of deliberation by committees . There were , it is true , solemn general sessions , called séances royales , because the king presided ; but at these there was no discussion . At the first , the king or his chancellor announced the object of the convocation , and set forth the demands or questions put to them by the Crown ; at the other royal sessions each order made known its answers or observations by the mouth of an orateur elected for the purpose . But almost all useful work was done in the sections , among which the deputies of each order were divided . At the estates of 1484 they were divided into six nations or sections , corresponding to the six généralités then existing . Subsequently , the deputies belonging to the same gouvernement formed a group or bureau for deliberating and voting purposes . Certain questions , however , were discussed and decided in full assembly ; sometimes , too , the estates nominated commissaries in equal numbers for each order . But in the ancient Estates General there was never any personal vote . The unit represented for each of the three orders was the bailliage or sénéchaussé and each bailliage had one vote , the majority of the deputies of the bailliage deciding in what way this vote should be given . At the estates of the 16th century voting was by gouvernements , each gouvernement having one vote , but the majority of the bailliages composing the gouvernement decided how it should be given . The Estates General , when they gave counsel , had in theory only a consultative faculty . They had the power of granting subsidies , which was the chief and ordinary cause of their convocation . But it had come to be a consent with which the king could dispense , as permanent taxation became established . In the 16th century , however , the estates again claimed that their consent was necessary for the establishment of new taxation , and , on the whole , the facts seemed to be in favour of this view at the time . However , in the course of the 17th century the principle gained recognition that the king could tax on his own sole authority . Thus were established in the second half of the 17th century , and in the 18th , the direct taxes of the capitation and of the dixième or vingtième , and many indirect taxes . It was sufficient for the law creating them to be registered by the cours des aides and the parlements . It was only in 1787 that the parlement of Paris declared that it could not register the new taxes , the land - tax and stamp duty ( subvention territoriale and impôt du timbre ) , as they did not know whether they would be submitted to by the country , and that the consent of the representatives of the tax - payers must be asked . The Estates General had legally no share in the legislative power , which belonged to the king alone . The Estates of Blois demanded in 1576 that the king be bound to turn into law any proposition voted in identical terms by each of the three orders ; but Henry III would not grant this demand , which would not even have left him a right of veto . In practice , however , the Estates General contributed largely to legislation . Those who sat in them had at all times the right of presenting complaints ( doléances ) , requests and petitions to the king ; in this , indeed , consisted their sole initiative . They were usually answered by an ordonnance , and it is chiefly through these that we are acquainted with the activity of the estates of the 14th and 15th centuries . In the latest form , and from the estates of 1484 onwards , this was done by a new and special procedure . The Estates had become an entirely elective assembly , and at the elections ( at each step of the election if there were several ) the electors drew up a cahier de doléances ( statement of grievances ) , which they requested the deputies to present . This even appeared to be the most important feature of an election . The deputies of each order in every bailliage also brought with them a cahier des doléances , arrived at , for the third estate , by a combination of statements drawn up by the primary or secondary electors . On the assembly of the estates the cahiers of the bailliages were incorporated into a cahier for each gouvernement , and these again into a cahier general or general statement , which was presented to the king , and which he answered in his council . When the three orders deliberated in common , as in 1484 , there was only one cahier général ; when they deliberated separately , there were three , one for each order . The drawing up of the cahier general was looked upon as the main business ( le grand cause ) of the session . By this means the Estates General furnished the material for numerous ordonnances , though the king did not always adopt the propositions contained in the cahiers , and often modified them in forming them into an ordonnance . These latter were the ordonnances de reforme ( reforming ordinances ) , treating of the most varied subjects , according to the demands of the cahiers . They were not , however , for the most part very well observed . The last of the type was the grande ordonnance of 1629 ( Code Michau ) , drawn up in accordance with the cahiers of 1614 and with the observations of various assemblies of notables that followed them . The peculiar power of the Estates General was recognized , but was of a kind that could not often be exercised . It was , essentially , a constituent power . The ancient public law of France contained a number of rules called `` the fundamental laws of the realm '' ( lois fondamentales du royaume ) , though most of them were purely customary . Chief among these were rules that determined the succession to the Crown and rules forbidding alienation of the domain of the Crown . The king , supreme though his power might be , could not abrogate , modify or infringe them . But it was admitted that he might do so by the consent of the Estates General . The Estates could give the king a dispensation from a fundamental law in a given instance ; they could even , in agreement with the king , make new fundamental laws . The Estates of Blois of 1576 and 1588 offer entirely convincing precedents in this respect . It was universally recognized that in the event of the line of Hugh Capet becoming extinct , it would be the function of the States - General to elect a new king . The Estates General of 1614 proved the last for over a century and a half . A new convocation had indeed been announced to take place on the majority of Louis XIII , and letters were even issued in view of the elections , but this ended in nothing . Absolute monarchy progressively became definitely established , and appeared incompatible with the institution of the Estates General . Liberal minds , however , in the entourage of Louis , duc de Bourgogne , who were preparing a new plan of government in view of his expected accession to the French throne in succession to Louis XIV , thought of reviving the institution . It figures in the projects of Saint - Simon and Fénelon though the latter would have preferred to begin with an assembly of non-elected notables . But though St Simon stood high in the favor of the regent Orléans , the death of Louis XIV did not see a summoning of the Estates . 1789 ( edit ) Main article : Estates - General of 1789 Caricature on the Third Estate carrying the first and second estate on its back At the time of the revolution , the First Estate comprised 10,000 Catholic clergy and owned 5 -- 10 % of the lands in France -- the highest per capita of any estate . All property of the First Estate was tax exempt . The Second Estate comprised the nobility , which consisted of 400,000 people at the time , including women and children . Since the death of Louis XIV in 1715 , the nobles had enjoyed a resurgence in power . They had almost a monopoly over distinguished government service , higher church offices , army parliaments , and most other public and semipublic honors by the time of the revolution . Like the First Estate , they were not taxed by the principle of feudal precedent . The Third Estate comprised about 25 million people : the bourgeoisie , the peasants , and everyone else in France . Unlike the First and Second Estates , the Third Estate were compelled to pay taxes , but the bourgeoisie found one way or another to be exempt from them . The heavy burden of the French government therefore fell upon the poorest in French society -- the peasantry , the working poor , and the farmers . There was much resentment from the Third Estate towards its superiors . In 1789 , the Estates General was summoned for the first time since 1614 . As Fénelon had wished in former days , an Assembly of Notables in 1787 ( which already displayed great independence ) preceded the Estates General session . According to the model of 1614 , the Estates General would consist of equal numbers of representatives of each Estate , but the Third Estate demanded , and ultimately received , double representation , which they already had in the provincial assemblies . When the Estates General convened in Versailles on 5 May 1789 , however , it became clear that the double representation was something of a sham : voting was to occur `` by orders '' , which meant that the collective vote of the 578 representatives of the Third Estate would be weighed the same as that of each of the other Estates . Royal efforts to focus solely on taxes failed totally . The Estates General reached an immediate impasse , debating ( with each of the three estates meeting separately ) its own structure rather than the nation 's finances . On 28 May 1789 , Abbé Sieyès moved that the Third Estate , now meeting as the Communes ( English : Commons ) , proceed with verification of its own powers and invite the other two estates to take part , but not to wait for them . They proceeded to do so , completing the process on June 17 . Then they voted a measure far more radical , declaring themselves the National Assembly , an assembly not of the Estates but of `` the People '' . They invited the other orders to join them , but made it clear that they intended to conduct the nation 's affairs with or without them . King Louis XVI of France tried to resist . When he shut down the Salle des États where the Assembly met , the Assembly moved their deliberations to a nearby tennis court , where they proceeded to swear the Tennis Court Oath ( 20 June 1789 ) , under which they agreed not to separate until they had given France a constitution . A majority of the representatives of the clergy soon joined them , as did forty - seven members of the nobility . By 27 June the royal party had overtly given in , although the military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles . Messages of support for the Assembly poured in from Paris and other French cities . On 9 July the Assembly reconstituted itself as the National Constituent Assembly . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French States - General . States General of the Netherlands Estates General of French Canada The Estates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Estates - General in Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Kiser , Edgar ; April Linton ( Dec 2002 ) . `` The hinges of history : state - making and revolt in early modern France '' . American Sociological Review . 67 ( 6 ) : 889 -- 910 . doi : 10.2307 / 3088975 . JSTOR 3088975 . Jump up ^ Robin , Larsen and Levin . Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance : Italy , France , and England . p. 42 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` States - General '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Diana Maury Robin , Anne R. Larsen and Carole Levin ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance : Italy , France , and England . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , Inc . ISBN 1 - 8510 - 9772 - 4 . 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what was the composition of the estate general of france

In France under the Old Regime , the Estates General ( French : États généraux ) or States - General was a legislative and consultative assembly ( see The Estates ) of the different classes ( or estates ) of French subjects . It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates ( clergy , nobility and commoners ) , which were called and dismissed by the king . It had no true power in its own right -- unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation -- instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king , primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy . The Estates General met intermittently until 1614 and only once afterwards , but was not definitively dissolved until after the French Revolution .

Atlanta Falcons - wikipedia Atlanta Falcons Jump to : navigation , search Atlanta Falcons Current season Established June 30 , 1965 ; 52 years ago ( June 30 , 1965 ) First season : 1966 Play in Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1966 -- present ) Eastern Conference ( 1966 ) Western Conference ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Coastal Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC West ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Red , Silver , White Mascot Freddie Falcon Personnel Owner ( s ) Arthur Blank CEO Rich McKay President Rich McKay General manager Thomas Dimitroff Head coach Dan Quinn Team history Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Team nicknames The Dirty Birds Grits Blitz ( 1977 defense ) Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 1998 , 2016 Division championships ( 6 ) NFC West : 1980 , 1998 NFC South : 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 14 ) NFL : 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1991 , 1995 , 1998 , 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2016 , 2017 Home fields Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( 1966 -- 1991 ) Georgia Dome ( 1992 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta . The Falcons compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The Falcons joined the NFL in 1965 as an expansion team , after the NFL offered then - owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League ( AFL ) . In their 51 years of existence , the Falcons have compiled a record of 350 -- 450 -- 6 ( 341 -- 437 -- 6 in the regular season and 9 -- 13 in the playoffs ) , winning division championships in 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2016 . The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls , the first being during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII , where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34 -- 19 , and the second being a 34 -- 28 overtime defeat by the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI . The Falcons ' current home field is Mercedes - Benz Stadium , which opened in time for the 2017 season ; the team 's headquarters and practice facilities are located at a 50 - acre site in Flowery Branch , Georgia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Professional football comes to Atlanta 1.2 1966 -- 1977 : Early struggles 1.3 1978 -- 1989 1.4 1989 -- 1996 1.5 1997 -- 2000 : The Dan Reeves era 1.6 2001 -- 2006 1.7 2007 1.8 2008 -- 2014 : The Mike Smith era 1.8. 1 2008 1.8. 2 2009 1.8. 3 2010 1.8. 4 2011 1.8. 5 2012 1.8. 6 2013 1.8. 7 2014 1.9 2015 -- present : The Dan Quinn era 1.9. 1 2015 1.9. 2 2016 1.9. 3 2017 2 Stadiums 3 Logo and uniforms 4 Rivalries 4.1 New Orleans Saints 4.2 Carolina Panthers 5 Statistics 5.1 Season - by - season records 5.2 Record vs. opponents 5.3 Single game records 5.4 Single season records 5.5 Career records 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.3 Retired numbers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 6.6 Starting quarterbacks 6.7 Draft history 7 Coaching staff 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Current staff 8 Radio and television 8.1 Radio affiliates 8.1. 1 Georgia 8.1. 2 Alabama 8.1. 3 Mississippi 8.1. 4 South Carolina 8.1. 5 Tennessee 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External links Franchise history Further information : History of the Atlanta Falcons Professional Football comes to Atlanta Professional football first came to Atlanta in 1962 , when the American Football League staged two preseason contests , with one featuring the Denver Broncos vs. the Houston Oilers and the second pitting the Dallas Texans against the Oakland Raiders . Two years later , the AFL held another exhibition , this time with the New York Jets taking on the San Diego Chargers . In 1965 , after the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( then known simply as Atlanta Stadium ) was built , the city of Atlanta felt the time was right to start pursuing professional football . One independent group which had been active in NFL exhibition promotions in Atlanta applied for franchises in both the American Football League and the National Football League , acting entirely on its own with no guarantee of stadium rights . Another group reported it had deposited earnest money for a team in the AFL . With everyone running in different directions , some local businessmen worked out a deal and were awarded an AFL franchise on June 7 , 1965 , contingent upon acquiring exclusive stadium rights from city officials . NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle , who had been moving slowly in Atlanta matters , was spurred by the AFL interest and headed on the next plane down to Atlanta to block the rival league 's claim on the city of Atlanta . He forced the city to make a choice between the two leagues . By June 30 , the city picked Rankin Smith and the NFL . The Atlanta Falcons franchise began on June 30 , 1965 , when NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle granted ownership to 41 - year - old Rankin Smith Sr. Smith , an Executive Vice President of Life Insurance Company of Georgia at the time , paid $8.5 million the highest price in NFL history at the time for a franchise . Former commissioner Pete Rozelle and Smith made the deal in about five minutes and the Atlanta Falcons brought the largest and most popular sport to the city of Atlanta . The Atlanta expansion franchise became the 15th NFL franchise , and they were awarded the first pick in the 1966 NFL draft as well as the final pick in each of the first five rounds . The Falcons drafted All - American linebacker Tommy Nobis from the University of Texas with the first pick of the draft , making him the first - ever Falcon . The league also held the 1966 NFL Expansion Draft six weeks later in which the Falcons selected unprotected players from existing franchises . Although the Falcons selected many good players in those drafts , they still were not able to win right away . The Atlanta Falcons Football Club received its nickname on August 29 , 1965 . Miss Julia Elliott , a school teacher from Griffin , Georgia , was singled out from many people who suggested `` Falcons '' as the nickname for the new franchise . Elliott wrote : `` the Falcon is proud and dignified , with great courage and fight . It never drops its prey . It is deadly and has a great sporting tradition . '' 1966 -- 1977 : early struggles The Falcons had their first season in 1966 , and their first preseason game on August 1 , 1966 , losing to the Philadelphia Eagles . Under head coach Norb Hecker they lost their first nine regular - season games in 1966 and secured their first victory on the road against the New York Giants . The team finished the 1960s with only 12 wins . The Falcons had their first Monday Night Football game in Atlanta during the 1970 season , losing 20 -- 7 to the Miami Dolphins . The only two winning seasons in this twelve - year period were 1971 and 1973 . 1978 -- 1989 The Falcons ' defense taking on Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway during a 1985 game . In the 1978 season , the Falcons qualified for the playoffs for the first time and won the Wild Card game against the Eagles 14 -- 13 . The following week , they lost to the Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 20 in the Divisional Playoffs . In the 1980 season , after a nine - game winning streak , the Falcons posted a franchise then - best record of 12 -- 4 and captured their first NFC West division title . The next week , their dream season ended at home with a loss to the Cowboys 30 -- 27 in the divisional playoffs . In the strike - shortened 1982 season , the Falcons made the playoffs but lost to the Minnesota Vikings , 30 -- 24 . Falcons coach Leeman Bennett was fired after the loss . The team would then have losing seasons for the next eight years . 1989 -- 1996 In 1989 , the Falcons drafted cornerback Deion Sanders in the first round , who helped them for the next four years , setting many records for the franchise . `` Neon Deion '' ( a.k.a. `` Prime Time '' ) had a flashy appeal and helped bring media attention to one of the league 's most anonymous franchises . Sanders was also famous for playing on major league baseball teams ( the New York Yankees and the Atlanta Braves ) while simultaneously playing in the NFL . The Falcons playing against the Los Angeles Rams during a 1991 away game . After defeating the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Wild Card game , the Falcons ' 1991 season ended in a divisional playoff loss to the Washington Redskins . In 1991 , the Falcons drafted Brett Favre as the thirty - third overall pick . During his rookie season , he played in two games where he amassed a record of 4 passing attempts with 0 receptions and 2 interceptions . The following February , Favre was traded to the Green Bay Packers . In 1992 , the Atlanta Falcons opened a new chapter in their history moving into the newly constructed Georgia Dome , where the team has defeated all 31 other NFL teams at least during its time there . 1997 -- 2000 : the Dan Reeves era In 1998 , under recently acquired head coach Dan Reeves , quarterback Chris Chandler and running back Jamal Anderson the `` Dirty Bird '' Falcons had their greatest season to date . On November 8 , they beat the New England Patriots 41 -- 10 , ending a streak of 22 losses at cold - weather sites . The team finished with a franchise - best 14 -- 2 regular season record and the NFC West division championship . On January 17 , 1999 , the Falcons upset the top - seeded Vikings at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in the NFC Championship Game 30 -- 27 , in an exciting overtime victory . However , in their first - ever Super Bowl appearance , they lost 34 -- 19 to the defending champion Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII . In the second game of the Falcons 1999 season , running back Jamal Anderson , who had been a key player in the Falcons ' 1998 success , suffered a season - ending knee injury . The Falcons finished the season with a very disappointing 5 -- 11 regular season record . In 2000 , the Falcons suffered through another horrendous season finishing 4 -- 12 and once again missing the playoffs . 2001 -- 2006 In the 2001 NFL draft , the Falcons orchestrated a trade with the San Diego Chargers , acquiring the first overall pick ( which was used on quarterback Michael Vick ) in exchange for wide receiver - return specialist Tim Dwight and the fifth overall pick ( used on running back LaDainian Tomlinson ) . The Falcons finished the 2001 season with a record of 7 -- 9 and missed the playoffs . Jessie Tuggle retired following 14 seasons in Atlanta . On December 6 , 2001 , Arthur M. Blank reached a preliminary agreement with the Falcons ' Taylor Smith to purchase the team . In a special meeting prior to Super Bowl XXXVI in New Orleans on February 2 , 2002 , NFL owners voted unanimously to approve the purchase . The 2002 season saw the Falcons return to the playoffs with a regular season record of 9 -- 6 -- 1 , tying the Pittsburgh Steelers . It was Vick 's first year as the starter , and the team , with newly acquired running back Warrick Dunn , delivered the Green Bay Packers their first home playoff loss ever . A 20 - 6 loss to the Donovan McNabb - led Philadelphia Eagles the following week , however , ended the Falcons ' season . On March 19 , 2003 , the Falcons presented their new logo . During the 2003 preseason Vick broke his leg and missed the first twelve games of the season . After losing 7 straight games , the decision was made to release head coach Dan Reeves . Wade Phillips acted as interim coach for the final 3 games . Although the Falcons won 3 of their last 4 games after the return of Vick , they ended up with a 5 -- 11 record that year . In 2004 , a new head coach , Jim L. Mora , was hired and Vick returned for the full season . The Falcons went 11 -- 5 , winning their third division title and earning a first - round bye into the playoffs . In the divisional playoffs , the Falcons defeated the St. Louis Rams , 47 -- 17 , in the Georgia Dome , advancing to the NFC Championship Game , which they lost to the Eagles , 27 -- 10 . The Falcons again fell short of achieving back - to - back winning seasons in 2005 , going 8 -- 8 . In 2006 , Michael Vick became the first quarterback in league history to rush for more than 1,000 yards in a season , with 1,039 . After finishing the season 7 -- 9 , however , coach Jim Mora was dismissed and Bobby Petrino , the University of Louisville 's football coach , replaced him . Before the 2007 season began , Vick was suspended indefinitely by the NFL after pleading guilty to charges involving dog fighting in the state of Virginia . On December 10 , 2007 , Vick received a 23 - month prison sentence and was officially cut from the Atlanta roster . 2007 Main article : 2007 Atlanta Falcons season For the 2007 season , the Falcons were forced to start Joey Harrington at quarterback . On December 11 , 13 games into his first NFL season as head coach , Bobby Petrino resigned without notice to coach at the University of Arkansas , leaving the beleaguered players only a note in the locker room . Secondary Coach Emmitt Thomas was named interim coach for the final three games of the season on December 12 . The Falcons ended the year with a dismal 4 -- 12 record . 2008 -- 2014 : the Mike Smith era Mike Smith After the tumultuous and disappointing 2007 season , the Falcons made a number of moves , hiring a new General Manager and head coach , drafting a new starting quarterback , and signing a starting running back . On January 13 , 2008 , the Falcons named former Patriots director of college football scouting Thomas Dimitroff General Manager . On January 23 , Jacksonville Jaguars defensive coach and former linebackers coach for the 2000 Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens Mike Smith was named the Falcons ' new head coach . Chargers back - up RB Michael Turner agreed to a 6 - year deal , $30 million deal on March 2 . On April 26 , Matt Ryan ( quarterback from Boston College ) was drafted third overall in the 2008 NFL draft by the Falcons . 2008 Main article : 2008 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons finished the 2008 regular season with a record of 11 -- 5 , and the # 5 seed in the playoffs . On December 21 , 2008 , Atlanta beat the Minnesota Vikings 24 -- 17 to clinch a wild card spot , earning a trip to the playoffs for the first time since 2004 . The Falcons would go on to lose in the wild - card round of the 2008 NFL playoffs to the eventual NFC champion Arizona Cardinals , 30 -- 24 . Matt Ryan started all 16 games in his rookie season and was named the Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year . First - year head coach Mike Smith was named 2008 NFL Coach of the Year . 2009 Main article : 2009 Atlanta Falcons season Although they failed to make the playoffs in 2009 the team rallied to win their final three regular season games to record back - to - back winning seasons for the first time in franchise history . The Falcons defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 20 -- 10 in the final game of the season to improve their record to 9 -- 7 . Main article : 2010 Atlanta Falcons season In 2010 , with a regular season record of 13 -- 3 , the Falcons secured a third straight winning season , their fourth overall divisional title , and the top overall seed in the NFC playoffs ; however , the Falcons were overpowered by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Playoffs 48 -- 21 . The Falcons scored 414 points -- the fifth-most in franchise history . The team sent an NFL - high and franchise - best nine players to the 2011 Pro Bowl . 2011 Main article : 2011 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons made a surprise trade up with the Cleveland Browns in the 2011 NFL draft to select Alabama wide receiver Julio Jones sixth overall . In exchange , the Falcons gave up their first - , second - and fourth - round draft picks in 2011 , and their first and fourth draft picks in 2012 . Jones , along with teammates Tony Gonzalez and Roddy White , have since been dubbed Atlanta 's `` Big Three '' ( based on their total number of reception yards ) . On August 30 , 2011 , Sports Illustrated senior writer Peter King , who correctly predicted the 2011 Super Bowl , made his predictions for the 2011 season and picked the Falcons to defeat the San Diego Chargers in the 2012 Super Bowl . The Falcons finished the season at 10 -- 6 , securing the fifth seed after a Week 17 beatdown of Tampa Bay in which the Falcons pulled their starters after leading 42 -- 0 just 23 minutes into the game . The Falcons then went on to play the New York Giants in a 2011 NFC Wild Card Game at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The first half was a defensive struggle , with the first points coming off of a safety by the Falcons , giving Atlanta a 2 -- 0 lead . In the 2nd quarter , though , Eli Manning connected with Hakeem Nicks for a short touchdown pass to make it 7 -- 2 Giants heading into the 2nd half . Then the Giants took control , as Manning threw for two more TD passes to Mario Manningham and Nicks and the defense completed its shutout of the Falcons to give the New York Giants the win , 24 -- 2 , and the Falcons their third straight playoff loss with Matt Ryan and Mike Smith . After the season Defense Coordinator Brian VanGorder accepted a coaching job at Auburn University , and the offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey took the head coaching job in Jacksonville . 2012 Main article : 2012 Atlanta Falcons season Atlanta exploded out of the gate , going a franchise best 8 -- 0 and remaining the last unbeaten team in the NFL that year . Their hopes to get an undefeated season came to an end with a 27 -- 31 loss to the division rival Saints . Julio Jones had a remarkable second year , grabbing 10 touchdowns and 1,198 yards . The Falcons finished the season 13 -- 3 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC playoffs . The Falcons played the Seattle Seahawks in their first playoff game . Although they went down 28 -- 27 with only 31 seconds left on the clock , Matt Ryan led the team to their first playoff victory , 30 -- 28 . It was the only playoff victory in the Mike Smith era . The Atlanta Falcons then advanced to face the San Francisco 49ers . The Falcons seized control of the game early with a Matt Bryant field goal , a trio of Matt Ryan touchdown passes caught by Julio Jones and Tony Gonzalez coupled with outstanding defensive play . By the end of the half , the score was 24 -- 14 . The tides of the game began to shift in the second half as the 49ers rallied back with a pair of Frank Gore touchdown runs . Atlanta 's offense attempted to reply but were ultimately shut down by the 49er defense . A few series later , late in the 4th quarter with little time remaining , Atlanta found themselves in a 4th and 4 situation at the 10 - yard line . The Falcons needed just 10 more yards to secure victory and advance to their first Super Bowl berth in 14 years . Matt Ryan fired a pass to Roddy White which was ultimately broken up by inside linebacker NaVorro Bowman , resulting in a 28 -- 24 defeat . 2013 Main article : 2013 Atlanta Falcons season Following the success of the previous season , the Falcons were an expected Super Bowl contender . However , injuries hampered the team 's performance and the team finished the season 4 -- 12 . With that , the streak of consecutive winning seasons came to an end and Mike Smith had his first losing season as a head coach . Tony Gonzalez , in his final season in the NFL , was selected to the 2014 Pro Bowl as a starter representing Team Rice . Following the conclusion of the 2012 season , director of player personnel Les Snead departed the team to join the St. Louis Rams and Dave Caldwell , assistant to general manager Thomas Dimitroff , left the team to join the Jacksonville Jaguars . Scott Pioli , former GM of the New England Patriots , was announced as the Falcons ' new assistant GM . Mike Smith was given a one - year extension on his contract as head coach . The Falcons had the 6th overall pick in the 2014 NFL draft with which they selected Jake Matthews , who played as offensive tackle for Texas A&M . 2014 Main article : 2014 Atlanta Falcons season Despite having another rough season , the Falcons still had an opportunity to qualify for the playoffs at the end of the regular season . The Falcons hosted the Carolina Panthers in their regular season finale , with the winners clinching the NFC South division . Unfortunately , the Falcons lost in a 34 -- 3 blowout as Matt Ryan threw two interceptions that were returned for touchdowns and got sacked six times . The Falcons finished the season 6 -- 10 , marking the second consecutive losing season for the team . The following day , Mike Smith was fired after seven seasons as head coach . The Falcons would soon hire Seattle Seahawks defensive coordinator Dan Quinn as the team 's 16th head coach . The Falcons had the 8th overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft with which they selected Vic Beasley , a defensive end from Clemson University . 2015 -- present : the Dan Quinn era 2015 Main article : 2015 Atlanta Falcons season Dan Quinn In February 2015 , the team was investigated by the NFL for alleged use of artificial crowd noise in the Georgia Dome . The Falcons lost a 2016 NFL Draft selection as a result of the league 's investigation . Dan Quinn 's first season saw a 5 -- 0 start , the team 's best start in four years . They would then struggle throughout the rest of the season by losing 8 of their last 11 games , resulting in an 8 -- 8 record . They did , however , give the Panthers their only regular season loss . The Falcons used their first - round pick in the 2016 NFL Draft on safety Keanu Neal from the University of Florida . 2016 Main article : 2016 Atlanta Falcons season In the Falcons ' 25th and final season in the Georgia Dome , Atlanta lost their Week 1 game to the Buccaneers 24 -- 31 . The Falcons would then win their next four including one over the Panthers , when the franchise set new records . Matt Ryan threw for 503 yards , and Julio Jones caught twelve passes for 300 yards . With a 41 -- 13 thrashing of the San Francisco 49ers in Week 15 , the Falcons improved to 9 -- 5 and secured their first winning season since 2012 . One week later , the Falcons defeated the Panthers in Charlotte , North Carolina and clinched their first NFC South division title since 2012 . In their last regular season game at the Georgia Dome , the Falcons defeated the New Orleans Saints , and secured an 11 -- 5 record and a first round bye . In the divisional round of the playoffs , Atlanta defeated the Seahawks 36 -- 20 in the Georgia Dome , and hosted their last game at the Dome against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2017 . The Falcons defeated the Packers 44 -- 21 to advance to Super Bowl LI as the NFC champions . Atlanta was up 28 -- 3 late in the third quarter , and the New England Patriots scored 31 unanswered points , with the last 6 in the first - ever overtime in the Super Bowl . The Patriots ' 25 - point comeback was the largest in Super Bowl history . In 2016 , the Falcons scored 540 points in the regular season , the seventh-most in NFL history , tied with the Greatest Show on Turf ( the 2000 St. Louis Rams ) . However , the Falcons defense gave up 406 points , 27th in the league . 2017 Main article : 2017 Atlanta Falcons season The Falcons moved into their new home , the Mercedes - Benz Stadium , this season . Their first game ever played at the new stadium was a preseason loss to the Arizona Cardinals . The first regular season game at the new stadium was a rematch of the 2016 -- 17 NFC Championship , with Atlanta defeating Green Bay 34 -- 23 . Their first loss of the season was a 23 -- 17 home defeat to the Buffalo Bills in week 4 . The team returned to the playoffs with a 10 - 6 record ( albeit with a third - place finish in the NFC South ) . The Falcons defeated the Los Angeles Rams 26 - 13 in the Wild Card round , but their 2017 season came to an end a week later in the Divisional Playoff round at the hands of the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles 15 - 10 . Stadiums Main article : Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Falcons have called three stadiums home in their 51 years of existence , and its third home in their history opened in the late summer of 2017 . The first was the Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , sharing with the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball team until 1991 . In 1992 , the Georgia Dome was built , and the Falcons played there from its opening to the 2016 season . The Dome has been frequently used for college football , including Georgia State football and college bowl games such as the Peach Bowl . In an effort to replace the aging Georgia Dome and potentially host a future Super Bowl , team owner Arthur Blank proposed a deal with the city of Atlanta to build a new state - of - the - art stadium not far from where the Georgia Dome is located . Blank will contribute $800 million and the city of Atlanta will contribute an additional $200 million via bonds backed by the city 's hotel / motel tax towards the construction of a retractable roof stadium . Blank will contribute additional money for cost overruns if it is needed . The team will provide up to $50 million towards infrastructure costs that were n't included in the construction budget and to retire the remaining debt on the Georgia Dome . In addition , Blank 's foundation and the city will each provide $15 million for development in surrounding neighborhoods . Though the total cost of the stadium was initially estimated to be around $1 billion , the total cost was revised to $1.5 billion according to Blank . In March 2013 , the Atlanta City Council voted 11 -- 4 in favor of building the stadium . The retractable roof Mercedes - Benz Stadium broke ground in May 2014 , and became the third home stadium for the Falcons and the first for the new Atlanta United FC Major League Soccer club upon opening in 2017 . Logo and uniforms Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1971 -- 1989 Atlanta Falcons uniform : 1997 -- 2002 The Atlanta Falcons ' colors are red , black , silver and white . When the team began play in 1966 , the Falcons wore red helmets with a black falcon crest logo . In the center of the helmet was a center black stripe surrounded by two gold stripes and two white stripes . These colors represented the two college rival schools in the state of Georgia ; rival schools Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ( white and gold ) and the Georgia Bulldogs ( red and black ) . Although the gold was removed after several seasons , the white remains to this day . They wore white pants and either black or white jerseys . At first , the falcon crest logo was also put on the jersey sleeves , but it was replaced by a red and white stripe pattern four years later . They switched from black to red jerseys in 1971 , and the club began to wear silver pants in 1978 . A prototype white helmet was developed for the team prior to the 1974 season , but was never worn . In 1990 , the uniform design changed to black helmets , silver pants , and either black or white jerseys . The numbers on the white jerseys were black , but were changed to red in 1997 . ( The red numerals could be seen on the away jerseys briefly in 1990 . ) Both the logo and uniforms changed in 2003 . The logo was redesigned with red and silver accents to depict a more powerful , aggressive falcon , which now more closely resembles the capital letter F . Although the Falcons still wore black helmets , the new uniforms featured jerseys and pants with red trim down the sides . The uniform design consisted of either black or white jerseys , and either black or white pants . During that same year , a red alternate jersey with black trim was also introduced . The Falcons also started wearing black cleats with these uniforms . In 2004 , the red jerseys became the primary jerseys , and the black ones became the alternate , both worn with white pants . In select road games , the Falcons wear black pants with white jerseys . The Falcons wore an all - black combination for home games against their archrivals , the New Orleans Saints , winning the first two contests ( 24 -- 21 in 2004 and 36 -- 17 in 2005 ) , but losing 31 -- 13 in 2006 . The Falcons wore the all black combination against the New Orleans Saints for four straight seasons starting in 2004 , With the last time being in 2007 , losing 34 -- 14 . They wore the combination again in 2006 , against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 2 . The Falcons won that game , 14 -- 3 . The Falcons also wore their all - black uniform in 2007 against the New York Giants , and in 2008 against the Carolina Panthers and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( for the second time ) . In the 1980s , the Falcons wore their white uniforms at home most of the time because of the heat . When the Falcons started playing in a dome , the team switched to their dark uniforms for home games but have worn their white uniforms at home a few times since switching to the dome . It was announced at the 2009 state of the franchise meeting that the Falcons would wear 1966 throwback uniforms for a couple games during the 2009 season . The Atlanta Falcons wore 1966 throwback jerseys for two home games in 2009 -- against the Carolina Panthers on September 20 and against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on November 29 . The Falcons won both of those games . They donned the throwbacks again for 2 games in 2010 , against Baltimore and San Francisco , winning both of those games as well . Rivalries New Orleans Saints This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Saints rivalry In every season except for their debut season , the Falcons have shared a division with the New Orleans Saints ( first the NFC West , and now the NFC South ) . Over this time , a heated rivalry has developed between the two cities ' franchises . Atlanta leads the series 51 -- 45 . Carolina Panthers This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Main article : Falcons -- Panthers rivalry In addition , the Falcons share a similar , yet smaller , rivalry with the Carolina Panthers , with both teams having been in the NFC West from the Panthers ' founding in 1995 to the NFL realignment in 2002 , where they have been in the NFC South since then . The Falcons lead the series 27 -- 17 . Statistics Season - by - season records Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons seasons Record vs. opponents Includes postseason records Source : Note : W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties Team Percent Last result Last date Last locale Postseason St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 14 15 0 . 483 W 38 -- 19 November 27 , 2016 Georgia Dome 0 -- 1 postseason Baltimore Ravens 0 . 400 L 7 -- 29 October 19 , 2014 Baltimore , Maryland Buffalo Bills 7 5 0 . 583 L 17 -- 23 October 1 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Carolina Panthers 28 18 0 . 609 W 22 - 10 December 31 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Chicago Bears 13 14 0 . 481 W 23 -- 17 September 10 , 2017 Chicago , Illinois Cincinnati Bengals 5 8 0 . 385 L 10 -- 24 September 14 , 2014 Cincinnati , Ohio Cleveland Browns 11 0 . 214 L 24 -- 26 November 23 , 2014 Georgia Dome Dallas Cowboys 11 14 0 . 440 W 27 - 7 November 12 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 0 -- 2 postseason Denver Broncos 6 8 0 . 429 W 23 -- 16 October 9 , 2016 Denver , Colorado 0 -- 1 postseason Detroit Lions 13 24 0 . 351 W 30 - 26 September 24 , 2017 Detroit , Michigan Green Bay Packers 14 15 0 . 483 W 34 -- 23 September 17 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 2 -- 2 postseason Houston Texans 0 . 500 W 48 -- 21 October 4 , 2015 Georgia Dome Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 14 0 . 125 L 21 -- 24 November 22 , 2015 Georgia Dome Jacksonville Jaguars 0 . 500 W 23 -- 17 December 20 , 2015 Jacksonville , Florida Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 333 L 28 -- 29 December 4 , 2016 Georgia Dome San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 8 0 . 800 L 30 -- 33 ( OT ) October 23 , 2016 Georgia Dome St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 29 47 . 385 W 26 -- 13 January 6 , 2018 Los Angeles , California 2 -- 0 postseason Miami Dolphins 9 0 . 308 L 17 -- 20 October 15 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Minnesota Vikings 10 18 0 . 357 L 9 -- 14 December 3 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Stadium 1 -- 1 postseason New England Patriots 6 9 0 . 400 L 7 -- 23 October 22 , 2017 Foxborough , Massachusetts 0 -- 1 postseason New Orleans Saints 51 46 0 . 526 L 13 -- 23 December 24 , 2017 Mercedes - Benz Superdome 1 -- 0 postseason New York Giants 12 11 0 . 522 W 24 -- 20 September 20 , 2015 East Rutherford , New Jersey 0 -- 1 postseason New York Jets 7 5 0 . 583 W 25 -- 20 October 29 , 2017 East Rutherford , New Jersey Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 7 7 0 . 500 W 35 -- 28 September 18 , 2016 Oakland , California Philadelphia Eagles 13 16 . 450 L 10 -- 15 January 13 , 2018 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1 -- 2 postseason Pittsburgh Steelers 13 . 156 L 20 -- 27 December 14 , 2014 Georgia Dome San Francisco 49ers 30 46 . 396 W 41 -- 13 December 18 , 2016 Georgia Dome 1 -- 1 postseason Seattle Seahawks 7 10 0 . 412 W 34 -- 31 November 20 , 2017 CenturyLink Field 2 -- 0 postseason Tampa Bay Buccaneers 25 24 0 . 510 W 24 - 21 December 18 , 2017 Raymond James Stadium Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans 7 7 0 . 500 W 10 -- 7 October 25 , 2015 Nashville , Tennessee Washington Redskins 9 14 . 396 W 25 -- 19 ( OT ) October 11 , 2015 Georgia Dome 0 -- 1 postseason Total 353 449 6 . 441 10 -- 12 (. 455 ) * Notes International Series Single game records Rushing : Michael Turner , 220 ( September 7 , 2008 ) Passing : Matt Ryan , 503 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : Wade Wilson , 5 ( December 13 , 1992 ) Receptions : William Andrews , 15 ( September 15 , 1981 ) Receiving yards : Julio Jones , 300 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Interceptions : Several Falcons , 2 , most recently Robert Alford , 2 ( October 2 , 2016 ) Field goals : Norm Johnson , 6 ( November 13 , 1994 ) Total touchdowns : T.J. Duckett , 4 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner 4 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Points scored : T.J. Duckett , 24 ( December 12 , 2004 ) and Michael Turner , 24 ( November 23 , 2008 ) Sacks : Adrian Clayborn , 6 ( November 13 , 2017 ) Single season records Passing attempts : 651 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing completions : 439 Matt Ryan ( 2013 ) Passing yards : 4,944 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : 38 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing interceptions : 25 Bobby Hebert ( 1996 ) Completion percentage : 69.9 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Passing rating : 117.1 Matt Ryan ( 2016 ) Rushing attempts : 410 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing yards : 1,846 Jamal Anderson ( 1998 ) Rushing touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Receiving catches : 136 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving yards : 1,871 Julio Jones ( 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 15 Andre Rison ( 1993 ) Quarterback sacks : 16.5 John Abraham ( 2008 ) Pass interceptions : 10 Scott Case ( 1988 ) Field goal attempts : 40 Jay Feely ( 2002 ) Field goals made : 34 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Points : 158 Matt Bryant ( 2016 ) Total touchdowns : 17 Michael Turner ( 2008 ) Career records Passing attempts : 5,064 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing completions : 3,288 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing yards : 37,701 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing touchdowns : 240 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Passing interceptions : 141 Steve Bartkowski ( 1975 -- 85 ) Passing rating : 93.6 Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) Rushing attempts : 1,587 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards : 6,631 Gerald Riggs ( 1982 -- 88 ) Rushing yards by a QB : 3,859 Michael Vick ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Rushing touchdowns : 60 Michael Turner ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Receiving catches : 808 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving yards : 10,863 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Receiving touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Quarterback sacks : 68.5 John Abraham ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Pass interceptions : 39 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Field goal attempts : 224 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) Field goals made : 196 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Points : 892 Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Total touchdowns : 63 Roddy White ( 2005 -- 2015 ) Pass interception return yards : 658 Rolland Lawrence ( 1973 -- 80 ) Pass interception returned for touchdowns : 3 Deion Sanders ( 1989 -- 1993 ) and Kevin Mathis ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Punt return yards : 1,723 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Kickoff return yards : 5,489 Allen Rossum ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Longest punt : 75 John James ( 1972 -- 1981 ) and Harold Alexander ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Longest field goal : 59 Morten Andersen ( 1995 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 2007 ) and Matt Bryant ( 2009 -- present ) Players Current roster Atlanta Falcons roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Garrett Grayson 2 Matt Ryan 8 Matt Schaub Running backs 26 Tevin Coleman 24 Devonta Freeman 25 Terrence Magee Wide receivers 16 Reggie Davis 13 Devin Fuller 17 Marvin Hall 14 Justin Hardy 11 Julio Jones 12 Mohamed Sanu Tight ends 89 Alex Gray 81 Austin Hooper -- Logan Paulsen 85 Eric Saubert Offensive linemen 76 Daniel Brunskill T 75 Jamil Douglas G -- Brandon Fusco G 63 Ben Garland G 64 Sean Harlow G 67 Andy Levitre G 51 Alex Mack C 70 Jake Matthews T 68 Austin Pasztor T 74 Ty Sambrailo T 73 Ryan Schraeder T 71 Wes Schweitzer G Defensive linemen 95 Jack Crawford DT 96 Martin Ifedi DE 77 Joey Ivie DT 97 Grady Jarrett DT 55 J'Terius Jones DE 98 Takkarist McKinley DE 50 Brooks Reed DE 90 Derrick Shelby DE 93 Tani Tupou DT Linebackers 44 Vic Beasley OLB 59 De'Vondre Campbell OLB 45 Deion Jones MLB 42 Duke Riley OLB Defensive backs 23 Robert Alford CB 37 Ricardo Allen FS -- Justin Bethel CB 38 Marcelis Branch FS 39 Deante Burton CB 27 Damontae Kazee FS 41 Quincy Mauger SS 35 Leon McFadden CB 22 Keanu Neal SS 34 Brian Poole CB 21 Desmond Trufant CB 33 Blidi Wreh - Wilson CB Special teams 3 Matt Bryant K 5 Matt Bosher P 47 Josh Harris LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 24 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 56 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of famers Atlanta Falcons Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Year inducted 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1967 1998 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1993 1999 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 2011 56 Chris Doleman DE 1994 -- 1995 2012 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2014 Brett Favre QB 1991 2016 5 Morten Andersen 1995 -- 2000 2006 -- 2007 2017 Coaches Name Position Tenure Year inducted Norm Van Brocklin Head Coach 1968 -- 1974 1971 Sanders and Humphrey are the only two players in the Hall of Fame that have been inducted based substantially on their service with the Falcons . Andersen spent eight of his 25 NFL seasons with the Falcons , and remains the team 's all - time scoring leader , but he also played his first 13 NFL seasons with the New Orleans Saints , also leading that team 's career scoring list . Retired numbers Atlanta Falcons retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 Ring of Honor The Atlanta Falcons organization does not officially retire jersey numbers , but considers certain players ' jerseys worthy of being honored . The Falcons Ring of Honor , which is featured in the rafters of the Georgia Dome , honors individual players . Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 10 Steve Bartkowski QB 1975 -- 1985 21 Deion Sanders CB 1989 -- 1993 28 Warrick Dunn RB 2002 -- 2007 2017 31 William Andrews RB 1979 -- 1983 , 1986 42 Gerald Riggs RB 1982 -- 1988 2013 57 Jeff Van Note 1969 -- 1986 2006 58 Jessie Tuggle LB 1987 -- 2000 60 Tommy Nobis LB 1966 -- 1976 78 Mike Kenn 1978 -- 1994 2008 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1968 -- 1978 2008 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Starting quarterbacks Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons starting quarterbacks Draft history Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks Main article : Atlanta Falcons draft history Main article : 1966 NFL expansion draft Coaching staff Head coaches Main article : List of Atlanta Falcons head coaches In their history , the Atlanta Falcons have had 15 head coaches . Coach Years Record Notes Norb Hecker 1966 -- 1968 4 -- 26 -- 1 (. 129 ) Fired after three games in 1968 . Norm Van Brocklin 1968 -- 1974 39 -- 48 -- 3 (. 433 ) Fired after eight games in 1974 . Marion Campbell 1974 -- 1976 6 -- 19 (. 240 ) Fired after five games in 1976 . Pat Peppler 1976 3 -- 6 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Leeman Bennett 1977 -- 1982 46 -- 41 (. 529 ) Dan Henning 1983 -- 1986 22 -- 41 -- 1 (. 344 ) Marion Campbell 1987 -- 1989 11 -- 36 (. 234 ) Retired after 12 games in 1989 . Jim Hanifan 1989 0 -- 4 (. 000 ) Interim head coach . Jerry Glanville 1990 -- 1993 27 -- 37 (. 422 ) June Jones 1994 -- 1996 19 -- 29 (. 396 ) Dan Reeves 1997 -- 2003 49 -- 59 -- 1 (. 450 ) Wade Phillips 2003 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) Interim head coach . Jim Mora 2004 -- 2006 26 -- 22 (. 542 ) Bobby Petrino 2007 3 -- 10 (. 231 ) Resigned after 13 games to take over Arkansas Razorbacks . Emmitt Thomas 2007 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) Interim head coach . Mike Smith 2008 -- 2014 66 -- 46 (. 589 ) Dan Quinn 2015 -- present 19 -- 13 (. 594 ) Current staff Atlanta Falcons staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Arthur Blank President / CEO -- Rich McKay General Manager -- Thomas Dimitroff Assistant General Manager -- Scott Pioli Director of Pro Personnel -- Joel Collier Director , Football Operations -- Nick Polk Director of College Scouting -- Steve Sabo National Scout -- Ruston Webster National Scout -- Phil Emery Head Coaches Head Coach -- Dan Quinn Assistant Head Coach / Pass Game Coordinator / Wide Receivers -- Raheem Morris Assistant to the Head Coach -- Steve Scarnecchia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Steve Sarkisian Quarterbacks -- Greg Knapp Running Backs -- Bernie Parmalee Tight Ends -- Wade Harman Offensive Line -- Chris Morgan Assistant Offensive Line -- Kyle Flood Offensive Assistant -- Dave Brock Offensive Assistant -- Justin Outten Offensive Assistant - Chad Walker Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Marquand Manuel Pass Game Coordinator -- Jerome Henderson Defensive Line -- Bryant Young Linebackers -- Jeff Ulbrich Secondary -- Doug Mallory Defensive Assistant -- Charlie Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Jess Simpson Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith Armstrong Special Teams Assistant - Mayur Chaudhari Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Jesse Ackerman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jonas Beauchemin Assistnat Strength - Brandon Ireland → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Falcons ' flagship radio station is WZGC 92.9 The Game . Wes Durham , son of longtime North Carolina Tar Heels voice Woody Durham , is the Falcons ' play - by - play announcer , with former Atlanta Falcons QB and pro football veteran , Dave Archer serving as color commentator . In 2014 , The CW owned - and - operated station WUPA became the official television station of the Falcons , gaining rights to its preseason games , which are produced by CBS Sports . In the regular season , the team 's games are seen on Fox 's O&O affiliate WAGA . When the Falcons challenge an AFC team , CBS affiliate WGCL will air those games while Sunday night games are televised on WXIA , the local NBC affiliate . Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates . Source : Georgia City Call sign Frequency Albany WSRA - AM 1250 AM Athens WRFC - AM 960 AM Atlanta WZGC - FM 92.9 FM Brunswick WSFN - AM 790 AM Clarkesville WDUN - FM 102.9 FM Columbus WDAK - AM 540 AM WBOJ 1270 AM Dalton WBLJ - AM 1230 AM Douglas WDMG - AM 860 AM Gainesville WDUN 550 AM Griffin WKEU - AM 1450 AM WKEU - FM 88.9 FM Hogansville WVCC - AM 720 AM Jesup WLOP - AM 1370 AM WIFO - FM 105.5 FM LaGrange WMGP - FM 98.1 FM Louisville WPEH - AM 1420 AM WPEH - FM 92.1 FM Macon WMAC - AM 940 AM Milledgeville WMVG - AM 1450 AM Newnan WCOH - AM 1400 AM Rome WATG - FM 95.7 FM Sandersville WJFL - FM 101.9 FM Savannah WSEG - AM 1400 AM WSEG - FM 104.3 FM Statesboro WPTB - AM 850 AM Swainsboro WJAT - AM 800 AM Thomaston WTGA - FM 101.1 FM Toccoa WNEG - AM 630 AM Valdosta WVGA 105.9 FM Vidalia WVOP - AM 970 AM Waycross WFNS - AM 1350 AM Alabama City Call sign Frequency Foley WHEP - AM 1310 AM Mississippi City Call sign Frequency Jackson WYAB - FM 103.9 FM South Carolina City Call sign Frequency Clemson WCCP - FM 104.9 FM Tennessee City Call sign Frequency Chattanooga WALV - FM 105.1 FM See also Atlanta portal National Football League portal Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Uniform Schedule '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise Up : Team History '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Atlanta Falcons Media Guide . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbuch , Bart ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` Queens - born owner models Falcons after hometown team '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Corporate Headquarters and Training Facility '' . claycorp.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team History '' . Nflteamhistory.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 NFL Draft '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Blank buys Falcons from Smith family '' . December 17 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falcons unveil new logo '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons . March 19 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons : Thomas Dimitroff '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Coaches '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` Recent news on Michael Turner -- Unsigned Free Agent -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NFL Draft Listing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan -- Atlanta Falcons -- 2015 Player Profile -- Rotoworld.com '' . rotoworld.com . Jump up ^ Cox , Daniel ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Pro Bowl Breakdown : ST '' . AtlantaFalcons.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Singer , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Atlanta 's Jacquizz Rodgers emerging as Falcons top back '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . CNN . September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Atlanta Falcons at New York Giants - January 8th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers use opportunistic defense to crush Falcons , win NFC South '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Atlanta Falcons fire coach Mike Smith '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam . `` Dan Quinn named Atlanta Falcons head coach '' . SB Nation . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Matt . `` 2015 NFL Draft Results : Complete List of Picks , Analysis of Major Storylines '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` NFL investigating Atlanta Falcons for fake crowd noise at Georgia Dome '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta Falcons lose 2016 pick for pumping fake noise '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots ' Tom Brady earns 4th Super Bowl MVP trophy with epic comeback '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons tied Greatest Show on Turf for record 7th most points scored ever '' . The Falcoholic . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Atlanta Falcons Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons , city officials agree on financing terms for new $1 billion stadium '' . ESPN.go.com . March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saporta , Maria . `` New Falcons stadium cost ' rises up ' -- again -- another $100 million '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta City Council approves Falcons stadium funding '' . myfoxatlanta.com . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evolution of the Falcons ' colors . Atlanta Falcons . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons unveil new uniforms at fan rally '' ( Press release ) . Atlanta Falcons. April 24 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference. 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Head - to - Head Records '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick : Career Stats at NFL.com '' . nfl.com . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons -- Ring of Honor '' . atlantafalcons.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Atlanta Falcons Head Coaches '' . Atlanta Falcons . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney . `` 92.9 / The Game becomes a Falcons affiliate '' . Radio & TV Talk with Rodney Ho . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons Announce New Local TV Partner '' . atlantafalcons.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons -- Radio Affiliate Stations '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves New Home In Chattanooga Is Brewer Media 's ESPN 105.1 The Zone '' . External links Media related to Atlanta Falcons at Wikimedia Commons Official website Atlanta Falcons Founded in 1966 Based in Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players Quarterbacks Head coaches Expansion draft Draft history First - round draft picks Stadiums Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Stadium Culture Rankin M. Smith , Sr . Arthur Blank The Dirty Bird Dance Freddie Falcon Michael Vick dog fighting investigation Cheerleaders `` 2 Legit 2 Quit '' Lore Gary Anderson 's missed field goal 28 -- 3 Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1978 1991 1995 2002 2008 2011 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 1980 1998 2012 2016 Conference championships ( 2 ) 1998 2016 Ring of Honor 10 21 31 42 57 58 60 78 87 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 53 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 2017 2018 Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - 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when did the falcons last win the superbowl

In their 51 years of existence , the Falcons have compiled a record of 350 -- 450 -- 6 ( 341 -- 437 -- 6 in the regular season and 9 -- 13 in the playoffs ) , winning division championships in 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2016 . The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls , the first being during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII , where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34 -- 19 , and the second being a 34 -- 28 overtime defeat by the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI .

List of lakes by area - wikipedia List of lakes by area `` Largest lakes '' redirects here . For the largest lakes by volume , see List of lakes by volume . For lakes on bodies other than Earth , see List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System . This is a list of terrestrial lakes with a surface area of more than approximately 2,000 square kilometres ( 800 sq mi ) , ranked by area . This list does not include reservoirs and lagoons . The area of some lakes can vary considerably over time , either seasonally or from year to year . This is especially true of salt lakes in arid climates . Contents 1 List of lakes 2 See also 3 Notes and references 4 Further reading 5 External links List of lakes ( edit ) Continent color Africa Asia Europe North America South America Antarctica Name Countries with shoreline Area Length Maximum depth Water volume Thumbnail ( same scale for all lakes ) Notes 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Caspian Sea * Kazakhstan Russia Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Iran 7011371000000000000 ♠ 371,000 km ( 143,000 sq mi ) 7006119900000000000 ♠ 1,199 km ( 745 mi ) 7003102500000000000 ♠ 1,025 m ( 3,363 ft ) 7013782000000000000 ♠ 78,200 km ( 18,800 cu mi ) Despite its name , the Caspian Sea is often regarded as the world 's largest lake , though it contains an oceanic basin ( contiguous with the world ocean until 11 million years ago ) rather than being entirely over continental crust . 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Superior Canada United States 7010821000000000000 ♠ 82,100 km ( 31,700 sq mi ) 7005616000000000000 ♠ 616 km ( 383 mi ) 7002406300000000000 ♠ 406.3 m ( 1,333 ft ) 7013121000000000000 ♠ 12,100 km ( 2,900 cu mi ) Largest of the Great Lakes by volume , having more water than the other four combined . The largest freshwater lake by surface area . 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Victoria Uganda Kenya Tanzania 7010688700000000000 ♠ 68,870 km ( 26,590 sq mi ) 7005322000000000000 ♠ 322 km ( 200 mi ) 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 m ( 276 ft ) 7012275000000000000 ♠ 2,750 km ( 660 cu mi ) The largest lake by area in Africa . 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Huron Canada United States 7010596000000000000 ♠ 59,600 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) 7005332000000000000 ♠ 332 km ( 206 mi ) 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 m ( 751 ft ) 7012354000000000000 ♠ 3,540 km ( 850 cu mi ) Contains Manitoulin Island , the world 's largest lake island . 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Michigan United States 7010580000000000000 ♠ 58,000 km ( 22,000 sq mi ) 7005494000000000000 ♠ 494 km ( 307 mi ) 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 m ( 922 ft ) 7012490000000000000 ♠ 4,900 km ( 1,200 cu mi ) Largest lake contained within one country . 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tanganyika Burundi Tanzania Zambia Democratic Republic of the Congo 7010326000000000000 ♠ 32,600 km ( 12,600 sq mi ) 7005676000000000000 ♠ 676 km ( 420 mi ) 7003147000000000000 ♠ 1,470 m ( 4,820 ft ) 7013189000000000000 ♠ 18,900 km ( 4,500 cu mi ) Longest freshwater lake in the world and second - largest by volume . 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Baikal Russia 7010315000000000000 ♠ 31,500 km ( 12,200 sq mi ) 7005636000000000000 ♠ 636 km ( 395 mi ) 7003163700000000000 ♠ 1,637 m ( 5,371 ft ) 7013236000000000000 ♠ 23,600 km ( 5,700 cu mi ) Deepest lake in the world and largest volume freshwater lake in the world . 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Great Bear Lake Canada 7010310000000000000 ♠ 31,000 km ( 12,000 sq mi ) 7005373000000000000 ♠ 373 km ( 232 mi ) 7002446000000000000 ♠ 446 m ( 1,463 ft ) 7012223600000000000 ♠ 2,236 km ( 536 cu mi ) Largest lake entirely within Canada 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Malawi Malawi Mozambique Tanzania 7010295000000000000 ♠ 29,500 km ( 11,400 sq mi ) 7005579000000000000 ♠ 579 km ( 360 mi ) 7002706000000000000 ♠ 706 m ( 2,316 ft ) 7012840000000000000 ♠ 8,400 km ( 2,000 cu mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Great Slave Lake Canada 7010270000000000000 ♠ 27,000 km ( 10,000 sq mi ) 7005480000000000000 ♠ 480 km ( 300 mi ) 7002614000000000000 ♠ 614 m ( 2,014 ft ) 7012156000000000000 ♠ 1,560 km ( 370 cu mi ) Deepest lake in North America 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Erie Canada United States 7010257000000000000 ♠ 25,700 km ( 9,900 sq mi ) 7005388000000000000 ♠ 388 km ( 241 mi ) 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 m ( 210 ft ) 7011489000000000000 ♠ 489 km ( 117 cu mi ) 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Winnipeg Canada 7010245140000000000 ♠ 24,514 km ( 9,465 sq mi ) 7005425000000000000 ♠ 425 km ( 264 mi ) 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 m ( 118 ft ) 7011283000000000000 ♠ 283 km ( 68 cu mi ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Ontario Canada United States 7010189600000000000 ♠ 18,960 km ( 7,320 sq mi ) 7005311000000000000 ♠ 311 km ( 193 mi ) 7002244000000000000 ♠ 244 m ( 801 ft ) 7012163900000000000 ♠ 1,639 km ( 393 cu mi ) 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Ladoga Russia 7010181300000000000 ♠ 18,130 km ( 7,000 sq mi ) 7005219000000000000 ♠ 219 km ( 136 mi ) 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 m ( 750 ft ) 7011908000000000000 ♠ 908 km ( 218 cu mi ) Largest lake in Europe 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Balkhash * Kazakhstan 7010164000000000000 ♠ 16,400 km ( 6,300 sq mi ) 7005605000000000000 ♠ 605 km ( 376 mi ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 m ( 85 ft ) 7011106000000000000 ♠ 106 km ( 25 cu mi ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Vostok Antarctica 7010125000000000000 ♠ 12,500 km ( 4,800 sq mi ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250 km ( 160 mi ) 7002900000000000000 ♠ 900 -- 1,000 m ( 3,000 -- 3,300 ft ) 7012540000000000000 ♠ 5,400 ± 1,600 km ( 1,300 ± 380 cu mi ) Largest lake in Antarctica 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Onega Russia 7009970000000000000 ♠ 9,700 km ( 3,700 sq mi ) 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245 km ( 152 mi ) 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 m ( 417 ft ) 7011285000000000000 ♠ 285 km ( 68 cu mi ) 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Titicaca Bolivia Peru 7009837200000000000 ♠ 8,372 km ( 3,232 sq mi ) 7005177000000000000 ♠ 177 km ( 110 mi ) 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 m ( 922 ft ) 7011893000000000000 ♠ 893 km ( 214 cu mi ) Largest lake in South America . Has a smaller surface area than the world 's largest man - made reservoir , Lake Volta , which has a surface area of 7009848200000000000 ♠ 8,482 km ( 3,275 sq mi ) . 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Nicaragua Nicaragua 7009826400000000000 ♠ 8,264 km ( 3,191 sq mi ) 7005177000000000000 ♠ 177 km ( 110 mi ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 m ( 85 ft ) 7011108000000000000 ♠ 108 km ( 26 cu mi ) Largest lake in Central America 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Athabasca Canada 7009785000000000000 ♠ 7,850 km ( 3,030 sq mi ) 7005335000000000000 ♠ 335 km ( 208 mi ) 7002243000000000000 ♠ 243 m ( 797 ft ) 7011204000000000000 ♠ 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Taymyr Russia 7009699000000000000 ♠ 6,990 km ( 2,700 sq mi ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250 km ( 160 mi ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 m ( 85 ft ) 7010128000000000000 ♠ 12.8 km ( 3.1 cu mi ) Largest lake entirely north of the Arctic Circle 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Turkana * Ethiopia Kenya 7009640500000000000 ♠ 6,405 km ( 2,473 sq mi ) 7005248000000000000 ♠ 248 km ( 154 mi ) 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 m ( 358 ft ) 7011204000000000000 ♠ 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) Largest permanent desert lake and the world 's largest alkaline lake . 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Reindeer Lake Canada 7009633000000000000 ♠ 6,330 km ( 2,440 sq mi ) 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245 km ( 152 mi ) 7002337000000000000 ♠ 337 m ( 1,106 ft ) 7010952500000000000 ♠ 95.25 km ( 22.85 cu mi ) 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Issyk - Kul * Kyrgyzstan 7009620000000000000 ♠ 6,200 km ( 2,400 sq mi ) 7005182000000000000 ♠ 182 km ( 113 mi ) 7002668000000000000 ♠ 668 m ( 2,192 ft ) 7012173800000000000 ♠ 1,738 km ( 417 cu mi ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Urmia * Iran 7009600100000000000 ♠ 6,001 km ( 2,317 sq mi ) 7005130000000000000 ♠ 130 km ( 81 mi ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 m ( 52 ft ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Vänern Sweden 7009554500000000000 ♠ 5,545 km ( 2,141 sq mi ) 7005140000000000000 ♠ 140 km ( 87 mi ) 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 m ( 348 ft ) 7011153000000000000 ♠ 153 km ( 37 cu mi ) Largest lake in the European Union 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Winnipegosis Canada 7009540300000000000 ♠ 5,403 km ( 2,086 sq mi ) 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245 km ( 152 mi ) 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 m ( 59 ft ) 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Albert Uganda Democratic Republic of the Congo 7009529900000000000 ♠ 5,299 km ( 2,046 sq mi ) 7005161000000000000 ♠ 161 km ( 100 mi ) 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 m ( 190 ft ) 7011280000000000000 ♠ 280 km ( 67 cu mi ) 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Mweru Zambia Democratic Republic of the Congo 7009512000000000000 ♠ 5,120 km ( 1,980 sq mi ) 7005131000000000000 ♠ 131 km ( 81 mi ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 m ( 89 ft ) 7010380000000000000 ♠ 38 km ( 9.1 cu mi ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Nettilling Canada 7009506600000000000 ♠ 5,066 km ( 1,956 sq mi ) 7005113000000000000 ♠ 113 km ( 70 mi ) 7002132000000000000 ♠ 132 m ( 433 ft ) Lake is on Baffin Island and is the largest lake on an island . 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Nipigon Canada 7009484300000000000 ♠ 4,843 km ( 1,870 sq mi ) 7005116000000000000 ♠ 116 km ( 72 mi ) 7002165000000000000 ♠ 165 m ( 541 ft ) 7011248000000000000 ♠ 248 km ( 59 cu mi ) 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Manitoba Canada 7009470600000000000 ♠ 4,706 km ( 1,817 sq mi ) 7005225000000000000 ♠ 225 km ( 140 mi ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 m ( 23 ft ) 7010141000000000000 ♠ 14.1 km ( 3.4 cu mi ) 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Great Salt Lake * United States 7009466200000000000 ♠ 4,662 km ( 1,800 sq mi ) 7005121000000000000 ♠ 121 km ( 75 mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m ( 33 ft ) 7010189200000000000 ♠ 18.92 km ( 4.54 cu mi ) Largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere ; Largest non-Great Lake in the United States . 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Qinghai Lake * China 7009448900000000000 ♠ 4,489 km ( 1,733 sq mi ) ( 2007 ) 7001328000000000000 ♠ 32.8 m ( 108 ft ) 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Saimaa Finland ≈ 4,400 km ( 1,700 sq mi ) 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 m ( 269 ft ) 7010360000000000000 ♠ 36 km ( 8.6 cu mi ) 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Lake of the Woods Canada United States 4,350 km ( 1,680 sq mi ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ 110 km ( 68 mi ) 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 m ( 210 ft ) 7010194000000000000 ♠ 19.4 km ( 4.7 cu mi ) Most islands of any lake , with around 14,632 in total . 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Khanka China Russia 4,190 km ( 1,620 sq mi ) 7004900000000000000 ♠ 90 km ( 56 mi ) 7001106000000000000 ♠ 10.6 m ( 35 ft ) 7010183000000000000 ♠ 18.3 km ( 4.4 cu mi ) 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Sarygamysh Uzbekistan Turkmenistan 3,955 km ( 1,527 sq mi ) 7005125000000000000 ♠ 125 km ( 78 mi ) 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 m ( 130 ft ) 7010685600000000000 ♠ 68.56 km ( 16.45 cu mi ) 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Dubawnt Canada 3,833 km ( 1,480 sq mi ) 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Van * Turkey 3,755 km ( 1,450 sq mi ) 7005119000000000000 ♠ 119 km ( 74 mi ) 7002451000000000000 ♠ 451 m ( 1,480 ft ) 7011607000000000000 ♠ 607 km ( 146 cu mi ) 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Peipus Estonia Russia 3,555 km ( 1,373 sq mi ) 7001153000000000000 ♠ 15.3 m ( 50 ft ) 7010250000000000000 ♠ 25 km ( 6.0 cu mi ) 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Uvs * Mongolia Russia 3,350 km ( 1,290 sq mi ) 7004840000000000000 ♠ 84 km ( 52 mi ) 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Poyang China 3,210 km ( 1,240 sq mi ) 7005170000000000000 ♠ 170 km ( 110 mi ) 7001251000000000000 ♠ 25.1 m ( 82 ft ) 7010252000000000000 ♠ 25.2 km ( 6.0 cu mi ) 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Tana Ethiopia 3,200 km ( 1,200 sq mi ) 7004840000000000000 ♠ 84 km ( 52 mi ) 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 m ( 49 ft ) 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Amadjuak Canada 3,115 km ( 1,203 sq mi ) 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Melville Canada 3,069 km ( 1,185 sq mi ) 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Bangweulu Zambia 3,000 km ( 1,200 sq mi ) 7004750000000000000 ♠ 75 km ( 47 mi ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 m ( 13 ft ) 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Dongting China 2,820 km ( 1,090 sq mi ) 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Khövsgöl Mongolia 2,760 km ( 1,070 sq mi ) 7005136000000000000 ♠ 136 km ( 85 mi ) 7002267000000000000 ♠ 267 m ( 876 ft ) 7011480700000000000 ♠ 480.7 km ( 115.3 cu mi ) 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Tonlé Sap Cambodia 2,700 km ( 1,000 sq mi ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250 km ( 160 mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m ( 33 ft ) 7010800000000000000 ♠ 80 km ( 19 cu mi ) 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Kivu Rwanda Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,700 km ( 1,000 sq mi ) 7004890000000000000 ♠ 89 km ( 55 mi ) 7002480000000000000 ♠ 480 m ( 1,570 ft ) 7011500000000000000 ♠ 500 km ( 120 cu mi ) 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Wollaston Canada 2,681 km ( 1,035 sq mi ) 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 m ( 318 ft ) 7010398000000000000 ♠ 39.8 km ( 9.5 cu mi ) 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Alakol * Kazakhstan 2,650 km ( 1,020 sq mi ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 m ( 177 ft ) 7010586000000000000 ♠ 58.6 km ( 14.1 cu mi ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Iliamna United States 2,622 km ( 1,012 sq mi ) 7005124000000000000 ♠ 124 km ( 77 mi ) 7002301000000000000 ♠ 301 m ( 988 ft ) 7011115000000000000 ♠ 115 km ( 28 cu mi ) 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Hulun China 2,339 km ( 903 sq mi ) 7011115000000000000 ♠ 115 km ( 28 cu mi ) 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Mistassini Canada 2,335 km ( 902 sq mi ) 7005161000000000000 ♠ 161 km ( 100 mi ) 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 m ( 600 ft ) 7011150000000000000 ♠ 150 km ( 36 cu mi ) 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Edward Democratic Republic of the Congo Uganda 2,325 km ( 898 sq mi ) 7004770000000000000 ♠ 77 km ( 48 mi ) 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 m ( 367 ft ) 7010395000000000000 ♠ 39.5 km ( 9.5 cu mi ) 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Mai - Ndombe Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,300 km ( 890 sq mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m ( 33 ft ) 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Nueltin Canada 2,279 km ( 880 sq mi ) 7005144000000000000 ♠ 144 km ( 89 mi ) 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Tai China 2,250 km ( 870 sq mi ) 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Southern Indian Lake Canada 2,247 km ( 868 sq mi ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 m ( 98 ft ) 7010234000000000000 ♠ 23.4 km ( 5.6 cu mi ) 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Chany Russia 2,000 km ( 770 sq mi ) 7004910000000000000 ♠ 91 km ( 57 mi ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 m ( 23 ft ) * denotes saline lake . Source for the 20 largest lakes ( and their areas ) : This list excludes seasonal lakes such as Lake Eyre ( max area 9500 km2 ) , Mar Chiquita Lake ( Córdoba ) ( max area 6000 km2 ) and Lake Torrens ( max area 5745 km2 ) . See also ( edit ) List of lakes by volume List of lakes by depth List of largest lakes of Europe Aral Sea , formerly the fourth largest lake in the world , with an area of 68,000 km ( 26,300 sq mi ) Lake Urmia , formerly the twenty - ninth largest lake in the world , with an area of 5,200 km ( 2,000 sq mi ) Lake Michigan - Huron Notes and references ( edit ) Note : Lake areas may slightly vary depending on the sources . Notes ^ Jump up to : Although Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are usually considered distinct , sometimes they are regarded as a single lake known as Lake Michigan -- Huron . When treated as a single entity , it is the largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world , at 117,400 km ( 45,300 sq mi ) . References Jump up ^ Likens , Gene E. , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Historical Estimates of Limnicity '' . Encyclopedia of inland waters ( 1st ed . ) . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0120884623 . Table 1 : The world 's lakes > 2000 km in area , arranged in decreasing order of lake area . See also Lakes ( Formation , Diversity , Distribution ) Archived 2014 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Marsh , William M. ; Martin M. Kaufman . Physical geography : great systems and global environments . Table 16.2 : Great lakes of the world by lake type . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 399 . ISBN 0521764289 . Jump up ^ van der Leeden , Frits ; Troise , Fred L. ; Todd , David Keith , eds. ( 1991 ) . The water encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Chelsea , Mich. : Lewis . pp. 198 -- 200 . ISBN 9780873711203 . Jump up ^ `` Plume over the Caspian Sea '' . NASA . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Caspian Sea '' . Britannica . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Endorheic Lakes '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ DuMont , H.J. `` The Caspian Lake : History , biota , structure , and function '' ( PDF ) . American Society of Limnology and Oceanography . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Planet Earth And the New Geoscience ( 2003 : 154 ) . Victor Schmidt , William Harbert , University of Pittsburgh Jump up ^ David Lees in Canadian Geographic writes , `` Contrary to popular belief , the largest lake in the world is not Lake Superior but mighty Lake Michigan -- Huron , which is a single hydrological unit linked at the Straits of Mackinac . '' Lees , David . `` High and Dry '' Canadian Geographic ( May / June 2004 ) pp. 94 - 108 . Jump up ^ `` Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake hydraulically because of their connection through the deep Straits of Mackinac . '' Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory , part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . `` Great Lakes Sensitivity to Climatic Forcing : Hydrological Models Archived 2010 - 08 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... '' NOAA , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake , as they rise and fall together due to their union at the Straits of Mackinac . '' U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , `` Hydrological Components '' Record Low Water Levels Expected on Lake Superior Archived 2008 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... August 2007 . p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Map '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Lake in the World '' . geology.com . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/gl-fact1.html Great Lakes Factsheet No. 1 US Environmental Protection Agency website retrieved September 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes : Basic Information : Physical Facts '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . May 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Superior Pursuit : facts about the Greatest Great Lake - Minnesota Sea Grant . University of Minnesota . Jump up ^ `` WorldAtlas.com : Lake Victoria '' . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manitoulin Island website '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Tanganyika at Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Baikal , World 's Largest Freshwater Body '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Plate 18 . Large Lakes '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WorldAtlas.com : Great Slave Lake '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freshwater Ecoregions of the World : Lake Ladoga '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Omo Valley in Ethiopia , Lake Turkana '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lakes on Islands '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Lakes ( Area ) '' . LakeNet . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Largest lakes of the former USSR , Water Quality Assessment of the Former Soviet Union ( 1998 ) . ISBN 0419239200 . North America : Physical features , The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge ( 2011 ) . ISBN 0312643020 . External links ( edit ) `` Large Lakes of the World '' . FactMonster . Pearson Education . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_by_area&oldid=853451712 '' Categories : Lists of lakes Lists by area Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 22 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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the largest freshwater lakes is in which continent

Name Countries with shoreline Area Length Maximum depth Water volume Thumbnail ( same scale for all lakes ) Notes 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Caspian Sea * Kazakhstan Russia Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Iran 7011371000000000000 ♠ 371,000 km ( 143,000 sq mi ) 7006119900000000000 ♠ 1,199 km ( 745 mi ) 7003102500000000000 ♠ 1,025 m ( 3,363 ft ) 7013782000000000000 ♠ 78,200 km ( 18,800 cu mi ) Despite its name , the Caspian Sea is often regarded as the world 's largest lake , though it contains an oceanic basin ( contiguous with the world ocean until 11 million years ago ) rather than being entirely over continental crust . 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Superior Canada United States 7010821000000000000 ♠ 82,100 km ( 31,700 sq mi ) 7005616000000000000 ♠ 616 km ( 383 mi ) 7002406300000000000 ♠ 406.3 m ( 1,333 ft ) 7013121000000000000 ♠ 12,100 km ( 2,900 cu mi ) Largest of the Great Lakes by volume , having more water than the other four combined . The largest freshwater lake by surface area . 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Victoria Uganda Kenya Tanzania 7010688700000000000 ♠ 68,870 km ( 26,590 sq mi ) 7005322000000000000 ♠ 322 km ( 200 mi ) 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 m ( 276 ft ) 7012275000000000000 ♠ 2,750 km ( 660 cu mi ) The largest lake by area in Africa . 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Huron Canada United States 7010596000000000000 ♠ 59,600 km ( 23,000 sq mi ) 7005332000000000000 ♠ 332 km ( 206 mi ) 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 m ( 751 ft ) 7012354000000000000 ♠ 3,540 km ( 850 cu mi ) Contains Manitoulin Island , the world 's largest lake island . 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Michigan United States 7010580000000000000 ♠ 58,000 km ( 22,000 sq mi ) 7005494000000000000 ♠ 494 km ( 307 mi ) 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 m ( 922 ft ) 7012490000000000000 ♠ 4,900 km ( 1,200 cu mi ) Largest lake contained within one country . 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tanganyika Burundi Tanzania Zambia Democratic Republic of the Congo 7010326000000000000 ♠ 32,600 km ( 12,600 sq mi ) 7005676000000000000 ♠ 676 km ( 420 mi ) 7003147000000000000 ♠ 1,470 m ( 4,820 ft ) 7013189000000000000 ♠ 18,900 km ( 4,500 cu mi ) Longest freshwater lake in the world and second - largest by volume . 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Baikal Russia 7010315000000000000 ♠ 31,500 km ( 12,200 sq mi ) 7005636000000000000 ♠ 636 km ( 395 mi ) 7003163700000000000 ♠ 1,637 m ( 5,371 ft ) 7013236000000000000 ♠ 23,600 km ( 5,700 cu mi ) Deepest lake in the world and largest volume freshwater lake in the world . 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Great Bear Lake Canada 7010310000000000000 ♠ 31,000 km ( 12,000 sq mi ) 7005373000000000000 ♠ 373 km ( 232 mi ) 7002446000000000000 ♠ 446 m ( 1,463 ft ) 7012223600000000000 ♠ 2,236 km ( 536 cu mi ) Largest lake entirely within Canada 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Malawi Malawi Mozambique Tanzania 7010295000000000000 ♠ 29,500 km ( 11,400 sq mi ) 7005579000000000000 ♠ 579 km ( 360 mi ) 7002706000000000000 ♠ 706 m ( 2,316 ft ) 7012840000000000000 ♠ 8,400 km ( 2,000 cu mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Great Slave Lake Canada 7010270000000000000 ♠ 27,000 km ( 10,000 sq mi ) 7005480000000000000 ♠ 480 km ( 300 mi ) 7002614000000000000 ♠ 614 m ( 2,014 ft ) 7012156000000000000 ♠ 1,560 km ( 370 cu mi ) Deepest lake in North America 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Erie Canada United States 7010257000000000000 ♠ 25,700 km ( 9,900 sq mi ) 7005388000000000000 ♠ 388 km ( 241 mi ) 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 m ( 210 ft ) 7011489000000000000 ♠ 489 km ( 117 cu mi ) 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Winnipeg Canada 7010245140000000000 ♠ 24,514 km ( 9,465 sq mi ) 7005425000000000000 ♠ 425 km ( 264 mi ) 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 m ( 118 ft ) 7011283000000000000 ♠ 283 km ( 68 cu mi ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Ontario Canada United States 7010189600000000000 ♠ 18,960 km ( 7,320 sq mi ) 7005311000000000000 ♠ 311 km ( 193 mi ) 7002244000000000000 ♠ 244 m ( 801 ft ) 7012163900000000000 ♠ 1,639 km ( 393 cu mi ) 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Ladoga Russia 7010181300000000000 ♠ 18,130 km ( 7,000 sq mi ) 7005219000000000000 ♠ 219 km ( 136 mi ) 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 m ( 750 ft ) 7011908000000000000 ♠ 908 km ( 218 cu mi ) Largest lake in Europe 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Balkhash * Kazakhstan 7010164000000000000 ♠ 16,400 km ( 6,300 sq mi ) 7005605000000000000 ♠ 605 km ( 376 mi ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 m ( 85 ft ) 7011106000000000000 ♠ 106 km ( 25 cu mi ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Vostok Antarctica 7010125000000000000 ♠ 12,500 km ( 4,800 sq mi ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250 km ( 160 mi ) 7002900000000000000 ♠ 900 -- 1,000 m ( 3,000 -- 3,300 ft ) 7012540000000000000 ♠ 5,400 ± 1,600 km ( 1,300 ± 380 cu mi ) Largest lake in Antarctica 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Onega Russia 7009970000000000000 ♠ 9,700 km ( 3,700 sq mi ) 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245 km ( 152 mi ) 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 m ( 417 ft ) 7011285000000000000 ♠ 285 km ( 68 cu mi ) 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Titicaca Bolivia Peru 7009837200000000000 ♠ 8,372 km ( 3,232 sq mi ) 7005177000000000000 ♠ 177 km ( 110 mi ) 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 m ( 922 ft ) 7011893000000000000 ♠ 893 km ( 214 cu mi ) Largest lake in South America . Has a smaller surface area than the world 's largest man - made reservoir , Lake Volta , which has a surface area of 7009848200000000000 ♠ 8,482 km ( 3,275 sq mi ) . 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Nicaragua Nicaragua 7009826400000000000 ♠ 8,264 km ( 3,191 sq mi ) 7005177000000000000 ♠ 177 km ( 110 mi ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 m ( 85 ft ) 7011108000000000000 ♠ 108 km ( 26 cu mi ) Largest lake in Central America 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Athabasca Canada 7009785000000000000 ♠ 7,850 km ( 3,030 sq mi ) 7005335000000000000 ♠ 335 km ( 208 mi ) 7002243000000000000 ♠ 243 m ( 797 ft ) 7011204000000000000 ♠ 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Taymyr Russia 7009699000000000000 ♠ 6,990 km ( 2,700 sq mi ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250 km ( 160 mi ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 m ( 85 ft ) 7010128000000000000 ♠ 12.8 km ( 3.1 cu mi ) Largest lake entirely north of the Arctic Circle 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Turkana * Ethiopia Kenya 7009640500000000000 ♠ 6,405 km ( 2,473 sq mi ) 7005248000000000000 ♠ 248 km ( 154 mi ) 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 m ( 358 ft ) 7011204000000000000 ♠ 204 km ( 49 cu mi ) Largest permanent desert lake and the world 's largest alkaline lake . 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Reindeer Lake Canada 7009633000000000000 ♠ 6,330 km ( 2,440 sq mi ) 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245 km ( 152 mi ) 7002337000000000000 ♠ 337 m ( 1,106 ft ) 7010952500000000000 ♠ 95.25 km ( 22.85 cu mi ) 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Issyk - Kul * Kyrgyzstan 7009620000000000000 ♠ 6,200 km ( 2,400 sq mi ) 7005182000000000000 ♠ 182 km ( 113 mi ) 7002668000000000000 ♠ 668 m ( 2,192 ft ) 7012173800000000000 ♠ 1,738 km ( 417 cu mi ) 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Urmia * Iran 7009600100000000000 ♠ 6,001 km ( 2,317 sq mi ) 7005130000000000000 ♠ 130 km ( 81 mi ) 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 m ( 52 ft ) 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Vänern Sweden 7009554500000000000 ♠ 5,545 km ( 2,141 sq mi ) 7005140000000000000 ♠ 140 km ( 87 mi ) 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 m ( 348 ft ) 7011153000000000000 ♠ 153 km ( 37 cu mi ) Largest lake in the European Union 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Winnipegosis Canada 7009540300000000000 ♠ 5,403 km ( 2,086 sq mi ) 7005245000000000000 ♠ 245 km ( 152 mi ) 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 m ( 59 ft ) 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Albert Uganda Democratic Republic of the Congo 7009529900000000000 ♠ 5,299 km ( 2,046 sq mi ) 7005161000000000000 ♠ 161 km ( 100 mi ) 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 m ( 190 ft ) 7011280000000000000 ♠ 280 km ( 67 cu mi ) 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Mweru Zambia Democratic Republic of the Congo 7009512000000000000 ♠ 5,120 km ( 1,980 sq mi ) 7005131000000000000 ♠ 131 km ( 81 mi ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 m ( 89 ft ) 7010380000000000000 ♠ 38 km ( 9.1 cu mi ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Nettilling Canada 7009506600000000000 ♠ 5,066 km ( 1,956 sq mi ) 7005113000000000000 ♠ 113 km ( 70 mi ) 7002132000000000000 ♠ 132 m ( 433 ft ) Lake is on Baffin Island and is the largest lake on an island . 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Nipigon Canada 7009484300000000000 ♠ 4,843 km ( 1,870 sq mi ) 7005116000000000000 ♠ 116 km ( 72 mi ) 7002165000000000000 ♠ 165 m ( 541 ft ) 7011248000000000000 ♠ 248 km ( 59 cu mi ) 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Manitoba Canada 7009470600000000000 ♠ 4,706 km ( 1,817 sq mi ) 7005225000000000000 ♠ 225 km ( 140 mi ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 m ( 23 ft ) 7010141000000000000 ♠ 14.1 km ( 3.4 cu mi ) 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Great Salt Lake * United States 7009466200000000000 ♠ 4,662 km ( 1,800 sq mi ) 7005121000000000000 ♠ 121 km ( 75 mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m ( 33 ft ) 7010189200000000000 ♠ 18.92 km ( 4.54 cu mi ) Largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere ; Largest non-Great Lake in the United States . 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Qinghai Lake * China 7009448900000000000 ♠ 4,489 km ( 1,733 sq mi ) ( 2007 ) 7001328000000000000 ♠ 32.8 m ( 108 ft ) 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Saimaa Finland ≈ 4,400 km ( 1,700 sq mi ) 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 m ( 269 ft ) 7010360000000000000 ♠ 36 km ( 8.6 cu mi ) 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Lake of the Woods Canada United States 4,350 km ( 1,680 sq mi ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ 110 km ( 68 mi ) 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 m ( 210 ft ) 7010194000000000000 ♠ 19.4 km ( 4.7 cu mi ) Most islands of any lake , with around 14,632 in total . 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Khanka China Russia 4,190 km ( 1,620 sq mi ) 7004900000000000000 ♠ 90 km ( 56 mi ) 7001106000000000000 ♠ 10.6 m ( 35 ft ) 7010183000000000000 ♠ 18.3 km ( 4.4 cu mi ) 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Sarygamysh Uzbekistan Turkmenistan 3,955 km ( 1,527 sq mi ) 7005125000000000000 ♠ 125 km ( 78 mi ) 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 m ( 130 ft ) 7010685600000000000 ♠ 68.56 km ( 16.45 cu mi ) 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Dubawnt Canada 3,833 km ( 1,480 sq mi ) 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Van * Turkey 3,755 km ( 1,450 sq mi ) 7005119000000000000 ♠ 119 km ( 74 mi ) 7002451000000000000 ♠ 451 m ( 1,480 ft ) 7011607000000000000 ♠ 607 km ( 146 cu mi ) 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Peipus Estonia Russia 3,555 km ( 1,373 sq mi ) 7001153000000000000 ♠ 15.3 m ( 50 ft ) 7010250000000000000 ♠ 25 km ( 6.0 cu mi ) 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Uvs * Mongolia Russia 3,350 km ( 1,290 sq mi ) 7004840000000000000 ♠ 84 km ( 52 mi ) 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Poyang China 3,210 km ( 1,240 sq mi ) 7005170000000000000 ♠ 170 km ( 110 mi ) 7001251000000000000 ♠ 25.1 m ( 82 ft ) 7010252000000000000 ♠ 25.2 km ( 6.0 cu mi ) 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Tana Ethiopia 3,200 km ( 1,200 sq mi ) 7004840000000000000 ♠ 84 km ( 52 mi ) 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 m ( 49 ft ) 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Amadjuak Canada 3,115 km ( 1,203 sq mi ) 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Melville Canada 3,069 km ( 1,185 sq mi ) 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Bangweulu Zambia 3,000 km ( 1,200 sq mi ) 7004750000000000000 ♠ 75 km ( 47 mi ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 m ( 13 ft ) 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Dongting China 2,820 km ( 1,090 sq mi ) 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Khövsgöl Mongolia 2,760 km ( 1,070 sq mi ) 7005136000000000000 ♠ 136 km ( 85 mi ) 7002267000000000000 ♠ 267 m ( 876 ft ) 7011480700000000000 ♠ 480.7 km ( 115.3 cu mi ) 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Tonlé Sap Cambodia 2,700 km ( 1,000 sq mi ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250 km ( 160 mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m ( 33 ft ) 7010800000000000000 ♠ 80 km ( 19 cu mi ) 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Kivu Rwanda Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,700 km ( 1,000 sq mi ) 7004890000000000000 ♠ 89 km ( 55 mi ) 7002480000000000000 ♠ 480 m ( 1,570 ft ) 7011500000000000000 ♠ 500 km ( 120 cu mi ) 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Wollaston Canada 2,681 km ( 1,035 sq mi ) 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 m ( 318 ft ) 7010398000000000000 ♠ 39.8 km ( 9.5 cu mi ) 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Alakol * Kazakhstan 2,650 km ( 1,020 sq mi ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 m ( 177 ft ) 7010586000000000000 ♠ 58.6 km ( 14.1 cu mi ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Iliamna United States 2,622 km ( 1,012 sq mi ) 7005124000000000000 ♠ 124 km ( 77 mi ) 7002301000000000000 ♠ 301 m ( 988 ft ) 7011115000000000000 ♠ 115 km ( 28 cu mi ) 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Hulun China 2,339 km ( 903 sq mi ) 7011115000000000000 ♠ 115 km ( 28 cu mi ) 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Mistassini Canada 2,335 km ( 902 sq mi ) 7005161000000000000 ♠ 161 km ( 100 mi ) 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 m ( 600 ft ) 7011150000000000000 ♠ 150 km ( 36 cu mi ) 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Edward Democratic Republic of the Congo Uganda 2,325 km ( 898 sq mi ) 7004770000000000000 ♠ 77 km ( 48 mi ) 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 m ( 367 ft ) 7010395000000000000 ♠ 39.5 km ( 9.5 cu mi ) 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Mai - Ndombe Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,300 km ( 890 sq mi ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m ( 33 ft ) 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Nueltin Canada 2,279 km ( 880 sq mi ) 7005144000000000000 ♠ 144 km ( 89 mi ) 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Tai China 2,250 km ( 870 sq mi ) 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Southern Indian Lake Canada 2,247 km ( 868 sq mi ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 m ( 98 ft ) 7010234000000000000 ♠ 23.4 km ( 5.6 cu mi ) 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Chany Russia 2,000 km ( 770 sq mi ) 7004910000000000000 ♠ 91 km ( 57 mi ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 m ( 23 ft )

RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 1 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 1 Broadcast from February 2 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) -- March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) Judges RuPaul Santino Rice Merle Ginsberg Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster Logo Competitors 9 Winner BeBe Zahara Benet Origin Minneapolis , Minnesota . Runner - up Nina Flowers Chronology Season 1 ▶ The first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race , later referred to as The Lost Season , premiered in the United States on February 2 , 2009 , on VH - 1 . Nine contestants were selected to compete in the running of becoming `` America 's Next Drag Superstar . '' The first season was filmed during the summer of 2008 . The winner of the first season won a lifetime supply of MAC Cosmetics , was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign , joined the Logo Drag Race tour , and won a cash prize of $20,000 . One of the nine contestants to compete on RuPaul 's Drag Race was determined by an audience vote via the show 's official website . The results were announced in early September 2008 . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was `` Cover Girl '' from RuPaul 's album Champion . This season and season one of All - Stars are the only seasons to not feature the `` Snatch Game . '' The winner of the first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was BeBe Zahara Benet , with Nina Flowers being the runner - up . In late 2013 , Logo re-aired the first season , which was titled RuPaul 's Drag Race : The Lost Season Ru - Vealed , and featured commentary from RuPaul . Nina Flowers , Shannel and Tammie Brown competed on the first season of All Stars . Nina and Tammie placed 9 / 10th overall together and Shannel finished in 3rd / 4th with fellow season 2 contestant Jujubee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip - syncs 4 Episodes 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest ) Contestant Name Age Hometown Outcome BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 28 Minneapolis , Minnesota Winner Nina Flowers Jorge Luis Flores Sanchez 34 Bayamón , Puerto Rico Runner - up Rebecca Glasscock Javier Rivera 26 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 3rd Place Shannel Bryan Watkins 29 Las Vegas , Nevada 4th Place Ongina Ryan Ong Palao 26 Los Angeles , California 5th Place Jade David Sotomayor 25 Chicago , Illinois 6th Place Akashia Eric Flint 24 Cleveland , Ohio 7th Place Tammie Brown Keith Glen Schubert 29 Long Beach , California 8th Place Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Victor Bowling 39 Raleigh , North Carolina 9th Place Jump up ^ Jade Sotomayor is simply known as Jade on the show . Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 8 9 BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE BTM2 WIN Winner Guest Nina Flowers WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE Runner - up Miss C Rebecca Glasscock SAFE SAFE SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM2 Eliminated Guest Shannel SAFE SAFE BTM2 SAFE SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest Ongina SAFE WIN SAFE WIN ELIM Z ! Guest Jade SAFE SAFE SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest Akashia BTM2 BTM2 ELIM Z ! Guest Tammie Brown SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker ELIM Z ! Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race . The contestant was the runner - up of RuPaul 's Drag Race . The contestant was eliminated without qualifying to lip - sync in the finale . The contestant was voted Miss Congeniality by viewers . The contestant won a challenge . The contestant received judges critiques but was ultimately chosen to be safe . The contestant was in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant returned as a guest for the finale episode . Lip - syncs ( edit ) Episode Contestants Song Eliminated Akashia vs . Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker `` Supermodel ( You Better Work ) '' ( RuPaul ) Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Akashia vs . Tammie Brown `` We Break the Dawn '' ( Michelle Williams ) Tammie Brown Akashia vs . Shannel `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( Whitney Houston ) Akashia Jade vs . Rebecca Glasscock `` Would I Lie To You ? '' ( Eurythmics ) Jade 5 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . Ongina `` Stronger '' ( Britney Spears ) Ongina 6 Rebecca Glasscock vs . Shannel `` Shackles ( Praise You ) '' ( Mary Mary ) Shannel 8 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . Nina Flowers `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' '' ( RuPaul ) Nina Flowers The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after the final lip - sync . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Drag On A Dime '' February 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) The nine contestants arrive in full drag and size up the competition . They are then immediately thrusted into a car wash photo shoot , portraying sex appeal while posing with two men , with Mike Ruiz as their photographer . The first challenge involved them making an outfit out of thrift store clothes and accessories from a 99 cent store . At the judging session , which included Bob Mackie , Santino Rice , Mike Ruiz , Merle Ginsberg , and Ru herself as judges , the contestants are judged on their outfits and photos . Guest Judges : Bob Mackie and Mike Ruiz Mini-Challenge : Sexy car wash photo shoot Main Challenge : Making an outfit out of thrift store clothes Challenge Winner : Nina Flowers Bottom Two : Akashia & Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Lip - sync Song : `` Supermodel ( You Better Work ) '' by RuPaul Eliminated : Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker `` Girl Groups '' February 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) The eight remaining contestants were given a mini-challenge in which they acted out certain emotions and took pictures of themselves with a digital camera . RuPaul then deemed Akashia and Ongina the winners and made them the group leaders in the next challenge , a girl group battle . The groups were each responsible for their own hair , makeup , costumes , and choreography and they each had to perform to a Destiny 's Child song . Guest Judges : Frank Gatson and Michelle Williams Mini-Challenge : Act out certain emotions Mini-Challenge Winners : Akashia & Ongina Main Challenge : Destiny 's Child girl group battle Challenge Winner : Ongina Bottom Two : Akashia & Tammie Brown Lip - sync Song : `` We Break the Dawn '' by Michelle Williams Eliminated : Tammie Brown `` Queens of All Media '' February 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) This week 's challenge was to channel Oprah Winfrey . Each contestant was allowed to pick a costume from a bin supplied for them , choose a costume they brought , or make their own on the spot . The challenge was in three parts , representing three stages of Oprah 's career . The first task was a newscaster challenge where they had to read mock news stories from a teleprompter . The next task was to try to sell products , reminiscent of Oprah on her `` My Favorite Things '' specials . The third task was to interview Tori Spelling and Dean McDermott . Guest judges : Howard Bragman and Debra Wilson Main Challenge : Channeling Oprah in three stages of her career : A mock interview , selling products , and interview 2 people Challenge Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Bottom Two : Akashia & Shannel Lip - sync Song : `` The Greatest Love of All '' by Whitney Houston Eliminated : Akashia `` Mac Viva - Glam Challenge '' February 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) For the mini-challenge , RuPaul paired everyone up and gave each person 30 minutes to do their partner 's makeup , with Jade being declared the winner . The main challenge involved the girls putting together a commercial for Mac 's Viva Glam makeup , a cosmetics line which Ru has once modeled for . The winner of the challenge would become the new face of Viva Glam . The girls are told they must use the commercial to explain who they are as queens , to explain why they are beautiful , and to inform people of Viva Glam 's help for those living with HIV . Guest judges : Gordon Espinet and Jenny Shimizu Mini-Challenge : Give your partner a 30 minute makeover Mini-Challenge Winner : Jade Main Challenge : Mac - Viva Glam commercial Challenge Winner : Ongina Bottom Two : Jade & Rebecca Glasscock Lip - sync Song : `` Would I Lie To You ? '' by The Eurythmics Eliminated : Jade 5 5 `` Drag School of Charm '' March 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) For the episode 's mini-challenge , Ru brought in five female fighters to put them through an exercise and endurance challenge . The last person standing would win the challenge , which was Rebecca . Ru then told the contestants that their main challenge would be for each of them to make over one of the fighters in their own image and teach them the secrets of drag . Rebecca , who won the mini-challenge , got to select her partner and whom the others had to work with . They must also coach the fighters on how to give a lip sync performance , which they would have to do to Beyoncé 's , `` Freakum Dress '' . Guest judges : Lucy Lawless and Robin Antin Mini-Challenge : Outlast your opponents in an endurance challenge Mini-Challenge Winner : Rebecca Glasscock Main Challenge : Transforming a female fighter in their own image Challenge Winner : Rebecca Glasscock Bottom Two : BeBe Zahara Benet & Ongina Lip - sync Song : `` Stronger '' by Britney Spears Eliminated : Ongina 6 6 `` Absolut Drag Ball '' March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) ( March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) ) The contestants met Ru on the runway for a vogue battle mini-challenge , which Nina won . For their main challenge , each contestant has to come up with three looks : Swimsuit , Executive Realness , and Evening Wear . Ru also informed the girls that Absolut was sponsoring the event and thus , they had to each portray one of four pre-selected flavors : citron , mandarin , mango , and raspberry . As the winner of the mini-challenge , Nina selected her flavor and paired everyone else up . Ru later revealed that they must use their assigned fruits as part of their runway presentation . Guest judges : Jeffrey Moran and María Conchita Alonso Mini-Challenge : Vogue battle Mini-Challenge Winner : Nina Flowers Main Challenge : Drag Ball featuring three different looks - swimsuit , executive realness , and evening wear Challenge Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Bottom Two : Rebecca Glasscock & Shannel Lip - sync Song : `` Shackles ( Praise You ) '' by Mary Mary Eliminated : Shannel 7 7 `` Extra Special Edition '' March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) ( March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) ) In this episode , RuPaul took a look back through the first season . Clips included unaired audition videos from the contestants who made it and some who did n't , backstage antics , and an inside look at the final three . Among those who did n't make it , Raven , Pandora Boxx , Sahara Davenport , Nicole Paige Brooks , Detox , Naysha Lopez , and Alaska were featured . Merle Ginsberg and Santino Rice were also on hand to deliver their Top 10 picks for the most memorable fashions of the season . 8 8 `` Grand Finale '' March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ( March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ) Merle and Santino came in to inform the final three that their last challenge would be to appear in RuPaul 's latest video for her song , `` Cover Girl ( Put The Bass In Your Walk ) . '' They would do a group dance , record a verse with rapper Cazwell , and film a solo for Ru 's video . To get them prepared , choreographer Ryan Heffington took the final three through the planned dance routine . None of them adapted easily , but Rebecca in particular , struggled with the dancing required . Afterward , each queen got an impromptu sit - down with Ru . Main Challenge : Recording a verse and filming a spot for RuPaul 's latest video `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' Eliminated : Rebecca Glasscock Top Two : BeBe Zahara Benet & Nina Flowers Lip Sync Song : `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' by RuPaul Runner - up : Nina Flowers Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race Season One : BeBe Zahara Benet 9 9 `` Re-United ! '' March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ( March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ) The nine contestants gathered once again to chat about the season behind them and their current lives with RuPaul , Merle , and Santino with questions from the viewers . Miss Congeniality : Nina Flowers Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shumaker , Jason ; Jake Slane ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` Gentlemen , Re-Start Your Engines ... and May the Best Woman Win ... Again ! '' . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Callie , dear ... '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race Facebook page . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Callie , dear ... Jump up ^ `` Abut '' . Ongina Facebook page . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Hottest `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' Contestants Out of Drag `` . NewNowNext.com ( Logo TV / Viacom International . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( U.S. ) RuPaul 's Drag Race on IMDb ( hide ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Miss Congeniality Nina Flowers Pandora Boxx Yara Sofia Latrice Royale Ivy Winters BenDeLaCreme Katya Cynthia Lee Fontaine Valentina Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U Snatch Game Gay for Play Game Show Starring RuPaul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_1)&oldid=801053840 '' Categories : RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons 2009 American television seasons Logo original programs Cross-dressing in television LGBT - related reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 11 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who won season one of rupaul's drag race

RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 1 Broadcast from February 2 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) -- March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) Judges RuPaul Santino Rice Merle Ginsberg Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster Logo Competitors 9 Winner BeBe Zahara Benet Origin Minneapolis , Minnesota . Runner - up Nina Flowers Chronology Season 1 ▶

The Proud family Movie - wikipedia The Proud family Movie The Proud Family Movie DVD cover Genre Comedy Animated Based on The Proud Family by Bruce W. Smith Written by Calvin Brown , Jr . Ralph Farquhar John Patrick White Stiles White Directed by Bruce W. Smith Starring Kyla Pratt Tommy Davidson Paula Jai Parker Jo Marie Payton Tara Strong Orlando Brown Soleil Moon Frye Jeff Bennett Alisa Reyes Omarion LisaRaye McCoy Arsenio Hall Theme music composer Elik Alvarez Frank Fitzpatrick Freddy Sheinfeld Original language ( s ) English Spanish Production Producer ( s ) Bruce W. Smith Willard Carroll Ralph Farquhar Editor ( s ) Brandy Hammes Running time 91 minutes Production company ( s ) Walt Disney Television Animation Hyperion Pictures Jambalaya Studio Distributor Buena Vista Television Release Original network Disney Channel Original release August 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 19 ) Chronology Preceded by The Proud Family ( 2001 - 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie is a Disney Channel Original Movie which premiered on August 19 , 2005 . The film served as the series finale for the Disney Channel animated series , The Proud Family . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Release 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with a man named Dr. Carver , the great - great - grandson of George Washington Carver , trying to generate a super ' Gnome Warrior ' , a prototype for an army of humanoid peanut warriors , but it disintegrates . The scene then turns to Penny Proud , who is celebrating her 16th birthday in her hometown of Wizardville , California , and fails her driver 's ed . She and her friends are excited to be a part of 15 Cent 's ( Sticky 's cousin and parody of 50 Cent ) dance group , Spare Change . When 15 Cent drives her home , Oscar Proud , her over-protective father , gets mad when he finds them kissing . After Oscar gives her the worst grounding of her life , and essentially forbids her from ever becoming an adult , Penny wishes he was n't her father , to which he states he wished he never had her as a daughter . This marks the culmination of their relationship as seen over the entire series . Oscar has invented an everlasting multiplying formula that was supposed to make his Proud Snacks tastier , but it instead causes the snack to expand and explode . As he is hauled away from his presentation , he proclaims that his formula has no expiration date . Dr. Carver , overhears Oscar 's ranting , plots to get Oscar 's formula since he has never gotten his experiment to stabilized . Disguising himself , Carver invites the Proud family to Legume Island . Trudy forces Oscar , Sugar Mama , and Penny to go in hopes they will re-bond . The family meets the inhabitants of the island , short peanut creatures called the Genomes . Carver tries to negotiate obtaining the formula from Oscar by offering him $10 million . However , a G - nome named Wally convince Oscar not to . When Oscar refuses ( who does n't have the formula with him ) , Carver constructs evil peanut clones of his family from DNA snatched from them while they were partying . Oscar runs away and tries explaining to his family , but they do n't believe him . The clones get a mix - up when the real Penny comes with them back to the mainland to search for the formula ; Penny 's clone remains with the original family . Penny soon enjoy the free life which the clones allowed her , in spite of their bizarre personalities and Oscar 's clone becoming a celebrity , but quickly tires of it . She discovers that Cashew , a G - nome she befriended earlier on the island , had stowed away ; he wanted to see what it was like to have a ' real family ' . He also reveals to her the true nature of the clones . At that moment , Wally leads the Prouds and the Penny clone on a perilous journey to the other side of the island , where he claims there is someone who can answer their questions . Along the way , the Penny clone proves to be the kind of daughter Oscar desires -- obedient . When they meet the person Wally wanted them to meet , he turns out to be the real Dr. Carver . Dr. Carver explains that he moved to the island and began his goal on cloning technology and created the friendly island creatures , but wanted someone to inherit all that he learned and cloned himself , it was a success but the clone went sizzling crisp in the sun one day and turned evil . Donning a disguise of his original form , the clone took over the island and forced the G - nomes to work for him ( excluding Wally ) and began using Carver 's peanut research for world domination . Oscar realizes his formula is the key and tells the family he had left it in a necklace for Penny 's birthday , which she opened back home . Her clone informs the other clones , who took the formula . Penny and Cashew gather her friends to go back to Legume Island and rescue the family . They steal 15 Cent 's yacht to get there , but Penny accidentally sinks it . The Carver clone has already prepared to leave to take over the world with his Super G - nomes . The clones attack Penny and her friends and family , but she convinces the Oscar clone to help - by bribing him with hot dogs which he had become obsessed with earlier - and he defeats the rest of the clones . Dr. Carver unleashes a sea creature on them but the original Dr. Carver recognizes the monster as Bobo , a former experiment that went bad and convinces it to being good . Seeing the Carver clone making his getaway , the original Dr. Carver reveals a possible solution - a container of gas that could instantly turn solid peanuts into peanut butter . Penny takes the gas , boards the clone 's airship , and battles him with help from Oscar , who para-sails up using one of Sugar Mama 's giant underwear . Just as Penny is on the verge of releasing the gas , Dr. Carver offers her to join him and live a free life , without rules or responsibilities . However , Penny retorts that , even though they are n't the perfect one , her family is who she cares about and unleashes the gas , foiling the clone 's plot and destroying the army . The clone , having only been hit slightly by the gas , turns back into a peanut and falls into the ocean . Oscar then gives Penny her birthday necklace , stating that he now knows she 's mature enough that she is ready to make her own decisions , and finally accepts her for who she is , and they then make up on national TV . 15 Cent has Penny and her friends sing instead of acting as his back - up dancers and the crowd loves them . On Legume Island , the real Carver and his peanut people along with the Proud clones listen as a radio announcer says that Penny and her friends ' song has been popular for five weeks ( 35 days ) in a row . In an extended ending , the scene fast - forwards three days later where Cashew is now part of the Proud Family , Penny is receiving her driver 's license and helps Oscar by driving through town advertising his new drink Pork - Nut - o - Rade , but Puff drank it back home earlier , turning him into a large and rampaging monster . He chases them around the world up to China , until Suga Mama , who also drank the concoction , takes him home . Voice cast ( edit ) Kyla Pratt -- Penny Proud Tommy Davidson -- Oscar Proud Paula Jai Parker -- Trudy Proud Jo Marie Payton -- Suga Mama Tara Strong -- Bebe Proud / Cece Proud / Cashew Orlando Brown -- Sticky Webb Jeff Bennett -- Mr. Bufferman Soleil Moon Frye -- Zoey Howser Alisa Reyes -- LaCienega Boulevardez Karen Malina White -- Dijonay Jones Omarion -- 15 Cent LisaRaye McCoy -- Choreographer Arsenio Hall -- Dr. Carver / Bobby Proud Jeremy Suarez -- Wally Carlos Alazraqui -- Puff / Board Member Billy West - Board Member / Cab Driver Carlos Mencia - Felix Boulevardez Maria Canals - Sunset Boulevardez Alvaro Guttierez -- Papi Phil LaMarr -- Dr. Carver in Disguise / Board Member Aries Spears -- Wizard Kelly / Board Member Keith David -- Bebe Proud Clone Kevin Michael Richardson -- Mangler Mania / Bobo the Sea Beast Masi Oka - Japanese Kid / Announcer Soundtrack ( edit ) The score to the film was composed by Elika Alvarez , Frank Fitzpatrick and Freddy Sheinfel . The film features new songs written by Frank Fitzpatrick , Jorge Corante , Robyn Johnson , Stephen Anderson and Jayne Houston , along with covers of calypso songs . The songs featured in the film are : `` Blowin ' Up the Spot '' - Performed by Omarion Grandberry ( Instrumental only ) `` Right Here '' - Performed by ' Jhené Ako ' `` Boom Boom Boom '' - Performed by Arsenio Hall ( Dr. Carver and Bobby Proud ) `` If I Ruled the World '' - Performed by Arsenio Hall ( Dr. Carver and Bobby Proud ) `` Looking for the Perfect Beat '' - Performed by Afrika Bambaatta & the Soulsonic Force `` Together Makes it Better '' - Performed by Kyla Pratt ( Penny Proud ) , Alisa Reyes ( LaCienga Boulevardez ) , Karen Malina White ( Dijonay Jones ) and Soleil Moon Frye ( Zoey ) Release ( edit ) The Proud Family Movie was shown on Disney Channel on August 19 , 2005 and was released on DVD December 6 , 2005 with an extended ending . The film re-aired again on Disney Channel on May 28 , 2016 , as part of Disney Channel 's 100 DCOM Marathon to celebrate the 100th film , Adventures in Babysitting . External links ( edit ) Official website The Proud Family Movie on IMDb The Proud Family Movie at AllMovie The Proud Family Movie at Rotten Tomatoes Bruce W. Smith Films directed Bébé 's Kids ( 1992 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Television The Proud Family ( 2001 - 2005 ) Da Boom Crew ( 2004 ) Disney Channel Original Movies 1990s Under Wraps ( 1997 ) You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) Brink ! ( 1998 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century ( 1999 ) Can of Worms ( 1999 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Smart House ( 1999 ) Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) Genius ( 1999 ) Do n't Look Under the Bed ( 1999 ) Horse Sense ( 1999 ) 2000s Up , Up and Away ( 2000 ) The Color of Friendship ( 2000 ) Alley Cats Strike ( 2000 ) Rip Girls ( 2000 ) Miracle in Lane 2 ( 2000 ) Stepsister from Planet Weird ( 2000 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Quints ( 2000 ) The Other Me ( 2000 ) Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire ( 2000 ) Phantom of the Megaplex ( 2000 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 ) Zenon : The Zequel ( 2001 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Hounded ( 2001 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) The Jennie Project ( 2001 ) Jumping Ship ( 2001 ) The Poof Point ( 2001 ) Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 ) ' Twas the Night ( 2001 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Cadet Kelly ( 2002 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) Get a Clue ( 2002 ) Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) A Ring of Endless Light ( 2002 ) The Scream Team ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 ) Full - Court Miracle ( 2003 ) Pixel Perfect ( 2004 ) Going to the Mat ( 2004 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Halloweentown High ( 2004 ) Now You See It ... ( 2005 ) Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 ) Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) Go Figure ( 2005 ) Life Is Ruff ( 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Twitches ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) Cow Belles ( 2006 ) Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) Twitches Too ( 2007 ) Minutemen ( 2008 ) Camp Rock ( 2008 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) 2010s Starstruck ( 2010 ) Den Brother ( 2010 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Avalon High ( 2010 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Geek Charming ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Frenemies ( 2012 ) Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) Zapped ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) The Swap ( 2016 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Freaky Friday ( 2018 ) Upcoming Descendants 3 ( 2019 ) Kim Possible ( 2019 ) Disney home entertainment animated features Sequels and other follow - ups The Return of Jafar ( 1994 ) Aladdin and the King of Thieves ( 1996 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World ( 1998 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) An Extremely Goofy Movie ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure ( 2001 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II ( 2002 ) Atlantis : Milo 's Return ( 2003 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) Mulan II ( 2004 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) Kronk 's New Groove ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Brother Bear 2 ( 2006 ) The Fox and the Hound 2 ( 2006 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Films based on TV series Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Recess : Taking the Fifth Grade ( 2003 ) Recess : All Growed Down ( 2003 ) Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) TV series pilots and compilations Gargoyles the Movie : The Heroes Awaken ( 1995 ) Mighty Ducks the Movie : The First Face - Off ( 1997 ) Hercules : Zero to Hero ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) Once Upon a Halloween ( 2005 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Original stories Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers ( 2004 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) Spin - offs Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( 2007 ) Tinker Bell ( 2008 ) Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) Adaptations Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Mickey 's House of Villains ( 2002 ) Disney Sing - Along Songs series ( 1986 -- 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Proud_Family_Movie&oldid=856193837 '' Categories : 2005 television films 2005 animated films Films directed by Bruce W. Smith American television films American animated films Fantasy - comedy films Films based on television series Disney Channel Original Movie films 2000s American animated films American films Films about vacationing Films about cloning Films set on islands African - American animated films American television series finales Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 14 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who plays 15 cent in the proud family movie

Omarion -- 15 Cent

Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Ice hockey at the XXII Olympic Winter Games Venues Bolshoy Ice Dome Shayba Arena Dates 8 -- 23 February 2014 Competitors 468 from 14 nations ← 2010 2018 → Men 's ice hockey at the XXII Olympic Winter Games Medalists 01 ! Canada 02 ! Sweden 03 ! Finland Women 's ice hockey at the XXII Olympic Winter Games Medalists 01 ! Canada 02 ! United States 03 ! Switzerland Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics Qualification men women Tournament men women Rosters men women The ice hockey competitions of the 2014 Winter Olympics were played at two venues , located 300 meters from each other , within the Olympic Park in Sochi , Russia . The Bolshoy Ice Dome , which seats 12,000 , resembles a Fabergé egg . The Shayba Arena , seating 7,000 , is a moveable structure that will be used after the games in another Russian city . Both venues are international sized ( 60 meters by 30 meters ) . Twelve teams competed in the men 's tournament and eight teams in the women 's . The tournaments began 8 February 2014 . The women 's concluded on 20 February and the men 's on 23 February . Canada went undefeated throughout both the men and women 's tournaments and repeated as gold medalists , after winning both tournaments on home soil in Vancouver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal summary 1.1 Medal table 1.2 Medalists 2 Men 's tournament 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Participating nations 3 Women 's tournament 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Participating nations 4 References 5 External links Medal summary ( edit ) Medal table ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Canada 0 0 Sweden 0 0 United States 0 0 Finland 0 0 Switzerland 0 0 Total 6 Medalists ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men 's details Canada ( CAN ) Jamie Benn Patrice Bergeron Jay Bouwmeester Jeff Carter Sidney Crosby Drew Doughty Matt Duchene Ryan Getzlaf Dan Hamhuis Duncan Keith Chris Kunitz Roberto Luongo Patrick Marleau Rick Nash Corey Perry Alex Pietrangelo Carey Price Patrick Sharp Mike Smith Martin St. Louis P.K. Subban John Tavares Jonathan Toews Marc - Édouard Vlasic Shea Weber Sweden ( SWE ) Daniel Alfredsson Nicklas Bäckström Patrik Berglund Alexander Edler Oliver Ekman - Larsson Jhonas Enroth Jimmie Ericsson Jonathan Ericsson Loui Eriksson Jonas Gustavsson Carl Hagelin Niklas Hjalmarsson Marcus Johansson Erik Karlsson Niklas Kronwall Marcus Krüger Gabriel Landeskog Henrik Lundqvist Gustav Nyquist Johnny Oduya Daniel Sedin Jakob Silfverberg Alexander Steen Henrik Tallinder Henrik Zetterberg Finland ( FIN ) Juhamatti Aaltonen Aleksander Barkov Mikael Granlund Juuso Hietanen Jarkko Immonen Jussi Jokinen Olli Jokinen Leo Komarov Sami Lepistö Petri Kontiola Lauri Korpikoski Lasse Kukkonen Jori Lehterä Kari Lehtonen Olli Määttä Antti Niemi Antti Pihlström Tuukka Rask Tuomo Ruutu Sakari Salminen Sami Salo Teemu Selänne Kimmo Timonen Ossi Väänänen Sami Vatanen Women 's details Canada ( CAN ) Meghan Agosta - Marciano Gillian Apps Mélodie Daoust Laura Fortino Jayna Hefford Haley Irwin Brianne Jenner Rebecca Johnston Charline Labonté Geneviève Lacasse Jocelyne Larocque Meaghan Mikkelson Caroline Ouellette Marie - Philip Poulin Lauriane Rougeau Natalie Spooner Shannon Szabados Jenn Wakefield Catherine Ward Tara Watchorn Hayley Wickenheiser United States ( USA ) Kacey Bellamy Megan Bozek Alexandra Carpenter Julie Chu Kendall Coyne Brianna Decker Meghan Duggan Lyndsey Fry Amanda Kessel Hilary Knight Jocelyne Lamoureux Monique Lamoureux Gisele Marvin Brianne McLaughlin Michelle Picard Josephine Pucci Molly Schaus Anne Schleper Kelli Stack Lee Stecklein Jessie Vetter Switzerland ( SUI ) Janine Alder Livia Altmann Sophie Anthamatten Laura Benz Sara Benz Nicole Bullo Romy Eggimann Sarah Forster Angela Frautschi Jessica Lutz Julia Marty Stefanie Marty Alina Müller Katrin Nabholz Evelina Raselli Florence Schelling Lara Stalder Phoebe Stanz Anja Stiefel Nina Waidacher Teemu Selanne , at age 43 years and 234 days , became the oldest ice hockey player to win an Olympic medal , by being part of Team Finland 's bronze . He also holds the Olympic record for total ice hockey points , upping it to 43 . He also shares the record for most appearances in ice hockey at the Olympics , with 2014 being his 6th Olympics . In a drug test at the Olympics , Nicklas Bäckström 's A-sample indicated doping pseudoephedrine and he was prevented from playing in the final . The B - sample , analyzed after the final , also showed values above the allowed limit . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament The tournament featured 12 countries , 9 qualifying through the IIHF World Ranking , and 3 through subsequent qualifying tournaments . The format was the same as 2010 ; there were three groups of 4 to determine seeding , with four rounds of elimination games . Each group winner received a bye into the second round , along with the best second place team while the remaining eight teams played a qualification game . Each quarter - final winner advanced to the semis with the winners playing for the gold medal , and the losers the bronze . The NHL has agreed to allow its players to participate in the tournament . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Men 's qualification Qualification for the men 's tournament at the 2014 Winter Olympics was determined by the IIHF World Ranking following the 2012 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships . The top nine teams in the World Ranking received automatic berths into the Olympics , while all other teams had an opportunity to qualify for the remaining three spots in the Olympics . Participating nations ( edit ) The twelve nations played in three pools . Group A Group B Group C Russia Slovakia United States Slovenia Finland Canada Norway Austria Czech Republic Sweden Switzerland Latvia Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Women 's tournament The women 's tournament ran from 8 to 20 February . Eight nations contested the gold . A new format was introduced , with the top 4 ranked teams in group A , with the next four in group B . The bottom two group A teams played the top 2 teams in group B in the quarter finals , where the winners played either the first or second place team in group A . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Women 's qualification Qualification for the women 's tournament at the 2014 Winter Olympics was determined by the IIHF World Ranking following the 2012 IIHF Women 's World Championships . The top five teams in the World Ranking received automatic berths into the Olympics , Russia gained direct entry by being host and all other teams had an opportunity to qualify for the remaining two spots in the Olympics . Participating nations ( edit ) The eight nations played in two pools . On December 6 , 2017 six Russian ice hockey players were disqualified for doping violations resulting in the team being disqualified . Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina were also disqualified ten days later . Group A Group B Canada Finland Switzerland United States Russia Sweden Germany Japan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bolshoy Ice Dome -- Venues -- Sochi 2014 Olympics '' . Sochi2014.com. 21 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shayba Arena -- Venues -- Sochi 2014 Olympics '' . Sochi2014.com . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big ice in Sochi 2014 '' . Iihf.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Kevin Oklobzija ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Teemu Selanne ends Olympic career a medalist '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dave Lozo ( 22 February 2014 ) . `` Olympic Hockey 2014 : Finnish Flash Teemu Selanne Cements His Legacy '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics '' . Iihf.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27 events in IIHF program '' . Iihf.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate = December 12 , 2017 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions 11 Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Sochi in the final stretch , a review of the venues at IIHF.com . Events at the 2014 Winter Olympics ( Sochi ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics Summary by year 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Men 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Women 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Triple Gold Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_hockey_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics&oldid=828550555 '' Categories : 2014 Winter Olympics events Ice hockey at the Olympic Games 2014 in ice hockey Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics International ice hockey competitions hosted by Russia 2013 -- 14 in Russian ice hockey Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Infobox Olympic event using medalist parameter without NOC parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingue Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 07 : 40 . 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who won the gold metal for men's ice hockey in 2014

Event Gold Silver Bronze Men 's details Canada ( CAN ) Jamie Benn Patrice Bergeron Jay Bouwmeester Jeff Carter Sidney Crosby Drew Doughty Matt Duchene Ryan Getzlaf Dan Hamhuis Duncan Keith Chris Kunitz Roberto Luongo Patrick Marleau Rick Nash Corey Perry Alex Pietrangelo Carey Price Patrick Sharp Mike Smith Martin St. Louis P.K. Subban John Tavares Jonathan Toews Marc - Édouard Vlasic Shea Weber Sweden ( SWE ) Daniel Alfredsson Nicklas Bäckström Patrik Berglund Alexander Edler Oliver Ekman - Larsson Jhonas Enroth Jimmie Ericsson Jonathan Ericsson Loui Eriksson Jonas Gustavsson Carl Hagelin Niklas Hjalmarsson Marcus Johansson Erik Karlsson Niklas Kronwall Marcus Krüger Gabriel Landeskog Henrik Lundqvist Gustav Nyquist Johnny Oduya Daniel Sedin Jakob Silfverberg Alexander Steen Henrik Tallinder Henrik Zetterberg Finland ( FIN ) Juhamatti Aaltonen Aleksander Barkov Mikael Granlund Juuso Hietanen Jarkko Immonen Jussi Jokinen Olli Jokinen Leo Komarov Sami Lepistö Petri Kontiola Lauri Korpikoski Lasse Kukkonen Jori Lehterä Kari Lehtonen Olli Määttä Antti Niemi Antti Pihlström Tuukka Rask Tuomo Ruutu Sakari Salminen Sami Salo Teemu Selänne Kimmo Timonen Ossi Väänänen Sami Vatanen Women 's details Canada ( CAN ) Meghan Agosta - Marciano Gillian Apps Mélodie Daoust Laura Fortino Jayna Hefford Haley Irwin Brianne Jenner Rebecca Johnston Charline Labonté Geneviève Lacasse Jocelyne Larocque Meaghan Mikkelson Caroline Ouellette Marie - Philip Poulin Lauriane Rougeau Natalie Spooner Shannon Szabados Jenn Wakefield Catherine Ward Tara Watchorn Hayley Wickenheiser United States ( USA ) Kacey Bellamy Megan Bozek Alexandra Carpenter Julie Chu Kendall Coyne Brianna Decker Meghan Duggan Lyndsey Fry Amanda Kessel Hilary Knight Jocelyne Lamoureux Monique Lamoureux Gisele Marvin Brianne McLaughlin Michelle Picard Josephine Pucci Molly Schaus Anne Schleper Kelli Stack Lee Stecklein Jessie Vetter Switzerland ( SUI ) Janine Alder Livia Altmann Sophie Anthamatten Laura Benz Sara Benz Nicole Bullo Romy Eggimann Sarah Forster Angela Frautschi Jessica Lutz Julia Marty Stefanie Marty Alina Müller Katrin Nabholz Evelina Raselli Florence Schelling Lara Stalder Phoebe Stanz Anja Stiefel Nina Waidacher

Charlotte 's Web - wikipedia Charlotte 's Web Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Charlotte 's Web ( disambiguation ) . Charlotte 's Web First edition Author E.B. White Illustrator Garth Williams Cover artist Garth Williams Country United States Language English Genre Children 's Publisher Harper & Brothers Publication date 1952 Pages 192 Charlotte 's Web is a children 's novel by American author E.B. White and illustrated by Garth Williams ; it was published in October 15 , 1952 , by Harper & Brothers . The novel tells the story of a pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte . When Wilbur is in danger of being slaughtered by the farmer , Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur ( such as `` Some Pig '' ) in her web in order to persuade the farmer to let him live . Written in White 's dry , low - key manner , Charlotte 's Web is considered a classic of children 's literature , enjoyable to adults as well as children . The description of the experience of swinging on a rope swing at the farm is an often cited example of rhythm in writing , as the pace of the sentences reflects the motion of the swing . In 2000 , Publishers Weekly listed the book as the best - selling children 's paperback of all time . Charlotte 's Web was adapted into an animated feature by Hanna - Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions in 1973 . Paramount released a direct - to - video sequel , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , in the U.S. in 2003 ( Universal released the film internationally ) . A live - action film version of E.B. White 's original story was released in 2006 . A video game based on this adaption was also released in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 History 4 Reception 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Stage 5.3 Video game 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot summary After her father spares the life of a piglet from slaughtering it as runt of the litter , a little girl named Fern Arable nurtures the piglet lovingly , naming him Wilbur . On greater maturity , Wilbur is sold to Fern 's uncle , Homer Zuckerman , in whose barnyard he is left yearning for companionship but is snubbed by other barn animals , until befriended by a barn spider named Charlotte , living on a web overlooking Wilbur 's enclosure . Upon Wilbur 's discovery that he is intended for slaughter , she promises to hatch a plan guaranteed to spare his life . Accordingly , she secretly weaves praise of him into her web , attracting publicity among Zuckerman 's neighbors who attribute the praise to divine intervention . As time passes , more inscriptions appear on Charlotte 's webs , increasing his renown . Therefore , Wilbur is entered in the county fair , accompanied by Charlotte and the rat Templeton , whom she employs in gathering inspiration for her messages . There , Charlotte spins an egg sac containing her unborn offspring , and Wilbur , despite winning no prizes , is later celebrated by the fair 's staff and visitors ( thus made too prestigious alive to justify killing him ) . Exhausted apparently by laying eggs , Charlotte remains at the fair and dies shortly after Wilbur 's departure . Having returned to Zuckerman 's farm , Wilbur guards Charlotte 's egg sac and is saddened further when the new spiders depart shortly after hatching . The three smallest remain , however . Pleased at finding new friends , Wilbur names the spiderlings Joy , Nellie , and Aranea , and the book concludes by mentioning that more generations of spiders kept him company in subsequent years . Characters Wilbur is a rambunctious pig , the runt of his litter . He is often strongly emotional . Charlotte A. Cavatica , or simply Charlotte , is a spider who befriends Wilbur . In some passages , she is the heroine of the story . John Arable : Wilbur 's first owner . Fern Arable , John 's daughter , who adopts Wilbur in his infancy , and later visits him . She is the only human in the story capable of understanding nonhuman conversation . Templeton is a rat who helps Charlotte and Wilbur only when offered food . He serves as a somewhat caustic , self - serving comic relief to the plot . Avery Arable is the elder brother of Fern . Like Templeton , he is a source of comic relief . Homer Zuckerman is Fern 's uncle who keeps Wilbur in his barn . He has a wife , Edith , and an assistant named Lurvy . Other animals in Zuckerman 's barn , with whom Wilbur converses , are a disdainful lamb , a talkative goose , and an intelligent `` old sheep '' . Henry Fussy is a boy of Fern 's age , of whom Fern becomes fond . Dr. Dorian is the family physician / psychologist consulted by Fern 's mother and something of a wise old man character . Uncle is a large pig whom Charlotte disdains for coarse manners and Wilbur 's rival at the fair . History White 's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that one day , in 1952 , E. B. White handed her a new manuscript , the only version of Charlotte 's Web then in existence , which she read soon after and enjoyed . Charlotte 's Web was published three years after White began writing it . Since White published Death of a Pig in 1948 , an account of his own failure to save a sick pig ( bought for butchering ) , Charlotte 's Web can be seen as White 's attempt `` to save his pig in retrospect '' . White 's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed and he has written : `` I have n't told why I wrote the book , but I have n't told you why I sneeze , either . A book is a sneeze '' . When White met the spider who originally inspired Charlotte , he called her Charlotte Epeira ( after Epeira sclopetaria , the Grey Cross spider , now known as Larinioides sclopetarius ) , before discovering that the more modern name for that genus was Aranea . In the novel , Charlotte gives her full name as `` Charlotte A. Cavatica '' , revealing her as a barn spider , an orb - weaver with the scientific name Araneus cavaticus . The arachnid anatomical terms ( mentioned in the beginning of chapter nine ) and other information that White used , came mostly from American Spiders by Willis J. Gertsch and The Spider Book by John Henry Comstock , both of which combine a sense of poetry with scientific fact . White incorporated details from Comstock 's accounts of baby spiders , most notably the `` flight '' of the young spiders on silken parachutes . White sent Gertsch 's book to illustrator Garth Williams . Williams ' initial drawings depicted a spider with a woman 's face , and White suggested that he simply draw a realistic spider instead . White originally opened the novel with an introduction of Wilbur and the barnyard ( which later became the third chapter ) but decided to begin the novel by introducing Fern and her family on the first page . White 's publishers were at one point concerned with the book 's ending and tried to get White to change it . Charlotte 's Web has become White 's most famous book ; but White treasured his privacy and that of the farmyard and barn that helped inspire the novel , which have been kept off limits to the public according to his wishes . Reception Charlotte 's Web was generally well - reviewed when it was released . In The New York Times , Eudora Welty wrote , `` As a piece of work it is just about perfect , and just about magical in the way it is done . '' Aside from its paperback sales , Charlotte 's Web is 78th on the all - time bestselling hardback book list . According to publicity for the 2006 film adaptation ( see below ) , the book has sold more than 45 million copies and been translated into 23 languages . It was a Newbery Honor book for 1953 , losing to Secret of the Andes by Ann Nolan Clark for the medal . In 1970 , White won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal , a major prize in the field of children 's literature , for Charlotte 's Web , along with his first children 's book , Stuart Little , published in 1945 . Seth Lerer , in his book Children 's Literature , finds that Charlotte represents female authorship and creativity , and compares her to other female characters in children 's literature such as Jo March in Little Women and Mary Lennox in The Secret Garden . Nancy Larrick brings to attention the `` startling note of realism '' in the opening line , `` Where 's Papa going with that Ax ? '' Illustrator Henry Cole expressed his deep childhood appreciation of the characters and story , and calls Garth Williams ' illustrations full of `` sensitivity , warmth , humor , and intelligence . '' Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams ' illustrations inspired and influenced her . There is an unabridged audio book read by White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded . Newsweek writes that White reads the story `` without artifice and with a mellow charm , '' and that `` White also has a plangency that will make you weep , so do n't listen ( at least , not to the sad parts ) while driving . '' Joe Berk , president of Pathway Sound , had recorded Charlotte 's Web with White in White 's neighbor 's house in Maine ( which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience ) and released the book in LP . Bantam released Charlotte 's Web alongside Stuart Little on CD in 1991 , digitally remastered , having acquired the two of them for rather a large amount . In 2005 , a school teacher in California conceived of a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds of drawings of spiders ( each representing Charlotte 's child Aranea going out into the world so that she can return and tell Wilbur of what she has seen ) with accompanying letters ; they ended up visiting a large number of parks , monuments , and museums , and were hosted by and / or prompted responses from celebrities and politicians such as John Travolta and then - First Lady Laura Bush . In 2003 Charlotte 's Web was listed at number 170 on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's 200 `` best - loved novels . '' A 2004 study found that Charlotte 's Web was a common read - aloud book for third - graders in schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children . '' It was one of the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal . Its awards and nominations include : Newbery Honor Book ( 1953 ) Horn Book Fanfare ( 1953 ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal ( 1970 ) ( awarded to White for his children 's books : Charlotte 's Web and Stuart Little ) Massachusetts Children 's Book Award ( 1984 ) Adaptations Film The book was adapted into an animated feature of the same name in 1973 by Hanna - Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions with a score by the Sherman Brothers . In 2003 , a direct - to - video sequel of that film , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , was released by Paramount Pictures . In 2006 , Paramount Pictures , with Walden Media , Kerner Entertainment Company , and Nickelodeon Movies , produced a live - action / animated adaptation starring Dakota Fanning as Fern and the voice of Julia Roberts as Charlotte , released on December 15 , 2006 . Stage Main article : Charlotte 's Web ( musical ) A musical production was created with music and lyrics by Charles Strouse . Video game Main article : Charlotte 's Web ( video game ) A video game of the 2006 film was developed by Backbone Entertainment and published by THQ and Sega , and released on December 12 , 2006 , for the Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 and PC . See also United States portal Children 's literature portal List of best - selling books The Tale of Little Pig Robinson `` Low THC cannabis ( '' Charlotte 's web `` ) Death in children 's literature References Jump up ^ `` Private Tutor '' . Factmonster.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte A. Cavatica : Bloodthirsty , Wise And True '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Ursula ( 1974 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Stuart , Wilbur , Charlotte : A Tale of Tales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ( 2006 ) . `` Authors & illustrators : E.B. White : AUTHOR NOTE : A Letter from E.B. White '' . harpercollinschildrens.com . HarperCollins Publishers . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ( January 1948 ) . `` Death of a Pig '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Weales , Gerald ( 1970 - 05 - 24 ) . `` The Designs of E.B. White '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Usher , Shaun . `` A book is a sneeze '' . Letters of Note . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Elledge , Scott ( 1984 ) . E.B. White : A Biography . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01771 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Neumeyer , Peter F. ( 1991 ) . `` Charlotte , Arachnida : The Scientific Sources '' . The Lion and the Unicorn. 19 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 231 . ISSN 0147 - 2593 . doi : 10.1353 / uni. 1995.0034 . ^ Jump up to : Elledge ( 1984 ) , p. 295 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ; Dorothy Lobrano Guth ( ed . ) ( 1976 ) . Letters of E.B. White . Harper and Row . pp. 353 -- 354 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 014601 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White ( 1976 ) , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Garfield , Henry ( May 2007 ) . `` E.B. White 's Web '' . Bangor - Metro . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , October 19 , 1952 Jump up ^ Lerer , Seth ( 2008 ) . Children 's Literature . University of Chicago Press . pp. 249 -- 251 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 47300 - 7 . Jump up ^ Larrick , Nancy ( 1982 ) . A Parent 's Guide to Children 's Reading ( Fifth ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The Westminster Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 32705 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cole , Henry ( 2005 ) . The Art of Reading : Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF 's 40th Anniversary . Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental . Dutton Books . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47484 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bluthenthal , Diana Cain ( 2005 ) . The Art of Reading : Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF 's 40th Anniversary . Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental . Dutton Books . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47484 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Katrine ; Marc Peyser ( 1991 - 12 - 09 ) . `` For Little Pitchers With Big Ears '' . Newsweek . New York ( 24 ) : 79 . ISSN 0028 - 9604 . ^ Jump up to : Schnol , Janet ; Joanne Tangorra ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Bantam Releases CD / Cassette of E.B. White Titles '' . Publishers Weekly . 238 ( 46 ) : 32 . ISSN 0000 - 0019 . Jump up ^ Worldly Web : A traveling spider teaches fourth graders the joys of reading , meeting new people , and experiencing new adventures . Readers Digest 2007 - 06 - 13 , page found 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved August 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 ¬ -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / rt. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . School Library Journal `` A Fuse # 8 Production '' blog . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbery Medal Home Page , American Library Association Jump up ^ Book awards : A Horn Book Fanfare Best Book Jump up ^ Massachusetts Children 's awards Archived February 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Further Reading Griffith , John W. ( 1993 ) . Charlotte 's web : a pig 's salvation . New York : Twayne . ISBN 0805788123 . Neumeyer , Peter F. ; Williams , Garth ; White , E.B. ( 1994 ) . The annotated Charlotte 's web . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0060243872 . White , E.B. ( 2007 ) . Some pig ! : a Charlotte 's web picture book . Illustrated by Maggie Kneen . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0060781610 . White , E.B. ( 2008 ) . Wilbur 's adventure : a Charlotte 's web picture book . Illustrated by Maggie Kneen . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060781644 . Sims , Michael ( 2011 ) . The story of Charlotte 's web : E.B. White 's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 9780802777546 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Charlotte 's Web Charlotte 's Web home page at publisher 's site E.B. White 's Charlotte 's Web ( 1952 ) Films Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Other Charlotte 's Web ( video game ) Charlotte 's Web ( musical ) Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Spider - Ham The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' Pigs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte%27s_Web&oldid=802160836 '' Categories : 1952 American novels American children 's novels Fictional spiders Fictional pigs Books about friendship Newbery Honor - winning works Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Works by E.B. White Harper & Brothers books American novels adapted into films Children 's novels about animals Pigs in literature 1952 children 's books Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 10 : 49 . 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what is the name of the pig in charlotte's web

Charlotte 's Web is a children 's novel by American author E.B. White and illustrated by Garth Williams ; it was published in October 15 , 1952 , by Harper & Brothers . The novel tells the story of a pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte . When Wilbur is in danger of being slaughtered by the farmer , Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur ( such as `` Some Pig '' ) in her web in order to persuade the farmer to let him live .

Land Rover Discovery Sport - wikipedia Land Rover Discovery Sport This article is about compact SUV . For the mid-size SUV , see Land Rover Discovery . Land Rover Discovery Sport Overview Manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover Production 2014 -- present Assembly Halewood Body & Assembly , Liverpool , England Changsu , China Itatiaia , Brazil Designer Gerry McGovern Body and chassis Class Subcompact luxury extended length Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel - drive or four - wheel - drive Platform Jaguar Land Rover D8 Related Range Rover Evoque Jaguar E-Pace Powertrain Engine 2015MY 2.0 L EcoBoost I - 4 ( t / c petrol ) 2.2 L Duratorq I - 4 ( t / c diesel ) 2016MY 2.0 L Ingenium I - 4 ( t / c petrol ) 2.0 L Ingenium I - 4 ( t / c diesel ) Transmission 6 -- speed Getrag M66EH50 manual 9 -- speed ZF 9 - HP automatic Wheelbase 2,741 mm ( 107.9 in ) Length 4,590 mm ( 180.7 in ) Width 2,069 mm ( 81.5 in ) wing mirrors folded Height 1,724 mm ( 67.9 in ) Kerb weight 1,744 -- 1,839 kg ( 3,845 -- 4,054 lb ) Chronology Predecessor Land Rover Freelander The Land Rover Discovery Sport ( codename L550 ) is a high end off - road , subcompact luxury SUV produced by British automotive company Jaguar Land Rover under their Land Rover marque . It replaces the Land Rover Freelander in a revised Land Rover range of vehicles , with Discovery joining Range Rover as a sub-brand . The Discovery Sport went on sale during September 2014 , with first deliveries in early 2015 . The new Discovery sub-brand , to be focused on leisure vehicles , will feature two models initially , the compact Discovery Sport and the larger Discovery ( sold as the LR4 in North America ) . The Discovery Sport is based on the Land Rover LR - MS platform , customised for off - road applications , and is powered by a range of four cylinder petrol and diesel engines . The Discovery Sport is available in five and seven seat layouts . Contents 1 Conception 2 Exterior 3 Chassis 4 Engines 5 Transmission 6 Interior 7 Production 8 Worldwide Sales 9 References 10 External links Conception ( edit ) The Discovery Sport represents the third generation of compact SUV produced by Land Rover and replaced the Freelander . Although the Freelander model range had been a successful way to enable Land Rover to move into the medium SUV market , the company felt that the Freelander brand was tainted with memories of unreliability , and that the Discovery brand was more prestigious . The first generation , the Freelander , was introduced by Land Rover in 1997 following a study that revealed market demand for an SUV smaller than the Discovery and Range Rover models . The original Freelander was developed during the period when Land Rover formed part of the Rover Group , and used engines , transmissions and other components from other Rover Group and BMW models , including the K - series petrol engines and L - Series diesel engines , and a floorpan based on that of the Austin Maestro . The BMW M47 diesel engine replaced the L - Series diesel engine in 2001 , following its adaptation to suit transverse applications and off - road use . The Freelander 2 , sold as the LR2 in North America , was introduced in 2006 during Ford 's ownership of Land Rover . The second generation Freelander was built on the Ford EUCD platform , using a Ford Duratorq four cylinder diesel engine , and initially the Volvo B6324S six cylinder petrol engine . The six cylinder petrol engine was replaced for the 2013 model year by a more economical Ford EcoBoost four cylinder 2.0 - litre turbocharged petrol engine . The Ford petrol and diesel four cylinder engines were carried over for the Discovery Sport 's first model year . The future design direction of the Discovery sub-brand was initially previewed in the form of the Land Rover Discovery Vision concept , shown at the 2014 New York International Auto Show , and it was during the show that Gerry McGovern announced the Land Rover Discovery Sport would be the first new model in the enlarged Discovery family . The sub-brand will be used in the same way as Range Rover , but will be used on leisure and family orientated models , with Range Rover models focusing on the luxury market segment . The Discovery Sport shares several design cues with the larger Discovery Vision concept , though the concept vehicle is closer in size to the current Discovery 4 model . Exterior ( edit ) Land Rover Discovery Sport SE Tech wagon ( UK ) The Discovery Sport was styled by Gerry McGovern , who was responsible for the design of the original Freelander model . McGovern left Land Rover for Ford in 1999 , before returning as Director of Advanced Design in 2004 . He was promoted to Design Director when Geoff Upex retired in 2006 , and has been responsible for design of all three current Range Rover models . His predecessor , Upex , was responsible for the Freelander 2 design . The Discovery Sport features a steel monocoque , the bonnet , wings , roof and tailgate are made from aluminium and a panoramic glass sunroof is available either as standard or as an optional extra depending on model variant . A powered tailgate can also be specified as an option , featuring remote control operation . In certain markets , the bonnet is fitted with an airbag to improve pedestrian survivability in the event of a collision . The airbag is mounted in a panel at the trailing edge of the bonnet panel and protects a pedestrian 's head from striking the base of the windscreen . Chassis ( edit ) The Discovery Sport is of unibody construction , unlike the larger full size Discovery model which features a traditional body - on - frame . The platform used for the Discovery Sport is the Land Rover LR - MS platform , shared with the Range Rover Evoque and derived from the Ford EUCD platform , but with 90 % of components redesigned from scratch to meet Land Rover 's specific demands , primarily related to off - road use . The Discovery Sport includes further changes to the platform in comparison with the Evoque , with a new compact multi-link suspension design to permit the folding rear seats and spare wheel well in the boot space , without requiring an unduly high and impractical load floor . The front suspension is a MacPherson strut design carried over from the Range Rover Evoque largely unchanged , and features steel lower and aluminium upper control arms . Off - road performance remains broadly similar to the Freelander 2 model , ground clearance is 212 millimetres ( 8.3 in ) , the same as the Freelander 2 and wading depth is 600 millimetres ( 2.0 ft ) , an improvement of 100 millimetres ( 3.9 in ) . The approach angle for the Discovery Sport is 25 ° and the ramp angle is 21 ° , reductions of 6 ° and 2 ° respectively , when compared to the Freelander 2 . The departure angle remains unchanged at 31 ° . The Discovery Sport features removable components on the lower sections of the front bumper which improves the approach angle . The braking system comprises disc brakes all round , with 325 millimetres ( 12.8 in ) discs at the front and 300 millimetres ( 12 in ) at the rear , the brakes are servo assisted and an anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) is fitted . The braking system also features an emergency brake force assistance system to reduce stopping distances in an emergency , stability aides , and an autonomous emergency braking system . The Discovery Sport , when tested by Euro NCAP in December 2014 , was awarded a five star safety rating , and based on its score , was ranked as the safest vehicle in its class , the Small Off - Road class . Electric power steering is fitted , with 2.43 turns lock to lock and a turning circle of 11.86 metres ( 38.9 ft ) . The electric power steering system allows the Discovery Sport to feature an automatic parking system . The Discovery Sport will initially be sold with alloy wheels ranging from 18 inches ( 460 mm ) to 20 inches ( 510 mm ) in diameter . Various emergency spare wheels options are available depending on vehicle configuration : a full - size spare wheel mounted internally under the floor of the trunk , or if the 5 + 2 seating option is fitted it will be a ' space - saver ' spare wheel mounted on the underside of the car , directly under the boot . It is not possible to have a factory - fitted tow bar with a spare wheel on 5 + 2 seat vehicles as they mount in the same place under the vehicle , so a tyre repair system of sealant and a compressor is supplied instead . Engines ( edit ) Jaguar Land Rover Ingenium engine The Discovery Sport was initially powered by the same engine range that features in the outgoing Freelander 2 model for the first model year , the Ford EcoBoost four cylinder 2.0 - litre turbocharged petrol engine producing 240 PS ( 180 kW ; 240 hp ) ( the only engine option for North America ) and the Ford Duratorq four cylinder 2.2 - litre turbocharged diesel engine , producing either 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) or 190 PS ( 140 kW ; 190 hp ) . The engines sourced from Ford were replaced by engines from Jaguar Land Rover 's new Ingenium engine line from late 2015 . The Ingenium family is a range of modular four cylinder turbocharged engines of 2.0 - litre capacity , built around individual 500cc cylinders . The family is produced in both petrol and diesel variants , and could also be produced in 3 , 5 and 6 cylinder options in future , depending on demand and requirements . The range was designed from the outset to accommodate different hybrid power systems , and it is expected that there will be a plug - in hybrid variant . The Ingenium engine range can be configured to deliver different power outputs , and the most fuel efficient Discovery Sport eD4 model is powered by a 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) 2.0 - litre four cylinder turbocharged diesel engine in a front wheel drive only configuration . This model is planned to have CO emissions of 119 g / km and fuel economy of up to 24.2 km / L ( 68 mpg ; 57 mpg ) . The engines in the Discovery Sport are mounted transversely , which creates additional interior space . Transmission ( edit ) ZF 9 - HP48 sectioned gearbox The Discovery Sport is manufactured with either a 9 -- speed ZF 9 - HP automatic gearbox or a 6 -- speed Getrag M66EH50 manual gearbox , both of which are also available on the Range Rover Evoque . Two different all - wheel drive systems are available . The standard system is the Haldex Traction fifth generation system from BorgWarner . Optional is the new Land Rover Active Driveline system , which is manufactured by GKN Driveline and reduces parasitic load by 75 % when compared with the Haldex system in an effort to increase economy and reduce CO emissions . The Active Driveline system works by disconnecting all of the major all wheel drive components from the gearbox , rather than at the central coupling . The system also features torque vectoring to direct power to individual wheels . Neither system has a low range transfer box , although the ZF 9 - HP features a special very low ratio first gear which is used only when the vehicle is off - road or otherwise needed . For on - road use , the vehicle will normally start in second gear . The Discovery Sport will be available in a two - wheel drive version , in which only the front wheels are driven . The Terrain Response System , which configures the vehicle for off - road use , is deleted . This version will be the most fuel efficient and least polluting model in the range , and together with the more fuel efficient Jaguar XE models , will assist Jaguar Land Rover in meeting European Union emissions directives . Interior ( edit ) Interior Discovery Sport showing seven seats The interior of the Discovery Sport is available in a seven - seat ( referred to as five plus two ) configuration , with the front row featuring two seats and three seats on the second row . The second row seats slide and recline , and fold in a 60 : 40 configuration , folding forward to allow access to a third row of two seats where fitted . The third row of seats are not intended for full - time usage , and are described by Land Rover as being suitable for children up to the age of 15 and occasional adult use . They fold flat into the floor of the trunk when not in use . Isofix mounting points for child safety seats are fitted as standard . The central console features an 8 inches ( 20 cm ) touch screen allowing access to in car entertainment , satellite navigation and vehicle settings . The system , shared with the Jaguar XE , allows smartphone connectivity and some models will allow the owner to control the vehicle remotely , pre-heating the interior or unlocking the car using a smartphone application . Production ( edit ) The Discovery Sport is manufactured at the Jaguar Land Rover Halewood Body & Assembly facility , in Halewood , Liverpool , United Kingdom , alongside the Range Rover Evoque . Engines supplied by Ford are manufactured at two sites - the Duratorq diesel engine is manufactured at the Ford Dagenham plant in the United Kingdom , the Ecoboost petrol engine is manufactured at the Ford Valencia Plant in Spain . The Jaguar Land Rover Ingenium engines , which will replace the Ford sourced engines later in 2015 , will be manufactured at Jaguar Land Rover 's Engine Manufacturing Centre in Wolverhampton , United Kingdom . Transmissions for the Discovery Sport will be manufactured by ZF at their Gray Court , South Carolina facility , and by Getrag Ford Transmissions at their Cologne , Germany plant . Four wheel drive components are manufactured by Haldex in Landskrona , Sweden or by GKN in Köping , Sweden and Birmingham , United Kingdom . Worldwide sales ( edit ) In 2016 it became the best selling Land Rover model . Year Sales 2014 83 2015 69,501 2016 122,460 Total 192,044 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siu , Jason . `` Evoque , Discovery Sport Performance Models Possible '' AutoGuide.com News `` . Autoguide.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land Rover Discovery Sport '' . Land Rover . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land Rover Discovery Sport '' ( PDF ) . Land Rover USA . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Duff , Mike ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` 2015 Land Rover Discovery Sport '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dobie , Stephen ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` Meet the Land Rover Discovery Sport '' . Top Gear . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holder , Jim ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` 2015 Land Rover Discovery Sport revealed '' . What Car ? . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Land Rover Discovery Sport debuts at New Mexico spaceport '' . Autoweek. 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Land Rover Announces Discovery Sport L550 '' . Whitley , Coventry , UK . 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Discovery Sport : The most capable , versatile premium compact SUV '' ( Press release ) . Land Rover . 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , James . `` The M47R Diesel Engine '' . Rover 75 and MG ZT : The Complete Story . ^ Jump up to : Chilton , Chris ( 27 October 2006 ) . `` Land Rover Freelander 2.2 TD4 ( 2006 ) '' . Car . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` McGovern heads Land Rover design studio '' . Autocar. 2004 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bickerstaffe , Simon ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` Range Rover Evoque '' . European Automotive Engineers Cooperation ( EAEC ) . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best in Class Cars of 2014 '' . Euro NCAP . December 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaguar Land Rover Powers Up New Ingenium Engine Family '' ( Press release ) . Jaguar Land Rover . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Range Rover Evoque - Vehicle Specifications and Pricing '' . Land Rover . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` GKN Driveline helps the 2014 Range Rover Evoque achieve greater agility with superior fuel economy '' ( Press release ) . GKN. 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRANKFURT MOTOR SHOW : Tech leap for Range Rover Evoque '' . motoring.com.au. 10 September 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bickerstaff , Simon ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Land Rover introduces on - demand all - wheel drive '' . Automotive Engineer . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom : Dagenham Engine Plant '' . Ford . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain : Valencia Engine Plant '' . Ford . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NEW WORLD NOVELTY '' . ZF Friedrichshafen . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.tatamotors.com/investors/jlr-volumes.php External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Land Rover Discovery Sport . Land Rover UK Discovery Sport Land Rover USA Discovery Sport Land Rover Australia Discovery Sport Land Rover MENA Discovery Sport Land Rover , vehicle timeline , 1940s -- present Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Off - road vehicle Series I Series II Series III 101 FC Ninety & One Ten Defender Compact SUV Freelander Freelander 2 Discovery Sport Range Rover Evoque Mid-size SUV Discovery I Discovery II Discovery 3 Discovery 4 Discovery 5 Range Rover Velar Range Rover Sport Range Rover Sport 2 Full - size SUV Range Rover Classic Range Rover Range Rover Range Rover Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Rover_Discovery_Sport&oldid=856926111 '' Categories : Land Rover vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Off - road vehicles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2014 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2017 Use British English from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 12 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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where is the land rover discovery sport built

Land Rover Discovery Sport Overview Manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover Production 2014 -- present Assembly Halewood Body & Assembly , Liverpool , England Changsu , China Itatiaia , Brazil Designer Gerry McGovern Body and chassis Class Subcompact luxury extended length Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel - drive or four - wheel - drive Platform Jaguar Land Rover D8 Related Range Rover Evoque Jaguar E-Pace Powertrain Engine 2015MY 2.0 L EcoBoost I - 4 ( t / c petrol ) 2.2 L Duratorq I - 4 ( t / c diesel ) 2016MY 2.0 L Ingenium I - 4 ( t / c petrol ) 2.0 L Ingenium I - 4 ( t / c diesel ) Transmission 6 -- speed Getrag M66EH50 manual 9 -- speed ZF 9 - HP automatic Wheelbase 2,741 mm ( 107.9 in ) Length 4,590 mm ( 180.7 in ) Width 2,069 mm ( 81.5 in ) wing mirrors folded Height 1,724 mm ( 67.9 in ) Kerb weight 1,744 -- 1,839 kg ( 3,845 -- 4,054 lb ) Chronology Predecessor Land Rover Freelander

I 'd Love to Change the World - wikipedia I 'd Love to Change the World `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' Single by Ten Years After from the album A Space in Time B - side `` Let the Sky Fall '' Released 1971 Format 7 '' single Genre Blues rock folk rock psychedelic rock Length 3 : 44 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Alvin Lee Producer ( s ) Chris Wright Ten Years After singles chronology `` Love Like a Man '' ( 1970 ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' ( 1971 ) `` Baby Wo n't You Let Me Rock ' n ' Roll You '' ( 1972 ) `` Love Like a Man '' ( 1970 ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' ( 1971 ) `` Baby Wo n't You Let Me Rock ' n ' Roll You '' ( 1972 ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' is a song by the British blues rock band Ten Years After . Written by Alvin Lee , it is the lead single from the band 's 1971 album A Space in Time . It is the band 's only Top 40 hit , peaking at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and their most popular single . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Release and reception 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background and composition ( edit ) The song was written and sung by Alvin Lee . It discusses the confused state of the world , covering a wide variety of societal complaints , until it finally addresses the Vietnam War . The song features a folk - inspired chord pattern to support the melody . Release and reception ( edit ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' was the band 's highest charting single . It peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1971 . When it was released , `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' was a staple of both FM and AM radio , a rarity for the time . Billy Walker of Sounds wrote that the `` acoustic guitar , echoing vocals , and electric guitar build up the tempo with very good cool electric passages by Alvin ( Lee ) , and while there 's nothing new developing it 's a very nice track '' . Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic highlighted Lee 's guitar work as the `` most expressive -- and most tasteful -- electric guitar performance of his career '' , and added `` if there is a single song that can describe the overall vibe of the counterculture in 1969 / 1970 , this may very well be it . The band and Lee never quite matched the song 's supple power in their later efforts , but this song is representation enough of their awesome artistry . '' Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic about Lee 's philosophical stance , finding it `` cautious '' and `` dumb '' : `` Fellow seems to believe that if you ' tax the rich to feed the poor ' you soon run out of rich , with dire consequences . '' Christgau later said the lyrics took a cowardly position that `` epitomized the political reaction of English blues rock '' during the 1970s . Personnel ( edit ) Alvin Lee -- guitar and vocals Leo Lyons -- bass Ric Lee -- drums Chick Churchill -- keyboards Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 40 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Singles 28 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Matthew . `` I 'd Love to Change the World review '' . Allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Years After Awards '' . Allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Billy ( 28 August 1971 ) . `` Ten Years After Today '' . Sounds . Spotlight Publications . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 1981 ) . `` Ten Years After '' . Christgau 's Record Guide : Rock Albums of the ' 70s . Ticknor and Fields . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 026 - X . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Christgau , Robert ( October 14 , 1971 ) . `` Consumer Guide ( 19 ) '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Christgau , Robert ( 27 December 1976 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 11 / 27 / 71 '' . Cashbox Magazine , Inc . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . References ( edit ) Fisher , Joseph P. ; Flota , Brian ( 2011 ) . The Politics of Post-9 / 11 Music : Sound , Trauma , and the Music Industry in the Time of Terror . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 1409427846 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ten Years After Chick Churchill Ric Lee Marcus Bonfanti Colin Hodgkinson Alvin Lee Leo Lyons Joe Gooch Studio albums Ten Years After Stonedhenge Ssssh Cricklewood Green Watt A Space in Time Rock & Roll Music to the World Positive Vibrations About Time Now Evolution Live albums Undead Recorded Live Live at the Fillmore East 1970 Roadworks Live at Fiesta City Compilation albums Double Deluxe Ten Years After Classic Performances Goin ' Home Alvin Lee and Company Greatest Hits Profile Ten Years After Timewarps The Collection At Their Peak Universal Music Co . Portfolio - A History The Collection Essential Pure Blues I 'm Going Home Premium Gold Collection The Best of Very Best Ten Years After Album Ever Ten Years After Anthology Singles `` Love Like a Man '' `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Love_to_Change_the_World&oldid=833623749 '' Categories : 1971 singles Ten Years After songs Protest songs Songs of the Vietnam War Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 17 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who sang i want to change the world

Alvin Lee -- guitar and vocals Leo Lyons -- bass Ric Lee -- drums Chick Churchill -- keyboards

James Dewar - wikipedia James Dewar Jump to : navigation , search For other people named James Dewar , see James Dewar ( disambiguation ) . Sir James Dewar Sir James Dewar FRS ( 1842 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1842 Kincardine - on - Forth , Scotland 27 March 1923 ( 1923 - 03 - 27 ) ( aged 80 ) London , England Nationality Scottish / British Alma mater University of Edinburgh Known for Liquid oxygen Liquid hydrogen Awards Hodgkins gold medal ( Smithsonian Institution ) Lavoisier Medal ( French Academy of Sciences ) Albert Medal ( Royal Society of Arts ) Rumford Medal ( 1894 ) Franklin Medal ( 1919 ) Scientific career Fields Physics Chemistry Institutions Royal Institution Peterhouse , Cambridge Doctoral advisor Lord Playfair Sir James Dewar FRS FRSE ( 20 September 1842 -- 27 March 1923 ) was a Scottish chemist and physicist . He is probably best known today for his invention of the vacuum flask , which he used in conjunction with extensive research into the liquefaction of gases . He was also particularly interested in atomic and molecular spectroscopy , working in these fields for more than 25 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Family 4 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 5 Honours and awards 6 Character 7 Selected publications 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life ( edit ) James Dewar was born in Kincardine , Perthshire ( now in Fife ) in 1842 , the youngest of six boys of Thomas Dewar , a vintner , and his wife , Ann Dewar . James was educated at Kincardine Parish School and then Dollar Academy . He lost his parents when he was 15 , soon after leaving the Academy , but was still able to attend University of Edinburgh . There he studied chemistry under Lyon Playfair ( later Baron Playfair ) and became Playfair 's personal assistant . Dewar also studied under August Kekulé at Ghent . Career ( edit ) In 1875 , Dewar was elected Jacksonian professor of natural experimental philosophy at the University of Cambridge , becoming a fellow of Peterhouse . He became a member of the Royal Institution and later , in 1877 , replaced Dr. John Hall Gladstone in the role of Fullerian Professor of Chemistry . Dewar was also the President of the Chemical Society in 1897 and the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1902 , as well as serving on the Royal Commission established to examine London 's water supply from 1893 to 1894 and the Committee on Explosives . Whilst he was serving on the Committee on Explosives , Frederick Augustus Abel and he developed cordite , a smokeless gunpowder alternative . In 1867 Dewar described several chemical formulas for benzene . One of the formulae , which does not represent benzene correctly and was not advocated by Dewar , is sometimes still called Dewar benzene . In 1869 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , his proposer being his former mentor , Lyon Playfair . His scientific work covers a wide field -- his earlier papers cover a wide range of topics : organic chemistry , hydrogen and its physical constants , high - temperature research , the temperature of the Sun and of the electric spark , spectrophotometry , and the chemistry of the electric arc . With professor J.G. McKendrick , of Glasgow , he investigated the physiological action of light and examined the changes that take place in the electrical condition of the retina under its influence . With professor G.D. Liveing , one of his colleagues at Cambridge , he began in 1878 a long series of spectroscopic observations , the later of which were devoted to the spectroscopic examination of various gaseous elements separated from atmospheric air by the aid of low temperatures ; he was joined by professor J.A. Fleming , of University College London , in the investigation of the electrical behaviour of substances cooled to very low temperatures . Sir James Dewar at work His name is most widely known in connection with his work on the liquefaction of the so - called permanent gases and his researches at temperatures approaching absolute zero . His interest in this branch of physics and chemistry dates back at least as far as 1874 , when he discussed the `` Latent Heat of Liquid Gases '' before the British Association . In 1878 , he devoted a Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution to the then - recent work of Louis Paul Cailletet and Raoul Pictet , and exhibited for the first time in Great Britain the working of the Cailletet apparatus . Six years later , again at the Royal Institution , he described the researches of Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski , and illustrated for the first time in public the liquefaction of oxygen and air . Soon afterward , he built a machine from which the liquefied gas could be drawn off through a valve for use as a cooling agent , before using the liquid oxygen in research work related to meteorites ; about the same time , he also obtained oxygen in the solid state . James Dewar 's vacuum flask in the museum of the Royal Institution By 1891 , he had designed and built , at the Royal Institution , machinery which yielded liquid oxygen in industrial quantities , and towards the end of that year , he showed that both liquid oxygen and liquid ozone are strongly attracted by a magnet . About 1892 , the idea occurred to him of using vacuum - jacketed vessels for the storage of liquid gases -- the Dewar flask ( otherwise known as a Thermos or vacuum flask ) -- the invention for which he became most famous . The vacuum flask was so efficient at keeping heat out , it was found possible to preserve the liquids for comparatively long periods , making an examination of their optical properties possible . Dewar did not profit from the widespread adoption of his vacuum flask -- he lost a court case against Thermos concerning the patent for his invention . While Dewar was recognised as the inventor because he did not patent his invention , no way to stop Thermos from using the design was possible . He next experimented with a high - pressure hydrogen jet by which low temperatures were realised through the Joule -- Thomson effect , and the successful results he obtained led him to build at the Royal Institution a large regenerative cooling refrigerating machine . Using this machine in 1898 , liquid hydrogen was collected for the first time , solid hydrogen following in 1899 . He tried to liquefy the last remaining gas , helium , which condenses into a liquid at − 268.9 ° C , but owing to a number of factors , including a short supply of helium , Dewar was preceded by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes as the first person to produce liquid helium , in 1908 . Onnes would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into the properties of matter at low temperatures -- Dewar was nominated several times , but never succeeded in winning the Nobel Prize . In 1905 , he began to investigate the gas - absorbing powers of charcoal when cooled to low temperatures and applied his research to the creation of high vacuum , which was used for further experiments in atomic physics . Dewar continued his research work into the properties of elements at low temperatures , specifically low - temperature calorimetry , until the outbreak of World War I . The Royal Institution laboratories lost a number of staff to the war effort , both in fighting and scientific roles , and after the war , Dewar had little interest in restarting the serious research work that went on before the war . Shortages of scholars necessarily compounded the problems . His research during and after the war mainly involved investigating surface tension in soap bubbles , rather than further work into the properties of matter at low temperatures . Family ( edit ) He married Helen Rose Banks in 1871 . They had no children . Helen was sister - in - law to both Charles Dickson , Lord Dickson and James Douglas Hamilton Dickson . His nephew , Dr Thomas William Dewar FRSE ( 1861 -- 1931 ) was an amateur artist , who painted a portrait of Sir James Dewar . He is presumably also the same Thomas William Dewar as mentioned as executor in James Dewar 's will , ultimately replaced `` unopposed '' by Dewar 's wife . Royal Institution Christmas Lectures ( edit ) Dewar was invited to deliver several Royal Institution Christmas Lectures : A Soap Bubble ( 1878 ) Atoms ( 1880 ) Alchemy in Relation to Modern Science ( 1883 ) The Story of a Meteorite ( 1885 ) The Chemistry of Light and Photography ( 1886 ) Clouds and Cloudland ( 1888 ) Frost and Fire ( 1890 ) Air : Gaseous and Liquid ( 1893 ) Christmas Lecture Epilogues ( 1912 ) Honours and awards ( edit ) A street sign in the Kings Buildings complex in Edinburgh in memory of James Dewar Whilst Dewar was never recognised by the Swedish Academy , he was recognised by many other institutions both before and after his death , in Britain and overseas . The Royal Society elected him a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1877 and bestowed their Rumford ( 1894 ) , Davy ( 1909 ) , and Copley Medal ( 1916 ) medals upon him for his work , as well as inviting him to deliver their Bakerian Lecture in 1901 . In 1899 , he became the first recipient of the Hodgkins gold medal of the Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC , for his contributions to knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air . In 1904 , he was the first British subject to receive the Lavoisier Medal of the French Academy of Sciences , and in 1906 , he was the first to be awarded the Matteucci Medal of the Italian Society of Sciences . He was knighted in 1904 and awarded the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1900 -- 1904 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh , and in 1908 , he was awarded the Albert Medal of The Society of Arts . A lunar crater was named in his honour . A street within the Kings Buildings complex ( a group of science buildings linked to Edinburgh University ) was named in memory of Dewar in the early 21st century . Character ( edit ) Portrait by René le Brun , Comte de L'Hôpital , in the collection of the Royal Society of Chemistry Dewar 's irascibility was legendary . Rowlinson ( 2012 ) called him `` ruthless '' , particularly with his colleague Siegfried Ruhemann . Selected publications ( edit ) George Downing Liveing ; James Dewar ( 1915 ) . Collected Papers on Spectroscopy . University press . , G.D. Living and J. Dewar , Cambridge University Press , 1915 Pippard , Brian . 1993 . `` Siegfried Ruhemann ( 1859 - 1943 ) , F.R.S. 1914 - 1923 . '' Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 76 . Rowlinson , Sir J.S. 2012 . Sir James Dewar , 1842 -- 1923 : A Ruthless Chemist . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . See also ( edit ) Timeline of low - temperature technology Timeline of hydrogen technologies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf Jump up ^ `` Dewar , James ( DWR875J ) '' . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Dewar , James ( 1867 ) `` On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol , and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons , '' Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 6 : 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Baker and Rouvray , Journal of Chemical Education , 1978 , vol. 55 , p. 645 . Jump up ^ `` ABSOLUTE ZERO - PBS NOVA DOCUMENTARY ( full length ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James , Frank . `` Dewar , James '' . Chemistry Explained . Advameg Inc . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ http://kincardinehistory.com/?page_id=191 Jump up ^ `` Dr Thomas William Dewar ( 1861 - 1931 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . secure.findagrave.com . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sir James Dewar 1842 - 1923 : A Ruthless Chemist , by Sir JS Rawlinson Jump up ^ `` Library and Archive Catalogue '' . Royal Society . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Pippard 1993 ; Salzman 2000 Further reading ( edit ) Armstrong , H.E. ; Perkin , A.G. ; Armstrong , Henry E. ( 1928 ) . `` Obituary of James Dewar '' . Journal of the Chemical Society : 1056 -- 1076 . doi : 10.1039 / JR9280001056 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Bellis , Mary , `` Inventors Sir James Dewar '' from about.com Meiklejohn , William , `` Tulliallan : Four lads o ' pairts : Sir James Dewar ( 1842 -- 1923 ) '' from the Kincardine Local History Group Sella , Andrea ( August 2008 ) . `` Dewar 's Flask '' . Chemistry World : 75 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Sloane , Thomas O'Conor ( 1900 ) . Liquid Air , and the Liquefaction of Gases . Henley . , Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases , Norman W. Henley and Co. , New York , 1900 , second edition ( extensive description of Dewar 's work on the liqufaction of gases ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Dewar . Wikisource has original works written by or about : James Dewar Fullerian Professorships Brief biography from the Royal Institution of Great Britain Brief biography and picture Another brief biography `` Archival material relating to James Dewar '' . UK National Archives . Correspondence with H.A. Kamerlingh Onnes , Dewar 's competitor in the race to liquid helium . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Dewar , Sir James '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 137 . ( hide ) Copley Medallists ( 1901 -- 1950 ) Josiah Willard Gibbs ( 1901 ) Joseph Lister ( 1902 ) Eduard Suess ( 1903 ) William Crookes ( 1904 ) Dmitri Mendeleev ( 1905 ) Élie Metchnikoff ( 1906 ) Albert A. Michelson ( 1907 ) Alfred Russel Wallace ( 1908 ) George William Hill ( 1909 ) Francis Galton ( 1910 ) George Darwin ( 1911 ) Felix Klein ( 1912 ) Ray Lankester ( 1913 ) J.J. Thomson ( 1914 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1915 ) James Dewar ( 1916 ) Pierre Paul Émile Roux ( 1917 ) Hendrik Lorentz ( 1918 ) William Bayliss ( 1919 ) Horace Tabberer Brown ( 1920 ) Joseph Larmor ( 1921 ) Ernest Rutherford ( 1922 ) Horace Lamb ( 1923 ) Edward Albert Sharpey - Schafer ( 1924 ) Albert Einstein ( 1925 ) Frederick Gowland Hopkins ( 1926 ) Charles Scott Sherrington ( 1927 ) Charles Algernon Parsons ( 1928 ) Max Planck ( 1929 ) William Henry Bragg ( 1930 ) Arthur Schuster ( 1931 ) George Ellery Hale ( 1932 ) Theobald Smith ( 1933 ) John Scott Haldane ( 1934 ) Charles Thomson Rees Wilson ( 1935 ) Arthur Evans ( 1936 ) Henry Hallett Dale ( 1937 ) Niels Bohr ( 1938 ) Thomas Hunt Morgan ( 1939 ) Paul Langevin ( 1940 ) Thomas Lewis ( 1941 ) Robert Robinson ( 1942 ) Joseph Barcroft ( 1943 ) Geoffrey Ingram Taylor ( 1944 ) Oswald Avery ( 1945 ) Edgar Douglas Adrian ( 1946 ) G.H. Hardy ( 1947 ) Archibald Hill ( 1948 ) George de Hevesy ( 1949 ) James Chadwick ( 1950 ) BNF : cb16637701m ( data ) GND : 11609530X ISNI : 0000 0001 0717 8678 LCCN : n97803643 SNAC : w6x34z61 SUDOC : 085101087 VIAF : 10588893 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Dewar&oldid=840734269 '' Categories : 1842 births 1923 deaths People from Kincardine People educated at Dollar Academy Fellows of Peterhouse , Cambridge Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Cordite Scottish chemists Scottish inventors Scottish physicists Fellows of the Royal Society Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers Recipients of the Copley Medal Knights Bachelor Golders Green Crematorium Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 20 : 20 . 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who has won the race to liquefy helium

He next experimented with a high - pressure hydrogen jet by which low temperatures were realised through the Joule -- Thomson effect , and the successful results he obtained led him to build at the Royal Institution a large regenerative cooling refrigerating machine . Using this machine in 1898 , liquid hydrogen was collected for the first time , solid hydrogen following in 1899 . He tried to liquefy the last remaining gas , helium , which condenses into a liquid at − 268.9 ° C , but owing to a number of factors , including a short supply of helium , Dewar was preceded by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes as the first person to produce liquid helium , in 1908 . Onnes would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into the properties of matter at low temperatures -- Dewar was nominated several times , but never succeeded in winning the Nobel Prize .

Puppy Dog Pals - wikipedia Puppy Dog Pals Jump to : navigation , search Puppy Dog Pals Genre Adventure Musical Slice of life Created by Harland Williams Directed by Scott Bern Trevor Wall Stephanie Arnett Voices of Issac Ryan Brown Harland Williams Jessica DiCicco Sam Lavagnino Tom Kenny Theme music composer Andy Bean Opening theme `` Main Title Theme '' by Andy Bean Ending theme `` Main Title Theme '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Andy Bean Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sean Coyle Richard Marlis Carmen Italia Producer ( s ) Harland Williams Running time 15 minutes Production company ( s ) DQ Entertainment Snowball Studios Wild Canary Animation Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Disney Junior Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Puppy Dog Pals ( previously titled Puppy Dog Tails ) is an American computer - animated children 's television series created by Harland Williams . The series debuted on Disney Junior and Disney Channel in the United States on April 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Home media 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers Bingo and Rolly , two pug puppies who have fun traveling around their neighborhood and the world when their owner Bob leaves home . They also have a cat sister named Hissy , and a robot dog named Automatic Doggy Robotic Friend or ARF . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bingo ( voiced by Issac Ryan Brown ) is a black pug with a blue collar . He is the leader of the two and is Rolly 's older brother . Rolly ( voiced by Sam Lavagnino ) is a fawn pug with a red collar . He is n't as smart as Bingo , and is very silly . He is Bingo 's younger brother . In `` Bob Loves Mona '' , he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find . Bob ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the owner of Bingo , Rolly , Hissy , and A.R.F. He works as an inventor . Hissy ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is a sarcastic purple cat . In some episodes , she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions . These episodes are : `` A Pyramid Scheme '' , `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , `` Bob Loves Mona '' , `` Puzzling Pugs '' , `` A Seat at the Theatre '' , and `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' , She is the first and currently only female character to sing . A.R.F. ( fully known as Auto - Doggy Robotic Friend ; voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a robotic dog that Bob invented . He first appears in the episode `` A.R.F. '' . Later in the series , he is updated by Bob in `` Go , Dog , Go ! '' Recurring ( edit ) Cupcake ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly . She is the main antagonist of the series . Rufus ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake . He can not speak much except growl and mutter . He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times , but in `` Haunted Howl - O - Ween '' , he helped them instead . Captain Dog ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) is the star of the pups ' favorite television show . Frank Exposition ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is a man who is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly 's missions . In `` A Pyramid Scheme '' he gets tangled in ribbons , which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy . Esther Exposition ( voiced by Cheri Oteri ) is Frank 's wife . In `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy who did n't appear again until `` The Great Pug - scape '' . Daisy ( voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown ) is a kind German Shepherd . She first appeared in `` History Mystery '' . She appeared again in `` A Very Pug Christmas '' . Bulworth ( voiced by Huey Lewis ) is the junkyard dog . Hedgie the Hedgehog ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) is a hedgehog who first appeared in `` Winter Wonder Pug '' . The Go - Long Retriever ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the toy stick and one of Bob 's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of . It does n't say anything other than `` Play fetch with me ! '' Johnathan ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's wisecracking seagull friend . Cagey ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store , but is now Chloe 's pet . Crumpet ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is the royal Corgi dog . Whaley ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall . Dallie ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a dalmatian . Jackie ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna . Nelly ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a bluebird who appears in `` Polly Wants A Pug '' . She appears again in `` Winter Wonder - Pug '' . Miss Mudge ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is Snowflake 's owner . Guard Dog ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth . Chloe ( voiced by Emma Shannon ) is a little girl who is Bob 's neighbor . Chloe 's Mom ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Chloe 's mom . Bob 's Mom ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is an old lady who appears in three episodes : `` Special Delivery '' , `` Your Royal Pug - Ness '' , and `` A Pug - Tastic Day with Grandma '' . Bizzy the Beaver ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a beaver who lives in the forest . Strider the Sheepdog ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a fast - talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes , `` Counting Sheep '' and `` Rhapsody in Pug '' . Shockero ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a lavender Scotty dog . Bark Knight ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Captain Dog 's sidekick . Titus ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a leopard who now owns Hissy 's squeaky toy . Harriet ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a smart African elephant . Barry ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a giraffe who let Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy ride on his head . Quinty Mcsquinty ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol ' Snapper . Ol ' Snapper ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a turtle mistaken as a monster . Baby ( barks provided by Jessica DiCicco ) is a huge Great Dane puppy . Queen Kazoo ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is the star of Bob 's favorite play . Baboo ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Queen Kazoo 's dog . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboards by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a `` Hawaii Pug - Oh '' Scott Bern Harland Williams Paul Cohen April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 When Bob says he 'd love to feel the sand on his toes , pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii . 1b `` A.R.F. '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley James Gibson April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F. , a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes . 2a `` The French Toast Connection '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Kris Wimberly April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast . 2b `` Take Me Out to the Pug Game '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Doris Umschaden April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 The pugs chase Bob 's prized baseball across the city . 3a `` The Go - Long Retriever '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self - fetching stick that begins chasing them . 3b `` Pot O ' Pugs '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 After Bob says he needs a pot of gold , the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow . 4a `` A Pyramid Scheme '' Trevor Wall Jeff Rothpan Julia Briemle April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 Bingo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the missing Great Pyramids . 4b `` Special Delivery '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 The pugs try to deliver a Mother 's Day card for Bob . 5a `` Design - A-Dog '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Paul Cohen April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob 's childhood toy . 5b `` Ice , Ice Puggy '' Trevor Wall Darrin Rose James Gibson April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 When Bob runs out of ice , the pugs go to Antarctica to get him some . 6a `` Free Whaley '' Trevor Wall Sean Tweedley Julia Briemle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family . 6b `` Putting It Together '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Otis Brayboy May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob 's unicycle . 7a `` Hissy 's Big Day '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller Julia Briemle May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 After Hissy has had a bad morning , Bingo and Rolly try to make her feel better by taking her to their favorite places . 7b `` Go , Dog . Go ! '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog is n't programmed to bring them back . 8a `` Pigs and Pugs '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 Bob mistakes a mud - covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm . 8b `` Bob Loves Mona '' Scott Bern Joe Ansolabehere ( story ) Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa . 9a `` Do n't Rain on my Pug - rade '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Arthur Valencia June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 When Bob ca n't leave his house to watch a parade , the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house . 9b `` Their Royal Pug - ness '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a queen . 10a `` Scuba - Doggies '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton ( story ) Bob Smiley Rudi Bloss June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 The pups go to The Great Barrier Reef to find Bob 's package that was lost at sea . 10b `` Walking the Bob '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Bill Breneisen June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 The pups lead a blurry - visioned Bob home . 11a `` Hissy 's Kitty '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 When Bob brings home a lost kitty , Bingo and Rolly try find her a home . 11b `` Polly Wants a Pug '' Scott Bern Michael Olson & Bob Smiley Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 While in Florida , Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob 's . 12a `` Leave it to Beavers '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Julia Briemle July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm . 12b `` Counting Sheep '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 When Bob says he 'll count sheep to sleep , the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help . 13a `` Captain Rolly '' Scott Bern Brian Hall Rudi Bloss July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 The pugs attend the Captain Dog fan party . 13b `` The Coolest Dogs in Town '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to get cool . 14a `` Puzzling Pugs '' Stephanie Arnett Harland Williams ( story ) Michael Olson and Harland Williams Ashley Lenz August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy find a leopard for Bob 's puzzle after A.R.F tears it up . 14b `` Rhapsody in Pug '' Scott Bern Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo and Rolly go to a concert . 15a `` The Legend of Ol ' Snapper '' Trevor Wall Sean Coyle Julia Briemle August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 Bob 's fishing pole is stolen by a legendary creature . 15b `` Adventures in Puppy - Sitting '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 The pugs are tasked to babysit a big dog that causes trouble around the town . 16a `` Bye Bye , Butterfly '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton & Harland Williams Ed Baker September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly help a butterfly find a way back to her family . 16b `` A Seat at the Theatre '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly try to take a seat to Bob 's favorite play and try not to wake up Hissy at the same time . 17a `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley ( story ) Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo , Rolly and Hissy go to a pumpkin patch to find Bingo 's collar after he loses it in the maze . 17b `` Haunted Howl - oween '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen ( story ) Jessica Carleton Ashley Lenz October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to find Chloe 's Halloween Costume . 18a `` Close Encounters of a Pug Kind '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 The pups go to a gathering of UFO enthusiasts to find someone from space and mistake a lost Chameleon for an alien . 18b `` History Mystery '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Otis Brayboy October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 When the pups find a doggie toy that is n't theirs , they go on a mission to find its original owner . 19a `` Art for Pug 's Sake '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Kris Wimberly November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 The pugs try to hang something of Bob 's at a famous Italian art museum . 19b `` Winter Wonderpug '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 Bingo and Rolly look for the first snowflake of the season while helping other animals prepare for winter . 20a `` A Very Pug Christmas '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton & Brian Hall ( story ) Roger Dondis December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125 1.03 On Christmas Eve , Bingo and Rolly help Santa search for Bob 's Christmas present when it goes missing in the sleigh . 20b `` The Latke Kerfuffle '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125 1.03 Bingo and Rolly help Bob make latkes for their neighbor Chloe 's Hanukkah party . 21a `` Puggy - ology '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) TBA 0.72 Bingo and Rolly help Bob 's younger sister look for historical items . 21b `` Squirrels Just Wanna Have Fun '' Trevor Wall Jean Ansolabehere Bill Breneisen February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) TBA 0.72 Bingo and Rolly try to catch a squirrel who 's been making noises in their house . 22a `` The Great Pug - scape '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Kris Wimberly March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBA 0.71 After Hissy gets a time out , Bingo and Rolly try to break her out of her punishment . 22b `` Luck of the Pug - ish '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Kelly James March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBA 0.76 The Pugs travel to Ireland in search of a four - leaf clover to bring Bob good luck . 23a `` The Great Shirt Rescue '' Scott Bern Jean Ansolabehere Rudi Bloss March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBA 0.84 When Bob loses his lucky shirt , the pugs stage a heist to get it back . 23b `` A Pugtastic Day with Grandma '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller ( story ) Michael Olson Carole Holliday March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBA 0.89 The pugs stay at Bob 's Mom 's house while he goes out of town . Home media ( edit ) Region Title Episode ( s ) Season Running time Released Ref . Going on a Mission ! 6 183 minutes April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual in Animation Steve C. Meyers Won Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Allyson Bosch Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Puppy Dog Pals -- Fact Sheet '' . Disney Junior Press . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mercedes Milligan ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Junior Announces ' Vampirina , ' ' Puppy Dog Tails ' '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puppy Dog Pals ' To Premiere April 14 on Disney Channel '' . Animation World Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Screener / Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Disney Junior Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals &Network Finals : 5.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 16 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 23 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 7 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 14 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 28 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( Aug 11 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 8 - 11 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.22. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.13. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.10. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) USA portal Television portal Puppy Dog Pals on IMDb Puppy Dog Pals on Disney Junior Puppy Dog Pals on WATCH Disney Junior ( hide ) Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Muppet Babies Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. 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Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! 25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppy_Dog_Pals&oldid=843373796 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2017 American television series debuts American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated fantasy television series Animated duos American children 's animated musical television series American computer - animated television series Disney Junior shows English - language television programs Fictional cats Fictional dogs Preschool education television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski Română Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 18 : 49 . 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who voices captain dog in puppy dog pals

Cupcake ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly . She is the main antagonist of the series . Rufus ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake . He can not speak much except growl and mutter . He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times , but in `` Haunted Howl - O - Ween '' , he helped them instead . Captain Dog ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) is the star of the pups ' favorite television show . Frank Exposition ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is a man who is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly 's missions . In `` A Pyramid Scheme '' he gets tangled in ribbons , which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy . Esther Exposition ( voiced by Cheri Oteri ) is Frank 's wife . In `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy who did n't appear again until `` The Great Pug - scape '' . Daisy ( voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown ) is a kind German Shepherd . She first appeared in `` History Mystery '' . She appeared again in `` A Very Pug Christmas '' . Bulworth ( voiced by Huey Lewis ) is the junkyard dog . Hedgie the Hedgehog ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) is a hedgehog who first appeared in `` Winter Wonder Pug '' . The Go - Long Retriever ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the toy stick and one of Bob 's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of . It does n't say anything other than `` Play fetch with me ! '' Johnathan ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's wisecracking seagull friend . Cagey ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store , but is now Chloe 's pet . Crumpet ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is the royal Corgi dog . Whaley ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall . Dallie ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a dalmatian . Jackie ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna . Nelly ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a bluebird who appears in `` Polly Wants A Pug '' . She appears again in `` Winter Wonder - Pug '' . Miss Mudge ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is Snowflake 's owner . Guard Dog ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth . Chloe ( voiced by Emma Shannon ) is a little girl who is Bob 's neighbor . Chloe 's Mom ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Chloe 's mom . Bob 's Mom ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is an old lady who appears in three episodes : `` Special Delivery '' , `` Your Royal Pug - Ness '' , and `` A Pug - Tastic Day with Grandma '' . Bizzy the Beaver ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a beaver who lives in the forest . Strider the Sheepdog ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a fast - talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes , `` Counting Sheep '' and `` Rhapsody in Pug '' . Shockero ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a lavender Scotty dog . Bark Knight ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Captain Dog 's sidekick . Titus ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a leopard who now owns Hissy 's squeaky toy . Harriet ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a smart African elephant . Barry ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a giraffe who let Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy ride on his head . Quinty Mcsquinty ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol ' Snapper . Ol ' Snapper ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a turtle mistaken as a monster . Baby ( barks provided by Jessica DiCicco ) is a huge Great Dane puppy . Queen Kazoo ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is the star of Bob 's favorite play . Baboo ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Queen Kazoo 's dog .

England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` England 1 - 1 Poland ( 1973 ) WCQ '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . `` England managers and off - field controversies : from Revie to Hodgson '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - France - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Kuwait - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 1990 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Egypt - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Belgium - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Cameroon - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Germany FR - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Italy - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Engel , Matthew . `` Italia 90 : the World Cup when England rediscovered football '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Remember San Marino in 1993 ? What happened in England 's World Cup humiliation ... and to those who lined up in Graham Taylor 's final outing '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - England - Tunisia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tench , Matt ( 19 May 2002 ) . `` Simeone : I conned red - card referee '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham buries Simeone hatchet '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The dramatic redemption of David Beckham '' . 4 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckhams were sent bullets through post '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Harding , John ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` On This Day in History : 7 October - Keegan resigns after Didi Hamann scores last Wembley goal '' . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan TM - Matches - England - Brazil - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland 1 - 0 England '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Paraguay - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Crouch is probably the most hated Englishman in our history ' '' . 15 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Trinidad and Tobago - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Sweden - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Ecuador - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Portugal - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England , Algeria , Slovenia , Yanks = E.A.S.Y ? '' . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Wayne Rooney mocks booing fans in sarcastic aside '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Peter ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Why is cheating OK in football ? - Peter Singer '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Sepp Blatter says goalline technology is ' a necessity ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's ' goal ' reignites goal - line technology debate '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sky Sports . `` World Cup : England out as Italy lose 1 -- 0 to Costa Rica in Recife in Group D '' . skysports.com/ . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Scotland - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McGee , Nicholas ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Captain Kane saves Three Lions '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England romp past Panama and into last 16 '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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how many times have england reached the world cup final

Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2

Vint Cerf - wikipedia Vint Cerf Vint Cerf Vint Cerf at the Royal Society admissions day in 2016 Vinton Gray Cerf ( 1943 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1943 ( age 75 ) New Haven , Connecticut , U.S. Citizenship American Alma mater Stanford University UCLA Known for TCP / IP Internet Society Awards ACM Fellow ( 1994 ) IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal ( 1997 ) National Medal of Technology ( 1997 ) Marconi Prize ( 1998 ) Prince of Asturias Award ( 2002 ) Turing Award ( 2004 ) Presidential Medal of Freedom ( 2005 ) Japan Prize ( 2008 ) Harold Pender Award ( 2010 ) Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering ( 2013 ) ForMemRS ( 2016 ) Scientific career Fields Telecommunications Institutions IBM , International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad , UCLA , Stanford University , DARPA , MCI , CNRI , Google , Thesis Multiprocessors , Semaphores , and a Graph Model of Computation ( 1972 ) Doctoral advisor Gerald Estrin Website research.google.com/pubs/author32412.html Signature Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS , ( / sɜːrf / ; born June 23 , 1943 ) is an American Internet pioneer , who is recognized as one of `` the fathers of the Internet '' , sharing this title with TCP / IP co-inventor Bob Kahn . His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded , repeatedly , with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology , the Turing Award , the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the Marconi Prize and membership in the National Academy of Engineering . In the early days , Cerf was a manager for the United States ' Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) funding various groups to develop TCP / IP technology . When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s , Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system ( MCI Mail ) connected to the Internet . Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start . He waited a year before stepping forward to join the ICANN Board , and eventually became chairman . He was elected as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery in May 2012 , and in August 2013 he joined the Council on CyberSecurity 's Board of Advisors . Cerf is active in many organizations that are working to help the Internet deliver humanitarian value to the world . He is supportive of innovative projects that are experimenting with new approaches to global problems , including the digital divide , the gender gap , and the changing nature of jobs . Cerf is also known for his sartorial style , typically appearing in a three - piece suit -- a rarity in an industry known for its casual dress norms . Contents 1 Life and career 2 Awards and honors 3 See also 4 Partial bibliography 4.1 Author 4.2 Co-author 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Life and career ( edit ) Vinton Cerf in Vilnius , September 2010 Cerf was born in New Haven , Connecticut , the son of Muriel ( née Gray ) , a housewife , and Vinton Thurston Cerf , an aerospace executive . Cerf went to Van Nuys High School in California along with Jon Postel and Steve Crocker ; he wrote the former 's obituary . Both were also instrumental in the creation of the Internet . While in high school , Cerf worked at Rocketdyne on the Apollo program , including helping to write statistical analysis software for the non-destructive tests of the F - 1 engines . Cerf 's first job after obtaining his B.S. degree in mathematics from Stanford University was at IBM , where he worked for two years as a systems engineer supporting QUIKTRAN . He left IBM to attend graduate school at UCLA where he earned his M.S. degree in 1970 and his PhD degree in 1972 . During his graduate student years , he studied under Professor Gerald Estrin , worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock 's data packet networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANet , the predecessor to the Internet , and `` contributed to a host - to - host protocol '' for the ARPANet . While at UCLA , he also met Bob Kahn , who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture . After receiving his doctorate , Cerf became an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1972 -- 1976 , where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP / IP protocol suite with Kahn . Cerf then moved to DARPA in 1976 , where he stayed until 1982 . Cerf playing Spacewar ! on the Computer History Museum 's PDP - 1 , ICANN meeting , 2007 As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982 to 1986 , Cerf led the engineering of MCI Mail , the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet . In 1986 , he joined Bob Kahn at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives as its vice president , working with Kahn on Digital Libraries , Knowledge Robots , and gigabit speed networks . It was during this time , in 1992 , that he and Kahn , among others , founded the Internet Society ( ISOC ) to provide leadership in education , policy and standards related to the Internet . Cerf served as the first president of ISOC . Cerf rejoined MCI during 1994 and served as Senior Vice President of Technology Strategy . In this role , he helped to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective . Previously , he served as MCI 's senior vice president of Architecture and Technology , leading a team of architects and engineers to design advanced networking frameworks , including Internet - based solutions for delivering a combination of data , information , voice and video services for business and consumer use . During 1997 , Cerf joined the Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University , a university for the education of the deaf and hard - of - hearing . Cerf himself is hard of hearing . He has also served on the university 's Board of Associates . Cerf , as leader of MCI 's internet business , was criticized due to MCI 's role in providing the IP addresses used by Send-Safe.com , a vendor of spamware that uses a botnet in order to send spam . MCI refused to terminate the spamware vendor . At the time , Spamhaus also listed MCI as the ISP with the most Spamhaus Block List listings . Cerf has worked for Google as a Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist since October 2005 . In this function he has become well known for his predictions on how technology will affect future society , encompassing such areas as artificial intelligence , environmentalism , the advent of IPv6 and the transformation of the television industry and its delivery model . Since 2010 , Cerf has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development , a UN body which aims to make broadband internet technologies more widely available . Cerf joined the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) in 1999 , and served until November 2007 . He was chairman from November 2000 to his departure from the Board . Cerf was a member of Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov 's IT Advisory Council ( from March 2002 -- January 2012 ) . He is also a member of the Advisory Board of Eurasia Group , the political risk consultancy . Cerf is also working on the Interplanetary Internet , together with NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and other NASA laboratories . It will be a new standard to communicate from planet to planet , using radio / laser communications that are tolerant of signal degradations including variable delay and disruption caused , for example , by celestial motion . On February 7 , 2006 , Cerf testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation 's hearing on network neutrality . Speaking as Google 's Chief Internet Evangelist , Cerf noted that nearly half of all consumers lacked meaningful choice in broadband providers and expressed concerns that without network neutrality government regulation , broadband providers would be able to use their dominance to limit options for consumers and charge companies like Google for their use of bandwidth . Cerf currently serves on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America , an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government . He also serves on the advisory council of CRDF Global ( Civilian Research and Development Foundation ) and was on the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats ( IMPACT ) International Advisory Board . Cerf is chairman of the board of trustees of ARIN , the Regional Internet Registry ( RIR ) of IP addresses for United States , Canada , and part of the Caribbean . Until Fall 2015 , Cerf chaired the board of directors of StopBadware , a non-profit anti-malware organization that started as a project at Harvard University 's Berkman Center for Internet & Society . Cerf is on the board of advisors to The Liquid Information Company Ltd of the UK , which works to make the web more usefully interactive and which has produced the Mac OS X utility called ' Liquid ' . Vint Cerf is a member of the CuriosityStream Advisory Board . During 2008 Cerf chaired the Internationalized domain name ( IDNAbis ) working group of the IETF . In 2008 Cerf was a major contender to be designated the US 's first Chief Technology Officer by President Barack Obama . Cerf is the co-chair of Campus Party Silicon Valley , the US edition of one of the largest technology festivals in the world , along with Al Gore and Tim Berners - Lee . From 2009 -- 2011 , Cerf was an elected member of the Governing Board of the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel ( SGIP ) . SGIP is a public - private consortium established by NIST in 2009 and provides a forum for businesses and other stakeholder groups to participate in coordinating and accelerating development of standards for the evolving Smart Grid . Cerf was elected to a two - year term as President of the Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) beginning July 1 , 2012 . In 2015 Cerf co-founded ( with Mei Lin Fung ) , and is currently chairman of , People - Centered Internet ( PCI ) . On January 16 , 2013 , US President Barack Obama announced his intent to appoint Cerf to the National Science Board . Cerf is also among the 15 members of governing council of International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad . In June 2016 his work with NASA led to Delay - tolerant networking being installed on the International Space Station with an aim towards an Interplanetary Internet . Awards and honors ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cerf and Bob E. Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush Cerf and Bulgarian President Parvanov being awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order Cerf has received a number of honorary degrees , including doctorates , from the University of the Balearic Islands , ETHZ in Zurich , Switzerland , Capitol College , Gettysburg College , Yale University , George Mason University , Marymount University , Bethany College ( Kansas ) , University of Pisa , University of Rovira and Virgili ( Tarragona , Spain ) , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Luleå University of Technology ( Sweden ) , University of Twente ( Netherlands ) , Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Tsinghua University ( Beijing ) , Brooklyn Polytechnic , UPCT ( University of Cartagena , Spain ) , Zaragoza University ( Spain ) , University of Reading ( United Kingdom ) , Royal Roads University ( Canada ) , MGIMO ( Moscow State University of International Relations ) , Buenos Aires Institute of Technology ( Argentina ) , Polytechnic University of Madrid , Keio University ( Japan ) , University of South Australia ( Australia ) , University of St Andrews ( Scotland ) , University of Pittsburgh and Gallaudet University ( United States ) . Other awards include : ACM Fellow ( 1994 ) Edward A. Dickson Alumnus of the Year Award from UCLA Prince of Asturias award for science and technology Fellow of the IEEE , 1988 , `` for contributions and leadership in the design , development , and application of internet protocols '' Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery , 1994 , for `` vision and leadership in the design , implementation , evolution , and dissemination of the TCP / IP computer communication protocol suite '' Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award , 1996 SIGCOMM Award for `` contributions to the Internet ( spanning ) more than 25 years , from development of the fundamental TCP / IP protocols '' . Certificate of Merit from The Franklin Institute , in 1996 . In December 1997 he , along with his partner Robert E. Kahn , was presented with the National Medal of Technology by President Bill Clinton , `` for creating and sustaining development of Internet Protocols and continuing to provide leadership in the emerging industry of internetworking . '' He received the Living Legend Medal from the Library of Congress in April 2000 In 2000 , he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum `` for his contributions to computer architecture , operating systems , and software engineering . '' Cerf was selected as a Fellow of the Association for Women in Science ( AWIS ) in 2000 . Cerf was awarded the Award of Technology from the Telluride Tech Festival in 2002 , also known as the Tesla Festival since the world 's first AC hydro - power power plant was built in Telluride in 1891 by L.L. Nunn who purchased the generator and plans from George Westinghouse and Tesla . Cerf and Kahn were the winners of the Turing Award for 2004 , for their `` pioneering work on internetworking , including ... the Internet 's basic communications protocols ... and for inspired leadership in networking . '' In November 2005 , Vinton Cerf and Kahn were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush for their contributions to the creation of the Internet . He and Robert Kahn were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2006 Vinton Cerf was awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order in July 2006 Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn were each inducted as an Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication ( STC ) in May 2006 He and Robert Kahn were awarded the Japan Prize in January 2008 . Cerf was inducted into the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and given the Freedom of the City of London in April 2008 . Cerf was awarded an honorary membership in the Yale Political Union after keynoting a lively debate on the subject `` Resolved : Online Communities are Real Communities . '' The motion passed . In celebration of the five year - anniversary of YouTube he was selected as a guest curator by the site , and chose the six videos on YouTube he found most memorable . In May 2011 , he was awarded an HPI Fellowship as `` ( ... ) a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one . '' In September 2011 he was made a distinguished fellow of British Computer Society , in recognition of his outstanding contribution and service to the advancement of computing . In 2012 he was inducted as a Pioneer into the Internet Hall of Fame In 2013 , Cerf was one of five Internet and Web pioneers awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering . In 2013 , Cerf presented the Bernard Price Memorial Lecture In 2014 , Cerf was awarded the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana , 1st class for his role in invention of TCP / IP by president of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves In 2014 , Cerf was awarded Officer of the French Légion d'honneur Cerf was elected a Foreign Member of The UK Royal Society in 2016 In 2018 , Cerf was named the recipient of Benjamin Franklin Medal See also ( edit ) List of pioneers in computer science Partial bibliography ( edit ) Cerf at 2007 Los Angeles ICANN meeting Vint Cerf , before his talk in memory of Dr. John Niparko at the 2017 MidWinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology in Baltimore Author ( edit ) Zero Text Length EOF Message ( RFC 13 , August 1969 ) IMP - IMP and HOST - HOST Control Links ( RFC 18 , September 1969 ) ASCII format for network interchange ( RFC 20 , October 1969 ) Host - host control message formats ( RFC 22 , October 1969 ) Data transfer protocols ( RFC 163 , May 1971 ) PARRY encounters the DOCTOR ( RFC 439 , January 1973 ) ' Twas the night before start - up ( RFC 968 , December 1985 ) Report of the second Ad Hoc Network Management Review Group , RFC 1109 , August 1989 Internet Activities Board , RFC 1120 , September 1989 Thoughts on the National Research and Education Network , RFC 1167 , July 1990 Networks , Scientific American Special Issue on Communications , Computers , and Networks , September 1991 Guidelines for Internet Measurement Activities , October 1991 A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY , RFC 1607 , April 1 , 1994 An Agreement between the Internet Society and Sun Microsystems , Inc. in the Matter of ONC RPC and XDR Protocols , RFC 1790 , April 1995 I REMEMBER IANA , RFC 2468 , October 17 , 1998 Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research ( CSCR , RFC 1217 , April 1 , 1999 The Internet is for Everyone , RFC 3271 , April 2002 Co-author ( edit ) Vinton Cerf , Robert Kahn , A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication ( IEEE Transactions on Communications , May 1974 ) Vinton Cerf , Y . Dalal , C. Sunshine , Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program ( RFC 675 , December 1974 ) Vinton Cerf , Jon Postel , Mail transition plan ( RFC 771 , September 1980 ) Vinton Cerf , K.L. Mills Explaining the role of GOSIP , RFC 1169 , August 1990 Clark , Chapin , Cerf , Braden , Hobby , Towards the Future Internet Architecture , RFC 1287 , December 1991 Vinton Cerf et al. , A Strategic Plan for Deploying an Internet X. 500 Directory Service , RFC 1430 , February 1993 Vinton Cerf & Bob Kahn , Al Gore and the Internet , 2000 - 09 - 28 Vinton Cerf et al. , Internet Radio Communication System July 9 , 2002 , U.S. Patent 6,418,138 Vinton Cerf et al. , System for Distributed Task Execution June 3 , 2003 , U.S. Patent 6,574,628 Vinton Cerf et al. , Delay - Tolerant Networking Architecture ( Informational Status ) , RFC 4838 , April 2007 Cerf writes under the column name `` CERF 'S UP '' , and Cerf 's car has a vanity plate ( registration ) `` CERFSUP '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 2016 ) . `` Dr Vint Cerf ForMemRS '' . London : Royal Society . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 29 . One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where : `` All text published under the heading ' Biography ' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . '' -- `` Royal Society Terms , conditions and policies '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Cerf 's curriculum vitae as of February 2001 , attached to a transcript of his testimony that month before the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet , from ICANN 's website Jump up ^ `` Governing Council - IIIT Hyderabad '' . www.iiit.ac.in . Jump up ^ Gore Deserves Internet Credit , Some Say , a March 1999 Washington Post article ^ Jump up to : Cerf 's up at Google , from the Google Press Center ^ Jump up to : Cerf , Vinton ( 1972 ) . Multiprocessors , Semaphores , and a Graph Model of Computation ( PhD thesis ) . University of California , Los Angeles . OCLC 4433713032 . Jump up ^ ( see Interview with Vinton Cerf Archived June 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News ) , Cerf is willing to call himself one of the internet fathers , citing Bob Kahn and Leonard Kleinrock in particular as being others with whom he should share that title . Jump up ^ Cerf , V.G. ( 2009 ) . `` The day the Internet age began '' . Nature . 461 ( 7268 ) : 1202 -- 1203 . doi : 10.1038 / 4611202a . PMID 19865146 . Jump up ^ `` ACM Turing Award , list of recipients '' . Awards.acm.org . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal '' . Ieee.org . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cerf wins Turing Award February 16 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients from the White House website Jump up ^ ACM Elects Vint Cerf as President Archived May 26 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . from the ACM website Jump up ^ `` Advisory Board '' Archived September 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Council on CyberSecurity website . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Internet pioneer Vint Cerf looks to the future '' , Todd Bishop , Seattle P-I , July 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab . `` Google 's Vint Cerf warns of ' digital Dark Age ' '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jerome , Richard ( September 18 , 2000 ) . `` Lending An Ear -- Health , Real People Stories '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Gray Cerf Biography '' . BookRags.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wientjes , Greg ( 2011 ) . Creative Genius in Technology : Mentor Principles from Life Stories of Geniuses and Visionaries of the Singularity . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1463727505 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA School of Engineering Alumnus Chosen for Prestigious Turing Award '' . UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science . Spring 2005 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet predecessor turns 30 '' . CNN . 1999 - 09 - 02 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` INTERNET PIONEERS CERF AND KAHN TO RECEIVE ACM TURING AWARD '' . ACM. 2005 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dr. Vinton G. Cerf Appointed to Gallaudet University 's Board of Trustees Archived August 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , from that university 's website Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf -- Father of the Internet , Vinton Cerf '' . Deafness.about.com . August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Associates '' . Gallaudet University . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Socks the Whitehouse Cat ( February 19 , 2005 ) . `` Re : ACM ethics complaint against Cerf -- first draft '' . Newsgroup : comp. org. acm . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWilliams , Brian ( February 16 , 2005 ) . `` Protest brewing against Internet pioneer '' . Spam Kings Blog . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Socks the Whitehouse Cat ( February 25 , 2005 ) . `` ACM ethics complaint against Cerf -- first draft '' . Newsgroup : comp. org. acm . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph , August 2007 Jump up ^ `` ICANN Board of Directors -- Vinton G. Cerf '' . Icann.org . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eurasia Group '' . Eurasia Group . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The InterPlaNetary Internet Project IPN Special Interest Group '' . Ipnsig.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SEA 's Board of Advisors . sefora.org Jump up ^ `` Govt red tape adds to security threats '' , Vivian Yeo , ZDNet , October 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ARIN Announces Newly Elected Board of Trustees '' . Arin.net . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . StopBadware . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard 's Berkman Center and the Oxford Internet Institute Unveil StopBadware.org Backed by Google , Lenovo , Sun ; Consumer Reports WebWatch Takes Unpaid Special Advisor Role '' . StopBadware . January 23 , 2006 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Liquid Information Company '' . Liquid.info . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CuriosityStream Advisory Board '' . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IDNAbis WG '' . Tools.ietf.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 5 best jobs Obama has yet to fill -- Craig Gordon and Ben Smith '' . Politico.Com . December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Ben - Horin ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Kids Are Alright : Campus Party , Silicon Valley Tech Festival Rocks NASA '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smart Grid Interoperability Panel Launched ; Governing Board Elected '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ACM Elects Vint Cerf as President '' . ACM . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Economies grow far better with inclusivity and compromise '' . DailyNation . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Governing Council '' . International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Erin ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Space Internet Technology Debuts on the International Space Station '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , website news archive , last accessed June 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf M.S. ' 70 , PhD ' 72 UCLA Alumni '' . Alumni.ucla.edu . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SIGCOMM Awards '' . Sigcomm.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Science and Technology Policy The White House '' . Ostp.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Medals of Science and Technology Foundation '' . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf '' . Computer History Museum . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ACM : Fellows Award / Vinton G. Cerf '' . amturing.acm.org . June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ISOC - Bulgaria : IT - delegation in Sofia '' . Isoc.bg . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2008 ( 24th ) Japan Prize Laureate Jump up ^ MINUTES OF THE FLOOR MEETING OF THE YALE POLITICAL UNION . Yale.edu , April 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ FiveYear . `` Vint Cerf 's Top YouTube Videos '' . Youtube . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vinton G. Cerf , who developed together with Robert E. Kahn the TCP / IP protocol was awarded as a HPI Fellow on May 25th 2011 . The HPI award is a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one . '' `` HPI Fellows & Guests '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ British Computer Society . `` Vint Cerf named BCS Distinguished Fellow '' . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2012 Inductees , Internet Hall of Fame website . Last accessed April 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 2013 Winners Announced '' Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering Jump up ^ `` 62nd Bernard Price Memorial Lecture '' . South African Institute of Electrical Engineers ( SAIEE ) . September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bearers of decorations -- Vinton Gray Cerf '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf Appointed an Officer of the Legion of Honor '' . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Gray Cerf '' . November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas C Greene ( 2000 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Net builders Kahn , Cerf recognise Al Gore : Grateful for the inventor 's genius '' . The Register ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Traceability , Vint Cerf , Association for Computing Machinery ' Communications ' ( August 2018 , V61 , No. 8 , p7 , DOI : 10.1145 / 3235764 ) Further reading ( edit ) Cerf , Vinton G. ( April 24 , 1990 ) , Oral history interview with Vinton G. Cerf , Minnesota , Minneapolis : Charles Babbage Institute Cerf , Vinton ( May 17 , 1999 ) , Dr. Vinton Cerf : An Interview Conducted by David Hochfelder , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Vint Cerf Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vint Cerf . Bio at Google Vint Cerf on the ICANN wiki Dr. Vint Cerf on `` Reinventing the Internet '' ( YouTube ) . Internet Society . ( May 13 , 2013 ) Vint Cerf at TED Appearances on C - SPAN Awards and achievements Preceded by Tadahiro Sekimoto IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal with Bob Kahn Succeeded by Richard Blahut Internet Hall of Fame Pioneers 2012 Paul Baran Vint Cerf Danny Cohen Steve Crocker Donald Davies Elizabeth J. Feinler Charles Herzfeld Robert Kahn Peter T. Kirstein Leonard Kleinrock John Klensin Jon Postel Louis Pouzin Lawrence Roberts 2013 David Clark David Farber Howard Frank Kanchana Kanchanasut J.C.R. Licklider Bob Metcalfe Jun Murai Kees Neggers Nii Quaynor Glenn Ricart Robert Taylor Stephen Wolff Werner Zorn 2014 Douglas Engelbart Susan Estrada Frank Heart Dennis Jennings Rolf Nordhagen Radia Perlman Global connectors 2012 Randy Bush Kilnam Chon Al Gore Nancy Hafkin Geoff Huston Brewster Kahle Daniel Karrenberg Toru Takahashi Tan Tin Wee 2013 Karen Banks Gihan Dias Anriette Esterhuysen Steve Goldstein Teus Hagen Ida Holz Qiheng Hu Haruhisa Ishida Barry Leiner George Sadowsky 2014 Dai Davies Demi Getschko Masaki Hirabaru Erik Huizer Steve Huter Abhaya Induruwa Dorcas Muthoni Mahabir Pun Srinivasan Ramani Michael Roberts Ben Segal Douglas Van Houweling 2017 Nabil Bukhalid Ira Fuchs Shigeki Goto Mike Jensen Ermanno Pietrosemoli Tadao Takahashi Florencio Utreras Jianping Wu Innovators 2012 Mitchell Baker Tim Berners - Lee Robert Cailliau Van Jacobson Lawrence Landweber Paul Mockapetris Craig Newmark Ray Tomlinson Linus Torvalds Phil Zimmermann 2013 Marc Andreessen John Perry Barlow Francois Fluckiger Stephen Kent Anne - Marie Eklund Löwinder Henning Schulzrinne Richard Stallman Aaron Swartz Jimmy Wales 2014 Eric Allman Eric Bina Karlheinz Brandenburg John Cioffi Hualin Qian Paul Vixie 2017 Jaap Akkerhuis Yvonne Marie Andres Alan Emtage Ed Krol Tracy LaQuey Parker Craig Partridge A.M. Turing Award laureates 1960s Alan Perlis ( 1966 ) Maurice Vincent Wilkes ( 1967 ) Richard Hamming ( 1968 ) Marvin Minsky ( 1969 ) 1970s James H. Wilkinson ( 1970 ) John McCarthy ( 1971 ) Edsger W. Dijkstra ( 1972 ) Charles Bachman ( 1973 ) Donald Knuth ( 1974 ) Allen Newell / Herbert A. Simon ( 1975 ) Michael O. Rabin / Dana Scott ( 1976 ) John Backus ( 1977 ) Robert W. Floyd ( 1978 ) Kenneth E. Iverson ( 1979 ) 1980s Tony Hoare ( 1980 ) Edgar F. Codd ( 1981 ) Stephen Cook ( 1982 ) Ken Thompson / Dennis Ritchie ( 1983 ) Niklaus Wirth ( 1984 ) Richard Karp ( 1985 ) John Hopcroft / Robert Tarjan ( 1986 ) John Cocke ( 1987 ) Ivan Sutherland ( 1988 ) William Kahan ( 1989 ) 1990s Fernando J. Corbató ( 1990 ) Robin Milner ( 1991 ) Butler Lampson ( 1992 ) Juris Hartmanis / Richard E. 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Mahadevan Gil McVean Russell Morris Luke O'Neill Simon Peyton Jones Jonathon Pines Jim Prosser Sriram Ramaswamy Caroline Series Ted Shepherd Alison Smith David Wales Philip Withers Paul Workman Honorary Adair Turner Foreign Robert Cava Vint Cerf Mark Davis Jennifer Doudna Gerd Faltings John Hayes Svante Pääbo Pasko Rakic Rino Rappuoli Ellen Williams ACM DL : 81385601636 BNF : cb15972669z ( data ) DBLP : c / VintonGCerf ISNI : 0000 0000 7850 7187 LCCN : n78091536 MGP : 23037 NKC : js20081124001 NLA : 35884604 SNAC : w6st7vsj VIAF : 16036488 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vint_Cerf&oldid=853658512 '' Categories : 1943 births American computer scientists American software engineers Draper Prize winners Fellow Members of the IEEE Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery Google employees Internet pioneers Internet Society people Living people Foreign Members of the Royal Society Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences National Medal of Technology recipients People from New Haven , Connecticut Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana , 1st Class Stanford University alumni Technology evangelists Turing Award laureates UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Van Nuys High School alumni Engineers from Connecticut Presidents of the Association for Computing Machinery National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Use mdy dates from February 2012 Biography with signature Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 BLP articles lacking sources from June 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with ACM - DL identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with DBLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 05 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is known as the father of the internet

Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS , ( / sɜːrf / ; born June 23 , 1943 ) is an American Internet pioneer , who is recognized as one of `` the fathers of the Internet '' , sharing this title with TCP / IP co-inventor Bob Kahn . His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded , repeatedly , with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology , the Turing Award , the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the Marconi Prize and membership in the National Academy of Engineering .

Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search SPECS average speed cameras above a motorway Temporary roadside speed limit enforcement Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to attempt to persuade road vehicle users to comply with the speed limits in force on the UK 's roads . Methods used include those for detection and prosecution of contraventions such as roadside fixed speed cameras , average speed cameras , and police - operated LIDAR speed guns or older radar speed guns . Vehicle activated signs and Community Speed Watch schemes are used to encourage compliance . Some classes of vehicles are fitted with speed limiters and intelligent speed adaptation is being trialled in some places on a voluntary basis . During 2006 / 7 a total of 1.75 million drivers had their licenses endorsed with 3 penalty points and £ 114 million was raised from fines ; an ' e-petition ' to ban speed cameras during 2007 received 28,000 signatures . The Department for Transport estimated that cameras had led to a 22 % reduction in personal injury collisions and 42 % fewer people being killed or seriously injured at camera sites . The British Medical Journal recently reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries in their vicinity and recommended wider deployment . In May 2010 the new Coalition government pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras and cut the Road Safety Grant from £ 95 million to £ 57 million . Opposition politicians and some road safety campaigners claimed that lives were being put at risk . A survey conducted by The Automobile Association said that use of speed cameras was supported by 75 % of their members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rationale 2 Methods 2.1 Fixed instantaneous speed cameras 2.2 Police operated equipment 2.3 Average speed cameras 2.4 Vehicle activated signs 2.5 Community Speed Watch 2.6 Speed limiters 2.7 Speed triggered traffic lights 2.8 Intelligent speed adaptation 3 Effectiveness 3.1 Speed cameras 3.2 Vehicle activated signs 4 History 4.1 Historical methods 4.1. 1 Time and distance 4.1. 2 Pacing 4.2 Early years 4.3 Electronic aids 4.4 1991 -- March 2007 Speed cameras 4.5 April 2007 -- present 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Rationale ( edit ) Enforcement is used to increase compliance with speed limits . One of the main motivations for enforcement is to reduce road casualties , particularly at accident blackspots . For 2008 , `` exceeding the speed limit '' was reported as one of the contributory factors in 5 % of all casualty collisions ( 14 % of fatal collisions resulting in 15 % of all deaths ) . The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents estimates that a pedestrian has a 90 % chance of surviving being hit by a car at 20 mph , falling to 50 % chance at 30 mph and to 10 % at 40 mph . The government noted that the change from `` mainly survivable injuries to mainly fatal injuries '' takes place at speeds between 30 and 40 mph . One third of drivers thought that the chances of a pedestrian dying if hit at 40 mph was 50 % or less . Parliament noted that most deaths of pedestrian occurred in urban areas ( where the speed limit ranges from 20 -- 40 mph ) . A 2003 survey of drivers for the Department for Transport found that 58 % break speed limits on 30 mph roads and 25 % break them by more than 5 mph . 57 % break speed limits on motorways and 20 % break them by more than 10 mph . In 2002 the Select Committee on Transport stated that `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 per cent of all drivers admit to exceeding them '' . Groups most likely to speed excessively are those driving in a work related capacity , members of high income households and young males . Motorcyclists also frequently speed as do HGV drivers commonly on single carriageway main roads where their speed limit is 50 mph . Methods ( edit ) Gatso speed camera There are many methods used by authorities , in places where the speed limits are not generally observed , to attempt to achieve greater compliance . These methods generally fall into one of two categories : to attempt to identify drivers or vehicles that are breaking the speed limit for the purposes of prosecution , to remind vehicle users what the speed limit is , and that it should be obeyed . There are several types of speed camera in use . Speed cameras must be calibrated and certified before the images from it are acceptable to the court , including the cameras used in police vehicles . Owners of vehicles photographed may be contacted with a ' Notice of Intended Prosecution ' ( NIP ) requiring them to provide the name and address of the driver . If they do not provide this information they may receive a Court summons for ' Failing to Furnish Driver Details ' . `` Higher speeds '' result in prosecution by way of a ' Conditional Offer Fixed Penalty ' which can be settled by accepting a £ 100 fine and three penalty points . `` Excessive speed offences '' are automatically sent to the court . Fixed instantaneous speed cameras ( edit ) These cameras are installed beside a road and record the instantaneous speed of vehicles and a photograph of vehicles that have been identified as breaking the speed limit . There are two types commonly in use : Gatso cameras , which take a photograph of the rear of the vehicle after the vehicle has passed , Truvelo / D - cam digital cameras which use infrared to take a picture of a vehicle as it approaches , which includes an image of the driver . These cameras then transmit the image and speed to the authorities virtually instantly . Police operated equipment ( edit ) Police officers can use LIDAR speed guns or sometimes the older and less accurate radar speed guns to gather evidence for prosecution . These may be operated from temporary static sites or from within police vehicles . Average speed cameras ( edit ) Known as the SPECS system , these cameras measure average speeds over a known or measured distance . The first average speed camera in Scotland was installed on the A77 road in 2004 . Vehicle activated signs ( edit ) Vehicle activated sign Vehicle activated signs that illuminate to indicate to a driver that they are exceeding the speed limit -- these do not result in the issuance of a penalty , merely serve as a warning . Community speed Watch ( edit ) Community Speed Watch is a partnership between local people , the Police , the Fire Service and local councils . Volunteers spend a short time each week monitoring speeds and noting number plates . Those identified as speeding are sent a warning letter and the police will take further action if the same vehicle is identified as speeding three times . Community Speed Watch is only permitted for speed limits of 40 mph or below . Junior Speed Watch works in a similar way but involves schoolchildren . Speed limiters ( edit ) Some classes of vehicles are required to have speed limiters which enforce a maximum speed by physical means . New vehicles should be fitted with limiters as follows . Buses and coaches : 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) HGVs : 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Mopeds : 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) Older vehicles still in use do not have limiters fitted or have them set at a higher speeds . These devices do not enforce speed limits as they do not adapt to speed limit changes . Speed triggered traffic lights ( edit ) Swindon council is planning to install equipment on some of their traffic light systems so that they will turn to red early if a car is detected travelling above a preset speed on the approach . A Swindon councillor is reported to have said that `` the whole key is to monitor driver behaviour without beating them over the head '' and that `` it may annoy them , but I think eventually people will work out that if they maintain a constant speed at or around the speed limit then actually their journey times will be much shorter because they wo n't be getting delayed by traffic lights '' . The RAC Foundation gave a cautious welcome to the trial . Similar systems are already in use in Spain and Portugal . Intelligent speed adaptation ( edit ) A trial of intelligent speed adaptation is available in London . Drivers can install free software in their TomTom GPS sat - nav units to provide a warning if they are exceeding the speed limit . In addition a ' voluntary ISA ' system which uses technology installed in the vehicle which makes it difficult to accidentally accelerate beyond the speed limit is being developed . This technology is expected to be available on a voluntary basis with no current plans for vehicles to be required to be fitted with it . Effectiveness ( edit ) Speed cameras ( edit ) In 2001 the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved `` virtually complete compliance '' on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras , across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations , KSI ( Killed / Seriously Injured ) figures have fallen by an average of 65 % . In 2003 the British Medical Journal reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries and recommended wider deployment . In February 2005 the British Medical Journal again reported that speed cameras were an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties , noting however that most studies to date did not have satisfactory control groups . In 2003 Northumbria Police 's Acting Chief Inspector of motor patrols suggested that cameras did n't reduce casualties but did raise revenue -- an official statement from the police force later re-iterated that speed cameras do reduce casualties . In December 2005 the Department for Transport published a four - year report into Safety Camera Partnerships which concluded that there was a 22 % reduction in personal injury collisions and 42 % fewer people being killed or seriously injured following the installation of cameras . The Times reported that this research showed that the department had been previous exaggerating the safety benefits of speed cameras but that the results were still ' impressive ' . A report published by the RAC Foundation in 2010 estimated that an additional 800 more people a year could be killed or seriously injured on the UK 's roads if all speed cameras were scrapped . A survey conducted by The Automobile Association in May 2010 indicated that speed cameras were supported by 75 % of their members . In 2010 Journalist Quentin Willson writing in The Mirror said `` Do n't listen to the shameless tosh coming out of safety camera partnerships '' and suggested that speed cameras were `` useless '' . There is also evidence against the efficacy of speed cameras . Within four years of Swindon abandoning the use of fixed speed cameras , arguing that the cost did not represent an effective way to reduce road accidents , the town was the safest town to drive in the UK , based on accident rates per 1,000 registered vehicles : a result linked by the Local Authority Member for Council Transformation , Transport and Strategic Planning to the removal of speed cameras and resultant additional funding for road safety , alongside close working with the police . Vehicle activated signs ( edit ) The MP Angela Watkinson stated in parliament that vehicle activated signs were more effective than speed cameras -- Department for Transport figures show that each vehicle - activated sign is estimated to prevent 3.1 accidents per year compared to 2.2 for speed cameras . Jim Fitzpatrick the Under - Secretary of State for Transport questioned her source . Following the decision by Portsmouth City Council to remove all their speed cameras , a councillor stated that the evidence is that vehicle activated signs are at least as effective at reducing traffic speeds as speed cameras and at one - tenth of the cost . In 2006 Transport Minister Stephen Ladyman issued a retraction accepting that VAS were indeed ten times more cost effective than cameras . ( 1 ) . The data behind this came from the Transport Research Laboratory report TRL548 from 2003 , which was commissioned by the Department for Transport but was not included in their earlier figures . ( 2 ) History ( edit ) Historical methods ( edit ) Time and distance ( edit ) Before the availability of such technology the police would time drivers over a known distance to calculate their speed . Pacing ( edit ) The police would sometimes follow the target vehicle at a constant distance , and use the speed reading from their own calibrated speedometer as evidence of the speed of the vehicle being followed . Early years ( edit ) The Highway Act 1835 allowed cart owners to be traced when it introduced the offence of ' Negligence causing damage to person or goods being conveyed on the highway ' , not having the owners name painted on the side of a cart , and refusing to give the owner 's name . The early Locomotive Acts between 1866 and 1896 effectively calmed self - propelled traffic by requiring that a man walked in front of each vehicle with a red flag , and so the imposed speed limits of 2 miles per hour ( 3.2 km / h ) and 4 miles per hour ( 6.4 km / h ) did not require enforcing . The first person to be convicted of speeding in the UK was Walter Arnold of East Peckham , Kent , who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at 8 mph ( 13 km / h ) , thus exceeding the contemporary speed limit of 2 mph ( 3.2 km / h ) . He was fined one shilling plus costs . The Automobile Association was formed in 1905 to help motorists avoid police speed traps . In 1906 Earl Russell , an early motoring enthusiast , compared ' speed traps ' to ' highway robbery ' in Parliament : `` Policemen are not stationed in the villages where there are people about who might be in danger , but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country ... they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages '' . In 1910 in legal test case ( ' Betts - v - Stevens ' ) involving an Automobile Association patrolman and a potentially speeding motorist the Chief Justice , Lord Alverston , ruled that where a patrolman signals to a speeding driver to slow down and thereby avoid a speed trap then that person would have committed the offence of ' obstructing an officer in the course of his duty ' under the Prevention of Crimes Amendment Act 1885 . Subsequently , the organisation developed a coded warning system which was used until the 1960s whereby a patrolman would always salute the driver of a passing car which showed a visible AA Badge unless there was a speed trap nearby , on the understanding that their officers could not be prosecuted for failing to salute . All speed limits for cars and motorcycles were abolished under the Road Traffic Act 1930 because ' the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt ' . Speedometers were made compulsory for new cars in 1937 . Electronic aids ( edit ) By the late 1980s traffic police were being issued with Laser speed guns which enabled them to measure the speed of a vehicle more precisely . 1991 -- March 2007 speed cameras ( edit ) Traffic sign used to inform of an area in which speed cameras are used The first speed camera was installed in 1991 . A camera that was installed on the M40 motorway and recorded 400 instances of speeding within 40 minutes . The Association of British Drivers was formed the same year and campaigned vigorously against speed cameras . A Statutory instrument , ' The Road Traffic Offenders ( Prescribed Devices ) Order 1992 ' was approved in May 1992 coming into force 1 July 1992 allowing for unattended traffic cameras to be used for prosecution of speeding offences . The Gatsometer BV Type 24 was approved in June 1992 . The LTI 20.20 , a police operated LIDAR speed gun received type approval in 1993 . The charity Brake was formed in 1995 to support traffic victims and campaign for effective enforcement of speed limits . The charity RoadPeace was founded in 1990 and has since actively campaigned to increase the number of speed cameras . In 1991 the government launched a major TV campaign ' Kill your speed , not a child ' with the budget rising from an initial £ 1m to £ 3.5 m in 1997 . Research published in February 1999 showed that cameras reduce drivers ' speeds markedly and were perceived to be reasonably effective . Safety Camera Partnerships were introduced by the Department for Transport in December 1999 with eight initial trial areas . In 1999 income from penalties for offences recorded by cameras was approaching £ 100 million . In 1999 there was an increase in road fatalities for only the second time in 10 years ( the previous time being in 1997 ) . In March 2000 the government launched a new road - safety strategy that would focus specifically on speed aiming to reduce road fatalities and serious injuries by 40 % , and by 60 % for children by 2010 ( compared to the average of 1994 -- 8 ) . A similar level of 10 - year casualty reduction had been consistently achieved over each of the previous eight years . Safe Speed was founded to challenge this strategy and campaign against the crack - down on speed . In April 2000 two motorists caught speeding and challenged the Road Traffic Act 1988 which required the registered keeper of a vehicle to identify the driver at a particular time as being in contradiction to the Human Rights Act 1998 on the grounds that it amounted to a ' compulsory confession ' , also that since the camera partnerships included the police , local authorities , Magistrates Courts Service ( MCS ) and Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) which had a financial interest in the fine revenue that they would not get a fair trial . Their plea was initially granted by a judge then overturned but was then heard by the European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR ) , and the European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) . In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights found there was no breach of article 6 in requiring the keepers of cars caught speeding on camera to provide the name of the driver . During 2001 The Road Vehicles ( Display of Registration Marks ) Regulations 2001 made it illegal to alter , rearrange or misrepresent the letters or numbers on a registration plate ( number plate ) , with a maximum fine of up to £ 1000 . The Vehicles ( Crime ) Act 2001 introduced registration for number plate suppliers , regulate the specifications for registration plates and provided new ' Unified power for Secretary of State to fund speed cameras etc . ' The Transport Research Laboratory published a report on traffic management at major motorway road works in January 2004 . Safe Speed received a copy of the then unpublished report and claimed that it showed that fixed cameras increased the risk of injury accidents 55 per cent at road works and by 31 per cent on open motorways , also that fatal and serious crashes were 32 per cent more likely where cameras were being operated ' . The first average speed camera in Scotland was installed on the A77 road in 2004 . Vehicle speeds significantly reduced immediately after the system was installed , the average being reduced by 5 -- 6 mph and the number of drivers exceeding the speed limit by 80 % or more in some areas . Gatso speed camera on a dual carriageway showing characteristic road markings In March 2005 a BBC program Inside Out demonstrated how the LTI 20.20 LIDAR speed gun , of which 3,500 were in use in the UK , could create exaggerated reading . Errors came from two sources . ' Sweep errors ' were as a result of the camera not measuring the distance to a fixed point on the vehicle but instead being ' swept ' along the side of the vehicle . This was demonstrated by sweeping the target along a wall which was recorded as moving at 58 mph . Another way of achieving a bogus reading was where the laser reflected off a wing mirror , hit a stationary reflective object and then returned reflecting off the mirror a second time . In July 2005 the Department for Transport blocked the installation of nearly 500 new speed cameras over concerns that partnerships have failed to consider alternatives . A 2006 report from the Department for Transport estimated that ' exceeding the speed limit ' was a fact in 12 % of fatal road crashes and 5 % of all casualty crashes . In the year 2006 / 2007 1.75 million drivers had 3 points put on their licenses and a total of £ 114 million of fines were issued . The 2006 AA road map controversially included the location for thousands of speed cameras -- the first time such information was available in that form . A trial of number - plate displaying Vehicle activated signs in 2006 at roadworks on the M42 motorway resulted in half of the speeding traffic slowed down , compared to a third who responded to normal speed cameras . As of April 2006 there were thirty eight Safety Camera Partnerships in England and Wales covering forty - one police force areas out of a total of forty - three . The Road Safety Act 2006 introduced new legislation relating to Road safety grants , the application of surplus income from safety camera enforcement and regualation relating to fixed fines . From April 2007 authorities received a ' Road Safety Grant ' which was no longer related to the number of fines issued locally and was instead given directly to those Local Authorities responsible for road safety regardless or not of whether they operate traffic enforcement cameras . During 2007 a e-petition to ban speed cameras organised by Safe Speed received 28,000 signatures . April 2007 -- present ( edit ) Funding for Safety Camera Partnership changed in April 2007 and has subsequently come from Department for Transport as ' Road Safety Grants ' rather than being directly linked to money raised locally from fines as it had been previously . Swindon in Wiltshire switched off their 5 fixed cameras in July 2009 , with the intention of replacing them with vehicle activated speed warning signs . They thus became the first local council with no fixed cameras , although the police will continue to use their mobile speed cameras to enforce speed limits . In the nine months following the switch - off there was a small reduction in casualty rates between similar periods before and after the switch off ( Before : 1 fatal , 1 serious and 13 slight accidents . Afterwards : no fatalities , 2 serious and 12 slight accidents ) . The journalist George Monbiot claimed that the results were not statistically significant , highlighting earlier findings across the whole of Wiltshire that there had been a 33 % reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured generally and a 68 % reduction at camera sites during the previous 3 years . A report by ICM Research ( an Opinion poll research organisation ) sponsored by motor insurance company LV in 2010 indicated that 1 % of accidents are caused by drivers braking and then accelerating near speed cameras and that this would equates to a total of some 28,000 accidents across the country . A spokesman said that speed cameras ' impair driving ability or at the least concentration on the road ' . In May 2010 the new Coalition government said that the ' Labour 's 13 - year war on the motorist is over ' and that the new government ' pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras ' . In July Mike Penning , the Road safety minister reduced the Road Safety Grant for the current year to Local Authorities from £ 95 million to £ 57 million saying that local authorities had relied too heavily on safety cameras for far too long and that he was pleased that some councils were now focusing on other road safety measures . It is estimated that as a result the Treasury is now distributing £ 40 million less in Road Safety Grant than is raised from fines in the year . The cuts include a 27 % to the revenue grant used for camera maintenance and education programs and 100 % to the capital grant used for road safety measures such as the installation of fixed cameras , speed humps and pedestrian crossings . Brake warned that by removing ring - fencing the cuts could in reality be larger . Penning later said `` road safety grant was reduced as this grant was spread evenly across all local authorities , not because this was considered an area of lower priority spending . '' In June 2010 it was announced that 9 of Somerset 's 26 fixed speed cameras were to be switched off . In July 2010 , the BBC announced that the Devon and Cornwall Safety Camera Partnership was to be wound up , and that no speed camera would be operated in the South West from the following year unless funding was provided by the government . Also in July 2010 one - fifth of the speed cameras in Northamptonshire were switched off -- the council would not reveal which of its 42 cameras remained active , and others announced plans to review camera provision . and a total of four other counties ; Buckinghamshire , Lancashire , Dorset and Essex announced plans to turn off some or all of their cameras ; All the Oxfordshire speed cameras were switched off on 1 August 2010 . Later in August an Oxford Mail report challenged a claim by Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership that speed offences had increased since the switch - off , stating that they have received data showing that speed offences actually fell by 4 per - cent when compared the figures since the switch - off to those of 2008 -- 9 . In September , Oxfordshire 's Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership reported that the number of drivers speeding past the county 's deactivated speed cameras had increased by up to 88 % . Following lobbying by road safety groups and by local residents it was announced in November that they would be reinstated . The Oxfordshire cameras were switched back on in April 2011 after a new source of funding was found for them . Following rule changes on the threshold for offering `` Speed Awareness Courses '' as an alternative to a fine and licence points for drivers , and given that the compulsory fees charged for such courses go directly to the partnerships rather than directly to central government as for the fine revenues , the partnership will be able to fund their operations from course fees . Compared with the same period in the previous year with the cameras still switched on , the number of serious injuries that occurred during the same period with the cameras switched off was exactly the same -- at 13 -- and the number of slight injuries was 15 more at 70 , resulting from 62 crashes -- 2 more than when the cameras were still operating . There were no fatalities during either period . Also in August Gloucestershire cancelled plans to update cameras and has reduced or cancelled maintenance contracts In July 2010 , some opposition politicians and some road safety campaigners claimed that lives were being put at risk by the removal of speed cameras . The AA agreed saying adding that cameras were supported by the majority of motorists . In October 2010 Wiltshire switched off its remaining speed cameras , both fixed and mobile . Speed limit enforcement will continue to be provided in the county by Wiltshire 's traffic police and Community Speed Watch . In December 2010 , Portsmouth City Council decided to end its membership of the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Road Safety Partnership , and to remove all its speed cameras . In 2017 fines issued by courts for the most serious speeding offences have increased to better reflect the seriousness of the offence . On April 24 , 2017 new rules came into force which see the maximum fine for being caught speeding increase by 150 per cent to £ 2,500 from £ 1,000 for the most serious offenders . The minimum penalty for speeding remains a £ 100 fine and 3 penalty points added to your licence . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 45 `` Exceeding the speed limit was reported as a contributory factor in 5 per cent of all accidents . However , the factor became more significant with the severity of the accident . It was reported in 14 per cent of fatal accidents and these accidents accounted for 362 fatalities , 15 per cent of all deaths '' ^ Jump up to : Department for Transport ( 2008 ) , p. 181 `` Speed limiter settings lowered to 70 mph for new buses and coaches and to 60 mph for HGVs . '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2008 ) , p. 179 `` Mopeds redefined to 30 mph maximum design speed '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2008 ) , p. 106 table 2 References ( edit ) Documents referenced from ' Notes ' section Department for Transport ( 2008 ) . `` Reported Road Casualties Great Britain : 2008 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Other references for article Jump up ^ `` Accident blackspot gets mobile speed camera '' . A MOBILE speed camera is being set up at an accident black spot in Worcestershire this week . A speed camera van will enforce the 60mph speed limit on the A46 Sedgeberrow bypass , near Evesham , due to the high number of collisions and speeding problems on the road ^ Jump up to : `` The consequences of speed '' . Parliament . Hit by a car at 40 mph , nine out of ten pedestrians will be killed . Hit by a car at 30 mph , about half of pedestrians will be killed . Hit by a car at 20 mph , nine out of ten pedestrians will survive ... in other words , as the DTLR notes : `` The change from mainly survivable injuries to mainly fatal injuries takes place at speeds between 30 and 40 mph '' . A considerable number of drivers are unaware of this . A survey undertaken for Brake found than one third of drivers thought that `` the chances of a pedestrian dying if hit at 40 mph ( was ) 50 % or less Jump up ^ `` The Green Flag Report on Safe Driving 2004 PART TWO -- Speed '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Select Committee on Transport , Local Government and the Regions Ninth Report -- Introduction '' . Parliament . The problem is that : `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 per cent of all drivers admit to exceeding speed limits Jump up ^ `` LIST OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS '' . Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 ( Section 20 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` I have received the Notice of Intended Prosecution -- what happens now ? '' . South Yorkshire Safety Camera Partnership . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` One of the most high profile initiatives of the A77 Safety Group has been the introduction of the SPECS average speed camera system '' . Transport Scotland assisted the Partnership in installing a SPECS average speed system , which was a first ever for Scottish roads . Jump up ^ `` Speed Watch '' . Community Speed Watch gives local people the ability to actively get involved in road safety . A Community Speed Watch can be set up in any village , small town , or urban area , governed by either a 30 or 40 miles per hour speed limit , to discourage drivers and motorcyclists from driving faster than the set speed limit . Community Speed Watch is a partnership between the Community , the Police , Fire Service , Parish Council , and County Council , with an aim to tackle the problem of speeding motorists , therefore improving the quality of life of the local residents . A Speed Watch consists of local residents , who are willing to volunteer a small amount of time each week to monitor speeds with speed detection equipment . Persistent offenders will receive a second warning letter , and on a third occasion , offenders can expect further action by police Jump up ^ `` CHILDREN HAVE `` SELFISH '' DRIVERS IN THEIR SIGHTS `` . West Midlands Police . CHILDREN and police in Birmingham have joined forces to launch the region 's first junior Speed Watch scheme . Jump up ^ `` A GUIDE TO SPEED LIMITER REQUIREMENTS '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ `` Swindon traffic lights to slow speeding drivers '' . BBC . 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligent speed adaptation '' . Transport for London . Jump up ^ `` Annex 6 TECHNOLOGY FOR ENFORCEMENT '' . A notable example is in the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot where virtually complete compliance was achieved on the major ring road into the city Jump up ^ `` Permanent Casualty Reduction Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations , KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65 % Jump up ^ SM Christie ; RA Lyons ; FD Dunstan & SJ Jones in Injury Prevention . `` Are mobile speed cameras effective ? A controlled before and after study '' . British Medical Journals . p. vol 9 pages 302 -- 306 ( 2003 ) . Camera sites had lower than expected numbers of injurious crashes up to 300 metres using circles and up to 500 metres using routes . Routes methods indicated a larger effect than the circles method except in the 100 metres nearest sites . A 500 - metre route method was used to investigate the effect within strata of time after intervention , time of day , speed limit , and type of road user injured . The number of injurious crashes after intervention was substantially reduced Jump up ^ Paul Pilkington & Sanjay Kinra ( 2005 ) . `` Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties : systematic review '' ( PDF ) . British Medical Journal . 330 ( 12 February ) : 331 -- 334 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj.38324.646574.AE . PMC 548724 . PMID 15653699 . Existing research consistently shows that speed cameras are an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties . The level of evidence is relatively poor , however , as most studies did not have satisfactory comparison groups or adequate control for potential confounders . Controlled introduction of speed cameras with careful data collection may offer improved evidence of their effectiveness in the future . Jump up ^ `` Cameras are for cash '' . The Journal . 25 October 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2005 ) . `` The National Safety Camera Programme : Four Year Evaluation Report '' . Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 16 December 2005 ) . `` Speed camera benefits overrated '' . The Times . London . The main report says that fixed cameras reduce deaths and serious injuries by 50 per cent and mobile cameras by 35 per cent . It calculates that cameras prevent 1,745 deaths or serious injuries a year across Britain . But once the regression to the mean was taken into account , fixed cameras were found to reduce deaths and serious injuries by only 873 , or 24 per cent for fixed and 17 per cent for mobile cameras . While still impressive , these reductions are lower than could be achieved by other road safety measures . Jump up ^ `` RAC Foundation report backs speed camera safety benefit '' . BBC News . 24 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Speed camera support ' at all - time high ' '' . Admiral . Support for speed cameras is running at an all - time high , a poll by the AA has suggested . According to the motoring organisation 's survey of members in October , 75 % now believe that the use of speed cameras is ' acceptable ' -- including 30 % who believe their use is ' very acceptable ' . This compares with a 69 % approval rating in a poll conducted in November last year , and is the highest level reached in ten years of monitoring public sentiment for the devices , the AA says . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` risk '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Do n't believe the hype on usless speed cams '' . Daily Mirror. 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Town ditches fixed speed cameras '' . BBC News . 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.thisiswiltshire.co.uk/news/9604736.Town_tops_league_for_safest_driving/ Jump up ^ `` Speed Cameras / Vehicle - activated Signs '' . Hansard . House of Commons . 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Angela Watkinson : The cost of a speed camera , including installation , is about £ 50,000 , whereas the cost of a vehicle - activated sign is only £ 1,000 . The Department for Transport 's own figures say that 2.2 accidents are estimated to be prevented by a speed camera in one year , whereas vehicle - activated signs are estimated to prevent 3.1 accidents . Does the Minister therefore agree that the Department 's own figures show that not only are vehicle - activated signs more effective in improving road safety , but they are very much better value for money ? Will he consider introducing a policy that vehicle - activated signs should be given preference over speed cameras wherever the location is appropriate ? Jim Fitzpatrick : The decision about which type of camera to deploy and where is very much a matter for local road safety partnerships , which receive £ 110 million extra a year to do that . I am not sure where the hon . Lady found her figures . The four - year independent evaluation report on the 4,100 speed camera sites , published in 2005 , recorded a 42 per cent . reduction in serious crashes a year , meaning 100 fewer deaths and 1,600 fewer seriously injured -- as opposed to the two or three that she mentions . Our figures are at variance and I would be happy to discuss them with her , because I know that the objective for the whole House is to reduce the numbers needlessly killed or seriously injured on our roads . ^ Jump up to : `` City to scrap its speed cameras '' . The News . Johnston Press Digital Publishing . 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` SPEED LIMIT ( POLICE METHODS ) '' . 9 November 1936 . The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis informs me that the method of enforcing the speed limit in built - up areas which is usually employed and was employed in this case is for the traffic patrols to follow for a reasonable distance the vehicle which they suspect of exceeding the limit , and to time it by means of the speedometer in the police car . In the instructions issued to police , special stress is laid on the necessity for keeping as far as possible at an even distance behind the vehicle which is being followed . Jump up ^ `` Motoring firsts '' . National Motoring Museum . Jump up ^ Adam Hart Davis . `` The Eureka Years '' . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` US History , Criminal Justice , The first speeding ticket '' . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . The AA . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR CAR LEGISLATION '' . Hansard. 16 July 1907 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . The noble Earl said : My Lords , in 1905 , a very important and influential Royal Commission was appointed to consider the subject of motor cars , and what legislation was desirable when the Act at that time existing , and which was limited to three years , expired . That Commission held a great many sittings and examined a great many witnesses ; it was extremely painstaking in its work , and presented a very carefully considered and somewhat voluminous Report ... I regard the abolition of the speed limit as the most important recommendation of the Royal Commission ... Policemen are not stationed in the villages where there are people about who might be in danger , but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country ... I am entirely in sympathy with what the noble Earl said with regard to police traps . In my opinion they are manifestly absurd as a protection to the public , and they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages . Jump up ^ JA Coutts , ' Obstructing the Police ' ( 1956 ) 19 MLR 411 Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic -- 1900 -- 1929 '' . swarb.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 4 February 2010 ) . `` Drivers face breakdown nightmare after AA staff ballot for first strike in 105 years '' . The Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` New Motoring Law '' . The Times . 1 December 1930 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR VEHICLES AND SPEEDOMETERS '' . Hansard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . It is sufficient to say that the reason why the speed limit was abolished was not that anybody thought the abolition would tend to the greater security of foot passengers , but that the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt Jump up ^ `` Road Safety History 1922 -- 1937 '' . RoadSafetyUK . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Fay ( 29 March 2009 ) . `` Pensioner booked for speeding ... in a 1923 Model T Ford that does n't even have a speedo '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Booker , Christopher ( 24 July 2010 ) . `` Speed cameras : the twisted truth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . In 1992 the police were given a new weapon when the first speed cameras were installed in west London . Trials on the M40 had shown just how frequently drivers broke the limit , when cameras capable of taking 400 snapshots on each roll of film had used up their quota in 40 minutes . Jump up ^ `` SPEED AND RED - LIGHT ( SAFETY ) CAMERA FUNDING -- NETTING - OFF ARRANGEMENTS '' . Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Fighting for your rights -- the ABD -- The bigger picture '' . Top Gear. 12 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Road Traffic Offenders ( Prescribed Devices ) Order 1992 '' . Jump up ^ `` Radar speed measuring device approval '' . Jump up ^ `` Light beam speed measuring device approval 1993 '' . Jump up ^ `` Speed enforcement '' . Brake . Jump up ^ `` RoadPeace Founder and Chair '' . RoadPeace . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Roadpeace steps up campaigning '' . PR Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Traffic victims ' charity Roadpeace is spearheading a campaign to increase the number of speed cameras on Britain 's roads . Jump up ^ `` The effects of speed cameras : how drivers respond '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport ( UK ) . February 1999 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Speed Camera Funding -- eight pilot schemes announced '' . Department for Transport ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 10 August 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The national safety camera programme '' ( PDF ) . In 2000 , the Government published the ten - year road safety strategy . This set out casualty reduction targets for 2010 . These were : By 2010 we want to achieve ( compared with the average for 1994 -- 98 ) : 40 % reduction in the number of people killed or seriously injured in road collisions 50 % reduction in the number of children killed or seriously injured 10 % reduction in the slight casualty rate , expressed as the number of people slightly injured per 100million vehicle kilometres Jump up ^ Transport Statistics Great Britain : 2007 Edition ( Report ) . Department for Transport . ^ Jump up to : `` O'Halloran and Francis v . The United Kingdom '' . Jump up ^ `` What is the Legal Spacing and Letter Style on Number Plates '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle crime '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . The Vehicles ( Crime ) Act 2001 -- The Act introduced the registration of motor salvage dealers and number plate suppliers , together with the Vehicle Identity Check scheme . These measures will make it harder for thieves to sell on stolen vehicles . Jump up ^ `` Vehicles ( Crime ) Act 2001 S38 : Unified power for Secretary of State to fund speed cameras etc '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` One of the most high profile initiatives of the A77 Safety Group has been the introduction of the SPECS average speed camera system '' . Transport Scotland assisted the Partnership in installing a SPECS average speed system , which was a first ever for Scottish roads . Jump up ^ `` SPECS -- The Facts '' . A77safetygroup . Figures have shown that , across the route , vehicle speeds significantly reduced immediately after the system was installed . Average speeds typically reduced by 5 - 6mph and the number of drivers exceeding the speed limit reduced by 80 % or more in some areas . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Speed Cameras '' . Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 15 July 2005 ) . `` Speed camera U-turn as 500 sites rejected '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ David Robinson ; Richard Campbell . `` Contributory factors to road accidents '' . Road Casualties Great Britain : 2005 . UK Department for Transport . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Philip 's Complete Road Atlas Britain 2010 . Philip 's . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera fines reach £ 114.6 m '' . BBC News . 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Speed camera fines rose to £ 114.6 m last year even though fewer fixed penalty notices were issued to motorists , a survey has indicated . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Steve ( 26 June 2005 ) . `` AA causes fury by publishing its first - ever map of speed cameras '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . A controversial decision by the AA to publish its first map of speed traps has provoked a storm of protest from safety experts , who accuse the organisation of encouraging motorists to break the law . Jump up ^ Ben Webster ( 4 August 2006 ) . `` Speed camera that tells you off but does n't take away your cash '' . London : The Times . Jump up ^ `` Areas covered by the Safety Camera Funding Scheme '' . Department for Transport ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Road Safety Act 2006 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Safety cameras '' . Department for Transport ( UK ) . Retrieved 26 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirkup , James ; Millward , David ( 4 December 2007 ) . `` Anger as fines from speed cameras soar '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . More than 28,000 people have signed a Downing Street petition calling for speed cameras to be scrapped and Mr Smith said that public anger had forced the Department for Transport `` into retreat '' on the issue Jump up ^ `` Town ditches fixed speed cameras '' . BBC News . 31 July 2009 . Fixed speed cameras in Swindon have been switched off , making the borough council the first English local authority to abandon their use ... the council will continue as normal in their mobile speed camera enforcement across Swindon where necessary ... Any assumption that speed cameras will no longer be used in Swindon is plainly incorrect . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , David ( 7 August 2010 ) . `` Speed camera switch - off sees fewer accidents '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Boy Racers '' . George Monbiot . Jump up ^ `` unknown '' . Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 14 May 2010 ) . `` Labour 's 13 - year war on the motorist is over : Tories pledge to halt rise of speed cameras , road pricing and cowboy clampers '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Millward , David ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` Treasury set to cash in on speeding fines '' . The Telegraph . London . The decision to reduce the Road Safety Grant £ 95 million to £ 57 million this year means that the Government could raise as much as £ 40 million more from speeding fines than it hands back to local authorities to reduce death and injury on the country 's roads . Jump up ^ `` Brake warns Government on road safety funding bombshell '' . Brake . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers to Questions , Tuesday 7 September 2010 -- Roads : Safety '' . We have also lifted restrictions on how local government spends its money by removing ring - fences ... The fact that certain grants have been chosen for reduction over others does not mean that the Government expect there to be a direct correlation between grant reductions and local authority budget changes . For example , road safety grant was reduced as this grant was spread evenly across all local authorities , not because this was considered an area of lower priority spending . Jump up ^ `` Speed cameras in Somerset are to be removed '' . BBC News . 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Lack of police funds could end South West speed cameras '' . BBC News . 22 July 2010 . No speed cameras will operate in the South West next year , unless the government comes forward with more funding , police have warned . Devon and Cornwall Safety Camera Partnership is being wound up with the loss of about 40 jobs . Jump up ^ `` One in five speed cameras turned off as council looks to cut costs '' . Northampton Chronicle . Johnston Publishing . 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera turn - off starts '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Oxfordshire pulled the plug on its network of 72 devices after the ConDems axed funding by 40 % . Buckinghamshire is to follow suit . Northamptonshire turned off eight of its 42 speed cameras and Somerset nine of its 26 , sparking worries crashes could increase . Jump up ^ `` Plan to return Oxfordshire 's speed cameras '' . BBC . 2 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera data ' misleading ' '' . Oxford Mail . Newsquest Media Group . 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Oxfordshire speeding increase after cameras turned off '' . BBC News . 10 August 2010 . The number of drivers speeding past Oxfordshire 's deactivated speed cameras has increased by up to 88 % , a road safety partnership claim . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS : Speed cameras to go back on '' . Oxford Mail . 2 November 2010 . OXFORDSHIRE 'S speed cameras are set to be switched on , it has emerged today , three months after they were turned off ^ Jump up to : `` Oxfordshire 's speed cameras to be switched back on '' . News Oxford . BBC . 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Speed cameras will stay in Gloucestershire -- but no more maintenance '' . This is Gloucestershire . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . SPEED cameras in Gloucestershire will not be switched off -- but highway bosses say maintenance will become less frequent . As Oxfordshire 's speed cameras were turned off to save cash , Gloucestershire County Council confirmed the county 's 28 cameras would remain in action . The cameras were due to be updated to a new digital format , but after cuts of £ 7million were imposed by the coalition Government , the council was forced to abandon the plan . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera cuts ' mean disaster ' '' . BBC News . 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed cameras no longer operating in Wiltshire '' . ThisIsWiltshire.co.uk . Newsquest Media Group . 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The UK 's new speeding fines explained '' . www.saga.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Luke John ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Drivers WARNED that speeding fines set to skyrocket NEXT WEEK '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Speeding penalties - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . ( hide ) Driving in the United Kingdom Main topics Approved Driving Instructor British land speed record Driving examiner ( United Kingdom ) The Highway Code Driving licence in the United Kingdom List of UK driving licence endorsements Road signs in the United Kingdom Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom Road speed limits in the United Kingdom United Kingdom traffic laws Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions Acts Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 Motor Car Act 1903 Road Traffic Act 1934 Organisations British School of Motoring Disabled Motoring UK Driver and Vehicle Agency Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency Driving Standards Agency Institute of Advanced Motorists Motor Insurers ' Bureau Safe Speed Safety Camera Partnership Driving test Hazard Perception Test United Kingdom driving test Schemes National Driver Offender Retraining Scheme Pass Plus Young Driver Schemes TV & Entertainment Britain 's Worst Driver Clarkson 's Car Years Driven ( TV series ) Driving School Fifth Gear For The Love Of Cars Jeremy Clarkson 's Motorworld Sniff Petrol Top Gear ( 1977 TV series ) Top Gear ( 2002 TV series ) Offences Causing bodily harm by wanton or furious driving Causing death by dangerous driving Dangerous driving DR10 Further reading ( edit ) Home Office approved speed detection devices -- March 2007 Handbook of Rules and Guidance for the National Safety Camera Programme for England and Wales for 2006 / 07 Department for Transport Transport , Local Government and the Regions -- Ninth Report , Road Traffic Speed . Parliament 2002 Note that the layout of the table of contents is odd , the actually contents are off to the far right hand side of the page . TRL511 : The relationship between speed and accidents of rural single - carriageway roads 2002 -- registration required TRL421 : The effects of drivers ' speed on the frequency of road accidents 2000 -- registration required TRL215 : Review of traffic calming schemes in 20 mph zones 1996 -- registration required Debate in the Commons about use of plain clothes police to enforce speed limits 1935 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_speed_limit_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=811302206 '' Categories : Transport policy in the United Kingdom Roads in the United Kingdom Driving in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 EngvarB from April 2013 Use dmy dates from April 2013 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 19 : 40 . 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when was the first speed camera introduced in the uk

The first speed camera was installed in 1991 . A camera that was installed on the M40 motorway and recorded 400 instances of speeding within 40 minutes . The Association of British Drivers was formed the same year and campaigned vigorously against speed cameras .

Indian national calendar - wikipedia Indian national calendar Mohar of Gorkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah dated Saka era 1685 ( AD 1763 ) The Indian national calendar , sometimes called the Shalivahana Shaka calendar . It is used , alongside the Gregorian calendar , by The Gazette of India , in news broadcasts by All India Radio and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India . The Saka calendar is also used in Java and Bali among Indonesian Hindus . Nyepi , the `` Day of Silence '' , is a celebration of the Saka new year in Bali . Nepal 's Nepal Sambat evolved from the Saka calendar . Prior to colonization , the Philippines used to apply the Saka calendar as well as suggested by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription . The term may also ambiguously refer to the Hindu calendar ; the Shalivahana era is also commonly used by other calendars . The historic Shalivahana era calendar is still widely used . It has years that are solar Contents 1 Calendar structure 2 Adoption 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Calendar structure ( edit ) The calendar months follow the signs of the tropical zodiac rather than the sidereal zodiac normally used with the Hindu calendar . # Month ( Sanskrit ) Length Start date ( Gregorian ) Tropical zodiac Tropical zodiac ( Sanskrit ) Chaitra 30 / 31 March 22 / 21 Aries Meṣa Vaishākha 31 April 21 Taurus Vṛṣabha Jyēshtha 31 May 22 Gemini Mithuna Āshādha 31 June 22 Cancer Karkata 5 Shrāvana 31 July 23 Leo simha 6 Bhaadra 31 August 23 Virgo Kanyā 7 Āshwin 30 September 23 Libra Tulā 8 Kārtika 30 October 23 Scorpio Vṛścik‌‌‌a 9 Agrahayana 30 November 22 Sagitarius Dhanur 10 Pausha 30 December 22 Capricorn Makara 11 Māgha 30 January 21 Aquarius Kumbha 12 Phalguna 30 February 20 Pisces Mīna Chaitra has 30 days and starts on March 22 , except in leap years , when it has 31 days and starts on March 21 . The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days , to take into account the slower movement of the sun across the ecliptic at this time . The names of the months are derived from older , Hindu lunisolar calendars , so variations in spelling exist , and there is a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to . Years are counted in the Saka era , which starts its year 0 in the year 78 of the Common Era . To determine leap years , add 78 to the Saka year -- if the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar , then the Saka year is a leap year as well . Its structure is just like the Persian calendar . Adoption ( edit ) Senior Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha was the head of the Calendar Reform Committee under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research . Other members of the Committee were : A.C. Banerjee , K.K. Daftari , J.S. Karandikar , Gorakh Prasad , R.V. Vaidya and N.C. Lahiri . It was Saha 's effort , which led to the formation of the Committee . The task before the Committee was to prepare an accurate calendar based on scientific study , which could be adopted uniformly throughout India . It was a mammoth task . The Committee had to undertake a detailed study of different calendars prevalent in different parts of the country . There were thirty different calendars . The task was further complicated by the fact that religion and local sentiments were integral to those calendars . India 's first prime minister , Jawaharlal Nehru , in his preface to the Report of the Committee , published in 1955 , wrote : `` They ( different calendars ) represent past political divisions in the country ... Now that we have attained Independence , it is obviously desirable that there should be a certain uniformity in the calendar for our civic , social , and other purposes , and this should be done on a scientific approach to this problem . '' Usage started officially at 1 Chaitra 1879 , Saka Era , or 22 March 1957 . However , government officials seem to largely ignore the New Year 's Day of this calendar in favour of the religious calendar . See also ( edit ) Hindu calendar Vikram Samvat History of calendars Saka era Bengali calendar , a related Indic calendar Persian calendar Indian New Year 's days Bisuddhasiddhanta Panjika Ritu ( Indian season ) Kollam era the Malayalam calendar Tamil calendar List of calendars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Government Holiday Calendar '' . Govt. of India Official website . Jump up ^ Meghnad Saha Archived 2015 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hindu '' New Year 's Day and related issues Report of the Calendar Reform Committee ( New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , 1955 ) -- online link . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History by E.G. Richards ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 286205 - 1 ) , 1998 , pp. 184 -- 185 . External links ( edit ) Calendars and their History ( by L.E. Doggett ) Indian Calendars ( by Leow Choon Lian , pdf , 1.22 mb ) Positional astronomy in India Indian National Calendar abstract National symbols of India Flag Emblem Anthem Song Calendar Currency Animal Aquatic animal Bird Flower Fruit River Tree Calendars Systems Lunar Lunisolar Solar Nearly universal Gregorian In wide use Astronomical Bengali Chinese Ethiopian Hebrew Hindu Iranian Islamic ISO Unix time In more limited use Akan Armenian Assyrian Bahá'í Badí ' Balinese pawukon Balinese saka Berber Buddhist Burmese Chinese Earthly Branches Heavenly Stems Gaelic Germanic heathen Georgian Hindu or Indian Vikram Samvat Saka Igbo Iranian Jalali medieval Hijri modern Zoroastrian Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Malayalam Mongolian Melanau Nanakshahi Nepal Sambat Nisg̱a'a Oromo Romanian Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Tamil Thai lunar solar Tibetan Vietnamese Xhosa Yoruba Types Runic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar round Christian variants Coptic Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints Historical Attic Aztec Tōnalpōhualli Xiuhpōhualli Babylonian Bulgar Byzantine Celtic Cham Culāsakaraj Egyptian Florentine French Republican Germanic Greek Hindu Inca Macedonian Maya Haab ' Tzolk'in Muisca Pentecontad Pisan Rapa Nui Roman calendar Rumi Soviet Swedish Turkmen By specialty Holocene anthropological Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian historiographical Darian Martian Dreamspell New Age Discordian ' Pataphysical Proposals Calendar reform Hanke -- Henry Permanent International Fixed Pax Positivist Symmetry454 Tranquility World New Earth Time Fictional Discworld Greyhawk Middle - earth Stardate Star Wars ( Galactic Standard Calendar ) Displays and applications Electronic Perpetual Wall Year naming and numbering Terminology Era Epoch Regnal name Regnal year Year zero Systems Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo Human Era Japanese Korean Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese List of calendars Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_national_calendar&oldid=865326072 '' Categories : Hindu calendar Indian culture National symbols of India Months of the Hindu calendar Time in India 1957 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 06 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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when is the new year day celebrated according to the indian national calendar

# Month ( Sanskrit ) Length Start date ( Gregorian ) Tropical zodiac Tropical zodiac ( Sanskrit ) Chaitra 30 / 31 March 22 / 21 Aries Meṣa Vaishākha 31 April 21 Taurus Vṛṣabha Jyēshtha 31 May 22 Gemini Mithuna Āshādha 31 June 22 Cancer Karkata 5 Shrāvana 31 July 23 Leo simha 6 Bhaadra 31 August 23 Virgo Kanyā 7 Āshwin 30 September 23 Libra Tulā 8 Kārtika 30 October 23 Scorpio Vṛścik‌‌‌a 9 Agrahayana 30 November 22 Sagitarius Dhanur 10 Pausha 30 December 22 Capricorn Makara 11 Māgha 30 January 21 Aquarius Kumbha 12 Phalguna 30 February 20 Pisces Mīna

Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom `` + 44 '' redirects here . For the band , see + 44 ( band ) . United Kingdom telephone numbers Location of the United Kingdom Location Country United Kingdom Continent Europe Regulator Ofcom Type Open NSN length 7 , 9 , 10 Typical format various , see text Numbering plan The National Telephone Numbering Plan Last updated 13 December 2013 Access codes Country calling code + 44 International call prefix 00 Trunk prefix 0 List of United Kingdom dialing codes Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK government 's Office of Communications ( Ofcom ) . For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan , known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan , which is the system for assigning telephone numbers to subscriber stations . The numbers are of variable length . Local numbers are supported from land - lines , or numbers can be dialled with a ' 0 ' - lead prefix that denotes either a geographical region or another service . Cell phone numbers have their own prefixes which are not geographical and are completely portable between providers . Contents 1 Structure 2 Format 2.1 Geographic numbering 2.1. 1 Standard geographic numbers 2.1. 1.1 Four - digit area codes 2.1. 1.2 Three - digit area codes 2.1. 1.3 Two - digit area codes 2.1. 1.4 Five - digit area codes 2.1. 2 National dialling only ranges 2.2 Mobile telephones 2.3 Pagers and personal numbering 2.4 Non-geographic numbering 2.4. 1 Non-geographic numbers charged at geographic rate 2.4. 2 Corporate and VoIP numbering 2.4. 3 Freephone numbers 2.4. 4 Fixed - rate or special - rate services 2.4. 5 Other 08xx number ranges 2.4. 6 Premium rate content services ( PRS and SES ) 3 Crown dependencies 3.1 Guernsey 3.2 Jersey 3.3 Isle of Man 4 Fictitious numbers 5 Special service numbers 5.1 Emergency services and helplines 5.2 Speaking clock 5.3 Automated services and access codes 6 History 7 Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories 7.1 North American Numbering Plan 7.2 Others 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Since 28 April 2001 , almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national ( significant ) numbers after the `` 0 '' trunk code . All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national ( significant ) numbers after the `` 0 '' trunk code . The overall structure of the UK 's National Numbering Plan is : Prefix Service type 00 International 01 Geographic area codes . 02 Geographic area codes ( introduced in 2000 ) . 03 Non-geographic numbers charged at standard geographic area code rates ( introduced 2007 ) . 04 Reserved . 05 Corporate numbering and VoIP services ( some VoIP services use 08 or geographic numbers ) . Freephone ( toll free ) on 0500 until June 2017 . 06 Was reserved for possible use by personal numbering ( PNS ) instead of 070 following consumer confusion with mobile phones . 07 Mostly for mobile phones on 071xx , 072xx , 073xx , 074xx , 075xx , 07624 , 077xx , 078xx , and 079xx . Personal numbering on 070 . Pagers on 076xx . 08 Freephone ( toll free ) on 080 , and Special Services ( formerly known as local and national rate ) on 084 and 087 . 09 Premium Rate services ( PRS ) . A short sample of geographic numbers , set out in the officially approved ( Ofcom ) number groups : Number Location ( 020 ) xxxx xxxx London ( 024 ) 7xxx xxxx Coventry ( 029 ) xxxx xxxx Cardiff ( 0113 ) xxx xxxx Leeds ( 0114 ) xxx xxxx Sheffield ( 0121 ) xxx xxxx Birmingham ( 0117 ) xxx xxxx Bristol ( 0131 ) xxx xxxx Edinburgh ( 0141 ) xxx xxxx Glasgow ( 0151 ) xxx xxxx Merseyside ( 0161 ) xxx xxxx Greater Manchester ( 01642 ) xxxxxx Teesside ( 01223 ) xxxxxx Cambridge ( 01257 ) xxxxxx Chorley ( 01382 ) xxxxxx Dundee ( 01386 ) xxxxxx Evesham ( 01935 ) xxxxxx Yeovil ( 01865 ) xxxxxx Oxford ( 01772 ) xxxxxx Preston ( 01792 ) xxxxxx Swansea ( 01204 ) xxxxx Bolton ( 0153 96 ) xxxxx Sedbergh ( 0169 77 ) xxxx Brampton In the United Kingdom , area codes are two , three , four , or , rarely , five digits long ( after the initial zero ) . Regions with shorter area codes , typically large cities , permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits . Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long . The total number of digits is ten , but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits ( after the initial zero ) . The `` area code '' is also referred to as an `` STD ( code ) '' ( subscriber trunk dialling ) or a `` dialling code '' in the UK . The code allocated to the largest population is ( 020 ) for London . The code allocated to the largest area is ( 028 ) for all of Northern Ireland . The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies -- Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man -- even though they are not part of the UK itself . Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows : Number length 10 digits 9 digits 7 digits 4 digits 3 digits Number formats ( 01xx xx ) xxxxx ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx ( 01x1 ) xxx xxxx ( 011x ) xxx xxxx ( 02x ) xxxx xxxx 03xx xxx xxxx 055 xxxx xxxx 056 xxxx xxxx 070 xxxx xxxx 07624 xxxxxx 076 xxxx xxxx 07xxx xxxxxx 0800 xxx xxxx 08xx xxx xxxx 09xx xxx xxxx ( 0169 77 ) xxxx ( 01xxx ) xxxxx 0500 xxxxxx 0800 xxxxxx 0800 1111 0845 46 4x 1470 1471 1475 1477 1571 999 112 111 123 101 118 105 Number ranges starting 01 can have National Significant Number ( NSN ) length as 10 or 9 digits . The 0800 range can have NSN length as 10 , 9 or 7 digits . The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits . The 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only . There are no telephone numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits . Geographic Numbering ( edit ) Main article : List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom Standard geographic numbers ( edit ) Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits . Four - digit area codes ( edit ) Four - digit area codes have either six - digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five - and six - digit subscriber numbers . ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx This is the format used by most areas . It has a four - digit area code ( after the initial zero ) and a six digit subscriber number , and is known as 4 + 6 format . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . Just short of 581 areas use this format , and the area codes range from 01200 to 01998 . Almost all ( 01xxx ) area codes now have only six digit subscriber numbers , but a small number of these areas also have some subscriber numbers only five digits in length ( see next section ) . 01224 Aberdeen 22 = AB 01244 Chester 24 = CH 01382 Dundee 38 = DU 01387 Dumfries ( mixed ) 38 = DU local numbers can not begin with 3 01452 Gloucester 45 = GL 01472 Grimsby 47 = GR 01473 Ipswich 47 = IP 01429 Hartlepool 42 = HA 01482 Hull 48 = HU 01539 Kendal ( mixed ) 53 = KE local numbers can not begin with 4 , 5 or 6 01582 Luton 58 = LU 01670 Morpeth 67 = MP 01697 Brampton , North West ( mixed ) 69 = NW local numbers can not begin with 3 , 4 or 7 01733 Peterborough 73 = PE 01736 Penzance 73 = PE 01772 Preston 77 = PR 01792 Swansea 79 = SW 01793 Swindon 79 = SW 01854 Ullapool 85 = UL 01947 Whitby 94 = WH Six of the four - digit area codes are known as `` mixed '' areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five - digit area codes . This leads to a restriction as to which initial digits can be used for subscriber numbers within those four - digit area codes , e.g. in the 01387 four - digit area code , subscriber numbers can not begin with a 3 because 013873 is a separate five - digit area code ; likewise in the 01946 four - digit area code , subscriber numbers can not begin with a 7 because 019467 is a separate five - digit area code . ( 01xxx ) xxxxx This is used for forty smaller towns which have a mixture of six and five digit local numbers , each type allocated in specific DE blocks * ; e.g. in the 01647 area code numbers beginning 24 and 61 have five digits ( 24xxx and 61xxx ; known as 4 + 5 format ) whereas all other DE blocks * within that area code have six digit numbers . The number of places with five digit subscriber numbers and an 01xxx area code has declined rapidly in recent decades . There were 511 ranges allocated across 56 different area codes in January 1998 . The Big Number Change removed many , especially in Northern Ireland , and by July 2005 there were only 329 ranges in 42 codes . By April 2010 this had reduced to 324 ranges in 40 codes , with still the same number in November 2012 . The 40 area codes are listed in the table below . * A DE block is a block of numbers where ( taking the area code and the subscriber number together ) the initial 0 and the next six digits after it are the same for all the subscriber numbers in the block . ( These area codes , like many others , were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . ) 01204 Bolton 20 = BO 61 - 64 01208 Bodmin 20 = BO 72 - 79 01254 Blackburn 25 = BL 51 - 57 , 59 01276 Camberley 27 = CR 20 - 29 , 31 - 38 , 61 - 66 01297 Axminster 29 = AX 20 - 24 , 32 - 35 01298 Buxton 29 = BX 22 - 28 , 70 - 74 , 77 - 79 , 83 - 85 01363 Crediton 36 = CN 82 - 85 01364 Ashburton , Devon 36 = DN 72 , 73 01384 Dudley 38 = DU 70 , 74 - 79 01386 Evesham 38 = EV 40 , 41 , 45 , 47 - 49 01404 Honiton 40 = HO 41 - 47 01420 Alton , Hampshire 42 = HA 22 , 23 , 80 - 89 01460 Chard , Ilminster 46 = IM 30 , 52 - 55 , 57 , 61 - 68 , 72 - 78 01461 Gretna 46 = GN 40 01480 Huntingdon 48 = HU 52 01488 Hungerford 48 = HU 71 - 73 01524 Lancaster ( mixed ) 52 = LA 32 - 37 , 39 , 60 - 69 local numbers can not begin with 2 01527 Redditch 60 - 69 01562 Kidderminster 56 = KM 60 , 66 - 69 01566 Launceston 56 = LN 86 01595 Lerwick 56 = LW 86 01606 Northwich , Winsford 60 = NO 40 - 49 , 74 - 77 , 79 01629 Matlock 62 = MA 55 - 57 01635 Newbury 63 = NE 30 - 39 , 40 - 49 01647 Moretonhampstead 64 = MH 24 , 61 01659 Sanquhar , Nithsdale 65 = NL 50 , 58 , 66 , 67 , 74 01695 Skelmersdale / Ormskirk 50 - 54 01726 St Austell 72 = SA 61 , 63 - 69 , 70 - 77 01744 St Helens 74 = SH 20 - 29 01750 Selkirk 75 = SK 20 - 23 , 32 , 42 , 52 , 62 , 76 , 82 01768 Penrith ( mixed ) 76 = PN 882 , 883 , 884 , 886 , 887 , 888 local numbers can not begin with 3 , 4 or 7 01827 Tamworth 82 = TA 50 - 59 , 60 - 69 01837 Okehampton 52 - 55 , 82 , 83 , 89 01884 Tiverton 88 = TV 32 - 35 , 38 01900 Workington 90 = WO 61 - 68 , 85 01905 Worcester 90 = WO 20 - 29 01935 Yeovil 93 = YE 83 01946 Whitehaven ( mixed ) 94 = WH 61 - 68 local numbers can not begin with 7 01949 Whatton 94 = WH 20 , 21 , 81 01963 Wincanton 96 = WN 23 , 31 - 34 01995 Garstang , Wyre 99 = WY 61 Three - digit area codes ( edit ) Three - digit area codes always have seven - digit subscriber numbers and always begin 011x or 01x1 . ( 01x1 ) xxx xxxx This is the geographic number format for the first round of five large cities moved to all figure dialling in the 1960s , and subsequently also used in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear , eastern County Durham and south - eastern Northumberland from the 1980s onwards . These six areas have a three - digit area code matching the pattern 1x1 ( after the initial zero ) and a seven digit subscriber number , and this is known as 3 + 7 format . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . 0121 Birmingham formerly 021 ( 2 = B) 0131 Edinburgh formerly 031 ( 3 = E ) 0141 Glasgow formerly 041 ( 4 = G ) 0151 Liverpool formerly 051 ( 5 = L ) 0161 Manchester formerly 061 ( 6 = M ) 0171 Used for Inner London from 1990 until 2000 0181 Used for Outer London from 1990 until 2000 0191 County of Tyne and Wear , eastern County Durham , south - eastern Northumberland formerly 091 ( 9 = tYne ) ( 011x ) xxx xxxx This is the geographic number format for the second round of large cities and towns moved to brand - new three - digit area codes . Five of these were moved in 1995 as a part of PhONEday , with Reading then following a year later . At the time of the change , an extra digit was added to the subscriber number . These six areas have a three - digit area code matching the pattern 11x , with a seven - digit subscriber number , and this is known as 3 + 7 format . The first three digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city . The former Reading area code had already been changed once , by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . 0113 Leeds formerly 0532 ( 53 = LE ) 0114 Sheffield formerly 0742 ( 74 = SH ) 0115 Nottingham formerly 0602 ( 60 = NO ) 0116 Leicester formerly 0533 ( 53 = LE ) 0117 Bristol formerly 0272 ( 27 = BR ) 0118 Reading formerly 0734 , then 01734 ( 73 = RE ) Two - digit area codes ( edit ) Two - digit area codes always have eight - digit subscriber numbers and always begin 02 . ( 02x ) xxxx xxxx This is the newest geographic number format . It is used for the third tier of large cities and for Northern Ireland , and was formed as a part of the Big Number Change in 2000 . The new area code is much shorter than the old one , and begins 02 unlike the previous 01 area codes . Numbers in these five areas are commonly misquoted , e.g. London as 0207 or Cardiff as 02920 . The numbers consist of a two - digit area code matching the pattern 02x , and an eight - digit subscriber number , and this is known as 2 + 8 format . The first four digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city . At the time of the change , the subscriber part of the number gained an extra digit in London , those in Northern Ireland gained two or three digits , and the subscriber part of the number in the other areas gained two digits . All of these areas were also subject to a previous code change , one that added a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero , as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . Location Number Formerly 020 London ( 020 ) 3xxx xxxx New since 2005 ( 020 ) 7xxx xxxx 0171 ( 1995 - 2000 ) 071 ( 1990 - 95 ) 01 ( 1960s - 1990 ) ( 020 ) 8xxx xxxx 0181 ( 1995 - 2000 ) 081 ( 1990 - 95 ) 01 ( 1960s - 1990 ) 023 Southampton ( 023 ) 8xxx xxxx 01703 ( 70 = SO ) Portsmouth ( 023 ) 9xxx xxxx 01705 ( 70 = PO ) 024 Coventry ( 024 ) 7xxx xxxx 01203 ( 20 = CO ) 028 Northern Ireland ( 028 ) 25xx xxxx Ballymena ( 01266 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 28xx xxxx Larne ( 01574 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 37xx xxxx Armagh ( 01861 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 71xx xxxx Derry ( 01504 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 82xx xxxx Omagh ( 01662 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 90xx xxxx Belfast ( 01232 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 92xx xxxx Lisburn ( 01846 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 95xx xxxx Belfast New number range 029 Cardiff ( 029 ) 2xxx xxxx 01222 ( 22 = CA ) Five - digit area codes ( edit ) Five - digit area codes have either five - digit subscriber numbers or a mix of four - and five - digit subscriber numbers . Five - digit area codes always share their first four digits with four - digit area codes . ( 01xx xx ) xxxxx and ( 01xx xx ) xxxx This is the oldest geographic number format and is used for twelve smaller towns and villages where the subscriber number is either five or ( in one area code ) four digits long . These are known as 5 + 5 and 5 + 4 format . Therefore , the STD code and the subscriber number does not always total ten digits after the initial zero trunk code . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . The number of places using these two formats has declined rapidly in recent decades and Brampton is the last place in the UK with four - digit local numbers . 0138 73 Langholm 0152 42 Hornby 0153 94 Hawkshead 0153 95 Grange - over-Sands 0153 96 Sedbergh 0169 73 Wigton 0169 74 Raughton Head 0169 77 Brampton 0176 83 Appleby 0176 84 Pooley Bridge 0176 87 Keswick 0194 67 Gosforth The above twelve area codes and their six ' parent ' area codes ( 01387 , 01524 , 01539 , 01697 , 01768 and 01946 ) are known as ' Mixed ' areas due to multiple area codes sharing the same SABC digits ( i.e. the initial zero and the following four digits ) . National dialling only ranges ( edit ) These ranges have subscriber numbers beginning with the digits `` 0 '' or `` 1 '' , e.g. : 0169 77 0xxxx Brampton 01332 050xxx Derby 01382 006xxx Dundee 0141 005 xxxx Glasgow 0117 101 xxxx Bristol 0118 00x xxxx Reading 020 0003 xxxx London Currently , these numbers are mostly used as the termination points for non-geographic numbers , and by some automated systems such as alarms . As such they are not usually meant to be directly dialled . These numbers have been problematic as some mobile phone operators in the UK do not allow access to these ranges , and there may also be difficulty accessing these numbers from outside the UK . Regulator Ofcom proposes that in future these numbers be released for wider , general - purpose use in up to 70 area codes facing number shortage . In order to avoid confusion with codes beginning with these digits , the area code must always be dialled , even from within the same geographic exchange . Accordingly , if these numbers are eventually released for general use , Ofcom proposes completely removing the ability to dial locally without the area code in areas affected . This occurred on 1 November 2012 for the 01202 area code , which covers Bournemouth . Recently , the carrier TalkTalk have inadvertently released parts of the 020 0011 range to the general public , with these numbers currently being in use . For example , the charity Give a Car used the number 020 0011 1664 for a while , but recently switched to a proper London number . Mobile telephones ( edit ) 07xxx xxxxxx -- mobile phones and WiFi numbers . Individual mobile phone companies are allocated different ranges within the 073xx , 074xx , 075xx , 07624 , 077xx , 078xx and 079xx area codes . Changes to mobile phone numbers in the Big Number Change were mostly straight replacements , such as Vodafone customers on the 0378 block became 07778 . 073xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since November 2014 ) 074xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since November 2009 ) 075xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since May 2007 ) 07624 xxxxxx Mobile phones on the Isle of Man 077xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 03xx and 04xx -- mostly Vodafone and O2 ( formerly Cellnet ) ) 078xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 05xx , 06xx and 08xx -- mostly Vodafone and O2 ( formerly Cellnet ) ) 079xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 09xx -- mostly EE ( formerly Orange and one2one ) ) 07911 2xxxxx 07911 8xxxxx WiFi numbers ( e.g. 3G / LTE - enabled tablet computers ) Since the advent of Mobile number portability , mobile phone number prefixes can no longer be relied on to determine the current operator of a particular mobile phone -- only the original operator . Pagers and personal Numbering ( edit ) 07x xxxx xxxx -- pagers and personal numbering ( PNS ) . 070 and 076 numbers are often charged at a much higher rate than calling the similar - looking 07xxx mobile telephone numbers . 070 xxxx xxxx Personal numbering 076 xxxx xxxx Pagers ( excluding 07624 , used for mobile phones on the Isle of Man ) Personal numbers beginning 070 are regulated by Phone - paid Services Authority . Non-geographic Numbering ( edit ) Main article : Non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Non-geographic numbers charged at geographic rate ( edit ) 03xx xxx xxxx -- `` UK - wide '' numbering . On 27 July 2006 , Ofcom announced that companies will soon be able to use an `` 03 '' non-geographic number , in place of other non-geographic numbers ( such as 0870 or 0845 numbers ) . Callers would be charged at the same rate as if they were calling a geographic number ( 01 or 02 ) . This means that customers who are benefiting from inclusive minutes on mobile phone or landline calling plans would also be able to call these numbers using their inclusive minutes . On 13 February 2007 , Ofcom released more details on their plans for the 03 range and announced that allocations of 03 numbers to providers would begin in March 2007 . Whilst 01 , 02 and 07 numbers can receive text messages , currently the majority of cellular network providers do not support the sending of text messages to 03 numbers . Three different ranges of numbers were announced ; those beginning 030x are reserved for qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations , those beginning 033x , which are available for allocation to anyone , and those beginning 034x and 037x which will be used for migration from the matching 084x and 087x number ranges respectively . Ofcom itself began using 03 numbers on 13 November 2007 for public use . 030x xxx xxxx For qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations as defined by Ofcom 033x xxx xxxx For any end user 034x xxx xxxx Migration range for operators who have 084x numbers 037x xxx xxxx Migration range for operators who have 087x numbers Corporate and VoIP Numbering ( edit ) 05x xxxx xxxx -- Corporate and VoIP numbering . Unlike 03 numbers there is no uniform pricing for 05 numbers ; BT charge a number of different rates depending on the number dialled . Some are charged at geographic rate , others not . Other operators are not required to charge the same rates as BT for calling 05 numbers . 055 xxxx xxxx Corporate Numbering ( but also used by BT for its Broadband Voice service ) 056 xxxx xxxx Allocated by Ofcom for LIECS ( Location Independent Electronic Communications Services ) , e.g. VoIP services Freephone numbers ( edit ) 0500 xxxxxx -- Freephone services allocated before 1999 . Until July 2017 , the 0500 range was used for some freephone services which were originally provided by Mercury Communications Ltd ( now Cable & Wireless Worldwide ) . These numbers were different from the rest of the 05 range in that they are only 9 digits in length after the 0 trunk code , e.g. 0500 007 007 ( National Savings and Investments ) , 0500 2 88 2 91 ( BBC Radio 2 , 88 to 91 FM ) , 0500 600 600 ( Crimewatch ) , 0500 600 700 ( Watchdog ) , and 0500 909 693 ( BBC Radio 5 Live , 909 and 693 kHz ) . Numerous universities , government departments , airlines , banks and businesses also used these numbers . They were allocated before the general trend of using longer numbers started in 1997 and long before the rest of the 05 range was assigned to corporate and VoIP numbering after 2000 . 0500 xxxxxx Special Services - No charge to Customer a.k.a. `` Freephone '' Free to call from landline , up to 40p per minute from mobile . The range was withdrawn by Ofcom in July 2017 as a result of a series of consultations starting from 2012 0800 xxxxxx , 0800 xxx xxxx and 0808 xxx xxxx -- Freephone services . 0800 xxxxxx Special Services - No charge to Customer a.k.a. `` Freephone '' Free to call from landline , and was up to 40p per minute from mobile , until July 2015 when calls to 080 numbers from mobiles became free . Calls to certain charity and similar services were always free from most mobiles . 0808 9xx xxxx numbers are used by freephone internet services . 0800 xxx xxxx 0808 xxx xxxx There is one short `` special '' number in this range , 0800 1111 for Childline . Additionally , numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not - for - profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones . A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles , but this varies by network . Fixed - rate or special - rate services ( edit ) 084x xxx xxxx and 087x xxx xxxx -- Non-geographic fixed - rate , or special - rate services . With the exception of 080x freephone numbers , 08xx numbers are charged above geographic rates , with some of the extra revenue going to the terminating telco . This additional revenue may be shared with the subscriber , but is often used instead to subsidise additional network services , such as fax - to - email , virtual office applications , call queuing , voicemail and easy number redirection . None of these call management services is exclusive to 08xx numbers , and they could be provided on any number range . 0845 xxx xxxx Special Services basic rate Up to 5p a minute , varies daytime / evening / weekend , from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0844 00x xxxx Special Services basic rate Non-BT Discount Scheme -- Internet Services incorporating unmetered access up to and including 5p for BT customers 0844 01x xxxx to 0844 09x xxxx currently unused 0844 1xx xxxx currently unused 0844 2xx xxxx to 0844 9xx xxxx Up to 4.26 pa minute ( plus VAT ) , varies daytime / evening / weekend , from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0843 xxx xxxx Up to 4.26 pa minute ( plus VAT ) , but fixed ( e.g. always 3p / minute or always 4p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0842 xxx xxxx Up to 4.26 pa minute ( plus VAT ) , but fixed ( e.g. always 3p / minute or always 4p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . There were a few short `` special '' number in this range , such as 0845 46 47 for NHS Direct ; this was closed in 2014 and replaced by NHS 111 except in Wales , where the transition took place in 2015 . 0870 xxx xxxx Non-Geographic Number Up to 8p a minute ( plus VAT ) , varies daytime / evening / weekend ( charged at no more than the caller would pay for a call to a Geographic Number ) from landline ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0871 0xx xxxx Special Services higher rate Internet Services metered access , up to and including 10p / minute for BT customers . 0871 1xx xxxx currently unused 0871 2xx xxxx to 0871 9xx xxxx Up to 8.5 pa minute ( plus VAT ) but fixed ( e.g. always 6p / minute or always 8.5 p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 50p a minute from mobiles . 0872 xxx xxxx Up to 8.5 pa minute ( plus VAT ) but fixed ( e.g. always 6p / minute or always 8.5 p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 50p a minute from mobiles . 0873 xxx xxxx Up to 8.5 pa minute ( plus VAT ) but fixed ( e.g. always 6p / minute or always 8.5 p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 50p a minute from mobiles . The usage of 0871 , 0872 and 0873 numbers is regulated by PhonepayPlus . There is widespread confusion about the cost of calling 084 and 087 numbers . They often do not qualify for discounts and bundled minutes , and can be prohibitively expensive when called from mobiles and payphones . Many major companies persist in misdescribing them as `` Local Rate '' , `` Lo Call '' ( often as ' locall rate ' which can be easily misread as ' local rate ' ) or `` National Rate '' for which the Advertising Standards Authority can take action . In the future , it is likely that users of 084 and 087 numbers will have to declare the service charge element of the call cost when advertising their phone number , whilst telecoms companies will need to inform their customers about their access charge for calling each number range . Additionally , the EU Consumer Rights Directive requires that many entities that held 084 and 087 numbers will no longer be allowed to use them . The directive bans the usage of numbers that cost more than calling a geographic number for customer service and complaints lines , and other such purposes . From 1 July 2015 , the charge for calls to 084 , 087 , 09 and 118 numbers will be split into two parts : An access charge ( payable to the company you make your phone calls with - e.g. BT , EE , Sky , etc . ) and a service charge ( the part of the call that goes to the company offering the service ) . A list of these new access charges can be found here , which is updated regularly with new information when available . Source : ( 1 ) Other 08xx number ranges ( edit ) 08xx xxx xxxx -- Internet for schools and Inbound routing codes . 0820 xxx xxxx Special Services : Internet for schools 0899 9xx xxxx Inbound routing codes Premium rate content services ( prs and ses ) ( edit ) 09xx xxx xxxx -- Premium Rate Content Services Numbers in the 09xx range are charged at the highest rates of any calls within the United Kingdom , and are controlled by various regulations regarding their use . The regulator is Phone - paid Service Authority formally known as PhonepayPlus , formerly known as ICSTIS ( and they also cover 070 ( PNS ) , 0871 , 0872 , 0873 and 118xxx ( DQ ) services ) . There are a large number of charge bands , some with high pence - per - minute rates , others with a high fixed - price for the entire call . 090x xxx xxxx Premium rate content services ( PRS ) 0908 xxx xxxx 0909 xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services ( SES ) ( not available for new allocations ) 091x xxx xxxx Premium rate non-content services ( PRS ) 098x xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services ( SES ) The earlier unused 092x xxx xxxx - 099x xxx xxxx allocation for `` Broadband Internet Services '' no longer exists and was removed from the number plan in 2005 . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Although calls from UK landlines to landlines in the islands are charged at the same rate as those to other UK landlines ( i.e. they are not treated as international calls ) , calls may be excluded from calling plans offering unlimited UK fixed line calls . Mobile operators may also charge more for calls to the islands and these calls are usually excluded from calling plans . Calls and SMS messages sent to island mobile phone numbers are not charged at the same rate as calls to UK mobile phone numbers . Guernsey ( edit ) This area code is used for the Bailiwick of Guernsey , i.e. including Alderney and Sark . ( 01481 ) xxxxxx Fixed line 48 = GU ( 01481 ) 822xxx Fixed line ( Alderney ) ( 01481 ) 823xxx ( 01481 ) 824xxx ( 01481 ) 832xxx Fixed line ( Sark ) ( 01481 ) 833xxx 07781 xxxxxx Sure mobile phones and pagers 07839 xxxxxx Airtel Vodafone mobile phones 07911 xxxxxx Wave Telecom mobile phones , not for UK Jersey ( edit ) ( 01534 ) xxxxxx Fixed line 53 = JE 07509 xxxxxx Jersey Telecom mobile phones and pagers 07797 xxxxxx 07937 xxxxxx 07700 xxxxxx Sure mobile network 07829 xxxxxx Airtel Vodafone mobile network Several Jersey companies also have non-geographic numbers allocated . Isle of Man ( edit ) ( 01624 ) xxxxxx Fixed line 62 = MA 07624 xxxxxx Mobile phones and paging services 07524 xxxxxx Mobile phones additional capacity 07924 xxxxxx On the Isle of Man , both fixed ( 01624 ) and mobile phone ( 07624 ) numbers can be dialled locally in the six - digit format . Fictitious numbers ( edit ) Ofcom has also reserved certain number ranges for use in television dramas and films , so as to avoid the risk of people having their telephone numbers displayed , and receiving unwanted calls . This is similar to the use of fictitious telephone numbers in the United States and Canada starting with the digits 555 . In most of the large cities with three - digit area codes a range of numbers is reserved , usually all the numbers starting with the digits 496 . For fictitious numbers in other areas the area code 01632 is reserved ; this code is not in use , although 0632 was used for Newcastle upon Tyne until the late 1980s ( 63 = NE ) and briefly reallocated for use by premium rate services in the 1990s . There are also reserved ranges for fictitious mobile , freephone , and premium rate numbers . The Post Office even produced dial centre labels for use in advertisements and film / TV with a mythical exchange called VINcent plus four digits . The numerical equivalent of VIN was 846 and all the caller got was the speaking clock ( i.e. 846 is also numerical equivalent of TIM ) in the big city `` Director '' areas . At around the same time as the other Big Number Change changes , Ofcom revised their recommendations to update the prefixes , add additional areas , and increase the size of the allocation from 10 to 1000 numbers per block . Those changes are listed in the Big Number Change article . In Coronation Street , the fictional Manchester suburb of Weatherfield uses the unallocated range ( 0161 ) 715 xxxx . Special service numbers ( edit ) Emergency services and helplines ( edit ) The UK has two free emergency numbers -- the traditional 999 , which is still widely used , and the EU standard 112 , which can be used in all member states of the European Union . Both 999 and 112 are used to contact all emergency services : Police , Fire Service , Ambulance Service , and Coastguard . ( Standard advice for Mountain Rescue or Cave Rescue is to ask the emergency operator for the police , who oversee the communication with these two services . ) Both numbers can be called from mobile phones with the keylock on , or without entering the PIN where that would otherwise be required . Although some mobile phones allow emergency calls to be attempted without a SIM card , at present the UK networks reject such calls . Since November 2009 , an emergency call can be made through any UK mobile network as long as there is a SIM for any valid UK network in the handset . Although UK VOIP phone providers are required to offer 999 / 112 service this is subject to a registration for the service and with a verified service address and users need to be aware such service may not work in a power blackout ; However International VOIP providers may not provide this service . The chargeable number 101 was introduced for non-urgent crime and community safety calls on a trial basis in 2006 . In Wales , the scheme was taken forward by all four police forces , who adopted the number for non-emergency calls on a permanent basis in early 2009 . In England the scheme was on trial until 2012 , when it was adopted nationwide and the cost to call changed from 10p per call to 15p per call . In Northern Ireland , the number was introduced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland in March 2014 . The operator is obtained via 100 from landlines , while directory enquiries , formerly 192 , is now provided in the 118xxx range , e.g. 118 212 , 118 800 , 118 500 , 118 118 , by different companies . International Operator assistance is reached through 155 . From early 2010 , the pan-European 116 number range came into use for social helplines . The first three numbers allocated were Missing People using 116 000 for a missing children helpline , the NSPCC ChildLine on 116 111 , and Samaritans using 116 123 for an emotional support helpline . A recent consultation for the numbers 116 106 and 116 117 has yet to see any result . The National Health Service ( NHS ) can be reached on 111 for non-emergency calls ( from landlines and mobiles only ) . In other European countries the number 116 117 is used for a similar purpose . Local electricity network operators can be reached on 105 to report power cuts . Two telephone helplines within the regular code space have only eight digits , namely 0800 1111 for ChildLine and 0845 4647 for NHS Direct in Wales . Speaking clock ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s speaking clock services have been available throughout Britain using the number 123 . Before this , exchanges in `` Director '' areas ( Birmingham , Edinburgh , Glasgow , Liverpool , London and Manchester ) dialled 846 ( TIM ) , later changing to 123 , and main exchanges in `` non-Director '' areas originally used `` 952 '' , later changing to `` 80 '' with the introduction of STD and eventually to `` 8081 '' as other recorded services were introduced on 80X1 codes . Some mobile operators allocate other services to 123 -- such as customer services or voicemail etc . Automated services and access codes ( edit ) Short codes beginning with 1 are reserved for telecom service providers ' own functionality ; some of the most well - known are codes for use with Caller Display : 141 Withhold number when normally released 1470 Release number when normally withheld 1471 Call return caller may press 3 to return call on most networks 1475 1471 erasure removes details of last call from 1471 service . May need to be prefixed with 1470 if number is normally withheld 1477 Automatic Call Trace Stores number ( even if withheld ) of nuisance caller at terminating exchange for subsequent investigation and enforcement , but service is seldom enabled by default 1571 Voicemail service For people who do not have answering machines . If there is a new message , the dial tone will be stuttered . # 31 # Withhold number 141 equivalent for use on mobile networks Many fixed line telephone subscribers , e.g. BT , Virgin Media , SkyTalk Sky , TalkTalk and PlusNet have the opportunity to use an automated messaging service which takes messages when the called number is either engaged ( `` busy '' ) or not answered within a given time . This can be accessed by calling 1571 . For fixed line users , it is possible to override the carrier pre-selection ( CPS ) on a per - call basis , dialling a special code before the number , e.g. 1280 for BT , 1664 for LowerCall , or 1844 for Daisy . Ofcom defines the range for these as : `` 124 to 140 , 143 to 146 , 148 to 149 , 160 to 169 , and 181 to 189 inclusive . Numbers of up to 5 - digits used to access an Indirect Access Provider ( ' Type B Access Codes ' ) '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories ( edit ) Telephone numbers in British Overseas Territories do not come under the UK telephone numbering plan . These calls are treated as international calls . Below are the access codes for the overseas territories : North American Numbering Plan ( edit ) See also : North American Numbering Plan Anguilla + 1 - 264 Bermuda + 1 - 441 British Virgin Islands + 1 - 284 Cayman Islands + 1 - 345 Montserrat + 1 - 664 Turks and Caicos Islands + 1 - 649 Others ( edit ) British Antarctic Territory + 44 ( Shared with the UK ) British Indian Ocean Territory + 246 Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands + 500 Gibraltar + 350 Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha + 290 Ascension Island + 247 Akrotiri and Dhekelia + 357 ( Shared with Cyprus ) Pitcairn Islands + 64 ( Shared with New Zealand ) See also ( edit ) Big Number Change List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom List of UK dialling codes covering Wales Non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telecommunications in the United Kingdom Telephone number Telephone number portability Telephone numbering plan Telephone numbers in Ireland UK telephone code misconceptions -- includes the common `` 0207 '' and `` 0208 '' misconceptions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 7 for two special 08xx numbers ; 9 in some 01xxx areas , one 01xxxx area , all 0500 numbers , and some 0800 numbers ; 10 in all other areas Jump up ^ Older pre-PhONEday nine - digit 0500 numbers were left as nine - digit numbers after PhONEday . No new 0500 number ranges were released after PhONEday . Jump up ^ Older pre-PhONEday nine - digit 0800 numbers were left as nine - digit numbers after PhONEday . All new 0800 number ranges released after PhONEday have ten digits after the 0 trunk code . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oftel ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` A User 's Guide to Telephone Numbering '' . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Telephone area codes '' . Ofcom . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Co . Londonderry - UK Codes - The Phone Book from BT '' . British Telecom . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Erdunast , Howard ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` BT 's Response to the Consultation by OFTEL on Proposals to Publish a National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . British Telecommunications PLC . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Page 7 : ' 01697 -- Brampton should be 016977 ; not 01697 ' . Jump up ^ Director General of Telecommunications ( 9 July 2003 ) . `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . Oftel . Office of Telecommunications . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Page 20 shows Brampton listed as 0169 77 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` A User 's Guide to Telephone Numbering '' . Office of Telecommunications . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Only BT and Kingston Communications ( Hull ) are obliged to ensure that their customers can dial all numbers within the UK . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Ofcom Geographic telephone numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic telephone numbers '' . Ofcom . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 0200 Numbers and 0201 Numbers '' . UK Area Codes and Phone Number Information . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 26 April 2007 ) . `` Conditions regulating Sexual Entertainment Services '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 13 February 2007 ) . `` Ofcom introduces UK - wide 03 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Contacting Ofcom '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ BT . `` ( Section 2 , Part 11 ) 05xx Numbers '' . BT Price List . British Telecommunications PLC . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Telecoms numbering : 0500 Freephone numbers withdrawn '' . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Proposal for the withdrawal of 0500 Freephone telephone numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Vodafone ( 28 October 2010 ) . `` Free - to - caller charity numbers '' ( PDF ) . Vodafone Limited . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ O. `` Free numbers '' . Telefónica UK Limited . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin . `` Freephone numbers and Charity Helplines '' . Virgin Mobile Telecoms Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ T - Mobile ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Free to Call Helpline Services '' ( PDF ) . Everything Everywhere Limited . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Orange make it free to call '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Free Charity and Helpline Calls '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DWP ( 15 January 2010 ) . `` Free mobile calls for benefit claimants starting from 18 January 2010 '' . Department for Work and Pensions . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Free numbers of Department of Work and Pensions '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : PP . `` PhonepayPlus - the UK premium rate phone number and service regulator '' . PhonepayPlus . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ ASA ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` Emap Active Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . the claim `` Lo - call '' was misleading , because calls to 0870 numbers were not charged at a low rate as implied . Jump up ^ ASA ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Windsor Telecom plc '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . we told Windsor Telecom to stop describing 0845 numbers as ' local rate ' Jump up ^ ASA ( 25 April 2007 ) . `` NET Homeworkers '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We therefore concluded that the description of the ' 0845 ' number as a ' local rate ' call was misleading . Jump up ^ ASA ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Datel Group plc '' . Broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We told Max TV not to describe calls to 0845 numbers as ' local rate ' calls . Jump up ^ ASA ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` Langley Miniature Models '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . The Authority considered that the description `` National Rate Calls '' for an 0870 number was misleading and likely to confuse consumers . The Authority told the advertisers not to refer to 0870 numbers as ' national rate ' . Marketing communications should also state that the price of calls originating from non-BT call providers varies . Jump up ^ ASA ( 20 September 2006 ) . `` British Sky Broadcasting Ltd t / a Sky Travel Shop '' . Broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 25 September 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Because most UK callers now paid more for calls to non-geographic 0870 numbers than for calls to geographic national destinations , we considered that the term `` national rate '' was inaccurate . Jump up ^ ASA ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Men at Work Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ( we ) ruled that the costs of making calls to such numbers ( 0870 ) should be stated in the ad . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 10 March 2005 ) . `` Hanging on the telephone . On and on and on '' . CAP News . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` Stop the call confusion '' . CAP News . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 2 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . The Committee of Advertising Practice ( CAP ) ... has told advertisers who quote 084 and 087 numbers ... that they must not describe calls to those numbers as being charged at ' local ' or ' national ' rate ... On their introduction , calls to 084 ( 5 ) numbers were charged at the BT standard local rate and those to 087 ( 0 ) numbers were charged at BT standard national rate . Calls made from other phone companies were often more expensive . BT has abolished its standard rate for the majority of its customers , making the description of calls being charged at ' local ' or ' national ' rate meaningless for them . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` Advertising 0845 and 087 numbers '' . CAP Alerts . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 18 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Chargeable 08 numbers : General '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Chargeable 0845 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Chargeable ( 0842 ) 0843 and 0844 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 7 June 2013 ) . `` Premium - rate Services : 09 , 0871 , 0872 and 0873 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ BIS . `` Consumer Rights Directive '' . Department for Business , Innovation & Skills . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ EU . `` Directive 2011 / 83 / EU on Consumer Rights '' ( PDF ) . European Union . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ JCRA ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Jersey telephone number allocations '' . Jersey Competition Regulatory Authority . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 1 June 1999 ) . `` Numbers Used For Drama . ca . 1999 '' . Oftel Numbering Bulletin 38 . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 26 October 2004 ) . `` Telephone Numbers for drama purposes ( TV , Radio etc ) revised 2004 '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Phil ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Phone numbers '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Code and number blocks - 1600 00 to 1799 99 '' ( XLS ) . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Mountain Rescue '' . Mountainrescuescotland.org. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` contact cave rescue The Cave Rescue Organisation '' . Cro.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Police Service of Northern Ireland '' . www.psni.police.uk . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Finnigan , Lexi ( 6 September 2016 ) . `` New national phone line launched for power cuts '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Tim ( 29 June 2001 ) . `` BT to offer free voicemail from Monday '' . The Register . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Other telephone features '' ( PDF ) . Telephone price guide . Virgin Media . 20 October 2006 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . p. 34 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) UK Numbering Policy section of Ofcom 's website UK National Telephone Numbering Plan ( PDF ) UK Future Numbering Plan from Ofcom 's website Ofcom - Telephone Area Code Tool - UK dialling code lookup Ralph Adam , ' Send a boy -- or dial it yourself ? numbering for the information society ' , Aslib Proceedings , 51 : 1 , January 1999 ( subscription required ) UK telephone numbering plan in detail UK area codes list UK free phone numbers UK phone codes Regular Expressions for Validating and Formatting GB Telephone Numbers The first 25 years of STD code changes summarised ( PDF ) UK British Telecom White Pages Directory ( phonenumbercustomerservice.co.uk UK Phone Number Directory ) Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Number plan List of dialling codes Non-geographic numbers Number changes All - figure dialling Area name changes Big Number Change Code misconceptions PhONEday Special numbers 100 101 105 111 112 116000 116111 116123 118xxx 123 141 1471 150 155 1571 1572 999 Notes Numbers above can be dialled only from within the United Kingdom . Numbers below can be dialled within the United Kingdom by prefixing with a 0 or with + 44 , and from outside the United Kingdom by prefixing with + 44 . Geographic area codes 113 114 115 116 117 118 1200 1202 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 121 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1239 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1248 1249 1250 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 131 1320 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1332 1333 1334 1335 1337 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1366 1367 1368 1369 1371 1372 1373 1375 1376 1377 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1386 1387 13873 1388 1389 1392 1394 1395 1397 1398 1400 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 141 1420 1422 1423 1424 1425 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1499 1501 1502 1503 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 151 1520 1522 1524 15242 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1534 1535 1536 1538 1539 15394 15395 15396 1540 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1586 1588 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1597 1598 1599 1600 1603 1604 1606 1608 1609 161 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1628 1629 1630 1631 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1641 1642 1643 1644 1646 1647 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1659 1661 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1680 1681 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1694 1695 1697 16973 16974 16977 1698 1700 1702 1704 1706 1707 1708 1709 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1732 1733 1736 1737 1738 1740 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 17683 17684 17687 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1782 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1803 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1827 1828 1829 1830 1832 1833 1834 1835 1837 1838 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1847 1848 1851 1852 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1892 1895 1896 1899 1900 1902 1903 1904 1905 1908 1909 191 1920 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1928 1929 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1937 1938 1939 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 19467 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1959 1962 1963 1964 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1974 1975 1977 1978 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 20 23 24 28 29 Non-geographic prefixes charged at geographic rate 300 302 303 306 308 330 331 332 333 342 343 344 345 370 371 372 373 Personal , pager , VoIP and corporate numbering 55 56 70 76 Mobile telephone prefixes 71xx 72xx 73xx 74xx 75xx 7624 77xx 78xx 79xx Non-geographic prefixes that are free - to - caller 500 800 808 Non-geographic prefixes with additional Service Charge 842 843 844 845 870 871 872 873 Non-geographic prefixes with additional Service Charge 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 911 912 913 Non-geographic prefixes with additional Service Charge used for Adult services 908 909 982 983 984 989 Telephone numbers in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom Economy of the United Kingdom Science and technology in the United Kingdom Companies Infrastructure providers Arqiva Babcock International BT Wholesale and Ventures Openreach Interxion TelecityGroup Telehouse Europe Service providers Current Andrews & Arnold Asda Mobile BT Group BT Consumer BT Business and Public Sector BT Global Services EE Plusnet Claranet Colt Group The Co-operative Cable & Wireless Communications Delight Mobile Family Mobile Inmarsat KCOM Group Eclipse Internet Lebara Mobile Lycamobile Mapesbury Communications O2 ( UK ) Giffgaff Sky Sky Broadband Talkmobile TalkTalk Group AOL Broadband TalkTalk Business TalkTalk Mobile TalkTalk TV Telecom Plus Tesco Mobile Three SMARTY Tru Virgin Media Virgin Media Business Virgin Mobile UK Vodafone Vodafone UK Voipfone WightFibre Zen Internet Defunct Atlantic Telegraph Company Be Un Limited Bonelli 's Electric Telegraph Company Cable & Wireless plc Cable & Wireless Worldwide Dolphin Telecom Electric Telegraph Company Energis General Post Office Ionica London and Provincial District Telegraph Company Mercury Communications Mobile by Sainsbury 's National Telephone Company NTL Orange UK Ovivo Post Office Telecommunications Pipex Rabbit Stan Mobile Tiscali UK T - Mobile UK Universal Private Telegraph Company Suppliers Current ARM Holdings Artevea CSR Icera Metaswitch Pace Sarantel Spirent Telent Defunct GEC Plessey Telecommunications Marconi Company Marconi Communications PicoChip Standard Telephones and Cables Other Carphone Warehouse Hibu Phones 4u Dial - a-Phone Government and regulatory bodies Broadband Stakeholder Group Defence Science and Technology Laboratory European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations International Telecommunication Union Ofcom PhonepayPlus Industry bodies GSM Association Internet Service Providers Association LONAP London Internet Exchange MaNAP Symbian Foundation Internet Telephony Services Providers ' Association Other Adastral Park British Approvals Board for Telecommunications British Telecommunications Act 1981 British telephone sockets BT Research BT site engineering code Communications Act 2003 Earth stations in the United Kingdom Hull Colour Pages Interception of Communications Act 1985 Internet in the United Kingdom Telegraph Act Telegraph Act 1868 Telegraph Act 1885 Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom UK telephone code misconceptions Web blocking in the United Kingdom Category Commons Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=857077530 '' Categories : Telephone numbers by country Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom United Kingdom communications - related lists Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2015 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Русский Scots Simple English தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 12 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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how many numbers should a uk mobile have

073xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since November 2014 ) 074xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since November 2009 ) 075xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since May 2007 ) 07624 xxxxxx Mobile phones on the Isle of Man 077xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 03xx and 04xx -- mostly Vodafone and O2 ( formerly Cellnet ) ) 078xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 05xx , 06xx and 08xx -- mostly Vodafone and O2 ( formerly Cellnet ) ) 079xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 09xx -- mostly EE ( formerly Orange and one2one ) ) 07911 2xxxxx 07911 8xxxxx WiFi numbers ( e.g. 3G / LTE - enabled tablet computers )

Gang of Eight ( intelligence ) - wikipedia Gang of Eight ( intelligence ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gang of Eight ( disambiguation ) . The Gang of Eight is a colloquial term for a set of eight leaders within the United States Congress who are briefed on classified intelligence matters by the executive branch . Specifically , the Gang of Eight includes the leaders of each of the two parties from both the Senate and House of Representatives , and the chairs and ranking minority members of both the Senate Committee and House Committee for intelligence as set forth by 50 U.S.C. § 3093 ( c ) ( 2 ) . Under normal conditions , the President of the United States is required by Title 50 U.S.C. § 3091 ( a ) ( 1 ) to `` ensure that the congressional intelligence committees are kept fully and currently informed of the intelligence activities of the United States , including any significant anticipated intelligence activity as required by ( the ) title . '' However , under `` extraordinary circumstances '' , when the President thinks `` it is essential to limit access '' to information about a covert action , 50 U.S.C. § 3093 ( c ) ( 2 ) allows the President to limit reporting to the Gang of Eight . The individuals are sworn to secrecy and there is no vote process . In the spring of 2013 , the intelligence `` Gang of Eight '' was often confused with the immigration `` Gang of Eight '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 U.S. Government 2.1 Warrantless electronic surveillance 3 Members 4 See also 5 Popular culture 5.1 The West Wing 5.2 Other Movies and TV Shows 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The term `` Gang of Eight '' gained wide currency in the coverage of the Bush administration 's NSA warrantless surveillance controversy , in the context that no members of Congress other than the Gang of Eight were informed of the program , and they were forbidden to disseminate knowledge of the program to other members of Congress . The Bush administration has asserted that the briefings delivered to the Gang of Eight sufficed to provide Congressional oversight of the program and preserve the checks and balances between the executive and legislative branches . US government ( edit ) Warrantless electronic surveillance ( edit ) The non-partisan Congressional Research Service released a legal analysis on January 18 , 2006 , concluding that the Bush administration 's refusal to brief any members of Congress on the warrantless domestic spying program other than the Gang of Eight is `` inconsistent with the law '' . Former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales repeatedly made references to the `` Gang of Eight '' when being questioned about the warrantless surveillance / domestic spying while testifying at the Justice Department Oversight hearing held July 24 , 2007 . Members ( edit ) Under the `` gang of eight '' system , the executive branch of the United States discloses highly sensitive intelligence information to the following positions within the US congress : United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence : Devin Nunes ( R , CA - 22 ) : ( Chair ) Adam Schiff ( D , CA - 28 ) : ( Ranking member ) United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence : Richard Burr ( R , NC ) : ( Chair ) Mark Warner ( D , VA ) : ( Vice Chairman ) Leadership in the United States House of Representatives : Paul Ryan ( R , WI - 1 ) : ( Speaker of the House ) Nancy Pelosi ( D , CA - 12 ) : ( Minority leader ) Leadership in the United States Senate : Mitch McConnell ( R , KY ) : ( Majority leader ) Chuck Schumer ( D , NY ) : ( Minority leader ) See also ( edit ) United States Senate Majority Leader United States Senate Minority Leader Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Popular culture ( edit ) The West Wing ( edit ) The Gang of Eight appeared in the Season Three finale of the political drama The West Wing . President Bartlet was staging an assassination of a foreign leader who was discovered to be behind several terrorist attacks , including a failed attack on the Golden Gate Bridge . The Gang of Eight on The West Wing consisted of the Majority and Minority Leaders from both the House and the Senate as well as the Chairman and Ranking Members of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees . The Gang of Eight on The West Wing differed from the real world 's Gang of Eight as the Speaker of the House ( portrayed in the fourth and fifth seasons of the show by actor John Goodman ) was not a member . Other Movies and TV Shows ( edit ) Commander in Chief References ( edit ) Jump up ^ President 's Memorandum Limiting Executive Agency Disclosures to Congress , October 05 , 2001 , FAS Jump up ^ Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance To Gather Foreign Intelligence Information Archived December 29 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , January 18 , 2006 , Senator Patrick Leahy Jump up ^ M20060118 - CRS Statutory Procedures Brief for Congress , January 18 , 2006 , Congressional Research Service Jump up ^ Report Questions Legality of Briefings on Surveillance , January 19 , 2006 , The New York Times Jump up ^ Congressional Agency Questions Legality of Wiretaps , January 19 , 2006 , The Washington Post Jump up ^ WALTER PINCUS ( 2 Mar 2010 ) . `` House votes to revise intelligence disclosure rules for president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 26 Jan 2017 . External links ( edit ) Scalable Context Timeline : Bush Administration Broke Law in Failing to Properly Inform Congress of Domestic Surveillance Program , History Commons 50 U.S.C. § 3091 50 U.S.C. § 3093 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gang_of_Eight_(intelligence)&oldid=801650040 '' Categories : Legislative branch of the United States government United States government secrecy Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 00 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who are the gang of eight in washington

The Gang of Eight is a colloquial term for a set of eight leaders within the United States Congress who are briefed on classified intelligence matters by the executive branch . Specifically , the Gang of Eight includes the leaders of each of the two parties from both the Senate and House of Representatives , and the chairs and ranking minority members of both the Senate Committee and House Committee for intelligence as set forth by 50 U.S.C. § 3093 ( c ) ( 2 ) .

Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory - wikipedia Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory For the 2005 film adaptation , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( film ) . For the book , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Theatrical release poster Directed by Mel Stuart Produced by Stan Margulies David L. Wolper Screenplay by Roald Dahl David Seltzer Based on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl Starring Gene Wilder Jack Albertson Peter Ostrum Roy Kinnear Julie Dawn Cole Leonard Stone Denise Nickerson Dodo Denney Paris Themmen Music by Leslie Bricusse Anthony Newley Walter Scharf Cinematography Arthur Ibbetson Edited by David Saxon Production company Wolper Pictures The Quaker Oats Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 30 , 1971 ( 1971 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $4 million Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy family film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl 's wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film . The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Oompa Loompas 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Dahl 's reaction 5 Animated adaptation 6 Home media 7 Music 8 Soundtrack 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In a small town , Charlie Bucket , a poor paperboy , watches a group of children visit a candy shop . Walking home , he passes Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham 's poem `` The Fairies '' , and tells Charlie , `` Nobody ever goes in , and nobody ever comes out . '' Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents . After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker , Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers , including rival Arthur Slugworth , sent in spies to steal his recipes . Wonka disappeared , but after three years resumed selling candy ; the origin of Wonka 's labor force is unknown . The next day , Wonka announces that he hid five `` Golden Tickets '' in chocolate Wonka Bars . Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate . The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop , the spoiled Veruca Salt , the gum - chewing Violet Beauregarde , and the television - obsessed Mike Teevee . As each winner is announced on TV , a man whispers to them . Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket . The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope . The next day , Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar . With the change , he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe . Walking home , as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers ; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire 's ticket is a fake , he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket . While rushing home , he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners , who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka 's latest creation , the Everlasting Gobstopper . Returning home with the Golden Ticket , Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone . The next day , Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour . The factory includes a candy land with a river of chocolate , edible mushrooms , gummy bears , candy canes , and other sweets and inventions . As the visitors sample these , they see Wonka 's workers , small men known as Oompa - Loompas . Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room . In the Inventing Room , everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper . Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three - course meal , over Wonka 's warnings . The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room , where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka 's warning and sample the drinks . They float and have a near - fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground . In the Golden Eggs Room , Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace , with her father falling in trying to rescue her . The group tests out Wonka 's Wonkavision , only for chocolate bars and Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall . With Charlie and Joe remaining , Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks . Infuriated by this , Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge , but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka . With this selfless act , Wonka declares Charlie as the winner . He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson , an employee of Wonka , and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test that only Charlie passed . The trio enter the `` Wonkavator '' , a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory . Soaring over the city , Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory ; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough , and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in . Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted . Charlie asks , `` What happened ? '' to which Wonka replies , `` He lived happily ever after . '' Cast ( edit ) The main cast . Back row ( left to right ) : Michael Bollner ( Augustus Gloop ) , Ursula Reit ( Mrs. Gloop ) , Gene Wilder ( Willy Wonka ) Front row ( left to right ) : Leonard Stone ( Sam Beauregard ) , Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregard ) , Roy Kinnear ( Henry Salt ) , Julie Dawn Cole ( Veruca Salt ) , Dodo Denny ( Mrs. Teevee ) , Paris Themmen ( Mike Teevee ) , Peter Ostrum ( Charlie Bucket ) , Jack Albertson ( Grandpa Joe ) Main article : List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket Aubrey Woods as Bill , the Candy Shop owner David Battley as Mr. Turkentine Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson Walker Edmiston as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson ( voice , uncredited ) Peter Capell as The Tinker Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck Peter Stuart as Winkelmann Oompa Loompas ( edit ) Rusty Goffe Rudy Borgstaller George Claydon Malcolm Dixon Ismed Hassan Norman McGlen Angelo Muscat Pepe Poupee Marcus Powell Albert Wilkinson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart 's ten - year - old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it , with `` Uncle Dave '' ( producer David L. Wolper ) producing it . Stuart showed the book to Wolper , who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago - based Breaker Confections subsidiary ( since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé ) . Wolper persuaded the company , which had no previous experience in the film industry , to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar . It was agreed that the film would be a children 's musical , and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay . However , the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) . Casting ( edit ) All six members of Monty Python : Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Eric Idle , Terry Gilliam , Terry Jones and Michael Palin , expressed interest in playing Wonka , but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience . Three of the members , Cleese , Idle and Palin , were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton 's version . Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role . When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition : When I make my first entrance , I 'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp . After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple , they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet . As I walk toward them , my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I 'm walking on and stands straight up , by itself ; but I keep on walking , until I realize that I no longer have my cane . I start to fall forward , and just before I hit the ground , I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up , to great applause . -- Gene Wilder The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . '' Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee . Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde . Sammy Davis Jr. wanted to play Bill , the candy store owner , but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality . Nevertheless , Davis ' recording of the film 's opening musical number , `` The Candy Man , '' would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972 , despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song . Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill , but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on August 31 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria . Munich Gasworks as it appears today ( building on the left ) Munich Gasworks as it appears today Nördlingen , the town seen from above at the end of the film Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room . According to Paris Themmen , who played Mike Teevee , `` The river was made of water with food coloring . At one point , they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it did n't really work . When asked this question , Michael Böllner , who played Augustus Gloop , answers , ' It vas dirty , stinking vater . ' '' When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' . Promotion ( edit ) Before its release , the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a `` Willy Wonka candy factory kit '' for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman , Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands . Reception ( edit ) Willy Wonka was released on June 30 , 1971 . The film was not a big success , being the 53rd highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. , earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend . It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars , while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz . Ebert said , `` All of this is preface to a simple statement : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz . It is everything that family movies usually claim to be , but are n't : Delightful , funny , scary , exciting , and , most of all , a genuine work of imagination . `` Willy Wonka '' is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds , and it is fascinating because , like all classic fantasy , it is fascinated with itself . '' By the mid-1980s , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales . Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996 , it was released on DVD the next year , allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers . The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the `` Top 50 Cult Movies '' of all time . Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the `` scary tunnel '' scene . As of 2017 , the film holds a 91 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 44 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting , full of narrative detours that do n't always work but express the film 's uniqueness '' . Dahl 's reaction ( edit ) Dahl disowned the film , the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines . Dahl said he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' , as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan . Dahl was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay , including the conversion of Slugworth , a minor character in the book , into a spy ( so that the film could have a villain ) and the `` fizzy lifting drinks '' scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions ( including `` Pure Imagination '' and `` The Candy Man '' ) , and the ending dialogue for the movie . In 1996 , Dahl 's second wife Felicity commented on her husband 's objections towards the film saying `` they always want to change a book 's storyline . What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film , when they accept it in a book ? '' Animated adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory In 2017 , an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died less than a year before the release . Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on DVD in 1997 / 1999 in a `` 25th anniversary edition '' as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and `` standard '' version . The `` standard '' version is an open matte print , where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed , revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers . VHS and Betamax copies were also available , but only containing the `` standard '' version . A special edition DVD was released , celebrating the film 's 30th anniversary , on August 28 , 2001 , but in fullscreen only . Due to the lack of a letterboxed release , fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13 , 2001 . It was also released on VHS , with only one of the special features ( a making - of feature ) . Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release . The two editions featured restored sound , and better picture quality . In addition to the documentary , the DVD included a trailer , a gallery , and audio commentary by the cast . In 2007 , Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray on October 20 , 2009 . It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD - DVD as well as a 38 - page book . In 2011 , a new deluxe - 40th - anniversary edition Blu - ray / DVD set was released on November 1 , consisting of the film on Blu - ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc . The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar - designed tin , four scented pencils , a scented eraser , a book detailing the making of the film , original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles . The set is now out of print . Music ( edit ) The Academy Award - nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley , and musical direction was by Walter Scharf . The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971 . On October 8 , 1996 , Hip - O Records ( in conjunction with MCA Records , which by then owned the Paramount catalog ) , released the soundtrack on CD as a `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' . In 2016 , UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP . The music and songs , in order of appearance , are as follows : `` Main Title '' -- Instrumental medley of `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' and `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' -- Aubrey Woods `` Cheer Up , Charlie '' -- Diana Lee ( dubbing over Diana Sowle ) `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' -- Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum `` Pure Imagination '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Augustus ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' / `` The Rowing Song '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Violet ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` I Want it Now ! '' -- Julie Dawn Cole `` Oompa Loompa ( Veruca ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` Ach , so fromm '' ( alternately titled `` M'appari '' , from Martha ) -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Mike ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` End Credits '' -- `` Pure Imagination '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows : `` Main Title '' ( `` Golden Ticket '' / `` Pure Imagination '' ) `` The Candy Man '' `` Charlie 's Paper Run '' `` Cheer up , Charlie '' `` Lucky Charlie '' `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' `` Pure Imagination '' `` Oompa Loompa '' `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' `` Everlasting Gobstoppers / Oompa Loompa '' `` The Bubble Machine '' `` I Want it Now / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkamobile , Wonkavision / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkavator / End Title '' ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) See also ( edit ) Film portal 1970s portal List of American films of 1971 List of films featuring miniature people Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights , the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977 , when Wolper Pictures Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 20 , 1971 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film '' . yahoo . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' , BBC News , July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenny ( Writer , Director , Producer ) ( 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( DVD ) . USA : Warner Home Video . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Paur , Joey . `` 25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Honeybone , Nigel ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Gene Wilder : It Hurts to Laugh '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will . `` Gene Wilder 's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Stapleton Dies : Top 10 Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Ed ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen . I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka . AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Mel ; Young , Josh ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312287771 . Jump up ^ robatsea2009 ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1971 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ' '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tom ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie , '' said Liz Attenborough , trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire . `` For him the book was about Charlie . Jump up ^ Pure Imagination : The Story of `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( HD DVD ) - IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory ( US - BD ) '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu - ray Review '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes The AFI Catalog of Feature Films ... Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Films directed by Mel Stuart Four Days in November ( 1964 ) If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) I Love My Wife ( 1970 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) One Is a Lonely Number ( 1972 ) Wattstax ( 1973 ) Mean Dog Blues ( 1978 ) The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) The White Lions ( 1981 ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=856695786 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films Willy Wonka American films 1970s musical films 1970s fantasy films American children 's fantasy films American musical fantasy films Compositions by Leslie Bricusse Films about children Films about food and drink Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on works by Roald Dahl Films directed by Mel Stuart Films set in Europe Films shot in Bavaria Quaker Oats Company Screenplays by Roald Dahl Size change in fiction United States National Film Registry films The Wolper Organization films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 00 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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willy wonka and the chocolate factory 1971 cast charlie

Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket

It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year - wikipedia It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Most Wonderful Time of the Year ( disambiguation ) . `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' Song by Andy Williams from the album The Andy Williams Christmas Album Released October 14 , 1963 Genre Christmas music Songwriter ( s ) Edward Pola and George Wyle `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' is a popular Christmas song written in triple time in 1963 by Edward Pola and George Wyle . It was recorded and released that year by pop singer Andy Williams for his first Christmas album , The Andy Williams Christmas Album . However , the song was not released as a promotional single by Williams ' record label ( Columbia Records ) that year , as they instead opted to promote his cover of `` White Christmas '' as the official promo single from the album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song Content 2 Other notable versions 3 Use in advertising and parodies 4 References 5 External links Song content ( edit ) The song is a celebration and description of activities associated with the Christmas season , focusing primarily on get - togethers between friends and families . Among the activities included in the song is the telling of `` scary ghost stories , '' a Victorian Christmas tradition that has mostly fallen into disuse , but survives in the seasonal popularity of numerous adaptations of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . Other activities mentioned include hosting parties , spontaneous visits from friends , universal social gaiety , spending time with loved ones , sledding for children , roasting marshmallows , sharing stories about previous Christmases , and singing Christmas carols in winter weather . In a 2005 interview , Williams discusses how The Andy Williams Show figured into his recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' : `` George Wyle , who is a vocal director , who wrote all of the choir stuff and all of the duets and trios and things that I did with all the guests , he wrote a song just for the show -- I think the second Christmas show we did -- called `` Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' . So I did that , you know , every Christmas , and then other people started doing it . And then suddenly it 's become -- not suddenly but over 30 years -- it 's become a big standard . I think it 's one of the top 10 Christmas songs of all time now . '' In the issue of Billboard magazine dated November 28 , 2009 , the list of the `` Top 10 Holiday Songs ( Since 2001 ) '' places the Williams recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' at No. 5 . 2001 also marked the first year in which the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) started compiling data regarding the radio airplay of holiday songs , and although the Williams classic started out at No. 25 of twenty - five songs that were ranked that year , it gained steam over the next ten years , reaching No. 18 in 2002 , No. 13 in 2003 , and eventually getting to No. 4 in 2010 . The song was selected as the theme song for Christmas Seals in both 2009 and 2012 . Other notable versions ( edit ) Johnny Mathis recorded a version . Amy Grant recorded a version in 1992 . 1999 : Garth Brooks released a version of the song on his second holiday album , Garth Brooks and the Magic of Christmas . Brooks also became the first artist to chart a version of the song in North America , as his country remake peaked at No. 56 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . 2003 / 2004 : Williams re-records song in a shorter , more upbeat version for the movie Surviving Christmas 2006 : Gonzo and Rizzo the Rat recorded a version for the album The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas . 2007 Patti LaBelle released her version of the song on her second Christmas Album , Miss Patti 's Christmas . 2008 : Harry Connick Jr. released a version of the song on his third holiday album , What a Night ! A Christmas Album . This recording peaked at No. 9 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . BarlowGirl also recorded a version of this song on their Christmas album , Home for Christmas . This recording peaked at No. 21 on Billboard 's Christian Songs chart . Use in advertising and parodies ( edit ) For years , the song was used humorously in the Staples office supply retail chain 's annual back to school advertising campaign . In the commercials , the parents joyously shop for school supplies to this song in anticipation of the upcoming school year while their children sullenly follow . The Johnny Mathis rendition of the song is used to comic effect in the 1996 film , `` Jingle All the Way '' . Williams returned to the UK singles charts with his 1963 recording in December 2007 , thanks to an advertisement for Marks & Spencer , reaching No. 21 in its first appearance in the British charts , also reaching No. 108 on the EU Top 200 . It was also used for a Marks & Spencer Christmas advert in 2002 . BarlowGirl 's cover of the song was used to promote Christmas at the White House : An Oprah Winfrey Special . In the Autumn and early winter of 2011 , Nissan Motors advertising for their annual sale included a production number featuring an Andy Williams - like voice actor , with lyrics modified to promote the sale event . A 2013 YouTube video promoting the Disneyland Resort 's Halloween celebrations humorously used the song over shots of various Disney villains spreading mischief throughout resort 's theme parks . The song also played by Ellen DeGeneres during the segment of ' 12 Days of Giveaways `` . The song was spoofed again by The Coca - Cola Company in a Sprite Cranberry commercial in 2017 . The spoof 's title was called It 's the Thirstiest Time of the Year . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Telling ghost stories is a lost tradition on Christmas Eve , By Jeffrey Peterson , Deseret News Thursday , Dec. 23 2010 Jump up ^ Told After Supper , Jerome K. Jerome Jump up ^ Williams , Andy . Interviewed by Karen Herman . Archive of American Television , A Program of the Television Academy Foundation . emmytvlegends.org , 19 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Cheer '' . Billboard. 2009 - 11 - 28 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs -- Irving Berlin 's `` White Christmas '' Tops List `` . findarticles.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Updates Top 25 Holiday Song List -- `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting ) '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces the Top 25 Holiday Songs -- `` Santa Claus Is Coming To Town '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sleigh Ride '' Tops ASCAP 's List of Most - Played Holiday Songs in 2010 `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://mp3lemon.ws/song/504289/01_-_Andy_Williams_-_The_Most_Wonderful_Time_Of_The_Year Jump up ^ `` Harry Connick , Jr . Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116705/soundtrack Jump up ^ `` Banderas set for Christmas ad '' . Metro. 2 Nov 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Banderas leading man in new M&S Christmas campaign '' . Daily Mail . London . 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Andy Williams obituary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas at the White House An Oprah Primetime Special '' . YouTube . December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_the_Most_Wonderful_Time_of_the_Year&oldid=815792987 '' Categories : 1963 songs American Christmas songs Andy Williams songs Songs with lyrics by Edward Pola Songs with music by George Wyle Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 05 : 03 . 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who sings the most wonderful time of the year

`` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' is a popular Christmas song written in triple time in 1963 by Edward Pola and George Wyle . It was recorded and released that year by pop singer Andy Williams for his first Christmas album , The Andy Williams Christmas Album . However , the song was not released as a promotional single by Williams ' record label ( Columbia Records ) that year , as they instead opted to promote his cover of `` White Christmas '' as the official promo single from the album .

Buffalo Bills - wikipedia Buffalo Bills Jump to : navigation , search For the American bison hunter , see Buffalo Bill . For other uses , see Buffalo Bills ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Buffalo Bulls , the collegiate team of the State University of New York at Buffalo . Buffalo Bills Current season Established October 28 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( October 28 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in New Era Field Orchard Park , New York Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Royal Blue , Red , White , Navy Blue Fight song `` Shout '' , among others Mascot Billy Buffalo Personnel Owner ( s ) Terrence and Kim Pegula CEO Terrence Pegula President Russ Brandon General manager Brandon Beane Head coach Sean McDermott Team history Buffalo Bills ( 1960 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 2 ) AFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 2 ) 1964 , 1965 Conference championships ( 4 ) AFC : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Division championships ( 10 ) AFL East : 1964 , 1965 , 1966 AFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1995 Playoff appearances ( 18 ) AFL : 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 NFL : 1974 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2017 Home fields War Memorial Stadium ( 1960 -- 1972 ) New Era Field ( 1973 -- present ) The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team based in the Buffalo -- Niagara Falls metropolitan area . The Bills compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays their home games at New Era Field in Orchard Park , New York . The Bills are the only NFL team that plays its home games in the state of New York ( the New York Giants and New York Jets play at MetLife Stadium , located in East Rutherford , New Jersey ) . The Bills conduct summer training camp at St. John Fisher College in Pittsford , New York , an eastern suburb of Rochester , New York . The Bills began play as an original franchise of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The club joined the NFL as a result of the AFL -- NFL merger for the 1970 season . The 1964 and 1965 Bills were the only teams representing Buffalo that won major league professional sports championships ( `` back - to - back '' American Football League Championships ) . The Bills are the only team to win four consecutive conference championships and are the only NFL team to lose four consecutive Super Bowl games . The team was owned by Ralph Wilson from the team 's founding in 1960 , until his death in 2014 at the age of 95 . After his death , Wilson 's estate reached an agreement to sell the team to Terry and Kim Pegula , which was approved by the other NFL team owners on October 8 , 2014 . The Bills formerly possessed the longest active playoff drought in any of the four major professional sports in North America : they did not qualify to play in the NFL playoffs from 1999 until 2017 and were the last NFL team ( and last team in the major North American professional sports leagues overall ) to last compete in the playoffs in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Rivalries 3.1 Divisional Rivalries 3.1. 1 Miami Dolphins 3.1. 2 New England Patriots 3.1. 3 New York Jets 3.2 Other rivalries 3.2. 1 Kansas City Chiefs 3.2. 2 Tennessee Titans 3.2. 3 Cleveland Browns 3.2. 4 Dallas Cowboys 4 Playoffs 5 Players 5.1 Retired numbers 5.2 Ralph C. Wilson Jr . Distinguished Service Award Recipients 5.3 Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame 5.4 Pro Football Hall Of Fame 5.5 All - time first round draft picks 5.6 Recent Pro Bowl selections 5.7 CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers 6 Coaches of note 6.1 Head coaches 6.2 Current staff 7 Current roster 8 Radio and television 9 Training camp sites 10 Mascots , cheerleaders and marching band 11 Supporters 12 In popular culture 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Buffalo Bills and List of Buffalo Bills seasons The Bills began competitive play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League led by head coach Buster Ramsey and joined the NFL as part of the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . The Bills won two consecutive American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965 , but the club has yet to win a league championship since . Once the AFL -- NFL merger took effect , the Bills became the second NFL team to represent the city ; they followed the Buffalo All - Americans , a charter member of the league . Buffalo had been left out of the league since the All - Americans ( by that point renamed the Bisons ) folded in 1929 ; the Bills were no less than the third professional non-NFL team to compete in the city before the merger , following the Indians / Tigers of the early 1940s and an earlier team named the Bills , originally the Bisons , in the late 1940s in the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . In 1947 a contest was held to rename the Bisons , which was owned by James Breuil of the Frontier Oil Company . The winning entry suggested Bills , reflecting on the famous western frontiersman , Buffalo Bill Cody . Carrying the `` frontier '' theme further , the winning contestant offered the team was being supported by Frontier Oil and was `` opening a new frontier in sports in Western New York . '' When Buffalo joined the new American Football League in 1960 , the name of the city 's earlier pro football entry was adopted . After being pushed to the brink of failure in the mid-1980s , the collapse of the United States Football League and a series of high draft picks allowed the Bills to rebuild into a perennial contender in the late 1980s through the mid-1990s , a period in which the team won four consecutive AFC Championships ; the team nevertheless lost all four subsequent Super Bowls , records in both categories that still stand . The rise of the division rival New England Patriots under Tom Brady , along with numerous failed attempts at rebuilding in the 2000s and 2010s , prevented the Bills from reaching the playoffs in seventeen consecutive seasons between 2000 and 2016 , a 17 - year drought that was the longest active playoff drought in all major professional sports at the time it was broken when the Bills secured a wild - card berth on December 31 , 2017 . On October 8 , 2014 , Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula received unanimous approval to acquire the Bills during the NFL owners ' meetings , becoming the second ownership group of the team after team founder Ralph Wilson . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Bills logo , 1962 -- 1973 The Bills ' uniforms in its first two seasons were based on those of the Detroit Lions at the time . The team 's original colors were Honolulu blue , silver and white , and the helmets were silver with no striping . There was no logo on the helmet , which displayed the players ' numbers on each side . In 1962 , the standing red bison was designated as the logo and took its place on a white helmet . In 1962 , the team 's colors also changed to red , white , and blue . The team switched to blue jerseys with red and white `` LSU '' stripes on the shoulders . the helmets were white with a red center stripe . The jerseys again saw a change in 1964 when the shoulder stripes were replaced by a distinctive stripe pattern on the sleeves consisting of four stripes , two thicker inner stripes and two thinner outer stripes all bordered by red piping . By 1965 , red and blue center stripes were put on the helmets . The Bills introduced blue pants worn with the white jerseys in 1973 , the last year of the standing buffalo helmet . The blue pants remained through 1985 . The face mask on the helmet was blue from 1974 through 1986 before changing to white . The standing bison logo was replaced by a blue charging one with a red slanting stripe streaming from its horn . The newer emblem , which is still the primary one used by the franchise , was designed by aerospace designer Stevens Wright in 1974 . In 1984 , the helmet 's shell color was changed from white to red , primarily to help Bills quarterback Joe Ferguson distinguish them more readily from three of their division rivals at that time , the Baltimore Colts , the Miami Dolphins , and the New England Patriots , who all also wore white helmets at that point . Ferguson said `` Everyone we played had white helmets at that time . Our new head coach Kay Stephenson just wanted to get more of a contrast on the field that may help spot a receiver down the field . '' ( The Patriots now use a silver helmet , the Colts have since been realigned to the AFC South , and the New York Jets , who switched to green helmets after the 1977 season , have since switched back to white helmets . ) In 2002 , under the direction of general manager Tom Donahoe , the Bills ' uniforms went through radical changes . A darker shade of blue was introduced as the main jersey color , and nickel gray was introduced as an accent color . Both the blue and white jerseys featured red side panels . The white jerseys included a dark blue shoulder yoke and royal blue numbers . The helmet remained primarily red with one navy blue , two nickel , two royal blue , two white stripes , and white face mask . A new logo , a stylized `` B '' consisting of two bullets and a more detailed buffalo head on top , was proposed and had been released ( it can be seen on a few baseball caps that were released for sale ) , but fan backlash led to the team retaining the running bison logo . The helmet logo adopted in 1974 -- a charging royal blue bison , with a red streak , white horn and eyeball -- remained unchanged . In 2005 , the Bills revived the standing bison helmet and uniform of the mid-1960s as a throwback uniform . The Bills usually wore the all - blue combination at home and the all - white combination on the road when not wearing the throwback uniforms . They stopped wearing blue - on - white after 2006 , while the white - on - blue was not worn after 2007 . For the 2011 season , the Bills unveiled a new uniform design , an updated rendition of the 1975 -- 83 design . This change includes a return to the white helmets with `` charging buffalo '' logo , and a return to royal blue instead of navy . Buffalo sporadically wore white at home in the 1980s , but stopped doing so before their Super Bowl years . On November 6 , 2011 , against the New York Jets , the Bills wore white at home for the first time since 1986 . Since 2011 , the Bills have worn white for a home game either with their primary uniform or a throwback set . The Bills ' uniform received minor alterations as part of the league 's new uniform contract with Nike . The new Nike uniform was unveiled on April 3 , 2012 . On November 12 , 2015 , the Bills and the New York Jets became the first two teams to participate in the NFL 's Color Rush uniform initiative , with Buffalo wearing an all - red combination for the first time in team history . A notable use of the Bills ' uniforms outside of football was in the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , when the United States men 's national junior ice hockey team wore Bills - inspired uniforms in their outdoor game against Team Canada on December 29 , 2017 . Rivalries ( edit ) The Bills have rivalries with their three AFC East opponents , and also have had occasional or historical rivalries with other teams such as the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ( a former divisional rival ) , Kansas City Chiefs , Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans , Cleveland Browns , and Dallas Cowboys . They also play an annual preseason game against the Detroit Lions . Divisional rivalries ( edit ) Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Main article : Bills -- Dolphins rivalry This is often considered Buffalo 's most famous rivalry . Though the Bills and Dolphins both originated in the American Football League , the Dolphins did not start playing until 1966 as an expansion team while the Bills were one of the original eight teams . The rivalry first gained prominence when the Dolphins won every match - up against the Bills in the 1970s for an NFL - record 20 straight wins against a single opponent . Fortunes changed in the following decades with the rise of Jim Kelly as Buffalo 's franchise quarterback , and though Kelly and Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino shared a competitive rivalry in the 1980s and 1990s , the Bills became dominant in the 1990s . Things have since cooled down after the retirements of Kelly and Marino and the rise of the Belichick / Brady - led Patriots , but Miami remains a fierce rival of the Bills , coming in second place in a recent poll of Buffalo 's primary rival . Miami leads the overall series 60 - 47 - 1 as of 2017 , but Buffalo has the advantage in the playoffs at 3 - 1 . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : Bills -- Patriots rivalry The rivalry with the New England Patriots first started when both teams were original franchises in the American Football League prior to the NFL - AFL merger . After the rise of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in New England , the Patriots have dominated the AFC East , including the Bills . The Bills - Patriots rivalry in particular has become lopsided as the Patriots are 29 - 5 against the Bills since Belichick became head coach . This has led many fans and players in the 2000s and beyond to replace the Dolphins with the Patriots as Buffalo 's most hated rival . Overall , the Patriots lead the series 72 - 43 - 1 as of 2017 . The rivalry is also notable as numerous players , including Drew Bledsoe , Doug Flutie , Lawyer Milloy , Brandon Spikes , Scott Chandler and Stephon Gilmore have played for both teams at some point in their careers . New York Jets ( edit ) Main article : Bills -- Jets rivalry The Bills and Jets both represent the state of New York , though the Jets actually play their games in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The series started as the Bills and Jets were both original teams in the AFL . Though the rivalry represents the differences between New York City and Upstate New York , it is not as intense as the Bills ' rivalries with the Dolphins and Patriots , and the teams ' fanbases either have begrudging respect or low - key annoyance for each other when not playing one another . Often times the rivalry has become characterized by ugly games and shared mediocrity , but it briefly heated up when former Jets head coach Rex Ryan became head coach of the Bills for two seasons . Buffalo leads the series 61 - 54 as of 2017 , including a playoff win in 1981 . Other rivalries ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) The Bills and Chiefs were also original teams in the AFL and have had a long history against each other , despite never being in the same division . This rivalry heated up recently as the Bills and Chiefs met in consecutive years from 2008 to 2015 , and again in 2017 . The teams have played three playoff games against each other , including the AFL Championship game that determined the AFL 's ( later AFC ) representative in the first Super Bowl , with Kansas City winning and going on to face the Green Bay Packers in the Super Bowl . Buffalo currently leads the series 26 - 21 - 1 . Tennessee Titans ( edit ) The Tennessee Titans , formerly the Houston Oilers , were another fellow rival from the AFL , sharing extended history with the Bills as well . The Oilers were a divisional rival before the NFL - AFL merger as part of the AFL East Division . Matchups were intense in the 1990s with quarterback Warren Moon leading the Oilers against Jim Kelly 's Bills . Memorable playoff moments between the teams include The Comeback , in which the Frank Reich - led Bills overcame a 35 - 3 deficit to stun the Oilers 41 - 38 in 1992 , and the Music City Miracle , in which the now - Titans scored on a near - last - minute kickoff return with a controversial lateral pass to stun the Bills 22 - 16 in 1999 . The Music City Miracle was notable for being Buffalo 's last playoff appearance until 2017 . The Titans currently lead the series 28 - 17 Cleveland Browns ( edit ) Though the two teams are in different divisions and did not start playing each other until after 1972 , match - ups between the Bills and the Cleveland Browns occasionally get heated up due to the proximity and similarity between the cities of Buffalo and Cleveland . Like the Bills - Jets rivalry , the Bills and Browns often share bad luck and have had their share of ugly games . However , there have been other occasions when both teams have been competitive such as in the 1980s and most recently in 2007 and 2014 . The rivalry also gained heat when former Bills safety Donte Whitner was with the Browns . The Browns currently lead the series 12 - 9 , including a playoff win in 1990 , though the Bills have outscored the Browns in the series . The Browns shared a rivalry with the Bills ' predecessors in the All - America Football Conference , playing them twice in the AAFC playoffs before becoming one of three AAFC teams to join the NFL . The Bills were not selected to join the NFL and folded with the rest of the AAFC , leaving Buffalo without professional football until the current Bills were formed in 1959 . Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) The Bills briefly developed a rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys as the two teams met in consecutive years in the Super Bowl in the 1990s . Playoffs ( edit ) 1963 AFL Eastern Division Playoff : Boston Patriots 26 , Buffalo Bills 8 1964 AFL Championship : Buffalo Bills 20 , San Diego Chargers 7 1965 AFL Championship : Buffalo Bills 23 , San Diego Chargers 0 1966 AFL Championship : Kansas City Chiefs 31 , Buffalo Bills 7 1974 Divisional Playoffs : Pittsburgh Steelers 32 , Buffalo Bills 14 1980 Divisional Playoffs : San Diego Chargers 20 , Buffalo Bills 14 1981 Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 31 , New York Jets 27 1981 Divisional Playoffs : Cincinnati Bengals 28 , Buffalo Bills 21 1988 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 17 , Houston Oilers 10 1988 AFC Championship : Cincinnati Bengals 21 , Buffalo Bills 10 1989 Divisional Playoffs : Cleveland Browns 34 , Buffalo Bills 30 1990 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 44 , Miami Dolphins 34 1990 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 51 , Los Angeles Raiders 3 Super Bowl XXV : New York Giants 20 , Buffalo Bills 19 1991 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 37 , Kansas City Chiefs 14 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 10 , Denver Broncos 7 Super Bowl XXVI : Washington Redskins 37 , Buffalo Bills 24 1992 AFC Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 41 , Houston Oilers 38 1992 AFC Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 24 , 1992 Pittsburgh Steelers 3 1992 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 29 , Miami Dolphins 10 Super Bowl XXVII : Dallas Cowboys 52 , Buffalo Bills 17 1993 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 29 , Los Angeles Raiders 23 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 30 , Kansas City Chiefs 13 Super Bowl XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys 30 , Buffalo Bills 13 1995 Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 37 , Miami Dolphins 22 1995 Divisional Playoffs : Pittsburgh Steelers 40 , Buffalo Bills 21 1996 Wild Card Game : Jacksonville Jaguars 30 , Buffalo Bills 27 1998 Wild Card Game : Miami Dolphins 24 , Buffalo Bills 17 1999 Wild Card Game : Tennessee Titans 22 , Buffalo Bills 16 2017 Wild Card Game : Jacksonville Jaguars 10 , Buffalo Bills 3 Playoff record : 14 wins , 16 losses Players ( edit ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Buffalo Bills retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Notes 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986 -- 96 Previously worn by Joe Ferguson , QB , 1973 -- 84 ; and Daryle Lamonica , QB , 1963 -- 66 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985 -- 99 Previously worn by Tom Day , DE , 1961 -- 68 ; Dave Foley , OT , 1972 -- 77 ; Gene Grabosky , OT , 1960 ; and Scott Hutchinson , DE , 1978 -- 80 , 1983 The Buffalo Bills have retired two numbers in franchise history : No. 12 for Jim Kelly and No. 78 for Bruce Smith . Despite the fact that the Bills have only retired two jersey numbers in franchise history , the team has other numbers no longer issued to any player or in reduced circulation . Unofficially retired : 32 O.J. Simpson , RB , 1969 -- 77 34 Thurman Thomas , RB , 1988 -- 99 ; previously worn by Cookie Gilchrist , RB , 1962 -- 64 Reduced circulation : 44 Elbert Dubenion , WR , 1960 -- 68 66 Billy Shaw , OG , 1961 -- 69 83 Andre Reed , WR , 1985 -- 99 ( Lee Evans III wore # 83 by special permission ) Since the earliest days of the team , the number 31 was not supposed to be issued to any other player . The Bills had stationery and various other team merchandise showing a running player wearing that number , and it was not supposed to represent any specific person , but the ' spirit of the team . ' In the first three decades of the team 's existence , the number 31 was only seen once : in 1969 , when reserve running back Preston Ridlehuber damaged his number 36 jersey during a game , equipment manager Tony Marchitte gave him the number 31 jersey to wear while repairing the number 36 . The number 31 was not issued again until 1990 when first round draft choice James ( J.D. ) Williams wore it for his first two seasons . Number 15 was historically only issued sparingly after the retirement of Jack Kemp , but is apparently now in general circulation ; Brandon Tate currently wears the number . Number 1 has also only rarely been used , for reasons never explained . Kicker Mike Hollis , who played one season for the Bills in 2002 , was the most recent to wear the number . Ralph C. Wilson Jr . Distinguished Service Award Recipients ( edit ) 1986 -- Ben Williams 1987 -- Joe DeLamielleure 1988 -- Steve Freeman 1989 -- Jerry Butler 1990 -- Tim Vogler 1991 -- Joe Ferguson 1992 -- Ken Jones 1993 -- Booker Edgerson 1994 -- George `` Butch '' Byrd 1995 -- Tony Greene 1996 -- Frank Lewis 1997 -- Steven Paganelli 1996 -- Roland Hooks 1997 -- Jim Ritcher , Charley Ferguson 1998 -- Stew Barber , Ed Rutkowski 1999 -- Fred Smerlas , Reggie McKenzie 2000 -- Darryl Talley , Ernie Warlick 2001 -- Steve Tasker , Kent Hull 2002 -- Don Beebe 2003 -- Thurman Thomas 2004 -- Paul Maguire 2005 -- Frank Reich 2006 -- Phil Hansen 2007 -- Lou Piccone , Denny Lynch 2008 -- Mark Kelso 2009 -- Andre Reed 2010 -- Ruben Brown 2011 -- Scott Norwood Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame ( edit ) Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame Inducted No . Name Position Tenure 1980 32 O.J. Simpson RB 1969 -- 1977 1984 15 Jack Kemp QB 1962 -- 1969 1985 -- Pat McGroder Contributor GM 1961 -- 1983 70 Tom Sestak DT 1962 -- 1968 1988 66 Billy Shaw OG 1961 -- 1969 1989 -- Ralph C. Wilson Jr . Owner 1959 -- 2014 1992 12 The 12th Man Fans 1960 -- present 1993 44 Elbert Dubenion WR 1960 -- 1968 1994 58 Mike Stratton LB 1962 -- 1972 1995 12 Joe Ferguson QB 1973 -- 1984 -- Marv Levy HC GM 1986 -- 1997 2006 -- 2007 1997 68 Joe DeLamielleure OG 1973 -- 1979 1985 1998 20 Robert James CB 1969 -- 1974 1999 -- Edward Abramoski Trainer 1960 -- 1996 2000 61 Bob Kalsu 1968 26 George Saimes 1963 -- 1969 2001 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986 -- 1996 76 Fred Smerlas DT 1979 -- 1989 2002 67 Kent Hull 1986 -- 1996 2003 56 Darryl Talley LB 1983 -- 1994 51 Jim Ritcher C / G 1980 -- 1993 2005 34 Thurman Thomas RB 1988 -- 1999 2006 83 Andre Reed WR 1985 -- 1999 2007 89 Steve Tasker WR 1986 -- 1997 2008 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985 -- 1999 24 Booker Edgerson DB 1962 -- 1969 2011 90 Phil Hansen DE 1991 -- 2001 2012 -- Bill Polian GM 1984 -- 1992 2014 -- Van Miller Broadcaster 1960 -- 1971 1977 -- 2003 2015 -- Lou Saban Coach 1962 -- 1965 1972 -- 1976 2017 34 Cookie Gilchrist RB 1962 -- 1964 Pro Football Hall Of Fame ( edit ) Buffalo Bills Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 32 O.J. Simpson RB 1969 -- 1977 1985 66 Billy Shaw OG 1961 -- 1969 1999 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986 -- 1996 2002 80 James Lofton WR 1989 -- 1992 2003 68 Joe DeLamielleure OG 1973 -- 1979 1985 2003 34 Thurman Thomas RB 1988 -- 1999 2007 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985 -- 1999 2009 83 Andre Reed WR 1985 -- 1999 2014 81 Terrell Owens WR 2009 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Position Tenure Inducted Marv Levy HC GM 1986 -- 1997 2006 -- 2007 2001 Ralph Wilson Owner 1959 -- 2014 2009 Bill Polian GM 1984 -- 1992 2015 All - time first round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Buffalo Bills first - round draft picks Recent Pro Bowl selections ( edit ) Main article : List of Buffalo Bills Pro Bowl selections CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers ( edit ) Main article : Collegiate Sports Video Association Henry Kunttu ( 2013 ) Coaches of note ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Buffalo Bills head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Buffalo Bills staff Front Office Owner / CEO -- Terry Pegula Owner -- Kim Pegula President -- Russ Brandon General Manager -- Brandon Beane Assistant General Manager -- Joe Schoen Vice President of Player Personnel -- Vacant College Scouting Director -- Terrance Gray Senior VP of Football Administration -- Jim Overdorf Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Lake Dawson Director of Pro Personnel -- Malik Boyd Head Coach -- Head Coach -- Sean McDermott Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Brian Daboll Quarterbacks -- David Culley Running Backs -- Kelly Skipper Wide Receivers -- Terry Robiskie Tight Ends -- Rob Boras Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Juan Castillo Assistant Offensive Line -- Andrew Dees Offensive Assistant -- Chad Hall Offensive Assistant -- Shea Tierney Offensive Assistant -- William Vlachos Offensive Assistant / Defense Special Projects -- Marc Lubick Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Leslie Frazier Defensive Line -- Bill Teerlinck Assistant Defensive Line -- Aaron Whitecotton Linebackers -- Bob Babich Defensive Backs -- John Butler Safeties -- Bobby Babich Defensive Assistant -- Jim Salgado Defensive Quality Control -- John Egorugwu Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Danny Crossman Assistant Special Teams -- Matt Smiley Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Eric Ciano Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Hal Luther Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jason Oszvart Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Mark Loecher Assistant Strength and Conditioning - Will Greenberg → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Current roster ( edit ) Buffalo Bills roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 AJ McCarron 2 Nathan Peterman Running backs 39 Travaris Cadet 42 Patrick DiMarco FB 36 Aaron Green -- Chris Ivory 26 Taiwan Jones 25 LeSean McCoy 45 Marcus Murphy Wide receivers 13 Kelvin Benjamin 19 Quan Bray -- Kaelin Clay 16 Malachi Dupre 18 Andre Holmes 11 Zay Jones 89 Brandon Reilly -- Rod Streater Tight ends 85 Charles Clay 80 Jason Croom 88 Khari Lee 84 Nick O'Leary 82 Logan Thomas 89 Keith Towbridge Offensive linemen -- Russell Bodine C 73 Dion Dawkins T 62 Vladimir Ducasse G 72 Ryan Groy G 64 Richie Incognito G 61 Josh James T 68 Conor McDermott T 76 John Miller G 79 Jordan Mills T -- Marshall Newhouse T 60 Adam Redmond C 74 De'Ondre Wesley T 70 Eric Wood C Defensive linemen 75 Cap Capi DE 94 Rickey Hatley DT 55 Jerry Hughes DE 90 Shaq Lawson DE 97 Marquavius Lewis DE -- Star Lotulelei DT -- Trent Murphy DE -- Owa Odighizuwa DE 92 Adolphus Washington DT 95 Kyle Williams DT 54 Eddie Yarbrough DE Linebackers 57 Lorenzo Alexander OLB 50 Ramon Humber OLB 44 Deon Lacey OLB 58 Matt Milano OLB -- Julian Stanford OLB 40 Tanner Vallejo MLB 53 Xavier Woodson - Luster MLB Defensive backs -- Rafael Bush FS 41 Breon Borders CB -- Vontae Davis CB -- Phillip Gaines CB 23 Micah Hyde SS 31 Dean Marlowe FS -- Kelcie McCray SS -- L.J. McCray FS 30 Lafayette Pitts CB 21 Jordan Poyer FS 27 Tre'Davious White CB Special teams 7 Cory Carter P 69 Reid Ferguson LS 4 Steven Hauschka K 6 Colton Schmidt P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 29 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 69 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Buffalo Bills broadcasters See also : Buffalo Bills Radio Network The Buffalo Bills Radio Network is flagshipped at WGR , AM 550 in Buffalo . John Murphy is the team 's current play - by - play announcer ; he was a color commentator alongside , and eventually succeeded , longtime voice Van Miller after Miller 's retirement at the end of the 2003 NFL season . Mark Kelso serves as the color analyst . The Bills radio network has approximately seventeen affiliates in upstate New York and one affiliate , CJCL 590AM ( The Fan ) in Toronto . As of early 2012 , it is composed mostly of WGR , Entercom 's sister stations WCMF ( 96.5 FM ) and WROC - AM 950 in Rochester , and a fleet of independent AM and FM stations across upstate New York from Jamestown east to Albany . Previous flagship Citadel Broadcasting was purchased by Cumulus Media , who in turn ceased carrying Bills games at the end of the 2011 season , leaving the network without affiliates in Syracuse , Binghamton , and Erie . ( The Syracuse affiliations were later picked up by Galaxy Communications . ) Buffalo is one of ten teams contracted with Compass Media Networks to syndicate selected games nationwide . During the preseason , most games are televised on Buffalo 's ABC affiliate , WKBW - TV channel 7 , with several other affiliates in western New York . These games are simulcast on sister stations WTVH in Syracuse , WICU in Erie , WHAM - TV in Rochester , and for a period , CITY - TV in Toronto . CBS analyst and former Bills special teams player Steve Tasker does color commentary on these games ; the play - by - play position is rotated between his CBS partner Andrew Catalon and Rob Stone . WHAM - TV sports anchor Mike Catalana is the sideline reporter . Since 2008 , preseason games have been broadcast in high definition . Beginning in the 2016 season , as per a new rights deal which covers rights to the team as well as its sister NHL franchise , the Buffalo Sabres , most team - related programming , including studio programming and the coach 's show , was re-located to MSG Western New York -- a joint venture of MSG and the team ownership . Preseason games will continue to air in simulcast on WKBW . In the event regular season games are broadcast by ESPN , WKBW - TV will also hold the broadcast rights to that contest , with the station having won back the rights to cable games after WBBZ - TV held the rights for 2012 and 2013 . Training camp sites ( edit ) 1960 -- 1962 Roycroft Inn , East Aurora , New York 1963 -- 1967 Camelot Hotel , Blasdell , New York 1968 -- 1980 Niagara University , Lewiston , New York 1981 -- 1999 State University of New York at Fredonia , Fredonia , New York 2000 -- present , St. John Fisher College , Pittsford , New York Mascots , cheerleaders and marching band ( edit ) The Bills ' official mascot is Billy Buffalo , an eight - foot tall , anthropomorphic blue American bison who wears the jersey `` number '' BB . The Bills currently do not have cheerleaders . The Bills operated a cheerleading squad named the Buffalo Jills from 1967 to 1985 ; from 1986 to 2013 , the Jills operated as an independent organization sponsored by various companies , most recently by Citadel Broadcasting . The Jills suspended operations prior to the 2014 season due to legal actions . The Bills and Jills are currently involved in a legal battle , in which the Jills allege they were employees , not independent contractors , and are seeking back pay . Complicating matters is that Citadel 's buyer , Cumulus Media , declared bankruptcy and sought to discharge its remaining Bills - related debts in January 2018 . The Bills are one of six teams in the NFL to designate an official marching band or drumline ( the others being the Baltimore Ravens , Washington Redskins , New York Jets , Carolina Panthers and Seattle Seahawks ) . Since the last game of the 2013 season , this position has been served by the Stampede Drumline , known outside of Buffalo as Downbeat Percussion . The Bills have also used the full marching bands from Attica High School , the University of Pittsburgh and Syracuse University at home games in recent years . The Bills have several theme songs associated with them . One is a variation of the Isley Brothers hit `` Shout '' , recorded by Scott Kemper , which served as the Bills ' official promotional song from 1987 through 1990s . It was officially replaced circa 2000 with `` The Power of the Bills '' , although `` Shout '' remains in use . The Bills ' unofficial fight song , `` Go Bills '' , was penned by Bills head coach Marv Levy in the mid-1990s on a friendly wager with his players that he will write the song if the team won a particular game . Supporters ( edit ) The Bills Backers are the official fan organization of the Buffalo Bills . It has over 200 chapters across North America , Europe and Oceania . Also notable is the Bills Mafia , a collection of Bills fans organized via Twitter beginning in 2010 ; the phrase `` Bills Mafia '' had by 2017 grown to unofficially represent the broad community surrounding and encompassing the team as a whole , and players who join the Bills often speak of joining the Bills Mafia . Outsiders often treat the Bills ' fan base in derogatory terms , especially since the 2010s , in part because of negative press coverage of select fans ' wilder antics . Bills fans have been noted as much for their boisterous behavior as they have for their generosity ; after the Bills received help in breaking their 17 - year playoff drought on a last - minute Cincinnati Bengals victory , Bills fans crowdfunded the charities of Bengals players Andy Dalton and Tyler Boyd with tens of thousands of dollars as a gesture of thanks . The Bills are one of the favorite teams of ESPN announcer Chris Berman , who picked the Bills to reach the Super Bowl nearly every year in the 1990s . Berman often uses the catchphrase `` No one circles the wagons like the Buffalo Bills ! '' Berman gave the induction speech for Bills owner Ralph Wilson when Wilson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009 . The Bills were also the favorite team of late NBC political commentator Tim Russert , a South Buffalo native , who often referred to the Bills on his Sunday morning talk show , Meet the Press . ( His son , Luke , is also a notable fan of the team . ) CNN 's Wolf Blitzer , also a Buffalo native , has proclaimed he is also a fan , as has CBS Evening News lead anchor and Tonawanda native Jeff Glor . ESPN anchor Kevin Connors is also a noted Bills fan , dating to his time attending Ithaca College . Actor Nick Bakay , a Buffalo native , is also a well - known Bills fan ; he has discussed the team in segments of NFL Top 10 . Character actor William Fichtner , raised in Cheektowaga , is a fan , and did a commercial for the team in 2014 . In 2015 , Fichtner also narrated the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary on the Bills four Super Bowl appearances , `` Four Falls of Buffalo '' . Former Olympic swimmer Summer Sanders has professed her fandom of the team . Bills fans are particularly well known for their wearing of Zubaz zebra - printed sportswear ; so much is the association between Bills fans and Zubaz that when a revival of the company opened their first brick - and - mortar storefront , it chose Western New York as its first location . In popular culture ( edit ) Buffalo 's rivalry with the Miami Dolphins is referenced on Steve Martin 's 1979 album Comedy Is Not Pretty ! on the track `` How To Meet A Girl . '' On the track , Martin simulates chatter about football at a party , and one `` partier '' expresses disbelief that Buffalo could beat Miami -- at the time of the album 's release , the Dolphins had won 18 straight games over the Bills . In the 1996 X-Files episode `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' , the titular character , a member of a shadowy government cabal , states that the Buffalo Bills will not win a Super Bowl while he lives . The Buffalo Bills were featured on the direct - to - TV movie Second String , and in the Vincent Gallo drama Buffalo 66 . Actor Dean Cain was briefly a member of the Bills . Because of this , references to the Bills have appeared in the television series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman , in which Cain played the title character . In the first episode of season four , titled `` Lord of the Flys '' , Clark picks up a blue Buffalo Bills hat with the Charging Buffalo emblem in the center and uses it to help disguise himself . In a later episode , he lets it be known the Metropolis Mammoths are playing the Bills . In an April 2011 episode of the television series 30 Rock , titled `` 100 '' , Alec Baldwin 's character Jack Donaghy discovers that , in an alternate future , he would not only be wealthier and more successful , but he would also be the owner of a `` New York football team . '' He later is disappointed to learn the team is not the New York Giants or New York Jets , but the Buffalo Bills . The Bills are the team that eventually unseats the Orlando Breakers , the fictional NFL team that serves as the focus of the sitcom Coach in later seasons , in the playoffs . In a March 2014 episode of the television series Family Guy entitled `` 3 Acts of God '' , Peter Griffin -- along with his family and friends -- attends a game between the Buffalo Bills and New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which the Bills win . The episode also features Bills players Mario Williams and C.J. Spiller guest starring as themselves . Several former Buffalo Bills players have earned a name in politics after their playing careers had ended , almost always as members of the Republican Party . The most famous of these was quarterback Jack Kemp , who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Western New York in 1971 -- two years after his playing career ended and remained there for nearly two decades , serving as the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States under Bob Dole in 1996 . Kemp 's backup , Ed Rutkowski , served as county executive of Erie County from 1979 to 1987 . Former tight end Jay Riemersma , defensive tackle Fred Smerlas and defensive end Phil Hansen have all run for Congress , though all three either lost or withdrew from their respective races . Quarterback Jim Kelly and running back Thurman Thomas have also both been mentioned as potential candidates for political office , although both have declined all requests to date . See also ( edit ) New York portal National Football League portal List of American Football League players Major North American professional sports teams References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Bills put charge in new uniforms '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp '' . Buffalo Bills . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Bills sale to Terry , Kim Pegula unanimously approved '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Bills clinch first playoff spot since ' 99 with Ravens loss '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bills End Their Playoff Drought , and Tears Flow '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : History of NFL franchises , 1920 -- present '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . ^ Jump up to : Ferrara , Kyle ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` A look back at Bills uniform changes '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warner , Gene ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` Bills logo was artist 's crowning achievement '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Original AFL Decals '' . www.remembertheafl.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Miller , Dallas ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` April 5 in Bills history : Charging Buffalo introduced as Bills logo '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Uni Watch : NFL archival treasures '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Untold uniform stories : Fergie behind helmet color change '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fashion forward : Bills unveil brand - new uniforms for 2011 '' . National Football League . June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Chris ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Nike unveils new NFL uniforms '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Jets and Bills unveil ' Color Rush ' unis Thursday '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Hockey unveils Bills - themed jersey for world junior outdoor game in Buffalo '' . 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. Miami Dolphins Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` Patriots named as Bills biggest rival '' . 247Sports.com . July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New England Patriots Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New York Jets Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ Galliford , Brian ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Bills vs. Chiefs 2014 : seventh straight year of Buffalo - Kansas City matchup '' . Buffalo Rumblings . SB Nation . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. Kansas City Chiefs Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Matt ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Bills vs. Titans Classic : The Comeback '' . Buffalo Rumblings . SB Nation . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` Still not buying Music City Miracle '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Wawrow , John ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Wycheck on Bills bandwagon 18 years after Music City Miracle '' . The Associated Press . WRALSportsFan.com . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. Tennessee Titans Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . ^ Jump up to : Warsinskey , Tim ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Cleveland Browns vs. Buffalo Bills series has seen it all : A championship , a fired coach and blizzard '' . The Plain Dealer . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ `` Twitter oils Rust Belt rivalry between Bills , Browns '' . Football Insiders . November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns vs. Buffalo Bills Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ NFL Record and fact Book ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 833 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` The untouchable numbers '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sambrotto , Anthony ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Bruce Smith humbled , appreciative as 78 is officially retired '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaughan , Mark ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` The billboard : A daily dose from Bills training camp '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bills Pro Football Hall of Fame Players '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CSVA ( @ CSVA ) ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Congratulations to Chad Bunn from BYU and Henry Kunttu from the Buffalo Bills. The newest CSVA Hall of Fame inductees ! # CSVATAMPA2013 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wide - ranging deal will keep Sabres -- and other Pegula Sports & Entertainment content -- on MSG '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Whither the weather coverage in Western New York ? '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp History '' . Jump up ^ `` Associated Press News '' . bigstory.ap.org . Jump up ^ Davis , Henry ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Judge Decides Jills Lawsuit Employees Not Independent Contractors '' . Buffalo News . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulus Seeks To Cancel WLUP / WKQX LMA Purchase ; And Chicago PBP Deals '' from Radio Insight ( January 19 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski - Radlich , Jane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` With no Jills to lead cheers , the job of drumming up fan excitement falls to the Stampede '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills drumline led by Jordan Elbridge , family , friends . Syracuse.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Shei , Tim ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` He makes you want to ' Shout ! ' : Meet singer of famous Bills jingle '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mooshil , Maria ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` 10 more things to know about Bears fight song '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bills Backers info page on BuffaloBills.com Jump up ^ BillsMafia information page . Jump up ^ `` Brawls , Balls , and Beer : A Year at The Ralph with Bills Mafia '' . Sports . Jump up ^ Besecker , Aaron ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Bengals QB Andy Dalton 's foundation buys billboards to say ' thank you ' to Bills fans '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Clark , Dave ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Buffalo Bills fans also generous with Tyler Boyd 's charity '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why I 'm a Fan : Wolf Blitzer '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` What It Means to Be a Bills Fan '' . BuffaloBills.com . September 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bill ( 11 October 2014 ) . `` Buffalo Bills This Is Our Time 2014 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Zubaz opens chain 's first brick - and - mortar store at Fashion Outlets '' . 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Dallas ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Bills make primetime appearance on Family Guy '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buffalo Bills . Official website Voices of Oklahoma interview with former tight end Reuben Gant , June 16 , 2010 Buffalo Bills Founded in 1960 Based and headquartered in Orchard Park , New York Franchise Franchise History Players Seasons Pro Bowl selections First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Logos and uniforms NFL in Toronto Bills series Stadiums War Memorial Stadium New Era Field Rogers Centre ( Bills Toronto Series ) New Era Field II ( proposed ) Culture Buffalo sports curse Ralph Wilson Billy Buffalo Buffalo Jills Ken `` Pinto Ron '' Johnson Second String Flutie Flakes `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers song ) Four Falls of Buffalo Lore AAFC Buffalo Bills Electric Company The Comeback Wide Right The `` Forward Lateral '' Rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Division championships ( 10 ) 1964 1965 1966 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 League championships ( 2 ) 1964 1965 Wall of Fame Simpson Kemp McGroder Sestak Shaw Wilson 12th Man Dubenion Stratton Ferguson Levy DeLamielleure James Abramoski Kalsu Saimes Kelly Smerlas Hull Talley Ritcher Thomas Reed Tasker Smith Edgerson Hansen Polian Miller Saban Gilchrist Media Broadcasters Radio Radio Network WGR 550 Television MSG Western New York Personalities : John Murphy Van Miller Mark Kelso Steve Tasker Owners Wilson Pegula family Terry Kim Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - 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Sabres Entertainment Teams Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team Soccer MLS New York City FC NASL New York Cosmos WPSL United FC Binghamton Empire United Long Island Fury New York Athletic Club New York Fury PDL F.A. Euro - New York Magic Long Island Rough Riders Westchester Flames NPSL Brooklyn Italians FC Buffalo Greater Binghamton FC Kingston Stockade FC New York Athletic Club New York Cosmos B Rochester Lancers Syracuse FC MASL Syracuse Silver Knights Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards NLL Buffalo Bandits Rochester Knighthawks UWLX Long Island Sound Roller derby WFTDA Assault City Roller Derby Central New York Roller Derby Gotham Girls Roller Derby Hellions of Troy Hudson Valley Horrors Roller Derby Ithaca League of Women Rollers Long Island Roller Rebels Queen City Roller Girls Roc City Roller Derby Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Team tennis WTT New York Empire Inline hockey MLRH Buffalo Wings PIHA Suffolk Sting College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Albany Great Danes Army Black Knights Binghamton Bearcats Buffalo Bulls Canisius Golden Griffins Colgate Raiders Columbia Lions Cornell Big Red Fordham Rams Hofstra Pride Iona Gaels LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds Manhattan Jaspers Marist Red Foxes Niagara Purple Eagles St. Bonaventure Bonnies St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers St. John 's Red Storm Siena Saints Stony Brook Seawolves Syracuse Orange Wagner Seahawks See also : Sports in New York City , Sports in Buffalo , Sports in Rochester , Sports in Syracuse , and Sports in New York 's Capital District Buffalo All - Americans / Buffalo Bisons / Buffalo Rangers Defunct National Football League club ( 1915 -- 1929 ) Based in Buffalo , New York The franchise Franchise All - Americans Players Bisons Players Rangers Players Owners Barney Lepper Warren D. Patterson Frank McNeil Tommy Hughitt Head coaches Tommy Hughitt Walt Koppisch Jim Kendrick Dim Batterson Al Jolley Stadiams Buffalo Baseball Park Canisius College Bison Stadium Seasons 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1929 Lore Brunswick - Balke Collender Cup Staley Swindle Buffalo Bills New York Pro Football League Sports in Buffalo Professional Buffalo 716ers Buffalo Bandits Buffalo Beauts Buffalo Bills Buffalo Bisons Buffalo Sabres Buffalo Wings FC Buffalo Collegiate Buffalo Bulls Buffalo State Bengals Canisius Golden Griffins Erie Kats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bills&oldid=832160822 '' Categories : Pegula Sports and Entertainment Buffalo , New York sports navigational boxes Buffalo Bills National Football League teams American Football League teams American football in Buffalo , New York American football teams in New York ( state ) Western New York Sports clubs established in 1960 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 05 : 41 . 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when have the bills been in the playoffs

1963 AFL Eastern Division Playoff : Boston Patriots 26 , Buffalo Bills 8 1964 AFL Championship : Buffalo Bills 20 , San Diego Chargers 7 1965 AFL Championship : Buffalo Bills 23 , San Diego Chargers 0 1966 AFL Championship : Kansas City Chiefs 31 , Buffalo Bills 7 1974 Divisional Playoffs : Pittsburgh Steelers 32 , Buffalo Bills 14 1980 Divisional Playoffs : San Diego Chargers 20 , Buffalo Bills 14 1981 Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 31 , New York Jets 27 1981 Divisional Playoffs : Cincinnati Bengals 28 , Buffalo Bills 21 1988 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 17 , Houston Oilers 10 1988 AFC Championship : Cincinnati Bengals 21 , Buffalo Bills 10 1989 Divisional Playoffs : Cleveland Browns 34 , Buffalo Bills 30 1990 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 44 , Miami Dolphins 34 1990 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 51 , Los Angeles Raiders 3 Super Bowl XXV : New York Giants 20 , Buffalo Bills 19 1991 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 37 , Kansas City Chiefs 14 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 10 , Denver Broncos 7 Super Bowl XXVI : Washington Redskins 37 , Buffalo Bills 24 1992 AFC Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 41 , Houston Oilers 38 1992 AFC Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 24 , 1992 Pittsburgh Steelers 3 1992 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 29 , Miami Dolphins 10 Super Bowl XXVII : Dallas Cowboys 52 , Buffalo Bills 17 1993 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 29 , Los Angeles Raiders 23 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 30 , Kansas City Chiefs 13 Super Bowl XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys 30 , Buffalo Bills 13 1995 Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 37 , Miami Dolphins 22 1995 Divisional Playoffs : Pittsburgh Steelers 40 , Buffalo Bills 21 1996 Wild Card Game : Jacksonville Jaguars 30 , Buffalo Bills 27 1998 Wild Card Game : Miami Dolphins 24 , Buffalo Bills 17 1999 Wild Card Game : Tennessee Titans 22 , Buffalo Bills 16 2017 Wild Card Game : Jacksonville Jaguars 10 , Buffalo Bills 3 Playoff record : 14 wins , 16 losses

Los Angeles County , California - wikipedia Los Angeles County , California `` LA County '' redirects here . For the equivalent of counties in Louisiana , see List of parishes in Louisiana . County in California , United States Los Angeles County , California County County of Los Angeles Images , from top down , left to right : Downtown Los Angeles in Winter of 2016 , Venice , Los Angeles during sunset , Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills , CA , Satellite picture of Santa Catalina Island , the Santa Monica Pier , Angeles National Forest , Vasquez Rocks , Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve , and the Hollywood Sign Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` L.A. County '' Location of the county in California California 's location in the contiguous United States Coordinates : 34 ° 3 ′ N 118 ° 15 ′ W  /  34.050 ° N 118.250 ° W  / 34.050 ; - 118.250 Coordinates : 34 ° 3 ′ N 118 ° 15 ′ W  /  34.050 ° N 118.250 ° W  / 34.050 ; - 118.250 Country United States State California Region Southern California Metro area Greater Los Angeles Formed February 18 , 1850 Named for The Los Angeles , which was named for Our Lady , Queen of the Angels County seat Los Angeles Largest city Los Angeles Incorporated cities 88 Government Type Council -- manager Body Board of Supervisors Board of Supervisors Supervisors ( show ) Hilda Solis Mark Ridley - Thomas Sheila Kuehl Janice Hahn Kathryn Barger Chief executive officer Sachi A. Hamai Area Total 4,751 sq mi ( 12,310 km ) Land 4,058 sq mi ( 10,510 km ) Water 693 sq mi ( 1,790 km ) Highest elevation 10,068 ft ( 3,069 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( April 1 , 2010 ) Total 9,818,605 Estimate ( 2017 ) 10,163,507 Density 2,100 / sq mi ( 800 / km ) Time zone Pacific Time Zone ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) Pacific Daylight Time ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP codes 90001 -- 90899 , 91001 -- 93599 Area codes 213 , 310 / 424 , 323 , 562 , 626 , 661 , 747 / 818 , 909 FIPS code 06 - 037 GNIS feature ID 277283 GDP $664 billion Primary Airport Los Angeles International Airport LAX ( Major / International ) Secondary Airport Hollywood Burbank Airport - BUR ( Regional ) Van Nuys Airport - VNY ( Regional ) Long Beach Airport - LGB ( Regional ) Interstates U.S. Routes State Routes Rapid Transit ( under construction ) Commuter Rail ( planned ) Website www.lacounty.gov Chamber of Commerce brochure , c. 1920 Los Angeles County , officially the County of Los Angeles , ( Spanish : Condado de Los Ángeles ) is the most populous county in the United States , with more than 10 million inhabitants as of 2017 . Its population is larger than that of 41 individual U.S. states . It is the third - largest metropolitan economy in the world , with a Nominal GDP of over $700 billion -- larger than the GDPs of Belgium , Saudi Arabia , Norway and Taiwan . It has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles ( 10,570 km ) , it is larger than the combined areas of Delaware and Rhode Island . The county is home to more than one - quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U.S. Its county seat , Los Angeles , is also its most populous city at about four million . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Lakes and reservoirs 2.2 Major divisions of the county 2.3 National protected areas 3 Demographics 3.1 Race and ancestry 3.2 2000 3.3 Income 3.4 Religion 4 Law , government and politics 4.1 Government 4.2 Politics 4.2. 1 Voter registration 4.2. 2 Overview 4.3 Legal system 5 Crime 5.1 Cities by population and crime rates 5.2 Other statistics 6 Economy 7 Education 7.1 Colleges 7.2 Universities 8 Sites of interest 8.1 Museums 8.2 Entertainment 8.3 Music venues 8.4 Amusement parks 8.5 Other attractions 8.6 Other areas 9 Transportation 9.1 Major highways 9.2 Air 9.3 Rail 9.4 Sea 10 Communities 10.1 Cities 10.2 Unincorporated areas 10.2. 1 Census designated places 10.2. 2 Other communities 10.3 Population ranking 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Changes in the borders of Los Angeles County over the years ( click on image for larger image ) See also : History of Los Angeles Los Angeles County is one of the original counties of California , created at the time of statehood in 1850 . The county originally included parts of what are now Kern , San Bernardino , Riverside and Orange counties . In 1851 and 1852 , Los Angeles County strechted from the coast to the border of Nevada . As the population increased , sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853 , Kern County in 1866 , and Orange County in 1889 . Geography ( edit ) Los Angeles Ventura Kern San Bernardino Orange Pacific Ocean Los Angeles and adjacent counties According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has an area of 4,751 square miles ( 12,310 km ) , of which 4,058 square miles ( 10,510 km ) is land and 693 square miles ( 1,790 km ) ( 15 % ) is water . Los Angeles County borders 70 miles ( 110 km ) of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges , valleys , forests , islands , lakes , rivers , and desert . The Los Angeles River , Rio Hondo , the San Gabriel River and the Santa Clara River flow in Los Angeles County , while the primary mountain ranges are the Santa Monica Mountains and the San Gabriel Mountains . The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley , in the northeastern part of the county . Los Angeles at night . Aerial photo taken from San Pedro , looking North . Most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest , with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin , San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley . Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley , Pomona Valley , Crescenta Valley and Antelope Valley . The county is divided west - to - east by the San Gabriel Mountains , which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California , and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest . Most of the county 's highest peaks are in the San Gabriel Mountains , including Mount San Antonio 10,068 feet ( 3,069 m ) ) at the Los Angeles - San Bernardino county lines , Mount Baden - Powell 9,399 feet ( 2,865 m ) , Mount Burnham 8,997 feet ( 2,742 m ) and Mount Wilson 5,710 feet ( 1,740 m ) . Several lower mountains are in the northern , western , and southwestern parts of the county , including the San Emigdio Mountains , the southernmost part of Tehachapi Mountains and the Sierra Pelona Mountains . Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island , which are part of the Channel Islands archipelago off the Pacific Coast . Lakes and reservoirs ( edit ) Baldwin Lake Bouquet Reservoir Castaic Lake Crystal Lake Elizabeth Lake Holiday Lake Hollywood Reservoir Hughes Lake Jackson Lake Las Virgenes Reservoir . Malibou Lake Morris Reservoir Munz Lakes Lake Palmdale Puddingstone Reservoir Pyramid Lake Quail Lake Silver Lake Reservoir Stone Canyon Reservoir Tweedy Lake Westlake in City of Westlake Village Lake Lindero Major divisions of the county ( edit ) East : Eastside , San Gabriel Valley , portions of the Pomona Valley West : Westside , Beach Cities South : South Bay , South Los Angeles , Palos Verdes Peninsula , Gateway Cities , Los Angeles Harbor Region North : San Fernando Valley , Crescenta Valley , portions of the Conejo Valley , portions of the Antelope Valley and Santa Clarita Valley Central : Downtown Los Angeles , Mid-Wilshire , Northeast Los Angeles National protected areas ( edit ) Angeles National Forest ( part ) Los Padres National Forest ( part ) Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area ( part ) Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Los Angeles County Los Angeles County had a population of 9,818,605 in the 2010 United States Census . The racial makeup of Los Angeles County was 4,936,599 ( 50 % ) White , 1,346,865 ( 13.7 % ) Asian , 856,874 ( 9 % ) African American , 72,828 ( 0.7 % ) Native American , 26,094 ( 0.3 % ) Pacific Islander , 2,140,632 ( 21.8 % ) from other races , and 438,713 ( 4.5 % ) from two or more races . Non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321 , or 28 % of the population . Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889 ( 48 % ) ; 36 % of Los Angeles County 's population was of Mexican ancestry ; 3.7 % Salvadoran , and 2.2 % Guatemalan heritage . The county has a large population of Asian Americans , being home to the largest concentration of immigrants who are Burmese , Cambodian , Chinese , Filipino , Indian , Indonesian , Korean , Sri Lankan , Taiwanese , and Thai in the world . The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 ( 13.7 % ) Asians in Los Angeles County are 4.0 % Chinese , 3.3 % Filipino , 2.2 % Korean , 1.0 % Japanese , 0.9 % Vietnamese , 0.8 % Indian , and 0.3 % Cambodian . Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 3,530 -- 1860 11,333 221.0 % 1870 15,309 35.1 % 1880 33,381 118.0 % 1890 101,454 203.9 % 1900 170,298 67.9 % 1910 504,131 196.0 % 1920 936,455 85.8 % 1930 2,208,492 135.8 % 1940 2,785,643 26.1 % 1950 4,151,687 49.0 % 1960 6,038,771 45.5 % 1970 7,041,980 16.6 % 1980 7,477,421 6.2 % 8,863,164 18.5 % 2000 9,519,338 7.4 % 9,818,605 3.1 % Est. 2017 10,163,507 3.5 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 -- 1960 1900 -- 1990 1990 -- 2000 2010 -- 2015 Race and ancestry ( edit ) Population , race , and income ( 2011 ) Total population 9,787,747 White 5,126,367 52.4 % Black or African American 844,048 8.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native 49,329 0.5 % Asian 1,347,782 13.8 % Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 26,310 0.3 % Some other race 2,064,759 21.1 % Two or more races 329,152 3.4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 4,644,328 47.5 % Per capita income $27,954 Median household income $56,266 Median family income $62,595 The racial makeup of the county is 48.7 % White , 11.0 % African American , 0.8 % Native American , 10.0 % Asian , 0.3 % Pacific Islander , 23.5 % from other races , and 4.9 % from two or more races. 44.6 % of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race . The largest European - American ancestry groups are German ( 6 % ) , Irish ( 5 % ) , English ( 4 % ) and Italian ( 3 % ) . 45.9 % of the population reported speaking only English at home ; 37.9 % spoke Spanish , 2.22 % Tagalog , 2.0 % Chinese , 1.9 % Korean , 1.87 % Armenian , 0.5 % Arabic , and 0.2 % Hindi . The county has the largest Native American population of any county in the nation : according to the 2000 census , it has more than 153,550 people of indigenous descent , and most are from Latin America . As estimated by the Public Policy Institute of California in 2008 , Los Angeles County is home to more than one - third of California 's undocumented immigrants , who make up more than ten percent of the population . 2000 ( edit ) Map of Los Angeles County showing population density in 2000 by census tract At the census of 2000 , there were 9,519,338 people , 3,133,774 households , and 2,137,233 families residing in the county . The population density was 2,344 people per square mile ( 905 / km ) . There were 3,270,909 housing units at an average density of 806 per square mile ( 311 / km ) . There were 3,133,774 households out of which 37 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 48 % were married couples living together , 15 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 32 % were non-families. 25 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61 . In the county , the population was spread out with 28 % under the age of 18 , 10 % from 18 to 24 , 33 % from 25 to 44 , 19 % from 45 to 64 , and 10 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 32 years . For every 100 females , there were 97.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 95.0 males . Income ( edit ) Percent of households with incomes above $150 k across LA County census tracts . The median personal earnings for all workers 16 and older in Los Angeles County are $30,654 , slightly below the US median ; earnings , however vary widely by neighborhood , race and ethnicity , and gender . The median income for a household in the county was $42,189 , and the median income for a family was $46,452 . Males had a median income of $36,299 versus $30,981 for females . The per capita income for the county was $20,683 . There are 14.4 % of families living below the poverty line and 17.9 % of the population , including 24.2 % of under 18 and 10.5 % of those over 64 . Los Angeles County has the highest number of millionaires of any county in the nation , totaling 261,081 households as of 2007 . The homeownership rate is 47.9 % , and the median value for houses is $409,300. 42.2 % of housing units are in multi-unit structures . Los Angeles County has the largest number of homeless people , with `` 48,000 people living on the streets , including 6,000 veterans . '' , in 2010 . As of 2017 the number of homeless in the county of Los Angeles increased to nearly 58,000 . Religion ( edit ) In 2000 , there were hundreds of Christian churches , 202 Jewish synagogues , 145 Buddhist temples , 48 Muslim mosques , 44 Bahai worship centers , 37 Hindu mandirs , 28 Tenrikyo churches and fellowships , 16 Shinto worship centers , and 14 Sikh gurdwaras in the county . The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles has approximately 5 million members and is the largest diocese in the United States . Law , government and politics ( edit ) Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of Los Angeles County The Government of Los Angeles County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution , California law and the Charter of the County of Los Angeles . Much of the Government of California is in practice the responsibility of local governments such as the Government of Los Angeles County . The county 's voters elect a governing five - member Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors . The small size of the board means each supervisor represents over 2 million people . The board operates in a legislative , executive , and quasi-judicial capacity . As a legislative authority , it can pass ordinances for the unincorporated areas ( ordinances that affect the whole county , like posting of restaurant ratings , must be ratified by the individual city ) . As an executive body , it can tell the county departments what to do , and how to do it . As a quasi-judicial body , the Board is the final venue of appeal in the local planning process , and holds public hearings on various agenda items . As of 2008 , the Board of Supervisors oversees a $22.5 billion annual budget and approximately 100,000 employees . The county government is managed on a day - to - day basis by a Chief Executive Officer and is organized into many departments , each of which is enormous in comparison to equivalent county - level ( and even many state - level ) departments anywhere else in the United States . Some of the larger or better - known departments include : The Grand Avenue entrance of the Stanley Mosk Courthouse . Los Angeles County Department of Consumer and Business Affairs -- offers consumers in the county a variety of services including : consumer and real estate counseling , mediation , and small claims counseling investigates consumer complains , real estate fraud and identity theft issues . The department also provides small business certifications and helps entrepreneurs navigate the process of opening a business . Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services -- administers foster care Los Angeles County Fire Department -- provides firefighting services for the unincorporated parts of Los Angeles County , as well as 58 cities . Los Angeles County Department of Health Services -- operates several county hospitals and a network of primary care clinics , Los Angeles County Department of Public Health - administers public health programs including STD programs , smoking cessation , and restaurant inspection . In the majority of the county LACDPH puts letter grades relating to the food cleanliness and safety of a restaurant in the front window of restaurants . Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services -- administers many federal and state welfare programs Los Angeles County Department of Public Works -- operates countywide flood control system , constructs and maintains roads in unincorporated areas Los Angeles County District Attorney -- prosecutes criminal suspects . Los Angeles County Office of the Public Defender -- Defends indigent people accused of criminal offenses . Los Angeles County Probation Department Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department -- provides law enforcement services for the unincorporated parts of Los Angeles County , as well as 42 cities . The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority , despite its name , is not a County department . Technically it is a state - mandated county transportation commission that also operates bus and rail . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Los Angeles County Los Angeles County vote by party in presidential elections Year GOP DEM Others 2016 22.41 % 769,743 71.76 % 2,464,364 5.83 % 200,201 2012 27.83 % 885,333 69.69 % 2,216,903 2.48 % 78,831 2008 28.82 % 956,425 69.19 % 2,295,853 1.99 % 65,970 35.60 % 1,076,225 63.10 % 1,907,736 1.30 % 39,319 2000 32.35 % 871,930 63.47 % 1,710,505 4.19 % 112,719 30.96 % 746,544 59.34 % 1,430,629 9.70 % 233,841 29.04 % 799,607 52.54 % 1,446,529 18.43 % 507,267 46.88 % 1,239,716 51.89 % 1,372,352 1.23 % 32,603 1984 54.50 % 1,424,113 44.35 % 1,158,912 1.14 % 29,889 1980 50.18 % 1,224,533 40.15 % 979,830 9.67 % 235,822 1976 47.78 % 1,174,926 49.69 % 1,221,893 2.53 % 62,258 1972 54.75 % 1,549,717 42.04 % 1,189,977 3.20 % 90,676 1968 47.65 % 1,266,480 46.02 % 1,223,251 6.33 % 168,251 1964 42.52 % 1,161,067 57.43 % 1,568,300 0.06 % 1,551 1960 49.45 % 1,302,661 50.25 % 1,323,818 0.30 % 8,020 1956 55.38 % 1,260,206 44.29 % 1,007,887 0.32 % 7,331 1952 56.21 % 1,278,407 42.71 % 971,408 1.09 % 24,725 1948 46.51 % 804,232 47.00 % 812,690 6.48 % 112,160 1944 42.68 % 666,441 56.75 % 886,252 0.57 % 8,871 1940 40.58 % 574,266 58.13 % 822,718 1.29 % 18,285 1936 31.62 % 357,401 67.00 % 757,351 1.39 % 15,663 1932 38.55 % 373,738 57.19 % 554,476 4.27 % 41,380 1928 70.22 % 513,526 28.71 % 209,945 1.07 % 7,830 1924 65.51 % 299,675 7.33 % 33,554 27.16 % 124,228 1920 69.10 % 178,117 21.59 % 55,661 9.31 % 23,992 1916 50.59 % 135,554 42.58 % 114,070 6.83 % 18,297 1912 1.32 % 2,181 33.34 % 55,110 65.34 % 108,005 1908 56.77 % 41,483 30.21 % 22,076 13.02 % 9,518 1904 66.50 % 32,507 20.52 % 10,030 12.98 % 6,346 1900 55.10 % 19,200 37.76 % 13,158 7.15 % 2,490 1896 49.62 % 16,891 47.13 % 16,043 3.25 % 1,108 1892 44.89 % 10,226 35.64 % 8,119 19.47 % 4,434 Voter registration ( edit ) Population and registered voters Total population 9,787,747 Registered voters 4,865,403 49.7 % Democratic 2,486,479 51.1 % Republican 1,048,507 21.6 % Democratic -- Republican spread + 1,437,972 + 29.5 % Independent 109,055 2.2 % Green 24,534 0.5 % Libertarian 25,808 0.5 % Peace and Freedom 24,950 0.5 % Americans Elect 2,583 0.1 % Other 262,180 5.4 % No party preference 881,307 18.1 % Overview ( edit ) Los Angeles County has voted for the Democratic candidate in most of the presidential elections in the past four decades , and has gone Democratic in every election since 1988 . However , it did vote twice for Dwight Eisenhower ( 1952 , 1956 ) , Richard Nixon ( 1968 , 1972 ) , and Ronald Reagan ( 1980 , 1984 ) the latter two of whom were Californians . From 1920 to 1984 it was a bellwether county that always voted for the eventual national winner . It voted against the national popular vote winner in 1988 and 2004 . In 2008 and 2012 approximately 69 % of the electorate voted for Democrat Barack Obama . In 2016 , Democrat Hillary Clinton won 71 % of the vote , marking the largest percentage of the electorate ever won by a single candidate in the county . In the United States House of Representatives , Los Angeles County is split between 18 congressional districts : In the California State Senate , Los Angeles County is split between 15 legislative districts : In the California State Assembly , Los Angeles County is split between 24 legislative districts : On November 4 , 2008 , Los Angeles County was almost evenly split over Proposition 8 which amended the California Constitution to ban same - sex marriages . The county voted for the amendment 50.04 % with a margin of 2,385 votes . Legal system ( edit ) Further information : Superior Court of Los Angeles County The Los Angeles Superior Court , is the county 's court of general jurisdiction , while the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California may hear cases where federal jurisdiction is present . Both are headquartered in a large cluster of government buildings in the city 's Civic Center . Historically , the courthouses were county - owned buildings that were maintained at county expense , which created significant friction since the trial court judges , as officials of the state government , had to lobby the county Board of Supervisors for facility renovations and upgrades . In turn , the state judiciary successfully persuaded the state Legislature to authorize the transfer of all courthouses to the state government in 2008 and 2009 ( so that judges would have direct control over their own courthouses ) . Courthouse security is still provided by the county government under a contract with the state . Unlike the largest city in the United States , New York City , all of the city of Los Angeles and most of its important suburbs are located within a single county . As a result , both the county superior court and the federal district court are respectively the busiest courts of their type in the nation . Many celebrities like O.J. Simpson have been seen in Los Angeles courts . In 2003 , the television show Extra ( based in nearby Glendale ) found itself running so many reports on the legal problems of local celebrities that it spun them off into a separate show , Celebrity Justice . State cases are appealed to the Court of Appeal for the Second Appellate District , which is also headquartered in the Civic Center , and then to the California Supreme Court , which is headquartered in San Francisco but also hears argument in Los Angeles ( again , in the Civic Center ) . Federal cases are appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , which hears them at its branch building in Pasadena . The court of last resort for federal cases is the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington , D.C. Crime ( edit ) The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense . show Population and crime rates Population 9,787,747 Violent crime 54,747 5.59 Homicide 699 0.07 Forcible rape 2,114 0.22 Robbery 24,528 2.51 Aggravated assault 27,406 2.80 Property crime 155,583 15.90 Burglary 50,558 5.17 Larceny - theft 144,589 14.77 Motor vehicle theft 46,710 4.77 Arson 2,815 0.29 Cities by population and crime rates ( edit ) show Cities by population and crime rates City Population Violent crimes Violent crime rate per 1,000 persons Property crimes Property crime rate per 1,000 persons Agoura Hills 20,667 12 0.58 236 11.42 Alhambra 84,469 149 1.76 1,919 22.72 Arcadia 57,295 57 0.99 1,388 24.23 Artesia 16,793 60 3.57 262 15.60 Avalon 3,795 13 3.43 64 16.86 Azusa 47,111 220 4.67 1,204 25.56 Baldwin Park 76,644 261 3.41 1,585 20.68 Bell 36,062 225 6.24 662 18.36 Bellflower 77,886 304 3.90 1,802 23.14 Bell Gardens 42,769 125 2.92 728 17.02 Beverly Hills 34,677 89 2.57 1,081 31.17 Bradbury 1,067 0 0.00 10 9.37 Burbank 105,057 243 2.31 2,493 23.73 Calabasas 23,442 13 0.55 238 10.15 Carson 93,233 520 5.58 2,709 29.06 Cerritos 49,856 120 2.41 1,870 37.51 Claremont 35,469 40 1.13 901 25.40 Commerce 13,035 112 8.59 1,010 77.48 Compton 98,057 1,218 12.42 2,399 24.47 Covina 48,588 151 3.11 1,651 33.98 Cudahy 24,201 151 6.24 347 14.34 Culver City 39,528 179 4.53 1,760 44.53 Diamond Bar 56,470 55 0.97 952 16.86 Downey 113,628 381 3.35 3,537 31.13 Duarte 21,673 71 3.28 507 23.39 El Monte 115,356 395 3.42 2,230 19.33 El Segundo 16,931 38 2.24 595 35.14 Gardena 59,802 287 4.80 1,321 22.09 Glendale 194,902 233 1.20 3,043 15.61 Glendora 50,903 59 1.16 1,293 25.40 Hawaiian Gardens 14,493 69 4.76 193 13.32 Hawthorne 85,692 637 7.43 2,181 25.45 Hermosa Beach 19,830 54 2.72 678 34.19 Hidden Hills 1,887 0 0.00 2.12 Huntington Park 59,079 373 6.31 1,917 32.45 Industry 222 68 306.31 1,110 5,000.00 Inglewood 111,488 780 7.00 2,673 23.98 Irwindale 1,447 15 10.37 243 167.93 La Canada Flintridge 20,584 12 0.58 324 15.74 La Habra Heights 5,413 6 1.11 44 8.13 Lakewood 81,382 227 2.79 2,062 25.34 La Mirada 49,312 98 1.99 776 15.74 Lancaster 159,155 859 5.40 3,498 21.98 La Puente 40,479 121 2.99 521 12.87 La Verne 31,575 50 1.58 823 26.06 Lawndale 33,312 167 5.01 397 11.92 Lomita 20,591 95 4.61 391 18.99 Long Beach 469,893 2,705 5.76 14,131 30.07 Los Angeles 3,855,122 18,547 4.81 87,478 22.69 Lynwood 70,908 541 7.63 1,373 19.36 Malibu 12,854 15 1.17 329 25.60 Manhattan Beach 35,719 62 1.74 855 23.94 Maywood 27,850 175 6.28 286 10.27 Monrovia 37,199 81 2.18 948 25.48 Montebello 63,538 146 2.30 1,775 27.94 Monterey Park 61,270 75 1.22 1,022 16.68 Norwalk 107,295 433 4.04 2,609 24.32 Palmdale 155,294 812 5.23 3,393 21.85 Palos Verdes Estates 13,661 6 0.44 136 9.96 Paramount 54,997 244 4.44 1,536 27.93 Pasadena 139,382 433 3.11 3,379 24.24 Pico Rivera 63,988 261 4.08 1,780 27.82 Pomona 151,511 1,021 6.74 5,055 33.36 Rancho Palos Verdes 42,335 35 0.83 498 11.76 Redondo Beach 67,856 190 2.80 1,596 23.52 Rolling Hills 1,891 0 0.00 27 14.28 Rolling Hills Estates 8,202 9 1.10 129 15.73 Rosemead 54,656 143 2.62 913 16.70 San Dimas 33,923 51 1.50 668 19.69 San Fernando 24,039 77 3.20 380 15.81 San Gabriel 40,376 88 2.18 550 13.62 San Marino 13,364 13 0.97 183 13.69 Santa Clarita 179,248 342 1.91 2,742 15.30 Santa Fe Springs 16,492 99 6.00 1,272 77.13 Santa Monica 91,215 395 4.33 3,398 37.25 Sierra Madre 11,098 0.36 112 10.09 Signal Hill 11,198 43 3.84 536 47.87 South El Monte 20,452 88 4.30 399 19.51 South Gate 95,966 553 5.76 2,545 26.52 South Pasadena 26,045 27 1.04 443 17.01 Temple City 36,148 38 1.05 354 9.79 Torrance 147,851 190 1.29 2,690 18.19 Vernon 114 27 236.84 311 2,728.07 Walnut 29,658 37 1.25 382 12.88 West Covina 107,861 281 2.61 3,224 29.89 West Hollywood 34,971 338 9.67 1,642 46.95 Westlake Village 8,406 0.36 154 18.32 Whittier 86,740 247 2.85 2,502 28.84 Other statistics ( edit ) Crime in 2008 ( reported by the sheriff 's office or police ) Assaults : 5452 Auto thefts : 7727 Burglaries : 5254 Murders : 568 ( 5.7 per 100,000 ) Rapes : 582 Robberies : 2210 Thefts : 9682 Crime in 2013 Homicides : 386 Thefts : 54,971 Burglaries : 17,606 Car Thefts : 15,866 Robberies : 10,202 Violent Crimes : 20,318 Rapes : 843 Assaults : 8,976 Murders : 297 Economy ( edit ) See also : Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce Employment by industry in Los Angeles County ( 2015 ) Los Angeles County is commonly associated with the entertainment and digital media industry ; all six major film studios -- Paramount Pictures , 21st Century Fox , Sony , Warner Bros. , Universal Pictures , and Walt Disney Studios -- are located within the county . Numerous other major industries also define the economy of Los Angeles County , including international trade supported by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach , music recording and production , aerospace and defense , fashion , and professional services such as law , medicine , engineering and design services , financial services and more . High - tech sector employment within Los Angeles County is 368,500 workers , and manufacturing employment within Los Angeles County is 365,000 workers . The following major companies have headquarters in Los Angeles County : Burbank Walt Disney Co Cerritos CareMore Isuzu Motors America Memorex RazorUSA Beverly Hills Live Nation Entertainment , Inc El Segundo Konami Mattel , Inc Glendale Avery Dennison Corp . Hawthorne Space X La Mirada Makita Los Angeles AECOM CBRE Group Dollar Shave Club Fandango , Inc . Farmers Insurance Group The Honest Company ICANN Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co . Snapchat Universal Pictures Long Beach Molina Healthcare Monrovia Trader Joe 's Palmdale Delta Scientific Rosemead Edison International Santa Clarita Princess Cruise Lines Honda Racing Santa Monica Activision Blizzard Hulu Riot Games TrueCar Torrance American Honda Motor Co . Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A. Inc . Westlake Village Dole Food Company Woodland Hills Farmers Insurance Exchange Health Net Inc . Education ( edit ) The Los Angeles County Office of Education provides a supporting role for school districts in the area . The county office also operates two magnet schools , the International Polytechnic High School and Los Angeles County High School for the Arts . There are a number of private schools in the county , most notably those operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese . Colleges ( edit ) Antelope Valley College , Lancaster Art Center College of Design , Pasadena The Art Institute of California - Los Angeles ( AICALA ) , Santa Monica California Institute of the Arts , Santa Clarita Cerritos College , Norwalk Citrus College , Glendora Claremont McKenna College , Claremont Claremont School of Theology , Claremont College of the Canyons , Santa Clarita DeVry University , Long Beach and West Hills ( Los Angeles ) East Los Angeles College , Monterey Park El Camino College , Torrance Fuller Theological Seminary , Pasadena Glendale Community College , Glendale Harvey Mudd College , Claremont Hebrew Union College , Los Angeles ITT Technical Institute , Culver City , San Dimas , Sylmar ( Los Angeles ) , Torrance , and West Covina Life Pacific College , San Dimas Long Beach City College , Long Beach Los Angeles City College ( LACC ) , Los Angeles Los Angeles Harbor College , Los Angeles Los Angeles Mission College , Sylmar ( Los Angeles ) Los Angeles Music Academy College of Music , Pasadena Los Angeles Pierce College ( Pierce ) , Woodland Hills Los Angeles Southwest College , Los Angeles Los Angeles Trade Technical College ( LATTC ) , Los Angeles Los Angeles Valley College , Valley Glen ( Los Angeles ) The Master 's College , Santa Clarita Mount St. Mary 's College , Los Angeles Mt . San Antonio College , Walnut Mt . Sierra College , Monrovia Occidental College ( Oxy ) , Eagle Rock ( Los Angeles ) Otis College of Art and Design , Westchester ( Los Angeles ) Pacific Oaks College , Pasadena Pasadena City College , Pasadena Pepperdine University , Malibu Pitzer College , Claremont Pomona College , Claremont Rio Hondo College , Whittier Santa Monica College ( SMC ) , Santa Monica Scripps College , Claremont West Los Angeles College , Culver City Whittier College , Whittier Wyoming Technical Institute ( WyoTech ) , Long Beach Universities ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln University ( ALU ) , Los Angeles Alliant International University ( AIU ) , Alhambra American Jewish University ( AJULA ) , Los Angeles Azusa Pacific University , Azusa Biola University , La Mirada California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) , Pasadena California State Polytechnic University , Pomona , ( Cal Poly Pomona ) , Pomona California State University , Dominguez Hills ( CSUDH ) , Carson California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB ) , Long Beach California State University , Los Angeles ( CSULA ) , Los Angeles California State University , Northridge ( CSUN ) , Northridge ( Los Angeles ) Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science ( Los Angeles ) Claremont Graduate University ( CGU ) , Claremont Loyola Law School , ( Downtown Los Angeles ) Loyola Marymount University ( LMU ) , Westchester ( Los Angeles ) National University , Los Angeles and Woodland Hills Pepperdine University , Malibu Southern California University of Health Sciences , Whittier Southern California Institute of Architecture ( SCI - Arc ) , Los Angeles Southwestern University School of Law , Los Angeles University of Antelope Valley ( UAV ) , Lancaster University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , Westwood ( Los Angeles ) University of La Verne , La Verne University of Southern California ( USC ) , Los Angeles University of the West ( UWest ) , Rosemead Western University of Health Sciences ( WesternU ) , Pomona Woodbury University , Burbank Sites of Interest ( edit ) L.A. County Fair at dusk , 2008 Photo of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art during its 2005 Ancient Egypt exhibit . The county 's most visited park is Griffith Park , owned by the city of Los Angeles . The county is also known for the annual Rose Parade in Pasadena , the annual Los Angeles County Fair in Pomona , the Los Angeles County Museum of Art , the Los Angeles Zoo , the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County , the La Brea Tar Pits , the Arboretum of Los Angeles , and two horse racetracks and two car racetracks ( Pomona Raceway and Irwindale Speedway ) , also the RMS Queen Mary located in Long Beach , and the Long Beach Grand Prix , and miles of beaches -- from Zuma to Cabrillo . Venice Beach is a popular attraction where its Muscle Beach used to find throngs of tourists admiring `` hardbodies '' . Today , it is more arts - centered . Santa Monica 's pier is a well known tourist spot , famous for its ferris wheel and bumper car rides , which were featured in the introductory segment of the television sitcom Three 's Company . Further north in Pacific Palisades one finds the beaches used in the television series Baywatch . The fabled Malibu , home of many a film or television star , lies west of it . In the mountain , canyon , and desert areas one may find Vasquez Rocks Natural Area Park , where many old Westerns were filmed . Mount Wilson Observatory in the San Gabriel Mountains is open for the public to view astronomical stars from its telescope , now computer - assisted . Many county residents find relaxation in water skiing and swimming at Castaic Lake Recreation Area -- the county 's largest park by area -- as well as enjoying natural surroundings and starry nights at Saddleback Butte State Park in the eastern Antelope Valley -- California State Parks ' largest in area within the county . The California Poppy Reserve is located in the western Antelope Valley and shows off the State 's flower in great quantity on its rolling hills every spring . Museums ( edit ) Armory Center for the Arts , Pasadena , California Battleship USS Iowa , Los Angeles Waterfront in San Pedro SS Lane Victory , Los Angeles Waterfront in San Pedro , just south of the USS Iowa California African American Museum California Science Center , Los Angeles ( formerly the Museum of Science and Industry ) The Broad Hammer Museum Huntington Library , San Marino Long Beach Museum of Art in the historic Elizabeth Milbank Anderson residence Los Angeles Children 's Museum Los Angeles County Fire Museum , in Bellflower Los Angeles County Museum of Art , Mid-City , Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art , Downtown Los Angeles ( founded in 1950 ) ; The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA , Downtown Los Angeles ( founded in 1980 ) Museum of Jurassic Technology , Culver City Museum of Latin American Art in Long Beach Museum of Neon Art Museum of the American West ( Gene Autry Museum ) , in Griffith Park Museum of Tolerance Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Pasadena Museum of California Art , in Pasadena J. Paul Getty Center , Brentwood ( Ancient Roman , Greek , and European Renaissance Art ) J. Paul Getty Villa , Pacific Palisades , Getty 's original house George C. Page Museum at La Brea Tar Pits Santa Monica Museum of Art , Santa Monica ( Contemporary art ) Norton Simon Museum , Pasadena ( 19th - and early 20th - century art ) Skirball Cultural Center , Los Angeles Southwest Museum Entertainment ( edit ) Pacific Park Six Flags Magic Mountain Raging Waters Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Universal Studios Hollywood Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Descanso Gardens Dodger Stadium Exposition Park Farmers Market The Forum Griffith Park Griffith Observatory Huntington Botanical Gardens La Brea Tar Pits Music Center Olvera Street Staples Center Third Street Promenade Venice Beach Los Angeles Zoo Music venues ( edit ) Disney Concert Hall California Plaza , comprising One California Plaza and Two California Plaza Cerritos Center for the Performing Arts The Forum Disney Concert Hall Greek Theatre House of Blues Sunset Strip Pantages Theatre Hollywood Bowl Hollywood Palladium John Anson Ford Amphitheatre The Orpheum Theatre The Roxy Theatre Royce Hall ( UCLA ) The Music Box El Rey Theatre Staples Center The Troubadour The Wiltern Whisky a Go Go Amusement parks ( edit ) Universal Studios Hollywood Raging Waters Six Flags Magic Mountain Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Pacific Park Other attractions ( edit ) U.S. Bank Tower Wilshire Grand Tower Central Los Angeles Library Watts Towers Wayfarers Chapel Fo Guang Shan Hsi Lai Temple Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels Queen Mary Other areas ( edit ) Angeles National Forest Ridge Route Angeles National Forest Mount Wilson Observatory Malibu Creek State Park Vasquez Rocks Natural Area Park Plant 42 's Blackbird Airpark and Heritage Airpark Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve Cortes Bank Santa Catalina Island Mojave Desert Saddleback Butte State Park Antelope Valley Indian Museum State Historic Park Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland State Park Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Los Angeles Major highways ( edit ) I - 5 I - 5 Bus . I - 10 I - 105 I - 110 I - 210 I - 405 I - 605 I - 710 US 101 SR 1 SR 2 SR 14 SR 18 SR 19 SR 22 SR 23 SR 27 SR 39 SR 47 SR 57 SR 60 SR 66 SR 71 SR 72 SR 90 SR 91 SR 103 SR 107 SR 110 SR 118 SR 126 SR 134 SR 138 SR 170 SR 210 SR 213 SR 710 Air ( edit ) Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles International Airport ( LAX ) , located in the Westchester district , is the primary commercial airport for commercial airlines in the county and the Greater Los Angeles Area . LAX is operated by Los Angeles World Airports ( LAWA ) , an agency of the City of Los Angeles . Other important commercial airports in Los Angeles County include : Long Beach Municipal Airport operated by the City of Long Beach . Bob Hope Airport in Burbank , operated by the Burbank - Glendale - Pasadena Airport Authority . The following general aviation airports also are located in Los Angeles County : County operated airports ( Department of Public Works , Aviation Division ) Compton / Woodley Airport in Compton . San Gabriel Valley Airport in El Monte . Brackett Field in La Verne . Whiteman Airport in Pacoima . General William J. Fox Airfield in Lancaster . City operated airports Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys , also operated by LAWA. Van Nuys Airport sees significant executive jet air traffic . LA / Palmdale Regional Airport in Palmdale . The airport is a separate facility on the grounds of Air Force Plant 42 . Santa Monica Airport in Santa Monica , which has major executive jet traffic . Hawthorne Municipal Airport , also known as Jack Northrop Field , in Hawthorne . Zamperini Field in Torrance . The U.S. Air Force operates three airports in Los Angeles County : Portions of Edwards Air Force Base , located at the northern edge of the county . Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale , sharing runways with LA / Palmdale Regional . The non-flying Los Angeles Air Force Base in El Segundo . Rail ( edit ) Los Angeles is a major freight - railroad transportation center , largely due to the large volumes of freight moving in and out of the county 's sea port facilities . The ports are connected to the downtown rail yards and to the main lines of Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe headed east via a grade - separated , freight rail corridor known as the Alameda Corridor . Passenger rail service is provided in the county by Amtrak , Los Angeles Metro Rail and Metrolink . Amtrak has the following intercity Amtrak service at Union Station in the city of Los Angeles : The Pacific Surfliner to Santa Barbara , San Luis Obispo , and San Diego . The Coast Starlight to Seattle . The Southwest Chief to Chicago . The Sunset Limited to New Orleans and Orlando . Union Station is also the primary hub for Metrolink commuter rail , which serves much of the Greater Los Angeles Area . Light rail , subway ( heavy rail ) , and long - distance bus service are all provided by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( Metro ) . Sea ( edit ) The county 's two main seaports are the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach . Together they handle over a quarter of all container traffic entering the United States , making the complex the largest and most important port in the country , and the third - largest port in the world by shipping volume . The Port of Los Angeles is the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast , handling more than 1 million passengers annually . The Port of Long Beach is home to the Sea Launch program , which uses a floating launch platform to insert payloads into orbits that would be difficult to attain from existing land - based launch sites . Ferries link the Catalina Island city of Avalon to the mainland . Communities ( edit ) Cities ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Los Angeles County , California There are 88 incorporated cities in Los Angeles County . According to the 2016 Estimate , the most populous are : Largest cities , 2016 Estimate City Population Los Angeles 3,976,322 Long Beach 470,130 Glendale 200,831 Santa Clarita 181,972 Lancaster 160,106 Palmdale 157,356 Pomona 152,494 Torrance 147,195 Pasadena 142,059 El Monte 115,807 Downey 113,267 West Covina 107,847 Norwalk 106,178 Burbank 104,447 Unincorporated areas ( edit ) Census designated places ( edit ) Acton Agua Dulce Alondra Park Altadena Avocado Heights Castaic Charter Oak Citrus Del Aire Desert View Highlands East Los Angeles East Pasadena East Rancho Dominguez East San Gabriel East Whittier Elizabeth Lake Florence - Graham Green Valley Hacienda Heights Hasley Canyon La Crescenta - Montrose Ladera Heights Lake Hughes Lake Los Angeles Lennox Leona Valley Littlerock Marina del Rey Mayflower Village North El Monte Quartz Hill Rose Hills Rowland Heights San Pasqual South Monrovia Island South San Gabriel South San Jose Hills South Whittier Stevenson Ranch Sun Village Topanga Val Verde Valinda View Park - Windsor Hills Vincent Walnut Park West Athens West Carson West Rancho Dominguez West Puente Valley West Whittier - Los Nietos Westmont Willowbrook Other communities ( edit ) Agoura Antelope Acres Athens Bassett Big Mountain Ridge Big Pines Big Rock Boiling Point Bouquet Canyon Castaic Junction City Terrace Del Sur Del Valle Florence Gorman Juniper Hills Kinneloa Mesa Llano Pearblossom Two Harbors Universal City Valyermo Centennial ( planned for 70,000 ) . See : Los Angeles Almanac MAP : Unincorporated Areas and Communities of Los Angeles County See also : List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles Population ranking ( edit ) The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Los Angeles County . † county seat Rank City / Town / etc . Municipal type Population ( 2010 Census ) † Los Angeles City 3,792,621 Long Beach City 462,257 Glendale City 191,719 Santa Clarita City 176,320 5 Lancaster City 156,633 6 Palmdale City 152,750 7 Pomona City 149,058 8 Torrance City 145,438 9 Pasadena City 137,122 10 East Los Angeles CDP 126,496 11 El Monte City 113,475 12 Downey City 111,772 13 Inglewood City 109,673 14 West Covina City 106,098 15 Norwalk City 105,549 16 Burbank City 103,340 17 Compton City 96,455 18 South Gate City 94,396 19 Carson City 91,714 20 Santa Monica City 89,736 21 Whittier City 85,331 22 Hawthorne City 84,293 23 Alhambra City 83,089 24 Lakewood City 80,048 25 Bellflower City 76,616 26 Baldwin Park City 75,390 27 Lynwood City 69,772 28 Redondo Beach City 66,748 29 Florence - Graham CDP 63,387 30 Pico Rivera City 62,942 31 Montebello City 62,500 32 Monterey Park City 60,269 33 Gardena City 58,829 34 Huntington Park City 58,114 35 South Whittier CDP 57,156 36 Arcadia City 56,364 37 Diamond Bar City 55,544 38 Paramount City 54,098 39 Hacienda Heights CDP 54,038 40 Rosemead City 53,764 41 Glendora City 50,073 42 Cerritos City 49,041 43 Rowland Heights CDP 48,993 44 La Mirada City 48,527 45 Covina City 47,796 46 Azusa City 46,361 47 Altadena CDP 42,777 48 Bell Gardens City 42,072 49 Rancho Palos Verdes City 41,643 50 La Puente City 39,816 51 San Gabriel City 39,718 52 Culver City City 38,883 53 Monrovia City 36,590 54 Willowbrook CDP 35,983 55 Temple City City 35,558 56 Bell City 35,477 57 Manhattan Beach City 35,135 58 Claremont City 34,926 59 West Hollywood City 34,399 60 Beverly Hills City 34,109 61 San Dimas City 33,371 62 Lawndale City 32,769 63 Westmont CDP 31,853 64 La Verne City 31,063 65 Walnut City 29,172 66 Maywood City 27,395 67 South Pasadena City 25,619 68 West Whittier - Los Nietos CDP 25,540 69 Cudahy City 23,805 70 San Fernando City 23,645 71 Calabasas City 23,058 72 Valinda CDP 22,822 73 Lennox CDP 22,753 74 West Puente Valley CDP 22,636 75 West Carson CDP 21,699 76 Duarte City 21,321 77 South San Jose Hills CDP 20,551 78 Agoura Hills City 20,330 79 Lomita City 20,256 80 La Cañada Flintridge City 20,246 81 South El Monte City 20,116 82 La Crescenta - Montrose CDP 19,653 83 Hermosa Beach City 19,506 84 Castaic CDP 19,015 85 Stevenson Ranch CDP 17,557 86 El Segundo City 16,654 87 Artesia City 16,522 88 Santa Fe Springs City 16,223 89 Walnut Park CDP 15,966 90 Vincent CDP 15,922 91 Avocado Heights CDP 15,411 92 East Rancho Dominguez CDP 15,135 93 East San Gabriel CDP 14,874 94 Hawaiian Gardens City 14,254 95 Palos Verdes Estates City 13,438 96 San Marino City 13,147 97 Commerce City 12,823 98 Malibu City 12,645 99 Lake Los Angeles CDP 12,328 100 Sun Village CDP 11,565 101 View Park - Windsor Hills CDP 11,075 102 Signal Hill City 11,016 103 Sierra Madre City 10,917 104 Quartz Hill CDP 10,912 105 Citrus CDP 10,866 106 Del Aire CDP 10,001 107 East Whittier ( formerly East La Mirada until 2012 ) CDP 9,757 108 Charter Oak CDP 9,310 109 Marina del Rey CDP 8,866 110 West Athens CDP 8,729 111 Alondra Park CDP 8,592 112 Topanga CDP 8,289 113 Westlake Village City 8,270 114 South San Gabriel CDP 8,070 115 Rolling Hills Estates City 8,067 116 Acton CDP 7,596 117 South Monrovia Island CDP 6,777 118 Ladera Heights CDP 6,498 119 East Pasadena CDP 6,144 120 West Rancho Dominguez CDP 5,669 121 Mayflower Village CDP 5,515 122 La Habra Heights City 5,325 123 Avalon City 3,728 124 North El Monte CDP 3,723 125 Agua Dulce CDP 3,342 126 Rose Hills CDP 2,803 127 Val Verde CDP 2,468 128 Desert View Highlands CDP 2,360 129 San Pasqual CDP 2,041 130 Rolling Hills City 1,860 131 Hidden Hills City 1,856 132 Elizabeth Lake CDP 1,756 133 Leona Valley CDP 1,607 134 Irwindale City 1,422 135 Littlerock CDP 1,377 136 Hasley Canyon CDP 1,137 137 Bradbury City 1,048 138 Santa Susana ( mostly in Ventura County ) CDP 1,037 139 Green Valley CDP 1,027 140 Lake Hughes CDP 649 141 Industry City 219 142 Vernon City 112 See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal List of museums in Los Angeles List of museums in Los Angeles County , California List of school districts in Los Angeles County , California List of schools in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles County , California Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population . Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow . Jump up ^ Only larceny - theft cases involving property over $400 in value are reported as property crimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . California State Association of Counties . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Supervisors '' . County of Los Angeles . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mount San Antonio in the San Gabriel Mountains , on border with San Bernardino County . Jump up ^ Sea level at the Pacific Ocean . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why LA County '' . Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation . 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles County '' . lacounty.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts : Los Angeles County , California ; UNITED STATES '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-galperin-gop-tax-plan-20171129-story.html Jump up ^ `` Newsroom : Population : Census Bureau Releases State and County Data Depicting Nation 's Population Ahead of 2010 Census '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coy , Owen C. ; Ph. D. ( 1923 ) . California County Boundaries . Berkeley : California Historical Commission . p. 140 . ASIN B000GRBCXG . Jump up ^ https://www.mapofus.org/california/ Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles County , California '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census P.L. 94 - 171 Summary File Data '' . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Trinidad , Elson ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` L.A. County is the Capital of Asian America '' . KCET . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Forstall , Richard L. , ed . ( March 27 , 1995 ) . `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2 , 2001 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B02001 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B03003 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B19301 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B19013 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B19113 . American FactFinder . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This included over 65,000 Arabs and 75,000 Iranian , who many people would not count as White . See `` 2000 Census fact sheet table '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 ... For a clear discussion of Arabs being counted as white , see Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin Archived December 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2000 Census . Jump up ^ `` Language Map Data Center '' . Mla.org . July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hans ; Hill , Laura ( July 2011 ) . `` Illegal Immigration '' ( PDF ) . Publications . Public Policy Institute of California . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kristen Lewis and Sarah Burd - Sharps , A Portrait of Los Angeles County : Los Angeles County Human Development Report 2017 - 2018 . Measure of America of the Social Science Research Council . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` California Boasts Most Millionaires '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Los Angeles Confronts Homelessness Reputation '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Elizabeth ; Emerling , Jennifer ( 9 May 2018 ) . `` A Haven for the Homeless '' . U.S. New & World Report . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Selected Non-Christian Religious Traditions in Los Angeles County : 2000 Prolades.com Jump up ^ California Government Code § 23004 Jump up ^ William T Fujioka , `` Department Section , '' County of Los Angeles , Annual Report 2007 - 2008 , 4 . Jump up ^ David Leip . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : California Secretary of State . February 10 , 2013 - Report of Registration . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Archived July 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Counties by County and by District '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest -- County '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communities of Interest -- County '' . California Citizens Redistricting Commission . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Vote : 2008 General Election '' Archived October 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A look at your Superior Court , Public Information Office , Los Angeles Superior Court Jump up ^ `` LA Court '' . lasuperiorcourt.org . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Attorney General , Department of Justice , State of California . Table 11 : Crimes -- 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Archived December 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Justice , Federal Bureau of Investigation . Crime in the United States , 2012 , Table 8 ( California ) . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City data -- Los Angeles County , CA '' . analyzed data from numerous sources . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kator , Zabi . `` Is Security in Los Angeles getting better or worse '' . guardNOW Security Services . guardNOW Security Services . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kator , Zabi . `` Los Angeles Security & Crime Statistics '' . guardNOW Security Services . guardNOW Security Services . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawren ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) . `` LA Tech Report examines the regional high tech ecosystem '' . Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lawren ( 2014 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Manufacturing employment & competitiveness in CA - New LAEDC report '' . Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia.com , `` Dole gets ready to turn first shovel of headquarters dirt : plans are set to go to Westlake Village City Council '' . ( Dole Food Co. Inc . Los Angeles Business Journal . January 31 , 1994 . Retrieved on September 27 , 2009 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Home , LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT MUSEUM '' . LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT MUSEUM . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jon Gertner ( 2007 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Playing Sim City for Real '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles County , California . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Los Angeles County , California . 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8 ISNI : 0000 0004 0428 9534 LCCN : n79055167 NARA : 10036457 VIAF : 133677400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_County,_California&oldid=856883712 '' Categories : California counties Los Angeles County , California Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Los Angeles Area Counties in Southern California 1850 establishments in California Populated places established in 1850 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - 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Los Angeles County , officially the County of Los Angeles , ( Spanish : Condado de Los Ángeles ) is the most populous county in the United States , with more than 10 million inhabitants as of 2017 . Its population is larger than that of 41 individual U.S. states . It is the third - largest metropolitan economy in the world , with a Nominal GDP of over $700 billion -- larger than the GDPs of Belgium , Saudi Arabia , Norway and Taiwan . It has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles ( 10,570 km ) , it is larger than the combined areas of Delaware and Rhode Island . The county is home to more than one - quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U.S. Its county seat , Los Angeles , is also its most populous city at about four million .

Kansas City jazz - wikipedia Kansas City jazz Jump to : navigation , search Kansas City jazz Stylistic origins Blues , New Orleans jazz , ragtime , big band , swing , Harlem stride , Bounty Music Cultural origins 1920s Typical instruments Piano , saxophone , clarinet , trumpet , double bass , drums Derivative forms Bebop Towns which are popular with Kansas City jazz Kansas City jazz is a style of jazz that developed in Kansas City during the 1930s and marked the transition from the structured big band style to the musical improvisation style of Bebop . The hard - swinging , bluesy transition style is bracketed by Count Basie who in 1929 signed with the Bennie Moten 's Kansas City Orchestra and Kansas City native Charlie Parker who was to usher in the Bebop style in the 1940s . According to a Kansas City website , `` While New Orleans was the birthplace of jazz , America 's music grew up in Kansas City '' . Kansas City is known as one of the most popular `` cradles of jazz '' . Other cities include New Orleans , Chicago , St. Louis , Pittsburgh , Philadelphia , and New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Style 3 Aftermath 4 Musicians 5 Selected discography 6 Literature 7 References Background ( edit ) The first band from Kansas City to acquire a national reputation was the Coon - Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra , a white group which broadcast nationally in the 1920s . However , the Kansas City jazz school is identified with the black bands of the 1920s and 1930s . Kansas City in the 1930s was very much the crossroads of the United States resulting in a mix of cultures . Transcontinental trips at the time whether by plane or train often required a stop in the city . The era marked the zenith of power of political boss Tom Pendergast . Kansas City was a wide open town with liquor laws and hours totally ignored and was called the new Storyville . Most of the jazz musicians associated with the style were born in other places but got caught up in the friendly musical competitions among performers that could keep a single song being performed in variations for an entire night . Often members of the big bands would perform at regular venues earlier in the evening and go to the jazz clubs later to jam for the rest of the night . Claude Williams described the scene : Kansas City was different from all other places because we 'd be jamming all night . And ( if ) you come up here ... playing the wrong thing , we 'd straighten you out . Clubs were scattered throughout city but the most fertile area was the inner city neighborhood of 18th Street and Vine . Among the clubs were the Amos ' n ' Andy , Boulevard Lounge , Cherry Blossom , Chesterfield Club , Chocolate Bar , Dante 's Inferno , Elk 's Rest , Hawaiian Gardens , Hell 's Kitchen , the Hi Hat , the Hey Hey , Lone Star , Old Kentucky Bar - B - Que , Paseo Ballroom , Pla - Mor Ballroom , Reno Club , Spinning Wheel , Street 's Blue Room , Subway , and Sunsetx . Style ( edit ) Kansas City jazz is distinguished by the following musical elements : A preference for a 4 feel ( walking ) over the 2 beat feel found in other jazz styles of the time . As a result , Kansas city jazz had a more relaxed , fluid sound than other jazz styles . Extended soloing . Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast , Kansas City jam sessions went on well past sunrise , fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique jazz culture in which the goal was to `` say something '' with one 's instrument , rather than simply show off one 's technique . It was not uncommon for one `` song '' to be performed for several hours , with the best musicians often soloing for dozens of choruses at a time . So - called `` head arrangements '' . The KC big bands often played by memory , composing and arranging the music collectively , rather than sight - reading as other big bands of the time did . This further contributed to the loose , spontaneous Kansas City sound . A heavy blues influence , with KC songs often based around a 12 - bar blues structure , rather than the 32 bar AABA standard , although Moten Swing is in this AABA format . One of the most recognizable characteristics of Kansas City jazz is frequent , elaborate riffing by the different sections . Riffs were often created - or even improvised - collectively , and took many forms : a ) one section riffing alone , serving as the main focus of the music ; b ) one section riffing behind a soloist , adding excitement to the song ; or c ) two or more sections riffing in counterpoint , creating an exciting hard - swinging sound . The Count Basie signature tunes `` One O'Clock Jump '' and `` Jumpin ' at the Woodside '' , for example , are simply collections of complex riffs , memorized in a head arrangement , and punctuated with solos . Glenn Miller 's famous swing anthem `` In the Mood '' closely follows the Kansas City pattern of riffing sections , and is a good example of the Kansas City style after it had been exported to the rest of the world . Aftermath ( edit ) Kansas City influence overtly transferred to the national scene in 1936 when record producer John H. Hammond cemented his career by discovering Kansas City talent , in the shape of Count Basie . Pendergast was to be convicted of income tax evasion in 1940 and the city cracked down on the clubs effectively ending the era . Beginning in the 1970s Kansas City has attempted to celebrate the heritage by taking off the rough edges for family friendly environments . In the 1970s , the city tried to create a jazz enclave in the River Quay area on the Missouri River in the City Market neighborhood . Three of the clubs were bombed during a mob war that ultimately also led to the demise of mob influence of Las Vegas casinos that was depicted in the 1995 movie Casino . In 1979 , Bruce Ricker filmed The Last of the Blue Devils , a documentary starring Basie and singer Big Joe Turner , and featuring many performers from the original era . In 1981 114 people died in the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in an attempted recreation of the jazz scene during a tea dance . In 1996 Kansas City native Robert Altman released the film Kansas City depicting the Kansas City jazz era . In 1997 the American Jazz Museum opened in the 18th and Vine neighborhood with a mission of celebrating Kansas City 's jazz heritage . Each year Kansas City celebrates `` Jazzoo '' - a charity fundraiser dedicated to Kansas City jazz and raising funds for the Kansas City Zoo . In 2011 , Jazzoo was one of the Nation 's largest charity fundraisers , raising over $800,000 . Musicians ( edit ) Count Basie Earl Carruthers Buck Clayton Maxwell Davis Herschel Evans Coleman Hawkins Pete Johnson Jo Jones Andy Kirk Julia Lee George E. Lee Harlan Leonard Jimmie Lunceford Jay McShann Pat Metheny Bennie Moten Hot Lips Page Walter Page Charlie Parker Sammy Price Jimmy Rushing Big Joe Turner Bobby Watson Ben Webster Claude Williams Mary Lou Williams Lester Young Selected discography ( edit ) Early jazz and swing era music : Various artists , The Real Kansas City - Columbia ( 1996 ) Various artists , Jazz Kansas City Style - Pearl ( 1996 ) Various artists , Cradle of Jazz - The International Music Co. ( 2000 ) Various artists , Kansas City Jazz 1924 - 1942 - Fremeaux & Assoc . Fr ( 2005 ) Literature ( edit ) Frank Driggs and Chuck Haddix , Kansas City Jazz : From Ragtime to Bebop -- A History New York : Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530712 - 2 Haddix , Chuck . Rags to Be-bop : the Sounds of Kansas City Music , 1890 - 1945 . ( Text by ) Chuck Haddix . Kansas City , Mo. : University of Missouri at Kansas City , University Libraries , Marr Sound Archives , 1991 . Without ISBN Nathan W. Pearson , Jr. , Goin ' to Kansas City . Urbana , Il. : University of Illinois Press , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06438 - 0 Nathan W. Pearson , Jr. , Political and Musical Forces That Influenced the Development of Kansas City Jazz . In : Black Music Research Journal Vol. 9 ( 2 ) , ( 1989 ) , pp. 181 -- 192 Ross Russell , Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest , University of California Press , Berkeley , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 01853 - 2 Gunther Schuller , The Swing Era : The Development of Jazz , 1930 - 1945 ( The History of Jazz , Vol. 2 ) , New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blues and Jazz '' . Experiencekc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Jazz '' . Savvytraveler.publicradio.org. 1999 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns : Places Spaces & Changing Faces - Kansas City '' . PBS . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` KCMB Kansas City News : Jazzoo 2012 Charity Event Kansas City News '' . Kansas-city-news.pro. 2012 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Regardless of the history of Jazz , there are no dedicated Jazz radio stations broadcasting in the Kansas City metropolitan area today . Jump up ^ `` Half.com : Cradle of Jazz Sampler by Various Artists ( CD , Feb - 2000 , The International Music Co . ( German ) : Various Artists : Music '' . Product.half.ebay.com. 2013 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` sidney bechet '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . The Kansas City Area Kansas City , Missouri The Metro Area History Timeline Economy Neighborhoods Architecture Fountains Barbecue Jazz Broadcast Film Education Sports Jazz General topics Outline of jazz `` Jazz '' Jazz band Big band Improvisation Jam session Scat singing Swing performance Jazz bass Jazz drumming Jazz guitar Jazz piano Jazz violin Vocal jazz Women in jazz Genres Acid jazz Avant - garde jazz Azerbaijani jazz Jazz mugham Bebop Bossa nova Cape jazz Chamber jazz Cool jazz Crossover jazz Dixieland Folk jazz Free jazz European free jazz Free funk Free improvisation Gypsy jazz Hard bop Indo jazz Jazz blues Jazz - funk Jazz fusion Jazz rap Kansas City jazz Latin jazz Afro - Cuban jazz M - Base Mainstream jazz Modal jazz Neo-bop jazz Nu jazz Orchestral jazz Organ trio Post-bop Progressive jazz Punk jazz Ska jazz Smooth jazz Soul jazz Stride Swing Neo-swing Third stream Trad jazz West Coast jazz Yass Musicians Bassists Clarinetists Drummers Guitarists Organists Percussionists Pianists Saxophonists Trombonists Trumpeters Vibraphonists Violinists Vocalists Musicians by genre Bebop Chamber jazz Cool jazz & West Coast jazz Hard bop Jazz blues Jazz fusion Scat Smooth jazz Soul jazz Swing Standards Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s post-1950 Discographies Bethlehem Blue Note BYG Actuel Cobblestone Contemporary CTI ECM ESP - Disk Flying Dutchman Freedom Groove Merchant Impulse ! India Navigation JMT Landmark Mainstream Milestone MPS Muse Prestige Riverside Strata - East Verve Winter & Winter Festivals Beaches ( Toronto ) Cape Town Copenhagen Jakarta Monterey Montreal Montreux New Orleans Newport North Sea Saint Lucia Culture Contrafacts Institutions and organizations Jazz funeral Jazz poetry Jazz royalty Jazz theory See Template : Jazz theory Rare groove Second line Venues Regional scenes Australian jazz Armenian jazz Azerbaijani jazz Balkan jazz Bulgarian jazz Baltimore jazz Belgian jazz Brazilian jazz British jazz British dance band Canadian jazz Chicago jazz Continental European jazz Cuban jazz Czech and Slovak jazz Danish jazz Dutch jazz European free jazz French jazz German jazz Haitian jazz Indian jazz Indo jazz Iranian jazz Italian jazz Japanese jazz Kansas City jazz Latin American jazz Malawian jazz New Orleans jazz New York City jazz Polish jazz Yass South African jazz Cape jazz Spanish jazz Swedish jazz West Coast jazz History Bibliography of jazz Blues music British dance band Ragtime Jazz Age Continental jazz Straight - ahead jazz Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Related Contradanza Bluegrass music Blues music Boogie - woogie Brass band Jug band Jump blues Ragtime Novelty ragtime Rhythm & Blues Rock and roll Soul music Swamp pop West African music Western swing Zydeco Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_jazz&oldid=804303104 '' Categories : Kansas City metropolitan area Culture of Kansas City , Missouri Jazz genres History of Kansas City American jazz Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 02 : 34 . 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in the kansas city style of jazz arrangements were based on

So - called `` head arrangements '' . The KC big bands often played by memory , composing and arranging the music collectively , rather than sight - reading as other big bands of the time did . This further contributed to the loose , spontaneous Kansas City sound .

Vehicle identification number - wikipedia Vehicle identification number Jump to : navigation , search `` VIN '' redirects here . For other uses , see Vin ( disambiguation ) . `` VINs '' redirects here . For the non-profit organization , see Vermont Institute of Natural Science . For the Russian Baptist pastor , see Vins . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Do we need examples of a checksum validator in four different languages ? Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) VIN on a Chinese moped VIN on a 1996 Porsche 993 GT2 VIN visible in the windshield VIN is recorded in Vehicle License of China . A vehicle identification number ( VIN ) , also called a chassis number , is a unique code , including a serial number , used by the automotive industry to identify individual motor vehicles , towed vehicles , motorcycles , scooters and mopeds , as defined in ISO 3833 . VINs were first used in 1954 . From 1954 to 1981 , there was no accepted standard for these numbers , so different manufacturers used different formats . In 1981 , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the United States standardized the format . It required all on - road vehicles sold to contain a 17 - character VIN , which does not include the letters I ( i ) , O ( o ) , and Q ( q ) ( to avoid confusion with numerals 1 and 0 ) . There are vehicle history services in several countries that help potential car owners use VINs to find vehicles that are defective or have been written off . See the Used car article for a list of countries where this service is available . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Components 2.1 World manufacturer identifier 2.1. 1 Country codes 2.2 Vehicle descriptor section 2.2. 1 North American check digits 2.3 Vehicle identifier section 2.3. 1 Model year encoding 2.3. 2 Plant code 2.3. 3 Production number 3 Check - digit calculation 3.1 Transliterating the numbers 3.2 Weights used in calculation 3.3 Worked example 3.4 Example code 4 VIN scanning 5 List of common WMI 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Classification ( edit ) There are at least four competing standards used to calculate the VIN . FMVSS 115 , Part 565 : Used in United States and Canada ISO Standard 3779 : Used in Europe and many other parts of the world SAE J853 : Very similar to the ISO standard ADR 61 / 2 used in Australia , referring to ISO 3779 and 3780 Components ( edit ) Modern VINs are based on two related standards , originally issued by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) in 1979 and 1980 : ISO 3779 and ISO 3780 , respectively . Compatible but different implementations of these ISO standards have been adopted by the European Union and the United States , respectively . The VIN comprises the following sections : Standard 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ISO 3779 World manufacturer identifier VDS VIS European Union more than 500 vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier Indication of `` the general characteristics of the vehicle '' Indication that provides `` clear identification of a particular vehicle '' European Union 500 or fewer vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier 9 Indication of `` the general characteristics of the vehicle '' Indication that provides `` clear identification of a particular vehicle '' North America more than 2000 vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier Vehicle attributes Check digit Model year Plant code Sequential number North America 2000 or fewer vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier 9 Vehicle attributes Check digit Model year Plant code Manufacturer identifier Sequential number VIN in a GM - T - Platform body next to a passenger seat World manufacturer identifier ( edit ) The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the world manufacturer identifier or WMI code . A manufacturer who builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit , and the 12th , 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification . Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category ( e.g. , bus or truck ) , a division within a manufacturer , or both . For example , within 1G ( assigned to General Motors in the United States ) , 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars ; 1G2 , Pontiac passenger cars ; and 1GC , Chevrolet trucks . The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) in the U.S. assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers . The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located . In practice , each is assigned to a country of manufacture , although in Europe the country where the continental headquarters is located can assign the WMI to all vehicles produced in that region ( Example : Opel / Vauxhall cars whether produced in Germany , Spain , the United Kingdom or Poland carry a WMI of W0L because Adam Opel AG is based in Rüsselsheim , Germany ) . In the notation below , assume that letters precede numbers and that zero is the last number . For example , 8X -- 82 denotes the range 8X , 8Y , 8Z , 81 , 82 , excluding 80 . Country codes ( edit ) A -- H = Africa J -- R = Asia S -- Z = Europe 1 -- 5 = North America 6 -- 7 = Oceania 8 -- 9 = South America AA - AH South Africa AJ - AN Ivory Coast AP - A0 not assigned BA - BE Angola BF - BK Kenya BL - BR Tanzania BS - B0 not assigned CA - CE Benin CF - CK Madagascar CL - CR Tunisia CS - C0 not assigned DA - DE Egypt DF - DK Morocco DL - DR Zambia DS - D0 not assigned EA - EE Ethiopia EF - EK Mozambique EL - E0 not assigned FA - FE Ghana FF - FK Nigeria FL - F0 not assigned GA - G0 not assigned HA - H0 not assigned JA - J0 Japan KA - KE Sri Lanka KF - KK Israel KL - KR Korea ( South ) KS - K0 Kazakhstan LA - L0 China MA - ME India MF - MK Indonesia ML - MR Thailand MS - M0 not assigned NA - NE Iran NF - NK Pakistan NL - NR Turkey NS - N0 not assigned PA - PE Philippines PF - PK Singapore PL - PR Malaysia PS - P0 not assigned RA - RE United Arab Emirates RF - RK Taiwan RL - RR Vietnam RS - R0 Saudi Arabia SA - SM United Kingdom SN - ST East Germany SU - SZ Poland S1 - S4 Latvia S5 - S0 not assigned TA - TH Switzerland TJ - TP Czech Republic TR - TV Hungary TW - T1 Portugal T2 - T0 not assigned UA - UG not assigned UH - UM Denmark UN-UT Ireland UU - UZ Romania U1 - U4 not assigned U5 - U7 Slovakia U8 - U0 not assigned VA - VE Austria VF - VR France VS - VW Spain VX - V2 Serbia V3 - V5 Croatia V6 - V0 Estonia WA - W0 West Germany XA - XE Bulgaria XF - XK Greece XL - XR Netherlands XS - XW USSR XX - X2 Luxembourg X3 - X0 Russia YA - YE Belgium YF - YK Finland YL - YR Malta YS - YW Sweden YX - Y2 Norway Y3 - Y5 Belarus Y6 - Y0 Ukraine ZA - ZR Italy ZS - ZW not assigned ZX - Z2 Slovenia Z3 - Z5 Lithuania Z6 - Z0 not assigned 1A - 10 United States 2A - 20 Canada 3A - 37 Mexico 38 - 39 Cayman Islands 4A - 40 United States 5A - 50 United States 6A - 6W Australia 6X - 60 not assigned 7A - 7E New Zealand 7F - 70 not assigned 8A - 8E Argentina 8F - 8K Chile 8L - 8R Ecuador 8S - 8W Peru 8X - 82 Venezuela 83 - 80 not assigned 9A - 9E Brazil 9F - 9K Colombia 9L - 9R Paraguay 9S - 9W Uruguay 9X - 92 Trinidad & Tobago 93 -- 99 Brazil 90 not assigned Vehicle descriptor section ( edit ) The fourth to eighth positions in the VIN are the vehicle descriptor section or VDS . This is used , according to local regulations , to identify the vehicle type , and may include information on the automobile platform used , the model , and the body style . Each manufacturer has a unique system for using this field . Most manufacturers since the 1980s have used the eighth digit to identify the engine type whenever there is more than one engine choice for the vehicle . Example : for the 2007 Chevrolet Corvette , U is for a 6.0 - liter V8 engine , and E is for a 7.0 L V8 . North American check digits ( edit ) One element that is fairly consistent is the use of position nine as a check digit , compulsory for vehicles in North America , and used fairly consistently elsewhere . Vehicle identifier section ( edit ) The 10th to 17th positions are used as the ' vehicle identifier section ' ( VIS ) . This is used by the manufacturer to identify the individual vehicle in question . This may include information on options installed or engine and transmission choices , but often is a simple sequential number . In North America , the last five digits must be numeric . Model year encoding ( edit ) One consistent element of the VIS is the 10th digit , which is required worldwide to encode the model year of the vehicle . Besides the three letters that are not allowed in the VIN itself ( I , O and Q ) , the letters U and Z and the digit 0 are not used for the model year code . The year code is the model year for the vehicle . The year 1980 was encoded by some manufacturers , especially General Motors and Chrysler , as `` A '' ( since the 17 - digit VIN was not mandatory until 1981 , and the `` A '' or zero was in the manufacturer 's pre-1981 placement in the VIN ) , yet Ford and AMC still used a zero for 1980 . Subsequent years increment through the allowed letters , so that `` Y '' represents the year 2000 . 2001 to 2009 are encoded as the digits 1 to 9 , and subsequent years are encoded as `` A '' , `` B '' , `` C '' , etc . Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year A = 1980 L = Y = 2000 A = L = 2020 Y = 2030 B = 1981 M = 1991 1 = B = 2011 M = 2021 1 = 2031 C = 1982 N = 2 = 2002 C = 2012 N = 2022 2 = 2032 D = P = 3 = 2003 D = 2013 P = 2023 3 = 2033 E = 1984 R = 4 = E = 2014 R = 2024 4 = 2034 F = 1985 S = 1995 5 = 2005 F = 2015 S = 2025 5 = 2035 G = 1986 T = 6 = 2006 G = 2016 T = 2026 6 = 2036 H = V = 7 = 2007 H = 2017 V = 2027 7 = 2037 J = W = 1998 8 = 2008 J = 2018 W = 2028 8 = 2038 K = X = 1999 9 = 2009 K = 2019 X = 2029 9 = 2039 On April 30 , 2008 , the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration adopted a final rule amending 49 CFR Part 565 , `` so that the current 17 character vehicle identification number ( VIN ) system , which has been in place for almost 30 years , can continue in use for at least another 30 years '' , in the process making several changes to the VIN requirements applicable to all motor vehicles manufactured for sale in the United States . There are three notable changes to the VIN structure that affect VIN deciphering systems : The make may only be identified after looking at positions one through three and another position , as determined by the manufacturer in the second section or fourth to eighth segment of the VIN . In order to identify the exact year in passenger cars and multipurpose passenger vehicles with a GVWR of 10,000 or less , one must read position 7 as well as position 10 . For passenger cars , and for multipurpose passenger vehicles and trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lb ( 4,500 kg ) or less , if position seven is numeric , the model year in position 10 of the VIN refers to a year in the range 1980 -- 2009 . If position seven is alphabetic , the model year in position 10 of VIN refers to a year in the range 2010 -- 2039 . The model year for vehicles with a GVWR greater than 10,000 lb ( 4,500 kg ) , as well as buses , motorcycles , trailers and low - speed vehicles , may no longer be identified within a 30 - year range . VIN characters 1 -- 8 and 10 that were assigned from 1980 -- 2009 can be repeated beginning with the 2010 model year . Plant code ( edit ) Compulsory in North America is the use of the 11th character to identify the factory at which the vehicle was built . Each manufacturer has its own set of plant codes . Production number ( edit ) In the United States , the 12th to 17th digits are the vehicle 's serial or production number . This is unique to each vehicle , and every manufacturer uses its own sequence . Check - digit calculation ( edit ) Check - digit validation is compulsory for all road vehicles sold in North America . When trying to validate a VIN with a check digit , first either ( a ) remove the check digit for the purpose of calculation or ( b ) use a weight of zero ( see below ) to cancel it out . The original value of the check digit is then compared with the calculated value . If the calculated value is 0 -- 9 , the check digit must match the calculated value . If the calculated value is 10 , the check digit must be X . If the two values do not match ( and there was no error in the calculation ) , then there is a mistake in the VIN . However , a match does not prove the VIN is correct , because there is still a 1 / 11 chance that any two distinct VINs have a matching check digit : for example , the valid VINs 5GZCZ43D13S812715 ( correct with leading five ) and SGZCZ43D13S812715 ( incorrect with leading character `` S '' ) . The VINs in the Porsche image , WP0ZZZ99ZTS392124 , and the GM - T body image , KLATF08Y1VB363636 , do not pass the North American check - digit verification . Transliterating the numbers ( edit ) Transliteration consists of removing all of the letters , and substituting them with their appropriate numerical counterparts . These numerical alternatives ( based on IBM 's EBCDIC ) are in the following chart . I , O , and Q are not allowed in a valid VIN ; for this chart , they have been filled in with N / A ( not applicable ) . Numerical digits use their own values . Transliteration key : values for VIN decoding A : 1 B : 2 C : 3 D: 4 E : 5 F : 6 G : 7 H : 8 N / A J : 1 K : 2 L : 3 M : 4 N : 5 N / A P : 7 N / A R : 9 S : 2 T : 3 U : 4 V : 5 W : 6 X : 7 Y : 8 Z : 9 S is 2 , and not 1 . There is no left - alignment linearity . Weights used in calculation ( edit ) The following is the weight factor for each position in the VIN . The 9th position is that of the check digit . It has been substituted with a 0 , which will cancel it out in the multiplication step . Weight factor table Position 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Weight 8 7 6 5 10 0 9 8 7 6 5 Worked example ( edit ) Consider the hypothetical VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788 , where the underscore will be the check digit . VIN 8 9 0 7 8 8 Value 8 7 9 0 7 0 7 8 8 Weight 8 7 6 5 10 0 9 8 7 6 5 Products 8 28 48 35 16 12 18 10 0 18 56 0 24 10 28 24 16 The VIN 's value is calculated from the above transliteration table . This number is used in the rest of the calculation . Copy the weights from the above weight factor table . The products row is the result of the multiplication of the vertical columns : Value and Weight . The products ( 8 , 28 , 48 , 35 ... 24 , 16 ) are all added together to yield a sum , 351 . Find the remainder after dividing by 11 351 MOD 11 = 10 351 ÷ 11 = 31 / The remainder is the check digit . If the remainder is 10 , the check digit is X . In this example , the remainder is 10 , so the check digit is transliterated as X . With a check digit of X , the VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788 is written 1M8GDM9AXKP042788 . A VIN with straight - ones ( seventeen consecutive 1s ) has the nice feature that its check digit 1 matches the calculated value 1 . This is because a value of one multiplied by 89 ( sum of weights ) is 89 , and 89 divided by 11 is 8 with remainder ⁄ ; thus 1 is the check digit . This is a way to test a VIN - check algorithm . Example code ( edit ) Java private static int transliterate ( char c ) ( return `` 0123456789. ABCDEFGH ... JKLMN. P.R.. STUVWXYZ ''. indexOf ( c ) % 10 ; ) private static char getCheckDigit ( String vin ) ( String map = `` 0123456789X '' ; String weights = `` 8765432X098765432 '' ; int sum = 0 ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < 17 ; + + i ) ( sum + = transliterate ( vin. charAt ( i ) ) * map. indexOf ( weights. charAt ( i ) ) ; ) return map. charAt ( sum % 11 ) ; ) private static boolean validate ( String vin ) ( if ( vin. length ( ) ! = 17 ) return false ; return getCheckDigit ( vin ) = = vin. charAt ( 8 ) ; ) VIN scanning ( edit ) VINs may be optically read with barcode scanners or digital cameras , or digitally read via OBD - II in newer vehicles . There are smartphone applications that can pass the VIN to websites to decode the VIN . List of common WMI ( edit ) The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) assigns the WMI ( world manufacturer identifier ) to countries and manufacturers . The following list shows a small selection of world manufacturer codes . WMI Manufacturer AAV ( South Africa ) Volkswagen AHT ( South Africa ) Toyota AFA ( South Africa ) Ford CL9 ( Tunisia ) Wallyscar JA ( Japan ) Isuzu JC1 ( Japan ) Fiat Automobiles / Mazda JF ( Japan ) Fuji Heavy Industries JHL ( Japan ) Honda JHM ( Japan ) Honda JMB ( Japan ) Mitsubishi JM6 ( Japan ) Mazda JN ( Japan ) Nissan JS ( Japan ) Suzuki JT ( Japan ) Toyota JY ( Japan ) Yamaha KL ( South Korea ) Daewoo / GM Korea KMH ( South Korea ) Hyundai KN ( South Korea ) Kia KPT ( South Korea ) SsangYong L6T ( China ) Geely LBE ( China ) Beijing Hyundai LBV ( China ) BMW Brilliance LDC ( China ) Dongfeng Peugeot - Citroën LE4 ( China ) Beijing Benz LFM ( China ) FAW Toyota ( Sichuan ) LFP ( China ) FAW Car LFV ( China ) FAW - Volkswagen LGB ( China ) Dongfeng Nissan LGJ ( China ) Dongfeng Fengshen LGW ( China ) Great Wall ( Havel ) LGX ( China ) BYD Auto LH1 ( China ) FAW Haima LHG ( China ) Guangzhou Honda LJ1 ( China ) JAC LJD ( China ) Dongfeng Yueda Kia LLV ( China ) Lifan LMG ( China ) GAC Trumpchi LPA ( China ) Changan PSA ( DS Automobiles ) LS5 ( China ) Changan Suzuki LSG ( China ) SAIC General Motors LSJ ( China ) SAIC MG LSV ( China ) SAIC Volkswagen LTV ( China ) FAW Toyota ( Tianjin ) LVG ( China ) GAC Toyota LVH ( China ) Dongfeng Honda LVR ( China ) Changan Mazda LVS ( China ) Changan Ford LVV ( China ) Chery LWV ( China ) GAC Fiat LZW ( China ) SAIC GM Wuling NMT ( Turkey ) Toyota NM0 ( Turkey ) Ford Otosan PL1 ( Malaysia ) Proton SAJ ( United Kingdom ) Jaguar SAL ( United Kingdom ) Land Rover SAR ( United Kingdom ) Rover SAT ( United Kingdom ) Triumph SB1 ( United Kingdom ) Toyota SCC ( United Kingdom ) Lotus Cars SCE ( United Kingdom ) DeLorean SFD ( United Kingdom ) Alexander Dennis SHH ( United Kingdom ) Honda SHS ( United Kingdom ) Honda SJN ( United Kingdom ) Nissan TCC ( Switzerland ) Micro Compact Car AG ( SMART 1998 - 1999 ) TMA ( Czech Republic ) Hyundai TMB ( Czech Republic ) Škoda TRU ( Hungary ) Audi TSM ( Hungary ) Suzuki U5Y ( Slovakia ) Kia UU ( Romania ) Dacia VA0 ( Austria ) ÖAF VF1 ( France ) Renault VF2 ( France ) Renault VF3 ( France ) Peugeot VF4 ( France ) Talbot VF5 ( France ) Iveco Unic SA VF6 ( France ) Renault Trucks / Volvo VF7 ( France ) Citroën VF8 ( France ) Matra / Talbot / Simca VF9 ( France ) Bugatti VFE ( France ) IvecoBus VNK ( France ) Toyota VSS ( Spain ) SEAT VV9 ( Spain ) Tauro Sport Auto WAG ( Germany ) Neoplan WAU ( Germany ) Audi WAP ( Germany ) Alpina WBA ( Germany ) BMW WBS ( Germany ) BMW M WBX ( Germany ) BMW WDB ( Germany ) Mercedes - Benz WDC , WDD , WMX ( Germany ) DaimlerChrysler AG / Daimler AG WEB ( Germany ) EvoBus WF0 ( Germany ) Ford of Europe WJM ( Germany ) Iveco WJR ( Germany ) Irmscher WKK ( Germany ) Karl Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke WMA ( Germany ) MAN WME ( Germany ) Smart WMW ( Germany ) Mini WP0 ( Germany ) Porsche car WP1 ( Germany ) Porsche SUV WUA ( Germany ) Quattro WVG ( Germany ) Volkswagen WVW ( Germany ) Volkswagen WV1 ( Germany ) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles WV2 ( Germany ) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles W0L ( Germany ) Opel / Vauxhall W0SV ( Germany ) Opel Special Vehicles XLR ( Netherlands ) DAF Trucks YK1 ( Finland ) Saab YS2 ( Sweden ) Scania , Södertälje YS3 ( Sweden ) Saab YS4 ( Sweden ) Scania , Katrineholm YTN ( Sweden ) Saab NEVS YV1 ( Sweden ) Volvo Cars YV2 ( Sweden ) Volvo Trucks YV3 ( Sweden ) Volvo Buses ZA9 ( Italy ) Bugatti ZAM ( Italy ) Maserati ZAR ( Italy ) Alfa Romeo ZCF ( Italy ) Iveco ZFA ( Italy ) Fiat Automobiles ZFF ( Italy ) Ferrari ZGA ( Italy ) IvecoBus ZHW ( Italy ) Lamborghini ZLA ( Italy ) Lancia 1B ( United States ) Dodge 1C ( United States ) Chrysler 1F ( United States ) Ford 1G ( United States ) General Motors 1G1 ( United States ) Chevrolet 1G3 ( United States ) Oldsmobile 1G9 ( United States ) Google 1GC ( United States ) Chevrolet 1GM ( United States ) Pontiac 1HG ( United States ) Honda 1J ( United States ) Jeep 1L ( United States ) Lincoln 1M ( United States ) Mercury 1N ( United States ) Nissan 1VW ( United States ) Volkswagen 1YV ( United States ) Mazda 2DG ( Canada ) Ontario Drive & Gear 2F ( Canada ) Ford 2G ( Canada ) General Motors 2G1 ( Canada ) Chevrolet 2G2 ( Canada ) Pontiac 2HG ( Canada ) Honda 2HH ( Canada ) Acura 2HJ ( Canada ) Honda 2HK ( Canada ) Honda 2HM ( Canada ) Hyundai 2M ( Canada ) Mercury 2T ( Canada ) Toyota 3F ( Mexico ) Ford 3G ( Mexico ) General Motors 3HG ( Mexico ) Honda 3HM ( Mexico ) Honda 3KP ( Mexico ) Kia 3N ( Mexico ) Nissan 3VW ( Mexico ) Volkswagen 4F ( United States ) Mazda 4J ( United States ) Mercedes - Benz 4M ( United States ) Mercury 4S3 ( United States ) Subaru 4S4 ( United States ) Subaru 4S6 ( United States ) Honda 4T ( United States ) Toyota 4US ( United States ) BMW 5FN ( United States ) Honda 5J6 ( United States ) Honda 5L ( United States ) Lincoln 5N ( United States ) Hyundai 5T ( United States ) Toyota 5X ( United States ) Hyundai / Kia 5YJ ( United States ) Tesla 55 ( United States ) Mercedes - Benz 6F ( Australia ) Ford 6G ( Australia ) General Motors 6G1 ( Australia ) Chevrolet 6G2 ( Australia ) Pontiac 6H ( Australia ) Holden 6MM ( Australia ) Mitsubishi 6T1 ( Australia ) Toyota 7A3 ( New Zealand ) Honda 8AP ( Argentina ) Fiat 8AF ( Argentina ) Ford 8AG ( Argentina ) General Motors 8AW ( Argentina ) Volkswagen 8AJ ( Argentina ) Toyota 8A1 ( Argentina ) Renault 8AC ( Argentina ) Mercedes Benz 8BC ( Argentina ) Citroën 8AD ( Argentina ) Peugeot 8C3 ( Argentina ) Honda 8AT ( Argentina ) Iveco 9BD ( Brazil ) Fiat Automóveis 9BG ( Brazil ) General Motors 9BW ( Brazil ) Volkswagen 9BF ( Brazil ) Ford 93H ( Brazil ) Honda 9BR ( Brazil ) Toyota 936 ( Brazil ) Peugeot 935 ( Brazil ) Citroën 93Y ( Brazil ) Renault 93X ( Brazil ) Souza Ramos - Mitsubishi / Suzuki 9BH ( Brazil ) Hyundai Motor Company / Hyundai 95P ( Brazil ) CAOA / Hyundai 94D ( Brazil ) Nissan 98R ( Brazil ) Chery 988 ( Brazil ) Jeep 98M ( Brazil ) BMW 9BM ( Brazil ) Mercedes Benz 99A ( Brazil ) Audi 99J ( Brazil ) JLR Jaguar Land Rover 9C2 ( Brazil ) Honda Motorcycles 9C6 ( Brazil ) Yamaha 9CD ( Brazil ) Suzuki Motorcycles 93W ( Brazil ) Fiat Professional 93Z ( Brazil ) Iveco 953 ( Brazil ) VW Trucks / MAN 9BS ( Brazil ) Scania 9BV ( Brazil ) Volvo Trucks 9UJ ( Uruguay ) Chery 9UK ( Uruguay ) Lifan 9UW ( Uruguay ) Kia See also ( edit ) Builder 's plate CarProof -- a Canadian vehicle history report that uses the VIN to provide details about a used vehicle 's documented history and lien information CARFAX - Created the first vehicle history report in 1986 using the newly standardized VIN Danish bicycle VIN - system Engine number Name plate Serial number VIN etching RPO Code References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vehicle Identification Numbers ( VINs ) '' . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` eCFR -- Code of Federal Regulations -- Title 49 : Transportation -- PART 565 -- VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ( VIN ) REQUIREMENTS '' . www.ecfr.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ComLaw Legislative Instruments -- Vehicle Standard ( Australian Design Rule 61 / 02 -- Vehicle Marking ) 2005 ( ADR 61 / 02 ) '' . Comlaw.gov.au . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ ISO 3779 : 2009 Road vehicles -- Vehicle identification number ( VIN ) -- Content and structure Jump up ^ ISO 3780 : 2009 Road vehicles -- World manufacturer identifier ( WMI ) code Jump up ^ `` United States Federal VIN Requirements ( Title 49 , Chapter V , Part 565 ) '' . Access.gpo.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Directive 76 / 114 / EEC - Automotive - Enterprise and Industry '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ISO 3780 : 2009 Road vehicles -- World manufacturer identifier ( WMI ) code '' . ISO. 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Vehicle Identification Numbers ( VIN codes ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vehicle Identification Number . ISO 3779 : 2009 FMVSS 115 , Part 565 VIN entry in the National Transportation Library FAQ ( hide ) Automotive design Part of a series of articles on cars Body Framework Car platform Backbone chassis Beltline Body - on - frame Bumper Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Dagmar bumpers Fender Fender skirts Grille Hood Hood scoop Monocoque Overhang Pillar Pontoon fenders Quarter panel Roof rack Shaker scoop Spoiler Stressed member engine Subframe Tonneau Trunk lid Compartments Trunk / boot / dickie Hood / bonnet Doors Butterfly doors Gull - wing door Scissor doors Sliding door Suicide door Vehicle canopy Glass Greenhouse Power window Quarter glass Opera window Sunroof Windshield / windscreen Windshield / windscreen wiper Other elements Bumper sticker Curb feeler Front - end bra Hood ornament Japan black Nerf bar Omniview technology Run - flat tire Spare tire Tire / tyre Tow hitch Truck accessory Window deflector Geometry Approach and departure angles Breakover angle Overhang Ride height Roll center Turning radius Weight distribution Exterior equipment Lighting Daytime running lamp Headlamp sealed beam high - intensity discharge lamp Hidden headlamps Turn signals trafficators Rear position lamps Stop lamps Reversing lamps Safety reflector retroreflector Other elements Vehicle horn Vehicle registration plate vanity plate Windshield / windscreen washer fluid Wing mirror power side - view mirror Legal Motor vehicle theft Vehicle identification number Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_identification_number&oldid=800406659 '' Categories : Automotive technologies Classification systems 1981 introductions Vehicle security systems Country codes Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 10 : 14 . 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when did they start putting vin numbers on cars

VINs were first used in 1954 . From 1954 to 1981 , there was no accepted standard for these numbers , so different manufacturers used different formats .

Informed consent - wikipedia Informed consent This article is about consent to medical procedures . For consent in non-medical legal contexts , see Consent . For the House episode , see Informed Consent ( House ) . Example of informed consent document from the PARAMOUNT trial Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person , or for disclosing personal information . A health care provider may ask a patient to consent to receive therapy before providing it , or a clinical researcher may ask a research participant before enrolling that person into a clinical trial . Informed consent is collected according to guidelines from the fields of medical ethics and research ethics . An informed consent can be said to have been given based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts , implications , and consequences of an action . Adequate informed consent is rooted in respecting a person 's dignity . To give informed consent , the individual concerned must have adequate reasoning faculties and be in possession of all relevant facts . Impairments to reasoning and judgment that may prevent informed consent include basic intellectual or emotional immaturity , high levels of stress such as posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) or a severe intellectual disability , severe mental disorder , intoxication , severe sleep deprivation , Alzheimer 's disease , or being in a coma . Obtaining informed consent is not always required . If an individual is considered unable to give informed consent , another person is generally authorized to give consent on his behalf , e.g. , parents or legal guardians of a child ( though in this circumstance the child may be required to provide informed assent ) and conservators for the mentally disordered , or consent can be assumed through the doctrine of implied consent , e.g. , when an unconscious person will die without immediate medical treatment . In cases where an individual is provided insufficient information to form a reasoned decision , serious ethical issues arise . Such cases in a clinical trial in medical research are anticipated and prevented by an ethics committee or Institutional Review Board . Informed Consent Form Templates can be found on the World Health Organization Website for practical use . Contents 1 Assessment 2 Valid elements 3 Waiver of requirement 4 History 4.1 Medical history 4.2 Research history 5 Medical procedures 5.1 Requirements of the professional 5.2 Obtaining informed consents 5.3 Competency of the patient 5.4 Deception 5.5 Abortion 6 Children 7 Research 8 Conflicts of interest 9 See also 10 References Assessment ( edit ) Informed consent can be complex to evaluate , because neither expressions of consent , nor expressions of understanding of implications , necessarily mean that full adult consent was in fact given , nor that full comprehension of relevant issues is internally digested . Consent may be implied within the usual subtleties of human communication , rather than explicitly negotiated verbally or in writing . In some cases consent can not legally be possible , even if the person protests he does indeed understand and wish . There are also structured instruments for evaluating capacity to give informed consent , although no ideal instrument presently exists . Thus , there is always a degree to which informed consent must be assumed or inferred based upon observation , or knowledge , or legal reliance . This especially is the case in sexual or relational issues . In medical or formal circumstances , explicit agreement by means of signature -- normally relied on legally -- regardless of actual consent , is the norm . This is the case with certain procedures , such as a `` do not resuscitate '' directive that a patient signed before onset of their illness . Brief examples of each of the above : A person may verbally agree to something from fear , perceived social pressure , or psychological difficulty in asserting true feelings . The person requesting the action may honestly be unaware of this and believe the consent is genuine , and rely on it . Consent is expressed , but not internally given . A person may claim to understand the implications of some action , as part of consent , but in fact has failed to appreciate the possible consequences fully and may later deny the validity of the consent for this reason . Understanding needed for informed consent is present but is , in fact ( through ignorance ) , not present . A person signs a legal release form for a medical procedure , and later feels he did not really consent . Unless he can show actual misinformation , the release is usually persuasive or conclusive in law , in that the clinician may rely legally upon it for consent . In formal circumstances , a written consent usually legally overrides later denial of informed consent ( unless obtained by misrepresentation ) . Informed consent in the U.S. can be overridden in emergency medical situations pursuant to 21CFR50. 24 , which was first brought to the general public 's attention via the controversy surrounding the study of Polyheme . Valid elements ( edit ) For an individual to give valid informed consent , three components must be present : disclosure , capacity and voluntariness . Disclosure requires the researcher to supply each prospective subject with the information necessary to make an autonomous decision and also to ensure that the subject adequate understands the information provided . This latter requirement implies that a written consent form be written in lay language suited for the comprehension skills of subject population , as well as assessing the level of understanding through conversation . Capacity pertains to the ability of the subject to both understand the information provided and form a reasonable judgment based on the potential consequences of his / her decision . Voluntariness refers to the subject 's right to freely exercise his / her decision making without being subjected to external pressure such as coercion , manipulation , or undue influence . Waiver of requirement ( edit ) Waiver of the consent requirement may be applied in certain circumstances where no foreseeable harm is expected to result from the study or when permitted by law , federal regulations , or if an ethical review committee has approved the non-disclosure of certain information . Besides studies with minimal risk , waivers of consent may be obtained in a military setting . According to 10 USC 980 , the United States Code for the Armed Forces , Limitations on the Use of Humans as Experimental Subjects , a waiver of advanced informed consent may be granted by the Secretary of Defense if a research project would : Directly benefit subjects . Advance the development of a medical product necessary to the military . Be carried out under all laws and regulations ( i.e. , Emergency Research Consent Waiver ) including those pertinent to the FDA . While informed consent is a basic right and should be carried out effectively , if a patient is incapacitated due to injury or illness , it is still important that patients benefit from emergency experimentation . The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and the Department of Health and Human Services ( DHHS ) joined together to create federal guidelines to permit emergency research , without informed consent . However , they can only proceed with the research if they obtain a waiver of informed consent ( WIC ) or an emergency exception from informed consent ( EFIC ) . History ( edit ) Spanish English Walter Reed authored these informed consent documents in 1900 for his research on yellow fever Informed consent is a technical term first used by attorney , Paul G. Gebhard , in a medical malpractice United States court case in 1957 . In tracing its history , some scholars have suggested tracing the history of checking for any of these practices : A patient agrees to a health intervention based on an understanding of it . The patient has multiple choices and is not compelled to choose a particular one . The consent includes giving permission . These practices are part of what constitutes informed consent , and their history is the history of informed consent . They combine to form the modern concept of informed consent -- which rose in response to particular incidents in modern research . Whereas various cultures in various places practiced informed consent , the modern concept of informed consent was developed by people who drew influence from Western tradition . Medical history ( edit ) Historians cite a series of medical guidelines to trace the history of informed consent in medical practice . The Hippocratic Oath , a 500 BC Greek text , was the first set of Western writings giving guidelines for the conduct of medical professionals . It advises that physicians conceal most information from patients to give the patients the best care . The rationale is a beneficence model for care -- the doctor knows better than the patient , and therefore should direct the patient 's care , because the patient is not likely to have better ideas than the doctor . Henri de Mondeville , a French surgeon who in the 14th century , wrote about medical practice . He traced his ideas to the Hippocratic Oath . Among his recommendations were that doctors `` promise a cure to every patient '' in hopes that the good prognosis would inspire a good outcome to treatment . Mondeville never mentioned getting consent , but did emphasize the need for the patient to have confidence in the doctor . He also advised that when deciding therapeutically unimportant details the doctor should meet the patients ' requests `` so far as they do not interfere with treatment '' . Benjamin Rush was an 18th - century United States physician who was influenced by the Age of Enlightenment cultural movement . Because of this , he advised that doctors ought to share as much information as possible with patients . He recommended that doctors educate the public and respect a patient 's informed decision to accept therapy . There is no evidence that he supported seeking a consent from patients . In a lecture titled `` On the duties of patients to their physicians '' , he stated that patients should be strictly obedient to the physician 's orders ; this was representative of much of his writings . John Gregory , Rush 's teacher , wrote similar views that a doctor could best practice beneficence by making decisions for the patients without their consent . Thomas Percival was a British physician who published a book called Medical Ethics in 1803 . Percival was a student of the works of Gregory and various earlier Hippocratic physicians . Like all previous works , Percival 's Medical Ethics makes no mention of soliciting for the consent of patients or respecting their decisions . Percival said that patients have a right to truth , but when the physician could provide better treatment by lying or withholding information , he advised that the physician do as he thought best . When the American Medical Association was founded they in 1847 produced a work called the first edition of the American Medical Association Code of Medical Ethics . Many sections of this book are verbatim copies of passages from Percival 's Medical Ethics . A new concept in this book was the idea that physicians should fully disclose all patient details truthfully when talking to other physicians , but the text does not also apply this idea to disclosing information to patients . Through this text , Percival 's ideas became pervasive guidelines throughout the United States as other texts were derived from them . Worthington Hooker was an American physician who in 1849 published Physician and Patient . This medical ethics book was radical demonstrating understanding of the AMA 's guidelines and Percival 's philosophy and soundly rejecting all directives that a doctor should lie to patients . In Hooker 's view , benevolent deception is not fair to the patient , and he lectured widely on this topic . Hooker 's ideas were not broadly influential . Research history ( edit ) Historians cite a series of human subject research experiments to trace the history of informed consent in research . The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission `` is considered the first research group in history to use consent forms . '' In 1900 , Major Walter Reed was appointed head of the four man U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba that determined mosquitoes were the vector for yellow fever transmission . His earliest experiments were probably done without formal documentation of informed consent . In later experiments he obtained support from appropriate military and administrative authorities . He then drafted what is now `` one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents . '' The three surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations ; two have an individual 's signature and one is marked with an X . Tearoom Trade is the name of a book by American psychologist Laud Humphreys . In it he describes his research into male homosexual acts . In conducting this research he never sought consent from his research subjects and other researchers raised concerns that he violated the right to privacy for research participants . The Milgram experiment is the name of a 1961 experiment conducted by American psychologist Stanley Milgram . In the experiment Milgram had an authority figure order research participants to commit a disturbing act of harming another person . After the experiment he would reveal that he had deceived the participants and that they had not hurt anyone , but the research participants were upset at the experience of having participated in the research . The experiment raised broad discussion on the ethics of recruiting participants for research without giving them full information about the nature of the research . Chester M. Southam used HeLa cells to inject into cancer patients and Ohio State Penitentiary inmates without informed consent to determine if people could become immune to cancer and if cancer could be transmitted . Medical procedures ( edit ) The doctrine of informed consent relates to professional negligence and establishes a breach of the duty of care owed to the patient ( see duty of care , breach of the duty , and respect for persons ) . The doctrine of informed consent also has significant implications for medical trials of medications , devices , or procedures . Requirements of the professional ( edit ) Until 2015 in the United Kingdom and in countries such as Malaysia and Singapore , informed consent in medical procedures requires proof as to the standard of care to expect as a recognised standard of acceptable professional practice ( the Bolam Test ) , that is , what risks would a medical professional usually disclose in the circumstances ( see Loss of right in English law ) . Arguably , this is `` sufficient consent '' rather than `` informed consent . '' The UK has since departed from the Bolam test for judging standards of informed consent , due to the landmark ruling in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board . This moves away from the concept of a reasonable physician and instead uses the standard of a reasonable patient , and what risks an individual would attach significance to . Medicine in the United States , Australia , and Canada also takes this patient - centric approach to `` informed consent . '' Informed consent in these jurisdictions requires healthcare providers to disclose significant risks , as well as risks of particular importance to that patient . This approach combines an objective ( a hypothetical reasonable patient ) and subjective ( this particular patient ) approach . The doctrine of informed consent should be contrasted with the general doctrine of medical consent , which applies to assault or battery . The consent standard here is only that the person understands , in general terms , the nature of and purpose of the intended intervention . As the higher standard of informed consent applies to negligence , not battery , the other elements of negligence must be made out . Significantly , causation must be shown : That had the individual been made aware of the risk he would not have proceeded with the operation ( or perhaps with that surgeon ) . Optimal establishment of an informed consent requires adaptation to cultural or other individual factors of the patient . For example , people from Mediterranean and Arab appear to rely more on the context of the delivery of the information , with the information being carried more by who is saying it and where , when , and how it 's being said , rather than what is said , which is of relatively more importance in typical `` Western '' countries . The informed consent doctrine is generally implemented through good healthcare practice : pre-operation discussions with patients and the use of medical consent forms in hospitals . However , reliance on a signed form should not undermine the basis of the doctrine in giving the patient an opportunity to weigh and respond to the risk . In one British case , a doctor performing routine surgery on a woman noticed that she had cancerous tissue in her womb . He took the initiative to remove the woman 's womb ; however , as she had not given informed consent for this operation , the doctor was judged by the General Medical Council to have acted negligently . The council stated that the woman should have been informed of her condition , and allowed to make her own decision . Obtaining informed consents ( edit ) To capture and manage informed consents , hospital management systems typically use paper - based consent forms which are scanned and stored in a document handling system after obtaining the necessary signatures . Hospital systems and research organizations are adopting an electronic way of capturing informed consents to enable indexing , to improve comprehension , search and retrieval of consent data , thus enhancing the ability to honor to patient intent and identify willing research participants . More recently , Health Sciences South Carolina , a statewide research collaborative focused on transforming healthcare quality , health information systems and patient outcomes , developed an open - source system called Research Permissions Management System ( RPMS ) . Competency of the patient ( edit ) The ability to give informed consent is governed by a general requirement of competency . In common law jurisdictions , adults are presumed competent to consent . This presumption can be rebutted , for instance , in circumstances of mental illness or other incompetence . This may be prescribed in legislation or based on a common - law standard of inability to understand the nature of the procedure . In cases of incompetent adults , a health care proxy makes medical decisions . In the absence of a proxy , the medical practitioner is expected to act in the patient 's best interests until a proxy can be found . By contrast , ' minors ' ( which may be defined differently in different jurisdictions ) are generally presumed incompetent to consent , but depending on their age and other factors may be required to provide Informed assent . In some jurisdictions ( e.g. much of the U.S. ) , this is a strict standard . In other jurisdictions ( e.g. England , Australia , Canada ) , this presumption may be rebutted through proof that the minor is ' mature ' ( the ' Gillick standard ' ) . In cases of incompetent minors , informed consent is usually required from the parent ( rather than the ' best interests standard ' ) although a parens patriae order may apply , allowing the court to dispense with parental consent in cases of refusal . Deception ( edit ) Research involving deception is controversial given the requirement for informed consent . Deception typically arises in social psychology , when researching a particular psychological process requires that investigators deceive subjects . For example , in the Milgram experiment , researchers wanted to determine the willingness of participants to obey authority figures despite their personal conscientious objections . They had authority figures demand that participants deliver what they thought was an electric shock to another research participant . For the study to succeed , it was necessary to deceive the participants so they believed that the subject was a peer and that their electric shocks caused the peer actual pain . Nonetheless , research involving deception prevents the subject / patient from exercising his / her basic right of autonomous informed decision - making and conflicts with the ethical principle of respect for persons . The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct set by the American Psychological Association says that psychologists may not conduct research that includes a deceptive compartment unless they can justify the act by the value and importance of the study 's results , and show they could n't obtain the results by some other way . Moreover , the research should bear no potential harm to the subject as an outcome of deception , be it physical pain or emotional distress . Finally , the code requires a debriefing session , in which the experimenter tells the subject about the deception , and gives subjects the option of withdrawing their data . Abortion ( edit ) In some U.S. states , informed consent laws ( sometimes called `` right to know '' laws ) require that a woman seeking an elective abortion receive information from the abortion provider about her legal rights , alternatives to abortion ( such as adoption ) , available public and private assistance , and other information specified in the law , before the abortion is performed . Other countries with such laws ( e.g. Germany ) require that the information giver be properly certified to make sure that no abortion is carried out for the financial gain of the abortion provider and to ensure that the decision to have an abortion is not swayed by any form of incentive . Some informed consent laws have been criticized for allegedly using `` loaded language in an apparently deliberate attempt to ' personify ' the fetus , '' but those critics acknowledge that `` most of the information in the ( legally mandated ) materials about abortion comports with recent scientific findings and the principles of informed consent '' , although `` some content is either misleading or altogether incorrect . '' Children ( edit ) As children often lack the decision making ability or legal power ( competence ) to provide true informed consent for medical decisions , it often falls on parents or legal guardians to provide informed permission for medical decisions . This `` consent by proxy '' usually works reasonably well , but can lead to ethical dilemmas when the judgment of the parents or guardians and the medical professional differ with regard to what constitutes appropriate decisions `` in the best interest of the child '' . Children who are legally emancipated , and certain situations such as decisions regarding sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy , or for unemancipated minors who are deemed to have medical decision making capacity , may be able to provide consent without the need for parental permission depending on the laws of the jurisdiction the child lives in . The American Academy of Pediatrics encourages medical professionals also to seek the assent of older children and adolescents by providing age appropriate information to these children to help empower them in the decision making process . Research on children has benefited society in many ways . The only effective way to establish normal patterns of growth and metabolism is to do research on infants and young children . When addressing the issue of informed consent with children , the primary response is parental consent . This is valid , although only legal guardians are able to consent for a child , not adult siblings . Additionally , parents may not order the termination of a treatment that is required to keep a child alive , even if they feel it is in the best interest . Guardians are typically involved in the consent of children , however a number of doctrines have developed that allow children to receive health treatments without parental consent . For example , emancipated minors may consent to medical treatment , and minors can also consent in an emergency . Research ( edit ) Informed consent is part of the ethical clinical research as well , in which a human subject voluntarily confirms his or her willingness to participate in a particular clinical trial , after having been informed of all aspects of the trial that are relevant to the subject 's decision to participate . Informed consent is documented by means of a written , signed , and dated informed consent form . In medical research , the Nuremberg Code set a base international standard in 1947 , which continued to develop , for example in response to the ethical violation in the Holocaust . Nowadays , medical research is overseen by an ethics committee that also oversees the informed consent process . As the medical guidelines established in the Nuremberg Code were imported into the ethical guidelines for the social sciences , informed consent became a common part of the research procedure . However , while informed consent is the default in medical settings , it is not always required in the social science . Here , research often involves low or no risk for participants , unlike in many medical experiments . Second , the mere knowledge that they participate in a study can cause people to alter their behavior , as in the Hawthorne Effect : `` In the typical lab experiment , subjects enter an environment in which they are keenly aware that their behavior is being monitored , recorded , and subsequently scrutinized . '' In such cases , seeking informed consent directly interferes with the ability to conduct the research , because the very act of revealing that a study is being conducted is likely to alter the behavior studied . List exemplifies the potential dilemma that can result : `` if one were interested in exploring whether , and to what extent , race or gender influences the prices that buyers pay for used cars , it would be difficult to measure accurately the degree of discrimination among used car dealers who know that they are taking part in an experiment . '' In cases where such interference is likely , and after careful consideration , a researcher may forgo the informed consent process . This is commonly done after weighting the risk to study participants versus the benefit to society and whether participants are present in the study out of their own wish and treated fairly . Researchers often consult with an ethics committee or institutional review board to render a decision . The birth of new online media , such as social media , has complicated the idea of informed consent . In an online environment people pay little attention to Terms of Use agreements and can subject themselves to research without thorough knowledge . This issue came to the public light following a study conducted by Facebook Inc. in 2014 , and published by that company and Cornell University . Facebook conducted a study where they altered the Facebook News Feeds of roughly 700,000 users to reduce either the amount of positive or negative posts they saw for a week . The study then analyzed if the users status updates changed during the different conditions . The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . The lack of informed consent led to outrage among many researchers and users . Many believed that by potentially altering the mood of users by altering what posts they see , Facebook put at - risk individuals at higher dangers for depression and suicide . However , supports of Facebook claim that Facebook details that they have the right to use information for research in their terms of use . Others say the experiment is just a part of Facebook 's current work , which alters News Feeds algorithms continually to keep people interested and coming back to the site . Others pointed out that this specific study is not along but that news organizations constantly try out different headlines using algorithms to elicit emotions and garner clicks or Facebook shares . They say this Facebook study is no different than things people already accept . Still , others say that Facebook broke the law when conducting the experiment on user that did n't give informed consent . The Facebook study controversy raises numerous questions about informed consent and the differences in the ethical review process between publicly and privately funded research . Some say Facebook was within its limits and others see the need for more informed consent and / or the establishment of in - house private review boards . Conflicts of interest ( edit ) Other , long - standing controversies underscore the role for conflicts of interest among medical school faculty and researchers . For example , coverage of University of California ( UC ) medical school faculty members has included news of ongoing corporate payments to researchers and practitioners from companies that market and produce the very devices and treatments they recommend to patients . Robert Pedowitz , the former chairman of UCLA 's orthopedic surgery department , reported concern that his colleague 's financial conflicts of interest could negatively affect patient care or research into new treatments . In a subsequent lawsuit about whistleblower retaliation , the University provided a $10 million settlement to Pedowitz while acknowledging no wrongdoing . Consumer Watchdog , an oversight group , observed that University of CA policies were `` either inadequate or unenforced ... Patients in UC hospitals deserve the most reliable surgical devices and medication ... and they should n't be treated as subjects in expensive experiments . '' Other UC incidents include taking the eggs of women for implantation into other women without consent and injecting live bacteria into human brains , resulting in potentially premature deaths . See also ( edit ) Anti-Psychiatry Belmont Report Consent ( BDSM ) Consent ( criminal law ) Consensual crime Declaration of Geneva Declaration of Helsinki Doe ex . rel . Tarlow v. District of Columbia Free , prior and informed consent Human experimentation Human experimentation in the United States Informed assent Informed consent in sociocratic decision - making Informed refusal International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Mature minor doctrine Minors and abortion Parental consent Patient safety Safe , sane and consensual Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital World Medical Association Therapeutic misconception Executive Order 13139 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elsayyad , Ahmed . `` Informed Consent for Comparative Effectiveness Trials '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 370 : 1958 -- 1960 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc1403310 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Informed Consent Form Templates '' . who.int . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Faden , R.R. ; Beauchamp , T.L. ( 1986 ) . A History and Theory of Informed Consent . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503686 - 7 . Jump up ^ Beauchamp , Tom L. ; Childress , James F. ( 1994 ) . Principles of Biomedical Ethics ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508536 - 1 . Jump up ^ Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences ( CIOMS ) and World Health Organization ( WHO ) Geneva , Switzerland , 2002 . `` International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 23 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McManus , J. , J ; S.G. Mehta ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Informed consent and ethical issues in military medical research '' . Academic Emergency Medicine . 12 ( 11 ) : 1120 -- 1126 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1553 - 2712.2005. tb00839. x . PMID 16264083 . ^ Jump up to : Baren , Jill . `` Informed Consent to Human Experimentation '' . Springer Publishing Company . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Eric ( 26 August 1997 ) . `` P.G. Gebhard , 69 , Developer Of the Term ' Informed Consent ' - New York Times '' . The New York Times . New York : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Faden , Ruth R. ; Beauchamp , Tom L. ; King , Nancy M.P. ( 1986 ) . A history and theory of informed consent ( Online ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 5036867 . Jump up ^ Burns , Chester R. ( 1977 ) . Legacies in ethics and medicine . New York : Science History Publications . ISBN 9780882021669 . In this book see Mary Catherine Welborn 's excerpts from her 1966 The long tradition : A study in fourteenth - century medical deontology Jump up ^ Katz , Jay ; Alexander Morgan Capron ( 2002 ) . The silent world of doctor and patient ( Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0801857805 . Jump up ^ Burns , Chester R. ( 1977 ) . Legacies in ethics and medicine . New York : Science History Publications . ISBN 9780882021669 . In this book see De Mondeville 's `` On the morals and ethics of medicine '' from Ethics in Medicine Jump up ^ Gregory , John ( 1772 ) . Lectures on the Duties and Qualifications of a Physician . Jump up ^ Cutter , Laura . `` Walter Reed , Yellow Fever , and Informed Consent '' . Military Medicine . 181 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 91 . doi : 10.7205 / milmed - d - 15 - 00430 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba - U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission '' . U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba - U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission '' . U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Babbie , Earl ( 2010 ) . The practice of social research ( 12th ed . ) . Belmont , Calif : Wadsworth Cengage . ISBN 0495598410 . ^ Jump up to : Baumrind , D. ( 1964 ) . `` Some thoughts on ethics of research : After reading Milgram 's `` Behavioral Study of Obedience . '' `` . American Psychologist. 19 ( 6 ) : 421 -- 423 . doi : 10.1037 / h0040128 . Jump up ^ Skloot , Rebecca ( 2010 ) . The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks . New York : Braodway Paperbacks . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Too Much Information : Informed Consent in Cultural Context . By Joseph J. Fins and Pablo Rodriguez del Pozo . Medscape 07 / 18 / 2011 Jump up ^ `` Health Sciences South Carolina '' . healthsciencessc.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Chalil Madathil , K. ; Koikkara , R. ; Gramopadhye , A.K. ; Greenstein , J.S. ( 2011 ) . `` An Empirical Study of the Usability of Consenting Systems : IPad , Touchscreen and Paper - based Systems '' . Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting . 55 : 813 -- 817 . doi : 10.1177 / 1071181311551168 . Jump up ^ Chalil Madathil , K. ; Koikkara , R. ; Obeid , J. ; Greenstein , J.S. ; Sanderson , I.C. ; Fryar , K. ; Moskowitz , J. ; Gramopadhye , A.K. ( 2013 ) . `` An investigation of the efficacy of electronic consenting interfaces of research permissions management system in a hospital setting '' . International Journal of Medical Informatics. 82 ( 9 ) : 854 -- 863 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijmedinf. 2013.04. 008 . PMC 3779682 . PMID 23757370 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , I.C. ; Obeid , J.S. ; Madathil , K.C. ; Gerken , K. ; Fryar , K. ; Rugg , D. ; Alstad , C.E. ; Alexander , R. ; Brady , K.T. ; Gramopadhye , A.K. ; Moskowitz , J. ( 2013 ) . `` Managing clinical research permissions electronically : A novel approach to enhancing recruitment and managing consents '' . Clinical Trials. 10 ( 4 ) : 604 -- 611 . doi : 10.1177 / 1740774513491338 . PMC 4213063 . PMID 23785065 . Jump up ^ `` HSSC / RPMS GitHub '' . github.com . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Health Sciences South Carolina '' . healthsciencessc.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ 2 . American Psychological Association . ( 2002 ) . `` 2010 Amendments to the American Psychological Association ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Taupitz , Jochen ; Weschka , Marion ( 2009 ) . CHIMBRIDS - Chimeras and Hybrids in Comparative European and International Research : Scientific , Ethical , Philosophical and Legal Aspects . Volume 34 of Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Deutsches , Europäisches und Internationales Medizinrecht , Gesundheitsrecht und Bioethik der Universitäten Heidelberg und Mannheim . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 298 . ISBN 9783540938699 . Jump up ^ Dieper , Susanne ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` The Legal Framework of Abortions in Germany '' . American Institute for Contemporary German Studies . Johns Hopkins University . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gold , Rachel and Nash , Elizabeth. State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent , Guttmacher Policy Review , Fall 2007 , Volume 10 , Number 4 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Chinue and Nash , Elizabeth . `` Misinformed Consent : The Medical Accuracy of State - Developed Abortion Counseling Materials '' , Guttmacher Policy Review Fall 2006 , Volume 9 , Number 4 . Jump up ^ Committee on Bioethics ( 1995 ) . `` Informed consent , parental permission , and assent in pediatric practice '' ( PDF ) . Pediatrics. 95 ( 2 ) : 314 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Annas , Glantz , Katz , George , Leonard , Barbara ( 1977 ) . Informed Consent to Human Experimentation . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Ballinger Publishing Company . pp. 63 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 88410 - 147 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E6/E6_R1_Guideline.pdf Jump up ^ Homan , R. ( 1991 ) . The Ethics of Social Research . London ; New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05879 - 1 . Jump up ^ Levitt , S.D. ; List , J.A. ( 2007 ) . `` What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Reveal about the Real World ? '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 21 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 174 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 21.2. 153 . JSTOR 30033722 . Jump up ^ List , J.A. ; List , J.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Informed Consent in Social Science '' . Science . 322 ( 5902 ) : 672 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 322.5902. 672a . Jump up ^ Levitt , S.D. ; List , J.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Field experiments in economics : The past , the present , and the future '' . European Economic Review . 53 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / j. euroecorev. 2008.12. 001 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Adam ; Guillory , Jaime ; Jeffrey , Hancock ( 2014 ) . `` Experimental evidence of massive - scale emotional contagion through social networks '' . PNAS. 111 : 8788 -- 90 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1320040111 . PMC 4066473 . PMID 24889601 . Jump up ^ LANIER , Jaron . `` Should Facebook Manipulate Users ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Danah . `` What does the Facebook experiment teach us ? '' . Social Media Collective Research Blog . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watts , Duncan . `` Stop complaining about the Facebook study . It 's a golden age for research '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grimmelmann , James . `` Illegal , Immoral , and Mood - Altering How Facebook and OkCupid Broke the Law When They Experimented on Users '' . Medium . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salganik , Matt . `` After the Facebook emotional contagion experiment : A proposal for a positive path forward '' . Freedom to Tinker . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petersen , Melody. ( 2014 , May 25 ) . UC system struggles with professors ' outside earnings . Orange County Register . Retrieved from http://www.ocregister.com/articles/university-615629-ucla-corporate.html ^ Jump up to : Terhune , Chad ( 2014 , April 25 ) . More scrutiny for UCLA 's School of Medicine . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-ucla-outside-money-20140426-story.html#ixzz30BvcCJIV Jump up ^ Yoshino , Kimi. ( 2006 , January 20 ) . UC Irvine Fertility Scandal Is n't Over : While seeking to limit its liability , college admits it failed to inform many patients of wrongdoing . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/20/local/me-uci20 Jump up ^ The Sacramento Bee. ( 2013 , August 25 ) . UC Davis surgeons resign after bacteria - in - brain dispute . Retrieved from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . Research participant rights Rights Beneficence Justice Respect for persons Privacy for research participants Right to withdraw Return of results Informed consent Human subject research Clinical research Biobank Social research Ethical systems Research ethics Medical ethics Bioethics Clinical research ethics Biobank ethics Guidelines for human subject research List of medical ethics cases Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki Belmont Report Common Rule Monitoring in clinical trials Ethics committee Institutional review board Data monitoring committee Community advisory board Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Informed_consent&oldid=856893508 '' Categories : Medical ethics Human subject research Clinical research ethics Concepts in ethics Clinical trials University of California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 06 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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where did the concept of informed consent first appear officially

Informed consent is a technical term first used by attorney , Paul G. Gebhard , in a medical malpractice United States court case in 1957 . In tracing its history , some scholars have suggested tracing the history of checking for any of these practices :

List of Tracy Beaker series characters - wikipedia List of Tracy Beaker series characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the characters who have appeared in the BAFTA - award - winning trilogy of CBBC children 's drama series The Story of Tracy Beaker , Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground , which have spanned thirteen years between them . Connor Byrne , who plays Mike Milligan , is currently appearing in his tenth series and has been in all three programme . Dani Harmer has played the lead character Tracy Beaker in The Story Of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns for eight series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Current characters 2.1 Mike Milligan 2.2 Tyler Lewis 2.3 Jody Jackson 2.4 Floss Guppy 2.5 May - Li Wang 2.6 Ryan Reeves 2.7 Toni Trent 2.8 Billie Trent 2.9 Finn McLaine 2.10 Sasha Bellman 2.11 Dexter Bellman 2.12 Chloe Reeves 2.13 Joseph Stubbs 2.14 Archie Able 2.15 Candi - Rose 2.16 Alex Walker 3 Past characters 3.1 Tracy Beaker 3.2 Cam Lawson 3.3 Justine Littlewood 3.4 Elaine Boyak 3.5 Duke Ellington 3.6 Jenny Edwards 3.7 Louise Goven 3.8 Adele Azupadi 3.9 Ben Batambuze 3.10 Peter Ingham 3.11 Ryan 3.12 Zac 3.13 Maxy King 3.14 Nathan Jones 3.15 Bouncer Plakova 3.16 Lol Plakova 3.17 Dolly 3.18 Amber Hurst 3.19 Shelley Appleton 3.20 Crash 3.21 Michael Grys 3.22 Jackie Hopper 3.23 Marco Maloney 3.24 Hayley 3.25 Layla Jones 3.26 Sid Rooney 3.27 Chantal Wellard 3.28 Rio Wellard 3.29 Roxy Wellard 3.30 Wolfie 3.31 Rebecca Chalmers 3.32 Milly 3.33 Alice 3.34 Gina Conway 3.35 Sapphire Fox 3.36 Frank Matthews 3.37 Liam O'Donovan 3.38 Lily Kettle 3.39 Toby Coleman 3.40 Gus Carmichael 3.41 Rosie Kettle 3.42 Poppy Kettle 3.43 Johnny Taylor 3.44 Seth Foreman 3.45 Elektra Perkins 3.46 Rick Barber 3.47 Faith Davis 3.48 Harry Jones 3.49 Tee Taylor 3.50 Carmen Howle 3.51 Mo Michaels 3.52 Bailey Wharton 3.53 Mischief 3.54 Kazima Tako 4 Guest characters 4.1 Steve Littlewood 4.2 Carrie 4.3 Christie Perry 4.4 Matt Perry 4.5 Rob 4.6 Steve Kettle 4.7 Jack O'Donovan 4.8 Kingsley Jackson 4.9 Denise Jackson 4.10 Sally Lewis 4.11 Lucy Taylor 4.12 Kelly Bellman 5 Others 5.1 The Story of Tracy Beaker 5.2 Tracy Beaker Returns 5.3 The Dumping Ground 6 See also 7 References Cast ( edit ) Character Actor The Story of Tracy Beaker Tracy Beaker Returns The Dumping Ground Series 1 ( 2002 ) Series 2 ( 2003 ) Series 3 ( 2003 -- 04 ) Series 4 ( 2004 -- 05 ) Series 5 ( 2005 ) Series 1 ( 2010 ) Series 2 ( 2011 ) Series 3 ( 2012 ) Series 1 ( 2013 ) Series 2 ( 2014 ) Series 3 ( 2015 ) Series 4 ( 2016 ) Series 5 ( 2017 ) Tracy Beaker Dani Harmer Main Mike Milligan Connor Byrne Main Main Duke Clive Rowe Main Jenny Edwards Sharlene Whyte Main Justine Littlewood Montanna Thompson Main Guest Main Guest Louise Goven Chelsie Padley Main Recurring Ben Batamabuze Luke Youngblood Main Adele Azupadi Rochelle Gadd Main Maxy King Jerome Holder Main Peter Ingham Joe Starrs Main Ryan Sonny Muslim Main Zac Jay Haher Main Elaine Boyak Nisha Nayar Main Cam Lawson Lisa Coleman Main Recurring Main Recurring Bouncer Plakova Ben Hanson Main Recurring Lol Plakova Ciaran Joyce Main Dolly Chloe Hibbert Waters Main Nathan Jones James Cartwright Main Amber Hurst Alicia Hooper Main Shelley Appleton Nicola Reynolds Main Recurring Crash Darragh Mortell Main Hayley Kristal Lau Main Layla Cara Readle Main Chloe Tori Jarre Main Marco Maloney Jack Edwards Main Michael Grys William Tomlin Main Jackie Hopper Abby Rakic - Platt Main Sid Rooney Vincenzo Pellegrino Main Chantal Wellard Deepal Palmar Main Recurring Rio Wellard Craig Roberts Main Roxy Wellard Sophie Borja Main Wolfie Joe Cullen Main Rebecca Chalmers Georgina Hagen Main Milly Holly Gibbs Main Alice Olivia Grant Main Gina Conway Kay Purcell Main Carmen Howle Amy - Leigh Hickman Main Frank Matthews Chris Slater Main Guest Gus Carmichael Noah Marullo Main Harry Jones Philip Graham Scott Main Johnny Taylor Joe Maw Main Liam O'Donovan Richard Wisker Main Guest Lily Kettle Jessie Williams Main Poppy Kettle Katie Anderson Recurring Rosie Kettle Claudia Colling Recurring Millie Redfearn Sapphire Fox Saffron Coomber Main Tee Taylor Mia McKenna - Bruce Main Toby Coleman John Bell Main Elektra Perkins Jessica Revell Main Rick Barber Daniel Pearson Main Tyler Lewis Miles Butler - Hughton Main Jody Jackson Kia Pegg Main Faith Davis Leanne Dunstan Main Guest Floss Guppy Sarah Rayson Main Mo Michaels Reece Buttery Main May - Li Wang Stacy Liu Main Bailey Wharton Kasey McKellar Main Kazima Tako Akuc Bol Recurring Main Ryan Reeves Lewis Hamilton Main Billie Trent Gwen Currant Main Toni Trent Nelly Currant Main Finn McLaine Ruben Reuter Main Sasha Bellman Annabelle Davis Main Dexter Bellman Alexander Aze Guest Main Mischief Sage Recurring Chloe Reeves Hannah Moncur Recurring Main Joseph Stubbs Yousef Naseer Recurring Main Archie Able Jethro Baliba Recurring Main Candi - Rose Carma Hylton Main Alex Connor Lawson Main Current characters ( edit ) Mike Milligan ( edit ) Mike Milligan Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Connor Byrne Duration 2002 , 2005 , 2010 -- First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Created by Jaqueline Wilson Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 , 2010 ) Foz Allan ( 2013 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Care worker House chef Head care worker Michael `` Mike '' Milligan MBE , made his first appearance on 8 January 2002 in series 1 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Tracy Returns to The Dumping Ground and departed in The End ! . Mike returned in series 5 during the episode Caring and Sharing as a temporary care worker . He became head care worker in Operation Careworker . Mike appeared in all 3 series of Tracy Beaker Returns and so far , all series of The Dumping Ground . Mike is the longest serving character in the Tracy Beaker Franchise being in the very first episode back in 2002 as well as appearing in the books . Mike is tall and slim , with grey hair and blue eyes . He is portrayed as a lovable , kind but firm guardian to the children in his care , able to deliver anger and humour to the children in equal doses . He has shared many emotional moments with the children . He is seen like a father figure to many of them , in particular to Tracy , Justine , Peter , Carmen , Tee and Harry , something they have mentioned . Mike makes his first appearance in the first episode of `` The Story of Tracy Beaker '' ; he is a care worker at Stowey House , and has been for some time -- he is already on good terms with Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) , thinking she 's a ' good kid on the whole ' . He leaves at the end of series 1 after an emergency call in another care home . Mike returns in series 5 as Elm Tree House 's new chef . When Head Care Worker , Shelley Appelton ( Nicola Reynolds ) , decides to leave Elm Tree House she holds interviews for possible head care workers , who none of the young people like , so they beg Mike to take up the role , which he does . The character of Mike returns in `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , appearing in every episode of the show ; it is implied that he never left Elm Tree House and continued to act as Head Care Worker . Mike is first seen with Gina Conway ( Kay Purcell ) when he is saying that they need more staff . He is then seen collecting Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) from the local police station and meets Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) after she is arrested for fraud . Mike offers her a job at the Dumping Ground because it is short staffed , with only himself and Gina Conway ( Kay Purcell ) working there . As a result of this , Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) and Mike to get to know each other again and become closer . In the third series of the show , Mike is offered an MBE and accepts it , and later in the series he only just survives when a roof falls on him . Mike continues to appear as Head Care Worker throughout `` The Dumping Ground '' ; in the first episode he leaves to go on holiday , only for chaos to occur at Elm Tree House until he returns at the end of the second episode , although he knows nothing about it as Gina Conway ( Kay Purcell ) worries he may not take another holiday again In the fourth series on the eighth episode Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) reports Mike to the police , as Mike 's car has been broken into , with Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) file inside the car , and it had been stolen . However it is revealed that Ryan Reeves ( Lewis Hamilton ) took the file as revenge for Mike telling the kids about his history , though he was only protecting Ryan Reeves ( Lewis Hamilton ) . Mike forgives Ryan Reeves ( Lewis Hamilton ) and agrees not to tell everyone . They end their feud . Tyler Lewis ( edit ) Tyler Lewis Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Miles Butler - Hughton Duration 2012 -- First appearance Slow Burn 6 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Sally Lewis Tyler Lewis , portrayed by Miles Butler - Hughton , made his first appearance on 6 January 2012 in series 3 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Slow Burn : Part 1 . In Slow Burn , Carmen recognises him as the young joker whom she blames for nicking her stuff while she was at Burnywood , after he and three other children from Burnywood arrive at Elm Tree House following a fire . They reignite their turbulent relationship , Tyler proves himself to be a prankster , however he reveals his softer side when he breaks down in tears as he sees the burnt remains of the only birthday card his mother ever gave to him . In series two of `` The Dumping Ground '' , Tyler 's mum decides to visit but Tyler then discovers she is not taking her medication for her bipolar disorder , so he gets angry , but eventually they reconcile . Tyler was put in care because his mother was ill so she could n't look after him properly . Tyler does n't know his dad but in one episode - `` BABY '' - Tyler scams Johnny into thinking his dad is a billionaire . Jody Jackson ( edit ) Jody Jackson Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Kia Pegg Duration 2012 -- First appearance `` Jody Jackson '' 9 March 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Denise Jackson Brothers Kingsley Jackson Luke Jackson Jody Jackson , portrayed by Kia Pegg , made her first appearance on 9 March 2012 in series 3 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Jody Jackson . During her first appearance , she is portrayed as being like a tramp , having lived in squalor ; she is dressed in simple clothes and smells terrible -- this means Carmen develops a low opinion of her , before she discovers she is sharing with her . Carmen immediately resents and is unsympathetic to Jody and feels that her presence is intrusive . When she reveals she is afraid to take a bath , Tracy entices her with bath jelly , which Jody seems to like . Jody tells Tracy that her mother used to scrub her with a scrubbing brush , only when the Social Worker attended . She also reveals that when she was naughty , people used to hold her under the water . Jody borrows a cardigan from Carmen . Elektra responds by locking Jody in the toy cupboard . Jody manages to escape by knocking out one of the wood panels from the door . Jody then disappears and Tracy thinks that Jody might have gone to her old home , where Jody used to live with her mother and Jody 's brothers . Mike and Tracy arrive to find the place vacant , with the exception of Jody . Carmen shows compassion towards Jody later on in the episode . Later in the night , Carmen , Gus and Gina discover Jody sleeping under the kitchen table . Jody says that she was scared to sleep in a room with another person . A very sympathetic Gina offers to make up a bed for Jody in the quiet room . The episode concludes with Elektra and Sapphire sharing a room so that Jody is able to have a room of her own . In Goodbye Tracy Beaker , new careworker Melanie saves Jody 's life when Jody goes into anaphylactic shock . In `` Jody in Wonderland '' , Jody 's dilemma over having to give a witness statement against her brother Kingsley propels her into a Wonderland-esque world full of bubbly characters -- her experiences in Wonderland eventually make her realise that she needs to testify against her brother . Jody was put into care because she was found alone in her house . It is later revealed that her big brother , Kingsley , used to abuse her and her mother did n't care . It does n't say anything about her dad so we do n't really know anything about him . Floss Guppy ( edit ) Floss Guppy The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Sarah Rayson Duration 2013 -- First appearance `` The Real Faith Davis '' 1 February 2013 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge Floss Guppy , portrayed by Sarah Rayson , made her first appearance on 1 February 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode The Real Faith Davis . Floss is in care because she was abandoned by her mother in a nail salon , when she was 18 months old . Floss Guppy is good friends with Finn McLaine and Toni and Billie Trent although initially she was wary of Harry , even stealing his toy giraffe Jeff , after he scared her with stories of the bad things that happened at Elm Tree House . Floss is seven years old in the third series of The Dumping Ground . In Be My Girl , Floss meets some prospective parents . She starts to think about her mother and when a little boy in the park questions her ' Where is your mum , have n't you got one ? ' in an evil way , Floss goes over the tipping point and pushes him and his ice cream to the ground . Floss ' potential foster parents shout at Floss causing her to get upset . May - Li reveals that Floss is in care because she was abandoned by her mother in a nail salon , when she was 18 months old ; this is why she is so attached to nail varnish . At the foster parents ' house they ask her to remove her nail varnish causing Floss to throw food around . Floss tells all the people at the Dumping Ground that whilst there is a chance her mum might come back she will wait . Floss is an incredibly bubbly young girl , with short curly Ginger hair and brown eyes . May - Li Wang ( edit ) May - Li Wang The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Stacy Liu Duration 2013 -- First appearance `` Jody in Wonderland '' 16 December 2013 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Care Worker ( show ) Family Grandmothers PoPo May - Li Wang , portrayed by Stacy Liu , made her first appearance on 16 December 2013 in the Christmas special episode Jody in Wonderland , between series 1 and series 2 of The Dumping Ground . She appears as mother figure to the children , similar to Gina , in particular to Kazima and Archie . Jody 's mum and brother , Denise ( Victoria Alcock ) and Luke ( David Avery ) visit Jody to talk her out of giving a statement against her other brother , Kingsley ( James Bartlett ) . Jody decides to testify against Kingsley with May - Li and Mike 's support . New boy Bailey ( Kasey MacKellar ) arrives at The Dumping Ground . After Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) tries to catch up with Bailey , she is knocked over by a car and Bailey visits her with a letter about the running team . Meanwhile , Serjay ( Danny Ashok ) tries to pass the responsibility of telling Bailey he will be at The Dumping Ground for longer to May - Li and Mike . May - Li firmly insists that he is to tell Bailey and sends him to the hospital to collect Bailey . Bailey 's father , Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) turns up at The Dumping Ground and May - Li and Mike prevent him taking Bailey as they are legally in charge of Bailey . After putting themselves in danger finding Frank ( Christopher Slater ) , May - Li lectures Faith , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) , Frank and Frank 's friend , Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) . Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) has a day out with his mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) with May - Li shadowing him , however , Sally runs off with Tyler . Sally gets an ice cream , but she runs off and runs into a Community Police Officer ( Shareesa Valentine ) . May - Li finds Tyler and Sally and pays for the ice creams and after discovering his mum has n't been taking her bipolar medication , he asks May - Li to go home . Frank ruins Faith and Rick 's clothes by adding a red top , turning the other clothes pink . May - Li suggests they have a cake baking competition and the losing team have to wear a pink dress . Faith wins the competition and Rick is forced to wear it . May - Li asks Mike to get Viv Anderson 's autograph when he takes Bailey to his training . When Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) takes Carmen 's nail stuff and glues Carmen to her bedsheet with nail glue , May - Li talks with Floss about how her mum left her as a baby at a nail bar and Carmen 's things may bring back memories . Floss gives May - Li a kiss on the forehead , accepting May - Li as a mother figure . Viv later visits Bailey to encourage him not to give up on football and he gives May - Li a football shirt . When Johnny ( Joe Maw ) considers joining the army , May - Li finds the brochures and she talks with Johnny about it . Mike disagrees with May - Li encouraging Johnny , but May - Li believes a career in the army would be good for Johnny . May - Li tells Floss that she can be adopted and some adoptive parents have been matched . Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) and Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) meet Floss at The Dumping Ground with May - Li supervising . Later , Mo ( Reece Buttery ) talks to May - Li about adoption and May - Li reassures Mo he wo n't be adopted as he is only at The Dumping Ground whilst his parents get better . The next day , May - Li accompanies Floss , Doug and Nerys to the park and observes them . Floss runs off when she pushes a boy , Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) and May - Li finds her . When Floss is supposed to be visiting Doug and Nerys at their house , Floss pretends to be ill and May - Li agrees for Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) to go with Floss . The visit does n't go well and Floss shows Tee and May - Li her scrapbook full of celebrity images as Floss tries to imagine her mum . May - Li tells Floss she can live at The Dumping Ground . When an old , homeless man , Mal ( Dai Bradley ) dies , Bailey feels responsible - as Bailey was the one who pushed him to his demise - so Bailey decides to take Mischief ( Sage ) . Bailey wins Mike and May - Li round when he trains Mischief . May - Li organises a party for Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) when he is leaving to get fostered . Floss is taking his departure badly and cuts off Jeff 's head . Later , May - Li gives Harry Jeff and Floss gives him another giraffe called Jeff . Later , Harry leaves with his foster father , Adam ( Ray Emmet Brown ) . When a trip to a theme park is arranged , Kazima and Tee decide not to go and are forced to attend a holiday club . However , they go home early and unknown to Kazima , a large amount of cash is in her bag and Maz ( Natifa Mai ) and Max ( Frankie Wilson ) . Maz and Max are later arrested after Kazima and Tee set them up and everyone arrives home after Mike is told about Kazima and Tee 's absence at the club . May - Li and Mike lecture them about what they should have done . Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) accesses everyone 's records and he receives a text from Harry , saying `` Help ! '' . When May - Li and Mike notice the records open , they believe it is Ryan as his record is closed . Ryan tells Mike and May - Li that things are n't right with his foster family , but with no proof , Mike ca n't do anything . Ryan takes Harry and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) from their foster home and when they arrive at The Dumping Ground , Harry does n't want to go back . Harry and Finn tell May - Li what their foster home was like . A rabbit is found in the garden and Toni ( Nelly Currant ) calls it Mr Nibbles . Billie ( Gwen Currant ) and Finn show May - Li a picture of Toni with her dad and a rabbit , Mr Nibbles , resembling the one they found . Toni and Billie tell May - Li that their dad let Mr Nibbles out of the hutch and they had foxes . May - Li receives a call from the rabbit owner and she breaks the news to Toni . Everyone is shocked when they find the rabbit has had baby rabbits . When May - Li tells Toni she could probably have one of the rabbits , Toni decides she does n't want another rabbit . New girl Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) arrives at The Dumping Ground . After smashing the minibus lights to prevent the kids seeing Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Sasha tells May - Li and Mike she is going to apologise . Sasha realises she does n't want to go to the secure home , so she asks May - Li and Mike and they agree . Sasha goes shopping with May - Li and Kazima and when Sasha sees her brother , Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) , shoplifting , she deliberately knocks a display down and Kazima tells May - Li . May - Li and Mike later find Sasha missing as well as Jody . Jody takes the blame for shoplifting nappies and May - Li collects Jody from the store . Bailey is promised football tickets by his reviewing officer , Abi ( Kemi - Bo Jacobs ) . Believing he wo n't get the tickets , he gets Faith to look out whilst he changed his records . May - Li finds Bailey tampering with his files and is n't impressed with him or Faith . In his meeting , Abi tells Bailey she is impressed with Bailey 's commitment to Mischief . May - Li stops Ani giving Bailey the tickets , informing her of what Bailey did . May - Li receives some expensive cheese from her mother , but she later finds it stolen . Carmen and Kazima question everyone and the culprit is revealed to be Mischief . Carmen is acting as a bridesmaid at a wedding , so May - Li lends her antique necklace . When Carmen accidentally drops it down the toilet , Carmen thinks about what she should do , which is leaving it or attempting to get it out . When Carmen imagines leaving it , she lies to May - Li , saying the necklace was stolen . However , Ryan finds a text from Carmen 's phone to her friend and when Floss gets the blame , Ryan tells May - Li . When Carmen thinks about getting it back , May - Li finds out when Carmen arranges for a plumber ( Sam Cassidy ) to get the necklace . Carmen decides to tell May - Li the truth . May - Li refuses to let Sasha go to skate night , but she soon agrees to let her as long as Sasha makes dinner . When Sasha leaves Billie and Toni to put the lasagne in the oven , but they end up putting the oven on too high when Ryan messes with the time . May - Li tells Sasha she ca n't go to skate night . Tee and Sasha plan to go to skate night when they realise May - Li will have finished work and Billie and Toni cover them . May - Li has to work at the last minute , so Billie and Toni lock her in the bathroom . The toaster catches fire when everyone makes toast and May - Li grounds Billie and Toni for what they did . The following day , Tee owns up to going to skate night and May - Li knows Sasha went too , but she refuses to unground Billie and Toni . When Tee goes missing , Mike goes looking for her and Tee buys presents for Kazima , Billie and Toni and she convinces May - Li and Mike to let Sasha stay . May - Li has a visit from her grandmother , PoPo ( Pik - Sen Lim ) , who she has n't seen for years . The kids want PoPo to teach them kung fu after impressing them with some and May - Li agrees to let her . When Jody reckons PoPo is the best grandmother and hints that she and PoPo should make up , May - Li talks to Jody about how PoPo does n't accept her family as her partner is a woman . May - Li and PoPo discuss what would happen if she took over the business and PoPo makes it clear that May - Li 's children are n't her family as she did n't give birth to them . After a kung fu contest , May - Li gives PoPo the chance to meet her children . Later , May - Li receives a family heirloom from PoPo , her great - great - grandfather 's diary . Kazima has to undergo an age assessment test to prove she is a minor to remain in the UK . Jasna ( Dolya Gavanski ) gives Kazima the results and they have determined her birth year as 1997 , meaning she is 18 and will have to be deported . May - Li comforts Kazima , assuring her they are going to appeal the decision and Carmen arranges for Kazima 's appeal to be filmed . Kazima is then reunited with her father , in the twentieth and last episode of season 3 , who goes back to Somalia regretfully to find Kazima 's brother , who my have died in the war . Ryan Reeves ( edit ) Ryan Reeves The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Lewis G Hamilton Duration 2015 -- First appearance Law and Disorder 16 January 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Sisters Chloe Reeves Ryan Reeves , portrayed by Lewis Hamilton , made his first appearance on 16 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Law & Disorder : Part 2 . He I 'd Currently 15 years old He joins Ashdene Ridge in the wake of a disastrous foster party where wallets and purses were reported stolen , and became embroiled in the events , eventually working out the identity of the thief and blackmailing them to keep it a secret . He is aged thirteen with a Liverpudlian accent and short brown hair , and quickly proves himself to be mischievous , deceitful and intelligent . He also becomes friends with Johnny Taylor when Ryan managed to keep Johnny 's army dream alive by finding the thief of wallets and purses to clear Johnny 's name . In `` Mischief '' it is revealed that he has cynophobia ( fear of dogs ) . In `` Who Are You ? '' it is found out that he has a sister that got separated from him . During his first episode , Ryan deleted an email sent to Mike concerning both mental health and himself before destroying the computer keyboard . Ryan and Tee Taylor often have issues , and they always fall out and accuse each other of things , which often becomes quite serious in certain situations . Toni Trent ( edit ) Toni Trent The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Nelly Currant Duration 2015 -- First appearance `` Stuck with You '' 23 January 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Sisters Billie Trent Toni Trent , portrayed by Nelly Currant , made her first appearance on 23 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Stuck With You . In `` Fake it to Make It '' , Toni and Billie tried to convince everyone that they were telepathic . However , the plan backfired when Bailey , Mo and Tyler started avoiding the twins because of it . In `` Breaking in '' Toni was upset as since there were n't enough tickets she would n't be allowed to go to a theme park with Billie and the other dumping ground kids . However , she was allowed to go after all as Tee gave Toni her ticket . In `` Dragon Slayer '' , Toni found a rabbit in the garden and believed it was a re-incarnation of a rabbit she had owned which had been killed by foxes after her dad left open its hutch to punish her . She was upset when she found out that it had an owner . Eventually May - Li managed to convince Toni that the rabbit was n't hers as it was female . In `` Better Than You '' , Toni falls out with Billie , who does n't like her bossing her about , leading to Floss and Toni stealing Billie 's idea of giving tours around Ashdene Ridge . Billie Trent ( edit ) Billie Trent The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Gwen Currant Duration 2015 -- First appearance `` Stuck with You '' 23 January 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Sisters Toni Trent Billie Trent , portrayed by Gwen Currant , made her first appearance on 23 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Stuck With You . In `` Fake it to Make It '' , Billie and Toni tried to convince everyone that they were telepathic . However , the plan backfired when Bailey , Mo and Tyler started avoiding the twins because of it . In `` Dragon Slayer '' , Billie was worried about her sister , Toni , who got upset about a rabbit she found in the garden . Eventually Billie told May - Li that Toni had owned a rabbit when they lived with their parents . In `` Free to Good Home '' , Floss and Toni try to get Billie to pretend to be a gymnast in order to win a trampoline . However , Billie is unwilling and runs away . In `` Better Than You '' , Billie starts giving other children tours round the Dumping Ground , getting them to pay . However , when she falls out with Toni , Floss steals her idea , and she and Toni decide to give tours of their own . Billie teams up with Tyler and they plan their own rival tour ; however , Faith tells them they should n't treat the Dumping Ground like a freak show , and persuades Billie and Tyler to stop giving tours . Billie eventually makes up with Toni . Finn McLaine ( edit ) Finn McLaine The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Ruben Reuter Duration 2015 -- First appearance `` The Long Way Home '' 6 March 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Adoptive father Adam Aycliffe ( foster ) Brothers Harry Jones ( foster ) Sisters Claire Aycliffe ( foster ) Finn McLaine , portrayed by Ruben Reuter , made his first appearance on 6 March 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Long Way Home . Finn is first fostered by the same family that Harry was fostered by but when things start to go wrong and Harry sends for help , Finn finally escape the foster home and joins the Dumping Ground and makes a quick friendship with Harry and Ryan . He has Down syndrome . Sasha Bellman ( edit ) Sasha Bellman The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Annabelle Davis Duration 2015 -- First appearance Three Days 6 October 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Kelly Bellman Brothers Dexter Bellman Murphy Bellman Sasha Bellman , portrayed by Annabelle Davis , made her first appearance on 6 October 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Three Days . Sasha is delighted when Kelly announces she is pregnant with Sasha 's half - sister , but is left upset when Kelly says it would n't work with Sasha being at home . Sasha decides she wants to be fostered and is matched with an adoptive couple , Lou ( Warwick Davis ) and Ange ( Francesca Papagno ) , but on a trip to the seaside , Sasha realises she 's not ready to give up her family and she plants goods from a shop in Ange 's bag . Sasha convinces Harry to get to know Lou and Ange . Dexter Bellman ( edit ) Dexter Bellman The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Alexander Aze Duration 2015 -- First appearance Three Days 6 October 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Kelly Bellman Brothers Murphy Bellman Sisters Sasha Bellman Dexter Bellman , portrayed by Alexander Aze , made his first appearance on 6 October 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Three Days . Dexter turns up at The Dumping Ground , however his sister , Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) tells him he has to go and she gets him out of The Dumping Ground . Sasha realises Dexter took her room key , so she goes home for it and Dexter needs Sasha 's help to get nappies . Sasha ends up going shopping with May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) and she catches Murphy shoplifting nappies and Dexter tells her he could n't find any money . After catching Dexter trying to shoplift , Sasha goes home and Murphy ( Thomas and Oliver Waldram ) is all alone . Dexter turns up unexpectedly , asking for Sasha . Dexter later throws rubbish over the health and safety inspector 's ( Shameem Ahmed ) car in order to be taken into care , but his family are given the support of Social Services . After Sasha is teased by Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) after he discovers her vlog , Sasha goes home and goes to the park with Dexter and his friend , but Sasha believes their mum is rubbish at looking after him . At home after speaking to their mum , Sasha realises Dexter is fine . When Sasha finds out their stepbrother , Roddy ( Alfie Browne - Sykes ) , is involving Dexter in burglaries , she finds Dexter in a building with stolen things and that Kelly is involved . Dexter is placed under a voluntary care order . In the episode `` Sasha Bellman P.I '' , a package that was sent to Archie was stolen by Dexter because he was ' curious ' and ' never really got any packages from home before ' , and Sasha has to cover up for him , resulting in the package being found in Jody 's room , Tyler being blamed but then proven innocent and the whole house having extra chores - and only Sasha , Jody and Dexter himself knew that it was really Dexter who did it . Dexter promised to Sasha he would never steal other people 's things again but he may not be able to keep his promise . Chloe Reeves ( edit ) Chloe Reeves The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Hannah Moncur Duration 2016 -- First appearance `` Hold the Front Page '' 19 February 2016 Introduced by Lucy Martin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Brothers Ryan Reeves Chloe Reeves , portrayed by Hannah Moncur , made her first appearance on 19 February 2016 in series 4 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Hold the Front Page . Chloe 's brother is Ryan , and they are constantly arguing and fighting . In `` The Fairytail Princess '' , Chloe meets Candi - Rose , and wants to make a good impression on her . Both girls end up lying to make themselves sound better . Joseph Stubbs ( edit ) Joseph Stubbs The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Yousef Naseer Duration 2016 -- First appearance `` It Takes Two '' 4 November 2016 Introduced by Lucy Martin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Joseph Stubbs , portrayed by Yousef Naseer , made his first appearance on 28 November 2016 in series 4 of The Dumping Ground during the episode It Takes Two . Joseph seems to like to do chores . Been as when Mike told Tyler to wash the floor , Joseph insisted he 'd do it , while he was sorting out people 's shoes . He also loves space , and broke into an observatory with Finn so that he could see the moon more clearly . Archie able ( edit ) Archie Able The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Jethro Baliba Duration 2016 -- First appearance `` How to Be Perfect '' 18 November 2016 Introduced by Lucy Martin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Archibald Jeremiah `` Archie '' Able , portrayed by Jethro Baliba , made his first appearance on 21 November 2016 in series 4 of The Dumping Ground during the episode How to Be Perfect . Archie is introduced to the young people by May - Li Wang ( Stacy Liu ) . When Kazima Tako ( Akuc Bol ) asks May - Li to adopt her , Archie is one of the others to compete with Kazima to be adopted . Archie also told Kazima after asking about her dad and brother , that he has no family at all . It has been noted that he sees Bailey Wharton as a brotherly figure , as the two get along well and stick up for each other frequently . In `` Sittin ' In A Tree '' Archie seems to see May - Li as a mother - like figure , and he expresses his worries out loud to Ryan , who tells him `` It 's just a phase - and then you get over it . '' In `` Sasha Bellman P.I. '' Toni and Billie Trent , both manage to somehow convince Archie that he 's aging backwards , because he told them he remembers being in a wheelchair giving talks to students , as well as knowing a really old song , and then concludes he only has 8 years left of his life until he turns into nothing , and so develops a bucket list including things like swim with dolphins , learn to swim ( again ) and see the Queen . But May - Li quickly puts a stop to this , telling him that he was n't in a wheelchair , he was in a pushchair , and his dad was giving talks - not him , and the really old song that he knew was his dad 's favourite and his dad always put it on , which is how he knew it . That very day , Dexter stole his package but he got it back , it contained books from his father 's university and from the way Archie gets extremely emotional , we can assume his dad died . Candi - Rose ( edit ) Candi - Rose The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Carma Hylton Duration 2017 -- First appearance `` The Fairytale Princess '' 3 February 2017 Introduced by Jonathan Phillips Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Candi - Rose , portrayed by Carma Hylton , made her first appearance on 3 February 2017 in series 5 of The Dumping Ground during the episode The Fairytale Princess . She tells the other children that she is in care because her dad works for the RAF and her mum is a make - up artist who works on films , however it is suspected that this is n't true , as Candi later on in the episode The Fairytale Princess she says her mum has worked for various singers although she previously said actors / actresses then says her dad works in the navy but earlier she said to Chloe that her dad worked in the RAF . Candi - Rose is introduced when she makes friends with Chloe . She competes with Floss in `` Faking It '' for a role in a TV advert and sabotages Floss by gluing Floss ' shoes to the floor , stopping her clock and stealing a scrapbook of Floss ' mum Katherine . Alex Walker ( edit ) Alex Walker The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Connor Lawson Duration 2017 -- First appearance `` Belief '' 3 March 2017 Introduced by Jonathan Phillips Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Alex Walker , portrayed by Connor Lawson , made his first appearance on 3 March 2017 in series 5 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Belief . He is living homeless on the street and frequently gets donations from Kazima , who feels sorry for him since she once lived on the street , but one day runs off with her shopping bags and it is discovered he lives in a squat on his own . He steals the residents of the Dumping Ground 's belongings but they get them back at the end of the episode . He refuses help from Ashdene Ridge and Kazima and ultimately stays on his own although he returns in the episode `` Free '' seeking help from Kazima since George is ill - he manages to hide in the attic . Alex is n't a very popular person in the Dumping Ground at the moment , as he is already known as a thief by the others and he has many angry outbursts , especially when Kazima announced she was leaving to live with her dad in Denmark . And Kazima was the only person in Ashdene Ridge that liked Alex . Although Tyler has promised Kazima he 'll look out for Alex . Past characters ( edit ) Tracy Beaker ( edit ) Tracy Beaker The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Dani Harmer Duration 2002 -- 05 , 2010 -- 2012 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Care worker ( 2010 - 2012 ) ( show ) Family Mother Carly Beaker Adoptive father Gary Adoptive mother Cam Lawson Sisters Lily Kettle ( foster ) Grandmothers Penelope Lawson ( adoptive ) Tracy Beaker , played by actress Dani Harmer , is the main ( and title ) character throughout The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns . She made her first appearance during the first episode of The Story of Tracy Beaker , which aired on 8 July 2002 , in which she returns to care after an unsuccessful fostering . After appearing in all five series of `` The Story of Tracy Beaker '' and continuing to appear in all three series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , Harmer announced that she would not be returning to the series in order to pursue other acting work . Therefore , the character departed the series in the final episode of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , aired 23 March 2012 . Tracy Beaker is the main character of the original series , despite taking less prominent roles in the later series of the show . She resided in a care home ( first Stowey House and then Elm Tree House ) , affectionately nicknamed `` The Dumping Ground '' , and was a resident there for some time . Tracy is a tomboy with behavioural problems , probably a consequence of her mother 's abandonment of her and failure to show an interest in her . Known for her lies which exaggerate her mother 's fame and fortune , she tried to convince herself continually her mother would one day appear . She was often reluctant to show her emotions , attributing tears to hayfever . In later series , writer Cam Lawson ( portrayed by Lisa Coleman ) and her new husband Gary adopted Tracy . Tracy disliked Gary at first , as she considered him an intruder on her life with Cam , although the series ended with them on good terms . At the beginning of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , Tracy had written and was promoting her new autobiography , `` Who Cares '' , when she was arrested and brought into police custody after it came to light that the book was published by using Cam 's credit card without permission . At the police station , she met resident , Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) and head careworker , Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) . Cam withdrew her accusation of fraud and Tracy was cleared of all charges , but was ordered to undergo community service by writing a column for the local newspaper . Finding herself threatened by her adopted mother 's angry answerphone messages , she returned to Elm Tree House seeking solace in Mike , who offered her a job as a careworker . Although her new career did not begin well , she soon began to improve as a careworker , although her actions put her boss Mike 's career in jeopardy after a protest she led resulted in Lily Kettle ( Jess Williams ) falling off the roof . Also , Tracy finds it hard to cope when Cam goes to New York City , and ends up suffering a panic attack . Following this , Tracy continued working at Elm Tree House , using amateur detective skills to unmask new careworker Denis Stockle as a smoker , sustaining minor injuries falling down stairs in panics , and meeting her childhood rival Justine Littlewood ( Montana Thompson ) again . The final episode saw Tracy preparing to leave Elm Tree House to leave for work in another care home with better pay , soon after gaining a qualification as a care worker . After causing an accident which resulted in a roof collapsing on Mike , and making sure everybody was alright , she left Elm Tree House for the last time . Tracy is often mentioned in the spin - off ' The Dumping Ground ' . In the Series 4 episode , ' One For Sorrow ' , Tee is seen giving Sasha Bellman a Peter Pan book with a message from Tracy inside . Cam Lawson ( edit ) Cam Lawson The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Lisa Coleman Duration 2002 -- 05 , 2010 -- 2012 First appearance `` Cam 's First Visit '' 17 January 2002 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Author ( show ) Family Mother Penelope Lawson Husband Gary Adoptive daughters Tracy Beaker Lily Kettle ( foster ) Camilla `` Cam '' Lawson is a struggling turned successful author , and Tracy 's eventual adoptive mother . Cam makes her début appearance when she visits Stowey house in series 1 . Also an aspiring author , Tracy tries to get her attention by unsuccessfully using Adele 's makeup . When Cam reads her stories , she is impressed makes a number of return visits . Having formed a bond with Cam Tracy asked her to use her investigative skills to find her birth mother . Cam initially agrees . However , she abandons her mission having learned from Jenny that her mother has deliberately severed ties with her daughter . Initially upset with Cam , Tracy forgives her . Having been asked by Tracy on numerous occasions to be her foster mother , Cam eventually agrees at the end of series 1 . Unfortunately , the foster placement is short lived when Tracy accidentally sets fire to Cam 's kitchen ( series 2 ) . With the damages being so severe that Cam can no longer look after her properly , Tracy returns to the dumping ground . Whilst Tracy initially blocks Cam from her life they eventually make up and rekindle their relationship as friends . Whilst they see each other regularly , Cam is hesitant to foster her again . When she learns that Tracy is being fostered by Ben 's aunt and uncle , she is deeply upset . However , Tracy eventually decides not to be fostered and remains at the Dumping Ground . In the third season , Cam leaves for New York for a writing course , but returns after she hears that Tracy is hospitalised for appendicitis . Cam writes a novel about a girl in care whose character is based upon Tracy . Cam falls out with Tracy again after the latter reads the ending and discovers that her inspiring character does not get fostered . They eventually reconcile . In ' The Movie of Me ' ( between series 3 and 4 ) , Cam decides to foster Tracy again . However , Tracy 's birth mother turns up and initially seems willing to take Tracy back into her care . Tracy goes to find her mum after she leaves , having fallen out with careworkers . Cam is distraught and as soon as she finds out where she is , she pursues her with Justine in tow . When they find her , Cam realises that Tracy 's mum does not care for her and eventually fosters Tracy . In series 4 , Cam and Tracy are happily living together again . Tracy often returns to the Dumping Ground to visit her friends . In series 5 , Cam and Tracy are on holiday in Egypt , where Cam develops a relationship with Gary . When they return to England , Tracy angrily returns to the Dumping Ground when Gary moves in . Having shunned Cam once again , they reconcile in and Tracy starts to bond with Gary . This is short lived Cam reveals that she and Gary are getting married . On the day of their wedding , Tracy , having eventually been convinced that Cam and Gary will not neglect her as a married couple , turns up at the wedding to hear them say `` I do '' . Afterwards , Cam and Gary tell Tracy that they are adopting her , before they leave on their honeymoon . Sometime between the end of the original series and the start of Tracy Beaker Returns , Cam and Gary divorce under unknown circumstances . At the beginning of the first series ( ' Tracy Beaker Returns ' ) , Tracy uses Cam 's credit card to publish her autobiography , and is arrested . When Cam agrees that she will drop the charges on the condition that Tracy pays her back . To save money , Tracy finds employment as a trainee careworker at the Dumping Ground . In her first week , Tracy discovers that Cam and Mike had kept a letter from her birth mother a secret for years . At this point , there is a continuity error when Tracy exclaims that she has `` never seen '' her birth mother , in contradiction to flashbacks in series 1 of the original series , and the feature - length movie . Tracy and Cam fall out , but as usual , they reconcile . In the season 1 finale , when Tracy announces that she has been offered a job in London and will be leaving , Mike asks Cam to foster another child . Cam disagrees , but Johnny overhears a later phone call saying that there is no point fostering again if Tracy is not going to move out , prompting him to decide to be interviewed by Tracy in another scheme to get himself and Tee fostered . When Cam learns of this , she goes to the Dumping Ground to see Johnny and Tee to tell them that it is not definitive that she will foster again . In the second season , Cam fosters Lily Kettle after she falls off the roof of the Dumping Ground during a protest . In the final episode , Cam travels to New York . Whilst she was initially supposed to go for a few weeks , she announces that she has been given an opportunity to stay for six months , and that she has accepted it . In the third season , Cam is still in New York and communicates with Tracy via the internet , eventually returning to England . Cam is also seen in ' The Tracy Beaker Survival Files ' where she is interviewed a by Tracy . Justine Littlewood ( edit ) Justine Littlewood The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Montanna Thompson Duration 2002 -- 2005 , 2012 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Justine Littlewood Returns '' 10 February 2012 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Jane Dauncey ( 2005 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 , 2012 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Estate Agent ( show ) Family Father Steve Littlewood Stepmother Carrie Half - brothers Billy First cousins John Justine Littlewood portrayed by Montanna Thompson , is the rival of Tracy Beaker . She was put into care after her father , Steve Littlewood , could n't cope after the death of her mother . He visited her occasionally . The Story of Tracy Beaker Series 1 ( 2002 ) - At Stowey House , she occupied Tracy Beaker 's old room , this is until Tracy returns , causing an argument between the pair and starting Tracy and Justine 's iconic rivalry . Tracy Beaker Returns Series 3 ( 2012 ) - Justine returned in the third series of Tracy Beaker Returns for one episode , where she arrives and asks Mike to give her away at her wedding after her father did n't approve of her fiancé , Charlie . Carmen Howle took a liking to Justine ( and Charlie ) and thought they 'd be the perfect foster parents for her . Mike invites Justine and Charlie round for lunch , or as the kids called it and Engagement Party ( much to Tracy 's disgust ) . At lunch Justine continues to talk about herself making Tracy feel jealous , but Justine crosses the line after she tells everyone that when Tracy was a kid , she used to lie a lot about her mum being a big Hollywood star . And that she 'd join her in Hollywood to be a star too . Justine then added that she almost believed her , seemingly trying to make out she was n't being mean but it was obvious to Tracy that she was . During lunch Justine 's fiance Charlie gets a phone call , Rick Barber ( who was already suspicious of Charlie ) sneaks out the dining room to listen in on Charlie , and it sounds dodgy . Especially when Charlie comes back into the dining room saying his mum has had a fall , which did n't sound like what Rick overheard . Rick then follows Charlie out telling him he knows what he 's doing as his parents were con artists too . Charlie threatens Rick and bribes him not to tell Justine by giving him a new laptop . After lunch Justine takes Gina Conway , Carmen , Lily Kettle , Tee Taylor and Sapphire Fox shopping , they come back with loads of clothes and jewellery from Justine and while they were out , Justine told the girls about the time when Tracy dared her to steal Jenny Edwards ' clothes while she was in the shower . ( Which later the girls decide to steal Tracy 's clothes while she 's in the shower , thinking she 'd find it funny . Which she did n't find amusing in the slightest ) . Later in the dining room Justine is discussing her wedding day plans to Carmen , showing her pictures of the venue and her wedding dress , and even invites Carmen along to the wedding . Carmen then asks Justine about fostering which freaks Justine out a little but says she 'll think about it and talk to Charlie after Carmen said it worked for Cam and Tracy . Tracy overhears this and grows a little jealous but also thinks Justine is just saying she 'll foster Carmen to get one over on Tracy . Justine then says that Tracy has n't changed and that she still thinks the whole world revolves around Tracy Beaker and then starts mocking her book she wrote , which starts a classic Beaker and Littlewood Brawl . Carmen stops them and shouts at Tracy and saying how much she believes that Justine and Charlie are going to foster her . Rick then walks in a decides to tell the truth about Charlie . Rick tells Justine that Charlie is a con man and has loads of other girls on the go and twists things and lies to scam all these girls for their money , Justine refuses to believe her husband to be could be this evil , but agrees to team up with Tracy to find out the truth . So Justine , Tracy , Rick and Cam to team up to set a trap to catch Charlie out . After Charlie is caught out by Justine , with the help of Rick , Cam and Tracy . Justine ends it with Charlie and goes up to make up with her dad . Justine later goes back to the Dumping Ground to tell Mike and Gina what happened and what Charlie was up to , and that she found out Charlie 's mum was in on the whole scam as well . Justine then goes to speak to Carmen to apologise that she wo n't be able to foster Carmen anymore after what 's happened . Carmen calmly accepts the decision and reminds Justine what Tracy always tells them , that Dumping Ground Kids can cope with anything . Justine then tells Carmen to never to tell anyone she said that `` Tracy Beaker 's right '' . Before Justine leaves , her and Tracy have a heart to heart and reminisce their times in the DG . Tracy then goes on to say that she is a complete failure compared to Justine , but Justine says she does n't think Tracy is a failure because her job just makes good money , while Tracy 's job changes lives , then tells Tracy she 's doing OK . Elaine Boyak ( edit ) Elaine Boyak The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Nisha Nayar Duration 2002 -- 2005 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Social Worker Elaine Boyak ( known as Elaine the Pain ) , portrayed by Nisha Nayar , made her first appearance on the 8 January 2002 in series 1 during the episode Dares . Her last appearance was during the episode The Wedding in series 5 . It is unknown what happened to Elaine , and she has n't been mentioned since . Elaine was n't everyone 's favourite person , as she was nicknamed Elaine the Pain . Duke Ellington ( edit ) Duke Ellington The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Clive Rowe Duration 2002 -- 2005 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` We 're Off the Map Now '' 5 April 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Chef Norman `` Duke '' Ellington , portrayed by Clive Rowe , is a care - worker and also the Dumping Ground 's chef and gardener . He is nicknamed after the jazz musician with whom he shares a surname . He first appeared in the first episode of series 1 and departed in the final episode of series 4 , when he went to visit family in the Caribbean . Like many of the staff , he maintains a disliking aura toward Elaine the Pain , having once locked her in the pantry to hide her from an inspector . Jenny Edwards ( edit ) Jenny Edwards The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Sharlene Whyte Duration 2002 -- 2003 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Head Careworker Jenny Ruth Edwards , portrayed by Sharlene Whyte , is the Dumping Ground 's head care - worker from series 1 to 2 . She is strict , but cares for the young people a lot and secretly despises social worker Elaine `` The Pain '' Boyak . Jenny leaves at the end of the second series , for a new job . Louise Goven ( edit ) Louise Goven The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Chelsie Padley Duration 2002 -- 2004 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Good as Gold '' 1 April 2004 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mrs Morris ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Morris ( foster ) Grandfathers Granddad Morris ( foster ) Louise Goven , portrayed by Chelsie Padley , made her first appearance in the first episode of series 1 . Louise was best friends with Tracy before she was fostered by a couple called Ted and Julie . However , Tracy never contacted Louise whilst she was away , so when Justine Littlewood arrived at the Dumping Ground , she became her new best friend . However , when Tracy returned , she became jealous of Louise and Justine , resulting in arguments and Tracy breaking Justine 's clock . Louise leaves after she is fostered by the Morris family , in The Long Goodbye . However she makes guest appearances in series 3 and 4 . Adele Azupadi ( edit ) Adele Azupadi The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Rochelle Gadd Duration 2002 -- 2003 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Shop assistant Adele Azupadi , portrayed by Rochelle Gadd , made her first appearance in the first episode of series 1 . Adele is the eldest resident of the Dumping Ground in the first series and works part - time in a clothing store . Adele usually keeps herself to herself however intervenes if she has to . Adele returns in series 2 , and is seen to be living in a bed - sit on her own . This is until , Tracy visits her and she admits that she is lonely living on her own . Adele then returns to live in the Dumping Ground . She is not seen in series 3 , as it is thought that she had now moved out . Ben Batambuze ( edit ) Ben Batambuze The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Luke Youngblood Duration 2002 -- 2003 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Mr Batambuze Mother Mrs Batambuze Uncles Jasper Aunts Kate Ben Batambuze , portrayed by Luke Youngblood , made his first appearance his first appearance in the first series of The Story of Tracy Beaker . He is Tracy 's best friend . He seems to be living on the streets . However , in the episode , ' The Truth Comes Out ' , Tracy finds out that Ben has a mum and dad and is left shocked . Then , in the episode , ' Birthday ' he tries to make it up to Tracy by saving her birthday party . He departs in the final episode of series 2 . Peter Ingham ( edit ) Peter Ingham The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Joe Starrs Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Terry Brown ( foster ) Adoptive mother Jill Brown ( foster ) Peter Ingham , portrayed by Joe Starrs , appears in series 1 of The Story of Tracy Beaker . He likes to think he is Tracy 's ' best friend ' , however Tracy often disagrees and brands him a ' weed ' . In one episode , Jill and Terry Brown , take Tracy out but they decide that they do n't want to foster her , but they want to foster Peter instead . He made his final appearance in the series 1 finale , however he did n't return for series 2 . Ryan ( edit ) Ryan The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Sonny Muslim Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers Zac Ryan , portrayed by Sonny Muslim , makes his first appearance in the first series of The Story of Tracy Beaker . Ryan moved to The Dumping Ground with his non-identical twin brother , Zac . He speaks in a Cockney dialect and is interested in judo . He gets up to mischief with his twin Zac , and Maxy . Ryan does n't usually take no for an answer . Ryan leaves The Dumping Ground with his brother Zac , between series 1 and 2 . Zac ( edit ) Zac The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Jay Haher Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers Ryan Zac , portrayed by Jay Haher , makes his first appearance in the first series of The Story of Tracy Beaker . Zac moved to The Dumping Ground with his non-identical twin brother , Ryan . He gets up to mischief with his twin Ryan , and Maxy . Zac leaves The Dumping Ground with his brother Ryan , between series 1 and 2 Maxy King ( edit ) Maxy King The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Jerome Holder Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Maxy King , portrayed by Jerome Holder , made his first appearance in the first episode of series 1 . He is described as a Sweet - loving 4 - year - old who used to live in ' The Dumping Ground ' . Maxy leaves in - between Series 1 and 2 . He was reportedly fostered by a black African family . A snap shot photo of him is seen from the Series 1 episode ' Tracy 's Birthday ' when Dolly is showing Nathan , Duke 's and Jenny 's Halloween Costumes , in the episode ' Back And Bad ' , the first episode of series 2 . Nathan Jones ( edit ) Nathan Jones The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by James Cartwright Duration 2003 -- 2004 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` Good as Gold '' 1 April 2004 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Careworker Nathan Jones , portrayed by James Cartwright , made his first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . He departed on 1 April 2004 in series 5 during the episode Good as Gold . He is described as ' lazy and an idiot ' , by Tracy , but is also described as ' fun ' , and is more of an older brother , especially to Dolly . Nathan leaves in - between series 3 and 4 . Bouncer Plakova ( edit ) Bouncer Plakova The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Ben Hanson Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Chef ( show ) Family Brothers Lol Plakova Uncles Luigi Aunts Katrina Bradley `` Bouncer '' Plakova , portrayed by Ben Hanson , made his first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Bouncer and his brother Lol are described as kind , funny characters who do n't take things too seriously . Bouncer departs in series 4 when he moves to a Halfway House , which caused tension between him and his brother Lol , resulting in an argument in the episode ' Bouncer VS Lol ' . He later returns in series 5 as a chef at The Dumping Ground . He makes his final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Lol Plakova ( edit ) Lol Plakova The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Ciaran Joyce Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Chef ( show ) Family Brothers Bouncer Plakova Uncles Luigi Aunts Katrina Lawrence `` Lol '' Plakova , portrayed by Ciaran Joyce , made his first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Dolly ( edit ) Dolly The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Chloe Hibbert - Waters Duration 2003 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` The Beaker Club '' 4 December 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Philip ( foster ) Adoptive mother Cathy ( foster ) Sisters Sophie ( foster ) Dolly , portrayed by Chloe Hibbert - Waters , made her first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . She departed on 4 December 2003 in series 3 during the episode The Beaker Club . Amber Hurst ( edit ) Amber Hurst The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Alicia Hooper Duration 2003 First appearance `` Alien '' 21 January 2003 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Amber Hurst , portrayed by Alicia Hooper , made her first appearance on 21 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Alien . She departed on 3 April 2003 in series 1 during the episode Home and Hosed . She is described as rebellious , has a bad attitude and is bad - tempered . She often antagonises everyone else at The Dumping Ground . She made her final appearance in the episode ' Home and Hosed ' when she was fostered . Shelley Appleton ( edit ) Shelley Appleton The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Nicola Reynolds Duration 2003 , 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Operation Careworker '' 6 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey ( 2003 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Head Careworker Shelley Appleton , portrayed by Nicola Reynolds , made her first appearance on 9 October 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 1 April 2004 in series 3 during the episode Good as Gold . Shelley returned on 2 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Telling Tales . She departed on 6 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Operation Careworker . She then returned in series 5 as Temporary Head Careworker , before leaving once again in the episode ' Operation Careworker ' . She has a cool , collected and confident attitude , but ultimately has a huge affection for all the kids . In series 3 , it is mentioned that she became interested in being a careworker because she cared for her dad as a child , because he had Alzheimer 's disease . Crash ( edit ) Crash The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Darragh Mortell Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Theo Liam `` Crash '' , portrayed by Darragh Mortell , made his first appearance on 9 October 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 4 during the episode The Wedding . Crash has quite a bad and short temper , this is due to his background and life before he lived in care . Crash 's father was also very angry and short tempered after his wife ( Crash 's mother ) left , and he took his anger out of Crash . He has quite a few close friends in the Dumping Ground . Crash was the first resident to make an effort in making friends with Jackie Hopper when she first arrived . Crash later became close friends with Tracy , Lol and Bouncer . He made his last appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Michael Grys ( edit ) Michael Grys The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by William Tomlin Duration 2003 -- 2004 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Good as Gold '' 1 April 2004 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers James Grys Michael Grys , portrayed by George Kizis , made his first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 3 during the episode Good as Gold . Michael has few redeeming qualities , he bullies and snitches on everyone and usually only does things to please himself . Due to his hostile personality , Michael is n't seen to have any close friends ; he 's known to be particularly spiteful to Jackie , often mocking her about her sick grandfather and her constant attempts to run away . He 's also been known to provoke Crash on a number of occasions . He makes his final appearance at the end of the series and did n't return for series 4 . Jackie Hopper ( edit ) Jackie Hopper The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Abby Rakic - Platt Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Jackie '' 9 October 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Mother Norma Grandfathers Jack Hopper Jackie Hopper , portrayed by Abby Rakic - Platt , made her first appearance on 9 October 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Jackie . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 4 during the episode The Wedding . When Jackie is brought to The Dumping Ground , She refuses to accept that she needs to be in care , and that her beloved grandad has Alzheimer 's and can no longer look after her . She 's determined to escape , collect Grandpa from his nursing home and return to their old house together . Eventually , she ends up staying at the Dumping Ground even though she does n't like it . She later becomes good friends with Tracy and Crash . She departs during the final episode of series 4 , to attend a sports academy , however returns in series 5 after admitting she faked an injury to return to The Dumping Ground . Marco Maloney ( edit ) Marco Maloney The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Jack Edwards Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Two 's a Crowd '' 8 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mr Boxer ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Boxer ( foster ) Sisters Milly ( foster ) Marco Maloney , portrayed by Jack Edwards , made his first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 8 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Two 's a Crowd . He to wear costumes and dress - up , and is always wearing new and original costumes . He is often described as ' weird ' and ' crazy ' by other people who live at The Dumping Ground . He is best friends with Milly and gets fostered with Milly by the Boxer family in the episode ' Two 's a Crowd ' Hayley ( edit ) Hayley The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Kristal Lau Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Beam Me Up , Scottie '' 4 January 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mark ( foster ) Adoptive mother Helen ( foster ) Hayley , portrayed by Kristal Lau , made her first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 4 January 2005 in series 4 during the episode Beam Me Up , Scottie . Hayley is described as quiet , she often gets annoyed when she is ignored . She made her final appearance in ' Beam Me Up , Scottie ' , when she moved in with foster parents , Mark and Helen . Layla Jones ( edit ) Layla Jones The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Cara Readle Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Layla Jones , portrayed by Cara Readle , made her first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Layla is described as a kind and caring person , although get 's upset very quickly , especially when Hayley left without telling her . She made her final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . It is unknown what happened to her after living in care . Sid Rooney ( edit ) Sid Rooney The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Vincenzo Pellegrino Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` We 're Off the Map Now '' 5 April 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Head Careworker Sid Rooney , portrayed by Vincenzo Pellegrino , made his first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . He departed on 5 April 2005 in series 4 during the episode We 're off the Map Now . Sid is described as being very boring , but when he takes a few days ' break and leaves the Dumping Ground in the care of a draconian careworker , they realise they are lucky to have him , and welcome him back . He made his last appearance in the final episode of series 4 . Chantal Wellard ( edit ) Chantal Wellard The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Deepal Parmar Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` Chantal 's Goodbye '' 29 November 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - brothers Rio Wellard Half - sisters Roxy Wellard Chantal Wellard , portrayed by Deepal Parmar , made her first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 29 November 2005 in series 5 during the episode Chantal 's Goodbye . She is the eldest of her siblings . Chantal has red and black dip - dyed hair worn mostly in a ponytail . She 's gothic like the rest of the Wellards . She likes to wear black clothes and black lipstick . Chantal is rebellious and clashes with other carekids along with Roxy and Rio . She plans to take over the Dumping Ground along with her brother and sister . At beginning of Series 5 , she seems a lot more mature , she then moves in with her dad . After that , Rio becomes more open with the other kids and becomes friends with them , much to Roxy 's annoyance . She makes her final appearance in ' Chantal 's Goodbye ' when she moves in with her dad . Rio Wellard ( edit ) Rio Wellard The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Craig Roberts Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - sisters Chantal Wellard Roxy Wellard Rio Wellard , portrayed by Craig Roberts , made his first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Rio is feisty but kind . He is close to his half sisters Roxy and Chantal , and is a rebellious bully at first and immediately argues with Crash . In Series 5 , Chantal then leaves the Dumping Ground . He then becomes more open with the other care kids and makes friends with Crash . Him and Roxy often dream big . He is a main part in Roxy 's schemes . He is very protective over Roxy and cares for her even though they fight at times . He makes his final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Roxy Wellard ( edit ) Roxy Wellard The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Sophie Borja Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - brothers Rio Wellard Half - sisters Chantal Wellard Roxy Wellard , portrayed by Sophie Borja , made her first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Roxy is the youngest of her siblings but often takes control . Roxy is described as a stereo typical goth . She is always seen wearing black and white , a high ponytail fastened with either a bronze , pink or black feathery flower band and sometimes earrings . However , her face looks innocent but her `` bad girl '' look makes her intimidating . Her age is unknown but is about 8 or 9 as she looks older than she actually is . She makes her final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Wolfie ( edit ) Wolfie The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Felix Drake Duration 2005 First appearance `` Independence Day '' 15 March 2005 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Shawn `` Wolfie '' , portrayed by Felix Drake , made his first appearance on 30 January 2005 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode ' Independence Day ' . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode ' The Wedding ' . He does n't like sleeping in a bed , and suffers from claustrophobia , as he hates being locked in . He makes friends with Lol shortly after his arrival , which annoys Lol 's brother , Bouncer . Rebecca Chalmers ( edit ) Rebecca Chalmers The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Georgina Hagen Duration 2005 First appearance `` Caring and Sharing '' 28 November 2005 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - brothers Jake Rebecca Chalmers , portrayed by Georgina Hagen , made her first appearance on 28 November 2005 in series 5 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode ' Caring and Sharing ' . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode ' The Wedding ' . Rebecca does n't get on with many people , primarily Justine . She is quite a troublemaker , and likes to stir things up . Milly ( edit ) Milly The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Holly Gibbs Duration 2005 First appearance `` Scary Milly '' 30 November 2005 Last appearance `` Two 's a Crowd '' 8 December 2005 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mr Boxer ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Boxer ( foster ) Brothers Marco Maloney ( foster ) Milly , portrayed by Holly Gibbs , made her first appearance on 30 November 2005 in series 5 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Scary Milly . She departed on 8 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Two 's a Crowd . Upon her arrival , the other people at the Dumping Ground assume she is ' cursed ' due to strange events that keep happening that day . She quickly befriends Marco . Milly never speaks , and only spoke when Elaine asked if she wanted to be fostered . She departed in series 5 during the episode ' Two 's A Crowd ' . Alice ( edit ) Alice The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Olivia Grant Duration 2005 First appearance `` Frankelainestein '' 1 December 2005 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Alice , portrayed by Olivia Grant , made her first appearance on 1 December 2005 in series 5 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Alice gets on with everyone , and shows a strong liking towards Roxy , much to her annoyance . She gets on well with Layla , and also shares a room with her . She says she can read auras , and loves meditation . Alice is a bubbly , positive girl , who always has a smile on her face . She is eager to make friends and sees the good in everyone . She departed in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Gina Conway ( edit ) Gina Conway Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Kay Purcell Duration 2010 -- 2013 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Scary Beasts '' 15 March 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former , regular ( returning ) Profile Occupation Senior Care Worker ( show ) Family Mother Hattie Conway Husband Greg Conway Sons Tim Conway Tom Conway Gina Conway , played by Kay Purcell , is a careworker at Elm Tree House in Tracy Beaker Returns and the first series of The Dumping Ground . She first appeared on 8 January 2010 , the start of Tracy Beaker Returns , and continued appearing until 15 March 2013 , the final episode in series 1 of The Dumping Ground . It was announced in December 2015 that Gina would return to the series ; the following month , it was confirmed her return would be brief . Gina is of Jamaican descent with black and highlighted hair . She is kind and a great house mother to the children . Gina is very clever towards the children and the residents seem to respect her . She is able to control the children without them resenting her interventions , however the children sometimes see her as loud and brash when she is angry . But sometimes that is the only way to get them to listen too her . Gina first encounters Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) when she opens the door to her after Tracy arrives at the Dumping Ground . Not really understanding who Tracy is , Gina tells Tracy that Mike Milligan ( Connor Bryne ) has gone out somewhere . Gina is sympathetic and lets Tracy in as it is pouring with rain outside . The kids at the Dumping Ground recognise Tracy from a television broadcast and Tracy gives a copy of her signed autobiography to Gina for 99p less . Gina allows Tracy to tuck all the kids into their beds . When Tracy finally talks to Mike , he accidentally lets slip to Gina that Tracy was arrested for using Cam Lawson ( Lisa Coleman ) 's credit card . Gina is angry because she let Tracy put the kids to bed . Gina does not warm to Tracy at first , but grows to adore her and usually stand up for her . Gina then encounters trouble with one of the older children , Sapphire Fox ( Saffron Coomber ) when she does n't allow her to go with her dad on his tour , but that was for safety reasons . Gina is strict but cares very much about the kids . Gina appears throughout `` The Dumping Ground '' 's first series , continuing her role as a care worker , however , at the beginning of series 2 , new care worker , May - Li Wang reveals that Gina no longer works at the care home . Head writer ( at the time ) Elly Brerwer confirmed on Twitter that Gina had been given a bit of a promotion , in order to be able to afford to keep her mum Hattie in a care home . Gina 's mum Hattie has Dementia , she made an appearance in the 8th episode of Series 1 . Gina has been mentioned two times after her off screen departure , by May - Li in Jody in Wonderland and Mike in Hope ( Series 2 episode 12 ) . Sapphire Fox ( edit ) Sapphire Fox Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Saffron Coomber Duration 2010 -- 2012 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Stepmother Shanice Half - brothers Riff Sapphire ' Saph ' Fox , ( played by Saffron Coomber ) , was a resident of `` Elm Tree House '' during all three series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , although due to a busy schedule , the character only appeared on a recurring basis during the third series . Coomber did not return for the Tracy Beaker Returns spin - off , The Dumping Ground . Sapphire is tall and of mixed race . She has long ( it is shorter in series 2 ) dark - brown curly hair and often wears large earrings , and her character is a guide and an older sister to most of the children , notably Harry Jones ( Phillip Graham Scott ) . She attends college as of the third series . She can be motherly and overprotective to Harry , but also hides many secrets . During the third series she gets her own flat , but due to a flood she finds herself moving back to Elm Tree House and sharing with Elektra . She is sixteen on her last appearance . Sapphire , Elektra , Frank , Johnny and Lily were all seen to appear in the mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , as they all helped Lily on her new project concluding healthy living for her catering course . Frank Matthews ( edit ) Frank Matthews Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Chris Slater Duration 2010 -- 2015 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Refuge '' 8 December 2015 Introduced by Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Lis Steele ( 2015 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( until 2012 ) Waiter ( 2013 ) ( show ) Family Grandfathers Eric Matthews Frank Matthews played by Chris Slater , was a resident of Elm Tree House throughout `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . He suffers from cerebral palsy , and is 19 years old as of 2014 -- he is tall and has blonde hair and brown eyes . He is a kind , caring and often gullible character who supports Manchester United , and enjoys pranking people along with his best friend Liam O'Donovan . During the course of `` The Dumping Ground '' , he becomes a waiter , begins a relationship with another waitress , Jade , and is reunited with his best friend Liam , eventually leaving Ashdene Ridge so they can live together . Frank was seen to appear in a brand new mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , with the five appearances of Sapphire , Elektra , Johnny and Lily . Liam O'Donovan ( edit ) Liam O'Donovan Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Richard Wisker Duration 2010 -- 2012 , 2014 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Face the Music '' 28 March 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Lis Steele ( 2014 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers Jack O'Donovan Liam O'Donovan is a former resident of Elm Tree House played by actor Richard Wisker . He was a resident of Elm Tree House throughout `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' . Liam is of medium - height and has brown hair and eyes . His best friend is Frank . Liam is sarcastic , cunning and sly , but he is kind and loyal to those he considers friends ; he enjoys pranking and scamming people . Liam is living with a foster family at the start of the first series but is sent back to the care home due to his bad behaviour . In the third series of the show , Liam buys counterfeit DVDs at the local market with Elektra 's money . When the owners of the stall refuse to give him the money back , he trashes the stall from where he purchased them . The owners of the stall chase Liam . During the pursuit , Liam crashes into a woman , who drops her purse as a result of the collision . When Liam tries to assist her , she comes to the conclusion that he was trying to steal her bag . Meanwhile , Tracy then receives a letter from a person named Jack . It turns out that Jack is actually Liam 's brother . Tracy researches more about Jack and Liam 's relationship , and it is revealed that Liam was abandoned as a baby after he was born . Jack is a police officer who has been involved in an undercover operation . Although Jack offers Liam the opportunity to live together , Liam is hesitant to accept . He tells Tracy that he likes it at the care home because he is comfortable and has friends there . The episode concludes with Liam and Frank saying good - bye to one another . Liam then leaves the ' Dumping Ground ' on the back of his brother 's motorbike , waving good - bye to his best friend . Liam , now 17 years old , returned to The Dumping Ground in the second series as part of an online mini-series titled ' Liam 's Story ' ; his story was resolved as he returned to `` The Dumping Ground '' in the final episode of the second series , departing from the show . Liam was mentioned in the third series of The Dumping Ground by Frank when he tried to help Kazima . Lily Kettle ( edit ) Lily Kettle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Jessie Williams Duration 2010 -- 2014 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` The Barbecue '' 24 January 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Catering Student ( show ) Family Father Steve Kettle Adoptive father Matt Perry ( foster ) Adoptive mother Christie Perry ( foster ) Cam Lawson ( foster ) Stepmother Shannay Sisters Rosie Kettle Poppy Kettle Tracy Beaker ( foster ) Half - brothers Jonah Kettle Lily Kettle is the daughter of Steve Kettle ( Ben Cartwright ) and a resident of Elm Tree House throughout `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' . She appears as a resident on - and - off throughout the show , and throughout the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' , before eventually departing for good . She proves herself quite quickly to be a competent and protective mother figure to her younger sisters , Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) and Rosie Kettle ( Claudia Colling / Millie Redfearn ) , following their mother 's death and father 's inability to care for them , eventually challenging their foster parents as she finds it difficult to not be in control . Lily has a strong friendship with Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) during the first series onwards . Lily and Carmen fall out when Lily accuses Carmen of wanting to take over the motherly role of Lily 's younger sisters , Poppy and Rosie . However , the two friends reconcile . Lily and her sisters are fostered in Family Values - Carmen is deeply saddened . Lily returns to the ' Dumping Ground ' in Sisters . Despite the protests of her foster parents Matt and Christie , Lily still wanted to have primary control over the care of her sisters . This is because she has been the ' mother figure ' to her sisters for a very long time . Tracy 's attempts to resolve the matter end in failure . However , in Fallen , Matt and Christie decide to take her back , against Lily 's wishes . A dramatic episode ends in Lily falling from a two storey roof ; however , besides minor injuries and a broken leg and arm she makes a full recovery . Cam eventually decides to foster Lily , after expressing her doubts about fostering another child . Lily and Carmen 's friendship is tested to the core when Carmen and Sapphire Fox ( Saffron Coomber ) purposely blame Lily for them and the rest of the children being sent to Burneywood because of the budget cuts . However , Carmen makes up with Lily upon defending her from the other kids who are mean to Lily because of recent events . In Crushed , Tracy soon resents Cam and Lily 's relationship and takes a night job at a cafe . She begins to be slightly mean and spiteful to Lily . At the end of the episode , Tracy decides that she would like to act as a proper and caring older sister for Lily . In The Scare Game , Lily encounters her father Steve during a shopping trip with Tracy . The problem is that Steve has a restraining order against him which precludes him from having contact with his three daughters ; however , the issue is resolved as Steve manages to get the restraining order removed so he can be a proper dad to Lily . In Belongings , Lily shows animosity towards the couple who fostered her sisters , Poppy and Rosie . She feels that they should all be together . Lily does not feel as if the foster family can take care of her sisters properly . In Baby , Steve 's girlfriend Shannay , who is moving in , becomes heavily pregnant . At first , Lily is unhappy with the situation , but when Shannay goes into early labour Lily blames herself what has happens and locks herself in the bathroom . When Lily is sleeping , she gets a text from her dad with a picture of her new half - brother , Jonah . She then becomes very fond of him . In episode 4 of the second series , Lily breaks the news to Carmen that she is leaving to live in Brighton with her dad and Shannay , who have been asked by Shannay 's sister to run a local café nearby the sea . Carmen accuses Steve of wanting to make Lily move away with him , but Lily admits to Carmen that she wants to go with her family , to see her brother , Jonah grow up . Lily promises to visit , as her sisters still live in the town , and leaves Ashdene Ridge and goes to Brighton with her family . She sends Carmen a picture of them together via message . Following a brand new mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , Lily was seen to be studying a catering course at college , as she is now 16 and hoping to become a professional cook . Four other former characters concluded Sapphire , Frank , Elektra and Johnny as they accompanied Lily 's journey in help for her cookery project . Toby Coleman ( edit ) Toby Coleman Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by John Bell Duration 2010 -- 2011 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Chain Reaction '' 25 March 2011 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Toby Coleman is a resident of Elm Tree House throughout the first two series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , who made his first appearance in the first series of Tracy Beaker Returns . He is played by actor John Bell . He moved into care after his parents died in a car crash . Throughout his stay at the Dumping Ground , he proves to be a loyal friend and is usually a source of calm at the residence . He is best friends with Johnny and gets along with the older residents like Liam , Frank and Elektra . In Bad Luck Boy , Toby is convinced that his life is jinxed , inspiring Tracy to write a funny column called `` Bad Luck Boy '' commenting on his bad luck . He becomes the butt of everyone 's jokes . When Tracy finds out from Sapphire that Toby 's parents died in a car crash , as well as his foster parents , Tracy sets about making amends before he meets another set of prospective foster parents . When Toby sees the new foster parents ' car arrive , Toby decides to run away because he is afraid of his bad luck . Tracy eventually finds him in the garden . Toby is upset because he does n't want foster parents but wants his own parents instead . Toby is worried that his bad luck will strike again . Tracy convinces Toby to go back to the Dumping Ground to meet the foster parents but decides that he does not wish to get fostered . In Crushed , Toby befriends a girl named Sara at a comic book store . He likes her because he realizes that the two have very much in common but when Toby tells her that his parents are still alive , Sara tells Toby that her mother had died . Toby returns to the Dumping Ground realizing everything he owned had been stolen by the others because they believed he was n't returning but Liam and Frank decide to help him get his comics back . Toby asks Liam for help about Sara in telling the truth about his parents . Toby gives Sara his old , rare comic book and tells her the truth about his parents , she is hurt by this and runs off home , but when Toby follows her , he discovers that she has been lying all along and that her mother is still alive after which he is frustrated with her but she gives him a kiss on the cheek . It is mentioned at the beginning of the third series that Toby has been fostered . Gus Carmichael ( edit ) Gus Carmichael Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Noah Marullo Duration 2010 -- 2013 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` What Would Gus Want ? '' 25 January 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Adoptive mother Dawn ( foster ) Ronnie ( foster ) Gus Carmichael is played by Noah Marullo , and was a resident of Elm Tree House during `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . Gus has Asperger 's Syndrome , a form of autism , which makes him eager to keep tidy , and so he is a stickler for detail . Gus is tall for his age with black curly hair . He is always seen wearing a black shirt and beige trousers , and enjoys playing the piano , but is socially awkward due to the Asperger 's ; he despises too much noise , and hates disorder , feeling that everything must be timetabled . During `` The Dumping Ground '' 's first series , he was fostered by a lesbian couple . Rosie Kettle ( edit ) Rosie Kettle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Claudia Colling ( 2010 ) Millie Redfearn ( 2011 -- 12 ) Duration 2010 -- 2012 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Steve Kettle Adoptive father Matt Perry ( foster ) Adoptive mother Christie Perry ( foster ) Stepmother Shannay Sisters Lily Kettle Poppy Kettle Half - brothers Jonah Kettle Rosie Kettle , portrayed by Claudia Colling in series 1 and Millie Redfearn in series 2 and 3 , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) moves into Lily 's ( Jessie Williams ) bedroom , Lily is hurt when Carmen takes over with Rosie and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) . Lily falls out with Carmen she unintentionally upsets Rosie by putting sparkles in her hair , however , they later make up . Rosie is fostered with Lily and Poppy by Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) . When Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground after arguing with Matt and Christie about who is in charge of Rosie and Poppy , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) takes Lily back to the Perry 's to apologise . However , Rosie and Poppy get upset when Lily argues with Matt and Christie . On a visit to the Perry 's , Christie announces to Lily that she can move back in , which pleases Rosie and Poppy , however , Lily does n't seem enthusiastic . With Lily living with him , Rosie and Poppy meet their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , as he is hoping to get them back . However , the meeting does n't go well and Rosie and Poppy run out crying . Lily decides to organise a meeting between her dad and sisters in the park and she lies to Tracy about the park when she asks her to ask Christie to bring her sisters over . Tracy is n't thrilled when she discovers Lily set up things with her dad and sisters , but Tracy reluctantly agrees for it to go ahead . Poppy is sick after eating too much and Rosie hits Steve with the swing accidentally . Christie is furious with Tracy when she learns Rosie and Poppy met Steve . After realising her sisters are settled with the Perry 's , Lily tells her dad he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Poppy Kettle ( edit ) Poppy Kettle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Katie Anderson Duration 2010 -- 2012 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Steve Kettle Adoptive father Matt Perry ( foster ) Adoptive mother Christie Perry ( foster ) Stepmother Shannay Sisters Lily Kettle Rosie Kettle Half - brothers Jonah Kettle Poppy Kettle , portrayed by Katie Anderson , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) moves into Lily 's ( Jessie Williams ) bedroom , Lily is hurt when Carmen takes over with Poppy and Rosie Kettle ( Claudia Colling ) . Lily falls out with Carmen she unintentionally upsets Rosie by putting sparkles in her hair , however , they later make up . Poppy is fostered with Lily and Rosie by Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) . When Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground after arguing with Matt and Christie about who is in charge of Poppy and Rosie , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) takes Lily back to the Perry 's to apologise . However , Poppy and Rosie get upset when Lily argues with Matt and Christie . On a visit to the Perry 's , Christie announces to Lily that she can move back in , which pleases Poppy and Rosie , however , Lily does n't seem enthusiastic . With Lily living with him , Poppy and Rosie meet their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , as he is hoping to get them back . However , the meeting does n't go well and Poppy and Rosie run out crying . Lily decides to organise a meeting between her dad and sisters in the park and she lies to Tracy about the park when she asks her to ask Christie to bring her sisters over . Tracy is n't thrilled when she discovers Lily set up things with her dad and sisters , but Tracy reluctantly agrees for it to go ahead . Poppy is sick after eating too much and Rosie hits Steve with the swing accidentally . Christie is furious with Tracy when she learns Poppy and Rosie met Steve . After realising her sisters are settled with the Perry 's , Lily tells her dad he does n't have to get Poppy and Rosie back . Johnny Taylor ( edit ) Johnny Taylor Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Joe Maw Duration 2010 -- 2015 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Dragon Slayer '' 13 March 2015 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Soldier ( show ) Family Mother Lucy Stepfather Keith Sisters Tee Taylor Half - sisters Hope Jonathan `` Johnny '' Taylor , played by Joe Maw throughout all series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and `` The Dumping Ground '' , is Tee and Hope Taylor 's older brother . He is a very tidy person , who is initially overprotective of his sister Tee following a difficult relationship with their stepdad . Johnny is medium - height , with brown hair and dark grey eyes , and gets on well with many residents of the Dumping Ground , forming frienemyships with characters such as Elektra , Liam and later Bailey . He is eleven years old when he is introduced in the series . In the first series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , he is introduced as an overprotective brother desperate to get both himself and his sister Tee fostered , although he later softens his approach . As the series progresses , he learns not to let his anger get the better of him , although in `` The Dumping Ground '' 's first series , he is verbally attacked by the other children for displaying homophobic attitudes . At the end of the third series , he leaves to join the army . Johnny was seen to appear in a mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , alongside Sapphire , Elektra , Frank and Lily . In Episode 6 of Series 4 according to the credits of the episode he made an appearance although he was never seen on screen . Seth foreman ( edit ) Seth Forman Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Ashley Taylor - Rhys Duration 2011 -- 2012 First appearance `` Money '' 28 January 2011 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Social worker Band member Seth Forman is played by Ashley Taylor - Rhys and was Toby 's social worker , and later Tracy 's boyfriend , during `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' 's second and third series . Seth is tall and mixed race and has brown eyes . He is kind and humorous , and likes Tracy a lot : they eventually begin a turbulent relationship . When a bag of money is found mysteriously in the garden , Toby immediately points the finger at Seth who is a new social worker . Seth then begins to act strangely towards Toby . Liam and Frank decide to spend their share of the money on a new television but end up running from security . Two police officers arrive at the Dumping Ground to search for the money but after searching the garden , the police officers find no trace of the money . Toby tells Johnny that he thinks that Seth is looking for the money and he wants it back , so Toby decides to follow Seth around and spy on him to get some evidence that he has stolen the money , when Seth leaves the room , Toby steals Seth 's phone and Gus tells Tracy to meet Toby in the toy cupboard without telling Seth . Toby tells Tracy that Seth has text messages on his phone regarding to the money and Toby then shows Tracy the money but Tracy then witnesses Seth telling Toby to give his `` stolen property '' back and she pushes him onto the floor and they lock him in the basement . Carmen and Lily tease Tracy about crushing on Seth . At the end he decides to quit and asks Tracy to tour with him . After Tracy declines this offer , she kisses Seth . In Justine Littlewood Returns , Tracy tells everyone that Seth is now her boyfriend . When Seth discovers that this was just a ruse to make Justine jealous , he becomes cross with Tracy and tells her that she needs to figure out what she wants . She later finds out that she wants to be with Seth . Seth returns in Goodbye Tracy Beaker to say how proud he is of Tracy . Elektra Perkins ( edit ) Elektra Perkins Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Jessica Revell Duration 2011 -- 2013 First appearance `` Elektra '' 4 February 2011 Last appearance `` Scary Beasts '' 15 March 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Father Bernard Perkins Mother Marilyn Perkins Sisters Melissa Valentine Mandy `` Elektra '' Perkins was a difficult and rebellious resident of Elm Tree House during the second and third series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first series of `` The Dumping Ground '' , and was portrayed by Jessica Revell . Elektra presents herself as a tough young lady who is happy to bully and intimidate people . She is quite mean , sarcastic , and cunning , and whilst she does have caring moments , and begins friendships with Toby , Carmen and Johnny , she mainly displays her tough , uncaring and mean side . She shows more of her softer side in The Dumping Ground and has friendships with Faith and Rick . Elektra arrives in Elektra , during the second series , instantly beginning her stay by fighting Liam , later explaining this as a reflex reaction following several tough experiences in other care homes . She begins to form a gang with the other residents , forcing them to commit thefts for her personal gain to test their loyalty to her . In `` A Day in the Country '' , Elektra is left jilted after Carmen almost dies falling off a bridge due to her actions ; she also saves Harry from an adder . During `` Snake Bite '' , Elektra is reunited with her old gang , the Cobras , although after they try to rob Toby she realises that what they 're doing is wrong , and she moves on , leaving the gang behind . Going Home reveals more about Elektra 's character and family background . Elektra 's sister , Melissa Perkins , arrives at Elm Tree House in order to ask Elektra to be her bridesmaid . The residents find it amusing that Elektra 's real name is Mandy . Melissa breaks the news that she is going to get married to a man named Harvey . The two sisters shop for dresses and Elektra observes through Melissa 's behaviour that her mother has a strong influence upon every aspect of the wedding . Elektra is emphatic that she not be forced to change her hair , no matter what her controlling mother dictates . Elektra 's mother put Elektra in care despite the fact that Elektra did not want to go into care . Melissa convinces Elektra that both of her parents love her and that they would welcome her if she came to lunch . Tracy accompanies Elektra to lunch with her parents . Although they kicked Elektra out of the house , they have made an effort to see her since . Elektra appears to be pleased that her mother took the time to buy a vegetarian lasagne for her . Her mother seems to think that Elektra has severe behavioural problems and wants to focus upon the wedding whereas Elektra 's father at first seems to be more concerned about his daughter 's welfare and putting the past behind them . History seems to repeat itself when Elektra 's mother assumes control by saying that bridesmaids can not have blue hair . Elektra becomes infuriated when her mother tells her that she must keep the fact that she resides at a care home a secret from Harvey . Mrs Perkins told Harvey that her daughter was away at a boarding school . Elektra rings the wedding planner in order to cancel the wedding by pretending to be her mother . Melissa comes to the Dumping Ground and gives Elektra a gift , a new pair of white boots for the wedding . Melissa is furious when she discovers that Elektra cancelled the wedding . She states that Elektra does not deserve a family . She also showcases her feelings of resentment when she states that she always had to be the good daughter and that she was not able to attend her own prom because her parents were too busy dealing with Elektra 's problems with the police . Many events during the series , like Elektra behaviour during Gus 's adoption , have lead viewers to the idea that she is a lesbian . Elektra left Elm Tree House following the conclusion to the first series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . Elektra was seen to appear alongside Sapphire , Frank , Johnny and Lily in a mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' . Rick Barber ( edit ) Rick Barber Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Daniel Pearson Duration 2012 -- 2014 First appearance Slow Burn 6 January 2012 Last appearance `` Face the Music '' 28 March 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Father Gerry Rick Barber ( played by Daniel Pearson ) is a resident of Elm Tree House , and later Ashdene Ridge , during the third series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' ; he went into care when his parents went to prison for fraud . Rick is tall with brown hair and blue eyes . He is nice and intelligent but also hot - headed and moody . He is a very fair character , and has good morals . He finds a friend in Carmen , is naturally protective of Tyler , he plays the guitar and enjoys listening to his parents ' old vinyl records , feeling that they are all that is left of the memories he had with them . Rick expresses a wish for a sibling , but says his parents never had more children as it was impractical in case they needed to pack up and leave suddenly , due to being scammers . When Rick and Carmen become closer , Carmen learns more about Rick 's character . He tells Carmen that both of his parents used to con people out of money . Things were good for a while until his parents got sent to prison and Rick ended up in the care home . Rick feels guilty because his parents used to involve him in their scams and this meant that his parents were able to purchase nice things for him . He regrets benefitting from exploiting people . In Dreamland ( `` The Dumping Ground '' series 1 , episode 8 ) , Rick gets a huge shock when he finds his dad , disguised as a boiler man , inside the Dumping Ground . Gerry is on leave from prison for a short amount of time and insists that he 's above board now and promises Rick a happy family future , but it quickly becomes clear that Gerry still loves the buzz of a hustle , and Rick is distraught . Rick leaves Ashdine Ridge / The Dumping Ground in between the second and third series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . Faith Davis ( edit ) Faith Davis Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Leanne Dunstan Duration 2013 -- 2014 , 2015 First appearance Freedom 4 January 2013 Last appearance `` Better Than You '' 20 October 2015 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Brothers Razz Faith Davis is a resident of Elmtree House and Ashdene Ridge during the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . She is portrayed by Leanne Dunstan . Faith , who shares a room with Elektra while at Elmtree House , is one of the elder children who tries to be responsible , and proves her capabilities and maturity when she acts as a surrogate careworker in the opening episode of `` The Dumping Ground '' . In The Real Faith Davis the police call and the young people suspect something is wrong . All of them start spreading rumours about her being a drug dealer ; until Faith tells them the truth . She reveals that the police might have found the body of her brother , Razz , who had been missing . Frank uses this as a way to get more sponsors for her charity run . Faith is disgusted and tells Elektra that she was put in care because she told a teacher that she lived alone ; which resulted in them calling social services . The police tell her that the body was not a match , she hides in the garden and finds Floss who helps her gain some composure . The next day she completes her charity run with everyone supporting her . In the 2nd series of The Dumping Ground , after Faith got hit by a car and was temporarily in a wheel chair she became increasedly and negative . Which is unlike Faith been as she 's very optimistic and ambitions most of the time , but feeling like she was stuck in the wheelchair made her think she 'd never run or walk again . She became mean and aggressive towards the younger kids mainly , making Harry and Floss to clean her room for a `` prize '' and ordered them about . She ended up teasing Harry , treating him like a baby . When Faith wanted to watch a movie , Mo , Floss and Harry were already watching something , she told them to get lost and Mo told her that she 's become really mean , and was going to tell Mike . That causes Faith to call Mo a grass . Frank witnesses this and when Faith starts to order Frank about , Frank gives her a piece of his mind by telling her that she 's not useless and that she 's in a wheelchair and she will get better . And then goes on to tell her that he has to talk really slow every day of his life so people can understand him . This changes Faith 's recent behaviour and goes back to her caring and friendly self . She does have a few snappy and mean moments in later episodes though . Faith is one of the older residents and is tall for her age , with long black hair . She wants to be a distance runner when she grows up , but a car crash incident in `` Booting Up '' temporarily halts her plans . She left the series following the conclusion to the second series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . As of the third series and for one episode , Dunstan returned as Faith . Harry Jones ( edit ) Harry Jones Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Philip Graham Scott Duration 2010 -- 2016 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` One for Sorrow '' 25 November 2016 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Adoptive father Lou Adam Aycliffe ( foster ) Adoptive mother Ange Brothers Finn McLaine ( foster ) Sisters Claire Aycliffe ( foster ) Harry Jones , portrayed by Philip Graham Scott , made his first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . He departed in series 4 during the episode One For Sorrow . During `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , Harry looks up to Sapphire Fox , as he is one of the younger residents , and she is a maternal figure -- he finds it difficult to adjust when she leaves Elm Tree House to get her own flat , and later identifies Faith Davis as a maternal figure to him . When she leaves , this changes to Ryan Reeves . He is initially a diminutive but cheeky character ; he enjoyed carrying round his treasured toy giraffe named Jeff , until Floss took him for herself when she arrived at the Dumping Ground . Harry is small , with a thicket of curly blond hair and blue eyes . He appears to be wearing wellies most of the time during the earlier series . During `` The Dumping Ground '' , Harry finds new friends in Mo Michaels and Floss Guppy , later revealing his secret passion for wrestling . He does leave in the third series in the sixth episode , `` It 's Not about the Money '' , to Floss 's dismay , after finding a foster placement , but then soon returns on the ninth episode , `` Long Way Home '' , when something goes wrong with his foster family and with his fellow foster Brother Finn McLaine . In `` The Goodbye Girl '' he gives Floss his Jeff . She lets him borrow it in `` Survivors '' and then gives it to Mike , who is suspended . In `` Perfect Match '' Sasha thinks that her adoptive parents , would suit Harry . He comes round to the idea , and Lou and Ange decide to look further into the possibility . Tee Taylor ( edit ) Tee Taylor Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Mia McKenna - Bruce Duration 2010 -- 2016 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` One For Sorrow '' 25 November 2016 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Lucy Adoptive father Mr Watson ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Watson ( foster ) Stepfather Keith Brothers Johnny Taylor Sisters Hannah Watson ( foster ) Half - sisters Hope Tee Taylor , portrayed by Mia McKenna - Bruce , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 4 during the episode One For Sorrow . Tee is small and diminutive , yet understanding , kind and caring , although her brother 's controlling and overprotective influence over her in the first series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' made her a quieter character . She has dark blonde , almost brown , hair and brown eyes . She also shows a caring personality towards younger children , like Mo , Floss , Harry and her younger sister Hope . Tee and Ryan Reeves often have issues with each other , and they always fall out and accuse each other of things , which often becomes quite serious in certain situations . In By The Book , when Tracy is told to enforce the cleaning rota , Johnny believes it will get him and his sister , Tee fostered and starts volunteering himself and Tee for everyone 's chores in return for gold stars in his file . He begins to force her to do chores when she does n't want to . But Tracy 's attempt to deal with the situation results in Tee almost getting injured , resulting in Johnny lashing out at her for not looking after Tee properly , and she begins to reconsider her future at the Dumping Ground , until Tee and Johnny apologise to her the next day . In What You Do n't Know , Tee , Chris and Johnny return to the ' Dumping Ground ' from their trial foster placement with Mr and Mrs Watson . Everyone who is involved in the placement faces an awkward situation : the Watsons are happy to foster Tee , but not Johnny . Eventually , Tee decides not to be fostered as she does n't want to leave her brother behind . In `` Shadows '' , Tee finds a trail of riddles , each leading to a different clue , which eventually leads her to the time capsule which was buried at The Dumping Ground in The Story of Tracy Beaker . In `` Summer Holiday '' , she ruins a holiday by accidentally forgetting to close a gate and letting sheep get into the farm house where they are staying . When Lily and Carmen plan to go to Lily 's dads campsite , Tee goes on the bus to stop them but the bus moves and they are stuck on the bus until Wales . When the man with tickets comes and collects them , he asks for Tee 's ticket but she did n't have one and she asks to get off . Carmen goes with Tee leaving Lily on the bus by herself . 5 seconds later the bus stops again and it 's Lily . They walk off through a wood . And Tee finds herself at a holiday place . Later they are on their new holiday , all thanks to Tee . In Oh , Mo , Tee was made to look after new , eccentric resident , Mo . She soon regretted her decision when Mo started clamouring for her company and saying they were best friends . This led to an accident in which Mo was injured . Mike decided that Mo should n't live in Elm Tree House after the incident , but the young people beg for Mo to stay , so he did . In `` Hope '' Tee gets a letter from her mum , who wants to meet up with her and Johnny . Johnny tells her not to , as he thinks it might be a trap , but Tee goes to see her mum at the women 's refuge and meets her baby sister , Hope . It is revealed that Tee 's mum has left her abusive boyfriend Keith . Tee later gets worried that her mum is not looking after Hope properly , and steals her , but she bumps into Faith , who notifies Johnny . He pretends to go along with Tee 's plan to get the baby fostered but secretly texts their mum . She got Hope back , and Tee and Johnny see her regularly . In `` Now You See Me '' , Tee makes friends with a street artist , and starts doing graffiti , which nearly results in her getting arrested . In `` Breaking In '' , Tee and Kazima are at The Dumping Ground on their own , and end up battling against two burglars who break into the house . In `` Dragon Slayer '' , Tee 's older brother , Johnny , is about to leave to join the army , when both Tee and Johnny step - dad , Keith , turns up to see Hope . He soon becomes trouble , and then Johnny has to face down Keith to get him to go away for good . When Keith leaves , Johnny leaves to join the army . In `` Who Are You '' Tee and Ryan Nearly make up , before a boy from Ryan 's old care home walks in and spills the beans , of what was actually meant to happen . Ryan pretended to make up with Tee , but all the information Tee gave him about what he thought about Ryan , and the order that the other kids came in , to upset the other children . In `` What Matters '' Tee naughtily goes out with Sasha to skate night , when she was n't meant to , and used Billie and Toni to cover for her . This gets the twins grounded . Teee admits , she made them cover for her , but it is revealed that May - Li knew they had gone . She runs away to buy presents for the twins and Kazima , who was applying to stay in the UK . In `` Hold The Front Page '' Tee accuses Ryan of pushing Finn down the stairs , and she claims she saw him push him which later on she did n't because Finn faked his fall to get attention . In `` Growing Pains '' Tee went to an art college interview with Carmen . She struggles to find her feet , and messes up the interview . Carmen gets a place at the drama section , and they fall out . Tee burns all her art , but Carmen had accepted the place at the college . They then make up . Carmen Howle ( edit ) Carmen Howle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Amy - Leigh Hickman Duration 2010 -- 2016 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` One For Sorrow '' 25 November 2016 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Helen Howle Carmen Howle , portrayed by Amy - Leigh Hickman , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 4 during the episode One For Sorrow . Carmen is an exceptionally outgoing girl who shares much of her life with Lily , becoming saddened when she leaves the Dumping Ground . Carmen is medium - height with long brown hair and brown eyes and often wears a lot of make - up . She seems eager , kind and caring , but impatient , although she has a tendency to appear light - headed , to be judgemental , and to spill secrets . Her favourite colour is pink , and she has turbulent relationships with many of the other residents of the Dumping Ground , such as Bailey , Elektra and Johnny . She also has a terrible relationship with her mother , who abandoned her when she was little , so that she could have a holiday . In ' Family Values ' Carmen is lonely when Lily gets fostered . No - one wants to hear her problems so she takes a precious item from each resident . In ' Viva Carmen ' Carmen 's Mum , Helen , returns , saying she wants Carmen to live with her in Spain . However Helen then dumps Carmen for her ex Lee . In ' The Werewolf ' Carmen thinks she saw a werewolf . The werewolf is actually Sapphire 's brother Riff wearing a mask . Carmen does not perform well at school , we know this because in the episode '' A Day In The Past '' Johnny insults her by saying `` I 've seen your school grades , you 'll be lucky to be a cleaner when you 're older '' . Carmen 's best friend is Lily but is also shown to be good friends with Tee . She also has on and off friendships with Jody and Elektra . Floss seems to look up to Carmen , as they like the same things , such as make - up . Carmen also went out with Rick in the episode ' Be My Girl ' but the two broke up after finding their relationship too challenging . In `` Party Games '' Carmen and Bailey battle it out for celebrity foster parents . Carmen wins , but turns down the opportunity when her potential foster mum is rude to the other children . In `` Stuck With You '' Carmen and Jody , argue over a musical box , which Jody bought . They argue so much , that Floss handcuffs them together , but loses the key . In `` Now You See Me '' Carmen tries to discourage Tee from doing street art . In `` Fake It To Make It '' Carmen applies to be the face of the future . She gets through to the second selection round , which involves doing science experiments . She messes up though , and does not get the part . In `` The Goodbye Girl '' She gives Tyler some dating advice . In `` What Matters '' and `` Refuge '' She helps Kazima struggle through her application to stay in the UK . In `` Slings And Arrows '' she directs the Shakespeare play the kids are doing to save Ashdine Ridge . In `` Stepping Up '' Carmen Jody and Tee work together in a street dance competition . In `` They Walk Among Us '' She helps Tee on her date with Zach , a fitness coach . In `` Growing Pains '' She goes with Tee to an interview for college . She gets lost whilst waiting for Tee , and finds herself in a drama class . She gets an offer to come to the college , but denies , and accepts for Tee on her behalf . In `` First Past The Post '' She tells the police that Mike lost her file . She does not tell the other kids though . In `` Survivors '' she stays behind to look after Harry with Ryan . Harry runs away to Mike 's house . Carmen and Ryan find him there and take him back . She tells Ryan that she told the police , and is going to tell Harry , but Mike tells her not to . In `` The End Of It All , it comes out that she told the police . When Mike comes back , she is forgiven though . She makes a final appearance in `` One For Sorrow '' with Tee when they move out together . Mo Michaels ( edit ) Mo Michaels Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Reece Buttery Duration 2013 -- 2016 First appearance `` Oh , Mo ! '' 1 March 2013 Last appearance `` Two For Joy '' 2 December 2016 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Father Peter Mother Caroline Adoptive father David Grandfathers David Anthony `` Mo '' Michaels , portrayed by Reece Buttery , made his first appearance on 1 March 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Oh , Mo ! . He departed in series 4 during the episode Two For Joy . Mo is a kind , eccentric kid in the Dumping Ground . He first appeared in `` Oh , Mo ! '' His age is 10 , as of series 3 of The Dumping Ground . In series 4 , Mo has shown an annoyance to younger residents like Joseph . Which is quite hypocritical , been as how Mo was when he first arrived at the dumping ground . The Dumping Ground Series 1 - Mo arrived at the Elm Tree House prior to the episode Oh , Mo ! where he was made to share a room with Tyler . To Tyler 's ire , Mo enjoyed collecting rubbish from the bins ( which he dubbed treasure , which he made arts and crafts from ) and would take it into their bedroom , effectively turning the bedroom into a rubbish dump . This eventually annoyed Tyler to the point that one day , he took Mo 's `` treasure '' and dumped it over the stairs onto the ground floor , declaring that it was what he had to put up with . Mo was told to take his `` treasure '' to the attic and Tyler ended up being moved to Rick 's bedroom , leading to Mo getting the room to himself , with which he was very pleased and tried to give Tyler a hug ( to Tyler 's disgust ) . Whilst the others ( except Jody and Elektra ) were out , Mo took belongings from the other residents ' rooms and ( with Floss 's help ) built an `` Ant Theme Park '' by placing jam on the belongings to attract the ants , which he had brought into the house . This unfortunately led to Mo receiving more ire from the Dumping Ground residents , only to be stopped by Tee . Later , Mo offered to build a scarecrow to help scare birds away from Gina 's vegetables , which he would build out of his `` treasure '' . Mo did this with Tee 's help , as she had befriended Mo to help him settle in . Mo decided to declare Tee his `` best friend '' and wanted to hang around her including sitting next to her at dinner , much to Tee 's ire and the amusement of the other DG residents . The following morning , Mo wanted to give his grandmother 's pearls ( which Jody and Elektra had stolen ) to Tee , but could not find him , so he went to ask Tee for help . Unfortunately , Tee had reached the end of her tether with Mo and went to destroy Mo 's scarecrow with a cricket bat . Tee succeeded in knocking the scarecrow down , which unfortunately landed on top of Mo , who had followed Tee . Mo was taken to hospital and Mike intended for him to be moved into emergency foster care as Mo was clearly not settling down at Elm Tree House . However , the other kids realised that Mo was no different to them in that they all had a rough start in life , so they rebuilt his scarecrow as a welcome home present , saying that they wanted Mo to stay . Jody also returned the pearls she and Elektra had stolen ( to Elektra 's annoyance ) so Mo could present them to Tee as a gift . Tee refuses but agrees to take them in the end . In `` Seriously Funny '' , Tee and Carmen left for a sleepover at Lily 's flat , Mo gave Tee a hug ( as he was fond of doing ) as the girls hugged each other . After the girls left , he said that he wished he could go . The following day , Mo took Tyler 's practical joke toys on learning that Tyler no longer wished to play practical jokes . Prior to Scary Beasts , Mo purchased a `` magic '' egg , thinking that it would hatch into a bird . One night , the egg hatched . Mo declared this to the house the following morning , declaring that it had hatched into a bird and it had gone missing . It later transpired that Mo 's `` bird '' was in fact a snake , which Johnny and Elektra found . Mo decided to call his snake `` Mike '' , which the others joked would lead to confusion . The Dumping Ground Series 2 - When Faith was admitted to hospital , Mo decided to make her a `` get well soon '' card , but ended up with glitter over his face in the process . When Faith later returned from hospital , Mo greeted her saying that they had made her a surprise . Faith was then heard trashing her room ( annoyed about being in a wheelchair ) , leading to Mo commenting that she would not like his invention ( a watering can attached to a pole ) . Later , Mo decided to use one of Bailey 's football boots to make shoe prints with , only for it to be taken by Tyler and Rick , who were trying to sell Bailey 's boots . The following day , he , Harry and Floss ( with whom he had become friends with by this point ) were watching the TV when Faith ordered them out to watch a film . When a training video for care children was being filmed at the Dumping Ground , Mo was given an old camera for him to use . After getting the camera to work , Mo filmed the other residents ( including Johnny making a `` Care Kid Sandwich '' ) which was later seen by the lady making the training video . On the day of Lily 's leaving barbecue , Carmen tricked Mo into thinking that there was gold underneath the potatoes in the vegetable patch , as a way of getting out of her chores . Later that day , Mo found a golden wrapper in the vegetable patch and believed it to be treasure ( when really it was from one of Floss 's sweets ) . On the day the older residents went out to look for Frank , Mo was due to have a dentist appointment . Mo , fearing the dentist , hid in the garden , but was found by Floss and Harry . Mo was coaxed out , only for a bird to poo on him . Harry cheered up Mo , saying that when a bird pooed on you , it was lucky ( something Sapphire had told him ) . Mo then found a pound coin on the ground and was then told by May - Li that his appointment had been cancelled as the dentist was ill . On learning that Frank had gone missing , Mo , Floss and Harry waited for birds to poo on them , thinking that the lucky bird poo would lead to Frank being found . However , this initially did not work as Mo ended up chasing the birds away by running toward them and shouting at them to pick him . Instead , Floss had Mo and Harry untie one of May - Li 's washing lines while she took bread to attract the birds while May - Li was distracted . Consequently , all three children were punished ( by being made to tidy up the garden and take the sheets in ) when May - Li discovered what had happened with the bread . Some time afterwards , the other DG residents teased Mo 's snake , now renamed `` Rocky '' , saying that he was boring . Out to prove otherwise , Mo purchased a box of locusts that escaped after Mike untapped the box and left it on the piano with the lid open . Consequently , Mo , with Harry and Floss , set about rounding up the 50 + locusts from other places in the Dumping Ground . After finally rounding them up , Mo revealed to the rest of the DG why he had bought them : they were bait for Rocky to perform tricks in a show he was putting on . Unfortunately , Rocky refused to respond to Mo 's commands ( despite having responded in practice ) even when Mo attempted to charm him with a recorder . Faith later suggested to Mo that Rocky was depressed , prompting Mo to give Rocky to a man who owned numerous other snakes , on the reasoning that Mo could play with his friends whenever he wanted and so wanted to let Rocky do the same thing . When the DG residents held the `` Touch The Telly '' challenge , Mo was the only care kid to not pick a side . Instead , he was appointed the referee and was responsible for seeing who was out of the game , how long people had taken on their toilet breaks and how many they had been on . Like the other kids , Mo fell asleep in the lounge the following night and saw neither the football game nor the talent show . In I Have a Dream , the DG residents were informed of a short story competition and May - Li decided to hold a competition in the house and would send off the winning entry . Mo decided that he wanted to submit a story , but had trouble deciding what it would be on ( though he did get as far as the first line `` I like cheese '' ) . He was also made to go shopping with Bailey , whom he annoyed by asking who decided where everything in the supermarket was positioned . Mo later pestered Bailey by asking why he had not yet read his letter , saying that he would be excited to receive one , and eventually sussed out that Bailey was dyslexic , going on to say that his dad was dyslexic and that he had to read letters for him . Bailey initially denied being dyslexic , then later asked for Mo 's help in reading it ( albeit , claiming he could not read it because the writing was untidy ) . Mo then decided to help Bailey write a short story at the cost of writing his own story . Bailey went on to win the short story . However , Mo revealed the plot when he started reading Bailey 's story and when Carmen read the story for herself , she wondered how Mo could have known the plot it was Bailey 's story . This led to Johnny accusing Bailey of bullying Mo to write his story , which led to Mo shouting that they had got it all wrong and storming out of the kitchen , leading to him telling May - Li about Bailey 's problem afterwards . Bailey went on to win the competition and won tickets for himself and another person to take with him , so he picked Mo , who proceeded to give him a hug . When Harry was told that he could not go to a wrestling tournament , he came up with the idea of having a wrestling tournament with one of the other DG kids . Mo declined to be Harry 's opponent , but they both went to find Tyler , who agreed to be the announcer . Later , after Harry had had his costume made by Tee , Mo suggested that Harry have a tattoo on his face , which he agreed to . On learning that Floss was to be adopted , Mo asked her if she would still live at the DG , only to be told by Harry that adoption meant Floss would be leaving and never coming back . This upset Mo , who told May - Li that she needed to turn away any parents who wanted to adopt him , to which May - Li said to him that Mo was not going to be adopted and was only living at Ashdene Ridge until his parents were fit to take care of him . Some time afterwards , when Liam came to the Dumping Ground to look for Frank , Mo answered to door to him . When asked where Frank was , Mo told Liam that he was at the cinema with Johnny , prompting Liam to leave , despite Mo offering to get Mike . Later when Liam came to temporarily stay at the DG , Mo 's part in the plan to get Faith her work placement back was to sing `` Twelve Tiny Hours '' ( a song Liam had written ) with Johnny and Rick , but Mo 's singing was so atrocious he decided that he did not want to sing at all . The Dumping Ground Series 3 - On the day of The Dumping Ground 's open day in `` Party Games '' , Mo helped to add food colouring some cupcakes for the guests . Later in the day , however , Mo decided to run a bath and poured the food colouring that he had used on the cupcakes . The water overflowed the bath , fell into the living room downstairs ( soaking Matt , Stephanie Brantston and Carmen ) and also soaked Johnny 'd bedroom as well . Mo was caught after he tried to get away from the living room and was made to show his hands which were coloured red by the food colouring . Mo explained that he did this to stop the fostering party and prevent Carmen being fostered by the Brantstons , calling them `` nasty people '' . The day after the events in `` Grand Theft DG '' , Mo was made to share with new boy , Ryan . Who arrived the following day . On the same day , Mo discovered the purses that had gone missing had been dumped in a bin outside the DG . He was going to tell Mike , but was stopped by Ryan who convinced him to show him first , then was convinced to keep quiet by Ryan on the grounds that the police would implicate him as his fingerprints would be on the purses , as Mo had told Ryan he had touched them a bit . Tee managed to get the truth out of Mo eventually after Mo started to talk at the kitchen table , but then kept quiet . They searched the bins only to find the purses were now gone . Tee and Mo confronted Ryan , who lied that he had not moved the purses . Later that day , while Ryan was speaking to Maude Gordon ( Harry 's potential foster sister , who had taken the money from the purses ) in the attic , Mo followed Tee ( who was recording Ryan and Maude 's conversation ) and sneezed , prompting Ryan to get Maude to turn herself in . In `` Stuck With You '' , Kazima noticed Mo was feeling down and not being his usual cheery self . Kazima bought Mo a `` Build Your Own Robot '' from a yard sale in the neighbour hood to cheer Mo up . But when Mo found that there were some pieces missing this made him worse , causing him to shout at Kazima . Mo locked himself in Faith 's old bedroom and built a fort out of boxes with some of her old belongings in . But all the boxes ended up falling on Mo . Mike and May - Li find Mo and manage to rescue him . In the kitchen / dining room he tells Mike , May - Li and Kazima why he 's been feeling down. he had a letter from his dad ( really grandad but this was not revealed until the episode `` Where is Love '' ) saying that she his mum ( nana ) was having crucial surgery . But when Mike read the letter he lets Mo know it says something else and assures Mo his mother ( grandmother ) will be fine , and the operation is nothing to worry about . Mo was absent in the episode `` Mischief '' . Mo 's last appearance was in the Series 4 finale `` Joy For Two '' , even though it has n't been confirmed , the character had not appeared in any of the promos for Series 5 nor is the character featured in the Series 5 opening credits , so it is very unlikely that he will be appearing in the upcoming series . Bailey Wharton ( edit ) Bailey Wharton Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Kasey MacKellar Duration 2014 -- 2017 First appearance Booting Up 10 January 2014 Last appearance Back In The Game 20 January 2017 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Father Jimmy Wharton Mother Alison Wharton Bailey Wharton , portrayed by Kasey MacKellar , made his first appearance on 10 January 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Booting Up - Part 1 . He departed in series 5 during the episode Back In The Game - Part 1 . He is shown to be quite aggressive and cocky , with a very short temper , and likes to wind people up , especially Johnny and Mike . He is a skilled footballer and is often criticised by the others for thinking he is better than he is and making unnecessary comments . It is later revealed he is dyslexic. Bailey later befriends Mo Michaels and Jody Jackson , but does n't always see eye to eye with Jody during the progression of series 2 . During Series 3 - 4 , Bailey is shown to be reserved and has a more withdrawn character , either spending his time with Mischief or football . He is also shown to have calmed down and eventually it is opened up to his sensitive nature when he comforts Mo and meets his ' mother ' in Series 4 . In the fourth episode of the third season , Bailey kills a homeless man ( Mal ) by pushing him . Guilty of his actions , Bailey adopts his dog , Mischief , without consent from neither Mike Milligan or May - Li Wang . On his last episode he and Sasha saved Dexter from getting into more trouble that Roddy dragged him into ( it is revealed Roddy is a thief ) . Bailey 's final appearance was the second episode of Series 5 . At the end of the episode , he takes up the position of a junior football coach in the United States . Mischief ( edit ) Mischief Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Sage Duration 2015 -- 2017 First appearance `` Mischief '' 30 January 2015 Last appearance Back In The Game 20 January 2017 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former ; recurring Profile Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Owner ( s ) Bailey Wharton Mike Milligan May - Li Wang Mischief , portrayed by ten - year - old Border collie Sage , made his first appearance on 30 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Mischief . He departed in series 5 during the episode Back In The Game - Part 1 . Mischief is owned originally by a homeless man who Bailey bumps into ; when the man later dies in hospital because of Bailey , his conscience means he becomes Mischief 's new owner . However , when Mischief comes back to Ashdene Ridge , it soon becomes clear that he is very unruly -- but Bailey must train him , or he will be put down . Eventually , all becomes well , and Mischief becomes the new Ashdene Ridge pet . Mischief left the show when Bailey did in series 5 as both went to America . Kazima Tako ( edit ) Kazima Tako The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Akuc Bol Duration 2014 -- 2017 First appearance `` Finding Frank '' 31 January 2014 Last appearance `` Farvel '' 31 March 2017 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former : regular Profile Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Father Hakim Tako Brothers Amir Tako Kazima Tako , portrayed by Akuc Bol , made her first appearance on 31 January 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Finding Frank . She departed in series 5 during the episode Farvel . Frank has n't been seen or heard of for a while , so Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) , Bailey ( Kasey MacKellar ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) try to track him down . They notice Kazima buying Frank 's pocket watch , claiming it was her mother 's and they find Frank and Kazima at a burger van . It emerges that Kazima and Frank are sleeping rough . Frank and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) later talk and Frank decides to move back in . Frank later informs Kazima that Mike is sorting things for her through children 's services . Carmen reluctantly agrees to share her room with Kazima , however , Carmen is annoyed by Kazima 's behaviour and orders Kazima to leave . Kazima sleeps on Frank 's bedroom floor and when Mike and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) discover this , they tell Kazima boys and girls can not share rooms for their own protection . Kazima plans to sleep in the garage , but Carmen finds out and makes up with her . Tee works on an Art project , but Kazima criticizes it and she introduces Tee to her friend , street artist Roscoe ( Simeon Zack ) . When there is a trip to a theme park and not enough tickets , Kazima does n't mind staying behind . Tee decides to remain behind to allow Toni ( Nelly Currant ) and Billie ( Gwen Currant ) to go together . Kazima and Tee are forced to attend a fun day , but they leave early and go home . Unknown to them , money was planted in Kazima 's bag by Maz ( Natifa Mai ) and Max ( Frankie Wilson ) . Maz and Max break into The Dumping Ground and when Kazima checks her bag , she and Tee decide to refuse to hand it back due to the large amount . Kazima and Tee attempt to scare Maz and Max out of The Dumping Ground . They end up locking Max in the attic and trick Maz into the kitchen before tying her up . Maz and Max are arrested and the other residents arrive home the same time after Mike is informed of Kazima and Tee disappearing from the fun day . Mike and May - Li lecture Kazima and Tee on the situation and all the kids are sent to the fun day . When Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) learns to play a trombone , Kazima helps him and she reveals her dad and brother were kidnapped for making music . New girl , Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) , arrives at The Dumping Ground . After going home to collect her bedroom key , Sasha goes shopping with May - Li and Kazima . Kazima witnesses Sasha knocking down a display so she can speak to her brother , Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) . When May - Li receives some expensive cheese from her mother , she later finds it stolen . Kazima and Carmen question everyone and they later reveal Mischief ( Sage ) as the culprit . Carmen drops May - Li 's antique necklace down the toilet and Carmen thinks about what would happen if she left the necklace or if she tried to get it back . When Carmen thinks about getting it back , she enlists Kazima 's help to get it back and they arrange for a plumber to fix the toilet . As part of her application to stay in the UK , Kazima must prove she is a minor and undergo an age assessment . After finding out about Kazima 's situation , Carmen tries to get Kazima to open up about what happened . Kazima explains how her father was captured by the army and her mother died at a Kenyan refugee camp before she fled to England . Kazima gets the results for her age assessment and is informed by Jasna ( Dolye Gavanski ) that they believe she was born in 1997 and is 18 years old . Kazima decides to runaway and she goes to Frank 's , but she runs away when Mike and Carmen go visit . Later , Kazima reunited with her father , Hakim ( Richard Pepple ) and Kazima 's age can be proved by documents . Kazima and Hakim learn that Kazima 's brother maybe alive in Somalia and Hakim decides to go to Somalia , leaving Kazima at The Dumping Ground . Kazima left The Dumping Ground halfway through the fifth series , on Episode 12 . She moved to Denmark with her father and brother . Kazima featured on 55 episodes of the series . Guest characters ( edit ) Steve Littlewood ( edit ) Steve Littlewood The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Stephen Crossley ( 2002 - 2004 ) Morgan Hopkins ( 2005 ) Duration 2002 - 2005 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Two 's A Crowd '' 8 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 ) Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Wife Carrie Sons Billy Daughters Justine Littlewood Nephews John Steve Littlewood , portrayed by Stephen Crossley from 2002 to 2004 and Morgan Hopkins in 2005 , made his first appearance on 8 January 2002 in series 1 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground . He departed in series 5 during the episode Two 's A Crowd . Steve introduces his new girlfriend Carrie ( Caroline Bunce ) to his daughter , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) , however , Carrie is n't well received by Justine . When Carrie and Steve are getting married , Justine is their bridesmaid , however , Justine is n't happy with the dress and the young people decide to alter it . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) and Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) make a mess of the dress , but Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) manages to fix it . Pizza is thrown at Justine 's dress when the kids have a food fight and Justine refuses to go to the wedding , but Tracy and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) talk her round and Justine gets to their wedding in time . When Steve cancels taking Justine out , Carrie visits Justine and she breaks the news to Justine that she is pregnant and Justine does n't take it well . Carrie later tells Justine that the real reason for her visit is that once she and Steve are organised , they want her to live with them . Justine suspects that her dad and Carrie are going to tell her some bad news when he takes her out for dinner due to Steve buying her things , however , it turns out to be good news when Steve and Carrie tell Justine they want her to move in the following week . At Justine 's party , Justine gets fed up when her dad and Carrie go on about the baby and she soon snaps . Steve and Carrie later apologise to her for doing so during her party . When Steve 's nephew , John ( Adam Skilton ) turns up , Justine is n't thrilled and when Justine has to give up her room , Carrie tells Justine it 's her dad 's decision and Justine decides to move back to The Dumping Ground . Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) sets up a meeting between Steve and Justine , but lies to Justine that she wants her photo taken and Justine is n't thrilled when she discovers Elaine has lied to her . On Special Guest 's day , Justine is n't thrilled when her dad brings John along . When John has an allergic reaction to nuts , Justine gives John his injection and John apologises to Justine . Carrie ( edit ) Carrie The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Caroline Bunce ( 2003 - 2004 ) Kathryn Dimery ( 2005 ) Duration 2003 - 2005 First appearance `` Doggie '' 23 January 2003 Last appearance `` Caring and Sharing '' 28 November 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2003 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 ) Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Husband Steve Littlewood Sons Billy Stepdaughters Justine Littlewood Nephews John Carrie , portrayed by Caroline Bunce from 2003 to 2004 and Kathryn Dimery in 2005 , made her first appearance on 23 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Doggie . She departed in series 5 during the episode Caring and Sharing . Steve ( Stephen Crossley ) introduces Carrie to his daughter , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) , however , Carrie is n't well received by Justine . When Carrie and Steve are getting married , Justine is their bridesmaid , however , Justine is n't happy with the dress and the kids decide to alter it . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) and Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) make a mess of the dress , but Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) manages to fix it . Pizza is thrown at Justine 's dress when the kids have a food fight and Justine refuses to go to the wedding , but Tracy and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) talk her round and Justine gets to their wedding in time . When Steve cancels taking Justine out , Carrie visits Justine and she breaks the news to Justine that she is pregnant and Justine does n't take it well . Carrie later tells Justine that the real reason for her visit is that once she and Steve are organised , they want her to live with them . Justine suspects that her dad and Carrie are going to tell her some bad news when he takes her out for dinner due to Steve buying her things , however , it turns out to be good news when Carrie and Steve tell Justine they want her to move in the following week . At Justine 's party , Justine gets fed up when her dad and Carrie go on about the baby and she soon snaps . Carrie and Steve later apologise to her for doing so during her party . When Steve 's nephew , John ( Adam Skilton ) turns up , Justine is n't thrilled and when Justine has to give up her room , Carrie tells Justine it 's her dad 's decision and Justine decides to move back to The Dumping Ground . Christie Perry ( edit ) Christie Perry Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Vicky Hall Duration 2010 - 2012 First appearance `` Family Values '' 29 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Husband Matt Perry Adoptive daughters Lily Kettle ( foster ) Rosie Kettle ( foster ) Poppy Kettle ( foster ) Christie Perry , portrayed by Vicky Hall , made her first appearance on 29 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Family Values . She departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . Christie and her husband , Matt ( Chris Robson ) foster Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Rosie ( Claudia Colling & Millie Redfearn ) and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) . Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground when things do n't work out between her , Christie and Matt . When Gus ( Noah Marullo ) has an audition , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) brings Lily along and stops off at the Perry 's . Tracy asks Christie to give Lily a chance , but Christie says it has to go through Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) . When Tracy notices the Perry 's set up a picnic in the garden with Rosie and Poppy , she fetches Lily from the cab and she tells Lily to say sorry to Christie and Matt . Lily ends up arguing with Christie and Matt when they have given Poppy a tuna sandwich , something Poppy did n't like and Christie and Matt take the girls inside . When Lily stays with Christie and Matt , Christie tells Lily that she and Matt have decided she can move in and Lily pretends to be excited when she is actually scared about ruining things for her sisters . Christie gives Lily a sign to go on her door , which Matt made , however , her name is spelled `` Lilly '' , but Lily insists it 's fine . With the residents and staff protesting about the council closing The Dumping Ground , Christie asks Mike if she can take Lily home with her , promising to bring her back when it all calms down . Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) asks Christie if she can stay with them , but Christie says she is there to collect Lily . When Lily hears Christie 's voice , Lily climbs onto the roof and she tells Tracy her fears and Tracy promises they can slow things down and tells Lily to go indoors , but Lily falls off the roof . Christie and Matt bring Rosie and Poppy to The Dumping Ground as their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , wants to try to get Rosie and Poppy back . Rosie and Poppy run out of the meeting back to Christie and Matt . In the meeting afterwards , Christie believes that she wo n't be able to convince Rosie and Poppy to go through it again and she would put a stop to it . Lily asks Tracy if she can arrange for Christie to bring her sisters over so she can see them before they go on holiday and Christie agrees . When Christie finds out Tracy will be supervising , she is n't keen on the girls going , but Lily persuades Christie . At the park , they are greeted by Steve and Tracy finds out that Lily planned it . When Rosie and Poppy return to The Dumping Ground , Rosie tells Christie they saw Steve and Christie is angry with Tracy . Lily realises that her sisters are settled with Christie and Matt and she tells her dad that he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Matt Perry ( edit ) Matt Perry Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Chris Robson Duration 2010 - 2012 First appearance `` Family Values '' 29 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Wife Christie Perry Adoptive daughters Lily Kettle ( foster ) Rosie Kettle ( foster ) Poppy Kettle ( foster ) Matt Perry , portrayed by Chris Robson , made his first appearance on 29 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Family Values . He departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . Matt and his wife , Christie ( Vicky Hall ) foster Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Rosie ( Claudia Colling & Millie Redfearn ) and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) . Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground when things do n't work out between her , Matt and Christie . When Gus ( Noah Marullo ) has an audition , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) brings Lily along and stops off at the Perry 's . When Tracy notices the Perry 's set up a picnic in the garden with Rosie and Poppy , she fetches Lily from the cab and she tells Lily to say sorry to Matt and Christie . Lily ends up arguing with Matt and Christie when they have given Poppy a tuna sandwich , something Poppy did n't like and Matt and Christie take the girls inside . When Lily stays with Matt and Christie , Christie tells Lily that she and Matt have decided she can move in and Lily pretends to be excited when she is actually scared about ruining things for her sisters . Christie gives Lily a sign to go on her door , which Matt made , however , her name is spelled `` Lilly '' , but Lily insists it 's fine . Matt and Christie bring Rosie and Poppy to The Dumping Ground as their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , wants to try to get Rosie and Poppy back . Rosie and Poppy run out of the meeting back to Matt and Christie . Lily realises that her sisters are settled with Christie and Matt and she tells her dad that he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Rob ( edit ) Rob Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Neil Armstrong Duration 2010 - 2013 First appearance `` Sisters '' 19 February 2010 Last appearance `` S.O.S. '' 18 January 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Social Worker Rob , portrayed Neil Armstrong , made his first appearance on 25 February 2011 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Sisters . He departed in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode S.O.S. . When Lily 's ( Jessie Williams ) foster placement breaks down with Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) , Rob brings her back to The Dumping Ground . Later , Rob is furious with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) when she took Lily to the Perry 's to apologise , but the situation inflamed when Lily had an argument with Matt and Christie . Christie and Matt bring Rosie ( Millie Redfearn ) and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) to The Dumping Ground as their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , wants to try to get Rosie and Poppy back and the contact is a disaster when Poppy and Rosie run out . Rob tells Christie , Tracy , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) that Steve struggled and could n't find common ground . Christie is n't keen on Poppy and Rosie going through it all again , but Rob reminds Christie that Steve is their dad . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) runs away from her mum 's and comes back to The Dumping Ground . Jody is n't keen on going home and Rob asks Jody if she wants to talk to him on her own , but Jody says she is OK and has nothing to say . Gina does n't think it 's wise for Jody to go home , but Rob tells her that it 's the best place for Jody with the support of social services . Steve Kettle ( edit ) Steve Kettle Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Ben Cartwright Duration 2011 - 2013 First appearance `` The Scare Game '' 25 February 2011 Last appearance `` Seriously Funny '' 8 March 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Jonah Kettle Daughters Lily Kettle Rosie Kettle Poppy Kettle Steve Kettle , portrayed by Ben Cartwright , made his first appearance on 25 February 2011 in series 2 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode The Scare Game . He departed in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Seriously Funny . Steve approaches Lily ( Jessie Williams ) in a shopping centre and Lily 's foster sister , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) witnesses the situation and thinks he is trying to abduct Lily , but Lily reveals he is her dad . With the help of Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) , Lily tracks Steve down at a local AA meeting , but Lily is left devastated when Steve tells her he is just saying sorry to people and he ca n't be her dad . Lily goes to her dad 's B&B , Lily asks him why he disappeared when she and her sisters got put into care and Lily accuses him of being selfish and Sapphire soon takes her away . Lily goes back to her dad 's B&B and she apologises for what she said . He lets her in and Lily gives him some clothes he bought with her foster mother 's , Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) , money , but she pretends it 's hers . Tracy goes to pick up Lily when she finds out where she is from Sapphire . Lily wants to live with Steve , so Steve arranges to meet her , however , he tells Cam , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Mike where she is and they collect her . Steve arrives at The Dumping Ground and tells them that he intends to apply to get the court order lifted . Steve has a contact with Rosie ( Millie Redfearn ) , Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) as he plans to get them back , however , the meeting is a disaster when Poppy and Rosie run out of the meeting to their foster parents , Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) . Lily asks Tracy if she can arrange for Christie to bring her sisters over so she can see them before they go on holiday and Christie agrees . Lily tells her dad that their social worker , Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) , said he can have another chance with Poppy and Rosie . At the park , they are greeted by Steve and Tracy finds out that Lily planned it . Poppy is sick when she eats too many sweets and Steve is hit by a swing when he is distracted . When Rosie and Poppy return to The Dumping Ground , Rosie tells Christie they saw Steve and Christie is angry with Tracy . Rob visits Steve with the news that a meeting is going to be held , which could set Steve back . Lily realises that her sisters are settled with Christie and Matt and she tells her dad that he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Lily is unhappy when Steve 's pregnant girlfriend , Shannay ( Holly Quin - Ankrah ) moves in and Lily goes to The Dumping Ground . Steve visits to talk to Lily with Shannay and an angry Lily asks Steve and Shannay why they ca n't have the new baby adopted . Lily feels guilty when Shannay goes into labour , but is happy when she learns that she has a brother . When Lily goes back home , Steve is upset as Shannay has left , however , Lily persuades Shannay to give things a chance . Lily organises an unsupervised sleepover with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) by persuading her parents to let her stay at The Dumping Ground when they go and visit Shannay 's sister . Jack O'Donovan ( edit ) Jack O'Donovan Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Callum Callaghan ( 2012 ) Chris Finch ( 2014 ) Duration 2012 - 2014 First appearance `` Big Brother '' 20 January 2012 Last appearance `` Face The Music '' 28 March 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward ( 2012 ) Lis Steele ( 2014 ) Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Police Officer ( show ) Family Brothers Liam O'Donovan Jack O'Donovan , portrayed by Callum Callaghan in 2012 and Chris Finch in 2014 , made his first appearance on 20 January 2012 in series 2 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Big Brother . He departed in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Face The Music . Liam O'Donovan returns a DVD to Jack after he finds out it 's a pirate DVD . Liam is arrested for supposedly taking an eoman 's bag . At the court , Jack found out about them being brothers , and sends him a letter . At first , Liam is in shock , but when he confronts him , he is arrested for breaking curfew . At the police station , Jack reveals that he is actually an undercover police officer trying to find a counterfeit DVD making gang . He invites Liam to come and live with him , and Liam agrees . Nicky ( Lu Corfield ) is robbed by a stranger and Johnny discreetly takes a photo of the mugger . Jack visits The Dumping Ground to take a statement from Johnny and he tells Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that he is having problems with Liam . When Liam leaves home after an argument with Jack , Jack goes to The Dumping Ground and makes up with Liam . Kingsley Jackson ( edit ) Kingsley Jackson The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by David Avery Duration 2013 - First appearance `` S.O.S. '' 18 January 2013 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Mother Denise Jackson Brothers Luke Jackson Sisters Jody Jackson Kingsley Jackson , portrayed by David Avery , made his first appearance on 18 January 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode S.O.S. . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) moves back home to Kingsley , their mother Denise ( Victoria Alcock ) and brother Luke ( James Bartlett ) , Gina visits Jody with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . When Gina , Carmen and Tyler leave , Denise and Kingsley do n't want Jody 's friends visiting . Jody runs away to The Dumping Ground , giving the others presents and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) arranges for Jody to stay the night and for their social worker , Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) to sort things out the following day . Kingsley and Denise arrive the following day to collect Jody ans she reluctantly agrees to go back . Jody tells the others she needs the presents back as they belong to Kingsley , who has no idea she has got them . Carmen , Tyler , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) go to Jody 's when Carmen is unable to get hold of Jody on a mobile she gave her . Carmen and Tyler sneak into the house and go to Jody 's room , which is filled with stolen , expensive goods . When Kingsley arrives home , Carmen and Tyler hide in Jody 's room and Kingsley is angry when he finds the door unlocked and Carmen 's mobile phone , thinking it 's Jody 's and he locks Jody in her bedroom . Tee sends Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) a video of Tyler sending a Morse code for Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to work out . Gus works out they are saying `` S.O.S '' . When Kingsley finds out Carmen and Tyler have been with Jody the whole time , he threatens them to stay quiet . Gina arrives and she is angry with Denise for not protecting Jody and Jody returns for The Dumping Ground . With Kingsley 's trial coming up , Denise does n't want Jody to testify , but after dreaming about being in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Jody decides to testify against Kingsley . Jody is pleased to see Kingsley when he moves into his new flat and Kingsley reassures Jody that going to prison was n't her fault . Kingsley introduces her to his girlfriend , Rosie ( Zoe Iqbal ) and Jody lets them sell Mike 's carriage clock when Kingsley owes money to a gang . Kingsley tells Jody to leave the door open at The Dumping Ground open , so he and Rosie can steal things . Jody is trapped in a fire at Kingsley 's flat and Kingsley runs off when he finds out . Denise Jackson ( edit ) Denise Jackson The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by David Avery Duration 2013 - First appearance `` S.O.S. '' 18 January 2013 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Kingsley Jackson Luke Jackson Daughters Jody Jackson Denise Jackson , portrayed by Victoria Alcock , made her first appearance on 18 January 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode S.O.S. . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) moves back home to Denise and her brothers , Kingsley ( David Avery ) and Luke ( James Bartlett ) , Gina visits Jody with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . When Gina , Carmen and Tyler leave , Denise and Kingsley do n't want Jody 's friends visiting . Jody runs away to The Dumping Ground , giving the others presents and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) arranges for Jody to stay the night and for their social worker , Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) to sort things out the following day . Kingsley and Denise arrive the following day to collect Jody ans she reluctantly agrees to go back . Jody tells the others she needs the presents back as they belong to Kingsley , who has no idea she has got them . Carmen , Tyler , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) go to Jody 's when Carmen is unable to get hold of Jody on a mobile she gave her . Carmen and Tyler sneak into the house and go to Jody 's room , which is filled with stolen , expensive goods . When Kingsley arrives home , Carmen and Tyler hide in Jody 's room and Kingsley is angry when he finds the door unlocked and Carmen 's mobile phone , thinking it 's Jody 's and he locks Jody in her bedroom . Tee sends Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) a video of Tyler sending a Morse code for Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to work out . Gus works out they are saying `` S.O.S '' . When Kingsley finds out Carmen and Tyler have been with Jody the whole time , he threatens them to stay quiet . Gina arrives and she is angry with Denise for not protecting Jody and Jody returns for The Dumping Ground . With Kingsley 's trial coming up , Denise does n't want Jody to testify , but after dreaming about being in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Jody decides to testify against Kingsley , angering Denise . Sally Lewis ( edit ) Sally Lewis The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Diveen Henry Duration 2014 - First appearance `` Holding On '' 7 February 2014 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Tyler Lewis Sally Lewis , portrayed by Diveen Henry , made her first appearance on 7 February 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Holding On . May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) supervises a day out between Sally and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) at the park. Sally takes Tyler and they sneak away from the park . Sally gets some ice cream , however , she has no money to pay , so she runs away without paying . A community support officer intercepts Sally . May - Li eventually finds Sally and Tyler and she pays for the ice cream . When Tyler finds out Sally has n't been taking her bipolar medication , he asks May - Li to take him home . Back at The Dumping Ground , Sally and Tyler wait in the quiet room , however , Sally disappears and she locks herself in the bathroom and Tyler gets her to open the door . Sally promises Tyler things will get better . On a fostering information day , Tyler gets close to a foster parent , Mrs Underwood ( Martina Laird ) and she is hurt . When Tyler asks his mum if he has to turn down every potential foster family , Sally decides that he does n't as he needs to be in the best place for him . Tyler is delighted when Sally wants him back and he visits his mum for a meeting with his social worker . Sally shows Tyler his room , which Tyler does n't like as it 's dinosaur themed . Tyler goes between his birthday party at The Dumping Ground and his mum 's and Tyler snaps when his mum replaces a photo of the young people with one of them both . Sally and Tyler realise the need to get to know each other and Sally accepts the young people and staff are family too . Lucy Taylor ( edit ) Lucy Taylor The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Sally Rogers Duration 2014 - 2015 First appearance `` Hope '' 21 March 2014 Last appearance `` Dragon Slayer '' 13 March 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Johnny Taylor Daughters Tee Taylor Hope Lucy Taylor , portrayed by Sally Rogers , made her first appearance on 21 March 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Holding On . She departed in series 3 during the episode Dragon Slayer . Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) receives a letter from Lucy and she arranges to meet her at a cafe and Lucy apologises to Tee for letting her down . Tee visits her mum at a women 's refuge she is staying at and when Lucy says she wants to introduce her to someone , Tee suspects it is a boyfriend and leaves , however , Lucy goes after Tee and introduces Tee to her half - sister , Hope ( Lucy Briggs ) . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) goes to find Tee and he meets Hope , but he is angry with Lucy about everything that has happened . Feeling that Hope is n't safe with Lucy , Tee takes Hope whilst Lucy is distracted and takes her to The Dumping Ground before pretending to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) she is an abandoned child . A frantic Lucy turns up at The Dumping Ground to collect Hope and Mike realises that Hope is Johnny and Tee 's sister . Johnny spots his stepfather , Keith ( Neil Morrissey ) , in a park and rushes to tell his mum , but he and Tee are shocked to learn that she knows and that he has been seeing Hope ( now Holly & Paige Robinson ) . When Johnny goes to see his mum , Keith answers the door and Lucy arrives home shortly after . Keith pretends to be friendly toward Johnny , inviting him in , but when Lucy goes in , Keith is horrid to Johnny . Lucy tells Johnny and Tee that Keith wo n't be staying around as he is moving to Scotland and Johnny tells his mum that she has to think who really matters . Keith visits The Dumping Ground and complains to Mike about Johnny , accusing him of harassment . When Johnny shows his mum the photos , Lucy thinks it is drug dealing , but Keith shows him some drug counselling cards he has been handing out . Keith threatens to phone the police , but Lucy talks him out of it and Lucy agrees to let Keith stay so he can get to know Hope . On the day he is due to leave for the Army , Johnny goes to see his mum , but he finds her with a massive bruise on her face . Johnny gets his mum out of the house and confronts Keith . Kelly Bellman ( edit ) Kelly Bellman The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Sandy Foster Duration 2015 - First appearance `` Free to Good Home '' 13 October 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Dexter Bellman Murphy Bellman Daughters Sasha Bellman Stepsons Roddy Kelly Bellman , portrayed by Sandy Foster , made her first appearance on 13 October 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode free to Good Home . After catching Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) trying to shoplift , Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) goes home and Murphy ( Thomas and Oliver Waldram ) is all alone . When Kelly returns home , she tells Sasha that she has had a call from a social worker about her running off , but wo n't tell . Sasha tells her mum that she caught Dexter trying to shoplift some nappies and that she needs to be there for her brothers . When Kelly hints on about being skint , Sasha tells her that she ca n't help her anymore . When Sasha comes home after going to the park with Dexter and his friend , Kelly tells Sasha she is managing with Dexter and Murphy ( Fred Montgomery Scott ) , but having her back would be a risk . Sasha is delighted when Kelly announces she is pregnant with her new partner 's daughter , but is left upset when Kelly says it would n't work with Sasha living at home . Kelly 's daughter is born with dwarfism , like Sasha . When Sasha finds out her stepbrother , Roddy ( Alfie Browne - Sykes ) , is involving Dexter in burglaries , she finds Dexter in a building with stolen things and that Kelly is involved . Others ( edit ) The Story of Tracy Beaker ( edit ) Character Date ( s ) Actor Circumstances Julie 8 January 2002 Louise Barrett Julie is the former foster mother of Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . She and Ted ( Kim MacDonald ) were unable to continue fostering Tracy as Julie was pregnant . Ted 8 January 2002 Kim MacDonald Ted is the former foster father of Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . He and Julie ( Louise Barrett ) were unable to continue fostering Tracy as Julie was pregnant . Brian Gee 22 January 2002 Simon Ludders A photographer who takes pictures of Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) for Child of the Week . Ben 's Mum 24 January 2002 - 18 March 2003 Natasha Estelle Williams When Ben ( Luke Youngblood ) injures himself by falling out of a tree , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) takes him home . Tracy is n't happy with Ben when the arrive at a large house and that he lied that he lived on the streets . Tracy plots with Ben to get his mum to foster her by pretending that life is horrible at The Dumping Ground and being well behaved . On Ben 's birthday , his mum and his dad are called into work . When Ben 's mum drops Ben 's mobile of at The Dumping Ground , Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) teases Ben and thinks he is a wuss . Amber pressures Ben to hold a party in his parents absence . Miss Sharp 31 January 2002 - 26 February 2002 Ysobel Gonzalez Miss Sharp is Tracy 's ( Dani Harmer ) teacher . She appears in a flashback when Tracy was a new girl at school and Miss Sharp introduces Tracy to the class , but no one wants to be her friend . On parents evening , Tracy gives Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) the wrong time and pretends to Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) that a sponsored welly throw is happening at school . When Cam arrives at school , she finds out from Miss Sharp that it 's parents evening and Miss Sharp shows Cam some of Tracy 's homework . Cam also discovers that Tracy told Miss Sharp that she will be fostering Tracy soon . Terry Brown 5 February 2002 - 26 March 2002 Paul Mari Terry Brown and his wife , Jill ( Maggie Wells ) are a couple who decide to take Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) out , however Tracy is too lively for them . Tracy is angry when she overhears Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) and Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) tell Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Peter ( Joe Starrs ) would be better suited to Terry and Jill . When Tracy teachers Peter to be bad , he misbehaves when Terry and Jill come round , however Tracy admits that Peter 's bad behaviour was down to her and they should take Peter out . Peter is fostered by Terry and Jill . Jill Brown 5 February 2002 - 26 March 2002 Maggie Wells Jill Brown and her husband , Terri ( Paul Mari ) are a couple who decide to take Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) out , however Tracy is too lively for them . Tracy is angry when she overhears Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) and Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) tell Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Peter ( Joe Starrs ) would be better suited to Jill and Terry . When Tracy teachers Peter to be bad , he misbehaves when Jill and Terry come round , however Tracy admits that Peter 's bad behaviour was down to her and they should take Peter out . Peter is fostered by Jill and Terry Shoe Shop Assistant 5 March 2002 Jody Jameson When Maxy 's ( Jerome Holder ) shoes break , Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) takes him shopping for a new pair and the Shoe Shop Assistant helps them out . Maxy wants some red and black trainers , but Jenny insists on trying other pairs as the ones he likes do n't look strong . Maxy tries out several pairs , but pretend they do n't fit or hurt him . Mr Pugh 7 March 2002 Max Digby Mr Pugh is Tracy 's ( Dani Harmer ) teacher . He appears in flashbacks when Tracy is trying to explain the disappearance of her homework . Samantha 12 March 2002 Imogen Brown Samantha is an 11 - year - old girl who arrives at The Dumping Ground late at night when her mum ( Isobel Middleton ) is rushed into hospital with suspected appendicitis . Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) offers to share a room with Samantha , however , Louise is n't keen on her when Samantha goes through the stuff her mum does n't like her to have or do . Samantha strikes up a friendship with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Samantha teaches Tracy to cheerlead . Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) informs Samantha that her mum has been discharged from hospital after a false alarm . When her mum picks her up , she is horrified that Samantha has cut her hair and Samantha is grounded for a month . Samantha 's Mum 12 March 2002 Isobel Middleton When Samantha 's mum is discharged from hospital , she collects Samantha ( Imogen Brown ) from The Dumping Ground . Samantha 's mum is horrified when she sees how short Samantha has cut her hair and she grounds Samantha for a month . Leah 21 March 2002 Louisa Milwood Haigh Leah is a temporary careworker , who fills in for Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) when she is off work . The residents make up stories about Leah 's past . When Leah holds a meeting with the kids , they make up fun rules , however , Leah outsmarts them as she suggests a few creative rules . On a shopping trip , the kids run off from her , however Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) tells Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Peter ( Joe Starrs ) that Leah was a former care kid who looked after her and they are helping Leah get into trouble . A frantic Leah phones Duke when all the kids show up . Martha Leach 4 April 2002 Paula Bacon Martha is an estate agent , who shows Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) some flats Nathan 's Lecturer 14 January 2003 Gerri Smith The university lecturer of Nathan ( James Cartwright ) . She is surprised what Nathan has turned in for his coursework , nut roast and pickle taped on paper which was done by Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . Vikram Singh 23 January 2003 Gurmail Garib Singh Vikram is a boy , who has lost his dog named Fang . Fang has been hanging around The Dumping Ground and Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) becomes attached to him , so Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) helps Dolly smuggle Fang inside . Tracy gets Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) to look after Fang , but she soon returns him to Vikram . Vikram gives them £ 10 as a reward . Gang Girls 23 January 2003 Emily Carter Lowri Jenkins Nadine Marie Egal The friends of Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) . Anna 6 February 2003 Charlotte Lowri Anna is the girlfriend of Nathan ( James Cartwright ) , who Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) is jealous of . During a game of truth or dare , Dolly gets Nathan to admit that she is his favourite person . Dolly gets Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) to admit to Anna that Nathan said he liked someone better than her in truth or dare , not knowing that he said it Dolly . Anna breaks up with Nathan . Gordon 11 February 2003 Roderick Smith Gordon is the father of Warren ( Leighton Smith ) . He is annoyed with Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) when she lets the animals out of their pens , but Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) takes the blame . Warren 11 February 2003 Leighton Morgan Warren is the son of Gordon ( Roderick Smith ) , who shows Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) the farm . Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) is attracted to Warren . Mr Byron 18 February 2003 Sule Rimi When Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) is ill , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , with well intentions , takes over Cam 's life and she delivers one of Cam 's incomplete stories to the publishers and gives it Mr Byron . Receptionist 18 February 2003 Portia Nicholson The receptionist of the publishers who tells Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) who Mr Byron ( Sule Rimi ) is . Celebrant 25 February 2003 Duncan Betts The celebrant who performs Steve ( Stephen Crossley ) and Carrie 's ( Caroline Bunce ) wedding . Quiz Kids 27 February 2003 Calum Fowler Natasha Marshall Kids from another care home who compete against the Stowey House team in a quiz . Derrick 4 March 2003 Jonathan Davies One of Adele 's ( Rochelle Gadd ) boyfriends . Derrick and Jamie ( Mohammed Hadan ) find out that Adele is dating them both when they turn up at The Dumping Ground together . Ben 's Dad 4 March 2003 Kevin McCurdy On Ben 's ( Luke Youngblood ) birthday , his dad and his mum are called into work . Jamie 4 March 2003 Mohammed Hadan One of Adele 's ( Rochelle Gadd ) boyfriends . Jamie and Derrick ( Jonathan Davies ) find out that Adele is dating them both when they turn up at The Dumping Ground together . Mr Morris 13 March 2003 - 25 March 2003 Rhys Parry Jones Mr Morris is the potential foster father of Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) . Louise and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) join Mr Morris and his family on a picnic and Tracy questions Mr and Mrs Morris ( Kerry Joy Stewart ) about themselves . When Louise leaves , Mr and Mrs Morris collect Louise from The Dumping Ground . Mrs Morris 13 March 2003 - 16 October 2003 Kerry Joy Stewart Mrs Morris is the potential foster mother of Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) . Louise and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) join Mrs Morris and her family on a picnic and Tracy questions Mrs and Mr Morris ( Kerry Joy Stewart ) about themselves . When Louise leaves , Mrs and Mr Morris collect Louise from The Dumping Ground . When Louise visits her friends , Louise makes out that her foster family are horrible so it does n't appear that she is boasting . Tracy and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) go to the park to rescue Louise and Louise admits that the Morris ' are n't horrible . Granddad Morris 13 March 2003 Tony Leader When Mr Morris ( Rhys Parry Jones ) and Mrs Morris ( Kerry Joy Stuart ) take potential foster daughter Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) out , Louise brings Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) along . Granddad Morris stays at The Dumping Ground and he teachers Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) and Lol some survival skills , which Duke ( Clive Rowe ) falls foul of . Mr Morris leaves The Dumping Ground with Bouncer and Lol 's gameboy . Gang 18 March 2003 Emily Carter James Marshall 2 of Amber 's ( Alicia Hooper ) friends , who Amber brings to Ben 's ( Luke Youngblood party . They vandalize pictures and statues at Ben 's house . Jasper 20 March 2003 - 3 April 2003 Declan Wilson Jasper is the uncle of Ben ( Luke Youngblood ) . Ben invites Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) round and Tracy makes up to Kate and Jasper ( Declan Wilson ) that her mum is rich and lives in Hollywood . When they go to the funfair and beach , Kate believes that Tracy is spoilt and rude . Tracy runs off and Ben defends Tracy to his uncle and aunt . Jasper and Kate go to The Dumping Ground and Kate apologises for what she said and they invite Tracy to go out with them the following day . Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) tells Tracy that Jasper and Kate want to foster her and Tracy is pleased with the news and the residents put Jasper and Kate through some tests to see if they are ideal for Tracy . When Tracy learns that she would be moving to Scotland , she asks Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) what she should do and Cam tells Jasper and Kate to look after Tracy . Tracy decides to go to Scotland for a holiday before coming back to The Dumping Ground permanently . Kate 20 March 2003 - 3 April 2003 Tracy Williams Kate is the aunt of Ben ( Luke Youngblood ) . Ben invites Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) round and Tracy makes up to Kate and Jasper ( Declan Wilson ) that her mum is rich and lives in Hollywood . When they go to the funfair and beach , Kate believes that Tracy is spoilt and rude . Tracy runs off and Ben defends Tracy to his aunt and uncle . Kate and Jasper go to The Dumping Ground and Kate apologises for what she said and they invite Tracy to go out with them the following day . Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) tells Tracy that Kate and Jasper want to foster her and Tracy is pleased with the news and the residents put Kate and Jasper through some tests to see if they are ideal for Tracy . When Tracy learns that she would be moving to Scotland , she asks Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) what she should do and Cam tells Kate and Jasper to look after Tracy . Tracy decides to go to Scotland for a holiday before coming back to The Dumping Ground permanently . Colin 25 March 2003 Brendan Charleson Colin is a friend of Duke 's ( Clive Rowe ) , who lends his lawn mower to Duke . Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) crashes Colin 's motor , so his girlfriend , Selima ( Claire Cage ) brings a toolbox to The Dumping Ground . Amber is impressed with Selima 's motorbike and Amber persuades Duke ( Clive Hill ) to let her ride it with Selima . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) later hints to Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Colin and Selima could be ideal foster parents for Amber . Selima 25 March 2003 Claire Cage When Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) crashes Colin ( Brendan Charleson ) 's lawn mower , Colin 's girlfriend , Selima . brings a toolbox to The Dumping Ground . Amber is impressed with Selima 's motorbike and Amber persuades Duke ( Clive Hill ) to let her ride it with Selima . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) later hints to Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Selima and Colin could be ideal foster parents for Amber . Jack Hopper 23 October 2003 - 25 January 2005 Howell Evans Jack Hopper is the grandfather of Jackie Hopper ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) . Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) goes with Jackie on her first visit to see her grandpa when Shelley is unable to arrange anyone to go with her . Jackie does n't believe her grandpa needs looking after , however , Crash tells her that he forgot who she was . Jackie plans a way to get her grandpa home with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Tracy is puzzled when Jack keeps referring to Jackie as Norma . When they get home , the find an Estate Agent in the house and Jack orders her to leave . Shelley turns up at the house unexpectedly and Shelley explains to Jackie how her grandpa can no longer look after her . Jackie cancels her grandpa 's first visit to The Dumping Ground , however , Crash secretly arranges for Jack to come . Jackie pretends not to like The Dumping Ground to her grandpa and she tells him that she did n't want to seem settled in case it upset him . Jackie participates in a charity run with her grandpa but Jack has a turn and can not complete the race , so Jackie completes it for him . When Jackie finds out that her grandpa needs a wheelchair , she believes he does n't need it . When Jack is taken home , he wants his trainers to be thrown away , however , Crash throws his slippers away and Jack gets Jackie and Crash to race him in his wheelchair . Jackie is devastated when her grandpa dies . Mr Bygrave 23 October 2003 David Charles Mr Bygrave and his wife , Mrs Bygrave ( Rachel Atkins ) are potential foster parents for Tracy ( Dani Harmer , but Tracy is n't keen on them . Tracy gets Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) to set up a meeting and she and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) trick Michael ( William Tomlin ) to go out with them instead . Tracy and Justine 's plan backfires and they are forced to apologise to them by Shelley ( Nicola Reynolds ) . Mrs Bygrave 23 October 2003 Rachel Atkins Mrs Bygrave and her husband , Mr Bygrave ( David Charles ) are potential foster parents for Tracy ( Dani Harmer , but Tracy is n't keen on them . Tracy gets Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) to set up a meeting and she and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) trick Michael ( William Tomlin ) to go out with them instead . Tracy and Justine 's plan backfires and they are forced to apologise to them by Shelley ( Nicola Reynolds ) . Estate Agent 13 November 2003 Vivienne Rowdon An Estate Agent who is found in Jack 's ( Howell Evans ) house by him , Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . Jack has no recollection of signing the papers due to his Alzheimer 's and insists the Estate Agent gets out of his house . Vicky 20 November 2003 Jennifer Robinson Vicky is a girl on the same ward as Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) when she has her appendix out . Philip 4 December 2003 Angus Alexander Brown Philip is the potential foster father of Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . When he , his wife Cathy ( June Campbell - Davies ) and daughter Sophie ( Rebecca Walker ) , arrive at The Dumping Ground , flour and ketchup bombs are dropped on them by Dolly , Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Marco ( Jack Edwards ) , who have formed `` The Beaker Club '' . Dolly is fostered by Philip and Cathy . Cathy 4 December 2003 June Campbell - Davies Cathy is the potential foster mother of Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . When she , her husband Philip ( Angus Alexander Brown ) and daughter Sophie ( Rebecca Walker ) , arrive at The Dumping Ground , flour and ketchup bombs are dropped on them by Dolly , Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Marco ( Jack Edwards ) , who have formed `` The Beaker Club '' . Dolly is fostered by Cathy and Philip . Sophie 4 December 2003 Rebecca Walker Sophie is the daughter of Philip ( Angus Alexander Brown ) and Cathy ( June Campbell - Davies ) , who are intending on fostering Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . When she and her parents arrive at The Dumping Ground , flour and ketchup bombs are dropped on them by Dolly , Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Marco ( Jack Edwards ) , who have formed `` The Beaker Club '' . Dolly is fostered by Philip and Cathy . Maureen ( series 3 ) 18 April 2003 - 5 February 2004 Lynn Hunter Maureen works at the bakery , where Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) works . After a rough start in his job , Bouncer wins Maureen and Dave ( Mark Flanagan ) round by impressing them with homemade mayonnaise . Dave ( The Story of Tracy Beaker ) 18 April 2003 Mark Flanagan Dave works at the bakery , where Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) works . Dave gives Bouncer a hard time and nicknames him `` Orphanage Boy '' . After a rough start in his job , Bouncer wins Dave and Maureen ( Lynn Hunter ) round by impressing them with homemade mayonnaise . Zara 18 April 2003 Jude Mitson Zara is Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) publicist , whom Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) clashes with . Wilson 8 January 2003 - 15 January 2003 Oliver Llewellyn Jenkins Wilson arrives at The Dumping Ground when his mother is rushed to hospital . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) mistakes Wilson for Louise 's ( Chelsie Padley ) boyfriend , so Tracy throws eggs at him and locks him in a cupboard . Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) loses a competition against Michael ( William Tomlin ) , so he has to share a room with Wilson . Crash is impressed with Wilson when Wilson shows Crash all the goodies he has with him . Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Layla ( Cara Readle ) do Wilson 's hair , but they get bubble gum stuck in his hair . When Tracy and Wilson talk , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) teases Tracy about having a crush , but Tracy denies it . Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) and Crash plant Duke 's ( Clive Rowe ) mobile in Tracy 's bag after sending love messages on both Duke and Shelley 's ( Nicola Reynolds ) phone to each other 's . When Duke 's phone is found in Tracy 's bag , Wilson takes the blame . When Tracy finds out that Wilson did n't do it , Wilson admits he likes Tracy to her and the pair kiss , which is witnessed by Justine . Adam 8 January 2003 Richard Pask Adam is the boyfriend of Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) , who plays practical jokes on Louise . When new boy Wilson ( Oliver Llewellyn Jenkins ) arrives at The Dumping Ground , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) mistakes him for Adam and throws egg , water and flour at him before locking him in a cupboard . When Tracy realises Wilson is not Adam , she lets him out . Logan 29 January 2004 Paul Mohan Logan is a football team coach , who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) visit to get Lol on the football team . Logan allows Lol to play with the team , but afterward , he says that Lol is too young . Logan arranges for Lol to be the team mascot . Kelly 5 February 2004 Sophie Sherrington Kelly is Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) girlfriend , who works with him at the bakery . When Kelly asks Bouncer if she could go back to his place and meet his family , Bouncer makes up excuses , which make Kelly think Bouncer is ashamed . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Lol ) ( Ciaran Joyce ) tease Bouncer about having a girlfriend as they followed him , but Bouncer said he lied to Kelly about having a family . Tracy and Lol intervene and invite Kelly around to The Dumping Ground and everyone helps getting the place ready . When Kelly arrives , Bouncer admits that it 's a children 's home , but Kelly reassures him that it 's nothing to be ashamed of . Sufia 19 February 2004 Krupa Patel Sufia is a girl who arrives at The Dumping Ground in the middle of the night and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) is n't pleased at sharing a room with her . When Shelley ( Nicola Reynolds ) runs an art competition to replace the broken photo , Tracy 's is ruined by Michael ( William Tomlin ) and Sufia paints her a replacement . Tracy wins the competition , but gives her prize to Sufia as an apology for not telling everyone she did the painting . Charlie Kean 4 March 2004 Dan Winter Charlie Kean and his TV crew arrive at The Dumping Ground to film Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) book launch . He gets annoyed with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) when she keeps interrupting filming . When Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) fails to get a photo of Charlie and Charlie is rude towards her , Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) and Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) throw cold spaghetti on him from upstairs and Jackie photographs him . Tom 11 March 2004 - 1 April 2004 Matt Zarb Tom and his son , Jake ( Ryan Nelson ) , bump into Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) at the science museum when Tracy is meeting prospective foster parents . When Tom and Jake return Tracy 's jacket , they invite her to the park and Tracy gets advice on brothers and dads . Tracy knocks out Jake 's filling and Tracy takes Jake 's hat so she will see them again . When they come to collect the hat , Elaine convinces Tom and Jake to stay for a bit and they ask Tracy if she wants to come to the circus with them . Tom and Jake are invited to the BBQ and when Tracy spots Tom kissing Elaine , Tracy says he has to choose between Elaine or fostering her , but Tom tells her he has no intentions of fostering . Jake 11 March 2004 - 1 April 2004 Ryan Nelson Jake and his father , Tom ( Matt Zarb ) , bump into Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) at the science museum when Tracy is meeting prospective foster parents . When Jake and Tom return Tracy 's jacket , they invite her to the park and Tracy gets advice on brothers and dads . Tracy knocks out Jake 's filling and Tracy takes Jake 's hat so she will see them again . When they come to collect the hat , Elaine convinces Jake and Tom to stay for a bit and they ask Tracy if she wants to come to the circus with them . Jake and Tom are invited to the BBQ . Ron 11 March 2004 Morgan Hopkins Ron and his wife Gwen ( Sara McGaughey ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Gwen 11 March 2004 Sara McGaughey Gwen and her husband Ron ( Morgan Hopkins ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Dave 11 March 2004 Gareth Wyn Griffiths Dave and his wife Jemima ( Debra Glazer ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Tracy gets annoyed with them when they repeatedly call her `` Trace '' . Jemima 11 March 2004 Debra Glazer Jemima and her husband Dave ( Gareth Wyn Griffiths ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Tracy gets annoyed with them when they repeatedly call her `` Trace '' . Steward 25 March 2004 Dafydd Wyn - Roberts A steward who initially does n't allow Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to participate in the race due to her late application , but Michael ( William Tomlin ) gets him to change his mind . Amy 21 October 2004 Seren Morgan Amy and her mother Sue ( Sarah Cartwright ) meet Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) at an art centre open day . Sue 21 October 2004 Sarah Cartwright Sue and her daughter Amy ( Seren Morgan ) meet Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) at an art centre open day . Penelope Lawson 28 October 2004 Marilyn Le Conte Penelope is the mother of Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) . When Cam tells Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) spends a lot of time at The Dumping Ground , Elaine suggests that Tracy prefers being around a lot of people and that Cam should invite her mother . Tracy is n't pleased with the news , but Penelope wins Tracy round with presents . When Penelope starts interfering with how Cam and Tracy do things , Tracy tells them that she wants to play a video game and order in pizza , but Tracy gets annoyed when Penelope and Cam play the video game together and she feels pushed out . Kez 4 November 2004 Jane Murphy Kez is a trainee social worker , who tries to copy Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) helps Kez out with fostering theories . Maureen ( series 4 ) 4 November 2004 Rebecca Orchard When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) does Cam 's food shop with Crash , Tracy lies to Maureen that Cam steals her allowance . Maureen feels sorry for Tracy , so she gives her a bag of sweets . Jane 15 December 2004 Evelyn Duah Jane is a trainee careworker , who Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) is attracted to . Chantal ( Deepal Parmar ) , Rio ( Craig Roberts ) and Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) intercept Bouncer 's love letters to Jane and write back to Bouncer as Jane , asking for gifts . Frances 15 December 2004 Katy Owen Frances is a trainee careworker , whom Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) is attracted to . Mr Boxer 4 January 2005 - 8 December 2005 Dave Bond Mr Boxer is a potential foster father for Marco ( Jack Edwards ) . However , after failing with a potential foster family earlier that day , the residents change his appearance and personality . When it turns out that Mr and Mrs Boxer are eccentric , the kids plan to show Mr and Mrs Boxer how Marco really is . On Special Guest 's day , Mr and Mrs Boxer have been approved to foster Marco , but Marco is sad about leaving Milly ( Holly Gibbs ) and Marco persuades Mr and Mrs Boxer to foster Milly as well . Mrs Boxer 4 January 2005 - 8 December 2005 Anita Reynolds Mrs Boxer is a potential foster mother for Marco ( Jack Edwards ) . However , after failing with a potential foster family earlier that day , the residents change his appearance and personality . When it turns out that Mrs and Mr Boxer are eccentric , the kids plan to show Mr and Mrs Boxer how Marco really is . On Special Guest 's day , Mrs and Mr Boxer have been approved to foster Marco , but Marco is sad about leaving Milly ( Holly Gibbs ) and Marco persuades Mrs and Mr Boxer to foster Milly as well . Mr Pincher 11 January 2005 Keiron Self Mr Pincher is an inspector who inspects The Dumping Ground . Chantal ( Deepal Parmar ) , Rio ( Craig Roberts ) and Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) devise a plan to get The Dumping Ground shut down by pretending that Sid ( Vincenzo Pellegrino ) and Duke ( Clive Rowe ) mistreat them . Journalist 18 January 2005 Rhian Green A journalist from `` Kids in Care '' magazine , who speaks to Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) and Duke about Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Dignitary 18 January 2005 Lloyd Johnston Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) speaks to the Dignitary , mistaking him for the journalist ( Rhian Green ) . He soon gets fed up of Elaine and says that he simply came to the reception to sample to cakes . Nurse Nadia 25 January 2005 Tara Breathnach The nurse who cares for Jackie 's ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) grandfather , Jack ( Howell Evans ) . Arthur MacDonald 25 January 2005 Charles Lewsen Arthur is an old running friend of Jack ( Howell Evans ) , who the residents track down for Jack 's funeral . Arthur , Freddie and George convince Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to go to Jack 's funeral . `` Flying '' Freddie Mercer 25 January 2005 - 8 December 2005 Ram John Holder Freddie is an old running friend of Jack ( Howell Evans ) , who Arthur ( Charles Lewsen ) picks up on the way to Jack 's funeral . Arthur , Freddie and George ( Noel Williams ) convince Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to go to Jack 's funeral . When Jackie returns home from Brownhurst Academy with an injury , she is unimpressed with Freddie 's presence and Jackie later admits to Freddie , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) that she faked the injury as she was homesick . Freddie visits Jackie on Special Guests day and Freddie 's hair is covered in green paint by Roxy 's ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) friend , Romily ( Ruth Collett ) . George Divine 25 January 2005 Noel Williams George is an old running friend of Jack ( Howell Evans ) , who Arthur ( Charles Lewsen ) picks up on the way to Jack 's funeral . Arthur , Freddie ( Ram John Holder ) and George convince Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to go to Jack 's funeral . Minister 25 January 2005 Mike Haywood The minister who performs Jack 's ( Howell Evans ) funeral . Mr Smart 8 February 2005 Richard Elfyn Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) recommends Duke ( Clive Rowe ) for a job with Mr Smart . When Mr Smart goes to The Dumping Ground to collect a written reference from Duke , Duke decides not to go for a job with Mr Smart and stays at The Dumping Ground . Constance 22 February 2005 Christine Winter Constance arrives at The Dumping Ground to relieve Sid ( Vincenzo Pellegrino ) of some of his troubles . Constance does n't allow Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) to visit , even with permission from Sid . The residents are n't happy when Constance shows them their new care plans or with Mathelympics . In attempt to get rid of Constance . Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) set a trap in the kitchen , but it does n't work . Tracy and Crash get help from Christopher `` Crusher '' ( George Heritage ) and Sian ( Jodie Lunnon ) to get rid of Constance . Christopher `` Crusher '' 22 February 2005 George Heritage Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) get Crusher 's and Sian 's ( Jodie Lunnon ) help to get rid of Constance ( Christine Winter ) . Sian 22 February 2005 Jodie Lunnon Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) get Sian and Christopher `` Crusher '' 's ( George Heritage ) help to get rid of Constance ( Christine Winter ) . Dora 1 March 2005 Faith Kent After Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) flashes some cash from her foster grandmother , Penelope Lawson ( Marilyn Le Conte ) , the residents invite Dora and Henry ( George Atkins ) , hoping they will get some money . Dora and Henry soon become aware of the plan and decide to play along . Henry 1 March 2005 George Atkins After Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) flashes some cash from her foster grandmother , Penelope Lawson ( Marilyn Le Conte ) , the residents invite Henry and Dora ( Faith Kent ) , hoping they will get some money . Henry and Dora soon become aware of the plan and decide to play along . Social Worker ( The Story of Tracy Beaker ) 15 March 2005 Amy Starling The social worker who shows Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) his room on his visit to the halfway house . Ron 5 April 2005 Julian Lewis Jones On the residents orienteering trip , Ron , Sid ( Vincenzo Pellegrino ) and Duke ( Clive Rowe ) play some practical jokes on the kids . The jokes include gunge falling on them and putting their hands in different food stuffs . The kids soon get their own back by hosing Ron , Sid and Duke with water . John 28 November 2005 - 8 December 2005 Adam Skilton John is Justine 's ( Montanna Thompson ) cousin . Justine is n't unhappy with his arrival and when Justine learns that she has to give up her room for John , Justine decides to go back to The Dumping Ground . On Special Guest 's day , Justine is n't thrilled when her dad brings John along . When John has an allergic reaction to nuts , Justine gives John his injection and John apologises to Justine . Billy 28 November 2005 Morgan Wyn Bowen Billy is Justine 's ( Montanna Thompson ) half - brother and the son of Steve ( Morgan Hopkins ) and Carrie ( Kathryn Dimery ) . Chantal 's dad 29 November 2005 Vinod Soni The father of Chantal ( Deepal Parmar ) , whom Chantal goes to live with in Somerset . Gary 29 November 2005 George McAllister When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) is on holiday with Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) , Cam meets Gary . Unhappy with Cam 's new relationship , Tracy moves back to The Dumping Ground . When Cam invites Tracy to come on a picnic , Tracy declines , however she later changes her mind after a conversation with Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . Things go well on the picnic , to everyone 's surprise and she later goes out for dinner with Gary and Cam . Gary and Cam break the news to Tracy they are getting married and Tracy does n't take it well . On the day of the wedding , Cam ca n't bear the thought of Tracy not being at the wedding and she tells Gary that everyone has tried . Gary gets Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) to get Tracy to the park so he can try to find out what the problem is , but Tracy is angry at Gary for using Crash to get to her . Tracy later admits her fears to Crash and Jackie , which is that she thinks that Cam and Gary will want children of their own and not her , but Crash and Jackie reassure her . Tracy attends the wedding and she tells Gary and Cam that she wants them to get married . At the wedding reception , Gary and Cam tell Tracy that they do n't want to foster her , but they want to adopt her instead . Mrs Ball 29 November 2005 Victoria Pugh Mrs Ball and her husband attend the open day at The Dumping Ground arranged by Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Rio ( Craig Roberts ) introduces himself to Mrs Ball and her husband after changing his appearance to try to get fostered . Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) offers Mrs Ball and her husband a biscuit , but Rio tries to take them off her as they have salt in . Shop Assistant 1 December 2005 Phylip Harries When Marco ( Jack Edwards ) wants a mum so he can get an alien from a store doing a mother 's day special , Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) pretends to be his mum . The shop assistant is attracted to Bouncer 's female persona , but the shop assistant think Bouncer is winding him up when he discovers Bouncer is not a woman . Marco admits that he is in care and he allows Marco , Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) and Wolfie ( Felix Drake ) to have an alien . Mrs Lucre 5 December 2005 Emma Treharne Jones Mrs Lucre and her husband Mr Lucre ( Giles Thomas ) are potential foster parents . After overhearing what facilities Mrs and Mr Lucre have , everyone lines up and politely greets Mrs and Mr Lucre . Mrs and Mr Lucre decide to foster Tracy the dog . Mr Lucre 5 December 2005 Giles Thomas Mr Lucre and his wife Mrs Lucre ( Emma Treharne Johnes ) are potential foster parents . After overhearing what facilities Mrs and Mr Lucre have , everyone lines up and politely greets Mr and Mrs Lucre . Mr and Mrs Lucre decide to foster Tracy the dog . Theo 6 December 2005 Patrick Robinson Theo is Crash 's ( Darragh Mortell ) father . Crash is unsure about seeing him , but as Theo is about to leave , Crash wants him to stay . Theo and Crash bond over football , but Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) confiscate the ball in order to get them to actually talk . When Theo starts getting ideas about his and Crash 's future , Crash snaps at Theo and tells him to go . Jackie gets Theo back and Theo and Crash make up . Lucy 6 December 2005 Lisa Diveney Lucy is a candidate for head careworker job . The kids think she is perfect for the job , however Alice ( Olivia Grant ) does n't like Lucy and Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) agrees with Alice and makes up a story that Lucy use to work at her old care home . Mr Willis 6 December 2005 Owen Garmon Mr Willis is a candidate for head careworker job . The children put him through a `` Weakest Careworker '' challenge by making costume hats for Marco ( Jack Edwards ) and Milly ( Holly Gibbs ) . Marco and Milly are n't satisfied with his effort . Mrs Hood 6 December 2005 Owen Garmon Mrs Hood is a candidate for head careworker job . The children put her through a `` Weakest Careworker '' quiz and she gets every question correct , however Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) says she leaves with nothing . Charlie 8 December 2005 Sid Beadle In Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Elaine 's ( Nisha Nayer ) absence , Charlie is abandoned at The Dumping Ground . Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) looks after Charlie , teaching him life lessons on the way . When Mike and Elaine return , a foster family is arranged to collect Charlie . Emily 8 December 2005 Natasha Collett Emily is the twin sister of Romily ( Ruth Collett ) and a friend of Roxy 's ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) . When Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) brownie mix is tampered with and Eddie 's hair goes green , Emily is the prime suspect as she was seen covered in green paint , but Roxy and Alice ( Olivia Grant ) were with Emily . It emerges that Emily is a twin and Romily was responsible for green paint incidents . Romily 8 December 2005 Ruth Collett Romily is the twin sister of Emily ( Natasha Collett ) and a friend of Roxy 's ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) . When Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) brownie mix is tampered with and Eddie 's hair goes green , Emily is the prime suspect as she was seen covered in green paint , but Roxy and Alice ( Olivia Grant ) were with Emily . It emerges that Emily is a twin and Romily was responsible for green paint incidents . New Girl 9 December 2005 Maddie Rakic - Platt A new girl who arrives at The Dumping Ground . Registrar 9 December 2005 Sian Naiomi The registrar who performs Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) and Gary 's ( George McAllister ) wedding . Tracy Beaker Returns ( edit ) Character Date ( s ) Actor Circumstances Sgt Nelson 8 January 2010 - 12 February 2010 Jim Kitson When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) uses Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) credit card in order to publish her book , it leaves Cam £ 6,000 in debt . She is arrested by a police officer ( Charlie Binns ) and Sgt Nelson questions her at the station . Sgt Nelson contacts Cam and they both agree to drop the charges against Tracy as Cam never wanted her to get arrested on the conditions that Tracy repays Cam and she writes a weekly article . After Liam ( Richard Wisker ) pulls a scam at the launderette and turns a man 's washing pink , the police officer arrests Liam and takes him to see Sgt Nelson . realises that Sapphire 's ( Saffron Coomber ) boyfriend , Ferris ( Peter Losasso ) , has got her hiding stolen goods in her bedroom , she summons Sgt Nelson to The Dumping Ground to talk about her column . Ferris is tricked by Tracy when ends up in the same room as Sgt Nelson and the stolen goods and he begins to blame Sapphire and when Sapphire finds out , she blames Ferris . Sapphire realises that Tracy did n't tell on her and Sgt Nelson arrests Ferris when Ferris takes the blame . Police Officer ( Tracy Beaker Returns , series 1 ) 8 January 2010 Jim Kitson When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) uses Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) credit card in order to publish her book , it leaves Cam £ 6,000 in debt . She is arrested by the police officer and Sgt Nelson ( Jim Kitson ) questions her at the station . After Liam ( Richard Wisker ) pulls a scam at the launderette and turns a man 's washing pink , the police officer arrests Liam and takes him to see Sgt Nelson . Presenter 8 January 2010 Sarah Lawton The presenter who interviews Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) for the telly when Tracy has published her own book . Mr Scott 15 January 2010 Richard Stacey Mr Scott and his wife , Mrs Scott ( Joanne Bowden ) are potential foster parents for Toby ( John Bell ) . Toby decides that he does not want to be fostered by Mr and Mrs Scott . Mrs Scott 15 January 2010 Joanne Bowden Mrs Scott and her husband , Mr Scott ( Richard Stacey ) are potential foster parents for Toby ( John Bell ) . Toby decides that he does not want to be fostered by Mrs and Mr Scott . WI Lady 5 February 2010 Sue Bowmer Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) go to houses to sell pizza and she pays £ 10 for a slice of pizza when Liam and Frank tell her it 's to save The Dumping Ground . Vested Man 5 February 2010 Steven Osborne When Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) go to houses to sell pizza , they annoy the man by waking him up . He drags Liam and Frank back to The Dumping Ground and when he threatens to get the police involved Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) says he should tell them about him dragging a boy with cerebral palsy through the streets . Ferris 12 February 2010 Peter Losasso Ferris is the boyfriend of Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) . When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) finds out Sapphire has got her hiding stolen goods in her bedroom , she tries to keep an eye on Sapphire . Tracy invites Ferris for tea and she summons Sgt Nelson to The Dumping Ground to talk about her column . Ferris is tricked by Tracy when ends up in the same room as Sgt Nelson and the stolen goods and he begins to blame Sapphire and when Sapphire finds out , she blames Ferris . Sapphire realises that Tracy did n't tell on her and Sgt Nelson arrests Ferris when Ferris takes the blame . Cabbie 19 February 2010 Ian McLaughlin The cabbie who takes Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to his audition . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) brings Lily ( Jessie Williams ) along and gets the cabbie to stop at Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie 's ( Vicky Hall ) house for Lily to apologise . When Gus arrives at his audition , he believes he is too late and insists on going home . Terrie Finder 26 February 2010 Tracy - Ann Oberman When Toby ( John Bell ) , Johnny ( Joe Maw ) , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) enter a competition to win a holiday . When Terrie visits The Dumping Ground to collect details for the holiday , they lie that they are a family , but Terrie susses out that they live in care . Terrie agrees they can have the holiday if they get permission from an adult , however , the boys fill out the form themselves and they get Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to help with Mike 's ( Connor Byrne ) details . Terrie spots the boys filling in the form and when she confirms the holiday , Toby finds out she 's charged £ 5,000 on Mike 's credit card . The boys go to the Sunscreen Holidays office and Liam insists Terrie gives Mike his money back , but Terrie refuses . To distract Terrie , they set off her car alarm and whilst Terrie confronts Liam and Johnny , Frank and Toby sneak in . Frank and Toby go on Terrie 's laptop to cancel the holiday , however , Terrie catches them , but Toby takes a USB stick . Terrie arrives at The Dumping Ground and she insists they give her the USB stick back as it has important information , but Toby refuses unless she gives Mike his money back . When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) tells Terrie she has conned a bunch of kids , Terrie says that they told her they were over 18 , however , Toby plays the automated message and they do n't confirm their age . Terrie agrees to cancel the transaction and give Mike his money back . Helen Howle 5 March 2010 Fiona Wade Helen is the mother of Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) , who turns up unexpectedly at The Dumping Ground to see Carmen and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) invites her in after thinking she has permission . Carmen is unhappy with her presence and she runs off upstairs . Mike ( Connor Byrne ) later tells Carmen that her social worker says it 's OK for her mum to visit , but Carmen does n't want to see her . Carmen later changes her mind and she spends the day with her mum with Tracy shadowing them . Helen then invites Carmen to live with her in Spain and after talking about it with Mike and social services , Mike tells Carmen she can spend a short trial period in Spain to see how things go . Helen tells Carmen that whatever choice she makes , she will support her . Helen gets back together with her ex-boyfriend , Lee and she lets Carmen down again when she says Carmen ca n't live with her straight away . Tracy gives Helen an earful about how she puts herself first and how amazing it was that Carmen was prepared to give her a second chance . Riff 12 March 2010 Jordan Hill Riff is the half - brother of Sapphire Fox ( Saffron Coomber ) . When he arrives at The Dumping Ground , he hides in the bushes and Carmen is convinced there is a werewolf . Late at night , Riff makes it inside and sleeps in Sapphire 's room . Riff explains to Sapphire that he wants to find their dad and he asks Sapphire if she knows where he is . Lily ( Jessie Williams ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) spot Riff with Sapphire and Riff gives Lily and Tee an MP3 player for them to keep quiet about him . Riff later plays a game of Guitar Heroes and when Riff scrolls through the song list , Sapphire notices the band that their dad is in and she tells Riff . When Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) find out about Riff 's presence , Mike tells Riff that he will contact Social Services from up north . Riff and Sapphire plan to run away to their dad , but Tracy catches up with them and Sapphire says that being in care is n't all that bad . When Riff leaves , he gives Sapphire his mobile phone as he has 2 more . Service Station Manager 19 March 2010 Peter Gunn On the way to the beach , the kids and staff stop off at a service station . When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) play with some inflatable beach toys , he asks them if they are going to buy anything . Carmen accidentally knocks down a sweet stand with an inflatable seahorse , angering the service station manager . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) finds Lily ( Jessie Williams ) who is struggling to enjoy herself without her sisters and Tracy gives Lily some sweets . The service station manager asks Tracy if she paid for the sweets . He later receives a complaint from a customer , who had his car soaked by Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) . After ending up back home , everyone sets off to the beach again and they stop off at the same service station . The service station manager refuses to let them use the cafe , but he is persuaded by Tee and he warns them to behave . When Toby loses his hamster , chaos is caused when Liam announces to the customers that who ever find it can have a sat nav and the service station manager orders them to leave . Newspaper Editor 26 March 2010 Ingrid Lacey A newspaper editor who offers Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) a job as a junior reporter . She sets Tracy a test article by writing about the kids she works with on life from their point of view . When Tracy gives her the article , she is impressed , however , Tracy decides not to take the job . Leanne Spinks 7 January 2011 Clare Cathcart After Lily ( Jessie Williams ) falls off the roof , Leanne Spinks is sent to The Dumping Ground from the council to conduct a full investigation and she tells the children that they will be sent elsewhere whilst the investigation happens . When the kids lock themselves in the cellar , they refuse to come out and Leanne threatens to phone the police , however Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) manages to convince them . When The Dumping Ground is reopened , Leanne does her report . She is part of the panel when Mike ( Connor Byrne ) has to explain why he let Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) continue with her protest . Mike 's job is safe when the panel find in his favour . Council Official 7 January 2011 Shaun Prendergast When The Dumping Ground residents do a protest to prevent the council closing The Dumping Ground , it gets media interest and the Council Official arrives to tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) to stop the protest . He is part of the panel when Mike has to explain why he let Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) continue with her protest . Sara 14 January 2011 Romy Irving Sara is a girl , who Toby ( John Bell ) has a crush on . When Sara comments that she saw Toby with his mum , Toby lies about his family and Sara lies that her mum is n't around anymore and she died . In the comic shop , Sara picks up a classic comic and Toby says he has it and offers to lend it Sara . Comic Shop Owner 14 January 2011 Wayne Cater After assuming Toby ( John Bell ) is n't returning to The Dumping Ground , the residents help themselves to his things . Liam ( Richard Wisker ) sells Toby 's comic . When Toby notices one of his comics in the comic store , he asks the owner where he got it and he realises that all of his comics have been sold to him . Foster Mum 14 January 2011 Zoe Lambert The foster mum who looks after Toby ( John Bell ) when The Dumping Ground was temporarily closed . Sara 's Mum 14 January 2011 Phillippa Wilson The mother of Sara ( Romy Irving ) . When Toby ( John Bell ) goes to Sara 's to lend her a comic , her mum comes to the door shortly after and introduces herself as Sara 's mum . Toby is angry with Sara as she made up that she did n't have a mum . Ade 21 January 2011 Timi Lamikanra Ade and his brother , Dayo ( Mohammed Mansaray ) ran away from their home in Libya , living at Elm Tree House for a few days . Ade and Dayo tell the children that when soldiers killed their parents , they hid underneath rubbish in order to escape from their country . They were also badly beaten by the soldiers . They were able to escape to England because they feared that they would be killed if they remained in Libya . When the residents learn what happened to the two boys , they are very moved and hide Ade and Dayo in the attic . They fear that once the immigration officials discovered their existence , they will be sent back to Africa It soon emerges that the Immigration Officials have found the brothers a home and they have leave to remain in the United Kingdom until they are eighteen years old . Dayo 21 January 2011 Mohammed Mansaray Dayo and his brother , Ade ( Timi Lamikanra ) ran away from their home in Libya , living at Elm Tree House for a few days . Ade and Dayo tell the children that when soldiers killed their parents , they hid underneath rubbish in order to escape from their country . They were also badly beaten by the soldiers . They were able to escape to England because they feared that they would be killed if they remained in Libya . When the residents learn what happened to the two boys , they are very moved and hide Ade and Dayo in the attic . They fear that once the immigration officials discovered their existence , they will be sent back to Africa It soon emerges that the Immigration Officials have found the brothers a home and they have leave to remain in the United Kingdom until they are eighteen years old . TV Salesman 28 January 2011 Delroy Brown After the kids find some money in the garden , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) decide to buy a TV . He is suspicious of Liam and Frank when they show him a bundle of cash they want to pay it with and they want to take it themselves , so he talks to a security guard . Detective Sergeant 28 January 2011 Jackie Fielding A gang member posing as a Detective Sergeant . When a bag of money is dumped in the garden of The Dumping Ground , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) , Toby ( John Bell ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) take the money . When he and a fellow gang member posing as a Detective Constable ( Dean Ramsden ) visit The Dumping Ground , they tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) about the raid and money and ask if they can look in the garden for the money , however , they realise it 's gone . The Detective Sergeant and Detective Constable speak with the kids . Toby later shows Tracy the money and Tracy convinces the kids to return the money they have . When the Detective Sergeant and Detective Constable pick up the money , they all realise they were n't police officers . Detective Constable 28 January 2011 Dean Ramsden A gang member posing as a Detective Constable . When a bag of money is dumped in the garden of The Dumping Ground , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) , Toby ( John Bell ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) take the money . When he and a fellow gang member posing as a Detective Sergeant ( Jackie Fielding ) visit The Dumping Ground , they tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) about the raid and money and ask if they can look in the garden for the money . The Detective Constable and Detective Sergeant speak with the kids and the Detective Constable upsets Gus ( Noah Marullo ) when he uses his notebook to write down their contact details . Toby later shows Tracy the money and Tracy convinces the kids to return the money they have . When the Detective Constable and Detective Sergeant pick up the money , they all realise they were n't police officers . Sausage Man 4 February 2011 Christian Steel When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) use pasta sauce in a curry , they offer to do the food shop so Gina ( Kay Purcell ) does n't find out . They decide to stop and have a sausage , but Tracy has no cash to pay , so they decide to make a run for it . They are caught by the man , who gets them to dress up as sausages and hand out flyers . Mr Watson 11 February 2011 Daymon Britton Mr Watson is the husband of Mr Watson ( Karen Traynor ) and father of Hannah ( Daisy Doidge - Hill ) . After Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) stay with them for a short time , they tell Mike that they would be prepared to foster Tee , but not Johnny . Mike and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) hide the truth from Johnny and Tee by saying Mr and Mrs Watson ca n't look after them both . Johnny finds out the truth by looking in his file and he persuades Tee to be fostered by the Watson 's on her own . When Johnny phones Tee , Mr Watson tells Johnny not to phone Tee to give her a chance of settling in . Tracy confronts Johnny about not answering Tee 's calls and Johnny tells her that Mr Watson told him not to call , so Tracy arranges a bowling trip for everyone the same time Tee will be there . When Hannah tells her parents Tee was crying the night before because Johnny did n't call , Mr Watson admits to Tee that he told Johnny not to phone . Tee moves back into The Dumping Ground . Hannah Watson 11 February 2011 Daisy Doidge - Hill Hannah is the daughter of Mr Watson ( Daymon Britton ) and Mrs Watson ( Karen Traynor ) . Her parents look after Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) for a while and Hannah becomes best friends with Tee . Johnny persuades Tee to get fostered on her own after realising the Watson 's only want her . At the bowling alley , Hannah tells her parents Tee was crying the night before because Johnny did n't call and that he does n't care her about her like she does , Mr Watson admits to Tee that he told Johnny not to phone . Tee moves back into The Dumping Ground . Mrs Watson 11 February 2011 Karen Traynor Mrs Watson is the wife of Mr Watson ( Daymon Britton ) and mother of Hannah ( Daisy Doidge - Hill ) . After Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) stay with them for a short time , they tell Mike that they would be prepared to foster Tee , but not Johnny . Mike and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) hide the truth from Johnny and Tee by saying Mrs and Mr Watson ca n't look after them both . Johnny finds out the truth by looking in his file and he persuades Tee to be fostered by the Watson 's on her own . At the bowling alley , Hannah tells her parents Tee was crying the night before because Johnny did n't call , Mrs Watson forces Mr Watson to admit to Tee that he told Johnny not to phone . Tee moves back into The Dumping Ground . Mr Spooner 4 March 2011 Michael Jayston Mr Spooner is the owner of the scooter Liam ( Richard Wisker ) crashes . Liam is sentenced to community service at an old peoples home where Mr Spooner live . When Liam overhears Mr Spooner on the phone to Eddie ( Simon Lowe ) , Mr Spooner is annoyed with Liam , however , he almost falls and Liam takes him into his room . Mr Spooner talks to Liam about his National Service and Liam apologises about his scooter . When Liam looks at Eddie 's repair charges , he tells Mr Spooner that Eddie is ripping him off . Liam spots Eddie disconnecting the battery on Mr Spooner 's scooter and Mr Spooner is convinced by Eddie to trade in his scooter , however , Mr Spooner can not afford a new one , so Eddie lets him have a reconditioned scooter . Liam tells Mr Spooner that Eddie is ripping him off and Liam jumps into the back of Eddie 's van to prove it . Liam films Eddie connecting the battery on Mr Spooner 's scooter and selling it to an old lady and shows the video to Mr Spooner and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . When Eddie is about to sell a scooter to Mr Spooner , Liam goes through what he has charged Mr Spooner for repairs before showing him the video he took . Eddie gives Mr Spooner a free scooter on the condition Liam deletes the video , however the police arrive soon after and arrest Eddie . Eddie 4 March 2011 Simon Lowe Eddie is a dodgy scooter salesman . Liam ( Richard Wisker ) spots Eddie disconnecting Mr Spooner 's ( Michael Jayston ) before overhearing Eddie telling Mr Spooner the battery is dead and Eddie convinces Mr Spooner to trade in his scooter for a new one . When Eddie says it will cost £ 3,000 , but negotiates a price , Mr Spooner can not afford it , so Eddie says he can have a reconditioned one for £ 800 . Liam tells Mr Spooner that Eddie is ripping him off and Liam jumps into the back of Eddie 's van to prove it . Liam films Eddie connecting the battery on Mr Spooner 's scooter and selling it to an old lady and shows the video to Mr Spooner and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . When Eddie is about to sell a scooter to Mr Spooner , Liam goes through what he has charged Mr Spooner for repairs before showing him the video he took . Eddie gives Mr Spooner a free scooter on the condition Liam deletes the video , however the police arrive soon after and arrest Eddie . Sonia 4 March 2011 Helen Russell Sonia is an old lady at the old peoples home , who was a model . When the kids visit the home , Sonia introduces herself to Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Initially anxious , Carmen and Tee relax around Sonia when Sonia tells them she has 38 pairs of shoes . George 4 March 2011 David Andrews George is an old man at the old peoples home , who stopped playing the piano when his family moved away . When the kids visit the home , Frank ( Chris Slater ) introduces himself to George , but George ignores him initially , however he soon starts talking to Frank . George later plays the piano alongside Gus ( Noah Marullo ) . Magistrate 4 March 2011 Fiona MacPherson The magistrate who sentences Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) to community service after crashing Mr Spooner 's ( Michael Jayston ) scooter . Kali 11 March 2011 Holli Dempsey Kali is an old friend of Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) . Kali and Elektra were part of a gang called The Cobra 's . Kali is slightly annoyed with Elektra as she never contacted her when she was in a secure unit . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) turns up at the park and Kali introduces herself to Tracy . Tracy takes Elektra and Kali back to The Dumping Ground and Kali explains to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that she knows she got Elektra into a lot of trouble , but has changed . Mike initially refuses to let Kali stay , however , Elektra convinces Mike to change his mind . Kali and Elektra later sneak out and Kali introduces Elektra to some of her other friends and Kali is impressed with Elektra when she stands up to Zazel ( Ella Peel ) . Kali , Elektra and the rest of The Cobra 's later go shopping and Kali later suggests to Elektra that she joins them and leaves The Dumping Ground . Elektra later meets up with Kali and the gang . Kali sends her friends to mug Toby ( John Bell ) , however , Elektra intervenes and leaves Kali . Zazel 11 March 2011 Ella Peel Zazel is a friend of Kali 's ( Holly Dempsey ) . Zazel asks Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) where she was when Kali was locked up for 6 months and Elektra silences Zazel by saying that her and Kali will always be there for each other . Zazel joins the rest of The Cobra 's when they go shopping . Xanthe 18 March 2011 Kacey Ainsworth When Frank 's ( Chris Slater ) grandfather dies , Frank decides to sell his pocket watch to get some money so he can buy a headstone . Frank asks Xanthe for £ 100 . Frank is told by Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that his grandfather will not be able to have a headstone as no one paid for his grandfather 's funeral . Frank asks Xanthe for his pocket watch back , but Xanthe says it has been sold for £ 750 . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) intervenes and asks Xanthe if she would be interested in an antique car . Xanthe takes a look , but is not interested , until she sees the personalised number plate , which reads `` X4N THE '' . Xanthe agrees to give Frank his pocket watch and cash back . Kitty 6 January 2012 Eleni Foskett Kitty is a very withdrawn and socially awkward girl , who arrives at The Dumping Ground when a fire breaks out at her care home , Burnywood . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) tries to encourage Kitty to open up to the care workers and speak to the other children . Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) shows Kitty some of her homemade crafts . When Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) chases after Tyler Lewis ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) and when Elektra and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) set Tyler 's things on fire , the noise terrifies Kitty and Tee tries to calm Kitty down , but Kitty pushes her . When Johnny 's ( Joe Maw ) money is stolen , the noise and fuss causes Kitty to become anxious , leading her to push Tracy down the stairs . A fire is caused by Denis ( Jamie Gaddas ) when he does n't put a cigarette out properly and he plants the cigarettes in Kitty 's room . Kitty tells Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) about the cigarettes and Rick chucks them at Tracy out of the window . Denis sanctions both Kitty and Rick . Kitty is moved to care home more equipped to help her with her problems . Lizanne 6 January 2012 Lauren Mote Lizanne arrives at The Dumping Ground when a fire breaks out at her care home , Burnywood . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) , Frank ( Chris Slater and Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) are attracted to Lizanne and Lizanne uses their crushes to her advantage by getting a better room and money off them . It also turns out Lizanne was responsible for the fire , but it was an accident as she left her hair straighteners on and a cushion caught fire . Lizanne leaves when her mum is discharged from a psychiatric hospital . Denis Stockle 6 January 2012 Jamie Gaddas Denis Stockle is a careless , controlling and unkind care worker who brings the four Burnywood children to Elmtree House following a fire . He proves himself to be a condescending and bossy person who thinks young people in care are `` messed up '' ; his attitude infuriates and aggravates the young people and careworkers . He is shown to be an impatient bully , who illegally takes control of Elmtree House , becomes Head Careworker , and imposes bans on multiple luxury items . He resigned after Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gus ( Noah Marullo ) found out that he started the fire at Elm Tree House by smoking in the attic , removing the batteries from the fire alarm and not putting the cigarettes out properly . Electrician 13 January 2012 Scott Frazer An electrician who Gus ( Noah Marullo ) refuses to let in , even after Gus is shown ID . Mack 20 January 2012 Gary Faulkner Mack owns an unlicensed DVD stall with Jack ( Callum Callaghan ) . After buying a dodgy DVD from him Liam ( Richard Wisker ) wants a refund , but Mack refuses . Ms Bowman 20 January 2012 Janine Leigh Ms Bowman is an officer who fixes Liam ( Richard Wisker ) with a tag and she explains that if he breaks curfew 3 times , he will be sent to a youth detention centre for the remainder of his sentence . When Liam accidentally breaks his curfew , Mr Bowman warns Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) of what will happen if Liam breaks curfew 2 more times . Liam breaks curfew again when Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) move Liam 's bedroom into the garden and Ms Bowman warns Liam he has one last chance . Liam breaks curfew shortly after when he realises that Jack ( Richard Wisker ) is his brother and could have helped Liam in court as he witnessed what happened and Ms Bowman phones the police . Shadow 27 January 2012 - 11 January 2013 Connie Shadow is a three - legged dog who followed Frank into the Dumping Ground after Frank ( Chris Slater ) went to the park . After she proves troublesome , she is taken to the animal shelter before being adopted by Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) . Lily and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) persuade Mike ( Connor Byrne ) to let Shadow stay at The Dumping Ground when Lily has respite care . Claire 3 February 2012 Jane Dellow Claire is a woman , who approaches Harry ( Phillip Graham Scott ) when he is alone in the park . Claire introduces herself and her baby son , who is also called Harry , to Harry . Claire asks Harry where his mum is and Harry explains how his mum hurt him then Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) was his mum , but then she left him and then Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) was his mum . Claire then phones the police . When Sapphire finds Harry at the park , Claire tells Sapphire that she has phoned the police . Big Issue Seller 3 February 2012 Gary Kitching After he runs away , Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) asks the Big Issue Seller if he knows who Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) is . When Sapphire goes looking for Harry , the Big Issue Seller guesses she is Sapphire when she asks him if he has seen Harry and he tells her where he is . Charlie 10 February 2012 Kent Riley Charlie is Justine 's ( Montanna Thompson ) fiancé , who appears genuine , however , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) overhears Charlie on the phone and confronts him , saying he is scamming Justine by getting her to trust him before getting money out of her . Rick later tells Justine and Tracy that Charlie is a conman and that Charlie bought him a laptop to keep quite . Justine , Rick , Tracy and Cam devise a set up to catch Charlie by getting Cam to pose as a customer in a restaurant Charlie is at and for her to leave her purse at the table . Charlie gives Cam her purse and Cam thanks him . Charlie offers to buy a Cam a coffee and Charlie pretends he does n't have a girlfriend when Cam asks . Justine , Rick and Tracy appear and Justine ends her relationship with Charlie . Mr Stevens 17 February 2012 Andrew Vincent After Johnny ( Joe Maw ) takes a look in someone else 's flat in the same block of flats where Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) lives , he angers the 2 men who live there and they get him to sneak into a storeroom and steal some expensive gadgets . Johnny sets off the alarm when he is startled by a spider . When he tries to escape , he is caught by Mr Stevens , who is mad with Johnny at first , but softens towards Johnny when Johnny tells him he is in care . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) comes to collect Johnny and Mr Stevens finds out about the 2 men having lots of expensive things when Johnny explains himself to Tracy . When Sapphire and Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) try to get their phones back from the men , Mr Stevens arrives just in time and forces the men to give Sapphire and Elektra their mobiles back . Farmer 24 February 2012 Jack McBride The owner of the farmhouse where the kids and staff stay on holiday . He orders them to leave when his sheep are let out of the farm , which was done by Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Bus Conductor 24 February 2012 Dominic Doughty The bus conductor who asks Lily ( Jessie Williams ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) if anyone is meeting them in Bristol and Lily lies her dad is . When he is about to issue Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) a ticket , Tee tells him she wants to get off . Landowner 24 February 2012 Sarah Thurstan When Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee get off a coach , they have no idea where they are . They walk down a path , but Lily and Carmen stay when Carmen 's feet hurt , so Tee carries on . She encounters the landowner and Tee helps her by shutting a gate field on the sheep . Tee gets upset and explains to the landowner how she wanted to be a good friend to Lily and Carmen by keeping quite about them going to Wales , but wanted to stop them as she did n't want to get lost . She takes Tee through some bushes and they end up on the grounds of Manor Hall Farm . Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Lily , Carmen , Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Frank Matthews ( Chris Slater ) also end up at Manor Hall Farm . The landowner approaches Mike and apologises for turning them down when he wanted to book a holiday there as she thought the kids would be out of control . She lets them have a holiday there for half price with free board . Melissa Valentine 2 March 2012 Angela Terence Melissa is the older sister of Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) , who arrives at The Dumping Ground to tell Elektra she is getting married and wants her as bridesmaid . Melissa and Elektra go shopping for a bridesmaid 's dress and Melissa reluctantly agrees that Elektra can keep the blue in her hair . Melissa persuades Elektra to meet their parents again before the wedding . When Marilyn tells Elektra she will need a sample of her natural hair to get rid of the blue , Elektra says that Melissa is fine with it , but Melissa is forced to agree with their mum . To get back at her family , Elektra cancels Melissa 's wedding . Melissa visits Elektra with a present , a pair of white doc martens and Elektra admits to Melissa that she cancelled the wedding . When Melissa phones up the venue , her booking has been given to someone else and Melissa agrees with their parents about Elektra . Melissa apologises to Elektra and she gives Elektra the shoes and she finds out that Melissa and Harvey got married their own way . Marilyn Perkins 2 March 2012 Lizzy McInnerny Marilyn is the wife of Bernard ( Ron Webster ) and mother of Melissa ( Angela Terence ) and Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) . Melissa persuades Elektra to meet their parents again before the wedding . Marilyn serves Elektra a vegetarian lasagna for dinner . When Marilyn tells Elektra she will need a sample of her natural hair to get rid of the blue , Elektra almost loses her temper with her parents and she shows Tracy her old bedroom . Later , Marilyn and Bernard ask Elektra not to tell Harvey about her being in care and that they 've told Harvey she is away at school . Elektra rows with her parents before storming out of their house with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . Bernard Perkins 2 March 2012 Ron Webster Bernard is the husband of Marilyn ( Lizzy McInnerny ) and father of Melissa ( Angela Terence ) and Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) . Melissa persuades Elektra to meet their parents again before the wedding . When Marilyn tells Elektra she will need a sample of her natural hair to get rid of the blue , Elektra almost loses her temper with her parents and she shows Tracy her old bedroom . Later , Bernard and Marilyn ask Elektra not to tell Harvey about her being in care and that they 've told Harvey she is away at school . Elektra rows with her parents before storming out of their house with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . Melanie 23 March 2012 Emily Glenister Melanie is the new careworker , taking over from Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) suffers an anaphylactic shock at Tracy 's leaving party , Melanie gives Jody an epipen injection and everyone praises Melanie when Jody comes round . When Melanie ca n't do Gus 's ( Noah Marullo ) tour , Melanie shows him how to move something in his schedule . Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) wants to take a flat that is miles away , so Tracy speaks to the council to see if there is a closer place and Tracy slams the phone down when she learns that the block of flats where Sapphire use to live has been sold . Melanie asks if she should ring up and try a more gentle approach . Knowing the kids are sad about Tracy leaving , Melanie comes up with an idea for them to show that and they make a memory book for Tracy . Tracy invites Melanie to stay at her party . The Dumping Ground ( edit ) Character Date ( s ) Actor Circumstances Bomb Squad Officer 4 January 2013 Craig Conway Gina ( Kay Purcell ) is hit by a grenade and taken to hospital . The Bomb Squad Officer mistakes Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) for a careworker and he tells the kids off for playing with a grenade . When a grenade is thrown into the attic , the Bomb Squad Officer is called out again and Faith is shocked when he has to blow up the grenade , thinking it will be a big explosion . Lydia Dillon 4 January 2013 Jacqueline Phillips Lydia is a relief careworker to fill in for Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) when he is on holiday . The kids do n't like Lydia 's strict attitude , so Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) pretends to be the relief careworker so she leaves . Manager 4 January 2013 Tony Neilson When Frank ( Chris Slater ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) are sent out to do the food shop , the stop off at an arcade . Frank uses all the food money on the machines and when Frank wins , he asks the manager why no money has come out of the machine . The manager says he needs them to prove they are 18 before he can give them the money . Sarah 4 January 2013 Sammy T. Dobson Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) believes Mike ( Connor Byrne ) is going to chuck her out when she sees an e-mail about her from social services . She decides to apply to be on the `` Are you a young leader of tomorrow ? '' programme so she can go to Australia . Elektra fakes an application , where she has lied about several achievements . Sarah visits The Dumping Ground and she is impressed with Elektra , but she breaks the news that Elektra is ineligible for the programme as it 's designed for those who need to make a positive change . Shannay 11 January 2013 - 8 March 2013 Holly Quin - Ankrah Shannay is the girlfriend of Steve and the mother of Jonah . Lily ( Jessie Williams ) is unhappy about her moving in , so she goes to The Dumping Ground . Steve visits to talk to Lily with Shannay and an angry Lily asks Steve and Shannay why they ca n't have the new baby adopted . Lily feels guilty when Shannay goes into labour , but is happy when she learns that she has a brother . When Lily goes back home , Steve is upset as Shannay has left , however , Lily persuades Shannay to give things a chance . Lily organises an unsupervised sleepover with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) by persuading her parents to let her stay at The Dumping Ground when they go and visit Shannay 's sister . Luke Jackson 18 January 2013 James Bartlett Kingsley is the middle child of Denise and the older brother of Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and younger brother of Kingsley ( David Avery ) . When Jody moves back in with Denise , Gina visits Jody with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . When Kingsley arrives home , Carmen and Tyler hide in Jody 's room and Kingsley is angry when he finds the door unlocked and Carmen 's mobile phone , thinking it 's Jody 's . Luke tells Kingsley to go easy on Jody as she is just a kid , but Kingsley ignores him and locks Jody in her bedroom . Gina arrives at Jody 's when Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) sends a Morse code message to Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) for Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to work out what is being said , which is `` S.O.S '' . Gina is angry with Denise for not protecting Jody and Luke agrees with Gina , believing that Jody is better off at The Dumping Ground . Ronnie 25 January 2013 Elizabeth Hall Ronnie and her partner , Dawn ( Sara Stephens ) are potential foster parents for Gus ( Noah Marullo . When Mike ( Connor Byrne ) tells Gus about seeing potential foster parents , Gus refuses to see them as he does n't want to be fostered , but Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) expresses an interest in meeting them . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) finds out that Dawn and Ronnie are both women when they turn up and when everyone finds out , they are all divided on opinions on whether gay couples should be allowed to foster . Gus goes to Ronnie and Dawn 's house with Mike and he asks them questions about how they do things . Gus decides to be fostered by Ronnie and Dawn and they collect him from The Dumping Ground . Dawn 25 January 2013 Sara Stephens Dawn and her partner , Ronnie ( Elizabeth Hall ) are potential foster parents for Gus ( Noah Marullo . When Mike ( Connor Byrne ) tells Gus about seeing potential foster parents , Gus refuses to see them as he does n't want to be fostered , but Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) expresses an interest in meeting them . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) finds out that Dawn and Ronnie are both women when they turn up and when everyone finds out , they are all divided on opinions on whether gay couples should be allowed to foster . Gus goes to Dawn and Ronnie 's house with Mike and he asks them questions about how they do things . Gus decides to be fostered by Dawn and Ronnie and they collect him from The Dumping Ground . Social Worker ( The Dumping Ground , series 1 ) 1 February 2013 Katharine Monaghan A social worker who accompanies a Police Officer to The Dumping Ground to tell Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) a body has been found , who they think is her brother Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) and they need a DNA sample from her to determine whether it is . It is later concluded it 's not her brother . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 1 ) 1 February 2013 Ian Stewart Robinson A police officer who accompanies a social worker to The Dumping Ground to tell Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) a body has been found , who they think is her brother Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) and they need a DNA sample from her to determine whether it is . It is later concluded it 's not her brother . Jade 8 February 2013 - 15 February 2013 Adeleina Williams When Frank ( Chris Slater ) gets a D for Sports Science , he stops at a cafe that is advertising a job . Jade tells Frank that he can have the job once she has spoken to her dad . All the kids arrive at the cafe and they notice Frank has a crush on Jade . Frank later talks to Jade about his granddad and Jade tells Frank her mum died when she was 10 . Jade introduces Frank to Angel ( Louise Jameson ) , a psychic medium , and Frank is impressed with Angel 's gift when she knows stuff about Frank . She then talks to Jade 's mother . When Angel talks to Faith 's ( Leanne Dunstan ) brother , Angel believes false things what Faith says about herself until Faith reveals it 's not true . Jade gives Frank a charm he bought her back . Jade visits The Dumping Ground and makes up with Frank . Jade kisses Frank , which is witnessed by the other kids . Angel 8 February 2013 Louise Jameson Jade ( Adeleina Williams ) introduces Frank ( Chris Slater ) to Angel , a psychic medium . Frank is impressed with Angel 's gift when she knows stuff about Frank . She then talks to Jade 's mother . When Frank tells the other residents about Angel , but Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) does n't believe in her , so she goes to the cafe to see Angel . The following day , Angel contacts Faith 's brother for her , however , Faith tells Angel false things about herself , which Angel believes is true . Faith then reveals to Angel none of it was true and that she is a fake . Gerry 15 February 2013 Chris Simmons Gerry is the father of Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) . He pretends to be a boiler inspector to get inside The Dumping Ground and Rick is shocked to find his dad at The Dumping Ground . Rick meets up with his dad , followed by Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) , and when Rick says he has to hand himself into the police , Gerry explains he is now at an open prison . Gerry apologises to Rick and promises him once he is out of prison , he will put his old life behind him . After witnessing Tyler getting hassle from a builder ( Ryan Enever ) , Gerry decides to pull a scam with Tyler by getting Tyler to wind up the builder whilst he takes money from his pocket . Later , Gerry is about to give Tyler the money , but Rick tells him not to and Rick is disgusted with his dad . Gerry goes to The Dumping Ground to talk to Rick and Gerry tries to persuade Rick to move to New Zealand with him when he gets out of prison . Builder 15 February 2013 Ryan Enver Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) gets hassle from the builder when he accuses Tyler of stealing from his van , when Tyler was only spying on Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) with his dad , Gerry ( Chris Simmons ) . Gerry decides to pull a scam with Tyler by getting Tyler to wind up the builder whilst he takes money from his pocket . Later , Gerry is about to give Tyler the money , but Rick tells him not to and Rick is disgusted with his dad . Gerry goes to The Dumping Ground to talk to Rick and Gerry tries to persuade Rick to move to New Zealand with him when he gets out of prison . Hattie 15 February 2013 Carmen Munroe Hattie is the mother of Gina ( Kay Purcell ) . Gina is forced to bring Hattie to The Dumping Ground when Hattie 's carer is sick . Hattie gets on well with Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) , although she is forgetful and when Tee tells Hattie her name , Hattie thinks Tee is offering a cup of tea . Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) startles the kids when she believes Hattie is dead , however , when they check on Hattie , she wakes up and gives them a scare . Gina gives Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) a shopping list for some curry ingredients and Hattie mistakes Faith for Gina . Later , Tee finds that Hattie has gone , so Gina , Faith and Tee go looking for her . They find her at the bus stop , but she can not remember Tee and Faith pretends to be Gina to calm Hattie down . Gina , Tee and Faith take her back to The Dumping Ground . Gina realises that Hattie would be better off in a care home . George 22 February 2013 Philip Harrison George is the owner of Hidden Hall . George tells the kids they are going to pick names out of a hat to determine who they are going to pretend to be . Once the kids have been assigned a person , he gives them their tasks and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) is n't pleased about being a scullery maid . Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) shows little interest in the day and she annoys George when she relaxes in a room that is out of bounds . When Lily ( Jessie Williams ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) dance with Johnny ( Joe Maw ) , who is acting as an Earl , and Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) , who is acting as the Earl 's son , reality and fiction clash when Johnny rubbishes Lily 's dad and George and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) break them up fighting . At lunch , Johnny is in a bad mood and decides that no one is allowed to eat and a food fight breaks out . George orders them to go when a valuable photo is ruined . Rachel 22 February 2013 Rachel Teate Rachel is an employee at Hidden Hall , who teaches Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) about Edwardian etiquette as they are pretending to be Edwardian ladies . She learns them how to use hand fans and how to do the Grizzly Bear dance . Esme 15 March 2013 Sophie Skelton Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) meet Esme in a clothes shop and when Esme is mugged , they invite her back to The Dumping Ground . When Esme is introduced to the others by Carmen and Lily , Johnny ( Joe Maw ) is attracted to her . Esme is hated by a majority of the residents due to the influence she has on Carmen and Lily overheard Carmen tell Esme how she thinks Lily 's dreams are average and how she an Esme plan to run away to Brazil . Carmen leaves The Dumping Ground the following morning , but when she arrives at Esme 's , Carmen is annoyed how Esme has told her mum , Mrs Vasquez - Jones ( Selina Giles ) lies about her . Mrs Vasquez - Jones 15 March 2013 Selina Giles Mrs Vasquez - Jones is the mother of Esme ( Sophie Skelton ) . Esme invites Carmen to join her in Brazil . Carmen leaves The Dumping Ground the following morning , but when she arrives at Esme 's , Carmen is annoyed how Esme has told her mum lies about her . Razz 15 March 2013 Isaac Ssenbandeke Razz is the older brother of Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) . He tracks down Faith , but Faith is angry with him as she though he was dead . Razz is being chased by Solly ( Robert Haythorne ) and Cass ( Lee Lomas ) as he quit their gang as well as taking some money . and Faith agrees to help him . Faith smuggles him into The Dumping Ground and Razz shows Faith the cash and he wants them to start over again . Faith realises he left GPS on on his mobile , which is why Solly and Cass know he is at The Dumping Ground . Razz later discovers the money is stolen , who suspects Frank ( Chris Slater ) took it . Solly and Cass come looking for Razz inside The Dumping Ground . Solly and Cass want their money back and Razz tells them he has n't got it , hinting that Frank has taken it , however it turns out Razz had it all along . Faith is disgusted that Razz lied and tried to blame one of her friends , but she makes up with Razz when he deals with a snake that gets rid of Solly and Cass . Solly 15 March 2013 Robert Haythorne Solly and Cass ( Lee Lomas ) are after Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) as Razz quit their gang and took some of their money . They find Razz at The Dumping Ground as he left GPS on on his mobile . Solly and Cass warn Razz that they are outside The Dumping Ground . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) goes out , he is intercepted by Solly and Cass , who order him to get Razz . Frank tries to get rid of Solly and Cass , they do n't fall for his excuses and they go inside The Dumping Ground to look for Razz . Solly and Cass want their money back and Razz tells them he has n't got it , hinting that Frank has taken it , however , it turns out Razz had it all along . Solly and Cass are scared out of The Dumping Ground by a snake . Cass 15 March 2013 Lee Lomas Cass and Solly ( Lee Lomas ) are after Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) as Razz quit their gang and took some of their money . They find Razz at The Dumping Ground as he left GPS on on his mobile . Solly and Cass warn Razz that they are outside The Dumping Ground . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) goes out , he is intercepted by Cass and Solly , who order him to get Razz . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) goes out , he is intercepted by Solly and Cass , who order him to get Razz . Frank tries to get rid of Solly and Cass , they do n't fall for his excuses and they go inside The Dumping Ground to look for Razz . Cass and Solly want their money back and Razz tells them he has n't got it , hinting that Frank has taken it , however , it turns out Razz had it all along . Cass and Solly are scared out of The Dumping Ground by a snake . Serjay 10 January 2014 Danny Ashok Serjay is a social worker , who brings Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) to The Dumping Ground . Serjay tells May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) that Bailey will have to stay at The Dumping Ground longer and when Serjay tries to pass the responsibility of telling Bailey to May - Li and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , May - Li firmly insists that he tells Bailey . Doctor 10 January 2014 Gauri Vedhara Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) is knocked over by a car when Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) runs away from The Dumping Ground to get to his football match . The doctor tells Faith and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that the x-ray has shown no damage to her hip . Faith asks when she can start training again , the doctor advises her to give it a couple of weeks and ease into it . Jimmy 10 January 2014 - 29 January 2016 Mark Theodore Jimmy is the father of Baley ( Kasey McKellar ) . When Jimmy attempts to take Bailey from The Dumping Ground , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) inform Jimmy that they are legally responsible for Bailey . Inside , Mike and May - Li tell Jimmy he 'll have to contact Social Services about getting Bailey back , but Jimmy devastates Bailey when he says that he was n't expecting to get Bailey back straight away . Bailey runs away to his dad and they go to a football match , however , Jimmy is chucked out of the match by a police officer ( Jon Regan ) . So he does n't get in trouble , when Jody ( Kia Pegg ) mentions to the police officer that Jimmy abducted his kid , Jimmy lies that he does n't have a child , hurting Bailey . Jimmy arrives at The Dumping Ground when he finds out Bailey has seen his mother , Alison and Jimmy and Bailey both find Alison gone from The Dumping Ground . When they find her , Jimmy reveals that Alison is not his mum , but her friend . Bailey later makes amends with Jimmy . Daryl 10 January 2014 Finn Armstrong Daryl is a teammate of Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . After Bailey ran away from The Dumping Ground , Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) go to see if Bailey is playing football . Daryl tells Jody and Carmen that Bailey is an ex-teammate now as he missed football , Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 2 episode 2 ) 10 January 2014 Jon Regan Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) is chucked out of the match by the police officer . So he does n't get in trouble , when Jody ( Kia Pegg ) mentions to the police officer that Jimmy abducted his kid , Jimmy lies that he does n't have a child , hurting Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . Sasha 17 January 2014 Angela Griffin Sasha is filmmaker who comes to Ashdene Ridge to make a training video for social workers . Jody ( Kia Pegg ) does n't want to be a part of the film as she believes everyone is acting strangely and it 's fake . Sasha allows Jody to make the movie , but Jody finds it difficult when some of the others refuse to co-operate . Mo ( Reece Buttery ) gathers some fly on the wall footage of Jody to show Sasha . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 2 episode 4 ) 24 January 2014 Asif Khan After learning Lily ( Jessie Williams ) is moving , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) takes it badly and smashes a window with a football . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) suspects Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) is responsible , so he phones the police and the police officer arrests Bailey . Custody Sergeant 24 January 2014 Dale Meeks After learning Lily ( Jessie Williams ) is moving , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) takes it badly and smashes a window with a football . After Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) is arrested , Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) tells Carmen that she saw her smash the window and Carmen gives her a bracelet , a present from Lily , to her . When Lily notices Floss has the bracelet , Lily confronts Carmen and Carmen admits she broke the window . She then admits the truth to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and May Li ( Stacy Liu and she goes to the police with a reluctant Mike , confessing to smashing the window . The custody sergeant tells Carmen her rights now she is in custody and takes her fingerprints . Danny 31 January 2014 George Sampson When Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) go to see Frank ( Chris Slater ) at his place , Frank is n't in . When they leave , Danny approaches them and ask if they know Frank before warning them that if they see him , tell him that he wants his money . Frank pays Danny his money back and Frank wants to have a game of cards again to win money . When Frank has five ace 's , Jen ( Georgina Campbell ) is accused of helping Frank win by cheating by Danny and Danny demands Jen gives him money back . When Danny says it 's not enough , Frank decides to sell his pocket watch again and when he goes , it is revealed Jen is in on the plan with Danny . To get their own back on Danny and Jen , the kids hatch a plan to pretend Faith left a piece of expensive jewellery behind . Faith and Rick tell this to Danny and Jen and when they mention Frank is looking after a ring , which Faith pretends is her mother 's engagement ring . Later at the flat with Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , Frank plans to give Danny the watch , but when Frank has the ring , Danny demands to have the ring and will exchange for all the money he has taken off Frank . Jen 31 January 2014 Georgina Campbell Jen is a friend of Frank ( Chris Slater ) . Frank pays Danny ( George Sampson ) his money back and Frank wants a game of cards again to win money and Jen joins in . When Frank has five ace 's , Jen is accused of helping Frank win by cheating by Danny and Danny demands Jen gives him money back . When Danny says it 's not enough , Frank decides to sell his pocket watch again and when he goes , it is revealed Jen is in on the plan with Danny . To get their own back on Danny and Jen , the kids hatch a plan to pretend Faith left a piece of expensive jewellery behind . Faith and Rick tell this to Danny and Jen and when they mention Frank is looking after a ring , which Faith pretends is her mother 's engagement ring . Later at the flat with Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , Frank plans to give Danny the watch , but when Frank has the ring , Danny demands to have the ring and will exchange for all the money he has taken off Frank . Shopkeeper 31 January 2014 Alan Renwick When looking for Frank ( Chris Slater ) , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) , Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) find Frank 's pocket watch for sale in a window . They ask the shopkeeper if they can save the watch for them , but he tells them that he has had interest from another customer . Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) later comes to buy the watch from the shopkeeper . Community Support Officer 7 February 2014 Shareesa Valentine On a day out with Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) , Tyler 's mother , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) , gets some ice cream , however , she has no money to pay , so she runs away without paying . The community support officer intercepts Sally . May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) eventually finds Sally and Tyler and she pays for the ice cream . Mr Johnson 28 February 2014 Darren Morfitt Mr Johnson is a football coach . After a match , he pulls Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) aside , he has a go at Bailey for letting the opposing team score more goals and when Bailey asks what his problem is , Mr Johnson is racist towards Bailey . Bailey keeps quiet about what Mr Johnson told him , but Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) gets the truth out of Bailey and they report the incident to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . Mike goes down to the pitch and confronts Mr Johnson about what he said . Justin 28 February 2014 Mackenzie Sol Williams Justin is a teammate of Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . When Justin makes a racist remark , Bailey physically attacks Justin . Viv Anderson 28 February 2014 Himself Viv Anderson oversees football training with Mr Johnson ( Darren Morfitt ) . Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) starts playing with a football during Mr Johnson 's talk and Viv tells Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that Bailey needs to learn manners . When Bailey later tells Mike that Mr Johnson was racist to him , Mike goes down to the pitch and confronts Mr Johnson , which is witnessed by Viv . Viv visits The Dumping Ground and encourages Bailey not to quit due to racism as he went through it and Viv arranges to see Bailey play football again . May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) is starstruck when she sees Viv and he gives her his football shirt . Nicky Richardson 7 March 2014 Lu Corfield When someone attempts to rob Nicky outside The Dumping Ground , Johnny Taylor ( Joe Maw ) takes a photo of the person who attempted to take her bag . Johnny tells Nicky that he managed to get a photo and Nicky thanks him before handing him a card with her contact details and Johnny realises she is in the army . Johnny decides to see Nicky about joining the army . When Johnny fails at a teamwork task , he goes to see Nicky , who tells him that he is not a quitter as he persevered . Doug 14 March 2014 Michael Hodgson Doug and his wife , Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) , are potential adoptive parents for Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) . Floss believes she will continue living at The Dumping Ground , but Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) tells Floss what adoption really means . When Floss goes to the park with Nerys , Doug and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , a boy named Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes him in retaliation . Floss brings Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) on a visit to Doug and Nerys ' house . After making play dough , Nerys goes to clean Floss ' hand , she decides to remove the nail varnish , but Floss knocks the flour on the floor and she then throws all the other play dough ingredients out of the dishes . Floss decides that she does n't want to be adopted by Doug and Nerys . Nerys 14 March 2014 Lucy Speed Nerys and her husband , Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) , are potential adoptive parents for Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) . Floss believes she will continue living at The Dumping Ground , but Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) tells Floss what adoption really means . When Floss goes to the park with Nerys , Doug and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , a boy named Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes him in retaliation and Nerys tells Floss off . Floss brings Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) on a visit to Nerys and Doug 's house . After making play dough , Nerys goes to clean Floss ' hand , she decides to remove the nail varnish , but Floss knocks the flour on the floor and she then throws all the other play dough ingredients out of the dishes . Floss decides that she does n't want to be adopted by Nerys and Doug . Neil 14 March 2014 John Bowley Neil is the boyfriend of Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) . Carmen breaks up with Neil after their date . Jesse 's Mum 14 March 2014 Claire Sundin When Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) goes to the park with Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) , Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes Jesse in retaliation . Jesse 14 March 2014 Alex Humprey When Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) goes to the park with Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) , Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , Jesse upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes Jesse in retaliation . Hope 21 March 2014 - 13 March 2015 Lucy Briggs ( 2014 ) Holly and Paige Robinson ( 2015 ) Hope is the daughter of Keith ( Neil Morrissey ) and Lucy ( Sally Rogers ) as well as the younger half - sister of Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Feeling that Hope is n't safe with Lucy , Tee takes Hope whilst Lucy is distracted and takes her to The Dumping Ground before pretending to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) she is an abandoned child . A frantic Lucy turns up at The Dumping Ground to collect Hope and Mike realises that Hope is Johnny and Tee 's sister . Sian 28 March 2014 Gabrielle Glaister Sian is a council representative . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) is sacked from his job after a short period of time , he goes to apologise to Sian and asks if she can get Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) her job back , but she refuses . Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) go to the town hall with Frank to invite Sian to The Dumping Ground for lunch , but she declines , even when they mention that Mike ( Connor Byrne ) will be there . Sian comes to lunch and Mike asks Sian to go for dinner with him and Sian accepts . Manager 28 March 2014 John Sumner The manager of a leisure centre , where Frank ( Chris Slater ) gets a job and where Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) does her work placement . When Frank spots Liam ( Richard Wisker ) , Frank starts physically attacking Liam and Faith tries to stop Frank . Frank and Faith are both sacked by the manager . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 3 episode 1 ) 16 January 2015 Amer Nazir At the end of a fostering information day , guests find out that their purses and wallets have been taken . The police officer questions who had access to them and if anyone left early . Stephanie ( Charlie Brooks ) accuses Sally ( Diveen Henry ) . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) is questioned by the police officer when a wallet is found in the bathroom in his room , handed in by Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . Stephanie Branston 16 January 2015 Charlie Brooks Stephanie and footballer husband , Matt ( Stuart Manning ) , attend the fostering information day . Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) both try and impress Stephanie and Matt so that they will foster either of them . Bailey confronts Stephanie and Matt about them being accused of racism , so Bailey suggests if they foster him , it will prove to people they are not racist . When the bath is over filled , the ceiling leaks and comes through , soaking Stephanie , Matt and Carmen and when Stephanie calls the kids rejects , Carmen realises that she does n't want to be fostered by Stephanie and Matt . When the guests are about to leave , they find that their purses and wallets have been taken and Stephanie believes Sally ( Diveeen Henry ) is responsible . Matt Branston 16 January 2015 Stuart Manning Matt and his wife , Stephanie ( Charlie Brooks ) , attend the fostering information day . Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) both try and impress Matt and Stephanie so that they will foster either of them . Bailey confronts Matt and Stephanie about them being accused of racism , so Bailey suggests if they foster him , it will prove to people they are not racist . Mr Gordon 16 January 2015 Grant Burgin Mr Gordon attends the fostering information with his wife , Mrs Gordon ( Grant Burgin ) and daughter , Maude ( Kiki Truman - Brooks ) . He and his wife take to Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and they decide they want Harry to have a home visit . When the wallets and purses are taken , suspects include Tyler 's ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) and Johnny ( Joe Maw ) . New boy Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) works out Maude was responsible and Maude owns up and apologises to her parents . Mike tells the Gordon 's that it may not be the right time for fostering . Mrs Gordon 16 January 2015 Tonya French Mrs Gordon attends the fostering information with her husband , Mr Gordon ( Grant Burgin ) and daughter , Maude ( Kiki Truman - Brooks ) . She and her husband take to Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and they decide they want Harry to have a home visit . When the wallets and purses are taken , suspects include Tyler 's ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) and Johnny ( Joe Maw ) . New boy Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) works out Maude was responsible and Maude owns up and apologises to her parents . Mike tells the Gordon 's that it may not be the right time for fostering . Mrs Underwood 16 January 2015 Martina Laird Mrs Underwood attends the fostering information day and she meets Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . Tyler tells Mrs Underwood that he ca n't get fostered as he has promised his mother , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) . Mrs Underwood and Tyler later scare Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Mrs Underwood mentions to Tyler that if he did get fostered , it would n't change the contact he would have with his mum . When Tyler wonders if his mum cares , Mrs Underwood comforts Tyler , which is witnessed and hurts Sally , who arrives at that moment . Maude Gordon 16 January 2015 Kiki Brooks - Truman Maude attends the fostering information day with her parents and her parents take to Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) . When the wallets and purses are taken , suspects include Tyler 's ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) and Johnny ( Joe Maw ) . New boy Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) works out Maude was responsible and Maude owns up and apologises to her parents . Mal 30 January 2015 Dai Bradley Mal is a homeless man , who Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) argues with . Bailey demand for his football back , but when Mal refuses , Bailey pushes him to the ground before taking his ball and running off . Bailey finds out that Mal died and takes on the responsibility of his dog , Mischief ( Sage ) . Clive 30 January 2015 Avin Shah Clive is a homeless man . When Mal ( Dai Bradley ) dies , Clive asks Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) if he wants Mal 's dog , Mischief ( Sage ) . When Mischief needs an operation , the kids sell soup to raise money for his operation and Clive gives them money , which was given by those who passed by . Roscoe Hayden 6 February 2015 Simeon Zack Roscoe is an artist friend of Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) and Kazima takes Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) to meet him to get inspiration for her art . Roscoe encourages Tee to help him do street art before showing Tee the rest of his art . Roscoe tells Tee about his family and how his mum suddenly left and that he is estranged from his dad . Roscoe and Tee then do some more art on a car park wall , but a security guard ( Christopher Connel ) catches them , but Roscoe legs it . Tee returns to the car park , asking for Roscoe 's dad to contact him . Security Guard 6 February 2015 Christopher Connel Roscoe ( Simeon Zack ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) paint on a car park wall and the security guard catches them , but Roscoe legs it and he manages to stop Tee . He notices how young she is and lets her off . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 3 episode 6 13 February 2015 Sarah Lewis Obuba Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) stage a burglary to get a new computer and so Tyler can buy magic tricks . The police officer asks Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) where the kids were and the police officer has to speak to Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) as she was the only one not with May - Li . Dave ( The Dumping Ground ) 13 February 2015 Geff Francis Dave ( The Dumping Ground Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) stage a burgalry to get a new computer . They sell the computer to Dave and when Jody ( Kia Pegg ) finds out what Tyler and Ryan did , she takes them to the shop to get it back . They sit on the floor and refuse to move as protest when Dave wo n't give it back . They soon get the computer . Adam Aycliffe 13 February 2015 - 6 March 2015 Ray Emmet Brown Adam is the father of Claire ( Isabelle Burrows - Brown ) and the foster father of Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) . A text is sent to Ryan 's ( Lewis Hamilton ) saying `` HELP ! '' and Ryan goes to Harry 's foster home and Ryan notices Harry and Finn do n't look excited about going out with Adam for their birthday . Ryan sneaks Finn and Harry out , running away with them to go back to The Dumping Ground , however , Adam catches them up in his car . Whilst Adam orders Harry and Finn back in the car , Ryan takes his car keys and chucks them into the field . When they get to The Dumping Ground , Harry pleads with Mike ( Connor Byrne ) not to go back after encouragement from Ryan to speak up and Adam admits to Mike that he was in financial trouble and kept fostering to get money . Sylvie 20 February 2015 Indra Ove Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) goes for an audition to present online videos . Carmen was recently given glasses , but she tries to read the auto cue without glasses and Sylvie is n't impressed with her audition . Carmen then wears her glasses and Sylvie changes her mind about Carmen . Sylvie decides to film Carmen 's recall at the Dumping Ground with Dallas Campbell that afternoon . Dallas Campbell 20 February 2015 Himself Dallas Campbell goes to The Dumping Ground with Syvie to film Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) recall . Maz 27 February 2015 Natifa Mai When Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) attend a fun day whilst the others go to a theme park , it turns out to be boring , so they decide to go home . Unknown to them , money was put in Kazima 's bag by Max ( Frankie Wilson ) . Max and Maz follow Tee home and break into The Dumping Ground . Tee and Kazima realise that they put money in Kazima 's bag , but due to the large amount of money , they refuse to hand it back and try to scare Maz and Max out of The Dumping Ground . Max ends up getting locked in the attic whilst Maz is tricked into going in the kitchen before a net dropping on her and being tied up by Tee and Kazima . They are then arrested by the police . Max 27 February 2015 Frankie Wilson When Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) attend an fun day whilst the others go to a theme park , it turns out to be boring , so they decide to go home . Unknown to them , money was put in Kazima 's bag by Max . Max and Maz ( Natifa Mai ) follow Tee home and break into The Dumping Ground . Tee and Kazima realise that they put money in Kazima 's bag , but due to the large amount of money , they refuse to hand it back and try to scare Maz and Max out of The Dumping Ground . Max ends up getting locked in the attic whilst Maz is tricked into going in the kitchen before a net dropping on her and being tied up by Tee and Kazima . They are then arrested by the police . Claire Aycliffe 6 March 2015 Isabelle Burrows - Brown Claire is the daughter of Adam ( Ray Emmet Brown ) and the foster sister of Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) . Keith 27 February 2015 Neil Morrissey Keith is the boyfriend of Lucy ( Sally Rogers ) , father of Hope ( Holly & Paige Robinson ) and the stepfather of Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Johnny spots Keith in a park and rushes to tell his mum , but he and Tee are shocked to learn that she knows and that he has been seeing Hope . When Johnny goes to see his mum , Keith answers the door and Lucy arrives home shortly after . Keith pretends to be friendly toward Johnny , inviting him in , but when Lucy goes in , Keith is horrid to Johnny . Johnny later follows Keith to the park and when Johnny notices Keith handing something to a group of youths , he suspects he is drug dealing and photographs him , but Keith spots him . Keith visits The Dumping Ground and complains to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) about Johnny , accusing him of harassment . When Johnny shows his mum the photos , Lucy thinks it is drug dealing , but Keith shows him some drug counselling cards he has been handing out . Keith threatens to phone the police , but Lucy talks him out of it and Lucy agrees to let Keith stay so he can get to know Hope . On the day he is due to leave for the Army , Johnny goes to see his mum , but he finds her with a massive bruise on her face . Johnny gets his mum out of the house and confronts Keith . Murphy Bellman 13 October 2015 - 2 March 2016 Thomas and Oliver Waldram ( 2015 ) Fred Montgomery Scott ( 2016 ) Murphy is the younger brother of Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) and Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) . After catching Dexter trying to shoplift , Sasha goes home and Murphy is all alone . H&S Inspector 13 October 2015 Shameem Ahmed A health and safety inspector , who arrives at The Dumping Ground to carry out a routine inspection . The kids mistake her for the trampoline assessor and accidentally inform her of Finn 's ( Ruben Reuter ) injury on an old trampoline . Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) throws rubbish over the health and safety inspector 's car in order to be taken into care , but his family are given the support of Social Services . Trampoline Assessor 13 October 2015 Angela Murray After Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) injures himself on a trampoline , Toni ( Nelly Currant ) , Billie ( Gwen Currant ) , Finn , Mo ( Reece Buttery ) and Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) decide to enter a competition to win a trampoline . In order to win the trampoline , they decide to pretend Billie is an outstanding at trampolining . She arrives at The Dumping Ground to assess Billie , but Mike ( Connor Byrne ) apologises to her for the kids making up what they said . Abi 20 October 2015 Kemi - Bo Jacobs Abi is Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) reviewing officer . Bailey is promised football tickets by Abi if he passes his review and fearing he will fail , Bailey tampers with May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) paperwork on him , but she catches him . In her meeting to discuss Bailey 's progress at The Dumping Ground , Abi is impressed with Bailey 's commitment to Mischief ( Sage ) . May - Li stops Abi giving Bailey the football tickets by reporting the incident prior to the meeting and Bailey storms out . Bailey takes the tickets from Abi 's bag when she leaves it unsupervised , but Abi later notices and reports it to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . Knowing Bailey would 've taken the tickets , Jody ( Kia Pegg ) tracks Bailey down at the coach station and Bailey returns the tickets to Abi , telling her he does n't want any more bribes to behave . Abi volunteers Bailey to work at the local dog pound . Laces 27 October 2015 Quinton Nyirenda After Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) deletes a text from Johnny ( Joe Maw ) to Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) cancelling his visit , Tee is annoyed when no one believes her . She and Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) go to Ryan 's former care home and encounter Laces , so Tee asks if he knows Ryan . Laces explains to Tee and Sasha how Ryan use to rob the other kids birthday presents on their birthday . Planning to expose Ryan for who he really is and knowing Ryan , who did n't celebrate his own birthday as he hates birthdays , Tee plans a birthday party for Ryan . After Ryan apologises to Tee and is OK with the party , Tee decides she can not go through with the plan and tells Laces to go . Laces refuses and interrupts Ryan 's party , telling everyone the truth about Ryan . David 3 November 2015 Simon Rouse David is the grandfather of Mo ( Reece Buttery ) , although Mo believes his grandparents are his parents . Mo finds out that David 's son , Peter ( Colin Young ) and Caroline ( Donna Lavin ) are his parents at the hospital when David is rushed to hospital after a heart attack . Mo is upset about finding out and is angry at Mike ( Connor Byrne ) for keeping it from him . Mo visits David at the hospital when he is awake and Mo reveals to David that he knows Caroline and Peter are his parents . David explains the reasons why he had Mo removed from his parents , which is that he found Mo left alone in Peter and Caroline 's flat at 18 months old . Mo thinks that David is embarrassed by Peter and Caroline as they have Cerebral Palsy and Mo decides he wants to get to know Caroline and Peter , but David tells Mo that they ca n't look after him . At the hospital , Mo decides to fix things between David , Peter and Caroline by bringing them together and get them to talk . When they refuse , Mo gives them the ultimatum that if they do n't talk and work things out , then he does n't want them to see him in his school play . On the night of Mo 's school play , David turns up and Mo is disappointed when he thinks his parents are n't going to show up , however , Peter and Caroline arrive and Mo arranges for them to watch the play from backstage . Caroline 3 November 2015 Donna Lavin Caroline is the mother of Mo ( Reece Buttery ) , although Mo believes his grandfather David ( Simon Rouse ) and grandmother are his parents . Mo finds out that Caroline and Peter ( Colin Young ) are his parents at the hospital when David is rushed to hospital after a heart attack . Mo is upset about finding out and is angry at Mike ( Connor Byrne ) for keeping it from him . Caroline and Peter visit Mo at The Dumping Ground , where they explain to Mo that they did n't have a choice about giving him up as David phoned the Social Services as David thought they could n't cope and that his grandparents then adopted him . Mo ends up snapping at Caroline and Peter when they tell Mo that David was n't very nice . Mo visits his parents and he realises he has a lot in common with Caroline and Peter . On another visit to his parents , things go well for Mo until his dad accidentally burns himself with a hot dish . At the hospital , Mo decides to fix things between David , Peter and Caroline by bringing them together and get them to talk . When they refuse , Mo gives them the ultimatum that if they do n't talk and work things out , then he does n't want them to see him in his school play . On the night of Mo 's school play , David turns up and Mo is disappointed when he thinks his parents are n't going to show up , however , Peter and Caroline arrive and Mo arranges for them to watch the play from backstage . Peter ( The Dumping Ground , series 3 ) 3 November 2015 Colin Young Peter is the father of Mo ( Reece Buttery ) , although Mo believes his grandfather David ( Simon Rouse ) and grandmother are his parents . Mo finds out Peter and Caroline ( Donna Lavin ) are his parents at the hospital when David is rushed to hospital after a heart attack . Mo is upset about finding out and is angry at Mike ( Connor Byrne ) for keeping it from him . Peter and Caroline visit Mo at The Dumping Ground , where they explain to Mo that they did n't have a choice about giving him up as David phoned the Social Services as David thought they could n't cope and that his grandparents then adopted him . Mo ends up snapping at Peter and Caroline when they tell Mo that David was n't very nice . Mo visits his parents and he realises he has a lot in common with Peter and Caroline . On another visit to his parents , things go well for Mo until his dad accidentally burns himself with a hot dish . At the hospital , Mo decides to fix things between David , Peter and Caroline by bringing them together and get them to talk . When they refuse , Mo gives them the ultimatum that if they do n't talk and work things out , then he does n't want them to see him in his school play . On the night of Mo 's school play , David turns up and Mo is disappointed when he thinks his parents are n't going to show up , however , Peter and Caroline arrive and Mo arranges for them to watch the play from backstage . Chanelle 10 November 2015 Imogen Faires Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) runs into a magic shop , owned by Chanelle 's dad Andy ( Ashley Artus ) , when Tyler is chased by a group of boys . Chanelle gives Tyler some magic tricks for free . Tyler later thanks Chanelle with flowers and chocolates , but leaves the gifts with Andy , however , he throws them away . Chanelle thanks Tyler for his gifts after she found them and she helps Tyler construct his magic crate to help him with his disappearing trick . When they test it out , Tyler takes his stress out on Chanelle when the crate wo n't work and she leaves . Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Jody ( Kia Pegg ) go to the magic shop to see Chanelle after a text was sent on Chanelle 's phone to Tyler saying that she hates him , so Jody distracts Andy . When Tyler is going to perform his magic show , Chanelle breaks the news to Tyler that she is moving to Ireland as her dad sold the shop , which is the reason her dad did n't want them to be together and Tyler is devastated . However , Tyler and Chanelle go through with the show and Chanelle takes part in the disappearing trick . Andy 10 November 2015 Ashley Artus Andy is the father of Chanelle ( Imogen Faires ) . After Chanelle helps Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) , he goes to thank Chanelle with flowers and chocolates . Andy takes a message for Chanelle and Tyler leaves the gifts with Andy , but he throws them away . Andy visits The Dumping Ground to tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that he feels Tyler is taking advantage of Chanelle and that Chanelle is in a rough place after her mum passing away . Mike promises to keep an eye on things Chanelle and Tyler , but Andy is n't satisfied . Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Jody ( Kia Pegg ) go to the magic shop to see Chanelle after a text was sent on Chanelle 's phone to Tyler saying that she hates him , so Jody distracts Andy . Plumber / Fireman 17 November 2015 Sam Cassidy When Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) accidentally flushes May - Li 's ( Stacy Liu ) necklace down the toilet , she thinks about what she should do . When Carmen pretends that the necklace was stolen , Mo ( Reece Buttery ) goes to use the toilet , but it 's blocked , so Mike ( Connor Byrne ) tries to unblock it , however , his hand gets stuck . The fireman is called to get Mike out . When Carmen gets Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) to help her get the necklace , the toilet ends up flooding the bathroom , so they call the plumber to mend the toilet and Carmen can only offered to pay £ 30 , which the plumber accepts . PoPo 1 December 2015 Pik - Sen Lim PoPo is May - Li 's ( Stacy Liu ) grandmother . She turns up unannounced at The Dumping Ground , where May - Li is n't too pleased to see her , to ask May - Li to take over the family business . She impresses the kids with her kung - fu and May - Li agrees thar PoPo can teach the kids some . Jody ( Kia Pegg ) is torn about sending her mother a birthday card , so PoPo suggests she writes her feelings into a letter , but do n't send it . PoPo makes it clear to May - Li that she still does n't accept her family as May - Li 's partner is a woman and her children are n't biologically hers . May - Li decides to stay on at The Dumping Ground , but gives PoPo the chance to meet her children . Later , May - Li receives a family heirloom from PoPo , a diary from her great - great - grandfather . Jasna 8 December 2015 Dolya Gavanski Following her age assessment test , Jasna informs Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) that they have determined her birth year as 1997 and that she is 18 . Jasna tells Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that they have to move Kazima as they ca n't let her live with underage children due to child protection . Jasna visits again to tell Kazima that the directions for her deportation have been issued and she will have to move to an adult hostel . Kazima runs away to prevent her deportation and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) tells Jasna , Mike and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) that she has no idea where Kazima is . When Kazima is reunited with her father , Hakim ( Richard Pepple ) , Jasna interviews him and realises he has been living in the UK illegally and advises him to apply for asylum . She is of Bosnian descent . News Reporter 8 December 2015 Nisha Joshi Following Kazima 's age assessment , where her age has been determined as 18 , Carmem ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) contacts Dallas Campbell , who arranges for someone to film Kazima 's appeal . The News Reporter asks Kazima to describe her story . Hakim Tako 8 December 2015 Richard Pepple Hakim is the father of Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , who tracks Kazima down after her deportation appeal on TV . Jasna ( Dolya Gavanski ) interviews him at The Dumping Ground and she realised he has been living in the UK illegally . Hakim is advised by Jasna to apply for asylum . Hakim and Kazima are shown a message on the laptop by Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) by someone who may know Hakim 's son and Kazima 's brother in Kenya . Hakim decides to go to Kenya , leaving Kazima at The Dumping Ground as it is dangerous . Briony 29 January 2016 Tiana Benjamin Alison is a woman , who after spotting Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) at a football match , turns up at The Dumping Ground , claiming to be his mum . Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) spot Alison outside a cocktail bar working , despite her saying she worked with old people . Jody and Tyler confront Alison when she meets up with Bailey at a cafe and Alison says she worked in the bar , but lost her job and home the previous day . Believing he will make the youth squad , Bailey arranges to rent a flat for him and Alison , however , Bailey does n't make the squad but lies that he did . Alison tells Bailey she found out about the flat after being contacted by the estate agents as he is too young to sign rental agreements . The truth about Bailey being dropped from the academy soon emerges and he apologises to Alison . Alison flees from The Dumping Ground , but Bailey and Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) track her down , but Bailey finds out Alison is actually called Briony and a friend of his mum 's . Bailey and Mike track her down at the bus station and Bailey takes back the jewels and Alison insults Bailey . Rowena 29 January 2016 Alison Hammond Rowena and her colleague , Lizzie ( Kate Copeland ) , are OFSTED inspectors , who turn up unannounced at The Dumping Ground . Rowena and Lizzie ask to see various documents and Rowena points out some health and safety issues before getting Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) and Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) to show them around . Rowena , Lizzie , Floss and Sasha encounter Alison ( Tiana Benjamin ) , a woman claiming to be Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) mum . Rowena confronts Mike ( Connor Byrne ) about the situation and Mike assures her that situations are normally dealt with . Rowena asks to see their safeguarding procedure and incident book . The following day , Rowena and Lizzie return and speak to the kids , however , they agree to stay silent . Meanwhile , Rowena witnesses how a situation between Bailey and his dad , Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) is dealt with . The kids later put on the play , impressing Rowena and Lizzie . Lizzie 29 January 2016 Kate Copeland Lizzie and her colleague , Rowena ( Alison Hammond ) are OFSTED inspectors , who turn up unannounced at The Dumping Ground . Lizzie and Rowena ask to see various documents before getting Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) and Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) to show them around . Lizzie , Rowena , Floss and Sasha encounter Alison ( Tiana Benjamin ) , a woman claiming to be Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) mum . Whilst with the kids , it turns out Lizzie is allergic to dogs and Floss impresses Lizzie by saying she likes Shakespeare . The kids then are forced to rehearse a Shakespeare play , A Winter 's Tale , for the inspectors . The following day , Lizzie and Rowena return and speak to the kids in groups , however , they agree to stay silent . The kids later put on the play , impressing Lizzie and Rowena . Mr Twigg 29 January 2016 Abas Eijanabi When a bear costume is ruined for their play by Mischief ( Sage ) , Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) visit Mr Twigg at his shut down restaurant with May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) . They take the bear to borrow , but when the kids find a bag of jewels hidden , they move the bear upstairs and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) hides the jewels . Later , Mr Twigg visits and tells them that he has been repossessed and the bear is valuable and one of the items the bailiffs had listed . The kids decide to give the jewels to Mr Twigg , but find them stolen and it turns out Alison ( Tiana Benjamin ) took them . Zach 12 February 2016 Jordan Bolger Zach is a boy , who Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) runs into at the park . Zach sends Tee a text , apologising and asking to make it up . Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) sends a text to Zach and Tee meets Zach at a cafe , with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Sasha watching them . Tee plays Squash with Zach , but arrives home after injuring her knee and Zach offers Carmen a game of squash to get her into shape . Offended by his comments , Tee , Carmen and Sasha chase him out of The Dumping Ground Allen 12 February 2016 Ryan Wilkinson Mo ( Reece Buttery ) is convinced there are aliens in the neighbourhood and when the other kids take the mick , Mo is determined to prove them wrong . In the park , he encounters Allen and the following time in the park , he witnesses Allen being teased by a group of boys . Mo takes Allen back to The Dumping Ground , believing he is an alien and when Allen notices Mo 's alien radio equipment , he is impressed and offers to improve it to get a better signal so he can call home . Mo and Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) smuggle Allen into The Dumping Ground and they start to improve the equipment . They are interrupted by Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Allen explains things to Mike and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) . The following day after completing the equipment , Allen finds it smashed and Mo admits he did it . Mo and Bailey track Allen down at home and Mo apologises for believing he was an alien . After fixing the equipment , Allen gets hold of his dad , who is working long distance and after talking with Mo , Allen 's dad invites Allen and his mum to live with him . Alex 26 February 2016 Phil Rowson When Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) goes to college for an interview , Alex is the tutor who shows her and a group of students around . During her interview , Alex asks Tee about how she finds growing up in care . Tee messes up on a question in her interview and ends up walking out . Later , Alex tells Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) they wanted to offer Tee a place on the Arts Foundation course . Drama Tutor 26 February 2016 Hetty Baynes Russell When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) accompanies Tee to college for an interview , Carmen ends up in the Drama studio and impresses the Drama Tutor . Carmen is offered a place on the Drama course . Tommo 4 March 2016 Melique Thompson - Dwyer Tommo is an old friend of Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) and she tells him she is now in care . Tommo meets Sasha outside The Dumping Ground and tells her they can live together with his brother . He leads her to a house to break into . Sasha goes through a dog flap and goes to let Tommo in at the front , but she is caught by Peter ( Ian Kershaw ) , a man who lives there and Tommo legs it . Later , Sasha is annoyed with Tommo for leaving her , but he convinces Sasha to live with his brother with him . Sasha agrees , but she learns that Tommo and her would have to shoplift and she stays way The Dumping Ground . Peter ( The Dumping Ground , series 4 ) 4 March 2016 Ian Kershaw When Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) breaks into a house , Peter catches her . Phoebe 25 March 2016 Tanya Vital Phoebe is 1 of the 3 temporary care workers to cover for Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . The kids ask her questions on what makes her better than Mike . She leaves when an argument breaks out after it emerges Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) reported Mike to the police . Mary 25 March 2016 Liz Crawther Mary is 1 of the 3 temporary careworkers covering for Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . She explains her husband died the previous year and that she was a foster carer . Mary cooks dinner , but she leaves when she realises how much the kids miss and love Mike . Kerr 25 March 2016 Matt Kennard Kerr is 1 of the three temporary careworkers covering for Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . He gets the kids to participate in a treasure hunt , but he makes fun of Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) spelling . The kids tell him Bailey is dyslexic , but he believes Bailey is lazy . Chair Person 25 March 2016 Judith Alexander The chair person who holds Mike 's ( Connor Byrne ) discipline hearing . The kids burst in the meeting with Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) file and after pleading with them , Mike is given his job back . Lou 30 September 2016 - 7 October 2016 Warwick Davis Lou and his wife Ange ( Francesca Papagn ) are potential adoptive parents for Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) . On a trip to the seaside , it becomes clear Sasha is not ready to give up on her family and Sasha plants goods from a souvenir shop in Ange 's bag . Sasha thinks Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) would be ideal for Lou and Ange and Harry agrees to get to know them . Ange 30 September 2016 - 7 October 2016 Francesca Papagno Ange and her husband Lou ( Warwick Davis ) are potential adoptive parents for Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) . On a trip to the seaside , it becomes clear Sasha is not ready to give up on her ramily and Sasha plants goods from a souvenir shop in Ange 's bag . Sasha thinks Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) would be ideal for Lou and Ange and Harry agrees to get to know them . Doris 7 October 2016 Sheila Hancock Doris is an old woman , who turns up in Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman salon unexpectedly . When she leaves , Carmen goes after her and Doris takes Carmen to her house . Carmen is stunned with Doris ' house and dress collection and Doris allows Carmen to try a dress on . Doris is surprised Carmen is in care and Carmen is disgusted to learn Doris ' son Felix ( Don Gallagher ) is moving her out of her home . When Felix visits Doris the next day , Carmen defends Doris and learns Doris is being moved to an old people 's home . Doris visits Carmen with Felix and explains she has dementia . Doris is given Nigel the cat , who Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) is allergic to . Felix 7 October 2016 Don Gallagher Carmen meets Felix 's mother , Doris ( Sheila Hancock ) and she takes a disliking to Felix when Doris tells her that Felix is moving her out . When Felix visits Doris the next day , Carmen defends Doris and learns Doris is being moved to an old people 's home . Doris visits Carmen with Felix and explains she has dementia . Sammy Doyle 14 October 2016 - 28 October 2016 Roderick Gilkison Sammy is a boy who has to stay at The Dumping Ground for a while when his aunt is ill . He meets Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , who tell him the rules . Sammy hears Jody 's ( Kia Pegg ) baby stimulation doll , but ignores it as he follows the rules , but later informs Jody where it is . Duncan Bannatyne 14 October 2016 Himself Duncan gives a speech to possible contenders for the Young Entrepreneur of the Year competition and Mo ( Reece Buttery ) gets Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) to tell him about his business . Duncan presents the prize to a girl named Maya Young . Hollie 14 October 2016 Leah Walker Hollie is a girl Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) meets at the opening of the Young Entrepreneur of the Year competition . After helping Hollie out at the park , Hollie and Bailey decide to combine their business and go to London for a marketing workshop . Bailey reveals to Hollie he lives in a children 's home and takes a lighthearted comment from Hollie seriously . Hollie visits Bailey and the pair collect references and Bailey is invited to dinner at Hollie 's , where she gives him the money for London . Back at The Dumping Ground , Bailey is arrested when customers accuse him of stealing money , but Hollie confesses to taking it . Bailey chooses to have nothing more to do with Hollie . Simon 14 October 2016 Chris Jack Simon is the father of Hollie ( Leah Walker ) , who is impressed with Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) when Hollie brings him to dinner . However , Simon takes a dislike to Bailey when he is accused of stealing money and arrested , however , Hollie confesses to stealing it . Princess 14 October 2016 Guinness Princess is Hollie 's ( Leah Walker ) pet dog . Princess and Mischief ( Sage ) take a liking to each other . Iona 21 October 2016 Calita Rainford Iona is an artist Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) meets when she tries to raise money so the young people can go on their adventure trip . Floss and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) takes Tee 's ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) to show Iona and try to persuade her to buy it . Iona refuses to and Floss tells lies about Finn in order to get her to change her mind . Iona contacts children 's services about Floss , who contact Mike . Aunt Peg 28 October 2016 Jane Holman Peg is the aunt of Sammy ( Roderick Gilkison ) , who collects Sammy from The Dumping Ground . Kara 4 November 2016 Isobel Steele Mo ( Reece Buttery ) meets Kara , who is selling cakes , and falls for her . Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) agrees to introduce Kara to Mo , but Mo upsets Kara when he spoils her cakes . Mo and Kara work together to bake a cake for Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) birthday , which ends up burnt when Mo turns the temperature up . Mo admits to Kara what he is truly like and the pair kiss . Jim 26 November 2016 Samuel Holland Jim is from children 's services overseeing Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) move and he breaks the news to Tee that a housing policy reform means they wo n't be housed together . The young people occupy the office and wo n't move unless Jim does something , but are persuaded by Tee and Carmen to give up . Tee and Carmen are overjoyed when Jim has managed to house them together . Rosie 2 December 2016 Zoe Iqbal Kingsley ( David Avery ) introduces Rosie as his girlfriend to his sister , Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and Jody lets them sell Mike 's carriage clock when Kingsley owes money to a gang . Jody is trapped in a fire at Kingsley 's flat and Kingsley runs off when he finds out . Zoe tells Jody that Kingsley left her in the fire . Gary 2 December 2016 Lee Warburton Gary is Ryan Reeves ' ( Lewis Hamilton ) independent visitor who Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) brings into The Dumping Ground to help Ryan and his sister 's . Chloe Reeves ( Hannah Moncur ) , relationship . Ryan tells Gary he believes everyone loves Chloe and not him because she is nice and that he is bad . Ryan goes through with Gary 's suggestion of writing a message on a balloon and then releasing it . See also ( edit ) List of The Dumping Ground characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BAFTA ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` The Dumping Ground : BAFTA Children 's Drama Winner in 2013 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150119184343/http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/04/gcelebrities/Connor_Byrne-2.jpg . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Young , Graham ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` Birmingham - born child star Kia Pegg has been nominated for a Children 's Bafta Award '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Morrissey and Charlie Brooks to star in series three of The Dumping Ground '' . BBC Media Centre . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Neil Morrissey and Charlie Brooks to guest star in series three of The Dumping Ground - Media Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` Neil Morrissey and Charlie Brooks to star in series three of The Dumping Ground '' . BBC Media Centre . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenaway , Heather ( 11 December 2016 ) . `` Basketball star and actress Hannah Moncur shares her hoops and dreams for Young Scot prize '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ May , Luke ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` Orpington starlet lands role in Bafta - winning comedy drama '' . Bromley Times . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn Harrison on Twitter : @ DominicKane4 Alex 's surname is Walker Jump up ^ `` Ex student Connor lands role in BBC production '' . Shotton Hall Academy . 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dani says bye to Beaker '' . Jump up ^ `` BBc Media Centre '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` EastEnders spoilers : sparks fly between Jay and newcomer Linzi - is this the start of a new romance ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : Sue McCabe of Muttamorphosis Dog Training & Behaviour '' . Jump up ^ `` Muttamorphosis trained dog Sage lands role in CBBC kids drama The Dumping Ground . '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Dumping Ground - Media Centre '' . Tracy Beaker series Books The Story of Tracy Beaker ( 1991 ) The Dare Game ( 2000 ) Starring Tracy Beaker ( 2006 ) Tracy Beaker 's Thumping Heart ( 2009 ) Ask Tracy Beaker and Friends ( 2010 ) TV series The Story of Tracy Beaker ( 2002 - 05 ) Episodes Tracy Beaker Returns ( 2010 - 12 ) Episodes The Dumping Ground ( 2013 - ) Episodes Related TV series / spin - offs Tracy Beaker Parties with Pudsey ( 2004 ) Children 's Party at the Palace ( 2006 ) Tracy Beaker Survival Files ( 2011 - 12 ) The Dumping Ground Survival Files ( 2014 ) Liam 's Story ( 2014 ) The Dumping Ground Dish Up ( 2015 ) The Dumping Ground : I 'm ... ( 2016 ) Theatre / Film Tracy Beaker Gets Real ( 2006 ) Tracy Beaker 's Movie of Me ( 2004 ) Related Characters The Dumping Ground characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tracy_Beaker_series_characters&oldid=801393782 '' Categories : Lists of British television series characters The Dumping Ground characters Tracy Beaker series Tracy Beaker series characters Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 11 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played roxy in the story of tracy beaker

Roxy Wellard , portrayed by Sophie Borja , made her first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding .

2018 NFL season - wikipedia 2018 NFL season 2018 National Football League season Regular season Duration September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) -- December 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 30 ) Playoffs Start date January 5 , 2019 Super Bowl LIII Date February 3 , 2019 Site Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia Pro Bowl Date January 27 , 2019 Site Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida ← 2017 NFL seasons The 2018 NFL season is the 99th season of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season began on September 6 , 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons 18 -- 12 . The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII , the league 's championship game , on February 3 , 2019 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . Contents 1 Player movement 1.1 Free agency 1.2 Trades 1.3 Retirements 1.4 Draft 2 Officiating changes 2.1 Offseason 2.2 In - season 3 Rule changes 4 2018 deaths 4.1 Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 4.2 Owners 4.3 Others 5 Preseason 6 Regular season 6.1 Saturday flexible scheduling 6.2 In - season scheduling changes 7 Regular season standings 7.1 Division 7.2 Conference 8 Postseason 9 Records , milestones , and notable statistics 10 Awards 10.1 Players of the week / month 11 Head coaching and front office personnel changes 11.1 Head coaches 11.1. 1 Off - season 11.1. 2 In - season 11.2 Front office personnel 11.2. 1 Off - season 12 Stadiums 12.1 Carolina Panthers 12.2 Oakland Raiders 12.3 Naming rights agreements 12.3. 1 Arizona Cardinals 12.3. 2 Denver Broncos 12.3. 3 Jacksonville Jaguars 13 Uniforms 13.1 Color Rush discontinuation 13.2 Uniform changes 13.3 Throwback uniforms 13.4 Patches 14 Media 14.1 Broadcast rights 14.1. 1 Television 14.1. 2 Digital 14.1. 3 Radio 14.2 Personnel changes 14.3 Start time changes 14.4 Most watched regular season games 15 References Player movement ( edit ) The 2018 NFL League year and trading period began on March 14 . On March 9 , clubs were allowed to exercise options for 2018 on players who have option clauses in their contracts , submit qualifying offers to their pending restricted free agents and submit a Minimum Salary Tender to retain exclusive negotiating rights to their players with expiring 2017 contracts and who have fewer than three accrued seasons of free agent credit . Teams were required to be under the salary cap using the `` Top - 51 '' definition ( in which the 51 highest paid - players on the team 's payroll must have a combined salary cap hit below the actual cap ) . On March 12 , clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who were set to become unrestricted free agents . Free agency ( edit ) Over 550 players were eligible for some form of free agency during the free agency period . Notable players to change teams include : Quarterbacks Sam Bradford ( Minnesota to Arizona ) , Kirk Cousins ( Washington to Minnesota ) , Case Keenum ( Minnesota to Denver ) , and AJ McCarron ( Cincinnati to Buffalo ) . Running backs Isaiah Crowell ( Cleveland to New York Jets ) , Carlos Hyde ( San Francisco to Cleveland ) , Frank Gore ( Indianapolis to Miami ) , Dion Lewis ( New England to Tennessee ) , Jerick McKinnon ( Minnesota to San Francisco ) , and Adrian Peterson ( Arizona to Washington ) Wide receivers Danny Amendola ( New England to Miami ) , Allen Hurns ( Jacksonville to Dallas ) , Jordy Nelson ( Green Bay to Oakland ) , Allen Robinson ( Jacksonville to Chicago ) , and Sammy Watkins ( Los Angeles Rams to Kansas City ) Tight ends Jimmy Graham ( Seattle to Green Bay ) , Austin Seferian - Jenkins ( New York Jets to Jacksonville ) , and Marcedes Lewis ( Jacksonville to Green Bay ) Offensive linemen Cameron Fleming ( New England to Dallas ) , Andrew Norwell ( Carolina to Jacksonville ) , Mike Pouncey ( Miami to Los Angeles Chargers ) , Justin Pugh ( New York Giants to Arizona ) , Weston Richburg ( New York Giants to San Francisco ) , Nate Solder ( New England to New York Giants ) , Josh Sitton ( Chicago to Miami ) , and Travis Swanson ( Detroit to New York Jets ) Defensive linemen Adrian Clayborn ( Atlanta to New England ) , Vinny Curry ( Philadelphia to Tampa Bay ) , Sheldon Richardson ( Seattle to Minnesota ) , Ndamukong Suh ( Miami to Los Angeles Rams ) , Star Lotulelei ( Carolina to Buffalo ) , and Muhammad Wilkerson ( New York Jets to Green Bay ) Linebackers Demario Davis ( New York Jets to New Orleans ) , Trent Murphy ( Washington to Buffalo ) , Tahir Whitehead ( Detroit to Oakland ) , and Avery Williamson ( Tennessee to New York Jets ) Defensive backs Malcolm Butler ( New England to Tennessee ) , Morgan Burnett ( Green Bay to Pittsburgh ) , T.J. Carrie ( Oakland to Cleveland ) , Ross Cockrell ( New York Giants to Carolina ) , E.J. Gaines ( Buffalo to Cleveland ) , Marcus Gilchrist ( Houston to Oakland ) , Trumaine Johnson ( Los Angeles Rams to New York Jets ) , Tyrann Mathieu ( Arizona to Houston ) , Rashaan Melvin ( Indianapolis to Oakland ) , Eric Reid ( San Francisco To Carolina ) , Patrick Robinson ( Philadelphia to New Orleans ) , and Richard Sherman ( Seattle to San Francisco ) Kicker Sebastian Janikowski ( Oakland to Seattle ) Punter Marquette King ( Oakland to Denver ) Trades ( edit ) March 14 : Miami traded WR Jarvis Landry to Cleveland for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 123rd overall ) and a 2019 seventh round selection . March 14 : Buffalo traded QB Tyrod Taylor to Cleveland for a 2018 third round selection ( 65th overall ) . March 14 : Buffalo traded T Cordy Glenn , a 2018 first round selection ( 21st overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 158th overall ) to Cincinnati for a 2018 first round selection ( 12th overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 187th overall ) . March 14 : Green Bay traded CB Damarious Randall , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 114th overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 150th overall ) to Cleveland for QB DeShone Kizer , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 101st overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 138th overall ) March 14 : Cleveland traded DT Danny Shelton and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 159th overall ) to New England for a 2019 third round selection . March 14 : Kansas City traded QB Alex Smith to Washington in exchange for CB Kendall Fuller and a 2018 third round selection ( 78th overall ) . March 14 : Kansas City traded CB Marcus Peters and a 2018 sixth round draft selection ( 196th overall ) to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 124th overall ) and a 2019 second round selection . March 14 : Denver traded CB Aqib Talib to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 160th overall ) . March 14 : Denver traded QB Trevor Siemian and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 225th overall ) to Minnesota for a 2019 fifth round selection . March 14 : The Los Angeles Rams traded LB Alec Ogletree and a 2019 seventh round draft selection to the New York Giants in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 135th overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 176th overall ) . March 14 : The Los Angeles Rams traded DE Robert Quinn and a 2018 sixth round selection to Miami in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection and a 2018 sixth round selection . March 14 : Seattle traded DE Michael Bennett and a 2018 seventh round selection to Philadelphia for WR Marcus Johnson and a 2018 fifth round selection . March 14 : Philadelphia traded WR Torrey Smith to Carolina for CB Daryl Worley . March 15 : San Francisco traded C Daniel Kilgore and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 227th overall ) to Miami in exchange for a 2018 seventh round selection ( 223rd overall ) . March 15 : Cleveland traded CB Jason McCourty and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 219th overall ) to New England for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 205th overall ) . March 18 : Oakland traded WR Cordarrelle Patterson and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 210th overall ) to New England for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 159th overall ) . March 20 : Oakland traded FB Jamize Olawale and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 192nd overall ) to Dallas for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 173rd overall ) . March 22 : The New York Giants traded DE Jason Pierre - Paul and their 2018 fourth round selection ( 102nd overall ) to Tampa Bay in exchange for a 2018 third round selection ( 69th overall ) and a 2018 fourth round selection ( 108th overall ) . March 23 : Arizona traded T Jared Veldheer to Denver for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 182nd overall ) . March 28 : Cleveland traded QB Cody Kessler to Jacksonville for a conditional 2019 seventh round selection . March 29 : Washington traded S Su'a Cravens , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 113th overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 149th overall ) to Denver in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 109th overall ) , two 2018 fifth round selections ( 142nd and 163rd overall ) , and a conditional 2020 selection . April 3 : New England traded WR Brandin Cooks and a 2018 fourth round selection ( 136th overall ) to the Los Angeles Rams for a 2018 first round selection ( 23rd overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 198th overall ) . April 6 : Cleveland traded QB Kevin Hogan and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 205th overall ) to Washington in exchange for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 188th overall ) . April 26 : Pittsburgh traded WR Martavis Bryant to Oakland for a 2018 third round selection ( 79th overall ) . August 5 : Cleveland traded WR Corey Coleman to Buffalo for a 2020 seventh round selection . August 29 : The New York Jets traded QB Teddy Bridgewater and a 2019 sixth - round selection to New Orleans for a 2019 Third round selection . September 1 : Oakland traded DE / OLB Khalil Mack , a 2020 second round selection , and a conditional 2020 fifth round selection to Chicago in exchange for a 2019 first round selection , a 2020 first round selection , a 2020 third round selection , and a 2019 sixth round selection . September 1 : Buffalo traded QB A.J. Mccarron to Oakland in exchange for a 2019 fifth round selection . September 17 : Cleveland traded WR Josh Gordon and a conditional 2019 seventh round selection to New England in exchange for a 2019 fifth round selection . October 30 : Denver traded WR Demaryius Thomas and a 2019 seventh round selection to Houston for a 2019 fourth round selection and a 2019 seventh round selection . October 30 : Detroit traded WR Golden Tate to Philadelphia for a 2019 third round selection . October 30 : Jacksonville traded DE Dante Fowler to the Los Angeles Rams for a 2019 third round selection and a 2020 fifth round selection . Retirements ( edit ) Kam Chancellor : The four - time Pro Bowler and two - time second team All - Pro safety retired July 1 due to a neck injury . He played his entire eight - year career with the Seattle Seahawks . Antonio Cromartie : The four - time Pro Bowler and one - time All - Pro cornerback , who shares the league record for most yards gained on a play ( 109 on a missed field goal return ) and led the league in interceptions in 2008 , announced his retirement after an 11 - year career . Cromartie played for the then - San Diego Chargers , New York Jets , Arizona Cardinals , and Indianapolis Colts over the course of his career , before spending the entire 2017 season as an unsigned free agent . Dwight Freeney : The 16 - year veteran defensive end , who spent most of his career with the Indianapolis Colts , retired April 19 . He appeared in seven Pro Bowls , was a four - time All - Pro and led the NFL in sacks during the 2004 season . James Harrison : The 15 - year NFL veteran linebacker , four - time All - Pro , and five - time Pro Bowler who spent the peak of his career with the Pittsburgh Steelers announced his retirement , at the age of 39 , on April 16 . Devin Hester : The four - time Pro Bowler and three - time All - Pro return specialist holds the NFL record for most all - time return touchdowns ( punt and kickoff combined ) and most all - time punt return touchdowns . He is widely regarded as one of the best return specialists in NFL history , and was the first person to return the opening kick of the Super Bowl back for a touchdown . Hester , who had spent 2017 out of football , played 11 seasons in the NFL , the majority of them with the Chicago Bears . Richie Incognito announced his retirement April 10 . The retirement was part of a string of erratic behavior and inconsistent statements on Incognito 's part , the only consistent thread being an ongoing contract dispute with his current team , the Buffalo Bills , who have listed him as retired on their roster . Incognito has appeared in four Pro Bowls over the course of a 12 - season career with the Bills , Miami Dolphins and then - St. Louis Rams , with most of his success coming in Buffalo . He was released from his contract on May 21 and is free to sign with any team . Nick Mangold : The seven - time Pro Bowler and three - time All - Pro retired after 11 seasons , all with the New York Jets . He had spent the 2017 season out of football after the Jets released him . Carson Palmer : The 38 year old quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals , who had previously played on the Cincinnati Bengals ( who drafted Palmer first overall in 2003 ) and Oakland Raiders , retired after the 2017 season . The 2002 Heisman Trophy winner appeared in three Pro Bowls , was a second team All - Pro in 2015 , and led the NFL in passing yards in 2005 . Darrelle Revis : The seven - time Pro Bowler and four - time All - Pro spent 11 seasons in the NFL , eight of them with the New York Jets . At his peak , he was one of the most dominant , well - paid , and awarded cornerbacks in the league ( only Deion Sanders has had more All - Pro nominations at the position ) ; his level of play had diminished rapidly by the time of his retirement . He announced his retirement July 18 . Joe Thomas : The ten - time Pro Bowler and seven - time All - Pro offensive tackle retired after an 11 - year career with the Cleveland Browns , a career in which he spent much of that time as the Browns ' franchise player in an era where the team otherwise performed poorly on the field . A deteriorating left knee contributed to Thomas 's retirement . Jason Witten : The eleven time Pro Bowler and two time First - team All - Pro Tight end played 15 seasons , all with the Dallas Cowboys . He ranks second all time among tight ends in career receptions and receiving yards . He will be working for ESPN as their Monday Night Football color commentator . Other retirements Rodney Adams Martellus Bennett Joe Berger * Brent Celek Emmett Cleary Victor Cruz Vontae Davis Eric Decker Elvis Dumervil C.J. Fiedorowicz Matt Forte James Hanna David Harris Gabe Ikard Fred Jackson Vincent Jackson Thad Lewis Luke McCown Kellen Moore DeMarco Murray Paul Posluszny Connor Shaw Devon Still Zach Strief Cedric Thornton Aaron Williams Eric Wood Danny Woodhead Draft ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NFL Draft The 2018 NFL Draft was held from April 26 to 28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium , and the first to be held in Texas . The Cleveland Browns selected Baker Mayfield with the first overall pick . Officiating changes ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Four referees retired during the 2018 off - season , the most to do so since records on the statistics have been kept . Ed Hochuli : At the time of his retirement , Hochuli was the league 's longest - tenured referee , having served with the league for 28 seasons , 26 as a head referee . He was succeeded by his son , Shawn Hochuli . Terry McAulay : McAulay spent 20 seasons as an official , 17 as a head referee , and officiated three Super Bowls . McAulay will work as a rules analyst for NBC 's Sunday Night Football . Shawn Smith , an umpire since 2015 , was promoted to replace McAulay . Gene Steratore : Steratore spent 15 seasons as an official and was the referee of Super Bowl LII . Staratore was involved in the controversial ruling known as the Calvin Johnson rule , as well as the infamous use of an index card during a game between the Oakland Raiders and Dallas Cowboys . He was one of two officials who also covered NCAA Division I basketball games . Steratore accepted an offer from CBS to fill its rules analyst position , which had been vacant since 2015 . Umpire Clay Martin was promoted to referee to replace Steratore . Jeff Triplette : Triplette had spent 22 years as an official with the NFL , 19 as a head referee . Alex Kemp replaced Triplette . In total , 10 officials left the league in the offseason , and 7 were hired . Four officials were promoted to the referee position . In - season ( edit ) Down judge Hugo Cruz was fired for performance - related issues culminating with a missed false start during a Week 6 game between the Los Angeles Chargers and Cleveland Browns . It was the first time in the Super Bowl era that an official was dismissed in - season . Rule changes ( edit ) The following playing rule changes have been approved by the Competition Committee for the 2018 season : Make permanent the current rule that changes the spot of the ball after a touchback on a kickoff to the 25 - yard line . Prior to 2017 , the ball was placed at the 20 - yard line . Update the standards for a `` catch '' to have : Two feet down or any body part other than the hands Control of the ball Make a `` football move '' such as making a 3rd step , reaching / extending to the line to gain , tucking the ball away , warding off defensive players , or have the ability to perform such an act . The rule for receivers who were going to the ground during the catch process has been deleted . This is in response to several issues regarding the `` going to the ground '' rule , especially catches by Dallas Cowboys WR Dez Bryant in the 2014 NFL playoffs and one by Pittsburgh Steelers TE Jesse James in 2017 that were overturned due to this rule . Allow a designated member of the officiating department ( for 2018 , NFL Senior VP of Officiating Al Riveron ) to instruct game officials to disqualify any player who commits a flagrant non-football act on the field for a foul called on the field . This is in response to a situation where New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski intentionally inflicted a late hit on Buffalo Bills defensive back Tre'Davious White causing a concussion to White . Gronkowski was not ejected for the foul on the field , but did receive a one - game suspension after the NFL 's review of the play . Illegally batting a ball on a scrimmage down will incur a loss of down in addition to the previous 10 - yard penalty . In overtime , when a team is ahead by 3 points , a down will run to its conclusion and all applicable points will score , even if there is a loss of possession . Previously , the offense of the trailing team could not legally score if they lost and regained possession and reached the opponent 's end zone all on the same play . The rule remains that if there is a double change of possession on a play with one team in the lead , it is the last play of the game . If a team scores a touchdown on the final play of regulation which gives them the victory , no extra-point conversion try will be needed . A quarterback may slide either head first or feet first to be considered giving himself up on the play , and he is afforded all protections previously provided to a quarterback sliding feet first . The following bylaws and resolutions were passed : Make permanent the liberalization of workout rules for draft prospects . For a one - year trial period , liberalize the rules for re-signing a player on waivers . Players on injured reserve can be traded . Players with injuries deemed major can be placed directly on injured reserve without clearing waivers . The 10 - day postseason waiver claiming period has been reduced to 1 day . Players can be activated from injured reserve after eight games instead of eight weeks . Teams have seven business days to complete an injury settlement instead of five . Players in certain reserve list categories can not be reinstated after a team 's week 13 game . This restriction was previously applied to the last 30 days of the regular season . Clarify roster procedures for players with military obligations . For a one - year trial period , teams may contact a player who has been publicly announced to be released before the NFL lists the transaction on a Player Personnel Notice . The following changes to the kickoff rules were approved at the NFL Spring Owners ' Meeting on May 23 , 2018 : Players are required to line up for the kickoff as follows : Five players on the kicking team must be on either side of the kicker Two players on each side must be lined up outside of the numbers and two additional players on each side must be lined up between the numbers and the hashmarks Players on the kicking team ( excluding the kicker ) may only line up within one yard of the kickoff spot ( currently this is limited to five yards ) The receiving team must have eight players in a fifteen - yard `` set - up zone '' ( from the restraining line ten yards from the kickoff spot , fifteen yards back ) No wedge blocks . Players would only be able to do a double - team block within the `` set - up zone '' . Blocking is prohibited inside the restraining zone ( 10 yards from the kickoff spot ) until the ball touches the ground or is touched in the field of play . Once a kickoff lands in the end zone , it would become an automatic touchback . Players will no longer have to `` kneel '' in the end zone to stop the play . Any player ( s ) being disqualified are subject to replay review . It is now a foul ( 15 yards ) for players to lower their helmet to initiate and make contact with an opposing player . The fouling player risks disqualification if : Player lowers his helmet to establish a linear body posture prior to initiating or making contact with the helmet Player delivering the blow had an unobstructed path to his opponent Contact was clearly avoidable ( player delivering the blow had other options ) In response to the recent National Anthem protests in the league the past two seasons , any player or staff member who is on the field during the performance of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' must stand for the duration of the performance . Such players and staff members are not required to be on the field at that time and may wait in the locker room as an alternative . The NFL will not directly fine offending players or staff members for defying the rule , instead fining the teams , who will in turn have power to fine the players or staff members at their own discretion . The National Football League Players Association filed a grievance with the league over the policy on July 11 . 2018 deaths ( edit ) The following people associated with the NFL ( or AFL ) have died in 2018 . Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Tommy McDonald A 1998 inductee of the Pro Football Hall of Fame , McDonald played 12 seasons in the NFL , the majority of them with the Philadelphia Eagles , where he had the majority of his success . The six - time Pro Bowler and four - time All - Pro ( first or second team ) led the league in both receiving yards and receiving touchdowns in 1961 and was the last non-kicking position player to play without a facemask . He died September 24 at the age of 84 . Jim Taylor The nine - year veteran of the Green Bay Packers was the first member of the team 's 1961 -- 1968 dynasty to be inducted into the Hall as a 1976 inductee . The fullback , who played from 1958 through the first World Championship , appeared in five Pro Bowls , was named first or second team All - Pro six times , and led the league in both rushing touchdowns and yards in 1962 , leading the latter category in 1961 as well . He finished his career on the inaugural roster of the New Orleans Saints . He died October 13 , aged 83 . Owners ( edit ) Paul Allen Allen owned the Seattle Seahawks from 1996 until his death on October 15 , at the age of 65 . Allen left no wife or children , and his estate is believed to be in control of his sister , Jody Allen . Allen was also the owner of the NBA 's Portland Trail Blazers , and part owner of MLS 's Seattle Sounders FC . Tom Benson Benson owned the New Orleans Saints from 1985 until his death on March 15 , at the age of 90 . His wife Gayle Benson inherited the team . Alex Spanos Spanos owned the San Diego Chargers from 1984 until his death ; he had been suffering from senile dementia since 2008 and was not directly involved in the team 's relocation back to Los Angeles , which was largely orchestrated by his son Dean Spanos , who will head the family consortium that inherits the team . Spanos died October 9 , aged 95 . Others ( edit ) Grady Alderman Billy Cannon Dwight Clark Bennie Cunningham Keith Fahnhorst Jim Garrett Chris Gedney Tom Heckert Jr . Wes Hopkins Wayne Huizenga David Humm Edwin Jackson Billy Kinard Chuck Knox Dick Modzelewski Jeremy Nunley Gabriel Rivera Kona Schwenke Clyde Scott Tony Sparano George Taliaferro Jim Taylor Frank Varrichione Leon `` Big Van Vader '' White Preseason ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Training camps for the 2018 season were held in late July through August . Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team 's first scheduled preseason game . The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game , in which the Baltimore Ravens defeated the Chicago Bears 17 -- 16 , was played on August 2 ; and was televised nationally by NBC . The Ravens , who made their first Hall of Fame Game appearance , were represented in the 2018 Hall of Fame class by former linebacker Ray Lewis , while the Bears were represented by former linebacker Brian Urlacher . Regular season ( edit ) The 2018 regular season 's 256 games were played over a 17 - week schedule that began on September 6 . Each of the league 's 32 teams played a 16 - game schedule , with one bye week for each team . The slate also featured games on Monday Nights . There were games played on Thursdays , including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 6 and games on Thanksgiving Day . The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on December 30 , all of which were intra-division matchups , as it had been since 2010 . Scheduling formula Under the NFL 's current scheduling formula , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice . In addition , a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference . The final two games on a team 's schedule are against the two remaining teams in the same conference that finished in the same position in their respective divisions ( e.g. , the team that finished fourth in its division will play all three other teams in the conference that also finished fourth ) . The division pairings for 2018 will be as follows : Intra-conference AFC East vs AFC South AFC West vs AFC North NFC East vs NFC South NFC West vs NFC North Inter-conference AFC East vs NFC North AFC North vs NFC South AFC South vs NFC East AFC West vs NFC West The entire season schedule was released on April 19 , 2018 . Highlights of the 2018 season include : NFL Kickoff Game : The 2018 season began with the Kickoff Game on September 6 at 8 : 20 p.m. EDT . The game featured the Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons 18 -- 12 and was televised on NBC . NFL International Series : NFL London Games : Three games were played in London in 2018 . All games this year were played at Wembley Stadium . The first game featured the Oakland Raiders , who hosted the Seattle Seahawks on October 14 at 1 : 00 p.m. EDT ( 6 : 00 p.m. BST ) on Fox . This game was originally scheduled to be played at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium , but was relocated to Wembley when it was determined that Tottenham would not be finished in time . The following week , the Los Angeles Chargers hosted the Tennessee Titans , on October 21 at 9 : 30 a.m. EDT ( 2 : 30 p.m. BST ) on CBS . And Finally , the Jacksonville Jaguars hosted the defending Super Bowl Champion Philadelphia Eagles on October 28 at 9 : 30 a.m. EDT ( 1 : 30 p.m. GMT ) on NFLN . This was the first time the London games were played on three consecutive weeks , a move the league has taken to try to streamline their London operations . NFL Mexico Game : The NFL will play one game at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City in 2018 , in accordance with an agreement the league announced in November 2017 to play one game at that venue each year through 2021 . The game will feature the Los Angeles Rams hosting the Kansas City Chiefs . The game will be held on Monday , November 19 , and will be televised on ESPN . Thanksgiving Day : As has been the case since 2006 , three games will be played on November 22 . The 12 : 30 p.m. EST game will feature Detroit Lions hosting the Chicago Bears on CBS . The 4 : 30 p.m. EST game will feature the Dallas Cowboys hosting the Washington Redskins on Fox . A third game , Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints starting at 8 : 15 p.m. EST , will be aired on NBC . Christmas games : Christmas Day , December 25 , falls on a Tuesday in 2018 . Instead of moving the Monday Night game from Christmas Eve , the game will be played at its normal time , marking only the second Monday Night game played on Christmas Eve . As is usually the case when a night game is played on Christmas Eve , both teams ( the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders ) are in the western United States , and thus the game will take place in the late afternoon local time . Saturday flexible scheduling ( edit ) When the entire season schedule was released on April 19 , 2018 , the league announced flexible scheduling for Saturday games in weeks 15 and 16 . The final kickoff times for these games will be announced no later than week 8 : In week 15 , the Texans -- Jets game will be played at 4 : 30 p.m. , while the Browns -- Broncos game will kick off at 8 : 20 p.m. EST , both games airing on NFL Network . In week 16 , two games were moved to Saturday , December 22 on the NFL Network : The Redskins -- Titans game will start at 4 : 30 p.m. EST , while the Ravens -- Chargers game will start at 8 : 20 p.m. EST . The other two games that were to possibly be rescheduled , Jaguars -- Dolphins and Giants -- Colts , remained on Sunday , December 23 . This is the first time that games will be rescheduled to a different day ( excluding games rescheduled due to severe weather ) . In - season scheduling changes ( edit ) Week 7 : The Bengals -- Chiefs game was flexed from 1 : 00 p.m. ET on CBS to the 8 : 20 p.m. EDT slot on NBC , replacing the originally - scheduled Rams -- 49ers game , which was moved to 4 : 25 p.m. ET on CBS . This is the earliest NBC flex game since NBC Sports took over the Sunday Night package in 2006 . Week 10 : The Dolphins -- Packers game was moved from 1 : 00 p.m. ET to 4 : 25 p.m. ET on CBS . Additionally , the Cardinals -- Chiefs game , originally scheduled at 1 : 00 p.m. ET on Fox , was cross-flexed to CBS , in the same time slot . Regular season standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New England Patriots 6 0 . 750 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 239 185 W5 Miami Dolphins 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 174 219 L2 New York Jets 5 0 . 375 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 192 200 L2 Buffalo Bills 6 0 . 250 0 -- 1 1 -- 5 87 200 L3 AFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Pittsburgh Steelers . 643 2 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 1 204 172 W3 Cincinnati Bengals 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 184 203 W1 Baltimore Ravens 0 . 500 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 197 137 L2 Cleveland Browns 5 . 313 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 169 210 L3 AFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Houston Texans 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 197 167 W5 Tennessee Titans 0 . 429 2 -- 0 2 -- 4 106 127 L3 Jacksonville Jaguars 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 134 170 L4 Indianapolis Colts 5 0 . 375 0 -- 1 2 -- 4 189 185 W2 AFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Kansas City Chiefs 7 0 . 875 3 -- 0 6 -- 1 290 205 W2 Los Angeles Chargers 5 0 . 714 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 195 163 W4 Denver Broncos 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 1 -- 4 188 194 L1 Oakland Raiders 6 0 . 143 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 138 218 L3 NFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Washington Redskins 5 0 . 714 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 146 134 W3 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 500 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 178 156 W1 Dallas Cowboys 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 140 123 L1 New York Giants 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 0 -- 6 150 205 L5 NFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Chicago Bears 0 . 571 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 194 144 W1 Minnesota Vikings . 563 0 -- 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 1 197 195 L1 Green Bay Packers . 500 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 175 173 L1 Detroit Lions 0 . 429 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 185 172 L1 NFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New Orleans Saints 6 0 . 857 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 234 183 W6 Carolina Panthers 5 0 . 714 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 178 152 W2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 429 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 190 212 W2 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 201 233 L1 NFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Los Angeles Rams 8 0 0 1.000 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 235 128 W8 Seattle Seahawks 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 171 131 W2 Arizona Cardinals 6 0 . 250 2 -- 2 2 -- 5 110 199 W1 San Francisco 49ers 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 1 -- 5 173 236 L6 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Kansas City Chiefs West 7 0 . 875 3 -- 0 6 -- 1 . 492 . 454 W2 New England Patriots East 6 0 . 750 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 . 500 . 532 W5 Pittsburgh Steelers North . 643 2 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 1 . 500 . 450 W3 Houston Texans South 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 403 . 385 W5 Wild Cards 5 Los Angeles Chargers West 5 0 . 714 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 . 454 . 250 W4 6 Cincinnati Bengals North 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 558 . 447 W1 In the hunt 7 Baltimore Ravens North 0 . 500 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 . 517 . 417 L2 8 Miami Dolphins East 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 500 . 379 L2 9 Tennessee Titans South 0 . 429 2 -- 0 2 -- 4 . 491 . 500 L3 10 Jacksonville Jaguars South 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 516 . 417 L4 11 New York Jets East 5 0 . 375 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 . 435 . 391 L2 12 Indianapolis Colts South 5 0 . 400 0 -- 1 2 -- 4 . 500 . 364 W2 13 Denver Broncos West 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 1 -- 4 . 581 . 318 L1 14 Cleveland Browns North 5 . 313 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 . 534 . 438 L3 15 Buffalo Bills East 6 0 . 250 0 -- 1 1 -- 5 . 557 . 500 L3 16 Oakland Raiders West 6 0 . 167 0 -- 2 1 -- 4 . 546 . 313 L3 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Baltimore wins tie break over Miami based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over NY Jets based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Indianapolis ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : NY Jets wins tie break over Denver and Indianapolis based on head - to - head sweep . ^ Jump up to : Indianapolis wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Legend w -- Clinched wild card x -- Clinched playoff berth y -- Clinched division z -- Clinched first - round bye * -- Clinched home - field advantage NFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Los Angeles Rams West 8 0 0 1.000 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 . 400 . 400 W8 New Orleans Saints South 6 0 . 857 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 . 434 . 435 W6 Washington Redskins East 5 0 . 714 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 . 452 . 392 W3 Chicago Bears North 0 . 571 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 . 481 . 400 W1 Wild Cards 5 Carolina Panthers South 5 0 . 714 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 472 . 436 W2 6 Seattle Seahawks West 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 462 . 310 W2 In the Hunt 7 Minnesota Vikings North . 563 0 -- 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 1 . 476 . 313 L1 8 Green Bay Packers North . 500 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 . 519 . 304 L1 9 Philadelphia Eagles East 0 . 500 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 . 425 . 323 W1 10 Atlanta Falcons South 0 . 429 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 548 . 409 W2 11 Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 . 558 . 543 L1 12 Dallas Cowboys East 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 . 500 . 304 L1 13 Detroit Lions North 0 . 429 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 . 462 . 587 L1 14 Arizona Cardinals West 6 0 . 250 2 -- 2 2 -- 5 . 500 . 125 W1 15 San Francisco 49ers West 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 1 -- 5 . 574 . 429 L6 16 New York Giants East 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 0 -- 6 . 576 . 625 L5 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Green Bay wins tie break over Philadelphia based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Atlanta wins tie break over Dallas and Detroit based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Tampa Bay ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : Tampa Bay wins tie break over Dallas and Detroit based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Dallas wins tie break over Detroit based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : San Francisco wins tie break over NY Giants based on best win percentage in conference games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Legend w -- Clinched wild card x -- Clinched playoff berth y -- Clinched division z -- Clinched first - round bye * -- Clinched home - field advantage Postseason ( edit ) Main article : 2018 -- 19 NFL playoffs The 2018 playoffs will begin on the weekend of January 5 -- 6 , 2019 with the Wild Card Playoff round . The four winners of these playoff games will visit the top two seeds in each conference in the Divisional round games the weekend of January 12 -- 13 . The winners of those games will advance to the Conference championship games on January 20 . The 2019 Pro Bowl will be held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida on January 27 and will be broadcast on ESPN and ABC . Super Bowl LIII will be held on February 3 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , on CBS . Records , milestones , and notable statistics ( edit ) Week 1 Adrian Peterson became the ninth player to rush for 100 touchdowns in a career . Week 2 Frank Gore passed Curtis Martin to move up to fourth on the all - time rushing yards list with 14,103 career rushing yards . Patrick Mahomes became the youngest quarterback to throw six touchdown passes in a game , at age 22 years and 364 days . Week 3 Ryan Fitzpatrick became the first quarterback to throw for at least 400 yards in three consecutive games . Week 4 Adam Vinatieri kicked his 566th career field goal , breaking the record for most field goals in a career previously held by Morten Andersen . Week 5 Tom Brady threw his 500th career touchdown pass , becoming the third quarterback in NFL history to do so ( joining Brett Favre and Peyton Manning ) and becoming the first to do so playing on one team . On the same pass , Brady threw a touchdown pass to a 71st different receiver , breaking an NFL record previously held by Vinny Testaverde . Drew Brees became the NFL 's all - time leading passer with 71,941 passing yards , surpassing Brett Favre and Peyton Manning in the process . Brees broke the record by throwing a 62 - yard touchdown pass to Tre'Quan Smith late in the second quarter . Week 7 Drew Brees became only the third quarterback in NFL history to defeat all 32 teams , joining Brett Favre and Peyton Manning . Week 8 Adam Vinatieri set the record for career points scored , with 2,550 , breaking a record previously held by Morten Andersen . Awards ( edit ) Players of the week / month ( edit ) The following were named the top performers during the 2018 season : Week / Month Offensive Player of the Week / Month Defensive Player of the Week / Month Special Teams Player of the Week / Month AFC NFC AFC NFC AFC NFC Patrick Mahomes QB ( Chiefs ) Ryan Fitzpatrick QB ( Buccaneers ) T.J. Watt OLB ( Steelers ) Harrison Smith FS ( Vikings ) Jakeem Grant WR - KR ( Dolphins ) Greg Zuerlein K ( Rams ) Patrick Mahomes QB ( Chiefs ) Ryan Fitzpatrick QB ( Buccaneers ) Darius Leonard OLB ( Colts ) Danny Trevathan ILB ( Bears ) Dane Cruikshank SS ( Titans ) Robbie Gould K ( 49ers ) Ben Roethlisberger QB ( Steelers ) Drew Brees QB ( Saints ) Matt Milano OLB ( Bills ) Efe Obada DE ( Panthers ) Justin Tucker K ( Ravens ) Blake Countess SS ( Rams ) Marcus Mariota QB ( Titans ) Jared Goff QB ( Rams ) Jadeveon Clowney OLB ( Texans ) Demario Davis ILB ( Saints ) Dwayne Harris WR - KR ( Raiders ) Brett Maher K ( Cowboys ) Sept . Patrick Mahomes QB ( Chiefs ) Jared Goff QB ( Rams ) J.J. Watt DE ( Texans ) Khalil Mack OLB ( Bears ) Justin Tucker K ( Ravens ) Wil Lutz K ( Saints ) 5 Isaiah Crowell RB ( Jets ) Drew Brees QB ( Saints ) T.J. Watt OLB ( Steelers ) Chandler Jones DE ( Cardinals ) Denzel Ward CB ( Browns ) Graham Gano K ( Panthers ) 6 Albert Wilson WR ( Dolphins ) Todd Gurley RB ( Rams ) Za'Darius Smith OLB ( Ravens ) Frank Clark DE ( Seahawks ) Jason Myers K ( Jets ) Mason Crosby K ( Packers ) 7 Emmanuel Sanders WR ( Broncos ) Cam Newton QB ( Panthers ) Mike Mitchell FS ( Colts ) Aaron Donald DT ( Rams ) Dont'a Hightower OLB ( Patriots ) Giorgio Tavecchio K ( Falcons ) Week FedEx Air Player of the Week ( Quarterbacks ) FedEx Ground Player of the Week ( Running backs ) Pepsi Rookie of the Week Ryan Fitzpatrick ( Buccaneers ) James Conner ( Steelers ) Denzel Ward CB ( Browns ) Patrick Mahomes ( Chiefs ) Matt Breida ( 49ers ) Darius Leonard OLB ( Colts ) Drew Brees ( Saints ) Adrian Peterson ( Redskins ) Baker Mayfield QB ( Browns ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Bears ) Alvin Kamara ( Saints ) Nick Chubb RB ( Browns ) 5 Drew Brees ( Saints ) Isaiah Crowell ( Jets ) Denzel Ward CB ( Browns ) 6 Aaron Rodgers ( Packers ) Todd Gurley ( Rams ) Saquon Barkley RB ( Giants ) Month Rookie of the Month Offensive Defensive Sept . Calvin Ridley WR ( Falcons ) Darius Leonard OLB ( Colts ) Oct . Nov . Dec . Head coaching and front office personnel changes ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Off - season ( edit ) Team 2017 head coach 2018 replacement Reason for leaving Notes Arizona Cardinals Bruce Arians Steve Wilks Retired Arians retired from coaching following the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 8 -- 8 (. 500 ) and a cumulative record of 49 -- 30 -- 1 (. 619 ) with two playoff appearances . Wilks was hired on January 22 , after serving as a defensive coach for the Chicago Bears , San Diego Chargers , and Carolina Panthers since 2006 . Wilks 's only previous head coaching experience was at Savannah State in 1999 . Chicago Bears John Fox Matt Nagy Fired Fox was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 5 -- 11 (. 313 ) and a cumulative record of 14 -- 34 (. 292 ) with no playoff appearances . Nagy spent the past five seasons as an offensive assistant with the Kansas City Chiefs , the last two as offensive coordinator ; the Bears hired Nagy on January 8 and this will be his first NFL head coaching job . Detroit Lions Jim Caldwell Matt Patricia Caldwell was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 9 -- 7 (. 563 ) and a cumulative record of 36 -- 28 (. 563 ) with two playoff appearances , but having never won a playoff game as head coach of the Lions . Patricia was hired on February 5 , the day after losing Super Bowl LII as the New England Patriots defensive coordinator . He had spent his entire NFL career with the Patriots , starting in 2004 as an offensive assistant before working his way up to defensive coordinator in 2012 , winning 3 Super Bowls . This will be his first head coaching job . Indianapolis Colts Chuck Pagano Frank Reich Pagano was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 4 -- 12 (. 250 ) , his first losing season as Colts ' head coach , and a cumulative record of 53 -- 43 (. 552 ) with three playoff appearances . On February 6 , the Colts announced that they had planned to hire New England Patriots offsenvive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's next head coach , however , McDaniels informed the Colts that he had changed his mind was returning to the Patriots . The Colts then hired Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator Frank Reich , who was previously a Colts ' assistant from 2008 -- 2011 . This will be Reich 's first head coaching job . New York Giants Ben McAdoo Pat Shurmur McAdoo became the Giants ' head coach in 2016 , leading the Giants to a 13 -- 15 (. 464 ) record over parts of two seasons with one playoff appearance . After accruing a 2 -- 10 (. 167 ) record and benching starter Eli Manning during the season , he was fired on December 4 , 2017 , and replaced in the interim by defensive coordinator Steve Spagnuolo . Shurmur was announced as the Giants ' new head coach on January 22 . He had previously served as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns from 2011 to 2012 , compiling a record of 9 -- 23 (. 281 ) , and an offensive coach for the Philadelphia Eagles and Minnesota Vikings since 2013 . Oakland Raiders Jack Del Rio Jon Gruden Del Rio was fired after the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 6 -- 10 (. 375 ) and a cumulative record of 25 -- 23 (. 521 ) with one playoff appearance . Gruden , who previously coached the Raiders from 1998 to 2001 and won a Super Bowl with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at the end of the 2002 season , confirmed on - air on January 6 , that he would be returning to the team as coach . He had spent the previous nine seasons as an on - air analyst for Monday Night Football . Tennessee Titans Mike Mularkey Mike Vrabel Mutual decision Mularkey and the Titans agreed to part ways after they `` could n't come to an agreement over the future , '' two days after the Titans ' playoff loss to the Patriots . Mularkey had a cumulative record of 20 -- 21 (. 488 ) with one playoff appearance in parts of three seasons with the Titans and guided Tennessee to back - to - back 9 -- 7 (. 563 ) records in his two years as the team 's full - time head coach . Vrabel spent the past three seasons as a defensive assistant with the Houston Texans , the last as defensive coordinator ; the Titans hired Vrabel on January 20 and this will be his first NFL head coaching job . In - season ( edit ) Team Departing coach Reason for leaving Interim replacement Notes Cleveland Browns Hue Jackson Fired Gregg Williams Jackson was fired on October 29 , accumulating a 2 -- 5 -- 1 (. 313 ) record during the 2018 season and a 3 -- 36 -- 1 (. 088 ) record for his 21⁄2 - season tenure with the Browns . His dismissal follows a power struggle with offensive coordinator Todd Haley ( who was fired at the same time ) and the team 's 25th consecutive loss away from home ; Jackson failed to win a single road game during his tenure and lost every game in 2017 . Williams , the team 's defensive coordinator , was previously the head coach of the Buffalo Bills from 2001 to 2003 , with a record of 17 -- 31 (. 354 ) . Front office personnel ( edit ) Off - season ( edit ) Team Position 2017 office holder 2017 interim 2018 replacement Reason for leaving Notes Cleveland Browns VP / GM Sashi Brown John Dorsey Fired Brown was fired on December 7 , 2017 . He had been the team 's attorney since 2013 and de facto general manager since 2016 . Dorsey was named the new general manager hours later . Green Bay Packers GM Ted Thompson Brian Gutekunst Reassigned Thompson , who had been the team 's general manager since 2005 , became the team 's senior advisor to football operations . Brian Gutekunst , who had been the team 's director of player personnel since 2016 , was promoted to become the team 's new general manager on January 7 . Houston Texans GM Rick Smith Brian Gaine Medical leave Smith announced that he would take a leave of absence to care for his wife , who is battling breast cancer . He will remain Executive Vice President of Football Operations . Former Buffalo Bills ' vice president of player personnel , Brian Gaine , was named the new general manager on January 13 , 2018 . Previously , Gaine was Texans ' director of pro personnel and then director of player personnel from 2014 to 2016 . New York Giants GM Jerry Reese Kevin Abrams Dave Gettleman Fired Having been in the organization since 1994 , Reese was the Giants ' general manager since 2007 , leading them to two Super Bowl championships and several years of success . He was fired on December 4 along with head coach Ben McAdoo . He was replaced in the interim by assistant general manager Kevin Abrams . Dave Gettleman , previously general manager of the Carolina Panthers and a 14 - year veteran of the Giants ' front office ( from 1999 to 2012 ) , was hired on December 28 , 2017 . Buffalo Bills President Russ Brandon Kim Pegula Resigned Brandon resigned his position on May 1 , 2018 . A newspaper report claimed that Brandon was the subject of an internal investigation regarding his personal conduct and workplace behavior , which neither the Bills nor Brandon mentioned in separate statements regarding his departure ; Brandon stated he is seeking other opportunities after spending 20 years with the Bills franchise . He was immediately succeeded by co-owner Kim Pegula . Stadiums ( edit ) Two teams , the Carolina Panthers and Oakland Raiders , are entering the final year of their lease agreements with their current stadium . Carolina Panthers ( edit ) On December 17 , 2017 , Jerry Richardson , the Panthers ' founding owner , announced he was putting the team up for sale . Richardson had previously indicated the team would be put up for sale after his death , but Richardson was accused of paying hush money to cover up questionable conduct , including racial slurs and sexually suggestive requests of employees , hastening Richardson 's decision . The Panthers ' lease on Bank of America Stadium expires after the 2018 season , which would allow any incoming owner to relocate the team out of Charlotte , North Carolina , to another market if they so desired , only being liable for the remaining debt from stadium renovation . At an estimated $35 million , the debt payment would be a small expense compared to the relocation fee the NFL charged for the two teams that relocated in 2016 and 2017 . The two most likely candidates to buy the team as of May 2018 were David Tepper , a hedge fund manager with a higher net worth and a minority stake in the Pittsburgh Steelers but fewer ties to Charlotte ; and Ben Navarro , a financial services CEO based in Charlotte who had the backing of Richardson 's only living son . Tepper was announced as the new owner on May 16 , with the announcement coming in time for the league to vote on his bid at the owners meeting on May 19 . The sale closed on July 9 with Richardson - era chief operating officer Tina Becker ( who ran the franchise after Richardson stepped away from operations ) resigning . Tepper immediately stated the franchise would retain the Carolina Panthers name for the time being , but that a new stadium would likely be necessary ; he stated that he hoped to build said stadium in Charlotte but would not guarantee the team remains there , claiming he did not know enough about the situation to guarantee the team stays in the Charlotte area . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Main article : Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas The Raiders , prior to the 2017 season , committed to relocating to Las Vegas , Nevada , once a new stadium is constructed for them in 2020 . In 2016 , the Raiders signed a three - year extension with the Oakland Coliseum . The Raiders could choose to stay in the Oakland Coliseum for 2019 with another year - to - year extension or move to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas , which is undersized but ( because of the Los Angeles Chargers ' use of the even smaller StubHub Center ) would not be the smallest stadium in the NFL . Management at the Oakland Coliseum has indicated they are unwilling to extend their agreement with the Raiders after 2018 , which could force the team to move to Sam Boyd Stadium in 2019 . In order to secure another season in Oakland , California , Coliseum management indicated in September 2017 that the Raiders would need to offer major concessions to compensate for the financial losses the Coliseum incurs by hosting Raiders games . Naming rights agreements ( edit ) Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) On September 4 , University of Phoenix Stadium , the home field of the Arizona Cardinals , was renamed State Farm Stadium . The naming rights agreement is for 18 years ; however , the cost of the deal was not disclosed . Denver Broncos ( edit ) On June 20 , the Denver Broncos ' home stadium was renamed Broncos Stadium at Mile High . The sporting goods chain Sports Authority had held naming rights to the stadium 's field ( as `` Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' ) but had gone out of business in 2016 . The previous signage referring to Sports Authority was removed in March . The Broncos hope to resell the naming rights to the stadium to another corporate sponsor in the near future . Jacksonville Jaguars ( edit ) On February 16 , EverBank Field , the home field of the Jacksonville Jaguars , was renamed TIAA Bank Field , after TIAA 's 2017 acquisition of EverBank . The naming rights agreement was for 10 years and $43 million . Uniforms ( edit ) Color Rush discontinuation ( edit ) The Color Rush program was discontinued , and teams were no longer required to wear the special uniforms for Thursday Night Football . Initial plans , which were finalized at the league 's owners meeting in May , are for teams to have the option to continue using the existing Nike designs for the program as standard third jerseys . Uniform changes ( edit ) Chicago Bears : The Bears brought back their orange alternate jerseys that the team wore from 2005 -- 2009 and 2011 . The team announced that the orange uniforms will be worn twice in 2018 , and the team will use the navy blue `` Monsters of the Midway '' throwbacks for one game . Jacksonville Jaguars : On April 19 , the Jaguars simplified their uniforms in a similar look they had used before 2013 . Gold was also eliminated from their previous jerseys and the gradient black and gold helmet was reverted to an all - black gloss shell . Los Angeles Rams : On July 27 , the Rams announced that due to overwhelming fan demand the NFL relaxed their alternate uniform policy and has permitted them to use their royal blue and yellow throwbacks as their color jerseys for the next two seasons until they present entirely new ones in 2020 . When using their white jerseys , the team will still have to use their current set carried over from St. Louis albeit from slight modifications they made to them in 2017 . Miami Dolphins : On April 19 , the Dolphins simplified their uniform outlines to take after their classic aqua - and - orange look . Dark blue was removed from everything but the logo . Tennessee Titans : On April 4 , the Titans introduced new uniforms . Most prominent among the changes is the helmet , which is changing from the white color the team had used since the 1970s ( as the Houston Oilers ) to navy blue . The color patterns are also simplified , with a new number typeface inspired both by Greek lettering and the shape of the state of Tennessee . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Pittsburgh Steelers : On May 30 , the Steelers unveiled a throwback uniform , that was worn in the late 1970s . Team owner Art Rooney II announced that the team will wear the uniforms for one game . San Francisco 49ers : On May 23 , 49ers unveiled a new all - white throwback uniform , that was worn in 1994 , the year the team won its most recent Super Bowl . The team announced that they will be worn for two games . Patches ( edit ) Green Bay Packers : On April 9 , the Packers unveiled a patch to commemorate their 100th season . Indianapolis Colts : On April 10 , the Colts unveiled a patch to commemorate their 35th season in Indianapolis . New Orleans Saints : On August 9 , the Saints unveiled a patch to commemorate the passing of Tom Benson . Media ( edit ) Broadcast rights ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This will be the fifth year under the current broadcast contracts with ESPN , CBS , Fox , and NBC . This includes `` cross-flexing '' ( switching ) Sunday afternoon games between CBS and Fox before or during the season ( regardless of the conference of the visiting team ) . NBC will continue to air Sunday Night Football , the annual Kickoff game , and the primetime Thanksgiving game . ESPN will continue to air Monday Night Football and the Pro Bowl . CBS will broadcast Super Bowl LIII . On January 31 , the NFL announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the Thursday Night Football package under a five - year deal ( aligned with the remainder of the NFL 's current broadcast contracts ) . Fox will air 11 games , along with the 2018 NFL Draft ( the first time the event has aired on over-the - air television ) , in simulcast with NFL Network , with the remaining games in the package airing exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy its carriage contracts . CBS and NBC had made bids to renew their previous contracts ( CBS had held the rights since 2014 , joined by NBC since 2016 ) , but were reluctant to pay a higher rights fee due to the league 's ratings downturn . Digital ( edit ) The NFL agreed to an extension of its digital rights agreement with Verizon Communications under a 5 - year , $2.5 billion deal . Unlike the previous deal , it no longer includes exclusivity for streaming in - market and nationally televised NFL games on mobile devices with screens 7 inches ( 18 cm ) or less in size ( such as smartphones ) , in order to account for changes in viewing habits , but still includes enhanced access to highlights and other digital content for Verizon - owned properties . In addition , Verizon announced that it would no longer make these streams exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers , and would leverage its portfolio of media brands ( such as Yahoo ! , which it acquired in 2017 ) to distribute them to a larger audience . All of the NFL 's current television partners have added mobile streaming rights ( which were previously reserved to Verizon ) to their existing contracts for the 2018 season . Under the terms of the agreement , Verizon must give the majority of the advertising revenue to the broadcast partners . On April 26 , 2018 , the NFL announced that it had reached a two - year extension of its agreement with Amazon for shared digital rights to the Thursday Night Football games simulcast with Fox , with a 15 % increase in rights fees . To fulfill a request that the streams be available freely , the games will also be made available on Twitch , an Amazon - owned streaming service that was originally designed for video game streaming . Radio ( edit ) Both of the NFL 's national radio contracts , Westwood One for English language and Entravision for Spanish language , expired after the 2017 season . Westwood One 's parent company Cumulus Media filed for bankruptcy in November 2017 and began terminating national broadcast contracts and sports agreements in January 2018 , putting any contract extensions on hold . The company emerged from bankruptcy on June 4 , 2018 . With the release of the 2018 schedule , NFL.com listed ESPN Deportes Radio ( which had shared NFL rights with Entravision in 2017 and had carried Super Bowl LII ) as the league 's national Spanish - language broadcaster . The national English - language broadcaster was still identified as Westwood One , which Westwood One has also confirmed ; no press release has been issued in regard to a contract extension with that network , and it is unknown when the current arrangement was signed or when it will end . Additionally , Westwood One removed Sunday afternoon games from their package , instead focusing on the primetime matchups as well as the postseason . SportsUSA , Compass and ESPN Radio , which also has broadcast select Sunday afternoon NFL games , will continue to do so . Only one game into the pre-season , Indianapolis Colts announcer Bob Lamey , who had been with the team for most of the time since their 1984 relocation from Baltimore , retired suddenly after a complaint of him using a racial slur in the 1980s was revealed . Sideline reporter Matt Taylor was named his de facto replacement for the season . Personnel changes ( edit ) All four broadcast partners will employ rules analysts for the 2018 season , citing changes in the league 's rules that have become too complicated for its broadcast teams to handle . To be precise , NBC hired Terry McAulay to be their rules analyst for SNF and NBC 's coverage of Notre Dame Football . CBS hired Gene Steratore to fill their rules analyst position , filling a position that had been vacant since CBS released Mike Carey in 2015 ; because Steratore also officiates college basketball , he will also be used as a rules analyst for the networks ' NCAA Basketball coverage . ESPN hired Jeff Triplette for MNF . And Fox kept both Mike Pereira and Dean Blandino . Additionally , Pereira assists with Fox 's Thursday Night Football Coverage . ESPN will introduce a fully new broadcast team for Monday Night Football . Joe Tessitore will replace Sean McDonough as lead play - by - play man ; McDonough will remain with ESPN as a college football announcer . With previous color analyst Jon Gruden returning to coaching , Monday Night Football hired Jason Witten and Booger McFarland as their color commentators ; while McFarland offers his commentary from the sidelines , he fills a role similar to the `` non-football '' player position that Monday Night Football has traditionally relied upon in its past three - person booths ( such as Howard Cosell , Dennis Miller and Tony Kornheiser ) . Lisa Salters , the sideline reporter , carries over from the previous broadcast team . Jeff Triplette will replace Gerald Austin as rules analyst . Fox initially had planned to hire a new broadcast team for its Thursday Night Football , making an overture to Peyton Manning to serve as color commentator . Since Manning declined the offer , the network announced that it will be placing its existing lead broadcast team of Joe Buck and Troy Aikman on the package , reducing the number of games the duo will call on Sundays ( Buck and Aikman will only call the nationally televised `` America 's Game of the Week '' telecasts on Sundays ) . A version of Fox NFL Sunday will serve as the lead - in to Thursday Night Football , albeit without Curt Menefee or Jimmy Johnson ; the show will instead be hosted by panelist Michael Strahan from New York City , displacing Rich Eisen , the studio host for Thursday night pregame since the package 's inception in 2006 . Strahan will be joined by fellow Fox colleagues Terry Bradshaw and Howie Long . In previous seasons , Buck did not call any NFL games during late October , working Major League Baseball playoff games instead . For 2018 , Fox coordinated its schedule with MLB so that none of its scheduled broadcasts would land on a Thursday ( Fox carries the NLCS and the World Series ) , so Buck will continue to broadcast both sports , crisscrossing the country in seven cities over a 22 - day period . In addition , NBC will introduce a new studio team for Football Night in America . Mike Tirico , who was the on - site host and secondary play - by - play announcer in 2017 , became the show 's studio host from Stanford , Connecticut , with Liam McHugh moving into Tirico 's former role . Dan Patrick , who had been the studio host for FNiA since 2008 , declined to sign a long - term contract and left NBC . On radio , Kurt Warner will replace Boomer Esiason as the color commentator for Westwood One 's Monday Night Football broadcasts , after Esiason had filled the role for the previous 18 years . Esiason will continue as a studio host for CBS , along with his existing duties on the CBS Sports Network - simulcast Boomer and Gio from WFAN . In a surprise announcement made two days before its first game , Amazon announced it would provide its own broadcast team for its eleven games , with Hannah Storm and Andrea Kremer serving as the lead broadcast team . The announcement makes Kremer the first - ever female color analyst for an NFL game , the first time a game has been broadcast with no men involved in the broadcast team , and the first time since Tony Kornheiser left Monday Night Football that the color analyst had no coaching or playing experience . Amazon will offer the standard Fox broadcast team , a British broadcasting team , and a Spanish language feed as alternate audio choices . Start time changes ( edit ) The start times for Thursday , Sunday , and Monday Night Football broadcasts will be moved up 5 to 15 minutes . Thursday and Sunday Night games will now kick off at 8 : 20 p.m. ET , while Monday Night games will now kick off at 8 : 15 p.m. ET . Most watched regular season games ( edit ) DH = doubleheader ; SNF = NBC Sunday Night Football Rank Date Matchup Network Viewers ( millions ) TV rating Window Significance September 9 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 8 Carolina Panthers 16 Fox 23.3 13.1 Late DH September 23 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 13 Seattle Seahawks 24 22.2 12.7 Late DH September 9 , 8 : 20 ET Chicago Bears 23 Green Bay Packers 24 NBC 22.1 12.5 SNF Bears -- Packers Rivalry October 14 , 8 : 20 ET Kansas City Chiefs 40 New England Patriots 43 21.1 12.3 SNF 5 October 7 , 4 : 25 ET Minnesota Vikings 23 Philadelphia Eagles 21 Fox 21.0 12.2 Late DH 2018 NFC Championship rematch 6 September 16 , 4 : 25 ET New England Patriots 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 31 CBS 21.0 12.0 Late DH 2018 AFC Championship rematch 7 October 21 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 17 Washington Redskins 20 20.9 12.2 Late DH Cowboys -- Redskins Rivarly 8 September 30 , 4 : 25 ET New Orleans Saints 33 New York Giants 18 20.7 12.1 Late DH 9 September 16 , 8 : 20 ET New York Giants 13 Dallas Cowboys 20 NBC 20.7 11.7 SNF Cowboys -- Giants Rivalry * Note -- Late DH matchups listed in table are the matchups that were shown to the largest percentage of the market . DAL / CAR was shown in 80 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . DAL / SEA was shown in 85 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . MIN / PHI was shown in 82 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . NE / JAC was shown in 79 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . DAL / WSH was shown in 80 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . NO / NYG was shown in 74 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 NFL Free Agent Tracker '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pokorny , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Recap of all the Browns ' trades : Acquiring QB Tyrod Taylor , WR Jarvis Landry , and CB Damarious Randall '' . DawgsByNature.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Trades land Bills bevy of draft assets '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Pokorny , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Browns trading DT Danny Shelton to the Patriots '' . DawgsByNature.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Trade QB Alex Smith to Washington '' . Kansas City Chiefs Public Relations . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Trade CB Marcus Peters to Los Angeles Rams in Exchange for Draft Picks '' . Kansas City Chiefs Public Relations . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos agree to trade CB Aqib Talib to Los Angeles Rams for 2018 draft pick '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings finalize trade for Broncos QB Trevor Siemian '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Rams to trade Alec Ogletree to Giants for two picks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lago , Kristen . `` Rams Trade OLB Robert Quinn to Dolphins '' . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Acquire DE Michael Bennett From Seahawks '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CB Daryl Worley Comes To Philadelphia In Exchange For WR Torrey Smith '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins Trade For Kilgore '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade DB Jason McCourty '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Raiders agree to trade Cordarrelle Patterson to Patriots '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Acquire WR Cordarrelle Patterson in a Trade with Oakland '' . Patriots.com . March 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Trade For FB Jamize Olawale , Swapping Draft Picks With Oakland '' . dallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Scott . `` What a Rush ! Bucs Land Pierre - Paul in Trade '' . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos acquire T Jared Veldheer in trade with Cardinals '' . DenverBroncos.com . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Cody Kessler traded to Jacksonville Jaguars by Browns '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Denver Broncos acquire safety Su'a Cravens from Washington Redskins '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Myles . `` Rams Acquire WR Brandin Cooks '' . therams.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` Browns complete QB overhaul , trade Kevin Hogan to Redskins '' . ESPN . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers trade WR Martavis Bryant to Raiders for third - round pick '' . 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Paskal , Eddie . `` Raiders Trade Third - Round Pick For Wide Receiver Martavis Bryant '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade Corey Coleman to Bills for draft pick '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jets trade Teddy Bridgewater to New Orleans Saints '' . Jump up ^ `` Source : Bears give Mack record deal after trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( September 17 , 2018 ) . `` Browns trade Josh Gordon to Patriots for fifth - rounder '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Antonio Cromartie announces his retirement in IG post '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Dwight Freeney Calling It A Career ; Will Retire As A Colt '' . Colts.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison on Instagram : `` I 've missed way too much for way too long ... and I 'm done . Many thanks to my family , coaches , the fans , and everyone who played a role in my ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester sets return TD mark '' . ESPN.com. 2014 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Devin Hester passes Deion Sanders for return TD mark '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Sam ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) . `` For Devin Hester , it 's been a career of many happy returns '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Return - man Devin Hester retires after 11 seasons '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Cimini , Nick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Nick Mangold Announces Retirement '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Cardinals QB Carson Palmer retires after 15 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Palmer Retirement Letter '' . AZCardinals.com . January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Pro Bowl cornerback Darrelle Revis announces retirement '' . July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Thomas walking away , heading to the Hall of Fame '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Inside Kirk Cousins ' Fast Free Agency : Parental Jerseys , Silent Auctions and a Match Made in Minnesota '' . Monday Morning Quarterback . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Archer , Todd . `` Cowboys TE Jason Witten retires , joins Monday Night Football as analyst '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy . `` Martellus Bennett retiring from NFL after 10 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Joe Berger announces retirement after 13 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Former Eagles TE Brent Celek retiring after 11 seasons '' . Jump up ^ `` Victor Cruz retires from NFL , joining ESPN as analyst '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bills CB Vontae Davis Retires After Leaving at Halftime vs. Chargers '' . Sports Illustrated.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2018/08/26/eric-decker-retires/ Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Matt Forte announces retirement after 10 NFL seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Former Jets LB David Harris retiring after 11 seasons '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Gabe Ikard on Twitter '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Jackson working on one - day contract to retire with Bills '' . WKBW - TV . April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Vincent Jackson ' very happily retired ' from NFL '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chip Kelly adds to his UCLA staff with four hires '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` QB Luke McCown announces retirement '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` By Adding Kellen Moore , Cowboys Eager To Keep Continuity Around Dak '' . Dallas Cowboys . 2018 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Jaguars LB Paul Posluszny announces retirement '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Asberry , Derrek . `` Former Gamecock QB Connor Shawjoins Furman coaching staff '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Devon Still Announces Retirement from NFL at Age 28 '' . BleacherReport.com . December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niners ' Cedric Thornton retires ; team signs Chris Jones '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Williams , Aaron ( January 31 , 2018 ) . To Buffalo . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eric Wood 's statement on his career - ending injury . The Buffalo News . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Woodhead announces retirement after 10 years '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas , AT&T Stadium chosen as site of 2018 NFL draft '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seifert , Kevin ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Should NFL worry about referee turnover ? Here 's why there 's concern '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL referees Ed Hochuli , Jeff Triplette retiring '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAulay retires , Shawn Smith promoted to referee '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAulay retires ; third official to step away from NFL this offseason '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` NFL announces Clay Martin 's promotion to referee '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Filipe , Cameron ; Austro , Ben ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` '' Staff changes highlight chaotic officiating offseason `` '' . Football Zebras . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Austro , Ben ; Schultz , Mark ( October 25 , 2018 ) . `` '' NFL fires down judge Hugo Cruz `` '' . Football Zebras . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Owners approve new catch rule by 32 - 0 vote '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Austro , Ben ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Required extra-point attempts in walk - off situations '' . Quirky Research . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pokorny , Chris ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` List of NFL Bylaw / Resolution Changes for the 2018 Season '' . Dawgs By Nature . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` NFL kickoffs will be undergoing these major rule changes for 2018 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's 500th TD is the first Patriots TD for Josh Gordon '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 5 October 2018 . Retrieved 5 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Sets NFL Record By Throwing Touchdown To 71st Different Receiver , Josh Gordon '' . CBS Sports . 5 October 2018 . Retrieved 5 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Katzenstein , Josh ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Drew Brees has now beaten all 32 NFL teams '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Vinatieri becomes NFL all - time leading scorer '' . 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week - Week 1 '' . Nflcommunications.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Week - Week 2 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week - Week 3 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week - Week 4 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Month - September '' . NFL.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam . `` Drew Brees , Isaiah Crowell among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 11 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. `` Albert Wilson , Todd Gurley among Players of Week '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 17 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Week - Week 7 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved 24 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FedEx Players Air and Ground '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi Rookie of the WEEK '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Rookies of the Month - September '' . Nflcommunications.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Bruce Arians retires after five seasons with Cardinals '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Arizona Cardinals hire Steve Wilks as head coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Chicago Bears fire coach John Fox after 5 - 11 season '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Matt Nagy named head coach of Chicago Bears '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michael . `` Lions fire head coach Jim Caldwell after 4 seasons '' . espn.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michaelo . `` Lions officially name Matt Patricia as head coach '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts fire Chuck Pagano after 4 - 12 year '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Reiss and Mike Wells ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` How Josh McDaniels went from Patriots to Colts and back again '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin . `` Indianapolis Colts hire Frank Reich to be next coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . 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when does the regular season start for the nfl 2018

2018 National Football League season Regular season Duration September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) -- December 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 30 ) Playoffs Start date January 5 , 2019 Super Bowl LIII Date February 3 , 2019 Site Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia Pro Bowl Date January 27 , 2019 Site Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida ← 2017 NFL seasons

Yangtze - wikipedia Yangtze Jump to : navigation , search `` Yangzi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yangzi ( disambiguation ) . `` Changjiang '' redirects here . For other uses , see Changjiang ( disambiguation ) . Yangtze ( 长江 Cháng jiāng ) Dusk on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River ( Three Gorges ) Country China Tributaries - left Yalong , Min , Tuo , Jialing , Han - right Wu , Yuan , Zi , Xiang , Gan , Huangpu Cities Yibin , Luzhou , Chongqing , Wanzhou , Yichang , Jingzhou , Yueyang , Wuhan , Jiujiang , Anqing , Tongling , Wuhu , Nanjing , Zhenjiang , Nantong , Shanghai Source Jari Hill - location Tanggula Mountains , Qinghai , China - elevation 5,170 m ( 16,962 ft ) - coordinates 32 ° 36 ′ 14 '' N 94 ° 30 ′ 44 '' E  /  32.60389 ° N 94.51222 ° E  / 32.60389 ; 94.51222 Mouth East China Sea - location Shanghai , and Jiangsu - coordinates 31 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 59 '' E  /  31.39361 ° N 121.98306 ° E  / 31.39361 ; 121.98306 Coordinates : 31 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 59 '' E  /  31.39361 ° N 121.98306 ° E  / 31.39361 ; 121.98306 Length 6,300 km ( 3,915 mi ) Basin 1,808,500 km ( 698,266 sq mi ) Discharge - average 30,166 m / s ( 1,065,302 cu ft / s ) - max 110,000 m / s ( 3,884,613 cu ft / s ) - min 2,000 m / s ( 70,629 cu ft / s ) The course of the Yangtze River through China Chang Jiang `` Yangtze River ( Cháng jiāng ) '' in Simplified ( top ) and Traditional ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Simplified Chinese 长江 Traditional Chinese 長江 Literal meaning `` The Long River '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cháng Jiāng Gwoyeu Romatzyh Charng Jiang Wade -- Giles Ch'ang Chiang IPA ( ʈʂhǎŋ tɕjáŋ ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Zan Kaon Xiang IPA dɒŋ kiɒŋ Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Chèuhng Gōng IPA ( tshœ̏ːŋ kɔ́ːŋ ) Jyutping Coeng Gong Southern Min Tâi - lô Tiông Kang Middle Chinese Middle Chinese ɖjang kæwng Old Chinese Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * Cə - ( N ) - traŋ kʕroŋ Yangtze River Simplified Chinese 扬子江 Traditional Chinese 揚子江 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yángzǐ Jiāng Wade -- Giles Yang - tzu Chiang IPA ( jɑ̌ŋtsɨ̀ tɕjɑ́ŋ ) Wu Romanization Yang Tse Kaon Xiang IPA jɒŋ tsɯ kiɒŋ Yue : Cantonese Jyutping Joeng - zi Gong Tibetan name Tibetan འབྲི ་ ཆུ ་ ( show ) Transcriptions Wylie ' Bri Chu THL Dri Chu Golden Island , on The Yang - Tse River , China ( LMS , 1869 , p. 64 ) The Yangtze ( English : / ˈjæŋtsi / or / ˈjɑːŋtsi / ) , which is 6380 km long , is the longest river in Asia and the third - longest in the world . The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country . It drains one - fifth of the land area of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and its river basin is home to one - third of the country 's population . The Yangtze is the sixth - largest river by discharge volume in the world . The English name Yangtze derives from the Chinese name `` Yángzǐ Jiāng '' ( listen ) , which actually is the lowest 435 km part between Nanjing and Shanghai . The whole river is known in China as Cháng Jiāng ( listen ; literally : `` Long River '' ) . The Yangtze plays a large role in the history , culture and economy of China . The prosperous Yangtze River Delta generates as much as 20 % of the PRC 's GDP . The Yangtze River flows through a wide array of ecosystems and is habitat to several endemic and endangered species including the Chinese alligator , the finless porpoise , the Chinese paddlefish , the ( possibly extinct ) Yangtze River dolphin or baiji , and the Yangtze sturgeon . For thousands of years , the river has been used for water , irrigation , sanitation , transportation , industry , boundary - marking and war . The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River is the largest hydro - electric power station in the world . In recent years , the river has suffered from industrial pollution , agricultural run - off , siltation , and loss of wetland and lakes , which exacerbates seasonal flooding . Some sections of the river are now protected as nature reserves . A stretch of the upstream Yangtze flowing through deep gorges in western Yunnan is part of the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In mid-2014 the Chinese government announced it was building a multi-tier transport network , comprising railways , roads and airports , to create a new economic belt alongside the river . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 1.1 Chinese 1.1. 1 Chang Jiang -- `` Long River '' 1.1. 2 Jinsha Jiang -- `` Gold Sands River '' 1.1. 3 Tongtian River 1.1. 4 Tuotuo River 1.2 English 1.3 Tibetan 2 Geography 2.1 Image gallery 3 Characteristics 4 History 4.1 Geologic history 4.2 Early history 4.3 Age of steam 4.4 U.S. and French conflicts 4.5 Navigation on the upper river 4.6 Navy ships 5 Hydrology 5.1 Periodic floods 5.2 Degradation of the river 5.3 Contribution to ocean pollution 5.4 Reconnecting lakes 6 Major cities along the river 7 Crossings 8 Dams 9 Tributaries 10 Protected areas 11 Wildlife 11.1 Fish 11.2 Other animals 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Names ( edit ) Chinese ( edit ) Because the source of the Yangtze was not ascertained until modern times , the Chinese have given different names to lower and upstream sections of the river . `` Yangtze '' was actually the name of Chang Jiang for the lower part from Nanjing to the river mouth at Shanghai . However , due to the fact that Christian missionaries carried out their activities mainly in this area and were familiar with the name of this part of Chang Jiang , `` Yangtze river '' was used to refer to the whole Chang Jiang in the English language . In modern Chinese , Yangtze is still used to refer to the lower part of Chang Jiang from Nanjing to the river mouth . Yangtze never stands for the whole Chang Jiang . Chang Jiang -- `` long River '' ( edit ) Chang Jiang ( 长江 / 長江 ) is the modern Chinese name for the lower 2,884 km ( 1,792 mi ) of the Yangtze from its confluence with the Min River at Yibin in Sichuan Province to the river mouth at Shanghai . Chang Jiang literally means the `` Long River . '' In Old Chinese , this stretch of the Yangtze was simply called Jiang / Kiang 江 , a character of phono - semantic compound origin , combining the water radical 氵 with the homophone 工 ( now pronounced gōng , but * kʕoŋ in Old Chinese ) . Krong was probably a word in the Austroasiatic language of local peoples such as the Yue . Similar to * krong in Proto - Vietnamese and krung in Mon , all meaning `` river '' , it is related to modern Vietnamese sông ( river ) and Khmer kôngkea ( water ) . By the Han Dynasty , Jiang had come to mean any river in Chinese , and this river was distinguished as the `` Great River '' 大江 ( Dàjiāng ) . The epithet 長 ( of which the modern , simplified version 长 ) , means `` long '' , was first formally applied to the river during the Six Dynasties period . Various sections of Chang Jiang have local names . From Yibin to Yichang , the river through Sichuan and Chongqing Municipality is also known as the Chuan Jiang ( 川江 , p Chuānjiāng ) or `` Sichuan River . '' In the Hubei Province , the river is also called the Jing Jiang ( 荆江 , p Jīngjiāng ) or the `` Jing River '' after Jingzhou . In Anhui Province , the river takes on the local name Wan Jiang after the shorthand name for Anhui , wan ( 皖 ) . And Yangzi Jiang t 揚子江 s 扬子江 , p Yángzǐjiāng ) or the `` Yangzi River '' , from which the English name Yangtze is derived , is the local name for the Lower Yangtze in the region of Yangzhou . The name likely comes from an ancient ferry crossing called Yangzi or Yangzijin ( 揚子 or 揚子 津 , p Yángzǐ or Yángzǐjīn ) . Europeans who arrived in the Yangtze Delta region applied this local name to the Å river . The dividing sites of upstream , midstream and downstream are considered to be Yichang and Hukou ( Jiujiang ) respectively . Jinsha Jiang -- `` gold sands River '' ( edit ) The Jinsha River ( 金沙 江 , lit . `` Gold Dust '' or `` Golden - Sanded River '' ) is the name for 2,308 km ( 1,434 mi ) of the Yangtze from Yibin upstream to the confluence with the Batang River near Yushu in Qinghai Province . From antiquity until the Ming Dynasty , this stretch of the river was believed to be a tributary of the Yangtze while the Min River was thought to be the main course of the river above Yibin . In the Tribute to Yu , written in the fifth century BCE , this section is called the Hei Shui 黑 水 or the `` Black Water . '' The name `` Jinsha '' originates in the Song dynasty when the river attracted large numbers of gold prospectors . Gold prospecting along the Jinsha continued to this day . Prior to the Song dynasty , other names were used including , for example Lújiāng ( 瀘 江 ) from the Three Kingdoms period . Tongtian River ( edit ) The Tongtian River ( 通 天河 , lit . `` River Passing Through Heaven '' ) describes the 813 km ( 505 mi ) section from Yushu up to the confluence with the Dangqu River . The name comes from a fabled river in the Journey to the West . In antiquity , it was called the Yak River . In Mongolian , this section is known as the Murui - ussu ( lit . `` Winding Stream '' ) . and sometimes confused with the nearby Baishui . Tuotuo River ( edit ) The Tuotuo River ( 沱 沱 河 , p Tuótuó Hé , lit . `` Tearful River '' is the official headstream of the Yangtze , and flows 358 km ( 222 mi ) from the glaciers of the Gelaindong Massif in the Tanggula Mountains of southwestern Qinghai to the confluence with the Dangqu River to form the Tongtian River . ) In Mongolian , this section of the river known as the Ulaan Mörön or the `` Red River '' . The Tuotuo one of three main headstreams of the Yangtze . The Dangqu River ( 当 曲 , p Dāngqū ) is the actual geographic headwater of the Yangtze . The name is derived the Classical Tibetan for `` Marsh River '' ( འདམ ་ ཆུ , w ' Dam Chu ) . The Chumar River ( 楚 玛 尔 河 ) is the Chinese name for the northern headwater of the Yangtze , which flows from the Hoh Xil Mountains in Qinghai into the Tongtian . Chumar is Tibetan for the `` Red River . '' English ( edit ) The river was called Quian ( 江 ) and Quiansui ( 江水 ) by Marco Polo and appeared on the earliest English maps as Kian or Kiam , all recording dialects which preserved forms of the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 江 as Kæwng . By the mid-19th century , these romanizations had standardized as Kiang ; Dajiang , e.g. , was rendered as `` Ta - Kiang '' . `` Keeang - Koo '' , `` Kyang Kew '' , `` Kian - ku '' , and related names derived from mistaking the Chinese term for the mouth of the Yangtze ( 江口 , p Jiāngkǒu ) as the name of the river itself . A map of China depicting the Yellow River 's southerly path following its stabilization by the Grand Eunuch Li Xing 's public works after the 1494 flood . The name Blue River began to be applied in the 18th century , apparently owing to a former name of the Dam Chu or Min and to analogy with the Yellow River , but it was frequently explained in early English references as a ' translation ' of Jiang , Jiangkou , or Yangzijiang . Very common in 18th - and 19th - century sources , the name fell out of favor due to growing awareness of its lack of any connection to the river 's Chinese names and to the irony of its application to such a muddy waterway . The 1615 Latin account of the Jesuit missions to China included descriptions of the `` Iansu '' and `` Iansuchian '' . The posthumous account 's translation of the name as `` Son of the Ocean '' shows that Ricci , who by the end of his life was fluent in literary Chinese , was introduced to it as the homophonic 洋子 江 rather than the ' proper ' 揚子江 . Further , although railroads and the Shanghai concessions subsequently turned it into a backwater , Yangzhou was the lower river 's principal port for much of the Qing Dynasty , directing Liangjiang 's important salt monopoly and connecting the Yangtze with the Grand Canal to Beijing . ( That connection also made it one of the Yellow River 's principal ports between the floods of 1344 and the 1850s , during which time the Yellow River ran well south of Shandong and discharged into the ocean only a few hundred kilometres away from the mouth of the Yangtze . ) By 1800 , English cartographers such as Aaron Arrowsmith had adopted the French style of the name as Yang - tse or Yang - tse Kiang . The British diplomat Thomas Wade emended this to Yang - tzu Chiang as part of his formerly popular romanization of Chinese , based on the Beijing dialect instead of Nanjing 's and first published in 1867 . The spellings Yangtze and Yangtze Kiang was a compromise between the two methods adopted at the 1906 Imperial Postal Conference in Shanghai , which established postal romanization . Hanyu Pinyin was adopted by the PRC 's First Congress in 1958 , but it was not widely employed in English outside mainland China prior to the normalization of diplomatic relations between the United States and the PRC in 1979 ; since that time , the spelling Yangzi has also been used . Tibetan ( edit ) The source and upper reaches of the Yangtze are located in ethnic Tibetan areas of Qinghai . In Tibetan , the Tuotuo headwaters are the Machu ( རྨ ་ ཆུ ་ , w rMa - chu , literally `` Red River '' or ( perhaps `` Wound - ( like Red ) River ? '' ) ) . The Tongtian is the Drichu ( འབྲི ་ ཆུ ་ , w ' Bri Chu , literally `` River of the Female Yak '' ; transliterated into Chinese as 直 曲 , p Zhíqū ) . Geography ( edit ) Yangtze watershed Cruise on the Yangtze River before sunset The river originates from several tributaries in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau , two of which are commonly referred to as the `` source '' . Traditionally , the Chinese government has recognized the source as the Tuotuo tributary at the base of a glacier lying on the west of Geladandong Mountain in the Tanggula Mountains . This source is found at 33 ° 25 ′ 44 '' N 91 ° 10 ′ 57 '' E  /  33.42889 ° N 91.18250 ° E  / 33.42889 ; 91.18250 and while not the furthest source of the Yangtze , it is the highest source at 5,342 m ( 17,526 ft ) above sea level . The true source of the Yangtze , hydrologically the longest river distance from the sea , is at Jari Hill at the head of the Dam Qu tributary , approximately 325 km ( 202 mi ) southeast of Geladandong . This source was only discovered in the late 20th century and lies in wetlands at 32 ° 36 ′ 14 '' N 94 ° 30 ′ 44 '' E  /  32.60389 ° N 94.51222 ° E  / 32.60389 ; 94.51222 and 5,170 m ( 16,960 ft ) above sea level just southeast of Chadan Township in Zadoi County , Yushu Prefecture , Qinghai . As the historical spiritual source of the Yangtze , the Geladandong source is still commonly referred to as the source of the Yangtze since the discovery of the Jari Hill source . These tributaries join and the river then runs eastward through Qinghai ( Tsinghai ) , turning southward down a deep valley at the border of Sichuan ( Szechwan ) and Tibet to reach Yunnan . In the course of this valley , the river 's elevation drops from above 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) to less than 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The headwaters of the Yangtze are situated at an elevation of about 4,900 m ( 16,100 ft ) . In its descent to sea level , the river falls to an altitude of 305 m ( 1,001 ft ) at Yibin , Sichuan , the head of navigation for riverboats , and to 192 m ( 630 ft ) at Chongqing ( Chungking ) . Between Chongqing and Yichang ( I - ch'ang ) , at an altitude of 40 m ( 130 ft ) and a distance of about 320 km ( 200 mi ) , it passes through the spectacular Yangtze Gorges , which are noted for their natural beauty but are dangerous to shipping . It enters the basin of Sichuan at Yibin . While in the Sichuan basin , it receives several mighty tributaries , increasing its water volume significantly . It then cuts through Mount Wushan bordering Chongqing and Hubei to create the famous Three Gorges . Eastward of the Three Gorges , Yichang is the first city on the Yangtze Plain . After entering Hubei , the Yangtze receives water from a number of lakes . The largest of these lakes is Dongting Lake , which is located on the border of Hunan and Hubei provinces , and is the outlet for most of the rivers in Hunan . At Wuhan , it receives its biggest tributary , the Han River , bringing water from its northern basin as far as Shaanxi . At the northern tip of Jiangxi , Lake Poyang , the biggest freshwater lake in China , merges into the river . The river then runs through Anhui and Jiangsu provinces , receiving more water from innumerable smaller lakes and rivers , and finally reaches the East China Sea at Shanghai . Four of China 's five main freshwater lakes contribute their waters to the Yangtze River . Traditionally , the upstream part of the Yangtze River refers to the section from Yibin to Yichang ; the middle part refers to the section from Yichang to Hukou County , where Lake Poyang meets the river ; the downstream part is from Hukou to Shanghai . The origin of the Yangtze River has been dated by some geologists to about 45 million years ago in the Eocene , but this dating has been disputed. . Image gallery ( edit ) The glaciers of the Tanggula Mountains , the traditional source of the Yangtze River The Tuotuo River , a headwater stream of the Yangtze River , known in Tibetan as Maqu , or the `` Red River '' The first turn of the Yangtze at Shigu ( 石 鼓 ) in Yunnan Province , where the river turns 180 degrees from south - to north - bound The Jinsha River in Yunnan The Tiger Leaping Gorge near Lijiang downstream from Shigu Qutang Gorge , one of the Three Gorges Wu Gorge , one of the Three Gorges Xiling Gorge , one of the Three Gorges Characteristics ( edit ) The Yangtze flows into the East China Sea and was navigable by ocean - going vessels up 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from its mouth even before the Three Gorges Dam was built . As of June 2003 , this dam spans the river , flooding Fengjie , the first of a number of towns affected by the massive flood control and power generation project . This is the largest comprehensive irrigation project in the world and has a significant impact on China 's agriculture . Its proponents argue that it will free people living along the river from floods that have repeatedly threatened them in the past and will offer them electricity and water transport -- though at the expense of permanently flooding many existing towns ( including numerous ancient cultural relics ) and causing large - scale changes in the local ecology . Opponents of the dam point out that there are three different kinds of floods on the Yangtze River : floods which originate in the upper reaches , floods which originate in the lower reaches , and floods along the entire length of the river . They argue that the Three Gorges dam will actually make flooding in the upper reaches worse and have little or no impact on floods which originate in the lower reaches . Twelve hundred years of low water marks on the river were recorded in the inscriptions and the carvings of carp at Baiheliang , now submerged . The Yangtze is flanked with metallurgical , power , chemical , auto , building materials and machinery industrial belts and high - tech development zones . It is playing an increasingly crucial role in the river valley 's economic growth and has become a vital link for international shipping to the inland provinces . The river is a major transportation artery for China , connecting the interior with the coast . The river is one of the world 's busiest waterways . Traffic includes commercial traffic transporting bulk goods such as coal as well as manufactured goods and passengers . Cargo transportation reached 795 million tons in 2005 . River cruises several days long , especially through the beautiful and scenic Three Gorges area , are becoming popular as the tourism industry grows in China . Flooding along the river has been a major problem . The rainy season in China is May and June in areas south of Yangtze River , and July and August in areas north of it . The huge river system receives water from both southern and northern flanks , which causes its flood season to extend from May to August . Meanwhile , the relatively dense population and rich cities along the river make the floods more deadly and costly . The most recent major floods were the 1998 Yangtze River Floods , but more disastrous were the 1954 Yangtze River Floods , killing around 30,000 people . History ( edit ) See also : The Sand Pebbles ( film ) , USS Asheville ( PG - 21 ) , and Yangtze Patrol Geologic History ( edit ) Although the mouth of the Yellow River has fluctuated widely north and south of the Shandong peninsula within the historical record , the Yangtze has remained largely static . Based on studies of sedimentation rates , however , it is unlikely that the present discharge site predates the late Miocene ( c. 11 Ma ) . Prior to this , its headwaters drained south into the Gulf of Tonkin along or near the course of the present Red River . Afternoon light on the jagged grey mountains rising from the Yangtze River gorge Early History ( edit ) Further information : Baiyue , state of Wu , state of Yue , state of Chu , and Southward expansion of the Han Dynasty The Yangtze River is important to the cultural origins of southern China and Japan . Human activity has been verified in the Three Gorges area as far back as 27,000 years ago , and by the 5th millennium BC , the lower Yangtze was a major population center occupied by the Hemudu and Majiabang cultures , both among the earliest cultivators of rice . By the 3rd millennium BC , the successor Liangzhu culture showed evidence of influence from the Longshan peoples of the North China Plain . A study of Liangzhu remains found a high prevalence of haplogroup O 1 , linking it to Austronesian and Daic populations ; the same study found the rare haplogroup O 3d at a Daxi site on the central Yangtze , indicates possible connection with the Hmong , although `` only small traces '' of haplogroup O3d remains in Hmong today . What is now thought of as Chinese culture developed along the more fertile Yellow River basin ; the `` Yue '' people of the lower Yangtze possessed very different traditions -- blackening their teeth , cutting their hair short , tattooing their bodies , and living in small settlements among bamboo groves -- and were considered barbarous by the northerners . The Central Yangtze valley was home to sophisticated Neolithic Cultures . Later on it was the earliest part of the Yangtze valley to be integrated into the North Chinese cultural sphere . North Chinese people were active there from the Bronze Age . A map of the Warring States around 350 BC , showing the former coastline of the Yangtze delta . In the lower Yangtze , two Yue tribes , the Gouwu in southern Jiangsu and the Yuyue in northern Zhejiang , display increasing Zhou ( i.e. , North Chinese ) influence from the 9th century BC . Traditional accounts credit these changes to northern refugees ( Taibo and Zhongyong in Wu and Wuyi in Yue ) who assumed power over the local tribes , though these are generally assumed to be myths invented to legitimate them to other Zhou rulers . As the kingdoms of Wu and Yue , they were famed as fishers , shipwrights , and sword - smiths . Adopting Chinese characters , political institutions , and military technology , they were among the most powerful states during the later Zhou . In the middle Yangtze , the state of Jing seems to have begun in the upper Han River valley a minor Zhou polity , but it adapted to native culture as it expanded south and east into the Yangtze valley . In the process , it changed its name to Chu . Whether native or nativizing , the Yangtze states held their own against the northern Chinese homeland : some lists credit them with three of the Spring and Autumn period 's Five Hegemons and one of the Warring States ' Four Lords . They fell in against themselves , however . Chu 's growing power led its rival Jin to support Wu as a counter . Wu successfully sacked Chu 's capital Ying in 506 BC , but Chu subsequently supported Yue in its attacks against Wu 's southern flank . In 473 BC , King Goujian of Yue fully annexed Wu and moved his court to its eponymous capital at modern Suzhou . In 333 BC , Chu finally united the lower Yangtze by annexing Yue , whose royal family was said to have fled south and established the Minyue kingdom in Fujian . Qin was able to unite China by first subduing Ba and Shu on the upper Yangtze in modern Sichuan , giving them a strong base to attack Chu 's settlements along the river . The state of Qin conquered the central Yangtze region , previous heartland of Chu , in 278 BC , and incorporated the region into its expanding empire . Qin then used its connections along the Yangtze River the Xiang River to expand China into Hunan , Jiangxi and Guangdong , setting up military commanderies along the main lines of communication . At the collapse of the Qin Dynasty , these southern commanderies became the independent Nanyue Empire under Zhao Tuo while Chu and Han vied with each other for control of the north . From the Han Dynasty , the region of the Yangtze River became more and more important to China 's economy . The establishment of irrigation systems ( the most famous one is Dujiangyan , northwest of Chengdu , built during the Warring States period ) made agriculture very stable and productive . The Qin and Han empires were actively engaged in the agricultural colonization of the Yangtze lowlands , maintaining a system of dikes to protect farmland from seasonal floods . By the Song dynasty , the area along the Yangtze had become among the wealthiest and most developed parts of the country , especially in the lower reaches of the river . Early in the Qing dynasty , the region called Jiangnan ( that includes the southern part of Jiangsu , the northern part of Zhejiang , and the southeastern part of Anhui ) provided 1⁄3 -- 1⁄2 of the nation 's revenues . The Yangtze has long been the backbone of China 's inland water transportation system , which remained particularly important for almost two thousand years , until the construction of the national railway network during the 20th century . The Grand Canal connects the lower Yangtze with the major cities of the Jiangnan region south of the river ( Wuxi , Suzhou , Hangzhou ) and with northern China ( all the way from Yangzhou to Beijing ) . The less well known ancient Lingqu Canal , connecting the upper Xiang River with the headwaters of the Guijiang , allowed a direct water connection from the Yangtze Basin to the Pearl River Delta . Historically , the Yangtze became the political boundary between north China and south China several times ( see History of China ) because of the difficulty of crossing the river . This occurred notably during the Southern and Northern Dynasties , and the Southern Song . Many battles took place along the river , the most famous being the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD during the Three Kingdoms period . The Yangtze was the site of naval battles between the Song dynasty and Jurchen Jin during the Jin -- Song wars . In the Battle of Caishi of 1161 , the ships of the Jin emperor Wanyan Liang clashed with the Song fleet on the Yangtze . Song soldiers fired bombs of lime and sulphur using trebuchets at the Jurchen warships . The battle was a Song victory that halted the invasion by the Jin . The Battle of Tangdao was another Yangtze naval battle from the same year . Politically , Nanjing was the capital of China several times , although most of the time its territory only covered the southeastern part of China , such as the Wu kingdom in the Three Kingdoms period , the Eastern Jin Dynasty , and during the Southern and Northern Dynasties and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periods . Only the Ming occupied most parts of China from their capital at Nanjing , though it later moved the capital to Beijing . The ROC capital was located in Nanjing in the periods 1911 -- 12 , 1927 -- 37 , and 1945 -- 49 . Ten Thousand Miles of the Yangtze River , a Ming Dynasty landscape painting . Age of Steam ( edit ) Main articles : Steamboats on the Yangtze River and China Station The first merchant steamer in China , the Jardine , was built to order for the firm of Jardine Matheson in 1835 . She was a small vessel intended for use as a mail and passenger carrier between Lintin Island , Macao and Whampoa . However , after several trips , the Chinese authorities , for reasons best known to themselves , prohibited her entrance into the river . Lord Palmerston , the British Foreign Secretary who personified gunboat diplomacy , decided to wage war on China mainly on the `` suggestions '' of Jardine Matheson . In mid-1840 , a large fleet of warships appeared on the China coast , and with the first cannon fire aimed at a British ship , the Royal Saxon , the British started the First Opium War . The Imperial Government , forced to surrender , gave in to the demands of the British . British military was vastly superior during the conflict . British warships , constructed using such innovations as steam power combined with sail and the use of iron in shipbuilding , wreaked havoc on coastal towns ; such ships ( like the Nemesis ) were not only virtually indestructible using contemporary available weapons , but also highly mobile and able to support a gun platform with very heavy guns . In addition , the British troops were armed with modern rifled muskets and cannons , unlike the Qing forces . After the British took Canton , they sailed up the Yangtze and took the tax barges , a devastating blow to the Empire as it slashed the revenue of the imperial court in Beijing to just a small fraction of what it had been . In 1842 , the Qing authorities sued for peace , which concluded with the Treaty of Nanjing signed on a gunboat in the river , negotiated in August of that year and ratified in 1843 . In the treaty , China was forced to pay an indemnity to Britain , open five ports to Britain , and cede Hong Kong to Queen Victoria . In the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue , the Qing empire also recognized Britain as an equal to China and gave British subjects extraterritorial privileges in treaty ports . Play media Yangtze River steam boats filmed in 1937 U.S. and French conflicts ( edit ) The US , at the same time , wanting to protect its interests and expand trade , ventured the USS Wachusett six - hundred miles up the river to Hankow sometime in the 1860s , while the USS Ashuelot , a sidewheeler , made her way up the river to Yichang in 1874 . The first USS Monocacy , a sidewheel gunboat , began charting the Yangtze River in 1871 . The first USS Palos , an armed tug , was on Asiatic Station into 1891 , cruising the Chinese and Japanese coasts , visiting the open treaty ports and making occasional voyages up the Yangtze River . From June to September 1891 , anti-foreign riots up the Yangtze forced the warship to make an extended voyage as far as Hankow , 600 miles upriver . Stopping at each open treaty port , the gunboat cooperated with naval vessels of other nations and repairing damage . She then operated along the north and central China coast and on the lower Yangtze until June 1892 . The cessation of bloodshed with the Taiping Rebellion , Europeans put more steamers on the river . The French engaged the Chinese in war over the rule of Vietnam . The Sino - French Wars of the 1880s emerged with the Battle of Shipu having French cruisers in the lower Yangtze . USS Luzon The China Navigation Company was an early shipping company founded in 1876 in London , initially to trade up the Yangtze River from their Shanghai base with passengers and cargo . Chinese coastal trade started shortly after and in 1883 a regular service to Australia was initiated . Most of the company 's ships were seized by Japan in 1941 and services did not resume until 1946 . Robert Dollar was a later shipping magnate , who became enormously influential moving Californian and Canadian lumber to the Chinese and Japanese market . Yichang , or Ichang , 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) from the sea , is the head of navigation for river steamers ; oceangoing vessels may navigate the river to Hankow , a distance of almost 1,000 km ( almost 600 mi ) from the sea . For about 320 km ( 200 mi ) inland from its mouth , the river is virtually at sea level . The Chinese Government , too , had steamers . It had its own naval fleet , the Nanyang Fleet , which fell prey to the French fleet . The Chinese would rebuild its fleet , only to be ravaged by another war with Japan ( 1895 ) , Revolution ( 1911 ) and ongoing inefficiency and corruption . Chinese companies ran their own steamers , but were second tier to European operations at the time . Navigation on the upper River ( edit ) Cruise boats on Yangtze A vehicle carrier on Yangtze A container carrier on Yangtze Steamers came late to the upper river , the section stretching from Yichang to Chongqing . Freshets from Himalayan snowmelt created treacherous seasonal currents . But summer was better navigationally and the three gorges , described as an `` 150 - mile passage which is like the narrow throat of an hourglass '' , posed hazardous threats of crosscurrents , whirlpools and eddies , creating significant challenges to steamship efforts . Furthermore , Chongqing is 700 -- 800 feet above sea level , requiring powerful engines to make the upriver climb . Junk travel accomplished the upriver feat by employing 70 - 80 trackers , men hitched to hawsers who physically pulled ships upriver through some of the most risky and deadly sections of the three gorges . Achibald John Little took an interest in Upper Yangtze navigation when in 1876 , the Chefoo Convention opened Chongqing to consular residence but stipulated that foreign trade might only commence once steamships had succeeded in ascending the river to that point . Little formed the Upper Yangtze Steam Navigation Co. , Ltd. and built Kuling but his attempts to take the vessel further upriver than Yichang were thwarted by the Chinese authorities who were concerned about the potential loss of transit duties , competition to their native junk trade and physical damage to their crafts caused by steamship wakes . Kuling was sold to China Merchants Steam Navigation Company for lower river service . In 1890 , the Chinese government agreed to open Chongqing to foreign trade as long as it was restricted to native crafts . In 1895 , the Treaty of Shimonoseki provided a provision which opened Chongqing fully to foreign trade . Little took up residence in Chongqing and built Leechuan , to tackle the gorges in 1898 . In March Leechuan completed the upriver journey to Chongqing but not without the assistance of trackers . Leechuan was not designed for cargo or passengers and if Little wanted to take his vision one step further , he required an expert pilot . In 1898 , Little persuaded Captain Samuel Cornell Plant to come out to China to lend his expertise . Captain Plant had just completed navigation of Persia 's Upper Karun River and took up Little 's offer to assess the Upper Yangtze on Leechuan at the end of 1898 . With Plant 's design input , Little had SS Pioneer built with Plant in command . In June 1900 , Plant was the first to successfully pilot a merchant steamer on the Upper Yangtze from Yichang to Chongqing . Pioneer was sold to British Royal Navy after its first run due to threat from the Boxer Rebellion and renamed HMS Kinsha . Germany 's steamship effort that same year on SS Suixing ended in catastrophe . On Suixing 's maiden voyage , the vessel hit a rock and sunk , killing its captain and ending realistic hopes of regular commercial steam service on the Upper Yangtze . In 1908 , local Sichuan merchants and their government partnered with Captain Plant to form Sichuan Steam Navigation Company becoming the first successful service between Yichang and Chongqing . Captain Plant designed and commanded its two ships , SS Shutung and SS Shuhun . Other Chinese vessels came onto the run and by 1915 , foreign ships expressed their interest too . Plant was appointed by Chinese Maritime Customs Service as First Senior River Inspector in 1915 . In this role , Plant installed navigational marks and established signaling systems . He also wrote Handbook for the Guidance of Shipmasters on the Ichang - Chungking Section of the Yangtze River , a detailed and illustrated account of the Upper Yangtze 's currents , rocks , and other hazards with navigational instruction . Plant trained hundreds of Chinese and foreign pilots and issued licenses and worked with the Chinese government to make the river safer in 1917 by removing some of the most difficult obstacles and threats with explosives . In August 1917 , British Asiatic Petroleum became the first foreign merchant steamship on the Upper Yangtze . Commercial firms , Robert Dollar Company , Jardine Matheson , Butterfield and Swire and Standard Oil added their own steamers on the river between 1917 - 1919 . Between 1918 - 1919 , Sichuan warlord violence and escalating civil war put Sichuan Steam Navigational Company out of business . Shutung was commandeered by warlords and Shuhun was brought down river to Shanghai for safekeeping . In 1921 , when Captain Plant died tragically at sea while returning home to England , a Plant Memorial Fund was established to perpetuate Plant 's name and contributions to Upper Yangtze navigation . The largest shipping companies in service , Butterfield & Swire , Jardine Matheson , Standard Oil , Mackenzie & Co. , Asiatic Petroleum , Robert Dollar , China Merchants S.N. Co. and British - American Tobacco Co. , contributed alongside international friends and Chinese pilots . In 1924 , a 50 - foot granite pyramidal obelisk was erected in Xintan , on the site of Captain Plant 's home , in a Chinese community of pilots and junk owners . One face of the monument is inscribed in Chinese and another in English . Though recently relocated to higher ground ahead of the Three Gorges Dam , the monument still stands overlooking the Upper Yangtze River near Yichang , a rare collective tribute to a westerner in China . Until 1881 , the India and China coastal and river services were operated by several companies . In that year , however , these were merged into the Indo - China Steam Navigation Company Ltd , a public company under the management of Jardine 's . The Jardine company pushed inland up the Yangtsze River on which a specially designed fleet was built to meet all requirements of the river trade . For many years , this fleet gave unequalled service . Jardine 's established an enviable reputation for the efficient handling of shipping . As a result , the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company invited the firm to attend to the Agency of their Shire Line which operated in the Far East . Standard Oil ran the tankers Mei Ping , Mei An and Mei Hsia , which were all destroyed on December 12 , 1937 when Japanese warplanes bombed and sank the U.S.S. Panay . One of the Standard Oil captains who survived this attack had served on the Upper River for 14 years . Navy ships ( edit ) JN Izumo in Shanghai , 1937 ; she sank riverboats in 1941 See also : Yangtze Incident With the Treaty Ports , the European powers and Japan were allowed to sail navy ships into China 's waters . The British , Americans and French did this . A full international fleet featured on Chinese waters : Austro - Hungarian , Portuguese , Italian , Russian and German navy ships came to Shanghai and the treaty ports . The Japanese engaged in open war with the Chinese twice , and Russians twice , over conquest of the Chinese Qing Empire -- in the First and Second Sino - Japanese War 1895 , and 1905 ; and the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 . Incidentally , both the French and Japanese navies were heavily involved in running opium and narcotics to Shanghai , where it was refined into morphine . It was then transhipped by liner back to Marseille and France ( i.e. French Connection ) for processing in Germany and eventual sale in the U.S. or Europe . In 1909 the gunboat USS Samar changed station to Shanghai , where she regularly patrolled the lower Yangtze River up to Nanking and Wuhu . Following an anti-foreign riots in Changsha in April 1910 , which destroyed a number of missions and merchant warehouses , Samar sailed up the Yangtze River to Hankow and then Changsa to show the flag and help restore order . The gunboat was also administratively assigned to the Asiatic Fleet that year , which had been reestablished by the Navy to better protect , in the words of the Bureau of Navigation , `` American interests in the Orient . '' After returning to Shanghai in August , she sailed up river again the following summer , passing Wuhu in June but then running aground off Kichau on July 1 , 1911 . After staying stuck in the mud for two weeks , Samar broke free and sailed back down river to coal ship . Returning upriver , the gunboat reached Hankow in August and Ichang in September where she wintered over owing to both the dry season and the outbreak of rebellion at Wuchang in October 1911 . Tensions eased and the gunboat turned downriver in July 1912 , arriving at Shanghai in October . Samar patrolled the lower Yangtze after fighting broke out in the summer 1913 , a precursor to a decade of conflict between provincial warlords in China . In 1919 , she was placed on the disposal list at Shanghai following a collision with a Yangtze River steamer that damaged her bow . The Spanish boats were replaced in the 1920s by USS Luzon and USS Mindanao were the largest , USS Oahu and USS Panay next in size , and USS Guam and USS Tutuila the smallest . China in the first fifty years of the 20th century , was in low - grade chaos . Warlords , revolutions , natural disasters , civil war and invasions contributed . Yangtze boats were involved in the Nanking Incident in 1927 when the Communists and Nationalists broke into open war . The Chiang Kai - shek 's massacre of the Communists in Shanghai in 1927 furthered the unrest , U.S. Marines with tanks were landed . River steamers were popular targets for both Nationalists and Communists , and peasants who would take periodic pot - shots at vessels . During the course of service the second USS Palos protected American interests in China down the entire length of the Yangtze , at times convoying U.S. and foreign vessels on the river , evacuating American citizens during periods of disturbance and in general giving credible presence to U.S. consulates and residences in various Chinese cities . In the period of great unrest in central China in the 1920s , Palos was especially busy patrolling the upper Yangtze against bands of warlord soldiers and outlaws . The warship engaged in continuous patrol operations between Ichang and Chungking throughout 1923 , supplying armed guards to merchant ships , and protecting Americans at Chungking while that city was under siege by a warlord army . The British Royal Navy had a series of Insect class gunboats which patrolled between Chungking and Shanghai . Cruisers and destroyers and Fly class vessels also patrolled . The most infamous incident was when Panay and HMS Bee in 1937 , were dive - bombed by Japanese aeroplanes during the notorious Nanking Massacre . The Westerners were forced to leave the Yangtze River with the Japanese takeover in 1941 . The former steamers were either sabotaged or pressed into Japanese or Chinese service . Probably the most curious incident involved HMS Amethyst in 1949 during the Chinese Civil War between Kuomintang and People 's Liberation Army forces ; and led to the award of the Dickin Medal to the ship 's cat Simon . Hydrology ( edit ) Periodic floods ( edit ) Tens of millions of people live in the floodplain of the Yangtze valley , an area that naturally floods every summer and is habitable only because it is protected by river dikes . The floods large enough to overflow the dikes have caused great distress to those who live and farm there . Floods of note include 1931 , 1935 , 1954 , 1998 . See also : 1931 China floods The 1931 Central China floods or the Central China floods of 1931 were a series of floods that occurred in the Republic of China . The floods are generally considered among the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded , and almost certainly the deadliest of the 20th century ( when pandemics and famines are discounted ) . Estimates of the total death toll range from 145,000 to between 3.7 million and 4 million . The Yangtze again flooded in 1935 , causing great loss of life . See also : 1954 Yangtze River Floods From June to September 1954 , the Yangtze River Floods were a series of catastrophic floodings that occurred mostly in Hubei Province . Due to unusually high volume of precipitation as well as an extraordinarily long rainy season in the middle stretch of the Yangtze River late in the spring of 1954 , the river started to rise above its usual level in around late June . Despite efforts to open three important flood gates to alleviate the rising water by diverting it , the flood level continued to rise until it hit the historic high of 44.67 m in Jingzhou , Hubei and 29.73 m in Wuhan . The number of dead from this flood was estimated at around 33,000 , including those who died of plague in the aftermath of the disaster . See also : 1998 Yangtze River floods The 1998 Yangtze River floods ( 1998 年 中国 洪水 ) was a major flood that lasted from middle of June to the beginning of September 1998 in the People 's Republic of China at the Yangtze River . The event was considered the worst Northern China flood in 40 years . In the summer of 1998 , China experienced massive flooding of parts of the Yangtze River , resulting in 3,704 dead , 15 million homeless and $26 billion in economic loss . Other sources report a total loss of 4150 people , and 180 million people were affected . A staggering 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) were evacuated , 13.3 million houses were damaged or destroyed . The floods caused $26 billion in damages . See also : 2016 China floods Degradation of the River ( edit ) See also : Water resources in China § Water quality Barges on the river . Beginning in the 1950s dams and thousands of kilometres of dikes were built for flood control , land reclamation , irrigation and for the control of diseases vectors such as blood flukes that caused Schistosomiasis . More than a hundred lakes were thus cut off from the main river . There were gates between the lakes that could be opened during floods . However , farmers and settlements encroached on the land next to the lakes although it was forbidden to settle there . When floods came , it proved impossible to open the gates since it would have caused substantial destruction . Thus the lakes partially or completely dried up . For example , Baidang Lake shrunk from 100 square kilometers ( 39 sq mi ) in the 1950s to 40 square kilometers ( 15 sq mi ) in 2005 . Zhangdu Lake dwindled to one quarter of its original size . Natural fisheries output in the two lakes declined sharply . Only a few large lakes , such as Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake , remained connected to the Yangtze . Cutting off the other lakes that had served as natural buffers for floods increased the damage done by floods further downstream . Furthermore , the natural flow of migratory fish was obstructed and biodiversity across the whole basin decreased dramatically . Intensive farming of fish in ponds spread using one type of carp who thrived in eutrophic water conditions and who feeds on algae , causing widespread pollution . The pollution was exacerbated by the discharge of waste from pig farms as well as of untreated industrial and municipal sewage . In September 2012 , the Yangtze river near Chongqing turned red from pollution . The erection of the Three Gorges Dam has created an impassable `` iron barrier '' that has led to a great reduction in the biodiversity of the river . Yangtze sturgeon use seasonal changes in the flow of the river to signal when is it time to migrate . However , these seasonal changes will be greatly reduced by dams and diversions . Other animals facing immediate threat of extinction are the Baiji Dolphin , finless porpoise and the Yangtze Alligator . These animals numbers went into freefall cidental catches during fishing , river traffic , habitat loss and pollution . In 2006 the baiji dolphin became extinct ; the world lost an entire genus . Contribution to ocean pollution ( edit ) The Yangtze River produces the majority of the world 's ocean pollution , according to The Ocean Cleanup , a Dutch environmental research foundation that focuses on ocean pollution . Reconnecting lakes ( edit ) In 2002 a pilot program was initiated to reconnect lakes to the Yangtze with the objective to increase biodiversity and to alleviate flooding . The first lakes to be reconnected in 2004 were Zhangdu Lake , Honghu Lake , and Tian'e - Zhou in Hubei province on the middle Yangtze . In 2005 Baidang Lake in Anhui Province was also reconnected . Reconnecting the lakes improved water quality and fish were able to migrate from the river into the lake , replenishing their numbers and genetic stock . The trial also showed that reconnecting the lake reduced flooding . The new approach also benefitted the farmers economically . Pond farmers switched to natural fish feed , which helped them breed better quality fish that can be sold for more , increasing their income by 30 % . Based on the successful pilot project , other provincial governments emulated the experience and also reestablished connections to lakes that had previously been cut off from the river . In 2005 a Yangtze Forum has been established bringing together 13 riparian provincial governments to manage the river from source to sea . In 2006 China 's Ministry of Agriculture made it a national policy to reconnect the Yangtze River with its lakes . As of 2010 , provincial governments in five provinces and Shanghai set up a network of 40 effective protected areas , covering 16,500 km ( 6,400 sq mi ) . As a result , populations of 47 threatened species increased , including the critically endangered Yangtze alligator . In the Shanghai area , reestablished wetlands now protect drinking water sources for the city . It is envisaged to extend the network throughout the entire Yangtze to eventually cover 102 areas and 185,000 km ( 71,000 sq mi ) . The mayor of Wuhan announced that six huge , stagnating urban lakes including the East Lake ( Wuhan ) would be reconnected at the cost of US $2.3 billion creating China 's largest urban wetland landscape . Major cities along the river ( edit ) See also : Category : Populated places on the Yangtze River Map of the Yangtze river locating the Three Gorges Dam Satellite map showing the lake created by the Three Gorges Dam . Compare Nov. 7 , 2006 ( above ) with April 17 , 1987 ( below ) Yushu Panzhihua Yibin Luzhou Hejiang Chongqing Fuling Fengdu Wanzhou Yichang Yidu Jingzhou Shashi Shishou Yueyang Xianning Wuhan Ezhou Huangshi Huanggang Chaohu Chizhou Jiujiang Anqing Tongling Wuhu Hefei Chuzhou Ma'anshan Taizhou Yangzhou Zhenjiang Nanjing Jiangyin Nantong Shanghai Crossings ( edit ) Main articles : Yangtze River bridges and tunnels and Yangtze River Power Line Crossings ( show ) Map all coordinates in `` Yangtze River bridges and tunnels '' using OSM Map all coordinates in `` Yangtze River bridges and tunnels '' using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Until 1957 , there were no bridges across the Yangtze River from Yibin to Shanghai . For millennia , travelers crossed the river by ferry . On occasions , the crossing may have been dangerous , as evidenced by the Zhong'anlun disaster ( October 15 , 1945 ) . The river stood as a major geographic barrier dividing northern and southern China . In the first half of the 20th century , rail passengers from Beijing to Guangzhou and Shanghai had to disembark , respectively , at Hanyang and Pukou , and cross the river by steam ferry before resuming journeys by train from Wuchang or Nanjing West . After the founding of the People 's Republic in 1949 , Soviet engineers assisted in the design and construction of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge , a dual - use road - rail bridge , built from 1955 to 1957 . It was the first bridge across the Yangtze River . The second bridge across the river was built a single - track railway bridge built upstream in Chongqing in 1959 . The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , also a road - rail bridge , was the first bridge to cross the lower reaches of the Yangtze , in Nanjing . It was built after the Sino - Soviet Split and did not receive foreign assistance . Road - rail bridges were then built in Zhicheng ( 1971 ) and Chongqing ( 1980 ) . Bridge - building slowed in the 1980s before resuming in the 1990s and accelerating in the first decade of the 21st century . The Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge was built in 1992 as part of the Beijing - Jiujiang Railway . A second bridge in Wuhan was completed in 1995 . By 2005 , there were a total of 56 bridges and one tunnel across the Yangtze River between Yibin and Shanghai . These include some of the longest suspension and cable - stayed bridges in the world on the Yangtze Delta : Jiangyin Suspension Bridge ( 1,385 m , opened in 1999 ) , Runyang Bridge ( 1,490 m , opened 2005 ) , Sutong Bridge ( 1,088 m , opened 2008 ) . The rapid pace of bridge construction has continued . The city of Wuhan now has six bridges and one tunnel across the Yangtze . A number of power line crossings have also been built across the river . Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge , the first bridge crossing Yangtze , was completed in 1957 . The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , a beam bridge , was completed in 1968 . The Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge , an arch bridge , was completed in 1992 . The Yichang Yangtze Highway Bridge , a suspension bridge near the Gezhouba Dam lock , was completed in 1996 . The Sutong Yangtze River Bridge , between Nantong and Suzhou , was one of the longest cable - stayed bridges in the world when it was completed in 2008 . The Caiyuanba Bridge , an arch bridge in Chongqing , was completed in 2007 . The cable - stayed Anqing Yangtze River Bridge at Anqing , was completed in 2005 . Dams ( edit ) The Three Gorges Dam in 2006 Diagram showing dams planned for the upper reaches of the Yangtze River As of 2007 , there are two dams built on the Yangtze river : Three Gorges Dam and Gezhouba Dam . Several dams are being constructed on the upper portion of the river , the Jinsha River . Tributaries ( edit ) A shipyard on the banks of the Yangtze building commercial river freight boats The Yangtze River has over 700 tributaries . The major tributaries ( listed from upstream to downstream ) with the locations of where they join the Yangtze are : Yalong River ( Panzhihua , Sichuan Province ) Min River ( Yibin , Sichuan Province ) Tuo River ( Luzhou , Sichuan Province ) Chishui River ( Southwest China ) ( Hejiang , Sichuan Province ) Jialing River ( Chongqing ) Wu River ( Fuling , Chongqing ) Qing River ( Yidu , Hubei Province ) Yuan River ( Dongting Lake ) Lishui River ( Dongting Lake ) Zi River ( Dongting Lake ) Xiang River ( Yueyang , Hunan ) Han River ( Wuhan , Hubei ) Gan River ( near Jiujiang , Jiangxi Province . ) Shuiyang River ( Dangtu , Anhui Province ) Qingyi River ( Wuhu , Anhui Province ) Chao Lake water system ( Chaohu , Anhui Province ) Lake Tai water system ( Shanghai ) Gan River in Jiangxi Province Han River in Hubei Province Lake Dongting and the Yuan , Zi , Li , and Xiang Rivers in Hunan Province Wu River in Guizhou Province Jialing River in eastern Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality Min River in central Sichuan Yalong River in western Sichuan Protected areas ( edit ) Sanjiangyuan ( `` Three Rivers ' Sources '' ) National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Wildlife ( edit ) The Yangtze River has a high species richness , including many endemics . A high percentage of these are seriously threatened by human activities . Fish ( edit ) The two sturgeon species in the Yangtze ( here Chinese sturgeon ) are both seriously threatened As of 2011 , 416 fish species are known from the Yangtze basin , including 362 that strictly are freshwater species . The remaining are also known from salt or brackish waters , such as the river 's estuary or the East China Sea . This makes it one of the most species rich rivers in Asia and by far the most species rich in China ( in comparison , the Pearl River has almost 300 fish species and the Yellow River 150 ) . 178 fish species are endemic to the Yangtze River Basin . Many are only found in some section of the river basin and especially the upper reach ( above Yichang , but below the headwaters in the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau ) is rich with 279 species , including 147 Yangtze endemics and 97 strict endemics ( found only in this part of the basin ) . In contrast , the headwaters , where the average altitude is above 4,500 m ( 14,800 ft ) , are only home to 14 highly specialized species , but 8 of these are endemic to the river . The largest orders in the Yangtze are Cypriniformes ( 280 species , including 150 endemics ) , Siluriformes ( 40 species , including 20 endemics ) , Perciformes ( 50 species , including 4 endemics ) , Tetraodontiformes ( 12 species , including 1 endemic ) and Osmeriformes ( 8 species , including 1 endemic ) . No other order has more than four species in the river and one endemic . Many Yangtze fish species have declined drastically and 65 were recognized as threatened in the 2009 Chinese red list . Among these are two that are considered entirely extinct ( Anabarilius liui liui and Atrilinea macrolepis ) , two that are extinct in the wild ( Anabarilius polylepis and Schizothorax parvus ) and five that are critically endangered ( Chinese paddlefish , Euchiloglanis kishinouyei , Megalobrama elongata , Schizothorax longibarbus and Leiocassis longibarbus ) . Additionally , both the Yangtze sturgeon and Chinese sturgeon are considered critically endangered by the IUCN . The survival of these two sturgeon may rely on the continued release of captive bred specimens . The Chinese sturgeon and Chinese paddlefish are the largest fish in the river and among the largest freshwater fish in the world , reaching lengths of 5 m ( 16 ft ) and 7 m ( 23 ft ) respectively . Although listed as critically endangered rather than extinct by both the Chinese red list and IUCN , the continued survival of the Chinese paddlefish is questionable . Surveys conducted between 2006 and 2008 by ichthyologists failed to catch any , but two probable specimens were recorded with hydroacoustic signals . The last definite record was a 3.6 m - long ( 12 ft ) specimen caught during illegal fishing in 2007 ; despite attempts to keep it alive , it died shortly afterwards . The silver carp is native to the river , but has ( like other Asian carp ) been spread through large parts of the world with aquaculture The largest threats to the Yangtze native fish are overfishing and habitat loss ( such as building of dams and land reclamation ) , but pollution , destructive fishing practices ( such as fishing with dynamite or poison ) and introduced species also cause problems . About ⁄ of the total freshwater fisheries in China are in the Yangtze Basin , but a drastic decline in size of several important species has been recorded , as highlighted by data from lakes in the river basin . Some experts recommend a 10 - year fishing moratorium to allow the remaining populations to recover . Dams present another serious problem , as several species in the river perform breeding migrations and most of these are non-jumpers , meaning that normal fish ladders designed for salmon are ineffective . For example , the Gezhouba Dam blocked the migration of the paddlerfish and two sturgeon , while also effectively splitting the Chinese high fin banded shark population into two and causing the extirpation of the Yangtze population of the Japanese eel . In an attempt of minimizing the effect of the dams , the Three Gorges Dam has released water to mimic the ( pre-dam ) natural flooding and trigger the breeding of carp species downstream . In addition to dams already built in the Yangtze basin , several large dams are planned and these may present further problems for the native fauna . While many fish species native to the Yangtze are seriously threatened , others have become important in fish farming and introduced widely outside their native range . A total of 26 native fish species of the Yangtze basin are farmed . Among the most important are four Asian carp : grass carp , black carp , silver carp and bighead carp . Other species that support important fisheries include northern snakehead , Chinese perch , Takifugu pufferfish ( mainly in the lowermost sections ) and predatory carp . Other animals ( edit ) The critically endangered Chinese alligator is one of the smallest crocodilians , reaching a maximum length of about 2 m ( 7 ft ) Due to commercial use of the river , tourism , and pollution , the Yangtze is home to several seriously threatened species of large animals ( in addition to fish ) : the finless porpoise , baiji ( Yangtze River dolphin ) , Chinese alligator , Yangtze giant softshell turtle and Chinese giant salamander . This is the only other place besides the United States that is native to an alligator and paddlefish species . In 2010 , the Yangtze population of finless porpoise was 1000 individuals . In December 2006 , the Yangtze River dolphin was declared functionally extinct after an extensive search of the river revealed no signs of the dolphin 's inhabitance . In 2007 , a large , white animal was sighted and photographed in the lower Yangtze and was tentatively presumed to be a baiji . However , as there have been no confirmed sightings since 2004 , the baiji is presumed to be functionally extinct at this time . `` Baijis were the last surviving species of a large lineage dating back seventy million years and one of only six species of freshwater dolphins '' . It has been argued that the extinction of the Yangtze River dolphin was a result of the completion of the Three Gorges Dam , a project that has affected many species of animals and plant life found only in the gorges area . Numerous species of land mammals are found in the Yangtze valley , but most of these are not directly associated with the river . Three exceptions are the semi-aquatic Eurasian otter , water deer and Père David 's deer . The entirely aquatic Chinese giant salamander is the world 's largest amphibian , reaching up to 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) in length In addition to the very large and exceptionally rare Yangtze giant softshell turtle , several smaller turtle species are found in the Yangtze basin , its delta and valleys . These include the Chinese box turtle , yellow - headed box turtle , Pan 's box turtle , Yunnan box turtle , yellow pond turtle , Chinese pond turtle , Chinese stripe - necked turtle and Chinese softshell turtle , which all are considered threatened . More than 160 amphibian species are known from the Yangtze basin , including the worlds largest , the critically endangered Chinese giant salamander . It has declined drastically due to hunting ( it is considered a delicacy ) , habitat loss and pollution . The polluted Dian Lake , which is part of the upper Yangtze watershed ( via Pudu River ) , is home to several highly threatened fish , but was also home to the Yunnan lake newt . This newt has not been seen since 1979 and is considered extinct . In contrast , the Chinese fire belly newt from the lower Yangtze basin is one of the few Chinese salamander species to remain common and it is considered Least Concern by the IUCN . The Chinese mitten crab is a commercially important species in the Yangtze , but invasive in other parts of the world . The Yangtze basin contains a large number of freshwater crab species , including several endemics . A particularly rich genus in the river basin is the potamid Sinopotamon . The Chinese mitten crab is catadromous ( migrates between fresh and saltwater ) and it has been recorded up to 1,400 km ( 870 mi ) up the Yangtze , which is the largest river in its native range . It is a commercially important species in its native range where it is farmed , but the Chinese mitten crab has also been spread to Europe and North America where considered invasive . The freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii , now an invasive species in large parts of the world , originates from the Yangtze . 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Van Slyke , Yangtze , Nature , History and the River , Addison - Wesley Publishing Company , Inc. , Massachusetts , 1988 , p. 18 - 19 and 121 - 123 . Jump up ^ Ibid. , p. 170 - 172 . Jump up ^ Shih Brandmeyer , Polly ( 2014 ) . `` Cornell Plant , Lost Girls and Recovered Lives - Sino - British Relations at the Human Level in Late Qing and Early Republican China '' . Journal of Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 54 : 106 -- 110 . Jump up ^ `` Returns of Trade and Trade Reports 1918 , '' China - The Maritime Customs , published by Order of the Inspector General of Customs . Jump up ^ Peter Simpson , `` Hell and High Water , '' South China Morning Post Magazine , October 2 , 2011 , p. 24 - 30 . Jump up ^ Plant Memorial Brochure , 20th March 1923 , National Maritime Museum , Greenwich , Archive Collection , `` Papers of Capt . Samuel Cornell Plant , '' MS / 69 / 123 . 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Jump up ^ ABC News ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Yangtze River Turns Red and Turns Up a Mystery '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl . A World of Rivers , pg 287 . Jump up ^ `` Most Ocean Pollution Comes From Asian Rivers , Study Says '' . International Business Times . 2017 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ WWF China . `` The Yangtze Forum '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WWF UK . `` Where we work : China - the Yangtze '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ye , S. ; Li , Z. ; Liu , J ; , Zhang , T. ; and Xie , S. ( 2011 ) . Distribution , Endemism and Conservation Status of Fishes in the Yangtze River Basin , China . pp. 41 - 66 in : Ecosystems Biodiversity , InTech . ISBN 978 - 953 - 307 - 417 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , S. ; and Xie , Y. ( 2009 ) . China species red list . Vol. II Vertebrates - Part 1 . High Education Press , Beijing , China . ^ Jump up to : Qiwei , W. ( 2010 ) . `` Acipenser dabryanus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Qiwei , W. ( 2010 ) . `` Acipenser sinensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Meadows , D. ; and Coll , H. ( 2013 ) . Status Review Report of Five Foreign Sturgeon . National Marine Fisheries Service , Report to Office of Protected Resources . ^ Jump up to : Qiwei , W. ( 2010 ) . `` Psephurus gladius '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Zhang , ; Wei1 , Q.W. ; Du , H. ; Shen , L. ; Li , Y.H. ; and Zhao , Y. ( 2009 ) . Is there evidence that the Chinese paddlefish ( Psephurus gladius ) still survives in the upper Yangtze River ? Concerns inferred from hydroacoustic and capture surveys , 2006 -- 2008 . Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25 ( s2 ) : 95 - 99 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0426.2009. 01268. x . Jump up ^ Xinhua ( 12 January 2007 ) . Chinese Paddlefish Dies in Illegal Fishing . CRIENGLISH.com ( China Radio International ) . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Liu , J. ; and Cao , W. ( 1992 ) . Fish resources in the Yangtze basin and the strategy for their conservation . Resources and environment in the Yangtze Valley , 1 : 17 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Yiman , L. ; and Zhouyang , D. ( 4 January 2013 ) . Expert calls for 10 - year fishing moratorium on Yangtze River . ChinaDialogue . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Zhang , C. - G. ; and Zhao , Y. - H. ( 2001 ) . Migration of the Chinese sucker ( Myxocyprinus asiaticus ) in the Yangtze River Basin with discussion on the potential effect of dams on fish . Current Zoology , 47 ( 5 ) : 518 - 521 . Jump up ^ Xie , P. ; and Chen , Y. ( 1999 ) . Threats to biodiversity in Chinese inland waters . Ambio , 28 : 674 - 681 . ^ Jump up to : The Nature Conservancy : China , Places We Protect : The Yangtze River . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Xing , J.H. ( 2010 ) . Chinese Alligator Alligator sinensis . Pp. 5 -- 9 in : Manolis , S.C. , and Stevenson , C. , eds. ( 2010 ) . Crocodiles . Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan . Third Edition . IUCN / SSC Crocodile Specialist Group : Darwin . Jump up ^ `` The Chinese river dolphin was functionally extinct '' . baiji.org. 2006 - 12 - 13 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sciencemode.com - Home page '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rare river dolphin ' now extinct ' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , ( A World of Rivers : Environmental Changes on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers ) , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Smith , A.T. ; and Xie , Y. ( 2008 ) . A Guide to the Mammals of China . Princeton University Press , New Jersey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09984 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : AmphibiaWeb ( 2013 ) . Andrias davidianus . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ van Dijk , P.P. ; Iverson , J.B. ; Rhodin , A.G.J. ; Shaffer , H.B. ; and Bour , R. ( 2014 ) . Turtles of the World , 7th Edition : Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy , Synonymy , Distribution with Maps , and Conservation Status . IUCN / SSC Turtle Taxonomy Working Group . Jump up ^ WWF Global : Yangtze River . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Yang Datong , Michael Wai Neng Lau ( 2004 ) . `` Cynops wolterstorffi '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Stuart , S. ; Hoffman , M. ; Chanson , J. ; Cox , N. ; Berridge , R. ; Ramani , P. , and Young , B. ( 2008 ) . Threatened Amphibians of the World . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96553 - 41 - 5 Jump up ^ Yang Datong , Michael Wai Neng Lau ( 2004 ) . `` Hypselotriton orientalis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ AmphibiaWeb ( 2008 ) . Cynops orientalis . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , H. - Z. ; Wang , H. - J. ; Liang , X. - M. ; Cui , Y. - D. ( 2003 ) . `` Stocking models of Chinese mitten crab ( Eriocheir japonica sinensis ) in Yangtze lakes . '' . Aquaculture. 255 ( 1 ) : 456 -- 465 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aquaculture. 2006.01. 005 . ^ Jump up to : Veilleux , É ; and de Lafontaine , Y. ( 2007 ) . Biological Synopsis of the Chinese Mitten Crab ( Eriocheir sinensis ) . Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2812 . Jump up ^ Neil Cumberlidge , N. ; Ng , P.K.L. ; Yeo , D.C.J. ; Naruse , T. ; Meyer , K.S. ; Esser , L.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Diversity , endemism and conservation of the freshwater crabs of China ( Brachyura : Potamidae and Gecarcinucidae ) '' . Integrative Zoology. 6 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 55 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 4877.2010. 00228. x . Jump up ^ Fang , F. ; Sun , H. ; Zhao , Q. ; Lin , C. ; Sun , Y. ; Gao , W. ; Xu , J. ; Zhou , J. ; Ge , F. ; and Liu , N. ( 2013 ) . Patterns of diversity , areas of endemism , and multiple glacial refuges for freshwater crabs of the genus Sinopotamon in China ( Decapoda : Brachyura : Potamidae ) . PLOS ONE doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0053143 Jump up ^ Didžiulis , Viktoras . `` NOBANIS -- Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet -- Craspedacusta sowerbyi '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Carles , William Richard , `` The Yangtse Chiang '' , The Geographical Journal , Vol. 12 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1898 ) , pp. 225 -- 240 ; Published by : Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society ( with the Institute of British Geographers ) Danielson , Eric N. 2004 . Nanjing and the Lower Yangzi , From Past to Present , The New Yangzi River Trilogy , Vol. II . Singapore : Times Editions / Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 981 - 232 - 598 - 0 . Danielson , Eric N. 2005 . The Three Gorges and The Upper Yangzi , From Past to Present , The New Yangzi River Trilogy , Vol . III . Singapore : Times Editions / Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 981 - 232 - 599 - 9 . Grover , David H. 1992 American Merchant Ships on the Yangtze , 1920 - 1941 . Wesport , Conn. : Praeger Publishers . Van Slyke , Lyman P. 1988 . Yangtze : nature , history , and the river . A Portable Stanford Book . ISBN 0 - 201 - 08894 - 0 Winchester , Simon . 1996 . The River at the Center of the World : A Journey Up the Yangtze and Back in Chinese Time , Holt , Henry & Company , 1996 , hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 3888 - 4 ; trade paperback , Owl Publishing , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5508 - 8 ; trade paperback , St. Martins , 2004 , 432 pages , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42337 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yangtze River ( Chang Jiang ) . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Along the Yangtze River . Geographic data related to Yangtze at OpenStreetMap Yangtze Three Gorges Gallery Yangtze river gallery The Yangtse River Vic in China : Photos and stories about the Yangtse River from families of Victoria University graduates . The Seven Great Rivers of China Amur River Hai River Huai River Liao River Pearl River Yangtze River Yellow River Major rivers of China Seven Great Rivers of Eastern China Yangtze Yellow Pearl Heilongjiang Huai Hai Liao Yangtze system Yalong Min Dadu Qingyi ( Sichuan ) Tuo Jialing Bailong Fu ( Sichuan ) Qu Wu Hanshui Muma Chi Du Bao Qing Chishui Xiang Xiao Lei Mi Zi Yuan Lishui Miluo Gan Fu ( Jiangxi ) Xin Qingyi ( Anhui ) Qinhuai Xitiao Huangpu Suzhou Creek Yellow system Black Daxia Tao Qingshui Wuding Fen Wei Jing Luo ( Henan ) Luo ( Shaanxi ) Qin Xiaoqing Pearl system North East Han ( Guangdong ) Mei Ting West Yujiang Yong Xun Qian Hongshui Nanpan Beipan Rong Li ( Guangxi ) Gui Liu Heilongjiang system Songhua 2nd Songhua Nen Mudan Ussuri Argun Kherlen Woken Huifa Huai system Guo Ying Shiguan Quan Hui Hong Hai system Chaobai Yongding Hutuo Ziya Daqing Wenyu Juma Sanggan Fuyang Wei Ju Jiyunhe Liao system Hun Taizi Xar Moron Xinkai Western Liao Eastern Liao Other major rivers Tarim Karatash Ili Shule Tumen Yalu Luan Red Minjiang Longjiang Lancang Beilun Nujiang Lion Spring Elephant Spring Yarlung Tsangpo ( Horse Spring ) Nyang Subansiri Irtysh Suifen Qiantang Puyang Jiao ( Shandong ) Dai Si Shu Cao'e Jiao ( Zhejiang ) Ou Mulan Jin ( Fujian ) Nandu Wanquan Taping Major canals Grand Canal Lingqu North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal Cities along the Yangtze Province - level Cities ( from upper reaches to lower reaches ) Yunnan Lijiang ( SIchuan see below ) Dongchuan Sichuan Panzhihua ( Yunan see above ) Yibin Luzhou Chongqing Jiangjin Central Chongqing Fuling Wanzhou Hubei Yichang Yidu Zhijiang Songzi Jingzhou Shishou ( Hunan see below ) Honghu Chibi Wuhan Ezhou Huangshi Huanggang Wuxue Hunan Yueyang Linxiang Jiangxi Ruichang Jiujiang Anhui Anqing Chizhou Tongling Wuhu Ma'anshan Jiangsu Nanjing Yizheng Jurong Zhenjiang Yangzhou Taizhou Yangzhong Taixing Danyang Changzhou Jingjiang Jiangyin Zhangjiagang Rugao Nantong Changshu Taicang Haimen Qidong Shanghai Baoshan Pudong Major cities along the Pearl River Major cities along the Yellow River VIAF : 251209406 GND : 4109116 - 4 SUDOC : 027637573 BNF : cb11963625t ( data ) NDL : 00647676 BNE : XX459168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangtze&oldid=800694799 '' Categories : Yangtze River Rivers of China Geography of Central China Geography of East China Geography of Western China Rivers of Anhui Rivers of Chongqing Rivers of Hubei Rivers of Jiangsu Rivers of Qinghai Rivers of Shanghai Rivers of Sichuan Rivers of the Tibet Autonomous Region Rivers of Yunnan Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Chinese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Mongolian - language text Articles with Latin - language external links CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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what is the source of the yangtze river

The Tuotuo River ( 沱 沱 河 , p Tuótuó Hé , lit . `` Tearful River '' is the official headstream of the Yangtze , and flows 358 km ( 222 mi ) from the glaciers of the Gelaindong Massif in the Tanggula Mountains of southwestern Qinghai to the confluence with the Dangqu River to form the Tongtian River . ) In Mongolian , this section of the river known as the Ulaan Mörön or the `` Red River '' .

Spirit Riding Free - Wikipedia Spirit Riding Free Jump to : navigation , search Spirit Riding Free Genre Adventure Based on Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Voices of Amber Frank Sydney Park Bailey Gambertoglio Darcy Rose Byrnes Nolan North Kari Wahlgren Theme music composer Kari Kimmel Composer ( s ) Joachim Horsley James Allen Roberson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Aury Wallington Jim Schumann Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) DreamWorks Animation Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release May 5 , 2017 -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80115432 Spirit Riding Free is an animated series based on the 2002 Oscar - nominated film , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron . The series is produced by DreamWorks Animation Television and distributed by Netflix . Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Crew 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In the small town of Miradero , Oregon , a 12 - year - old girl named Lucky , who had recently relocated from the city , encounters a wild horse named Spirit . Spirit , ( the offspring of the main protagonists from Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ; Spirit and Rain ) , is caught by wranglers and brought to be `` broken '' in Miradeo . Lucky gradually bonds with the stallion , and breaks him free . Lucky also meets two other girls , Prudence and Abigail , who both own horses , Chica Linda , a palomino , and Boomerang , a paint horse . They embark on everyday adventures across the land . Cast ( edit ) Amber Frank as Fortuna `` Lucky '' Esperanza Navarro Prescott Sydney Park as Pru Granger Bailey Gambertoglio as Abigail Stone Darcy Rose Byrnes as Maricela Nolan North as Jim Prescott Kari Wahlgren as Aunt Cora Jeff Bennett as Mesteneros Tiya Sircar as Miss Flores Crew ( edit ) Voice director : Ginny McSwain Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date `` Lucky and the Unbreakable Spirit '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Stephanie Arnett May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) After Lucky Prescott arrives in Miradeo , she struggles to fit in , but not before befriending a wild stallion , Spirit , who has been wrangled for taming . `` Lucky and the Treacherous Trail '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky persuades Pru Granger to teach her the basics of riding a horse so that she and Spirit can participate in the Saddle Club race . `` Lucky and the Mysterious Map '' Beth Sleven Aury Wallington Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky decodes her father 's treasure map whilst camping , sneaking off with Pru , Abigail and Spirit to find the treasure . `` Lucky and the Competition Conundrum '' Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky and Maricela create a booth for a school fundraiser in the hopes of gaining Lucky Student of the Month , pitting themselves against Pru and Abigail . 5 `` Lucky and the Appaloosa Adventure '' Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky and Turo plot to save a horse that is being neglected by his owner , whilst Lucky 's father works on fixing a damaged dam before it becomes a danger to anyone . 6 `` Lucky and the Not - So - Secret Surprise '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Nancy Cohen Kathryn Marusik & David Van Tuyle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky has Abigail help her plan Pru the best surprise birthday ever , but she eventually gets upset and things become a catastrophe . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date 7 `` Lucky and the Cowboy Next Door '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Laura Sreebny Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky meets a new friend named Javier . 8 `` Lucky and the Pie P.I. '' Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and his friends solve a mystery when pies are missing . 9 `` Lucky and the Super Amazing and Fun Cousin Julian '' Beth Sleven Nancy Cohen Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky thinks something is suspicious about her cousin when she thinks he is n't what she thinks . 10 `` Lucky and the Harvest Hunt '' Joshua Taback Laura Sreebny Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and her friends hunt for a scarecrow . 11 `` Lucky and the Christmas Spirit '' Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and her friends send gifts to everyone in town during Christmas . 12 `` Lucky and the Deadly Blizzard '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and Maricela work together to get medicine from a broken train during a flu outbreak when a blizzard is coming . 13 `` Lucky and the Price of Freedom '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Christian Lignan & Kathryn Marusik September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky pretends to be a man to enter a horse race to prove that women are good at riding horses . She wins but Spirit is taken away from her because he is wild , she chases after Spirit but the train goes away and Lucky might never see spirit again . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nashid , Naureen ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Interview with Kari Kimmel '' . Teal Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : DreamWorks ' ' Spirit Riding Free ' Races to Netflix '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` TRAILER : ' Spirit Riding Free ' Takes The Dreamworks Franchise In A New Direction '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Tom ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perfect Match '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Readies Animated ' Spy Kids , ' ' Llama Llama ' Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.animationmagazine.net/top-stories/dreamworks-spirit-riding-free-s2-hoofs-it-to-netflix/ External links ( edit ) Official website at Netflix Official website at DreamWorks TV Spirit Riding Free on IMDb DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Computer - animated Antz ( 1998 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Traditionally animated The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) Everest ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( 2001 -- ) Madagascar ( 2005 -- ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 -- ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 -- ) Trolls ( 2016 -- ) TV series Computer - animated Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- ) Dinotrux ( 2015 -- ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 -- ) Spirit Riding Free ( 2017 -- ) Traditionally animated Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( 2016 -- ) Flash animated Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( 2016 -- ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Hoilday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirit_Riding_Free&oldid=800772261 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2017 American television series debuts Netflix original programming Television series by DreamWorks Animation Television programs based on films Netflix children 's programming American children 's animated television series Animated television series stubs Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 15 : 39 . About Wikipedia

when does season 2 of spirit riding free come out

Spirit Riding Free is an animated series based on the 2002 Oscar - nominated film , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron . The series is produced by DreamWorks Animation Television and distributed by Netflix . Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8 , 2017 .

Military funerals in the United States - wikipedia Military funerals in the United States The United States Army Caisson Platoon of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment `` The Old Guard '' transports the flag - draped casket of Sergeant Major of the Army George W. Dunaway on a horse - drawn limbers and caissons during a military funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery , 2008 . A military funeral in the United States is a memorial or burial rite given by the U.S. military for a Soldier , Marine , Sailor , Coast Guardsman , or Airman who died in battle , a veteran , or other prominent military figures or a president . A military funeral may feature guards of honor , the firing of volley shots as a salute , drumming and other military elements , with a flag draping over the coffin . In the United States , the United States Army Military District of Washington ( MDW ) is responsible for providing military funerals . `` Honoring Those Who Served '' is the title of the program for instituting a dignified military funeral with full honors to the nation 's veterans . As of January 1 , 2000 , Section 578 of Public Law 106 - 65 of the National Defense Authorization Act mandates that the United States Armed Forces shall provide the rendering of honors in a military funeral for any eligible veteran if requested by his or her family . As mandated by federal law , an honor guard detail for the burial of an eligible veteran shall consist of no fewer than two members of the Armed Forces . One member of the detail shall be a representative of the parent armed service of the deceased veteran . The honor guard detail will , at a minimum , perform a ceremony that includes the folding and presenting of the flag of the United States to the next of kin and the playing of Taps which will be played by a lone bugler , if available , or by audio recording . Today , there are so few buglers available that the United States Armed Forces often can not provide one . However , federal law allows Reserve and National Guard units to assist with funeral honors duty when necessary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eligibility 2 Ceremony 3 Ramp ceremonies 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Eligibility ( edit ) See also : United States Department of Veterans Affairs and United States National Cemetery A military chaplain seen leading honor guards derived from the United States Marine Corps as they carry the casket of General Robert H. Barrow to the place of burial . Generally , federal law allows for military funeral honors for all veterans who were discharged under circumstances `` other than dishonorable . '' Funeral directors will require the veteran 's DD Form 214 to establish eligibility . Those who are eligible for military funerals and full honors in the United States include the following : Active duty or Selected Reserve in the United States Armed Forces . Former active duty or Selected Reserve who departed under conditions other than dishonorable in the United States Armed Forces . Former enlisted servicemen or servicewomen who completed at least one term or period of initial obligated service in the Selected Reserve and departed under conditions other than dishonorable . Former servicemen or servicewomen who were discharged due to a disability incurred or aggravated in the line of duty . Ceremony ( edit ) See also : Arlington Ladies and Fallen Soldier Battle Cross A bugler sounds Taps during the funeral of former United States Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger in Arlington National Cemetery , 2006 . Escort platoons marching during the military funeral of Admiral Thomas Hinman Moorer in Arlington National Cemetery , 2004 . In the United States , there are several types of military funerals such as those performed at Arlington National Cemetery , which include and omit certain components depending on the status of the deceased ( active , retired , veteran , rank / occupation ) . Standard honor military funerals include the following : A military chaplain for family members . A casket draped in the flag of the United States and as a pall . A casket team serving as honor guards in a ceremonial role over the remains and as pallbearers . For funerals for an enlisted non-commissioned officer of E-9 and Officers , the casket is transported via a horse - drawn limbers and caissons . For all other funerals , the casket is transported using a hearse . Fighter jets in missing man formation by the United States Air Force may perform an aerial flyover . The formation of a rifle party consisting of an odd number of service members , between 3 and 7 , will fire a three - volley salute ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . The playing of Taps is performed by a lone bugler or an audio recording , at a distance 30 to 50 yards from the grave site while a `` Final Salute '' is given . ( In specific cases with the United States Military Academy , a muffled drum roll might accompany the bugler . ) Full honor military funerals include all standard honors in addition to the following : For funerals of commanding officers of O - 6 ( Colonel / Captain ) and above , a caparisoned , riderless horse , symbolizing a fallen leader , will follow the limbers and caissons . For funerals of general officers and flag officers of O - 10 ( four - star rank ) , a 17 gun salute is fired ; O - 9 ( three - star rank ) , a 15 gun salute is fired ; O - 8 ( two - star rank ) , a 13 gun salute is fired ; O - 7 ( one - star rank ) , an 11 gun salute is fired . A military band and an escort platoon participate ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . Armed forces military funerals include all standard and full honors in addition to the following : Escort platoons from all five branches of the United States Armed Forces participate . These funerals are reserved for the President of the United States ( as commander - in - chief ) , the Secretary of Defense , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and officers granted multiple - service command . For funerals of presidents , a 21 gun salute using artillery and battery pieces is fired ( not to be confused with a three - volley salute ) , while all other high state officials receive 19 gun salutes . When a spouse or other dependent of a current or former member of the United States Armed Forces is buried , the military service in which the primary party served will provide a casket team and a chaplain . No other military honors will be rendered unless the spouse served in the military . Sailors from the United States Navy fold the flag of the United States during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery for Captain Laurie Mosolino , a former United States Navy Medical Corps surgeon . Sequence for folding the flag of the United States Members of the 86th Airlift Wing honor guard conduct a flag - folding ceremony at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , 2009 . Inspector General of the Marine Corps Brigadier General Kenneth J. Lee presents a folded flag to Laurence E. Pope , the eldest son of Medal of Honor recipient Major Everett Pope during the burial service for Major Pope held at Arlington National Cemetery on September 15 , 2009 . The flag of the United States draped over the casket is meticulously folded thirteen times by a total of six honor guards , three on each side of the casket . When the flag is completely folded , the stars point upwards , which remind Americans of their national motto , In God We Trust . After the flag is completely folded and tucked in , it takes on the appearance of a tricorne hat , reminding Americans of the soldiers who served under General George Washington , and the sailors and Marines who served under Captain John Paul Jones , who were followed by their comrades and shipmates in the United States Armed Forces . An honor guard composed of one or more branches of the United States Armed Forces , presents the flag to the next of kin . The presenter , if possible a member of the same service as the deceased , will generally kneel while presenting the folded flag , with the straight edge of the flag facing the recipient . The presenter then recites the following wording , which was standardized on April 20 , 2012 : On behalf of the President of the United States , the United States ( Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force or Coast Guard ) , and a grateful nation , please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one 's honorable and faithful service . Three spent shell - casings , each representing one of three volleys , were sometimes slipped into the folds of the flag before its presentation to the next of kin . The intention was to convey that the presence of the shell - casings proved that a rifle volley had taken place in connection with the members funeral . However , this practice has become infrequent and is rarely seen today as Title 4 , Section 8 ( h ) of the United States Code specifies that the flag should not be used as a receptacle for holding anything . Ramp ceremonies ( edit ) A `` ramp ceremony '' is a memorial ceremony , not an actual funeral , for a soldier killed in a war zone held at an airfield near or in a location where an airplane is waiting nearby to take the deceased 's remains to his or her home country . The term has been in use since about 2005 and became common during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . Gallery ( edit ) The military funeral of U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell held in Hiogo , Japan on January 14 , 1868 . Members of the Presidential Salute Guns Battery , 3rd Infantry Regiment , render a gun salute with 3 '' anti-tank guns during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery on August 10 , 1998 . A casket team from the 1st Special Forces Group carries the flag - draped casket of Sergeant First Class Nathan Chapman on January 8 , 2002 . A casket team from the United States Navy folds the flag covering the casket of NASA Astronaut and U.S. Navy Captain Laurel Blair Salton Clark , who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 . The casket of Caspar Weinberger , 15th United States Secretary of Defense , in a ceremonial funeral procession en route to Arlington National Cemetery on April 4 , 2006 . A casket team from the 3rd Infantry Regiment transports the remains of Retired Chief Warrant Officer Michael J. Novosel during a funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery on April 13 , 2006 . The Ceremonial Unit assigned to Naval Air Station Lemoore rendering honors at a military funeral at San Joaquin Valley National Cemetery in Gustine , California . Escort platoons march in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery as part of the funeral procession for former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral William J. Crowe in 2007 . A casket team carries Major Douglas A. Zembiec , former commander of E Company , 2nd Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment from the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis , Maryland following the funeral service . See also ( edit ) State funerals in the United States Military funeral United States flag code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` How do I establish veteran eligibility ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Who is eligible for Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery '' . Military.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag folding procedures and symbols '' . American Legion . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos Zamorano . God Bless America . Xlibris , Corp . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Folding '' . US Flag . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dept. of Defense Issues Standardized Flag Presentation Text '' . Jump up ^ `` What do the three bullets represent in military funerals ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Honor Guard '' . Byron.org . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 8 - Respect for flag '' . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Conrad , John D. ( 2009 ) . What the thunder said : reflections of a Canadian officer in Kandahar . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 408 - 7 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Mossman , B.C. ; Stark , M.W. ( 1991 ) . `` 77 - 606843 '' . The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funerals 1921 - 1969 . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Army . CMH Pub 90 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Military Funeral Customs - Arlington National Cemetery Military Funeral Honors Web site Burial & Memorial Benefits Web site Folding the American Flag Sample of `` Taps '' (. mp3 ) Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries : Frequently Asked Questions Congressional Research Service Military Funeral Honors for Veterans Congressional Research Service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_funerals_in_the_United_States&oldid=842547204 '' Categories : Military life Military traditions State ritual and ceremonies Funerals in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 04 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who does flag go to at a military funeral

As of January 1 , 2000 , Section 578 of Public Law 106 - 65 of the National Defense Authorization Act mandates that the United States Armed Forces shall provide the rendering of honors in a military funeral for any eligible veteran if requested by his or her family . As mandated by federal law , an honor guard detail for the burial of an eligible veteran shall consist of no fewer than two members of the Armed Forces . One member of the detail shall be a representative of the parent armed service of the deceased veteran . The honor guard detail will , at a minimum , perform a ceremony that includes the folding and presenting of the flag of the United States to the next of kin and the playing of Taps which will be played by a lone bugler , if available , or by audio recording . Today , there are so few buglers available that the United States Armed Forces often can not provide one . However , federal law allows Reserve and National Guard units to assist with funeral honors duty when necessary .

The Orville - Wikipedia The Orville Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. TV series . For other uses , see Orville ( disambiguation ) . The Orville Genre Science fiction Comedy - drama Created by Seth MacFarlane Starring Seth MacFarlane Adrianne Palicki Penny Johnson Jerald Scott Grimes Peter Macon Halston Sage J. Lee Mark Jackson Chad L. Coleman Theme music composer Bruce Broughton Composer ( s ) Joel McNeely John Debney Andrew Cottee Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Seth MacFarlane Brannon Braga David A. Goodman Jason Clark Jon Favreau ( pilot ) Liz Heldens Lili Fuller Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fuzzy Door Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Original release September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) -- present External links Website www.fox.com/the-orville/ The Orville is an American science fiction comedy - drama series created by and starring Seth MacFarlane that premiered on Sunday , September 10 , 2017 , with new episodes airing Thursdays on Fox during the 2017 -- 18 season . Seth MacFarlane stars as Ed Mercer , an officer in the Planetary Union 's line of exploratory space vessels whose career took a downturn following his divorce , and who is given the titular ship as his first command , only to discover that his ex-wife , Kelly Grayson ( Adrianne Palicki ) , has been assigned to be his First Officer . Inspired by the television series Star Trek , the series tells the story of Mercer , Grayson , and the crew of the Orville as they embark on various diplomatic and exploratory missions . On November 2 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The Orville is set on the titular U.S.S. Orville ( ECV - 197 ) , a mid-level exploratory space vessel in service to the Planetary Union , a 25th - century interstellar state encompassing Earth and many other worlds . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane as Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville . Mercer was an up - and - coming officer , believed to be on the fast track to commanding his own heavy cruiser by age 40 . However , a year before the pilot , he caught his wife Kelly in bed with an alien . Since then , he was cited for becoming lax in his duties , including six instances of reporting to duty while hungover , but was informed that due to the size of the fleet and the retirement of the former captain , the Orville , a mid-level exploratory ship , was in need of a new commanding officer . Adrianne Palicki as Commander Kelly Grayson , the first officer of the Orville and Ed Mercer 's ex-wife . The two divorced when Mercer caught Grayson in bed with an alien . Unbeknownst to Mercer , Grayson personally went to Admiral Halsey to plead her case to give her ex-husband a command , stating that despite some personal setbacks , he deserved his own command . She asked Halsey to keep that from him when assigned the Orville . Mercer and Grayson decide to put their differences aside , to work together as a team and stay as friends . Penny Johnson Jerald as Doctor Claire Finn , the Chief Medical Officer on the Orville , holding the rank of Lieutenant Commander . A physician of exceptional credentials , she has expertise in molecular surgery , DNA engineering and psychiatry , which could have afforded her the privilege of serving on the heavy cruiser of her choice . She instead chose the mid-level exploratory vessel because , as she explains to Mercer in the pilot , she prefers to request her transfers based on where she feels she is needed , as she feels more stimulated by such assignments . When she tells Mercer she felt he could use her help on his first command , he interprets this as lack of confidence on her part in his competence , though she denies this . Having never found the ideal opportunity to marry , she chose to become a single mother , and her two sons , Marcus and Ty , travel aboard the Orville with her . Scott Grimes as Lieutenant Gordon Malloy , the helmsman of the Orville and Mercer 's best friend . Considered the best helmsman in the fleet , he was relegated to desk duty after an attempt to impress a girl resulted in him shearing the door off a cargo bay during a precarious shuttle docking , losing cargo in the process . He was specifically requested by Mercer despite some hesitation by Admiral Halsey , who harbors concern over Malloy 's history of crude and juvenile pranks . Peter Macon as Lieutenant Commander Bortus , the second officer aboard the U.S.S. Orville . Bortus is from Moclus , a planet whose primary industry is weapons manufacturing , and whose inhabitants , the Moclans , are a single - gender species . Bortus exhibits a degree of stoic formality . For example , Bortus disapproves of the bridge crew discussing Mercer and Grayson 's breakup after Mercer leaves the bridge in the pilot episode . Among the peculiarities of the Moclans are that they only urinate once a year . Moclans reproduce through the laying of eggs , which are incubated for 21 days . Bortus and his mate , Klyden , become parents in the series ' second episode , when Bortus incubates and hatches an egg . When the child is revealed to be female , a rare occurrence among Moclans , Bortus and Klyden 's desire to have her undergo sex reassignment surgery provides the allegorical conflict of the series ' third episode . Halston Sage as Lieutenant Alara Kitan , the Orville 's 23 - year - old Chief of Security . She is a member of the Xelayan race , which inhabits a high - gravity planet , giving her greater - than - human strength , allowing her to knock down doors and walls by charging against them , or crush a handheld cube of solid titanium and reshape it into a sphere with her bare hands . J. Lee as Lieutenant John LaMarr , the navigator of the Orville . He and Malloy strike up an immediate friendship in the pilot , based on their ironic view that they are both `` jerks '' . Mark Jackson as Isaac , the Orville 's Science and Engineering Officer . Isaac is a member of the artificial , non-biological race from Kaylon - 1 that views biological lifeforms , including humans , as inferior . Isaac explains to Mercer in the pilot that the Union 's Admiralty offered a posting to any Kaylon willing to accept it , as an attempt to initiate relations between the two powers . Isaac accepted the offer because he saw it as a way to study human behavior . During the course of his time with the crew , he comes to observe and understand aspects of human behavior , such as sarcasm , slang , and practical jokes . Isaac perceives his surroundings with his body 's internal sensors , and not with the two glowing blue `` eyes '' on his face , which are purely aesthetic . Recurring ( edit ) Chad Coleman as Klyden , Bortus ' mate and father of their child . He first appears at the end of the series ' second episode . Norm Macdonald as the voice of Yaphit , an amorphous , gelatinous Engineering crew member of the Orville , who in his first few appearances , repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn , and frequently flirts with other females on the ship . Larry Joe Campbell as Lieutenant Commander Steve Newton , Chief Engineer of the Orville . Rachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer . Guest stars ( edit ) Victor Garber as Admiral Halsey , Mercer 's superior and an old friend of Grayson 's father . He first appears in the series premiere . Brian George as Doctor Aronov , the leader of the Epsilon II science station in the series premiere Ron Canada as Admiral Tucker in Episodes 2 and 7 Jeffrey Tambor as Captain Mercer 's father , Ben in Episode 2 Holland Taylor as Captain Mercer 's mother , Jeannie in Episode 2 Jonathan Adams as the Moclan Arbitrator in Episode 3 Rena Owen as Heveena in Episode 3 Robert Knepper as Hamelac in Episode 4 Liam Neeson as Jahavus Dorahl , Captain of the derelict Bio Ship in Episode 4 Charlize Theron as Pria Lavesque , who appears in Episode 5 Kelly Hu as Admiral Ozawa , who appears in Episode 6 Michaela McManus as Teleya , a Krill teacher serving on Krill destroyer Yakar , in Episode 6 Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' Jon Favreau Seth MacFarlane September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1LAB01 8.56 25th - century Union command officer Ed Mercer divorces his wife , Kelly Grayson , after he catches her cheating on him . A year later , he accepts a position as Captain of the U.S.S. Orville and finds ( to his dismay ) that his ex-wife will serve as his First Officer . During the Orville 's first mission , the hostile alien Krill Captain ( Joel Swetow ) attempts to steal a device that can accelerate time , which has both beneficial and dangerous applications . Mercer and Grayson rig the device to destroy itself and the Krill vessel . `` Command Performance '' Robert Duncan McNeill Seth MacFarlane September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1LAB03 6.63 The technologically advanced Calivon imprison Mercer and Grayson in a replica of their former home as a zoo exhibit . Alara is left in command of the Orville , as Bortus has laid an egg and must incubate it . Alara is unsure of herself , but gains confidence with the help of Claire 's mentorship . Mercer and Grayson wonder if they could have made their relationship work , but finally conclude that they were never compatible for a long - term romantic relationship , despite their strong camaraderie . Admiral Tucker orders Alara to return to Earth instead of approaching the powerful Calivon ; Alara violates these orders and rescues Mercer and Grayson , along with an alien child , by trading an archive of Earth 's reality television for them . Ed presents Alara with a medal of honor and believes he and Grayson can prevent her from being punished for insubordination . A female offspring hatches from Bortus ' egg , stunning him and Klyden , as Moclan females are extremely rare . `` About a Girl '' Brannon Braga Seth MacFarlane September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 1LAB04 4.05 When Doctor Finn refuses Bortus and Klyden 's request to have their daughter undergo sex reassignment surgery , which is standard practice for Moclans on the very rare occasions when a female is born , the parents petition Mercer to order the procedure . Mercer refuses , as he ( and the rest of the crew ) object to performing such a procedure on a healthy infant , so Bortus and Klyden arrange to have the procedure performed on a Moclan vessel . Gordon and John change Bortus ' mind by showing him Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , but Klyden still wants to proceed , revealing that he was born female . The case is arbitrated on the Moclan planet , Moclus , where Grayson represents Bortus ; she casts doubt on the idea of male superiority by demonstrating that Alara is physically strong and Gordon is stupid . Ed locates a female Moclan of advanced years , Heveena , who testifies that she lived a happy and fulfilling life in seclusion , and reveals that under the pseudonym `` Gondus Elden , '' she has become an esteemed novelist on Moclus . But Klyden and the tribunal are unconvinced , and the baby undergoes the surgery . Despite their disagreement , Bortus and Klyden are committed to one another and to giving their son , Topa , a good life . `` If the Stars Should Appear '' James L. Conway Seth MacFarlane September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 1LAB02 3.70 The Orville encounters a huge , 2000 - year - old derelict ship drifting into a star . Mercer , Grayson , Kitan , Finn , and Isaac enter , discovering an artificial biosphere and a civilization of 3 million who worship an entity called Dorahl , and do not know they are on a ship . Grayson is held prisoner by their theocratic dictator Hamelac , who imposes a death penalty on `` Reformers '' who believe anything exists beyond the known world . While Bortus takes the Orville to save a colony ship from a Krill attack , Grayson 's crewmates rescue her and lead a group of Reformers to the alien ship 's bridge . An ancient recording from Captain Jahavus Dorahl ( played by Liam Neeson ) reveals that it was a generation ship disabled by an ion storm . Isaac initiates repairs and opens the hull 's window , enabling the populace to see stars for the first time , moving even Hamelac . Mercer makes arrangements for the Union to train the people to operate their ship . Meanwhile , Klyden is frustrated that Bortus ' duties leave him little time for family . 5 `` Pria '' Jonathan Frakes Seth MacFarlane October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 1LAB05 3.43 The Orville comes to the rescue of a mining ship . Grayson is suspicious of their new guest , Pria Lavesque ( Charlize Theron ) , to whom Mercer is clearly attracted . Grayson 's concerns are shown to have merit when Pria is discovered to be a time - traveling artifact dealer from the 29th Century . Pria claims to have rescued the Orville from a dark matter storm that would have killed them all , mainly so she could sell the ship to an artifact buyer in her own time . Meanwhile , Malloy tries to teach the concept of humor to Isaac , which soon backfires for him when Isaac pulls off a very unexpected practical joke . 6 `` Krill '' Jon Cassar David A. Goodman October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1LAB06 3.37 After recovering a Krill shuttle intact , Mercer and Malloy are ordered to pose as Krill soldiers in order to board one of their vessels and get a copy of the Ankhana , a sacred religious text . They are forced to change priorities when they learn that the Krill plan to detonate a powerful bomb over a remote Union colony . Rather than destroy the bomb , and therefore the ship , they exploit the Krill 's natural weakness to sunlight to eliminate all the crew members , with the exception of a classroom full of children and their teacher Teleya , who warns Mercer that his actions will only reinforce the Krill 's hatred for the Union . 7 `` Majority Rule '' Tucker Gates Seth MacFarlane October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1LAB07 4.18 An undercover team led by Grayson lands on Sargas 4 , an Earth - like planet with a culture similar to that of 21st - century human civilization , to locate two missing anthropologists . There , LaMarr is arrested after a video of him dancing with a beloved statue receives more than a million `` down '' votes , and must convince the public to pardon him or be subjected to `` treatment '' for his actions . Alara and Claire locate one of the missing , but find him in an irreversible lobotomized state . With LaMarr facing a final vote to determine his guilt , Mercer brings one of the planet 's inhabitants , Lysella , aboard the Orville and learns about the `` Master Feed '' , which Isaac is able to hack and upload doctored images of John , narrowly swinging the vote in his favor . Now free , John and the others return to the ship and depart . The next day , Lysella decides against taking part in a public vote . 8 `` Into the Fold '' Brannon Braga Brannon Braga & Andre Bormanis November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1LAB08 3.83 While traveling to a recreational planet in a shuttle , Isaac , Finn , and her sons Marcus and Ty fall into a spatial fold , and crash on a planet devastated by famine and disease , and populated by scattered groups of cannibals . Finn is separated from the other three and captured by a survivalist named Drogen , who refuses to let her leave . While she works to escape , Isaac , who is unfamiliar with the care of human children , is forced to protect her sons while he tries to fix the shuttle 's communication systems . Despite his efforts , Ty becomes ill from a deadly toxin . Finn kills Drogen and reunites with the others , and Isaac and Marcus manage to hold off a large attack by the cannibals just as backup arrives . Finn uses a blood sample to create a cure for Ty , and thanks Isaac for watching over her sons . In turn , Isaac admits that , for all the faults he sees in them , he still thinks of them fondly . 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' Jamie Babbit TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1LAB09 TBD 10 `` Firestorm '' Jon Cassar TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1LAB10 TBD 11 `` New Dimensions '' Kelly Cronin TBA November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) 1LAB11 TBD 12 TBA Kevin Hooks TBA TBA 1LAB12 TBD 13 TBA Seth MacFarlane TBA TBA 1LAB13 TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) MacFarlane originally wrote The Orville as a spec script , which was given a 13 - episode order by Fox on May 4 , 2016 , making it the first live - action television series created by MacFarlane , as well as his first live - action starring role on television . Following the project 's greenlight , MacFarlane stated , `` I 've wanted to do something like this show ever since I was a kid , and the timing finally feels right . ( ... ) I think this is gon na be something special . '' According to MacFarlane , The Orville was inspired by The Twilight Zone and Star Trek . He was also encouraged to sell the series due to the success of Guardians of the Galaxy and Deadpool . Casting ( edit ) On July 29 , 2016 , MacFarlane 's role was revealed to be Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville , while Adrianne Palicki had been cast as Kelly Grayson , Ed 's ex-wife and the newly appointed first officer of the Orville , and Scott Grimes , who voices Steve Smith on American Dad ! ( another show created by MacFarlane ) , was cast as Gordon Malloy , Ed 's best friend whom he hires to pilot the Orville . On August 19 , Peter Macon and J Lee were cast as series regulars . On October 31 , Halston Sage and Penny Johnson Jerald joined the cast . On December 8 , Mark Jackson was cast . On April 3 , 2017 , Chad L. Coleman was added as a series regular and Larry Joe Campbell was cast in a recurring role . At San Diego Comic Con , MacFarlane said that Charlize Theron would guest - star in an episode . The two had previously co-starred in A Million Ways to Die in the West . Filming ( edit ) On August 24 , 2016 , Jon Favreau signed on to direct the pilot . Production on the pilot episode began in late 2016 , and the rest of the episodes began filming on March 27 , 2017 . Production wrapped on August 23 , 2017 . Jonathan Frakes and Robert Duncan McNeill also direct episodes of the show ; the two have directed Star Trek episodes in the past . Music ( edit ) The show uses a 75 - piece orchestra for the music in each episode , alongside several different composers . MacFarlane said `` We score it like a movie '' and `` We really put as much into that as we do into the effects . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 18 % approval rating , with an average rating of 4.61 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` An odd jumble of campiness and sincerity , homage and satire , The Orville never quite achieves liftoff . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 36 out of 100 , based on 21 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Liz Miller writing for IndieWire compared the series to Star Trek , calling it a rip - off and `` Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . She criticized the lack of creativity , the blatant imitation , and was surprised that the show is `` uninterested in being a comedy '' . Erik Kain of Forbes gave a positive review of the show with the observation that `` All the optimism and sincerity and lightheartedness of Star Trek is here , and in many ways it 's kind of wonderful . I 'm honestly surprised something like this exists . '' He says the critics were wrong and suggests their opinions are based on disliking MacFarlane and his type of humor . Ratings ( edit ) The Orville has performed well in ratings . After its Sunday premiere on September 10 , the show moved to Thursday nights at 9 pm . In its first broadcast in the new time slot , The Orville became Fox 's highest rated Thursday 9pm broadcast in two years . After taking into account DVR and VOD , The Orville was Fox 's most - viewed drama debut since the premiere of Empire in 2015 . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' September 10 , 2017 2.7 / 9 8.56 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Command Performance '' September 17 , 2017 2.2 / 8 6.63 0.9 2.42 3.1 9.05 `` About a Girl '' September 21 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` If the Stars Should Appear '' September 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.70 1.0 3.11 2.1 6.81 5 `` Pria '' October 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.43 3.35 2.1 6.79 6 `` Krill '' October 12 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.37 3.32 2.1 6.69 7 `` Majority Rule '' October 26 , 2017 1.2 / 5 4.18 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Into the Fold '' November 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.83 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' November 9 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Firestorm '' November 16 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- orville , the on fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca . `` TV News Roundup : ' The Orville ' Becomes Fox 's Biggest Drama Debut in Two Years in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orville : Seth MacFarlane Explains Why His New Show Is n't Just a Comedy '' . TV Line . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Gets Movie - Style Scoring From Emmy - Winning Composers '' . Variety . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane to Create , Executive - Produce and Star in New Series '' . FOX.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When The Gifted , The Orville and Other Fox Shows Premiere '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's The Orville Is More Earnest Star Trek Homage Than ' Family Guy in Space ' '' `` '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Orville Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV Line . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki Stars In Seth MacFarlane Fox Series , Scott Grimes Co-Stars '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Wounds '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 1 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orville on FOX '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Look In 360 ° '' . YouTube . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Fold '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 8 . Fox Broadcasting Company . November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About a Girl '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Command Performance '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Jackson Joins Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville '' . Deadline . December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pria '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 5 . Fox Broadcasting Company . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` MacFarlane is lost in space with ' Orville ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` If the Stars Should Appear '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 4 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael MacFarlane ( @ GirlMacFarlane ) '' . Twitter . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' and ' SNF ' adjust up , Miss America and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' adjusts down , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Gotham , ' ' Zoo ' and CW originals unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 109 ) ' Cupid 's Dagger ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` The awesomely talented @ BabbitJamie directing on @ TheOrville this week -- fun days '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 110 ) `` Firestorm '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't wait to have the genius of @ joncassar back for more ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 111 ) `` New Dimensions '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Thanks to our awesome @ TheOrville episode 11 director Kelly Cronin for a great show ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` @ KevHooks bringing his brilliance to @ TheOrville this week '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` That is a wrap on season 1 of @ TheOrville -- Thanks to our incomparable cast and crew for everything ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane To Create & Star In Fox Sci - Fi Dramedy Series For 2017 - 18 Season '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Talks New Comedy ' Orville ' '' . Access Hollywood YouTube Page . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Seth MacFarlane Got Charlize Theron To Be On ' The Orville ' '' . Entertainment Weekly YouTube Page . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Macon & J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Orville : Peter Macon and J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's New FOX Comedy '' . TV Series Finale . United States : DreamHost . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Halston Sage & Penny Johnson Jerald Join Seth MacFarlane 's Sci - Fi Dramedy At Fox '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chad L. Coleman & Larry Joe Campbell Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Charlize Theron to guest on Seth MacFarlane 's space - set series The Orville '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau To Direct Seth MacFarlane 's Space Comedic Drama Series For Fox '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon Miller , Liz ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Review : Seth MacFarlane 's ' Star Trek ' Rip - Off is Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Seth MacFarlane On The Orville 's Unique Tone , ' Star Trek ' Roots '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` The Orville : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orville - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Critics Must Be Crazy : Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Captures The Spirit Of ' Star Trek ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael . `` The Orville vs. Star Trek : Discovery Ratings : Both Open Competitively '' . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' ties ' America 's Got Talent ' in 18 - 49 : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Orville on IMDb The Orville on Facebook Seth MacFarlane Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy American Dad ! Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy The Cleveland Show The Orville Films directed Ted A Million Ways to Die in the West Ted 2 Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words Holiday for Swing No One Ever Tells You Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Night of the Hurricane Fuzzy Door Productions Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! ( since 2005 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 13 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Live - action The Winner ( 2007 ) Dads ( 2013 -- 14 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Documentary Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) Films Straight - to - DVD Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Theatrical Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Web series Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy ( 2008 -- 09 ) Night of the Hurricane Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Orville&oldid=809425211 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series American science fiction television series Comic science fiction English - language television programs Fox network shows Parodies of Star Trek Space adventure television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Fuzzy Door Productions Television series set in the future Television series created by Seth MacFarlane Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 00 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

whose voice is the robot on the orville

Chad Coleman as Klyden , Bortus ' mate and father of their child . He first appears at the end of the series ' second episode . Norm Macdonald as the voice of Yaphit , an amorphous , gelatinous Engineering crew member of the Orville , who in his first few appearances , repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn , and frequently flirts with other females on the ship . Larry Joe Campbell as Lieutenant Commander Steve Newton , Chief Engineer of the Orville . Rachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer .

Abe Gubegna - wikipedia Abe Gubegna Jump to : navigation , search Abe Gubegna ( 1934 - 1980 ) , also spelled `` Abbé '' or `` Abbie '' , ( Amharic : አበ ጉበኛ ) was an Ethiopian novelist and playwright . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life & work 2 Works in English 3 References 4 External links Life & work ( edit ) He was born in Achefer , Yismala Giorgis and attended the local church schools where he became acquainted with liturgical poetry and music . actually he did n't attend a university / but he attended his seconadry school in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , he became a journalist and , later , a civil servant . He eventually decided to devote all his time to writing , becoming Ethiopia 's first full - time professional writer . He was very outspoken on political issues and many of his books were banned . At one point , he was sentenced to three years of forced confinement to a small area surrounding his home . During the `` Red Terror - White Terror '' days 1976 - 1979 he was one of the outspoken `` Apostles '' of change that nonetheless decried the blood shed others in the leftist movements believed were not only unavoidable but necessary . His vehemence against violence resulted in a newspaper article in which he suggested those thirsty for blood may be better served drinking their wive 's menustral flow . Though this comment garnered him the ill - will of those who urged bloodshed and violence there is no indication that it led to anything more than his being sidelined for his immodesty . His most famous novel is Aliwalidim ( I Will Not Be Born , 1962 ) , a satire about a baby who refuses to emerge from his mother 's womb because of the unjust world waiting outside . In his later years , he participated in the International Writing Fellowship Program at the University of Iowa . He is credited with the following well - known quote ( c. 1974 ) : `` Every day in Africa a gazelle wakes up . It knows it must run faster than the fastest lion or it will be killed . Every morning a lion wakes up . It knows that it must outrun the slowest gazelle or it will starve to death . It does n't matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle . When the sun comes up , you better be running . '' Works in English ( edit ) Defiance , Oxford University Press ( 1975 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 572420 - 8 The Savage Girl , Berhanena Selam ( 1964 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oxford University Press , brief biography from `` Defiance '' External links ( edit ) Saturday Monitor : Banning book could be a blessing in disguise VIAF : 163851822 LCCN : no96026324 SUDOC : 073384941 IATH : w64n13p6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abe_Gubegna&oldid=785298123 '' Categories : 1934 births 1980 deaths Ethiopian journalists Ethiopian novelists Ethiopian dramatists and playwrights 20th - century novelists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Français Galego Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2017 , at 18 : 59 . About Wikipedia

every morning in africa a gazelle wakes up author

Abe Gubegna ( 1934 - 1980 ) , also spelled `` Abbé '' or `` Abbie '' , ( Amharic : አበ ጉበኛ ) was an Ethiopian novelist and playwright .

David Bamber - wikipedia David Bamber Jump to : navigation , search For the former professional footballer , see Dave Bamber . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Bamber David James Bamber ( 1954 - 09 - 19 ) 19 September 1954 ( age 63 ) Walkden , Lancashire , England Occupation Actor Years active 1982 -- present Spouse ( s ) Julia Swift ( 1982 -- present ) David James Bamber ( born 19 September 1954 ) is an English actor . He has worked in television and theatre . He is an Associate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early years ( edit ) Bamber was born in Walkden , Lancashire . By September 1973 , he was at the Manchester Youth Theatre , playing Pandarus in Troilus and Cressida . Bamber studied drama at Bristol University , continuing his training at RADA where he won the Gold Medal in 1979 . Career ( edit ) Bamber has worked on many British television series , mini-series and TV films . He appeared in the BBC adaptations of Hanif Kureishi 's The Buddha of Suburbia and Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice , in which he portrayed the Bennets ' clergyman cousin , Mr. Collins . He also played the part of a junior treasury minister and Stamp enthusiast , Julian Whitaker , in an episode of The New Statesman , in which Alan frames Whitaker and forces his resignation . In 1997 he starred as Eric Slatt in two series of Steven Moffat 's Chalk , contributing to the audio commentaries for the DVD release in 2008 . His best known international television role to date was his 2005 -- 2007 role as Marcus Tullius Cicero in the HBO / BBC2 original television series , Rome . In Poirot Series 3 : Episode 7 `` The Double Clue , '' he plays the effete middleman to a jewellery collector who is robbed . Bamber also played Adolf Hitler in Bryan Singer 's film , Valkyrie . Most recently he played the part of Noel in the Sky Atlantic series Camping . As a stage actor , Bamber won the 1995 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance as Guy in My Night with Reg , a role he reprised in a 1996 BBC television adaptation . His roles as a voice actor include Emperor Constantine in the Doctor Who audio drama , The Council of Nicaea and as Jeremy Longstaff in the 2008 radio series The Way We Live Right Now . Personal life ( edit ) Bamber is married to the actress Julia Swift , daughter of actors David Swift and Paula Jacobs . They have two sons , Theo ( 1991 ) and Ethan ( 1998 ) . Ethan has played cricket for England U19s . The family lives in North London . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Privates on Parade Flight Sgt . Charles Bishop Michael Blakemore 1985 The Doctor and the Devils Cronin Directed by Freddie Francis High Hopes Rupert Booth - Braine Directed by Mike Leigh 1992 Dakota Road Man on the train Directed by Nick Ward 1992 Year of the Comet Albert Directed by Peter Yates 1995 Pride and Prejudice Mr. Collins Directed by Simon Langton Wet and Dry Bafta nominated short directed by John McKay 2002 Gangs of New York Passenger Directed by Martin Scorsese 2002 The Bourne Identity Consulate Clerk Directed by Doug Liman 2002 Daniel Deronda Lush Directed by Tom Hooper 2003 I Capture the Castle Vicar Directed by Tim Fywell 2005 The Clap Krzysztof Veneer Award - winning short directed by Geoff Lindsey 2005 Rome Cicero Award - winning television series 2006 Midsomer Murders John Starkey `` Black Book '' 2006 Robin Hood Sheriff 's physician BBC Series 2006 Miss Potter Fruing Warne Directed by Chris Noonan 2007 The All Together Robin Swain Directed by Gavin Claxton 2007 Doc Martin Vicar Directed by Ben Bolt 2007 New Tricks Dale Newson Episode 4.4 Directed by Syd Macartney 2008 Valkyrie Adolf Hitler Directed by Bryan Singer 2009 Psychoville Robin Directed by Matt Lipsey The King 's Speech Theatre Director Directed by Tom Hooper 2011 The Borgias Theo Directed by Neil Jordan 2012 Henry IV , Part II Shallow Directed by Richard Eyre 2012 The Paradise Charles Chisholm one episode 2013 Blandings Herr Schnellhund one episode 2013 What Remains Joe Sellers Directed by Coky Giedroyc 2014 Doctor Who Captain Quell `` Mummy on the Orient Express '' 2015 Father Brown Walter Hubble Episode 3.2 `` The Curse of Amenhotep '' 2015 Death in Paradise Alan Butler Episode 4.3 2015 Christmas Eve Walt Directed by Mitch Davis 2015 The Sound of Music Live ! Herr Zeller UK version of The Sound of Music Live ! broadcast 20 December 2015 2016 Midsomer Murders Daniel Fargo Episode 18.4 `` A Dying Art '' 2016 Victoria Duke of Sussex Two episodes 2016 Camping Noel Six episodes 2016 Medici : Masters of Florence Pope Eugene IV Three episodes 2017 Gunpowder The Earl of Northumberland Three Episodes 2017 Mad to Be Normal Dr. Meridith 2018 Silent Witness Brian Hawke References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bates , Merete , TROILUS AND CRESSIDA in Manchester , The Guardian ; 5 September 1973 Jump up ^ `` Ethan Bamber '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Further reading ( edit ) `` David Bamber Page '' . Pride and Prejudice site . 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2009 . External links ( edit ) David Bamber on IMDb Profile at HBO ' Rome ( hide ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor Antony Sher ( 1985 ) Albert Finney ( 1986 ) Michael Gambon ( 1987 ) Oliver Ford Davies ( 1989 / 1990 ) Ian McKellen ( 1991 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1992 ) Robert Stephens ( 1993 ) Mark Rylance ( 1994 ) David Bamber ( 1995 ) Alex Jennings ( 1996 ) Antony Sher ( 1997 ) Ian Holm ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Henry Goodman ( 2000 ) Conleth Hill ( 2001 ) Roger Allam ( 2002 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2003 ) Matthew Kelly ( 2004 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2005 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2006 ) Rufus Sewell ( 2007 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2008 ) Derek Jacobi ( 2009 ) Mark Rylance ( 2010 ) Roger Allam ( 2011 ) Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller ( 2012 ) Luke Treadaway ( 2013 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2014 ) Mark Strong ( 2015 ) Kenneth Cranham ( 2016 ) Jamie Parker ( 2017 ) VIAF : 34662905 LCCN : no2001011614 ISNI : 0000 0001 1757 632X GND : 137757956 BNF : cb140713932 ( data ) BNE : XX4882319 SNAC : w69c7415 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bamber&oldid=826540751 '' Categories : 1954 births Living people Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Alumni of the University of Bristol English male film actors English male musical theatre actors English male radio actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors Laurence Olivier Award winners People from Walkden Royal Shakespeare Company members English male Shakespearean actors Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2011 BLP articles lacking sources from February 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 18 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played mr collins in bbc pride and prejudice

Year Title Role Notes 1982 Privates on Parade Flight Sgt . Charles Bishop Michael Blakemore 1985 The Doctor and the Devils Cronin Directed by Freddie Francis High Hopes Rupert Booth - Braine Directed by Mike Leigh 1992 Dakota Road Man on the train Directed by Nick Ward 1992 Year of the Comet Albert Directed by Peter Yates 1995 Pride and Prejudice Mr. Collins Directed by Simon Langton Wet and Dry Bafta nominated short directed by John McKay 2002 Gangs of New York Passenger Directed by Martin Scorsese 2002 The Bourne Identity Consulate Clerk Directed by Doug Liman 2002 Daniel Deronda Lush Directed by Tom Hooper 2003 I Capture the Castle Vicar Directed by Tim Fywell 2005 The Clap Krzysztof Veneer Award - winning short directed by Geoff Lindsey 2005 Rome Cicero Award - winning television series 2006 Midsomer Murders John Starkey `` Black Book '' 2006 Robin Hood Sheriff 's physician BBC Series 2006 Miss Potter Fruing Warne Directed by Chris Noonan 2007 The All Together Robin Swain Directed by Gavin Claxton 2007 Doc Martin Vicar Directed by Ben Bolt 2007 New Tricks Dale Newson Episode 4.4 Directed by Syd Macartney 2008 Valkyrie Adolf Hitler Directed by Bryan Singer 2009 Psychoville Robin Directed by Matt Lipsey The King 's Speech Theatre Director Directed by Tom Hooper 2011 The Borgias Theo Directed by Neil Jordan 2012 Henry IV , Part II Shallow Directed by Richard Eyre 2012 The Paradise Charles Chisholm one episode 2013 Blandings Herr Schnellhund one episode 2013 What Remains Joe Sellers Directed by Coky Giedroyc 2014 Doctor Who Captain Quell `` Mummy on the Orient Express '' 2015 Father Brown Walter Hubble Episode 3.2 `` The Curse of Amenhotep '' 2015 Death in Paradise Alan Butler Episode 4.3 2015 Christmas Eve Walt Directed by Mitch Davis 2015 The Sound of Music Live ! Herr Zeller UK version of The Sound of Music Live ! broadcast 20 December 2015 2016 Midsomer Murders Daniel Fargo Episode 18.4 `` A Dying Art '' 2016 Victoria Duke of Sussex Two episodes 2016 Camping Noel Six episodes 2016 Medici : Masters of Florence Pope Eugene IV Three episodes 2017 Gunpowder The Earl of Northumberland Three Episodes 2017 Mad to Be Normal Dr. Meridith 2018 Silent Witness Brian Hawke

Large denominations of United States currency - wikipedia Large denominations of United States currency Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Large denominations of United States currency greater than $100 were circulated by the United States Treasury until 1969 . Since then , U.S. dollar banknotes have only been issued in seven denominations : $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview and history 1.1 Public versus institutional use 1.2 Passive retirement 2 High - denomination ( HD ) banknote issuing data 3 High - denomination United States banknotes 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Notes 5.3 Bibliography 6 External links Overview and history ( edit ) Large - denomination currency ( i.e. , banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher ) had been used in the United States since the late 18th century . The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina , authorized by legislation dated May 10 , 1780 . Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16 , 1780 and $2,000 notes on May 7 , 1781 . High - denomination treasury notes were issued , for example during the War of 1812 ( $1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30 , 1812 ) . During the American Civil War Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes . During the Federal banknote issuing period ( 1861 to present ) , the earliest high - denomination notes included three - year Interest - bearing notes of $500 , $1,000 , and $5,000 , authorized by Congress on July 17 , 1861 . In total , 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high - denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates . The obverse of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures , allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts ( e.g. , liberty , justice ) , or a combination of both . The reverse designs range from abstract scroll - work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works . Public versus institutional use ( edit ) Series 1934 gold certificates ( $100 , $1,000 , $10,000 and $100,000 ) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily confiscated by order of President Franklin Roosevelt on March 9 , 1933 ( see United States Executive Order 6102 ) . Thus the series 1934 notes were used only for intra-government ( i.e. , Federal Reserve Bank ) transactions and were not issued to the public . This series was discontinued in 1940 . The series 1928 gold certificate reverse was printed in black and green . See history of the United States dollar . Passive retirement ( edit ) Although they are still technically legal tender in the United States , high - denomination bills were last printed on December 27 , 1945 , and officially discontinued on July 14 , 1969 , by the Federal Reserve System , due to ' lack of use ' . The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then . The Federal Reserve began taking high - denomination currency out of circulation ( destroying large bills received by banks ) in 1969 . As of May 30 , 2009 , only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist ; 342 remaining $5,000 bills ; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills . Due to their rarity , collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them . Some are in museums in other parts of the world . For the most part , these bills were used by banks and the Federal government for large financial transactions . This was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934 . However , for the most part , the introduction of an electronic money system has made large - scale cash transactions obsolete . When combined with concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash in unlawful activities such as the illegal drug trade and money laundering , it is unlikely that the U.S. government will re-issue large denomination currency in the near future , despite the amount of inflation that has occurred since 1969 ( a $500 bill is now worth less , in real terms , than a $100 bill was worth in 1969 ) . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website , `` The present denominations of our currency in production are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 and $100 . The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal . Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today . '' High - denomination ( HD ) banknote issuing data ( edit ) Key to high denomination banknote type abbreviations Abbr Type Size Series dates High denomination series date Comments $500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $100,000 LT Legal tender Large 1862 -- 1923 1862 1863 1869 1874 1875 1878 1880 1862 1863 1869 1878 1880 1878 1878 -- CITN Compound interest treasury note Exception 1863 -- 1864 1863 1864 1864 -- -- -- IBN Interest bearing note Exception 1861 -- 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 -- -- SC Silver certificate Large 1878 -- 1923 1878 1880 1878 1880 1891 -- -- -- TN Treasury note Large 1890 -- 1891 1891 1890 1891 -- -- -- NBN National bank note Large 1865 -- 1875 1865 1875 1865 1875 -- -- -- FRN Federal reserve note Large 1914 -- 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 -- NGBN National gold bank note Large 1870 -- 1883 1870 -- -- -- -- GC Gold certificate Large 1865 -- 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1907 1922 1865 1870 1882 1888 1865 1870 1875 1882 1888 1900 -- FRN Federal reserve note Small 1928 -- present 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 -- GC Gold certificate Small 1928 -- 1934 1928 1928 1934 1928 1928 1934 1934 High - denomination United States banknotes ( edit ) The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains ( among other things ) the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( BEP ) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency . Using a combination of proofs and issued notes , a nearly complete type set of high - denomination currency was compiled . Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes . Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper , these high - denomination notes are virtually non-existent . Their issuance ( 1861 -- 65 ) pre-dates the BEP 's responsibility for U.S. Currency ( 1870s ) , so it is fortunate that any proofs exist in the current archives . High denomination United States banknotes Value Type Series Fr . Image Portrait / engraving Comments 000500 $500 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 183c Gallatin - Albert Albert Gallatin 4 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 LT 1869 Fr. 184 Adams - John - Quincy John Quincy Adams ( Charles Burt ) Justice ( Stephen A. Schoff ) 4 known ( only one privately ) 000500 $500 LT 1874 -- 78 Fr. 185b Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 LT 1880 Fr. 185l Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 000500 $500 CITN 1864 Fr. 194a Proof zStandard Bearer - New Ironsides Standard Bearer ( left ) ( George D. Baldwin ) New Ironsides ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Unknown 000500 $500 SC 1878 Fr. 345a Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) Unique ( variety and type ) 000500 $500 SC 1880 Fr. 345c Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 TN 1891 Fr. 379 Proof Sherman - William William Tecumseh Sherman None issued 000500 $500 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 464 zCivilization - Sirius - Burgoyne Civilization ( left ) ( James D. Smillie ) Sirius arriving in New York ( right ) Surrender of General Burgoyne ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 000500 $500 FRN 1918 Fr. 1132d Marshall - John John Marshall ( Charles Schlecht ) de Soto discovering the Mississippi ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 000500 $500 GC 1863 Fr. 1166d Proof zEagle - shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 000500 $500 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166i Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) Unique 000500 $500 GC 1882 -- 1922 Fr. 1216a Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2200g McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 000500 $500 GC 1928 Fr. 2407 McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 186e Morris - Robert Robert Morris ( Charles Schlecht ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1869 Fr. 186f Proof Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton 2 known 001000 $1,000 LT 1878 Fr. 187a Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1880 Fr. 187k Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 4 known ( variety ) ~ 20 -- 25 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 201 Proof zJustice - Liberty Justice ( left ) ; Liberty ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 206 Proof zShips Guerriere and the Constitution ( left ) and Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1878 Fr. 346a Proof Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1880 Fr. 346d Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) 5 known ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 SC 1891 Fr. 346e Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Liberty ( Charles Burt ) 2 known 001000 $1,000 TN 1890 Fr. 379a Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 TN 1891 Fr. 379c Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 465 Proof zScott - Winfield - Washington - George Scott entering City of Mexico ( left ) ( Alfred Jones ) United States Capitol ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1133d Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Eagle ( rev ) ( Marcus W. Baldwin ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166e Proof zEagle - shield - Justice - scales Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Justice with scales Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166o Proof Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( Charles Burt ) Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1218g Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1907 -- 22 Fr. 1219 Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton 001000 $1,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2210g Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2408 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2409 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 005000 $5,000 LT 1878 Fr. 188 Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Eagle ( William Chorlton ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 005000 $5,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 202 Proof zAltar - of - Liberty The Altar of Liberty ( Louis Delnoce ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 IBN 1865 Fr. 212h Proof zJustice - New Ironsides Justice ( left ) New Ironsides ( center ) ( James Smillie ) 005000 $5,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1134d Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Louis Delnoce ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166f Proof zEagle - Shield - Female Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Female Unique 005000 $5,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166k Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1221a Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 005000 $5,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2220g Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2410 Madison - James James Madison 010000 $10,000 LT 1878 Fr. 189 Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 010000 $10,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1135d Chase - Salmon Salmon Chase ; Embarkation of the Pilgrims ( rev ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 010000 $10,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166g Proof zEagle - Shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 010000 $10,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166l Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson Unique 010000 $10,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1223a Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 010000 $10,000 GC 1900 Fr. 1225 Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) 010000 $10,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2230b Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2411 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2412 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 100000 $100,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2413 Wilson - Woodrow Woodrow Wilson ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Reverse ( Frederick Pauling ) See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Currency of the United States Gold certificate Fake denominations Silver certificate ( United States ) Silver standard Treasury Note ( 1890 -- 91 ) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One hundred $10,000 bills were on display for many years by Benny Binion at Binion 's Horseshoe casino in Las Vegas , Nevada , where they were encased in acrylic . The display has since been dismantled and the bills sold to private collectors . Jump up ^ The following types of United States banknotes were not issued in high denominations and are not included in the list below : Demand notes , Federal Reserve bank notes ( large or small size ) , legal tender ( small size ) , silver certificates ( small size ) , National Bank Notes ( small size ) The table sections are sorted by their appearance in the Friedberg reference book . Jump up ^ Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes . Their `` average '' dimension is 7 ⁄ × 3 ⁄ inches ( 187 × 79 mm ) . Small size notes ( described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes ) are an `` average '' 6 ⁄ × 2 ⁄ ( 156 × 67 mm ) , the size of modern U.S. currency . `` Each measurement is ± 0.08 inches ( 2 mm ) to account for margins and cutting '' . Exceptions to the large versus small categories are the CITN , IBN , and RC , all slightly larger than the large size note dimensions . Jump up ^ All Series 1878 $5,000 and $10,000 notes have been redeemed . Jump up ^ Issued HD IBN are virtually unknown . There may be one $500 and 2 -- 3 $1,000 known from all issue dates . Jump up ^ A $500 Series 1891 Treasury Note was authorized and a certified proof was prepared , but the note was never issued . Jump up ^ Three banks issued $500 NBGN . None are reported , only four notes have not been redeemed . Jump up ^ The Kidder National Gold Bank of Boston received two - note $500 -- $1,000 sheets from the Treasury . The bank returned the shipment intact . Jump up ^ No issued notes or proofs exist of either $500 or $1,000 NGBN Jump up ^ Despite the authorizing act date of 3 March 1863 , Gold certificates were not issued until 1865 . Jump up ^ Series 1934 Gold certificates were never intended for public circulation . Jump up ^ The table is sorted by denomination and then by Friedberg number . Jump up ^ When the information is available , the engraver 's name has been added in parentheses . Column sorting is based on the individual depicted in the portrait . Jump up ^ Variety is the Friedberg number , or specific combination of signatures and seal type ; type represents all the varieties that exist for a given denomination and design , it is the total number of note known for the entire design type . Jump up ^ Of the 5 known notes , 4 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ Of the 4 known notes , 2 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 232 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Fricke , 2014 , p. 122 & 124 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . Act of July , 17 1861 Chapter V. Washington D.C. : 1861 Jump up ^ `` Large denominations '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing / Treasury Website . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Somebody Call Officer Crumb ! : How much cash can a corrupt politician cram into a cereal box ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . As to `` cereal boxes '' as a repository for ill - gotten bribes compare `` Little Tin Box '' in the musical Fiorello ! . Jump up ^ our Treasury -- FAQs : Denominations of Currency . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , generally . Jump up ^ Friedberg , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heritage Auctions ( # 3521 ) 2013 January 9 -- 14 FUN Signature Auction '' . HA.com . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 237 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fricke , Pierre ( 2014 ) . Collecting Confederate Paper Money . Pierre Fricke . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9844534 - 9 - 8 . Friedberg , Arthur L. ; Friedberg , Ira S. ( 2013 ) . Paper Money of the United States : A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations ( 20th ed . ) . Coin & Currency Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87184 - 520 - 7 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Hessler , Gene ( 1993 ) . The Engraver 's Line -- An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 36 - 3 . Hessler , Gene ( 2004 ) . U.S. Essay , Proof and Specimen Notes ( 2 ed . ) . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 62 - 2 . Huntoon , Peter W. ( 1995 ) . United States Large Size National Bank Notes . Society of Paper Money Collectors , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9648774 - 1 - 4 . Newman , Eric P. ( 2008 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 5 ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 326 - X . Schwartz , John ; Lindquist , Scott ( 2011 ) . Standard Guide to Small - Size U.S. Paper Money -- 1928 to Date . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1703 - 6 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Money of the United States by denomination at Wikimedia Commons Large Denominations from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing U.S. Department of the Treasury United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token ( hide ) Obsolete United States currency and coinage Topics United States coinage United States dollar History of the United States dollar Coins Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Large cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ; 1868 ) Two - cent piece ( 1836 ; 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Half dime ( 1792 -- 1873 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) Gold coins Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Double eagle ( 1850 -- 1933 ) Half - union ( 1877 , 1915 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 1880 ) Currency Discontinued denominations Fractional currency Large denominations of currency Discontinued currency types Early American currency Compound interest treasury note Demand Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Gold certificate Interest bearing note National Bank Note National gold bank note Refunding Certificate Silver certificate Treasury or Coin Note Treasury Note ( 19th century ) United States Note United States postal notes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_denominations_of_United_States_currency&oldid=801312300 '' Categories : Paper money of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Polski Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 23 : 11 . 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is there a 500 dollar bill in us currency

Large denominations of United States currency greater than $100 were circulated by the United States Treasury until 1969 . Since then , U.S. dollar banknotes have only been issued in seven denominations : $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 .

Swee'Pea - wikipedia Swee'Pea Jump to : navigation , search `` Swee ' Pea '' is also the nickname of the jazz composer Billy Strayhorn . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Swee'Pea Popeye character First appearance July 24 , 1933 Created by E.C. Segar Portrayed by Wesley Ivan Hurt ( 1980 film ) Voiced by Mae Questel ( 1936 -- 1938 , 1950s -- 1960s ) Margie Hines ( 1938 -- 1943 ) Marilyn Schreffler ( 1970s -- 1980s ) Corinne Orr ( 1972 ) Tabitha St. Germain ( 2004 ) Information Gender Male Family Popeye ( adoptive father ) Swee'Pea ( alternatively spelled Swee'pea and Sweapea on some titles and once called Sweep Pea ) is a character in E.C. Segar 's comic strip Thimble Theatre / Popeye and in the cartoon series derived from it . His name refers to the flower known as the sweet pea . Before his addition to the animated shorts , the name `` Sweet Pea '' was a term of affection used by main character Popeye . In the cartoon We Aim to Please , he addressed girlfriend Olive Oyl that way . In the comics , Swee'Pea is a baby found on Popeye 's doorstep ( actually delivered to him in a box ) in a July 24 , 1933 strip . Popeye adopts and raises him as his son , or , as he puts it `` boy - kid '' . Initially , Swee'Pea's speech consisted entirely of the sound `` glop '' . As the years went on , Swee'Pea apparently aged enough to speak normally , and could throw punches if necessary ; however , his appearance remained that of a crawling baby . In the strip for August 17 , 1933 , Popeye christens Swee'Pea as ' Scooner Seawell Georgia Washenting Christiffer Columbia Daniel Boom ' . Although Swee'Pea remains his most common sobriquet , he is occasionally referred to as Scooner by Popeye and others in later strips . In November 2004 , Popeye officially adopted Swee'pea in a ceremony officiated by Judge Greg Mathis and hosted by the National Council for Adoption in New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Film 1.1 Appearances 2 Parodies 3 References 4 External links Film ( edit ) In the animated Popeye cartoons produced by Max Fleischer and later by Famous Studios , Swee'Pea was portrayed as being in the care of Olive Oyl , although it was unclear whether he was her own child ( in the King Features cartoons of the early 1960s , it is implied that Swee'Pea is Popeye 's nephew ) . From 1936 -- 1938 Mae Questel provided the voice for Swee'Pea which was then taken over by voice actress Margie Hines from 1938 to 1943 . Mae Questel was recast as Swee'Pea in the ( 1960s ) Popeye shorts . Marilyn Schreffler replaced Mae Questel as the voice of Swee'Pea from the ( 1970s -- 1980s ) , Corinne Orr also did the role as Swee'Pea in Popeye Meets The Man Who Hated Laughter ( 1972 ) . Swee'Pea was also voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in Popeye 's Voyage The Quest for Pappy ( 2004 ) . In the feature film Popeye , Swee'Pea is found inside a basket that his mother has secretly switched with an identical one belonging to Olive Oyl ; a note attached to him asks Popeye to look after Swee'Pea until his mother can return to claim him . Popeye proposes the name Swee'Pea for the child ; Olive objects , saying it sounds ridiculous , and he retorts , `` Well , what were you going to call him ? Baby Oyl ? '' In the film , Swee'Pea can also foretell the future ; answering questions in the affirmative by a quick rising whistle . In the film he was played by Wesley Ivan Hurt . In other accounts , Swee'Pea is depicted as royalty . After Swee'Pea's birth father is killed , Swee'Pea is made the Crown Prince of Demonia . As Swee'Pea is of royal birth , he needed protection from an evil uncle who wanted to eliminate him and take control of the country . Swee'Pea's mother left him on the doorstep of the Oyl home , knowing Popeye the trustworthy sailor would protect him . Alice the Goon ( originally depicted as a slave of the Sea Hag ) reappeared in a flower dress and hat and officially became Swee'Pea's babysitter after protests by parents who said the hairy monster frightened children . Appearances ( edit ) Popeye the Sailor with Little Swee'Pea ( 1936 ) Lost and Foundry ( 1937 ) I Likes Babies and Infinks ( 1937 ) The Football Toucher Downer ( 1937 ) Popeye the Sailor with the Jeep ( 1938 ) Wotta Nitemare ! ( 1939 ) Never Sock a Baby ( 1939 ) Nurse Mates ( 1940 ) Doing Imposskible Stunts ( 1940 ) Puttin ' on the Act ( 1940 ) Child Psykolojiky ( 1941 ) Baby Wants a Bottleship ( 1942 ) Baby Wants Spinach ( 1950 ) Thrill of Fair ( 1951 ) Child Sockology ( 1953 ) Nurse to Meet Ya ( 1955 ) Popeye Popeye 's Voyage : The Quest for Pappy ( 2004 ) Parodies ( edit ) In MAD Magazine # 21 ( 1951 ) , a parody of Swee ' Pea named `` Swee ' Back '' appeared in Poopeye . Unlike Swee ' Pea ' , this version could speak in an adult and coherent way and perpetually lured Poopeye into fights with other comic strip characters ( claiming that each one had struck him ) , including `` Mammy Jokeum '' ( a parody of `` Mammy Yokum '' from Li'l Abner ) , `` Melvin of the Apes '' ( a parody of Tarzan ) and `` Superduperman '' ( a parody of Superman ) . After Poopeye had defeated all of them thanks to spinach - containing foods provided by `` Mazola Oil '' ( a parody of Olive Oyl ) , Swee ' Back revealed his true identity as an adult midget named Mister Swee ' Back ( also `` Mad Man '' Swee ' Back ) who was the Broccoli King and that he had set Poopeye up to be defeated because of Poopeye 's spinach use causing broccoli to be outsold . Although punched out by Swee ' Back , Poopeye found some spinach and obliterated the evil Swee ' Back . The story was reprinted in the paperback MAD Strikes Back ( 1962 ) , which was later reprinted in a 50th Anniversary Edition ( iBooks , Inc. , New York , ISBN 0 - 7434 - 4478 - 7 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grandinetti , Fred M. ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Popeye : An Illustrated Cultural History , 2d ed . '' . McFarland . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Caso , Frank ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Altman : In the American Grain '' . Reaktion Books . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gunden , Kenneth Von ( February 1 , 1989 ) . `` Flights of Fancy : The Great Fantasy Films '' . McFarland . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Phelps , Donald ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` Reading the Funnies '' . Fantagraphics Books . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . External links ( edit ) Popeye official site `` Older Swee'Pea '' ( hide ) Popeye created by E.C. Segar Characters Main Popeye Bluto Olive Oyl Wimpy Supporting Swee'Pea Alice the Goon Eugene the Jeep George W. Geezil Harold Hamgravy Castor Oyl Poopdeck Pappy Sea Hag Authors and artists Hy Eisman Seymour Kneitel Roger Langridge Bobby London Bruce Ozella Bill Pearson Bud Sagendorf E.C. Segar Tom Sims George Wildman Doc Winner Bela Zaboly Theatrical shorts Popeye the Sailor Fleischer Studios cartoons Famous Studios cartoons Popeye the Sailor DVD series : Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Volume 3 , Volume 4 and Volume 5 Television shows Popeye the Sailor The All New Popeye Hour Popeye and Son The Popeye Show Film / specials Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba 's Forty Thieves Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter The Popeye Valentine 's Day Special - Sweethearts at Sea Popeye ( 1980 ) Popeye 's Voyage : The Quest for Pappy Popeye Video games Arcade game Popeye ( Game Boy ) Popeye 2 Popeye no Eigo Asobi Popeye Saves the Earth Rush for Spinach Ijiwaru Majo Seahag no Maki Beach Volleyball Other Popeye Song Folio Popeye Village Popeye and Bluto 's Bilge - Rat Barges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swee%27Pea&oldid=796120287 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 1933 Fictional adoptees Popeye characters Fictional royalty Child characters in comics Male characters in comics Animated human characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who did sweet pea belong to on popeye

In the comics , Swee'Pea is a baby found on Popeye 's doorstep ( actually delivered to him in a box ) in a July 24 , 1933 strip . Popeye adopts and raises him as his son , or , as he puts it `` boy - kid '' . Initially , Swee'Pea's speech consisted entirely of the sound `` glop '' . As the years went on , Swee'Pea apparently aged enough to speak normally , and could throw punches if necessary ; however , his appearance remained that of a crawling baby . In the strip for August 17 , 1933 , Popeye christens Swee'Pea as ' Scooner Seawell Georgia Washenting Christiffer Columbia Daniel Boom ' . Although Swee'Pea remains his most common sobriquet , he is occasionally referred to as Scooner by Popeye and others in later strips .

Personal income in the United States - Wikipedia Personal income in the United States This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal Median personal income for the population age 25 or older in 2005 U.S. Productivity , Real Hourly Compensation and Trade Policy ( 1948 - 2013 ) Real GDP , Real Wages and Trade Policy in the U.S. ( 1947 -- 2014 ) Personal income is an individual 's total earnings from wages , investment interest , and other sources . The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full - time workers in 2017 . The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016 . Inflation - adjusted ( `` real '' ) per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008 , but has since remained generally level . Income patterns are evident on the basis of age , sex , ethnicity and educational characteristics . In 2005 roughly half of all those with graduate degrees were among the nation 's top 15 % of income earners . Among different demographics ( gender , marital status , ethnicity ) for those over the age of 18 , median personal income ranged from $3,317 for an unemployed , married Asian American female to $55,935 for a full - time , year - round employed Asian American male . According to the US Census , men tended to have higher income than women , while Asians and Whites earned more than African Americans and Hispanics . Contents 1 Income statistics 1.1 Personal income and disposable personal income 1.2 Census Money Income 2 By educational attainment 3 Income distribution 4 Over time , by ethnicity and sex 5 By ethnicity and origin 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Income statistics ( edit ) In the United States the most widely cited personal income statistics are the Bureau of Economic Analysis 's personal income and the Census Bureau 's per capita money income . The two statistics spring from different traditions of measurement -- personal income from national economic accounts and money income from household surveys . BEA 's statistics relate personal income to measures of production , including GDP , and is considered an indicator of consumer spending . The Census Bureau 's statistics provide detail on income distribution and demographics and are used to produce the nation 's official poverty statistics . Personal income and disposable personal income ( edit ) BEA 's personal income measures the income received by persons from participation in production , from government and business transfers , and from holding interest - bearing securities and corporate stocks . Personal income also includes income received by nonprofit institutions serving households , by private non-insured welfare funds , and by private trust funds . BEA also publishes disposable personal income , which measures the income available to households after paying federal and state and local government income taxes . Income from production is generated both by the labor of individuals ( for example , in the form of wages and salaries and of proprietors ' income ) and by the capital that they own ( in the form of rental income of persons ) . Income that is not earned from production in the current period -- such as capital gains , which relate to changes in the price of assets over time -- is excluded . BEA 's monthly personal income estimates are one of several key macroeconomic indicators that the National Bureau of Economic Research considers when dating the business cycle . Personal income and disposable personal income are provided both as aggregate and as per capita statistics . BEA produces monthly estimates of personal income for the nation , quarterly estimates of state personal income , and annual estimates of local - area personal income . More information is found on BEA 's website . See also : Per capita personal income in the United States Census money income ( edit ) The Census Bureau collects income data on several major surveys , including the Annual Social and Economic Supplement ( ASEC ) of the Current Population Survey ( CPS ) , the Survey of Income and Program Participation ( SIPP ) , and the American Community Survey ( ACS ) . The CPS is the source of the official national estimates of poverty and the most widely cited source of annual household income estimates for the United States . The CPS measure of money income is defined as the total pre-tax cash income received by people on a regular basis , excluding certain lump - sum payments and excluding capital gains . The Census Bureau also produces alternative estimates of income and poverty based on broadened definitions of income that include many of these income components that are not included in money income . The Census Bureau releases estimates of household money income as medians , percent distributions by income categories , and on a per capita basis . Estimates are available by demographic characteristics of householders and by the composition of households . More details on income concepts and sources are found on the Census Bureau 's website . By educational attainment ( edit ) Median personal income by educational attainment ( 2017 ) Measure Some high school High school graduate Some college Associate 's degree Bachelor 's degree or higher Bachelor 's degree Master 's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree Persons , age 25 + w / earnings $24,576 $33,669 $37,968 $37,968 $61,440 $56,592 $70,608 $91,538 $79,231 Male , age 25 + w / earnings $22,214 $32,307 $39,823 $43,785 $70,437 $62,304 $78,222 $111,881 $91,604 Female , age 25 + w / earnings $20,784 $28,896 $33,360 $33,360 $54,480 $49,248 $61,200 $65,012 $68,887 Persons , age 25 + , employed full - time $30,598 $38,102 $43,377 $47,401 $71,221 $64,074 $77,285 $117,679 $101,307 Income distribution ( edit ) Of those individuals with income who were older than 15 years of age , approximately 50 % had incomes below $30,000 while the top 10 % had incomes exceeding $95,000 a year in 2015 . The distribution of income among individuals differs substantially from household incomes as 39 % of all households had two or more income earners . As a result , 25 % of households have incomes above $100,000 , even though only 9.2 % of Americans had incomes exceeding $100,000 in 2010 . As a reference point , the US minimum wage since 2009 has been $7.25 per hour or $15,080 for the 2080 hours in a typical work year . The minimum wage is approximately 25 % over the official U.S. government - designated poverty income level for a single person unit ( before taxes ) and about 63 % of the designated poverty level for a family of four , assuming only one worker ( before taxes ) . ( See Poverty in the United States ) . Annual wages of $30,160 ; $45,240 ; $75,400 ; $150,800 and $1.5 M correspond to 2 , 3 , 5 , 10 and 100 times minimum wage respectively . Income distribution among all those above age 25 and those between 25 and 64 with earnings . NOTE : 25 + statistics will not add up exactly to 100 % due to the unemployment rate Income range Number of people Percent in group Percent at or below Cumulative percentages Under $2,500 14,689,000 6.48 6.48 less than $25 k 42.87 % less than $50 k 70.23 % less than $100 k 90.85 % $2,500 to $4,999 6,262,000 2.76 9.24 $5,000 to $7,499 7,657,000 3.38 12.62 $7,500 to $9,999 10,551,000 4.65 17.27 $10,000 to $12,499 12,474,000 5.50 22.77 $12,500 to $14,999 8,995,000 3.97 26.74 $15,000 to $17,499 10,672,000 4.71 31.44 $17,500 to $19,999 7,931,000 3.50 34.94 $20,000 to $22,499 11,301,000 4.86 39.80 $22,500 to $24,999 6,962,000 3.07 42.87 $25,000 to $50,000 $25,000 to $27,499 9,623,000 4.24 47.12 $25 k -- $50 k 27.36 % $27,500 to $29,999 5,535,000 2.44 49.56 $30,000 to $32,499 10,399,000 4.59 54.15 $32,500 to $34,999 4,429,000 1.95 56.10 $35,000 to $37,499 7,975,000 3.52 59.62 $37,500 to $39,999 3,930,000 1.73 61.35 $40,000 to $42,499 8,091,000 3.57 64.92 $42,500 to $44,999 3,113,000 1.37 66.29 $45,000 to $47,499 5,718,000 2.52 68.81 $47,500 to $49,999 3,221,000 1.42 70.23 $50,000 to $75,000 $50,000 to $52,499 7,130,000 3.14 73.38 $50 k -- $75 k 14.06 % $50 k -- $100 k 20.62 % $52,500 to $54,999 2,489,000 1.10 74.47 $55,000 to $57,499 3,834,000 1.69 76.16 $57,500 to $59,999 2,066,000 0.91 77.08 $60,000 to $62,499 5,047,000 2.23 79.30 $62,500 to $64,999 1,894,000 0.84 80.14 $65,000 to $67,499 3,289,000 1.45 81.59 $67,500 to $69,999 1,493,000 0.66 82.24 $70,000 to $72,499 3,264,000 1.44 83.68 $72,500 to $74,999 1,372,000 0.61 84.29 $75,000 to $100,000 $75,000 to $77,499 2,922,000 1.29 85.58 $75 k -- $100 k 6.56 % $77,500 to $79,999 1,307,000 0.58 86.15 $80,000 to $82,499 2,725,000 1.20 87.36 $82,500 to $84,999 1,021,000 0.45 87.81 $85,000 to $87,499 1,508,000 0.67 88.47 $87,500 to $89,999 856,000 0.38 88.85 $90,000 to $92,499 1,966,000 0.87 89.72 $92,500 to $94,999 712,000 0.31 90.03 $95,000 to $97,499 1,090,000 0.48 90.51 $97,500 to $99,999 768,000 0.34 90.85 $100,000 or more $100,000 or more 20,755,000 9.15 100 9.15 % SOURCE : US Census Bureau , Current Population Survey 2016 Over time , by ethnicity and sex ( edit ) This chart is median income of 15 year olds or older , who have non-zero income . Amounts are shown in nominal dollars and in real dollars ( in parentheses , 2017 dollars ) . 1950 1960 1970 1980 2000 2016 Overall Male $2,570 ( $26,270 ) $4,080 ( $33,940 ) $6,670 ( $42,270 ) $12,530 ( $37,530 ) $20,293 ( $38,210 ) $28,343 ( $40,490 ) $30,513 ( $39,740 ) $38,869 ( $38,896 ) Female $953 ( $9,742 ) $1,261 ( $10,490 ) $2,237 ( $14,180 ) $4,920 ( $14,690 ) $10,070 ( $18,960 ) $16,063 ( $22,950 ) $17,629 ( $22,960 ) $24,892 ( $24,892 ) White / European American Male $2,709 ( $27,690 ) $4,296 ( $35,740 ) $7,011 ( $44,430 ) $13,328 ( $39,790 ) $21,170 ( $39,860 ) $29,797 ( $42,570 ) $31,335 ( $40,810 ) $40,632 ( $40,632 ) Female $1,060 ( $10,840 ) $1,352 ( $11,250 ) $2,266 ( $14,360 ) $4,947 ( $14,770 ) $10,317 ( $19,430 ) $16,079 ( $22,970 ) $17,648 ( $22,990 ) $25,221 ( $25,221 ) Black / African American Male $1,471 ( $15,040 ) $2,260 ( $18,800 ) $4,157 ( $26,340 ) $8,009 ( $23,910 ) $12,868 ( $24,230 ) $21,343 ( $30,490 ) $22,740 ( $29,620 ) $29,376 ( $29,376 ) Female $474 ( $4,846 ) $837 ( $6,963 ) $2,063 ( $13,070 ) $4,580 ( $13,670 ) $8,328 ( $15,680 ) $15,581 ( $22,260 ) $18,379 ( $23,940 ) $22,690 ( $22,690 ) Asian Male NA NA NA NA $19,394 ( $36,520 ) $30,833 ( $44,050 ) $32,419 ( $42,230 ) $46,590 ( $46,590 ) Female NA NA NA NA $11,086 ( $20,870 ) $17,356 ( $24,800 ) $20,618 ( $26,860 ) $26,771 ( $26,771 ) By ethnicity and origin ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2013 ) Personal income varied significantly with an individual 's racial characteristics with racial discrepancies having remained largely stagnant since 1996 . Overall , Asian Americans earned higher median personal incomes than any other racial demographic . Asian Americans had a median income roughly ten percent higher than that of Whites . The only exception was among the holders of graduate degrees who constitute 8.9 % of the population . Among those with a master 's , professional or doctorate degree , those who identified as White had the highest median individual income . This racial income gap was relatively small . Those identifying as Hispanic or Latino ( who may have been of any `` race '' ) had the lowest overall median personal income , earning 28.51 % less than Whites and 35 % less than Asian Americans . The second largest racial or ethnic gap was between Whites and African Americans with the former earning roughly 22 % more than the latter . Thus one can observe a significant discrepancy with the median income of Asians and Whites and that of African Americans and Hispanics . Overall the race gap between African Americans and Whites has remained roughly equal between both races over the past decade . Both races saw a gain in median income between 1996 and 2006 , with the income growth among African Americans slightly outpacing that of Whites . In 1996 the median income for Whites was $5,957 ( 31 % ) higher than for Blacks . In 2006 the gap in median incomes was nearly identical with the median income for Whites being $5,929 ( 22 % ) higher than that for African Americans . While the gap remains numerically unchanged , the percentage difference between the two races has decreased as a result of mutual increases in median personal income . Measuring income by per capita is another way to look at personal earnings by race . Unlike median statistics , per capita statistics are affected by extremely high and low incomes . According to the U.S Census Bureau `` The per capita income for the overall population in 2008 was $26,964 ; for non-Hispanic Whites , it was $31,313 ; for Blacks , it was $18,406 ; for Asians , it was $30,292 ; and for Hispanics , it was $15,674 . '' For information on the income of households , see Household income in the United States . The number of thousands of individuals in each income bracket Percent of households with six figure incomes and individuals with incomes in the top 10 % , exceeding $77,500 Median personal income by race ( note : can be misleading , since `` Hispanics '' includes people of all racial categories ) Race Overall median High school Some college College graduate Bachelor 's degree Master 's degree Doctorate Total population All , age 25 + 32,140 26,505 31,054 49,303 43,143 52,390 70,853 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 39,509 31,610 37,150 56,027 50,959 61,324 79,292 White alone All , age 25 + 33,030 27,311 31,564 49,972 43,833 52,318 71,268 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 40,422 32,427 38,481 56,903 51,543 61,441 77,906 Asian alone All , age 25 + 36,152 25,285 29,982 51,481 42,466 61,452 69,653 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 42,109 27,041 33,120 60,532 51,040 71,316 91,430 African American All , age 25 + 27,101 22,379 27,648 44,534 41,572 48,266 61,894 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 32,021 26,230 32,392 47,758 45,505 52,858 73,265 Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) All , age 25 + 23,613 22,941 28,698 41,596 37,819 50,901 67,274 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 27,266 26,461 33,120 46,594 41,831 53,880 N / A Source : US Census Bureau , 2006 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Income distribution in the United States . Adjusted gross income , which includes AGI by year for the US Economy of the United States Income inequality metrics Atkinson index Gini coefficient Hoover index Theil index References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , 25 + , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ravikumar , B. ; Shao , Lin . `` Labor Compensation and Labor Productivity : Recent Recoveries and the Long - Term Trend '' . ^ Jump up to : `` USUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS FIRST QUARTER 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Labor Statistics . U.S. Department of Labor . April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Median Personal Income in the United States '' . 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Real Disposable Personal Income : Per capita '' Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Rich Are Enjoying The Recovery While Wages Fall For Everyone Else '' ThinkProgress , January 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , females , 18 or older , unemployed , personal income , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , male , 18 or older , employed full - time year round , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The NBER 's Business Cycle Dating Committee '' . www.nber.org . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product - U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis ( BEA ) '' . www.bea.gov . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Poverty '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Unemployment rates and earnings by educational attainment '' . www.bls.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , `` Income Distribution to $250,000 or More for Households : 2014 '' `` . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` US DOL , Minimum Wage '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , distribution of personal income , 2010 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , income distribution , ages 25 - 64 , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Taken from World Almanac ( in turn sourced to US Census Bureau ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for Asian Americans , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for Whites , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for Hispanic Americans , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for African Americans , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income by race , age 25 + , 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Income , Poverty , and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2008 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income , age 25 + , 2006 statistics forum '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . 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Personal income is an individual 's total earnings from wages , investment interest , and other sources . The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full - time workers in 2017 . The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016 . Inflation - adjusted ( `` real '' ) per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008 , but has since remained generally level .

Adel Al - Jubeir - wikipedia Adel Al - Jubeir Jump to : navigation , search Adel al - Jubeir Al - Jubeir in 2016 Minister of Foreign Affairs Incumbent Assumed office 29 April 2015 Monarch Salman Preceded by Saud Al Faisal Saudi Ambassador to the United States In office 29 January 2007 -- 28 April 2015 Preceded by Turki bin Faisal Al Saud Succeeded by Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud Personal details ( 1962 - 02 - 01 ) 1 February 1962 ( age 55 ) Al Majma'ah , Saudi Arabia Political party Independent Alma mater University of North Texas Georgetown University Adel bin Ahmed Al - Jubeir ( Arabic : عادل بن أحمد الجبير ‎ ‎ ; born 1 February 1962 ) is a diplomat who has been Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs since 29 April 2015 . He is the second person not belonging to the House of Saud to hold the office , after Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel . He previously served as the Saudi Ambassador to the United States from 2007 to 2015 , and he was also a foreign policy advisor to King Abdullah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Political career 3 Diplomatic career 4 Developments during tenure as ambassador 4.1 Arms transfers 4.2 Assassination plot 5 Foreign Minister 5.1 Iran nuclear deal 5.2 Russian involvement in Syria 5.3 Removal of Assad 5.4 Saudi Arabia 's intervention in Yemen 6 Honors 7 Personal life 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Al - Jubeir was born in Al Majma'ah , Riyadh Province , Saudi Arabia . He attended schools in Saudi Arabia , Germany , Yemen , Lebanon and the U.S . He obtained a B.A. summa cum laude in political science and economics from the University of North Texas in 1982 , and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1984 . In 2006 , he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the University of North Texas . Political career ( edit ) In 1987 , Al - Jubeir was appointed into the Saudi Diplomatic Service and posted to the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington , DC , where he served as Special Assistant to then Ambassador Prince Bandar bin Sultan . It was in 1991 during the first Gulf War when Al - Jubeir first appeared to the world as a spokesman for the Saudi government . In 1990 - 91 , he was part of the Saudi team that established the Joint Information Bureau at Dhahran , a city in Saudi Arabia 's Eastern Province , during Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm . He was a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council delegation to the Madrid Peace Conference in October 1991 , and a member of the Saudi delegation to the Multilateral Arms Control Talks in Washington , DC in 1992 . In December 1992 , he was dispatched with the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope . Al - Jubeir was a member of the Saudi Arabian delegation to the United Nations General Assembly , and was a visiting diplomatic fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City , 1994 - 95 . During his tenure at the Saudi Embassy , Al - Jubeir developed strong ties on Capitol Hill , in the Administration , the media and with major think tanks in Washington . In 2000 , Al - Jubeir became Director of the Saudi Information and Congressional Affairs Office at the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington , DC . In late 2000 , he was named Foreign Affairs Advisor in the Crown Prince 's Court . In August 2005 , King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz appointed Al - Jubeir to the position of Advisor at the Royal Court . Following the September 11 attacks , Al - Jubeir returned to the United States to address the many questions and criticisms that faced the Kingdom at that time . Al - Jubeir became the face of Saudi Arabia through hundreds of television appearances as well as other media interviews and visited more than 25 cities around the country where he gave talks to World Affairs Councils , universities , civic organizations , business institutions and other interested groups about current events and the state of Saudi / U.S. relations . Diplomatic career ( edit ) On 29 January 2007 Al - Jubeir was appointed as Saudi Ambassador to the United States of America with the rank of Minister . As ambassador , Al - Jubeir focused on strengthening the bilateral relationship by building ties across government departments in both countries . Another key area of focus was the welfare of Saudi citizens living in the United States . Other issues of focus included counter-terrorism , regional peace and security , bilateral trade , cultural exchange and interfaith dialogue . Prior to becoming ambassador , he was instrumental in establishing and maintaining the U.S. - Saudi Strategic Dialogue , which was initiated by King Abdullah and President Bush as a means to institutionalize relations between the two nations and deepen coordination on strategic , political and economic issues . As Ambassador Al - Jubeir travelled frequently to the Kingdom for consultations with the King and other senior Saudi officials . He was regularly seen with King Abdullah in meetings with world leaders and accompanied King Abdullah on many state visits including Oman , China , India , Pakistan , Malaysia in 2006 , Germany , Italy , Turkey , and Egypt in 2007 , the G20 London Summit and Doha Arab Summit in 2009 and G20 Toronto Summit in 2010 . Ambassador Al - Jubeir was part of King Abdullah 's delegation on his visit to the Vatican in November 2007 , where King Abduallah met with Pope Benedict XVI , the first meeting between a Saudi monarch and a Pope . In July 2008 , King Abdullah convened an interfaith conference in Madrid , Spain , bringing together major figures from Islam , Judaism , Christianity , Hinduism , Buddhism , Shintoism and Confucianism to reinforce the common values shared by their respective faiths . In November 2007 , Al - Jubeir joined Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al - Faisal for the meeting of the Arab League Foreign Ministers in Cairo in preparation for the Annapolis Peace Conference . He was also a member of the Saudi delegation to the Annapolis Peace Conference in November 2007 . During Ambassador Al - Jubeir 's tenure , Saudi Arabia and the U.S. signed a series of bilateral agreements in key areas including civil nuclear cooperation , enhanced security arrangements , reciprocal visa policies , health and medical services , science and technology cooperation , among others . The two countries also established two Joint Task Forces -- one to combat terrorists , another to combat terror financing . Experts from both governments and militaries worked side - by - side , sharing real - time information about terror networks . In October 2010 , Saudi intelligence provided key information to American officials that foiled an attempted terrorist plot involving parcel bombs heading to the United States that originated in Yemen . The bombs were found and defused before reaching their intended targets . According to news reports , a double - agent in Yemen was the source of the tip - off . Al - Jubeir enhanced the embassy 's focus on its ties with the United States Congress through extensive meetings and briefings with members of Congress and staff as well as facilitating visits to the Kingdom . In the spring of 2007 , Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi visited the Kingdom with a Congressional delegation , the first visit by a sitting Speaker of the House . In addition , the tempo of visits by senior U.S. officials increased substantially during his tenure as ambassador , including two visits by President Bush , multiple visits by Vice President Dick Cheney and visits by President Obama in 2009 and 2014 . Other visits included National Security Advisors James L. Jones and Thomas Donilon ; Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton and John Kerry ; Secretaries of Treasury Henry Paulson and Timothy Geithner ; Secretary of Energy Steven Chu ; Secretaries of Defense Robert Gates , Leon Panetta and Chuck Hagel ; CENTCOM Commanders Generals David Petraeus , James Mattis and Lloyd J. Austin III ; FBI Director Robert Mueller ; Homeland Security Advisor John O. Brennan and Special Envoys George J. Mitchell , Dennis Ross , Richard Holbrooke and a large number of sub cabinet officials . Visits to the United States by senior Saudi officials since 2007 have included two Heads of State visits by King Abdullah in November 2008 and July 2010 . In addition , there were a number of visits by Foreign Minister Prince Saud Al - Faisal , then Minister of Defense now King Salman bin Abdulaziz , Minister of Interior Prince Muhammad bin Nayef , then Assistant to the Minister of Interior for Security Affairs now Second Deputy Prime Minister , Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz , Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources Ali Al - Naimi , Finance Minister Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al - Assaf , then Governor of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency Mohammed al - Jasser , then Minister of Commerce Abdullah Alireza , President of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities Prince Sultan bin Salman and Minister of Higher Education Dr. Khalid Al - Angary . In addition to visits by government officials , there have been numerous trade delegations to and from both countries as well as academic exchanges , including visits by the head of the Human Rights Committee and members of the Majlis Al - Shura ( Consultative Council ) . These visits reflect the breadth and depth of the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia . Ambassador al - Jubeir served as the Escorting Minister for Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama on their respective visits to the Kingdom . On 3 June 2009 , U.S. President Barack Obama traveled to Riyadh , Saudi Arabia on a two - day official visit to Saudi Arabia . President Obama was received by King Abdullah , Second Deputy Prime Minister Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz and Ambassador Al - Jubeir at King Khalid International Airport . During his visit to Saudi Arabia , President Obama stated that he chose Saudi Arabia as the first stop on his Middle East tour because the Kingdom is a key ally and the cradle of Islam . The President and King Abdullah met and held extensive bilateral talks at the King 's ranch in al - Janadriyah on the outskirts of Riyadh . During their discussions , the two leaders focused on regional and international developments and Saudi - U.S. bilateral relations . King Abdullah presented President Obama with the Collar of Abdulaziz Al Saud , the Kingdom 's highest award bestowed upon heads of state . On 29 June 2010 , Ambassador Al - Jubeir attended a meeting between King Abdullah and U.S. President Barack Obama in Washington , D.C. The two held on talks on a wide range of issues of mutual interest and common concern . On 8 January 2011 , Ambassador Al - Jubeir attended a meeting in New York between King Abdullah and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and former U.S. President Bill Clinton as well as meetings between the King and French President Nicolas Sarkozy and United Nations General Secretary Ban Ki - moon . In 2007 , he headed the Kingdom 's delegation to the Law of the Seas Conference at the United Nations . In 2009 , he met with UN General Secretary Ban Ki - moon to discuss the ongoing situation in Darfur and in July 2011 , he led the Saudi delegation to the U.N. High Level Meeting on Youth . Developments during tenure as Ambassador ( edit ) In 2012 , the U.S. Embassy and Consulates in the Kingdom issued more than 90,000 visas to Saudis . The Saudi Embassy in Washington and Consulates in the U.S. issued more than 70,000 visas . These are historically high numbers . As a result of an agreement reached in May 2008 , the two countries agreed to issue five - year multiple - entry visas to citizens of both countries . In May 2013 , Saudi Arabia and the United States signed a bilateral agreement for air services aimed at implementing an open skies policy between the two countries . As a consequence , American carriers can expand services into Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabian Airlines can increase the frequency of its flights to the U.S. National Security Advisor Susan Rice greets Prince Mutaib and Ambassador Al - Jubeir , November 2014 Former U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia , James B. Smith stated , `` Offering new types of visas to foreign scientists and experts , as well as for student exchanges in scientific fields , opens doors for the people of Saudi Arabia to learn from other countries and for the world to learn from and about Saudi Arabia . '' Saudi Arabia is the 10th largest trading partner of the United States . Investments between the two countries are also at record numbers . The United States is the number one source of Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) in Saudi Arabia . Strategic partnerships between Saudi Arabia and the U.S. continue to flourish . In 2010 , Alcoa and Saudi Ma'aden signed a contract worth approximately $15 billion to build the world 's largest aluminum refinery and smelter complex in the Kingdom . In 2011 , Saudi Aramco and Dow Chemical Company approved the formation of a joint venture to build and operate a world - scale , fully integrated chemical complex in Jubail Industrial City , valued at $20 billion . In 2013 , the Saudi government Public Investment fund signed a management contract with Fluor for the $7 billion Riyadh - Jeddah railway project . Also in 2013 , a Bechtel led consortium was selected for a multibillion - dollar rail project of the Riyadh Metro network . Saudi Arabia is also a large investor in the U.S. economy . Arms transfers ( edit ) In 2008 , the Kingdom secured sophisticated weapon systems , which include the Joint Direct Attack Munitions . In December 2011 , the U.S. and Saudi Arabia finalized a defense packages that included F - 15 fighter aircraft and upgrades for 70 existing aircraft , as well as munitions , spare parts , training , maintenance and logistics to Saudi Arabia . The sale was worth $29.4 billion . Assassination plot ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Iran assassination plot This section is transcluded from 2011 Iran assassination plot . ( edit history ) Foreign Minister ( edit ) With John Kerry , United States Secretary of State , in Riyadh on May 6 , 2015 With Sebastian Kurz in 2015 In April 2015 , he was appointed as foreign minister by King Salman of Saudi Arabia . He is the second commoner to hold the position . Iran nuclear deal ( edit ) Speaking on the nuclear program of Iran al Jubeir said the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action appears to have the provisions needed to curtail Iran 's ability to obtain a nuclear weapon . Adel al - Jubeir told reporters the kingdom has been reassured by Washington while consultations continue about the deal , which he said stipulates effective inspections , and the possibility of snap - back sanctions if Iran violates the agreement . `` We are currently in talks with the American government regarding these details , but it ( the deal ) generally seems to have achieved these objectives , '' said al - Jubeir , in Washington in July 2015 . Russian involvement in Syria ( edit ) Following the Russian intervention in Syria in support of Syrian president in 2015 , Bashar al - Assad al - Jubeir declared : `` There is no future for Assad in Syria '' . He spelled out that if the president did not step down as part of a political transition , his country would embrace a military option , `` which also would end with the removal of Bashar al - Assad from power '' . Removal of Assad ( edit ) `` Bashar al - Assad will leave - have no doubt about it , '' Saudi Arabia 's Foreign Minister Adel al - Jubeir told CNN . `` He will either leave by a political process or he will be removed by force . '' Saudi Arabia has sent troops and fighter jets to a Turkish military base ahead of a possible ground invasion of Syria . Jubeir said Saudi Arabia is prepared to contribute ground troops to the fight in Syria , but only as part of a US - led coalition . He added : `` We will push as much as we can to ensure that the political process works . But if that does n't work , it will be because of the obstinance of the Syrian regime and that of its allies . `` And should that prove to be the case , then it becomes clear that there is no option to remove Bashar al - Assad except by force . '' Saudi Arabia 's intervention in Yemen ( edit ) In September 2016 , al - Jubeir said that the United Kingdom , Saudi Arabia 's close ally , must continue to support Saudi Arabia 's military intervention in Yemen , saying : `` Saudi Arabia is fighting a legitimate war . We did not start this : the Iranian - backed Houthis started this . We have a situation where many of the claims being made about civilian casualties are not accurate ... many of the schools and hospitals that have been hit were no longer being used as schools and hospitals but as military centres by the Houthis . '' Honors ( edit ) In December 2002 , al - Jubeir was chosen as Person of the Week by Time . He has lectured at universities and academic institutions in the U.S. and appears frequently in the media . In 2007 , he received the `` Commendatore a Sua Eccellenza '' from the Italian president . In 2009 , he received the Ambassador of the Year award from the U.S. - Arab Chamber of Commerce for his contributions to Saudi - U.S. relations . In 2011 , he was presented with the Diplomatic Achievement Award from the National Council on U.S. - Arab Relations . Personal life ( edit ) Adel Al - Jubeir is married to Farah Al - Fayez , and is step - father to her twin girls by her deceased husband . He also has two sons of his own by his wife . See also ( edit ) List of foreign ministers in 2017 List of current foreign ministers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saudi king replaces crown prince in cabinet reshuffle '' . Al Jazeera. 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutMinistry/MinisterOfForeignAffairs/Pages/Default.aspx Jump up ^ `` Ambassador Al - Jubeir presents his credentials to President Bush '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 27 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Ambassador Al - Jubeir '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` University of North Texas North Texan Online Summer 2006 : Honored Alumni '' . northtexan.unt.edu. 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Ambassador Al - Jubeir '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Wire report '' . Saudi Press Agency . 2007 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robin ( 2005 - 11 - 13 ) . `` U.S. , Saudi Arabia Inagurate ( sic ) New ' Strategic Dialogue ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah begins Asian tour with visit to China '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah concludes India visit by signing the Delhi Declaration '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah to visit China , India , Malaysia , and Pakistan '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah on state visit to Malaysia '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah begins state visit to Germany '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah begins state visit to Italy '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah pays state visit to Turkey '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet praises King Abdullah 's visits to Europe , Egypt and Turkey '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah holds historic meeting with Pope Benedict XVI '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Ambassador highlights the upcoming World Conference on Dialogue '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. - Saudi Arabia Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation '' . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum of understanding for cooperation between the ministry of health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Department of Health and Human Services in the United States in the field of public health and medical sciences '' . Global Health . 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Saudi Arabia sign science and technology MOU '' . U.S. -- Saudi Arabian Business Council . 2008 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Help in Package Plot Is Part of Security Shift '' . The New York Times . 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger . `` Cargo plane bomb plot : Saudi double agent ' gave crucial alert ' '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah , President Obama hold talks '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2009 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` White House issues statement on King Abdullah , President Obama 's talks '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah , Clinton meet in New York '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news05281301.aspx Jump up ^ Smith , James ( 2011 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Science diplomacy : Finding paths to Saudi - US cooperation '' . Arab News . Jump up ^ `` Trade Mission Highlights Close U.S. Ties with Saudi Arabia '' . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia in brief '' ( PDF ) . U.S. - Saudi Arabian Business Council . May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alcoa in Saudi Arabia '' . Aloca . Jump up ^ `` Dow and Saudi Aramco announce joint venture to drive downstream growth through world - scale chemicals project '' . Business Wire. 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news01021302.aspx Jump up ^ `` Riyadh Metro to Revolutionize Transport in Region - Bechtel '' . Bechtel. 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by Principal Deputy Press Secretary Joshua Earnest on U.S. Sale of Defense Equipment to Saudi Arabia '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi FM : Iran deal may stop Tehran from getting nuke weapon '' . The Big Story . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Emma Graham - Harrison and Saeed Kamali Dehghan ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` Gulf states plan military response as Putin raises the stakes in Syria '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Samuel Osborne ( 15 February 2016 ) . `` Assad ' will be removed by force ' if peace talks fail , Saudi Foreign Minister claims '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK must keep supporting Yemen campaign to prevent terror in West , says Saudi foreign minister '' . The Daily Telegraph . 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Copper , Helene ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Wild Days Behind Him , Envoy Keeps Low Profile '' . The NYork Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , Gail ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Diplomatic Nuptials '' . Washington Magazine . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Appearances on C - SPAN Adel al - Jubeir on Charlie Rose Adel al - Jubeir collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post The Saudi 's Red Carpet , The Washington Diplomat , 13 September 2007 . The Saudi / U.S. Relationship with Foreign Affairs Advisor Adel Al - Jubeir , `` Viewpoint '' Washingtonpost.com , 13 July 2005 . Person of the Week : Adel Al - Jubeir , Time , 5 December 2002 . Peace Prosperity : An Interview with Saudi Ambassador Al - Jubeir , Diplomatic Connection , August 2009 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adel al - Jubeir . Political offices Preceded by Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Minister of Foreign Affairs 2015 -- present Incumbent Current foreign ministers of the G20 Malcorra Bishop Nunes Freeland Wang Mogherini Le Drian Gabriel Swaraj Marsudi Alfano Kōno Videgaray Lavrov Al - Jubair Mashabane Kang Çavuşoğlu Johnson Tillerson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adel_al-Jubeir&oldid=797562086 '' Categories : 1962 births Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States Georgetown University alumni Government ministers of Saudi Arabia Living people Saudi Arabian diplomats Saudi Arabian politicians University of North Texas alumni Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Polski Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 21 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where did the saudi foreign minister go to school

Al - Jubeir was born in Al Majma'ah , Riyadh Province , Saudi Arabia . He attended schools in Saudi Arabia , Germany , Yemen , Lebanon and the U.S . He obtained a B.A. summa cum laude in political science and economics from the University of North Texas in 1982 , and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1984 . In 2006 , he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the University of North Texas .

Bone Thugs - N - Harmony - wikipedia Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Jump to : navigation , search Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Bone Thugs - N - Harmony in 2010 Background information Origin Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. Genres Hip hop gangsta rap G - funk horrorcore R&B Years active 1991 -- present Labels eOne Ruthless BTNH Full Surface WMG Universal Associated acts Eazy - E DJ U-Neek LT Hutton Mariah Carey The Notorious B.I.G. Mo Thugs Master P Twista Swizz Beatz The Game Bow Wow Machine Gun Kelly Members Bizzy Bone Wish Bone Layzie Bone Krayzie Bone Flesh - n - Bone Bone Thugs - N - Harmony is an American hip hop group . It consists of rappers Bizzy Bone , Wish Bone , Layzie Bone , Krayzie Bone , and Flesh - n - Bone . American West Coast rapper Eazy - E signed Bone Thugs - N - Harmony to Ruthless Records in late 1993 , when Bone Thugs debuted with their EP Creepin on ah Come Up . The EP included their breakout hit single `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' . In 1995 , the group released its second album , E. 1999 Eternal , which included hits `` 1st of tha Month '' and `` East 1999 '' . A tribute to then - recently deceased Eazy - E , titled `` Tha Crossroads '' , won a Grammy award in 1997 . The Art of War , the group 's third album , was also released in 1997 . Bone Thugs is the only group that has worked with 2Pac , Notorious B.I.G. , Eazy - E , and Big Pun while they were still alive . The editors of About.com ranked them # 12 on their list of the `` 25 Best Rap Groups of All Time '' , and MTV called them `` the most melodic hip - hop group of all time '' . In 2000 , BTNHResurrection reached platinum in one month , while 2002 's Thug World Order received more moderate sales and promotion , going gold and peaking at # 3 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart . After that album , the group went on hiatus from their label and released their sixth studio album , Thug Stories , independently in 2006 . In 2007 they had another major - label release , Strength & Loyalty , on Swizz Beatz 's label Full Surface Records . Bone Thugs - N - Harmony `` officially '' returned with their 2010 album Uni5 : The World 's Enemy , released by their own record label , BTNH Worldwide , with distribution by Warner Bros . Due to conflicts within the group , longtime members Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone officially left the group in April 2011 to work with their independent label , The Life Entertainment . They would later return , officially re-unifying the group . In August 2013 , however , Layzie Bone announced that he would be stepping aside to work more on his solo career . In the same month , BTNH signed with eOne Entertainment ( formerly known as Koch Records ) , who they had previously partnered with to release 2006 's Thug Stories . Layzie Bone has since re-united with the group . On April 28th the entire group performed a show in Biloxi , MS along with Juvenile & Nelly . On June 1st of 2018 , Bone Thugs will be reuniting for a show just outside Boston , Massachusetts , at the Wonderland Ballroom in Revere , MA . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1991 -- 93 : B.O.N.E. Enterprise early years 1.2 1994 : Creepin on ah Come Up 1.3 1995 -- 96 : E. 1999 Eternal 1.4 1997 -- 2001 : The Art of War and BTNHResurrection 1.5 2002 -- 06 : Thug World Order and Thug Stories 1.6 2007 : Strength & Loyalty and T.H.U.G.S. 1.7 2010 -- 13 : Uni5 : The World 's Enemy and The Art of War : World War III 1.8 2014 -- present : New album , New Waves 2 Discography 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) 1991 -- 93 : Bone Enterprise early years ( edit ) Formed in Cleveland , Ohio in 1991 , the group was originally called `` The Band - Aid Boys '' . They then formed B.O.N.E. Enterpri $ e , which consisted of four members -- Krayzie Bone , Layzie Bone , Bizzy Bone , and Wish Bone ( all except for Flesh - n - Bone ) -- and recorded an album entitled Faces of Death in the studio of their then - mentor , Kermit Henderson ( Krayzie Bone 's older brother ) on his indie label Stoney Burke in 1993 . Like so many aspiring rappers around the country , they put in calls to executives at record companies , hoping to find someone who would listen . In hopes of securing a record deal , the group was given an audition over the phone , receiving an unfulfilled promise from rapper Eazy - E to call them back . Determined to reach him , they scrounged together the money for one - way bus tickets to Los Angeles . They left for a three - day Greyhound trek and spent four months on the city streets , putting in frequent calls to find him . Nothing came of their search except the news that Eazy - E was , in fact , on his way to Cleveland for a show . The quartet returned to Ohio , where Diego Blak ( born Diego Hodge ) , a marketer and promoter who had been co-executive producer of Faces Of Death , introduced them to Eazy - E at a concert he promoted in Cleveland . There , on November 2 , 1993 , they auditioned for Eazy in his dressing room ; Krayzie performed his verse of `` Flow Motion '' from the Faces of Death album , and Eazy was impressed . B.O.N.E Enterpri $ e then traveled back to Los Angeles after the Cleveland show to seal the deal . At this point , Eazy renamed them Thugs - N - Harmony , but as they wanted to keep the bone name , they made their name Bone Thugs - N - Harmony . Eazy signed the group ( minus Flesh - n - Bone ) to his label Ruthless Records . 1994 : Creepin on ah Come up ( edit ) Released in June 1994 , the EP Creepin on ah Come Up was Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's debut with Ruthless . The album 's subject matter was focused almost entirely on violent criminal activity . Peaking at # 12 on the Billboard Top 200 Albums chart and # 2 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart , it included the hit singles `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' and `` Foe tha Love of $ '' , the second of which featured a verse by Eazy - E. `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' peaked at # 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart , and `` Foe tha Love of $ '' peaked at # 41 on the Hot 100 and # 4 on Rap Tracks . After a slow start that saw the album 's success limited to gangsta rap audiences , it broke through to the mainstream . The EP marked a major change in style for the group , as they now fully embraced the G - funk common in West Coast hip hop of the time . Beats were supplied by DJ Yella , Rhythum D , and Kenny McCloud , and it was the group 's first collaboration with newcomer producer DJ U-Neek , who would craft the group 's signature sound by producing the majority of their next two albums . For over a year , Eazy - E nurtured their career , continuing to serve as their executive producer and teaching them the business skills he had taught himself over the years . The growing relationship was cut short , however , when Eazy - E died on March 26 , 1995 , from complications from AIDS . Briefly , the young rappers thought they had lost everything with the loss of their friend and mentor . However , the group 's potential was already apparent , and Ruthless Records continued to support them . 1995 -- 96 : E. 1999 Eternal ( edit ) In 1995 , the group 's second album , E. 1999 Eternal , was released . It included the singles `` 1st of tha Month '' , which peaked at # 14 on the Hot 100 and # 4 on Hot Rap Tracks , and `` Tha Crossroads '' , which reached # 1 on both the Hot 100 and Hot Rap Tracks charts . The album generally saw positive reviews from critics as Bone had diversified its content and musical style . Critics were particularly intrigued by the album due to Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's ability to reduce the banality associated with gangsta rap in their music at a time when the subgenre had become exceedingly cliché . A considerable portion of the album 's concept was built upon violent subject matter , yet they also incorporated deeper themes , as its songs dealt with more spirituality and occult mysticism . The album was produced by DJ U-Neek ( with co-production from Tony C. and Kenny McCloud ) . E. 1999 Eternal also introduced Bone 's trademark tracks devoted entirely to the use of marijuana . The album name originated from one of the street names of a corner ( E. 99th street & St. Clair ) that was a familiar hangout to Bone members , as well as Eazy - E 's album , Eternal E. Naming it after Eazy - E 's album was just another way of showing respect and tribute to the rapper who had helped them reach success . Also in 1995 , Flesh - n - Bone would become the first member of the group to release a debut album , entitled T.H.U.G.S , which was certified gold by the RIAA . In 1996 , due to their success , the Cleveland clan established their own label , Mo Thugs Records , and released the Family Scriptures compilation album to introduce many of the Cleveland - based and other artists whom they were developing . E. 1999 Eternal is the group 's most commercially successful album ; it has since been certified 5x platinum by the RIAA . There were plans for Bone Thugs - N - Harmony to collaborate with West Coast rapper 2Pac on a studio album called One Nation . The project would bring together other hip hop artists from all areas of the American map such as Boot Camp Clik , OutKast , Scarface , E-40 , and more . As 2Pac was unfortunately shot the album never came into fruition. However , bootlegs of songs produced while Pac was still alive have been distributed . 1997 -- 2001 : the Art of War and BTNHResurrection ( edit ) In 1997 , the group released the double - disc set The Art of War . The album saw Bone further explore a wide variety of subjects and styles , with even more focus on God and family and an overall more ambient , mellow sound . The group still incorporated violent lyrics , however , with a large portion of the album dedicated to what they labeled `` clones '' who claimed Bone had stolen their quick - tongued rapping style and vice versa . The album had been rumored to be titled `` DNA Level C '' which is Cleveland backwards . The single `` Look into My Eyes '' appeared on the soundtrack of the film Batman & Robin . It peaked at # 4 on the Hot 100 and # 2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart . `` If I Could Teach The World '' , the other single from The Art of War , peaked at # 27 on the Hot 100 and # 3 on the Hot Rap Tracks , and won an American Music Award . The album also included `` Thug Luv '' with Tupac Shakur . The group 's promotional efforts were dampened by the absence of Bizzy Bone from the album 's videos and from large portions of the ensuing tour and other public appearances . This absence eventually fueled rumors of a break - up . In 2000 , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony released BTNHResurrection , featuring the single `` Resurrection ( Paper , Paper ) '' , which peaked on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart at # 52 . The album 's first half featured a slew of hardcore and dark tracks , with the second half being considerably more introspective and soft . Other singles from the album , including `` Ca n't Give it Up '' , failed to crack the Billboard Hot 100 , and the big - budget video for `` Change the World '' failed to receive any rotation . This was their first group album to prominently feature Flesh - n - Bone , whose presence had been limited on previous releases because he had never signed with the group 's label , Ruthless Records . Flesh was convicted for assault with a firearm and criminal possession of a weapon in June 2000 . Pleading guilty , Flesh was sentenced to 11 years in prison . The group again began having public disputes with Bizzy Bone . Bizzy Bone abstained from promoting BTNHResurrection because he felt that Ruthless Records owed him money . He dropped a million - dollar lawsuit he had filed against Sony Music and Loud Records in exchange for a termination of his Sony contract . Three members of Bone Thugs - N - Harmony released solo albums in 2001 : Bizzy Bone with The Gift , Layzie Bone ( under the name L - Burna ) with Thug by Nature , and Krayzie Bone with Thug on da Line . 2002 -- 06 : Thug World Order and Thug Stories ( edit ) In 2002 , the group released Thug World Order . This album , made up of what were described as overly - violent and political songs , saw a drastic change in subject matter and tone for the group . The lyrics were almost completely void of any violence , while a larger number of tracks focused on the group itself . In contrast , several songs originally intended to be included on the album that were leaked after its release portrayed a much different album . The album debuted at # 12 on the Billboard 200 . The first single released from the album was `` Get Up & Get It '' , featuring 3LW . The second single , `` Home '' , which featured Phil Collins performing part of his song `` Take Me Home '' , peaked at # 33 on the Rhythmic Top 40 , impacting the charts in a number of countries , most notably the United Kingdom . Bizzy Bone was expelled from the group in January 2003 , leaving only 3 active members : Krayzie Bone , Layzie Bone , and Wish Bone . Thug World Order was also Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's final album with Ruthless Records ; after their original contract with Ruthless had expired , they decided they wanted to do their own thing . Thug Stories , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's seventh album , was recorded on Koch Records and released on September 19 , 2006 . It marked the first time Bone Thugs had recorded as a trio since they released an internet - only EP album called Bone 4 Life in September 2005 . Thug Stories featured a slightly more mature style , and the group leaned more heavily towards its harmonic roots than its `` thug '' origins . The album sold 38,000 in its first week and peaked at # 25 on the Billboard 200 and # 1 on the Independent Albums chart . 2007 : Strength & Loyalty and Thugs ( edit ) Originally to be called The Bone Thugs Story , Strength & Loyalty was released on May 8 , 2007 on Interscope Records imprint Full Surface Records . Being their first major album after an absence of nearly five years , the album debuted at # 2 on the Billboard 200 , and # 1 on iTunes and the Billboard urban music charts . The album contains guest appearances by Mariah Carey , The Game , will.i.am , Akon , Twista , Bow Wow , Yolanda Adams , and Felecia . Producers on the album included Swizz Beatz , Akon , Pretty Boy & Bradd Young , DJ Toomp , Jermaine Dupri , will.i.am , and others . The executive producer of the album was Swizz Beatz . The first single was `` I Tried '' , which was their first top - 10 hit in 10 years , peaking at number 6 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . The second single was `` Lil Love '' , which failed to reach the success of its predecessor . The album has been certified gold by the RIAA . 2007 also saw the release of the semi-autobiographical film I Tried , directed by Rich Newey , which explored what might have happened to Bone Thugs - N - Harmony had they not gotten their break with Eazy - E. Layzie , Krayzie , and Wish Bone starred in the film , playing themselves . Also in 2007 , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony won the American Music Award for Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop Band , Duo or Group . T.H.U.G.S. , an album featuring previously - unreleased , largely remixed Bone Thugs - N - Harmony songs that had n't made the final cut of the BTNHResurrection and Thug World Order albums , was released on November 13 , 2007 by their former record label , Ruthless Records . Although the album embodies old tracks , there are some notable changes : new beats , distorted production , voice manipulation , and new song titles . The sole single off the album was `` Young Thugs '' , which was accompanied by a newly filmed music video featuring Krayzie , Layzie , Bizzy , and Wish . In November 2007 , Layzie Bone confirmed that he had completed the Bone Brothers III album with Bizzy Bone , spurring speculation about a full Bone reunion . In a video interview , Krayzie Bone stated that they all wanted to reunite but that record label issues might prevent an official reunion . Bizzy Bone had attended a Bone Thugs performance during that time , and he and the three then - active members had a `` good conversation '' . After nearly a decade of incarceration , Flesh - n - Bone was released from prison on July 13 , 2008 . In an interview , Bizzy confirmed his return , the group having reunited in time for Flesh 's release . 2010 -- 13 : Uni5 : the World 's Enemy and the Art of War : World War III ( edit ) Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's five members officially returned with their new album Uni5 : The World 's Enemy , released on May 4 , 2010 by their own record label , BTNH Worldwide , with distribution by Warner Bros. Uni5 also marks the return of long - time Bone collaborator DJ U-Neek , who was absent from 2007 's Strength & Loyalty but had produced for the group throughout their career , including on hits `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' and `` Tha Crossroads '' . This studio effort leans toward radio - friendly numbers and proper grown - man tracks , with the core four members offering life lessons as Bizzy gives his Biblical perspective . They released the singles `` See Me Shine '' , featuring Jay Rush and Lyfe Jennings , and `` Rebirth '' , featuring Thin - C , a member of the Mo Thugs . A third single , `` Meet Me in the Sky '' , was released on March 22 . Bone Thugs - N - Harmony announced on their blog over the summer of 2011 that they were planning a new album for 2012 . They reiterated those plans in a November interview . Throughout 2011 , Krayzie Bone , Bizzy Bone , and Layzie Bone spoke about many new projects coming in 2012 . Those projects were to include an anniversary album featuring all 5 members ; a Bizzy & Krayzie duet album ; and compilation albums of unreleased Bone Thugs - N - Harmony material from the mid to late 90 's and 2000 's , prospectively titled Lost Archives Vol. 1 . The group put their differences aside to reunite and belatedly mark their 20th anniversary at the Rock the Bells festival series of summer 2012 . During the summer of 2012 , West Coast rapper Game sampled Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's `` 1st Of Tha Month '' on his new posse cut `` Celebration '' , with the legendary group 's blessing . Game also posted a picture on his Twitter showing the word `` bone '' constructed out of cannabis . He later confirmed that he was working in the studio with Bone Thugs - N - Harmony on a remix of `` Celebration '' for his album Jesus Piece . The Art of War : World War III was officially announced by Bone Thugs - N - Harmony in an interview with The Source ( magazine ) on March 25 , 2013. . In early November 2013 , Krayzie Bone told HipHopDX that the Art of War III album would feature only Layzie , Bizzy , and Flesh - N - Bone , and that neither he nor Wish Bone had recorded any material for that album . However , Krayzie and Wish both ended up appearing on the album in the form of previously unreleased tracks that had been cut from Uni5 : The World 's Enemy . The Art of War : World War III was released on December 10 , 2013 . 2014 -- present : new album , new Waves ( edit ) On July 15 , 2014 , it was announced that Bone Thugs - N - Harmony would release their final album in 2015 . There would be only a single copy released , to be auctioned off , with bidding starting at $1 million . The group also announced they would be conducting a 20 - country world tour beginning in December 2014 . The following day , Krazyie Bone revealed that the album would be titled E. 1999 Legends . He then told XXL that he had approached the group about a reunion album in the middle of the previous year , and they had begun recording it at the end of 2013 . Krayzie estimated that Bone Thugs - N - Harmony had probably recorded 75 to 100 songs since they began work on the album , which was planned as a double - disc project . The first disc was to contain Bone Thugs - N - Harmony content exclusively , with no features , and would have 18 -- 20 songs . The second disc was planned to feature a large number of big - name guest appearances such as Mariah Carey , Kendrick Lamar , Phil Collins , Wiz Khalifa , Drake , A $ AP Mob , and Linkin Park , along with beats from Dr. Dre & DJ U-Neek , who had each been tapped for the album . Damizza would be producing / overseeing the entire E. 1999 Legends album project , which was projected to be distributed through Damizza 's Baby Ree Records label . On February 14 , 2015 -- Valentine 's Day -- producer and long - time Bone collaborator Damizza officially presented the single `` More Than Thugs '' , slated to appear on the Damizza Presents album . The group 's vocal delivery on the song would be considered by many as vintage Bone Thugs - N - Harmony vocal sound . As of late April 2015 , the video for `` More Than Thugs '' was in the editing stage and featured all 5 members . Flesh Bone and Wish Bone were in the studio with Damizza in 2015 to complete the eight Bone songs that were close to finished for the E. 1999 Legends album . Under direction from A&R team and long - time manager Steve Lobel and agent Jamie Adler , they are also working on the remix of Machine Gun Kelly 's Cleveland anthem single `` Till I Die '' . In August 2015 , Krayzie announced that the first bid of at least $1 million had been received for E. 1999 Legends . In 2017 , Krayzie Bone and Bizzy Bone announced that they would be releasing their long - awaited duet album together entitled New Waves under the name Bone Thugs . The album 's lead single `` Coming Home '' featuring Stephen Marley was released on March 24 . Krayzie confirmed that the full Bone Thugs - n - Harmony group was working on a new album , but said that they would no longer be auctioning off the album 's rights . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Bone Thugs - N - Harmony discography See also : Mo Thugs discography Studio albums Faces of Death ( 1993 ) Creepin on ah Come Up ( 1994 ) E. 1999 Eternal ( 1995 ) The Art of War ( 1997 ) BTNHResurrection ( 2000 ) Thug World Order ( 2002 ) Thug Stories ( 2006 ) Strength & Loyalty ( 2007 ) Uni5 : The World 's Enemy ( 2010 ) The Art of War : World War III ( 2013 ) New Waves ( 2017 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bone Thugs - n - Harmony References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Biography '' . Bone Thugs - N - Harmony official website . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lacy , Eric . `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony sends Detroit back in time with legendary lyrical skills at Oakaloosa Festival '' . Mlive.com . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best Rap Groups of All Time '' . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Hip Hop Groups of All Time '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Video of Krayzie explaining why he left BTNH Jump up ^ 2011 interview with Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone Jump up ^ `` Where Are They Now ? Breaking Down Bone Thugs - N - Harmony '' . GlobalGrind.com . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ HipHopDX ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` Layzie Bone Announces Departure From Bone thugs - n - harmony '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Layzie Bone Quits Bone Thugs - N - Harmony '' . XXL Magazine . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Signs With eOne Entertainment '' . HipHopDX.com . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie Bone -- Audition To Eazy E '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : Charts & Awards : Billboard Albums '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : Charts & Awards : Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin . `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony -- E. 1999 Eternal . '' The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . London : Muze , 1998 . Print . Jump up ^ Meara , Paul ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Black Moon Recall Meeting Tupac And Creating The `` One Nation '' Album `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Handwritten Tupac Letter Reveals `` One Nation '' Album With Outkast & More `` . The Source . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Basham , David ( June 16 , 2000 ) . `` Flesh - N - Bone Convicted On Assault , Weapons Charges '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Tina ( September 22 , 2000 ) . `` UPDATE : Flesh - N - Bone Gets 11 Years In Assault Case '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` Bizzy Bone Has A Gift For Negotiation '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( March 13 , 2001 ) . `` Three Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Members Dropping Solo LPs '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( January 31 , 2003 ) . `` Bone Thugs Say Bizzy Is Out For Good This Time '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ bone thugs - n - harmony ( Author ) . `` bone thugs - n - harmony - Bone 4 Life - Amazon.com Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : News : Strength & Loyalty Certified Gold '' . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Shoot New Movie ; Launch New Watch Collection '' . AllHipHop.com . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ThugLine TV -- Krayzie Bone speaks on reunion '' . YouTube . June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jasarevic , Mina ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` Bizzy Bone : Thicker Than Water Rappers Talk Hip Hop Beef & Old School Hip Hop '' . HipHop DX . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` See Me Shine ( feat . Lyfe Jennings , Phaedra & J Rush ) ( Explicit ) : Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Call Reunion a ' Kick - Start to a Beautiful Situation ' '' . Rolling Stone . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Photo by thegame Instagram . Instagram.com . Retrieved on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In The Studio : Game & Bone Thugs Work On ' Celebration ' Remix '' . HipHop - N - More . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie Bone Says Art Of War III Is Not ' What Everyone Thinks ' It Is '' . HipHopDX.com. 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Will Sell One Copy Of Their Reunion Album For $1 Million '' . XXL Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's Last Album Will Be Called E. 1999 Legends '' . XXL Magazine . July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie Bone Says Bone Thugs - N - Harmony E. 1999 / Legends Album Has $1 Million Bid '' . HipHopDX.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie and Bizzy Bone spark next chapter of Bone Thugs - N - Harmony '' . Cleveland.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Book : Bone Thugs - n - Harmony Official website Official Facebook page Bone Thugs - N - Harmony at AllMusic Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's ArtistDirect page I Tried movie Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bone Thugs - n - Harmony . ( hide ) Bone Thugs - n - Harmony Bizzy Bone Layzie Bone Flesh - n - Bone Wish Bone Krayzie Bone Studio albums Faces of Death Creepin on ah Come Up E. 1999 Eternal The Art of War BTNHResurrection Thug World Order Thug Stories Strength & Loyalty Uni5 : The World 's Enemy The Art of War : World War III New Waves Compilations The Collection , Volume 1 The Collection , Volume 2 Greatest Hits Greatest Hits ( Chopped & Screwed ) T.H.U.G.S. Thug Smoke Fest Thuggish II Singles `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' `` Foe tha Love of $ '' `` 1st of tha Month '' `` East 1999 '' `` Tha Crossroads '' `` Days of Our Livez '' `` Look into My Eyes '' `` If I Could Teach the World '' `` War '' `` Resurrection ( Paper , Paper ) '' `` Change the World '' `` Money , Money '' `` Home '' `` Fire '' `` Take the Lead ( Wanna Ride ) '' `` I Tried '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` Young Thugs '' `` See Me Shine '' `` Rebirth '' `` Meet Me in the Sky '' `` Gone '' Related articles Discography Bone Brothers Mo Thugs ThugLine Records Ruthless Records BTNH Worldwide Full Surface Records Book : Bone Thugs - n - Harmony BNF : cb13987349n ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 2290 0913 MusicBrainz : 2fa45bbb - 0efb - 4950 - 9d40 - 94bf23cbfec1 SUDOC : 158459318 VIAF : 135057024 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_Thugs-n-Harmony&oldid=841107280 '' Categories : 1991 establishments in Ohio EOne Music artists G - funk groups Gangsta rap groups Grammy Award winners Interscope Records artists Midwest hip hop groups Musical groups established in 1991 Musical groups from Cleveland Ruthless Records artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 03 : 32 . 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Due to conflicts within the group , longtime members Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone officially left the group in April 2011 to work with their independent label , The Life Entertainment . They would later return , officially re-unifying the group . In August 2013 , however , Layzie Bone announced that he would be stepping aside to work more on his solo career . In the same month , BTNH signed with eOne Entertainment ( formerly known as Koch Records ) , who they had previously partnered with to release 2006 's Thug Stories . Layzie Bone has since re-united with the group . On April 28th the entire group performed a show in Biloxi , MS along with Juvenile & Nelly . On June 1st of 2018 , Bone Thugs will be reuniting for a show just outside Boston , Massachusetts , at the Wonderland Ballroom in Revere , MA .

Comedy Circus - wikipedia Comedy Circus Comedy Circus Logo of Comedy Circus Created by Optimystix Entertainment Written by Raaj Shaandilyaa Raj Verma Amberdeep Singh Harsh Limbachiya Vankush Arora Khalid Azmi Dinesh Brigedier Gaurav Dubey Directed by Nikul Desai Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 18 Production Running time 90 minutes Release Original network Sony Entertainment Television Picture format 576i Original release 16 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 16 ) External links Website Comedy Circus is an Indian reality based comedy show that airs on Sony TV . Contents 1 Season summary 2 Overview 3 References 4 External links Season summary ( edit ) Year Season Host Judges Winners 2009 Comedy Circus Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Johnny Lever Satish Shah Kashif Khan and Ali Asgar 2008 Comedy Circus 2 Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh з Satish Shah Shekhar Suman Juhi Parmar and V.I.P. 2008 Kaante Ki Takkar Purbi Joshi replaced by Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Shakeel siddiqui Urvashi dholakia Krushna Abhishek Rajeev Thakurr Kamiya Ali Asgar Kashif Khan 2009 Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli To China Purbi Joshi Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Krishna Abhishek Ali Asgar 2009 Comedy Circus 20 - 20 Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Ajay Jadeja Shekhar Suman Raja Sagoo Nigaar Khan 2009 Dekh India Dekh Jennifer Winget replacing Shweta Gulati Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri 2009 Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka Mouni Roy replaced by Roshni Chopra Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Rohit Shetty Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri Melissa Pais Comedy Circus Mahasangram Purbi Joshi Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Rohit Shetty Swapnil Joshi and V.I.P. Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars Rashmi Desai replaced by Surveen Chawla Archana Puran Singh Rohit Shetty Kapil Sharma Parvati Sehgal Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo Anita Hassanandani Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Kapil Sharma Mukti Mohan 2010 - 2011 Jubilee Comedy Circus Pooja Kanwal Archana Puran Singh Rohit Shetty Kapil Sharma Shikha Singh Rahul Mahajan and Rajeev Nigam Krishna Abhishek Rakhi Sawant 2011 Comedy Circus Ke Taansen Saumya Tandon Archana Puran Singh Daler Mehndi Kapil Sharma Ali Asgar 2011 Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur Roshni Chopra Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan Kapil Sharma Shweta Tiwari 2011 - 2012 Kahani Comedy Circus Ki Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan Kapil Sharma Sumona Chakravarti and Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri 2012 - 2013 Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe Barkha Bisht replaced by Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan replaced by Arbaaz Khan Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri Siddharth Sagar Mohit Baghel 2013 - 2014 Comedy Circus Ke Mahabali Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Arbaaz Khan - Overview ( edit ) The first season of Comedy Circus had the tag line `` Jodi Jamegi , Public Hassegi '' . Comedy Circus started its second season on 26 April 2008 . Comedy Circus ka naya daur adka premiered on 24 October 2009 . The first episode also contained ( ( Govinda ) ) who introduced new artists and was guest judge . Comedy Circus -- Maha Sangram involved contestants of three previous seasons . Archana represented season 1 , Shekhar represented season 2 and Rohit represented season 3 . Teams were scored by the opposite team representatives , with the audience watching the show to determine eliminations . The winners of this show were Swapnil Joshi and VIP . A new season of the show is starting from 15 September 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comedy Circus Mahasangram begins '' . The Times of India . Feb 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCO28fZ078A Jump up ^ `` Sony innovates ' Comedy Circus ' '' . Indiantelevision.com. 26 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sony to launch second season of Comedy Circus from 26 April '' . Indiantelevision.com. 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Ka Tadka on Comedy Circus '' . Real Bollywood. 21 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Circus returns with ' Teen Ka Tadka ' '' . The Times of India . 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Circus Mahasangram begins '' . The Times of India . 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New season of Comedy Circus promises to be fun , watch teaser - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Official site Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy 10 Ka Dum Zindagi Ke Crossroads Drama Dil Hi Toh Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi Porus Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comedy_Circus&oldid=857067489 '' Categories : Indian reality television series Indian stand - up comedy television series 2007 Indian television series debuts Sony Entertainment Television series 2000s Indian television series 2010s Indian television series Television series by Optimystix Entertainment Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी پښتو اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 10 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

winner of comedy circus ke ajoobe grand finale

Year Season Host Judges Winners 2009 Comedy Circus Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Johnny Lever Satish Shah Kashif Khan and Ali Asgar 2008 Comedy Circus 2 Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh з Satish Shah Shekhar Suman Juhi Parmar and V.I.P. 2008 Kaante Ki Takkar Purbi Joshi replaced by Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Shakeel siddiqui Urvashi dholakia Krushna Abhishek Rajeev Thakurr Kamiya Ali Asgar Kashif Khan 2009 Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli To China Purbi Joshi Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Krishna Abhishek Ali Asgar 2009 Comedy Circus 20 - 20 Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Ajay Jadeja Shekhar Suman Raja Sagoo Nigaar Khan 2009 Dekh India Dekh Jennifer Winget replacing Shweta Gulati Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri 2009 Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka Mouni Roy replaced by Roshni Chopra Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Rohit Shetty Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri Melissa Pais Comedy Circus Mahasangram Purbi Joshi Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Rohit Shetty Swapnil Joshi and V.I.P. Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars Rashmi Desai replaced by Surveen Chawla Archana Puran Singh Rohit Shetty Kapil Sharma Parvati Sehgal Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo Anita Hassanandani Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Kapil Sharma Mukti Mohan 2010 - 2011 Jubilee Comedy Circus Pooja Kanwal Archana Puran Singh Rohit Shetty Kapil Sharma Shikha Singh Rahul Mahajan and Rajeev Nigam Krishna Abhishek Rakhi Sawant 2011 Comedy Circus Ke Taansen Saumya Tandon Archana Puran Singh Daler Mehndi Kapil Sharma Ali Asgar 2011 Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur Roshni Chopra Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan Kapil Sharma Shweta Tiwari 2011 - 2012 Kahani Comedy Circus Ki Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan Kapil Sharma Sumona Chakravarti and Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri 2012 - 2013 Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe Barkha Bisht replaced by Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan replaced by Arbaaz Khan Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri Siddharth Sagar Mohit Baghel 2013 - 2014 Comedy Circus Ke Mahabali Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Arbaaz Khan -

I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing - wikipedia I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Jump to : navigation , search `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Aerosmith from the album Armageddon : The Album B - side `` Animal Crackers '' / `` Taste of India '' Released August 18 , 1998 ( U.S. ) August 31 , 1998 ( UK ) Format Cassette single , CD single Recorded Length 4 : 58 Label Columbia , Hollywood , Epic Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Matt Serletic Aerosmith singles chronology `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample file help `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in . Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ) . It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film , the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26 , 1998 . The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries . It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart . This song was also featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV . The track was also heard in an episode of `` Jewelpet Sunshine '' which is the third season of the Jewelpet franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Track listing 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Decade - end charts 5 Certifications 6 Mark Chesnutt version 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Other appearances 8 References 9 External links Reception ( edit ) This song was Aerosmith 's biggest hit , debuting at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed for four weeks in September , and reaching number 1 in many countries around the world , including Australia , the Philippines , Germany , Ireland , Austria , Norway , Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . The chorus of the song is highly reminiscent of an earlier song Diane Warren co-wrote , `` Just Like Jesse James '' , which appeared on Cher 's 1989 album Heart of Stone . The song helped open up Aerosmith to a new generation and remains a slow dance staple . It was one of many songs written by Warren in that time period . The original version was a collaboration between Chicago musician Phil Kosch of Treaty of Paris and Super Happy Fun Club , and nephew of chart topping writer Lou Bega . Bega introduced the two and they penned the initial track , but ultimately Kosch was left uncredited . The song is notable for having been nominated for both an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Taste of India '' ( Rock Remix ) -- 5 : 52 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 The song appeared on the Argentine version and a European re-released version of the album Nine Lives . It also appeared on the Japanese version of Just Push Play . CD single 2 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Pop Mix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Pink '' ( live ) -- 3 : 48 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' and the original `` Pink '' appeared as tracks 9 and 11 , respectively , on all versions of Nine Lives . CD single 3 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence . It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon . It features an appearance by Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv , who plays Grace Stamper in the film . Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot , so they used a lot of close - ups because his movement was limited . The video begins with shots of the moon in orbit and several asteroids passing by safely and then a view of Earth before zooming in to show Steven Tyler singing . The shots interchange between the band and Mission Control viewing the band singing via their monitors . As the video progresses it reveals that the band is playing in front of what appears to be the fictional Space Shuttle Freedom . Along with Aerosmith , a full hand orchestra plays in sync with the melody . Then smoke surrounds the orchestra and the members of Aerosmith as Freedom takes off from the launch pad . Finally , the screen goes out as a tearful Grace touches one of the monitors to reach out to her father ( real life father Steven Tyler in the video ; on - screen father Harry Stamper , played by Bruce Willis , in the film ) . The video was highly successful and greatly contributed to the song 's success , receiving heavy airplay on MTV and went on to become the second most popular video of 1998 , only behind Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy is Mine '' . It also won awards for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film , and Best Video at Boston Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73 Preceded by `` The Boy Is Mine '' by Brandy and Monica Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1998 -- September 26 , 1998 Succeeded by `` The First Night '' by Monica Preceded by `` High '' by Lighthouse Family Australia ARIA Singles Chart number - one single September 13 , 1998 -- November 22 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Rollercoaster '' by B * Witched Preceded by `` Millennium '' by Robbie Williams Irish Singles Chart number - one single October 10 , 1998 -- October 17 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Sweetest Thing '' by U2 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500 Sweden ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Mark Chesnutt version ( edit ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Mark Chesnutt from the album I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing B - side `` Wherever You Are '' Released February 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 09 ) Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Mark Wright Mark Chesnutt singles chronology `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) In late 1998 , country music artist Mark Chesnutt recorded a cover version of the song . His rendition is the first single and title track from his 1999 album of the same name . Chesnutt 's cover spent two weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in early 1999 , and is the last of his eight number ones on that chart . It is also the first of only two singles in his career to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 17 in early 1999 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Preceded by `` Stand Beside Me '' by Jo Dee Messina Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single February 20 -- 27 , 1999 Succeeded by `` No Place That Far '' by Sara Evans Preceded by `` For a Little While '' by Tim McGraw RPM Country Tracks number - one single March 8 -- 15 , 1999 Succeeded by `` You Were Mine '' by Dixie Chicks Other appearances ( edit ) In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck . It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012 . The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent in January 2011 . In 2013 , another country version of the song was released , this time by Derek Ryan In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered this on her debut album , Veronica Rotin . In 2014 , as part of their album , Just The Tip ... , comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song . AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performs the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Armageddon ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' - The Vault on EN '' . EntertainmentNutz.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : Rock List : The 25 Greatest Slow Dance Songs Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing on IMDb : Filming location Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM. 68 ( 1 ) . September 28 , 1998 . ISSN 0033 - 7064 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 110 ( 43 ) : 60 , 61 . October 24 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith : I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 , 1998 / Archive Chart : October 10 , 1998 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Aerosmith . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Latin Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Pop Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Portal '' . GfK Dutch Charts ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1998 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard. 110 ( 52 ) : YE - 42 . December 26 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s '' . Billboard. 111 ( 52 ) : YE - 20 . December 25 , 1999 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platin '' . IFPI Austria ( in German ) . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Type `` Aerosmith '' under Interpret to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1998 '' . SNEP ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' ( Gold - / Platinum - Database ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( in German ) . Type `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' under Titel to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk Platebransje '' . IFPI Norway ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' was certified platinum in 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & Platinum 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden ( in Swedish ) . p. 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' ( PHP ) . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( CD5 / Cassette Single ) by Mark Chesnutt '' . CMT . February 9 , 1999 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monkman , Martin . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7470 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 8 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Mark Chesnutt . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Mark Chesnutt . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Michael . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck '' . MSPaint Adventures . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayliss , Marc Calleja . `` Malta : Veronica Rotin in Debut Collection of Songs '' . escflashmalta . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baar , Aaron . `` AT&T Customers Wo n't ' Miss A Thing ' For Tournament '' . MarketingDaily . MediaPost . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Aerosmith - I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing . AerosmithVEVO 's channel on YouTube . June 29 , 2014 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Aerosmith Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension ! Live albums Live ! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` Deuces Are Wild '' `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg ! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked , Locked , Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs / Chain Reaction Whitford / St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way : The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero : Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball Book Portal Mark Chesnutt Studio albums Too Cold at Home Longnecks & Short Stories Almost Goodbye What a Way to Live Wings Thank God for Believers I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Lost in the Feeling Mark Chesnutt Savin ' the Honky Tonk Heard It in a Love Song Rollin ' with the Flow Outlaw Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Too Cold at Home '' `` Brother Jukebox '' `` Blame It on Texas '' `` Your Love Is a Miracle '' `` Broken Promise Land '' `` Old Flames Have New Names '' `` I 'll Think of Something '' `` Bubba Shot the Jukebox '' `` Ol ' Country '' `` It Sure Is Monday '' `` Almost Goodbye '' `` I Just Wanted You to Know '' `` Woman , Sensuous Woman '' `` She Dreams '' `` Goin ' Through the Big D '' `` Gonna Get a Life '' `` Down in Tennessee '' `` Trouble '' `` It Would n't Hurt to Have Wings '' `` Wrong Place , Wrong Time '' `` It 's a Little Too Late '' `` Let It Rain '' `` Thank God for Believers '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` I Might Even Quit Lovin ' You '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' `` Fallin ' Never Felt So Good '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` She Was '' `` The Lord Loves the Drinkin ' Man '' `` I 'm a Saint '' `` Heard It in a Love Song '' `` Rollin ' with the Flow '' `` Lovin ' Her Was Easier ( Than Anything I 'll Ever Do Again ) '' Guest singles `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing&oldid=800889344 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 1998 songs Aerosmith songs Mark Chesnutt songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Norway Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Diane Warren 1990s ballads Rock ballads Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Columbia Records singles Hollywood Records singles Epic Records singles Decca Records singles Song recordings produced by Matt Serletic Song recordings produced by Mark Wright ( record producer ) Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 20 . 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who wrote the song don t want to miss a thing

`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in . Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ) . It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film , the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26 , 1998 . The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries . It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart .

List of FA Cup finals - wikipedia List of FA Cup finals Jump to : navigation , search Further information : FA Cup Final The Blackburn Rovers team which won the FA Cup in 1884 . Team captain James Brown ( front row , centre ) holds the trophy . The Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup , is a knockout competition in English football , organised by and named after The Football Association ( the FA ) . It is the oldest existing football competition in the world , having commenced in the 1871 -- 72 season . The tournament is open to all clubs in the top 10 levels of the English football league system , although a club 's home stadium must meet certain requirements prior to entering the tournament . The competition culminates at the end of the league season usually in May with the FA Cup Final , officially named The Football Association Challenge Cup Final Tie , which has traditionally been regarded as the showpiece finale of the English football season . All of the final venues , apart from four , have been in London with most being played at the original Wembley Stadium , which was used from 1923 until the stadium closed in 2000 . The other venues that were used for the final prior to 1923 were Kennington Oval , Crystal Palace , Stamford Bridge and Lillie Bridge , all in London , Goodison Park in Liverpool and Fallowfield Stadium and Old Trafford in Manchester . The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final for six years ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction . Other grounds have been used for replays , which until 1999 took place if the initial match ended in a draw . The new Wembley Stadium has been the permanent venue of the final since 2007 . As of 2017 , the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories . The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions , and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once : Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers , Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal . The cup has been won by a non-English team once . The cup is currently held by Arsenal , who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Finals 2.1 Key 2.2 Results 3 Results by team 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the FA Cup Tottenham Hotspur captain Arthur Grimsdell displays the cup to fans on the Tottenham High Road after Spurs ' victory in the 1921 final , the first win by a London - based team for 20 years . The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers , a team of former public schoolboys based in London , who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons . The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England , but in 1883 , Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup , defeating Old Etonians . Upon his team 's return to Blackburn , Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed : `` The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire . It 'll have a good home and it 'll never go back to London . '' With the advent of professionalism at around the same time , the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition . The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888 . Since then , one non-league team has won the cup . Tottenham Hotspur , then of the Southern League , defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final . A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup , which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921 . In 1927 , Cardiff City , a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales , won the cup , the only non-English club to do so . Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition . Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s , winning the trophy three times in five years , and in the 1960s , Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success , with three wins in seven seasons . This marked the start of a successful period for London - based clubs , with 11 wins in 22 seasons . Teams from the second tier of English football , at the time called the Second Division , experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980 . Sunderland won the cup in 1973 , Southampton repeated the feat in 1976 , and West Ham United won in 1980 , the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division . Finals ( edit ) Until 1999 , a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date ; since then the final has always been decided on the day , with a penalty shootout as required . As of 2017 a penalty shoot - out has been required on only two occasions , in the 2005 and 2006 finals . The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars , other than in the 1914 -- 15 season , when it was completed , and the 1939 -- 40 season , when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds . Key ( edit ) Key to list of winners ( R ) Replay * Match went to extra time Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time Winning team won the Double Italics Team from outside the top level of English football ( since the formation of The Football League in 1888 ) All teams are English , except where marked ( Scottish ) or ( Welsh ) . Results ( edit ) FA Cup winners Season Winners Score Runners -- up Venue Attendance 1871 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1871 -- 72 Wanderers 1 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1872 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1872 -- 73 Wanderers 2 -- 0 Oxford University Lillie Bridge 3,000 1873 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1873 -- 74 Oxford University 2 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1874 -- 75 Royal Engineers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1874 -- 75 ( R ) Royal Engineers 2 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,000 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1875 -- 76 Wanderers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,500 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1875 -- 76 ( R ) Wanderers 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 1,500 1876 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1876 -- 77 Wanderers 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Oxford University Kennington Oval 3,000 1877 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1877 -- 78 Wanderers 3 -- 1 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 4,500 1878 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1878 -- 79 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval 5,000 1879 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1879 -- 80 Clapham Rovers 1 -- 0 Oxford University Kennington Oval 6,000 1880 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1880 -- 81 Old Carthusians 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 4,000 1881 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1881 -- 82 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Kennington Oval 6,500 1882 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1882 -- 83 Blackburn Olympic 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 8,000 1883 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1883 -- 84 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 4,000 1884 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1884 -- 85 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 12,500 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1885 -- 86 Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,000 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1885 -- 86 ( R ) Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Racecourse Ground ! Racecourse Ground 12,000 1886 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1886 -- 87 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,500 1887 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1887 -- 88 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Preston North End Kennington Oval 19,000 1888 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1888 -- 89 Preston North End 3 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Kennington Oval 22,000 1889 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1889 -- 90 Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 The Wednesday Kennington Oval 20,000 1890 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1890 -- 91 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Notts County Kennington Oval 23,000 1891 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1891 -- 92 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Kennington Oval 32,810 1892 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1892 -- 93 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Everton Fallowfield Stadium 45,000 1893 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1893 -- 94 Notts County 4 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 37,000 1894 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1894 -- 95 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 42,560 1895 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1895 -- 96 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Crystal Palace 48,836 1896 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1896 -- 97 Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton Crystal Palace 65,891 1897 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1897 -- 98 Nottingham Forest 3 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 62,017 1898 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1898 -- 99 Sheffield United 4 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 73,833 1899 -- 1900 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1899 -- 1900 Bury 4 -- 0 Southampton Crystal Palace 68,945 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1900 -- 01 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 Sheffield United Crystal Palace 110,820 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1900 -- 01 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Sheffield United Burnden Park 20,470 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1901 -- 02 Sheffield United 1 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 76,914 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1901 -- 02 ( R ) Sheffield United 2 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 33,068 1902 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1902 -- 03 Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County Crystal Palace 63,102 1903 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1903 -- 04 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Crystal Palace 61,374 1904 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1904 -- 05 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 101,117 1905 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1905 -- 06 Everton 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 75,609 1906 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1906 -- 07 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Everton Crystal Palace 84,594 1907 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1907 -- 08 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 74,697 1908 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1908 -- 09 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Bristol City Crystal Palace 71,401 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1909 -- 10 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Barnsley Crystal Palace 77,747 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1909 -- 10 ( R ) Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Barnsley Goodison Park 69,000 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1910 -- 11 Bradford City 0 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 69,068 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1910 -- 11 ( R ) Bradford City 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Old Trafford 58,000 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1911 -- 12 Barnsley 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 54,556 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1911 -- 12 ( R ) Barnsley 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane 38,555 1912 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1912 -- 13 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Sunderland Crystal Palace 121,919 1913 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1913 -- 14 Burnley 1 -- 0 Liverpool Crystal Palace 72,778 1914 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1914 -- 15 Sheffield United 3 -- 0 Chelsea Old Trafford 49,557 1919 -- 20 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1919 -- 20 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Stamford Bridge 50,018 1920 -- 21 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1920 -- 21 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Stamford Bridge 72,805 1921 -- 22 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1921 -- 22 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Preston North End Stamford Bridge 53,000 1922 -- 23 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1922 -- 23 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 126,047 1923 -- 24 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1923 -- 24 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,695 1924 -- 25 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1924 -- 25 Sheffield United 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,763 1925 -- 26 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1925 -- 26 Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,447 1926 -- 27 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1926 -- 27 Cardiff City 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,206 1927 -- 28 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1927 -- 28 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,041 1928 -- 29 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1928 -- 29 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,576 1929 -- 30 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1929 -- 30 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,488 1930 -- 31 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1930 -- 31 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Birmingham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,406 1931 -- 32 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1931 -- 32 Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,298 1932 -- 33 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1932 -- 33 Everton 3 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,950 1933 -- 34 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1933 -- 34 Manchester City 2 -- 1 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,258 1934 -- 35 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1934 -- 35 Sheffield Wednesday 4 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,204 1935 -- 36 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1935 -- 36 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,384 1936 -- 37 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1936 -- 37 Sunderland 3 -- 1 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,495 1937 -- 38 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1937 -- 38 Preston North End 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,497 1938 -- 39 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1938 -- 39 Portsmouth 4 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,370 1945 -- 46 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1945 -- 46 Derby County 4 -- 1 ! * 4 -- 1 * Charlton Athletic Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1946 -- 47 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1946 -- 47 Charlton Athletic 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1947 -- 48 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1947 -- 48 Manchester United 4 -- 2 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1948 -- 49 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1948 -- 49 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,500 1949 -- 50 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1949 -- 50 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1950 -- 51 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1950 -- 51 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1951 -- 52 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1951 -- 52 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1952 -- 53 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1952 -- 53 Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1953 -- 54 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1953 -- 54 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1954 -- 55 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1954 -- 55 Newcastle United 3 -- 1 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1955 -- 56 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1955 -- 56 Manchester City 3 -- 1 Birmingham City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1956 -- 57 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1956 -- 57 Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1957 -- 58 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1957 -- 58 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1958 -- 59 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1958 -- 59 Nottingham Forest 2 -- 1 Luton Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1959 -- 60 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1959 -- 60 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1960 -- 61 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1960 -- 61 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1961 -- 62 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1961 -- 62 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1962 -- 63 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1962 -- 63 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1963 -- 64 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1963 -- 64 West Ham United 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1964 -- 65 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1964 -- 65 Liverpool 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1965 -- 66 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1965 -- 66 Everton 3 -- 2 Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1966 -- 67 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1966 -- 67 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1967 -- 68 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1967 -- 68 West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1968 -- 69 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1968 -- 69 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1969 -- 70 Chelsea 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1969 -- 70 ( R ) Chelsea 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Old Trafford 62,078 1970 -- 71 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1970 -- 71 Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1971 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1971 -- 72 Leeds United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1972 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1972 -- 73 Sunderland 1 -- 0 Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1973 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1973 -- 74 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1974 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1974 -- 75 West Ham United 2 -- 0 Fulham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1975 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1975 -- 76 Southampton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1976 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1976 -- 77 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1977 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1977 -- 78 Ipswich Town 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1978 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1978 -- 79 Arsenal 3 -- 2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1979 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1979 -- 80 West Ham United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1980 -- 81 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1980 -- 81 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1981 -- 82 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1981 -- 82 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 90,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1982 -- 83 Manchester United 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1982 -- 83 ( R ) Manchester United 4 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1983 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1983 -- 84 Everton 2 -- 0 Watford Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1984 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1984 -- 85 Manchester United 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1985 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1985 -- 86 Liverpool 3 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1986 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1986 -- 87 Coventry City 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1987 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1987 -- 88 Wimbledon 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,203 1988 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1988 -- 89 Liverpool 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,500 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1989 -- 90 Manchester United 3 -- 3 ! * 3 -- 3 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1989 -- 90 ( R ) Manchester United 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1990 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1990 -- 91 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Nottingham Forest Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1991 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1991 -- 92 Liverpool 2 -- 0 Sunderland Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1992 -- 93 Arsenal 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,347 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1992 -- 93 ( R ) Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 62,267 1993 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,634 1994 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1994 -- 95 Everton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,592 1995 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,007 1996 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1996 -- 97 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,160 1997 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,183 1998 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,101 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1999 -- 2000 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 78,217 2000 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2000 -- 01 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 72,500 2001 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 73,963 2002 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2002 -- 03 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Southampton Millennium Stadium 73,726 2003 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2003 -- 04 Manchester United 3 -- 0 Millwall Millennium Stadium 71,350 2004 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2004 -- 05 Arsenal 0 -- 0 ! 0 -- 0 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 71,876 2005 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2005 -- 06 Liverpool 3 -- 3 ! 3 -- 3 West Ham United Millennium Stadium 71,140 2006 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2006 -- 07 Chelsea 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,826 2007 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2007 -- 08 Portsmouth 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,874 2008 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2008 -- 09 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,391 2009 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,335 2010 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2010 -- 11 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Stoke City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,643 2011 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2011 -- 12 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,041 2012 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2012 -- 13 Wigan Athletic 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 86,254 2013 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2013 -- 14 Arsenal 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Hull City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,345 2014 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2014 -- 15 Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,283 2015 -- 16 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2015 -- 16 Manchester United 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,619 2016 -- 17 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,472 A . ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047 , but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000 . Results by team ( edit ) Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence . Additionally , Queen 's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887 . Results by team Club Wins First final won Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total final appearances Arsenal 13 1930 2017 7 2001 20 Manchester United 12 1909 2016 7 2007 19 Tottenham Hotspur 8 1901 1991 9 Liverpool 7 1965 2006 7 2012 14 Chelsea 7 1970 2012 5 2017 12 Aston Villa 7 1887 1957 2015 11 Newcastle United 6 1910 1955 7 1999 13 Blackburn Rovers 6 1884 1928 1960 8 Everton 5 1906 1995 8 2009 13 Manchester City 5 1904 2011 5 2013 10 West Bromwich Albion 5 1888 1968 5 1935 10 Wanderers 5 1872 1878 0 -- 5 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1893 1960 1939 8 Bolton Wanderers 1923 1958 1953 7 Sheffield United 1899 1925 1936 6 Sheffield Wednesday 1896 1935 1993 6 West Ham United 1964 1980 2006 5 Preston North End 1889 1938 5 1964 7 Old Etonians 1879 1882 1883 6 Portsmouth 1939 2008 5 Sunderland 1937 1973 1992 Nottingham Forest 1898 1959 1991 Bury 1900 1903 0 -- Huddersfield Town 1922 1922 1938 5 Derby County 1946 1946 1903 Leeds United 1972 1972 1973 Oxford University 1874 1874 1880 Royal Engineers 1875 1875 1878 Southampton 1976 1976 2003 Blackpool 1953 1953 1951 Burnley 1914 1914 1962 Cardiff City 1927 1927 2008 Charlton Athletic 1947 1947 1946 Barnsley 1912 1912 1910 Clapham Rovers 1880 1880 1879 Notts County 1894 1894 1891 Blackburn Olympic 1883 1883 0 -- Bradford City 1911 1911 0 -- Coventry City 0 -- Ipswich Town 1978 1978 0 -- Old Carthusians 1881 1881 0 -- Wigan Athletic 2013 2013 0 -- Wimbledon 1988 1988 0 -- Leicester City 0 1969 Birmingham City 0 1956 Crystal Palace 0 2016 Queen 's Park 0 1885 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 Bristol City 0 1909 Fulham 0 Hull City 0 2014 Luton Town 0 1959 Middlesbrough 0 1997 Millwall 0 Queens Park Rangers 0 1982 Stoke City 0 2011 Watford 0 1984 Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday 's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday . Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons , but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours ( including the FA Cup win ) of Wimbledon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` FA Cup trophy 's sale to set football memorabilia record '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup Summary -- Contents '' . The Football Club History Database . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FA Competition Administration '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 May 2000 ) . `` Football : FA Cup Final : Calamity for James as Di Matteo makes history '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 1983 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Willow Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218049 - 9 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lyles , Christopher ( 5 January 2008 ) . `` FA Cup by numbers '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Peter ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` Cardiff in footsteps of FA Cup giants '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 27 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2005 ) . `` FA Cup in danger of losing lustre '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of The FA Challenge Cup '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Stuart ( 2008 ) . Nationwide Football Annual 2008 -- 2009 . SportsBooks Ltd . pp. 132 , 134 -- 143 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 72 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bateson , Bill ; Sewell , Albert ( 1992 ) . News of the World Football Annual 1992 -- 93 . Harper Collins . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 85543 - 188 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The F.A. Cup -- Bolton 's Victory -- Record Crowds '' . The Times . News International . 30 May 1923 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 5 '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2001 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Merton to be given Dons trophies '' . BBC Sport. 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . 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who won the most fa cups in england

As of 2017 , the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories . The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions , and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once : Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers , Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal . The cup has been won by a non-English team once . The cup is currently held by Arsenal , who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 final .

Fermentation in winemaking - wikipedia Fermentation in winemaking Jump to : navigation , search Fermenting must The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage . During fermentation , yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide ( as a by - product ) . In winemaking , the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation . The risk of stuck fermentation and the development of several wine faults can also occur during this stage , which can last anywhere from 5 to 14 days for primary fermentation and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a secondary fermentation . Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks , which is common with many white wines like Riesling , in an open wooden vat , inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Process 2.1 Other compounds involved 3 Winemaking considerations 4 Other types of fermentation 4.1 Bottle fermentation 4.2 Carbonic maceration 4.3 Malolactic fermentation 5 References History ( edit ) See also : History of wine The natural occurrence of fermentation means it was probably first observed long ago by humans . The earliest uses of the word `` fermentation '' in relation to winemaking was in reference to the apparent `` boiling '' within the must that came from the anaerobic reaction of the yeast to the sugars in the grape juice and the release of carbon dioxide . The Latin fervere means , literally , to boil . In the mid-19th century , Louis Pasteur noted the connection between yeast and the process of the fermentation in which the yeast act as catalyst and mediator through a series of a reaction that convert sugar into alcohol . The discovery of the Embden -- Meyerhof -- Parnas pathway by Gustav Embden , Otto Fritz Meyerhof and Jakub Karol Parnas in the early 20th century contributed more to the understanding of the complex chemical processes involved in the conversion of sugar to alcohol . Process ( edit ) See also : Yeast in winemaking `` Bloom '' , visible as a dusting on the berries In winemaking , there are distinctions made between ambient yeasts which are naturally present in wine cellars , vineyards and on the grapes themselves ( sometimes known as a grape 's `` bloom '' or `` blush '' ) and cultured yeast which are specifically isolated and inoculated for use in winemaking . The most common genera of wild yeasts found in winemaking include Candida , Klöckera / Hanseniaspora , Metschnikowiaceae , Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces . Wild yeasts can produce high - quality , unique - flavored wines ; however , they are often unpredictable and may introduce less desirable traits to the wine , and can even contribute to spoilage . It should be noted that few yeast , and lactic and acetic acid bacterial colonies naturally live on the surface of grapes , but traditional wine makers , particularly in Europe , advocate use of ambient yeast as a characteristic of the region 's terroir ; nevertheless , many winemakers prefer to control fermentation with predictable cultured yeast . The cultured yeasts most commonly used in winemaking belong to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( also known as `` sugar yeast '' ) species . Within this species are several hundred different strains of yeast that can be used during fermentation to affect the heat or vigor of the process and enhance or suppress certain flavor characteristics of the varietal . The use of different strains of yeasts is a major contributor to the diversity of wine , even among the same grape variety . Alternative , non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae , yeasts are being used more prevalently in the industry to add greater complexity to wine . After a winery has been in operation for a number of years , few yeast strains are actively involved in the fermentation process . The use of active dry yeasts reduces the variety of strains that appear in spontaneous fermentation by outcompeting those strains that are naturally present . The addition of cultured yeast normally occurs with the yeast first in a dried or `` inactive '' state and is reactivated in warm water or diluted grape juice prior to being added to the must . To thrive and be active in fermentation , the yeast needs access to a continuous supply of carbon , nitrogen , sulfur , phosphorus as well as access to various vitamins and minerals . These components are naturally present in the grape must but their amount may be corrected by adding nutrients to the wine , in order to foster a more encouraging environment for the yeast . Newly formulated time - release nutrients , specifically manufactured for wine fermentations , offer the most advantageous conditions for yeast . Oxygen is needed as well , but in wine making , the risk of oxidation and the lack of alcohol production from oxygenated yeast requires the exposure of oxygen to be kept at a minimum . Dry winemaking yeast ( left ) and yeast nutrients used in the rehydration process to stimulate yeast cells . Upon the introduction of active yeasts to the grape must , phosphates are attached to the sugar and the six - carbon sugar molecules begin to be split into three - carbon pieces and go through a series of rearrangement reactions . During this process , the carboxylic carbon atom is released in the form of carbon dioxide with the remaining components becoming acetaldehyde . The absence of oxygen in this anaerobic process allows the acetaldehyde to be eventually converted , by reduction , to ethanol . During the conversion of acetaldehyde , a small amount is converted , by oxidation , to acetic acid which , in excess , can contribute to the wine fault known as volatile acidity ( vinegar taint ) . After the yeast has exhausted its life cycle , they fall to the bottom of the fermentation tank as sediment known as lees . Yeast ceases its activity whenever all of the sugar in must has been converted into other chemicals or whenever the alcohol content has reached 15 % alcohol per unit volume ; a concentration strong enough to halt the enzymatic activity of almost all strains of yeast . Other compounds involved ( edit ) The metabolism of amino acids and breakdown of sugars by yeasts has the effect of creating other biochemical compounds that can contribute to the flavor and aroma of wine . These compounds can be considered `` volatile '' like aldehydes , ethyl acetate , ester , fatty acids , fusel oils , hydrogen sulfide , ketones and mercaptans or `` non-volatile '' like glycerol , acetic acid and succinic acid . Yeast also has the effect during fermentation of releasing glycoside hydrolase which can hydrolyse the flavor precursors of aliphatics ( a flavor component that reacts with oak ) , benzene derivatives , monoterpenes ( responsible for floral aromas from grapes like Muscat and Traminer ) , norisoprenoids ( responsible for some of the spice notes in Chardonnay ) , and phenols . Some strains of yeasts can generate volatile thiols which contribute to the fruity aromas in many wines such as the gooseberry scent commonly associated with Sauvignon blanc . Brettanomyces yeasts are responsible for the `` barnyard aroma '' characteristic in some red wines like Burgundy and Pinot noir . Methanol is not a major constituent of wine . The usual concentration range is between 0.1 g / liter and 0.2 g / liter . These small traces have no adverse effect on people and no direct effect on the senses . Winemaking considerations ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is visible during the fermentation process in the form of bubbles in the must . During fermentation , there are several factors that winemakers take into consideration , with the most influential to ethanol production being sugar content in the must , the yeast strain used , and the fermentation temperature . The biochemical process of fermentation itself creates a lot of residual heat which can take the must out of the ideal temperature range for the wine . Typically , white wine is fermented between 18 - 20 ° C ( 64 - 68 ° F ) though a wine maker may choose to use a higher temperature to bring out some of the complexity of the wine . Red wine is typically fermented at higher temperatures up to 29 ° C ( 85 ° F ) . Fermentation at higher temperatures may have adverse effect on the wine in stunning the yeast to inactivity and even `` boiling off '' some of the flavors of the wines . Some winemakers may ferment their red wines at cooler temperatures , more typical of white wines , in order to bring out more fruit flavors . To control the heat generated during fermentation , the winemaker must choose a suitable vessel size or else use a cooling device . Various kinds of cooling devices are available , ranging from the ancient Bordeaux practice of placing the fermentation vat atop blocks of ice to sophisticated fermentation tanks that have built - in cooling rings . A risk factor involved with fermentation is the development of chemical residue and spoilage which can be corrected with the addition of sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , although excess SO can lead to a wine fault . A winemaker who wishes to make a wine with high levels of residual sugar ( like a dessert wine ) may stop fermentation early either by dropping the temperature of the must to stun the yeast or by adding a high level of alcohol ( like brandy ) to the must to kill off the yeast and create a fortified wine . The ethanol produced through fermentation acts as an important co-solvent to the non-polar compound that water can not dissolve , such as pigments from grape skins , giving wine varieties their distinct color , and other aromatics . Ethanol and the acidity of wine act as an inhibitor to bacterial growth , allowing wine to be safely kept for years in the absence of air . Other types of fermentation ( edit ) A California Chardonnay that shows it has been barrel fermented . In winemaking , there are different processes that fall under the title of `` Fermentation '' but might not follow the same procedure commonly associated with wine fermentation . Bottle fermentation ( edit ) Bottle fermentation is a method of sparkling wine production , originating in the Champagne region where after the cuvee has gone through a primary yeast fermentation the wine is then bottled and goes through a secondary fermentation where sugar and additional yeast known as liqueur de tirage is added to the wine . This secondary fermentation is what creates the carbon dioxide bubbles that sparkling wine is known for . Carbonic maceration ( edit ) The process of carbonic maceration is also known as whole grape fermentation where instead of yeast being added , the grapes fermentation is encouraged to take place inside the individual grape berries . This method is common in the creation of Beaujolais wine and involves whole clusters of grapes being stored in a closed container with the oxygen in the container being replaced with carbon dioxide . Unlike normal fermentation where yeast converts sugar into alcohol , carbonic maceration works by enzymes within the grape breaking down the cellular matter to form ethanol and other chemical properties . The resulting wines are typically soft and fruity . Malolactic fermentation ( edit ) Instead of yeast , bacteria play a fundamental role in malolactic fermentation which is essentially the conversion of malic acid into lactic acid . This has the benefit of reducing some of the tartness and making the resulting wine taste softer . Depending on the style of wine that the winemaker is trying to produce , malolactic fermentation may take place at the very same time as the yeast fermentation . Alternatively , some strains of yeast may be developed that can convert L - malate to L - lactate during alcohol fermentation . For example , Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ML01 ( S. cerevisiae strain ML01 ) , which carries a gene encoding malolactic enzyme from Oenococcus oeni and a gene encoding malate permease from Schizosaccharomyces pombe . S. cerevisiae strain ML01 has received regulatory approval in both Canada and the United States . Co-fermentation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 267 - 269 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ J. Robinson Jancis Robinson 's Wine Course Third Edition pg 74 - 84 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0883 - 0 Jump up ^ H. Johnson Vintage : The Story of Wine pg 16 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0 - 671 - 68702 - 6 Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 267 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Gemma Beltran , Maria Jesus Torija , Maite Novo , Noemi Ferrer , Montserrat Poblet , Jose M. Guillamon , Nicholas Rozes , and Albert Mas . `` Analysis of Yeast Populations During Alcohol Fermentation : A Six Year Follow - up Study '' . pg3 - 4 Systematic and Applied Microbiology 25.2 ( 2002 ) : 287 - 293 . Web . 19 Aug. 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 778 - 779 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Gemma Beltran , Maria Jesus Torija , Maite Novo , Noemi Ferrer , Montserrat Poblet , Jose M. Guillamon , Nicholas Rozes , and Albert Mas . `` Analysis of Yeast Populations During Alcohol Fermentation : A Six Year Follow - up Study '' . Systematic and Applied Microbiology 25.2 ( 2002 ) : 287 - 293 . Web . 19 Aug. 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 779 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 268 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ `` fermentation . '' Oddbins Dictionary of Wine . London : Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd , 2004 . Credo Reference . Web . 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition pg 780 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald S. Wine Science Principles and Applications . pg 277 San Diego , California : Academic Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald S. Wine Science Principles and Applications . pg276 San Diego , California : Academic Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ J. Robinson Jancis Robinson 's Wine Course Third Edition pg 82 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0883 - 0 Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald S. Wine Science Principles and Applications . pg 276 San Diego , California : Academic Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 168 - 169 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 33 - 34 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ D. Bird `` Understanding Wine Technology '' pg 89 - 92 DBQA Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 891267 - 91 - 4 Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 35 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ http://landfood.ubc.ca/wine/vanvuuren/vanvuuren_malolatic-yeast.html Jump up ^ http://www.ec.gc.ca/subsnouvelles-newsubs/default.asp?lang=En&n=EA0C2846-1 Wines and winemaking General Acids in wine Aging of wine Annual growth cycle of grapevines Aroma of wine Alternative wine closure Cork History Oak Oenology Screw cap Terroir Vineyard Viticulture Wine and food matching Wine fault Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors Styles and methods of production Red Rosé White Orange Sparkling Dessert Ice Straw Kosher Organic Biodynamic Table Fortified Aromatized Grape varieties International White Chardonnay Chenin blanc Gewürztraminer Muscat Riesling Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Red Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah / Shiraz Regional White Agh Shani Albariño Aligoté Arneis Assyrtiko Chinuri Furmint Garganega Glera Grüner Veltliner Kerner Khikhvi Krakhuna Krstač Manata Marsanne Mtsvani Müller - Thurgau Pinot blanc Pinot gris / Pinot grigio Ribolla Gialla Rkatsiteli Roussanne Shesh i Bardhë Silvaner Smederevka Tamjanika Tetra Torrontés Ugni blanc / Trebbiano Tsitska Tsolikouri Verdejo Verdicchio Vermentino Viognier Red Aglianico Aladasturi Aleksandrouli Alicante Bouschet Asuretuli Barbera Blaufränkisch Bobal Cabernet Franc Carignan Carménère Cinsaut Corvina Dolcetto Dzvelshava Frappato Gamay Gibrita Grenache / Garnacha Izabella Kadarka Lagrein Madrasa Malbec Mencía / Jaen Mujuretuli Mourvèdre / Monastrell / Mataro Nebbiolo Negroamaro Nero d'Avola Ojaleshi Petit Verdot Petite sirah / Durif Pinot Meunier Pinotage Plavac Mali Poulsard Prokupac Sagrantino Sangiovese Saperavi Shesh i Zi Tannat Tavkveri Tempranillo Touriga Nacional Trollinger Usakhelauri Vranac Zinfandel / Primitivo Zweigelt Wine - producing countries and regions Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Chile Aconcagua Atacama Central Valley Coquimbo Southern Chile Croatia Coastal wine region Continental wine region France Alsace Beaujolais Bordeaux Burgundy Champagne Jura Languedoc - Roussillon Loire Provence Rhône South West Georgia Abkhazia Imereti Kakheti Kartli Racha Germany Baden Franconia Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Pfalz Rheingau Rheinhessen Hungary Balaton Duna Eger ~ Egri Bikavér Észak - Dunántúl Pannon Sopron Tokaj ~ Tokaji Italy Abruzzo Friuli - Venezia Giulia Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Veneto ~ Marsala Portugal Dão Douro Bairrada Port Vinho Verde ~ Madeira Romania Cotnari ~ Grasă de Cotnari Dealu Mare Huși ~ Busuioacă de Bohotin Jidvei Murfatlar Panciu Odobeşti Cotești Recaș Târnave Spain Catalonia Galicia Penedès ~ Sherry Priorat Ribera del Duero Rioja United States California Idaho New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Other Albania Argentina Austria Brazil Bulgaria China Crimea Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Israel Japan Jordan Lebanon Macedonia Moldova New Zealand Poland Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Glossary Outline Winemaking Harvest Late harvest wine Noble rot Vintage Pressing Deacidification Destemming Chaptalization Pigeage Wine press Fermentation Carbonic maceration Maceration Malolactic fermentation Sparkling wine production Sugars in wine Süssreserve Traditional method Yeast assimilable nitrogen Yeast in winemaking Aging Oak Solera Storage of wine Bottling Alternative wine closure Bung Clarification and stabilization of wine Cork Muselet Screw cap Ullage Wine bottle History Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Bordeaux Champagne Chianti French Middle East Oldest prehistoric winery Phoenicians Portuguese Rioja Sherry South African Wine press See also Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of wine terms Glossary of winemaking terms Oenology Viticulture Wine Wine chemistry Wine glass Drink portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermentation_in_winemaking&oldid=784558625 '' Categories : Fermentation in food processing Oenology Wine Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2017 , at 23 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how long does it take grape juice to ferment into wine

The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage . During fermentation , yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide ( as a by - product ) . In winemaking , the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation . The risk of stuck fermentation and the development of several wine faults can also occur during this stage , which can last anywhere from 5 to 14 days for primary fermentation and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a secondary fermentation . Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks , which is common with many white wines like Riesling , in an open wooden vat , inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines .

Groundhog Day - wikipedia Groundhog Day Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Groundhog Day ( disambiguation ) . Groundhog Day Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , U.S. Observed by United States Canada Type Cultural Significance Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring Celebrations Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow Date February 2 Frequency Annual Related to Candlemas Groundhog Day , ( Pennsylvania German : Grund'sau dåk , Grundsaudaag , Grundsow Dawg , Murmeltiertag ; Nova Scotia : Daks Day ) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2 . It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog ( Deitsch : Grundsau , Grunddax , Dax ) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather , it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks , and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness , spring will arrive early . While the tradition remains popular in modern times , studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring - like weather . The weather lore was brought from German - speaking areas where the badger ( German : dachs ) is the forecasting animal . This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter . The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania , centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil , has become the most attended . Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well . Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event . The 1993 movie Groundhog Day helped boost recognition of the custom , and the celebration has spread even further afield . In 2009 , Quebec began to mark the day ( Canadian French : Jour de la Marmotte ) with its own groundhog . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Punxsutawney beginnings 1.2 Punxsutawney today 2 Other locations 3 Origins 3.1 Protestant Germany 3.1. 1 Groundhog as badger 3.2 Bear - rat 3.3 Simpler Candlemas lore 3.4 British Isles 4 Accuracy 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation 5 Characteristics of groundhogs 6 Similar customs 7 Explanatory notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The groundhog ( Marmota monax ) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels . The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania , according to known records . The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2 , 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown , Pennsylvania , in Pennsylvania Dutch Country , according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder . This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock . Punxsutawney beginnings ( edit ) The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper of Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania in 1886 : `` up to the time of going to press , the beast has not seen its shadow '' . However , it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered `` official '' was commemorated here , with a group making a trip to the Gobbler 's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog . People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since . Clymer Freas ( 1867 -- 1942 ) who was city editor at the Punxsutawney Spirit is credited as the `` father '' who conceived the idea of `` Groundhog Day '' . It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated , from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada . The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge . The lodge members were the `` genesis '' of the Groundhog Club formed later , which continued the Groundhog Day tradition . But the lodge started out being interested in the groundhog as a game animal for food . It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge , and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer . The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature . The first `` Groundhog Picnic '' was held in 1887 according to a book for popular reading by an academic , but given as post-circa - 1889 by a local historian in a journal . The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge 's banquet , and the organized hunt started after that . Either way , the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899 , and continued the hunt and `` Groundhog Feast '' , which took place annually in September . The `` hunt '' portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality , because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for marinating . A drink called the `` groundhog punch '' was also served . The flavor has been described as a `` cross between pork and chicken '' . The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest , and the practice discontinued . Punxsutawney Today ( edit ) The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year ( nearly eight times the year - round population of the town ) . The average draw had been about 2,000 until the year after the movie screened in 1993 , after which attendance rose to about 10,000 . The official Phil is pretended to be a supercentenarian , having been the same forecasting beast since 1887 . Other locations ( edit ) Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva ( Groundhog Lodge Number Seven ) , of Pennsburg , Pennsylvania The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge , which was formed in 1907 , has carried out the ceremonies that take place in Quarryville , Pennsylvania . It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame . It employs a taxidermic specimen ( stuffed woodchuck ) . In southeastern Pennsylvania , Groundhog Lodges ( Grundsow Lodges ) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge , social events in which food is served , speeches are made , and one or more g'spiel ( plays or skits ) are performed for entertainment . The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event , and those who speak English pay a penalty , usually in the form of a nickel , dime , or quarter per word spoken , with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table . Staten Island Chuck is the official weather - forecasting woodchuck for New York City . Dunkirk Dave ( a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960 ) is the local groundhog for Western New York , handled by Bob Will , a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs . In Washington , DC , the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil , another taxidermic specimen . In addition to the spring prediction , if Potomac Phil sees its shadow , it portents six more months of political gridlock . In the American South , the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn , Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction , standing at 94 % . The University of Dallas in Irving , Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world . The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States , including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton , Ontario , and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which , due to Nova Scotia 's Atlantic Time Zone , makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America . `` Daks Day '' ( from the German dachs ) is Groundhog Day in the dialect of Lunenburg , Nova Scotia . In French Canada , Fred la marmotte of Val - d'Espoir has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009 . A study also shows that in Quebec , the marmot or groundhog ( siffleux ) are regarded as Candlemas weather - predicting beasts in some scattered spots , but the bear is the more usual animal . In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Samara , Russia . Origins ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German - speaking areas of Europe . The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas ( February 2 ) as `` Badger Day '' ( Dachstag ) , where if a badger emerging found it to be a sunny day thereby casting a shadow , it foreboded the prolonging of winter by four more weeks . Protestant Germany ( edit ) The Candlemas was a Catholic festival officially eliminated by the Protestant Reformers , but it had been retained and continued to be celebrated by the folk . The weather - predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the badger , although regionally the animal was the bear or the fox . The original weather - predicting animal in Germany had been the bear , another hibernating mammal , but when they grew scarce the lore became altered . Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula `` Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche , so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche '' ( If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas - week , for four more weeks he will be back in his hole ) . A slight variant is found in a collection of weather lore ( bauernregeln , lit . `` farmers ' rules '' ) printed in Austria in 1823 . Groundhog as badger ( edit ) So the same tradition as the Germans , except that winter 's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four , was maintained by the Pennsylvanians on Groundhog Day . In Germany , the animal was dachs or badger . For the Pennsylvania Dutch , it became the dox which in Deitsch referred to `` groundhog '' . The standard term for `` groundhog '' was grun ′ daks ( from German dachs ) , with the regional variant in York County being grundsau , a direct translation of the English name , according to a 19th - century book on the dialect . The form was a regional variant according to one 19th century source . However , the weather superstition that begins `` Der zwet Hær ′ ning is Grund ′ sau dåk . Wânn di grundau îr schâtte sent ... ( '' February second is Groundhog day . If the groundhog sees its shadow ... ) '' is given as common to all 14 counties in Dutch Pennsylvania Country , in a 1915 monograph . The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in Allentown and elsewhere . Bear - rat ( edit ) The groundhog was once also known by the obsolete Latin alias Arctomys monax . The genus name signified `` bear - rat '' . The European marmot is of the same genus and was formerly called Arctomys alpinus . It was speculated that the European counterpart might have lore similar to the groundhog attached to it . Simpler Candlemas lore ( edit ) See also : weather lore The German version , with the introduction of the badger ( or other beasts ) was an expansion on a more simple tradition that if the weather was sunny and clear on Candlemas Day people expected winter to continue . The simpler version is summarized in the English ( Scots dialect ) couplet that runs `` If Candlemas is fair and clear / There 'll be twa winters in the year '' , with equivalent phrases in French and German . And the existence of a corresponding Latin couplet has been suggested as evidence of the great antiquity of this tradition . In fact , the Christian Candlemas itself was an assimilation of the Roman rite for the goddess Februa with a procession on February 2 , to honor her , according to Yoder . The Roman calendar , in turn , had Celtic origins . Candlemas concurs with Imbolc , one of the Celtic ' cross-quarter days ' , the four days which marked the midpoints between solstice and equinox . British Isles ( edit ) Scholar Rhys Carpenter in 1946 emphasized that the Badger Day tradition was strong in Germany , but absent in the British Isles ( England , Scotland , or Ireland ) , and he referred to this as a reason that the U.S. Groundhog Day was not brought by immigrants from these places . There did exist a belief among Roman Catholics in Britain that the hedgehog predicted the length of winter , or so it has been claimed , but without demonstration of its age , in a publication by the Scotland - born American journalist Thomas C. MacMillan in 1886 , and American writer / journalist Samuel Adams Drake 's book published in 1900 . There are also claims of Irish lore that the hedgehog emerging out of hibernation on Brigid 's Day ( February 1 ) is a predictor of weather , and a few Celtic scholars advocate this modern Christian Irish lore to be the source of the Groundhog Day tradition in the United States . Accuracy ( edit ) In Pennsylvania , Punxsutawney Phil has become a popular tradition . On February 2nd , people within the city will gather to find out whether or not Phil 's shadow is revealed . With that , he will allegedly determine whether spring will soon begin by not seeing his shadow , or if winter will ensue for six more weeks . Statistics ( edit ) Punxsutawney Phil 's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania 's Groundhog Club which cares for the animal . Phil has predicted 103 forecasts for winter and just 17 for an early spring . Most assessments of Phil 's accuracy have given accuracy lower than would be expected with random chance , with Stormfax Almanac giving an estimate of 39 % , and meteorologist Tim Roche of Weather Underground giving a 36 % accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016 ( a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward ) and a 47 % record in that time span when predicting early spring . Other poor results from analysis are reported by the Farmer 's Almanac ( which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy ) as `` exactly 50 percent '' accuracy , and The National Geographic Society reporting only 28 % success . But a Middlebury College team found that a long - term analysis of temperature high / low predictions were 70 % accurate , although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong . Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia 's `` Shubenacadie Sam '' has an accuracy rate of about 45 % compared to 25 % for Wiarton Willy in Ontario . Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined . Other groundhogs such as Staten Island Chuck do use an objective formula ( in Chuck 's case , a majority of days that reach 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox ) to assess accuracy . Pseudoscientific evaluation ( edit ) Prediction based on an animal 's behavior , which may seem ridiculous nowadays , used to be given more credence in the past when stores of food became scarce as winter progressed . One theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature . Under this theory , if German settlement had been centered further north , Groundhog Day would take place at a later date . However , the observed behavior of groundhogs in central New Jersey was that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid-March , regardless of Groundhog Day weather . Characteristics of groundhogs ( edit ) Further information : Groundhog Groundhogs are creatures within the rodent family that weigh between 12 and 15 pounds and can live up to 8 years . These animals are omnivores , but commonly feast on grass , vegetables , and fruit . Groundhogs have the ability to climb trees and , much like beavers , swim . Each fall , groundhogs go into hibernation until March . When the animals emerge from hibernation , their initial purpose is to find a mate . Similar customs ( edit ) See also : Weather lore § animal signs , and Weather lore § February In Croatia and Serbia , Orthodox Christians have a tradition that on February 2 ( Candlemas ) or February 15 ( Sretenje , The Meeting of the Lord ) , the bear will awaken from winter dormancy , and if it sees ( meets ) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state , it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days , thus prolonging the winter . Thus , if it is sunny on Sretenje , it is a sign that the winter is not over yet . If it is cloudy , it is a good sign that the winter is about to end . Similarly in Germany , on the 27th of June , they recognize the Seven Sleepers ' Day ( Siebenschläfertag ) . If it rains that day , the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy . As well , in the United Kingdom , the 15th of July is known as St. Swithin 's day . This was traditionally believed that , if it rained on that day , it would rain for the next 40 days and nights . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ February 2 , 1840 read : `` Today the Germans say the groundhog comes out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he returns in and remains there 40 days . '' Jump up ^ Some sources stated that Morris 's February 4 , 1841 entry was the oldest . It read : `` Last Tuesday , the 2nd , was Candlemas day , the day on which , according to the Germans , the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap , but if the day be cloudy he remains out , as the weather is to be moderate . '' Jump up ^ Some books attribute this positively to Clymer Freas . Jump up ^ Also styled H.C. Freas , H. Clymer Freas , or Clymer H. Freas Jump up ^ Other contemporaries of Freas ( his colleagues at the paper and fellow - members of the club , etc . ) have been given credit for the promotion of Groundhog Day : W.O. Smith , another editor of the paper and later elected to U.S. Congress , cartoonist C.M. Payne , and John P. Cowan of the Pittsburgh Gazette . Jump up ^ a combination of vodka , milk , eggs and orange juice , among many other ingredients . Jump up ^ There were beliefs in Switzerland and France that the marmot predicted the weather , according to MacMillan . `` S.S.R. '' also speculated there might be similar lore for the European marmot , Arctomys alpinus . Jump up ^ Noted by Uwe Johnson ; the formula was printed in the Voß un Haas ( nds ) `` Fox and Hare '' calendars of Mecklenburg . Jump up ^ `` Of course everybody knows that February 2 is groundhog day . If the dox ( the dialect word for groundhog ) sees its shadow on this day , the belief is that six weeks of bad weather will follow '' . Jump up ^ The letter `` â '' is actually `` a with circumflex below '' . Jump up ^ Signed `` S.S.R. '' of Lancaster , Pennsylvania . Note that S.S. Rathvon wrote the editorial `` The Ground - Hog '' and `` More of the Ground - hogs '' where he refers to the creature as `` Old Arctomyx '' in the editorial in the March 1884 issue of the Lancaster Farmer XV :3 . Jump up ^ A couplet the same as this except `` two winters '' in standard English is given in Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 103 , alongside two other variants . Jump up ^ `` Second Winter '' appears to be a neologism that paraphrases `` two winters '' . Jump up ^ `` Si Sol splenescat Maria purificante / Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante '' . Note that Maria purificante or The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the reference to Candlemas day , since this is the biblical event that Candlemas is supposed to commemorate . Jump up ^ Drake also states that the German lore about the badger predicting the winter 's duration was firmly accepted in New England . The groundhog , badger / bear , and hedgehog are all noted as paralleling each other . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ https://www.livescience.com/49665-groundhog-day-predictions.html ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Alfred L. ( February 1 , 1954 ) , February Lore , 5 ( 11 ) ( download ) ^ Jump up to : Kruesi , Margaret ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Reviewed Work : Groundhog Day by Don Yoder '' . Journal of American Folklore. 120 ( 477 ) : 367 -- 368 . JSTOR 20487565 Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 49 , 54 , 143 , diary printed in `` Folklore from the Diary of James L. Morris , 1845 -- 1646 '' , Pennsylvania Dutchman 3 : 17 ( February 1 , 1952 ) '' Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Is the Story Behind Groundhog Day '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , Chapter II , `` Punxsutawney to the World '' ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Peter ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` His Moment In the Sun '' . The Washington Post . 23 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Original Groundhog Day Involved Eating the Groundhog '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Gazette , September 27 , 1903 , cited by Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 , note 12 . Jump up ^ Park , PhD , David ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Happy Groundhog Day to You ! '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , Homer Tope ( 1966 ) . The Pennsylvania Germans : 1891 -- 1965 . Lancaster , PA : Pennsylvania German Society . pp. 194 -- 199 . OCLC 1745108 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Eli ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Staten Island Groundhog Makes Star Turn , This Year Without de Blasio '' . N.Y. / Region . New York , New York : The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Punxsutawney Phil and seven other famous groundhogs you should know '' . Fox News . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Sean Kirst : For Dunkirk Dave 's caretaker , every day is Groundhog Day '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colleges in the Midwest : Compare Colleges in Your Region ( 24 ed . ) . Peterson 's . 2009 . p. 298 . ISBN 9780768926903 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring '' . Canadian Press . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day '' . King 's County Register . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day : Quebec groundhog disagrees with Shubenacadie Sam , Wiarton Willie '' . The Gazette . Montreal , CA . February 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le jour de la marmotte , science ou folklore ? '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver ! '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . la marmotte officielle du Québec Jump up ^ Rodrigue , Denise ( 1983 ) . Le cycle de Pâques au Québec et dans l'Ouest de la France . Presses Université Laval . pp. 34 , 36 . ISBN 9782763769035 . ^ Jump up to : MacMillan , Thomas C. , ed. ( 1886 ) . Ground - Hog Day ― Candlemas . The Inter Ocean Curiosity Shop for the year 1885 ( 3 ed . ) . Chicago : The Inter Ocean Publishing Company . pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : S.S.R. ( February 15 , 1890 ) , `` Arctomyx monax '' , American Notes and Queries , 4 : 188 Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day 2017 : Furry Forecasters Around the World '' . sputniknews.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Uwe Johnson , cited by Grambow , Jürgen ( 1994 ) , `` Möglichkeiten einer intellektuellen Kritik an diesem Mecklenburg '' , Johnson - Jahrbuch , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Lewenau , Joseph Arnold Ritter von ( 1823 ) , Der angewandte Fresenius ; oder , Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs - und sogenannter Bauernregeln , Vienna , J.G. Mösle , p. 20 : `` Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt , so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch . ( If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas , he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks ) '' ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ dachs is glossed as meaning `` raccoon , groundhog , or short - legged dog '' in : Lambert , Marcus Bachman ( 1924 ) , `` Pennsylvania - German Dictionary '' , Pennsylvania - German Society : 35 ^ Jump up to : Haldeman , Samuel Stehman ( 1872 ) , Pennsylvania Dutch : A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English , Reformed Church Publication Board , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Fogel , Edwin Miller ( 1915 ) . Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans . 18 . Philadelphia : American Germanica Press . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 67 , 76 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1900 ) . The Myths and Fables of To - day . Frank T. Merill ( illustr . ) . Boston : Lee and Shepard . pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Minard , Antone ( 2012 ) , `` Imbolc '' , The Celts , ABC - CLIO , 1 , p. 444 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5988 - 4964 - 6 Jump up ^ Danaher , Kevin ( 1972 ) The Year in Ireland , Cork / Dublin , Mercier Press , pp. 13 -- 14 , cited by MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2003 ) . `` Oenach Aimsire na mBan : Early Irish Seasonal Celebrations , Gender Roles and Mythological Cycles '' . Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 23 : 274 . and note 81. JSTOR 25660739 : `` To see a hedgehog come out of its hole was a good sign . If the animal stayed out , this indicated the return of good weather '' . `` This custom was transformed into Groundhog Day in the United States '' . ^ Jump up to : `` How Accurate Are Punxsutawney Phil 's Groundhog Day Forecasts ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , R.B. ( 1998 ) , The Farmer 's Almanac , p. 67 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allison , Christine ( 1995 ) , 365 days of gardening , p. 353 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Aaron , Michael A. ; Boyd , Brewster B. , Jr. ; Curtis , Melanie J. ; Sommers , Paul M. ( January 2001 ) , `` Punxsutawney 's Phenomenal Phorecaster '' , The College Mathematics Journal , 32 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 2687216 . Jump up ^ Tom Ayers , `` Shubenacadie Sam unlikely to see his shadow '' , Chronicle Herald , January 31 , 2018a Jump up ^ Groundhog Day 2017 : Staten Island Chuck calls for an early spring Jump up ^ Lewis , Danny . `` A Short History of Groundhog Day '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coin , Glenn ( February 1 , 2015 ) . Groundhog Day 2016 : Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather ? Syracuse Post-Standard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Groundhog Day ... again ? '' . caucus99percent.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Groundhog Day -- Feb 02 , 1887 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Olive ( 1942 ) , Peasant Life in Yugoslavia , Ams Press Inc , p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Keever , Homer M. ( 1976 ) , Iredell , Piedmont County , Iredell County Bicentennial Commission , p. 26 Bibliography Davis , Christopher R. ( April 1985 ) , `` Totemism and Civic Boosterism in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , 1899 - 1909 '' , The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine , 68 ( 2 ) Yoder , Don ( 2003 ) . Groundhog Day . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0811700291 . OCLC 52542605 . Further reading ( edit ) Old , W.C. , and P. Billin - Frye ( 2004 ) . The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun . Morton Grove , IL : Albert Whitman . Pulling , A.F. ( 2001 ) . Around Punxsutawney . Charleston , S.C. : Arcadia . External links ( edit ) Gobblers Knobb Punxsatawney 's Mascot Groundhog Day -- The Official Website of the Punxsatawney Groundhog Club Groundhogstuff.com . The Official Punxsutawney Phil Souvenir Shop located in Punxsutawney , PA . Short Punxsutawney Groundhog Day Documentary : A Holiday for Everyone Groundhog Days in Woodstock , IL Wiarton Willie Festival -- Wiarton , Ontario Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) movie on IMDb Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&oldid=828248681 '' Categories : February observances Public holidays in Canada Public holidays in the United States Pennsylvania culture Pennsylvania German culture Superstitions Weather lore Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from February 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Azərbaycanca Català Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 12 : 46 . 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when is groundhog day and how does it work

Groundhog Day , ( Pennsylvania German : Grund'sau dåk , Grundsaudaag , Grundsow Dawg , Murmeltiertag ; Nova Scotia : Daks Day ) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2 . It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog ( Deitsch : Grundsau , Grunddax , Dax ) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather , it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks , and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness , spring will arrive early . While the tradition remains popular in modern times , studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring - like weather .

Elite Eight - wikipedia Elite Eight Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . For National Ringette League , see National Ringette League § NRL National Champions . In the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship or the NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship , the `` Elite Eight '' ( also called the `` Great Eight '' ) are the final eight teams and , thus represent the regional finals , or national quarterfinals . In Division I and Division III , the Elite Eight consists of the two teams in each of the four regional championship games . The winners advance to the Final Four . Since 1997 , when the NCAA trademarked the phrase , in Division II the Elite Eight consists of the eight winners of the eight Division II regions . Like the Division I Final Four , the Division II Elite Eight games are all held in one predetermined location . In the men 's Division I , the lowest - seeded team ever to reach this round in the modern 64 team tournament era was # 12 Missouri in 2002 , who upset # 5 - seed Miami ( Florida ) , # 4 - seed Ohio State , and # 8 - seed UCLA before losing to # 2 - seed Oklahoma in the West regional that year . Eight # 11 seeds have advanced to the Elite Eight : LSU in 1986 , Loyola Marymount in 1990 , Temple in 2001 , George Mason in 2006 , Virginia Commonwealth in 2011 , Dayton in 2014 , Xavier in 2017 , and Loyola Chicago in 2018 . On average , three of the four # 1 seeds make it to the Elite Eight each year . In men 's play , the Elite Eight exists intact for less than 24 hours between the second Friday evening and the following Saturday afternoon of the tournament . The Elite Eight also represents the halfway mark of the men 's tournament since each qualifying team must win three rounds ( games ) to reach the national quarterfinals , with three rounds remaining to reach and win the national championship game . Like `` March Madness , '' the phrase `` Elite Eight '' originally referred to the Illinois High School Boys Basketball Championship , the single - elimination high school basketball tournament run by the Illinois High School Association . When the IHSA finals were reduced from sixteen to eight teams in 1956 , a replacement nickname for Sweet Sixteen was needed , and Elite Eight won popular favor . The IHSA trademarked the term in 1995 ; the trademark rights are now held by the March Madness Athletic Association , a joint venture between the NCAA and IHSA formed after a 1996 court case allowed both organizations to use `` March Madness '' for their own tournaments . Elite Eight can also refer to the eight NCAA Division I baseball teams that reach the College World Series . Notable Elite Eight teams in the men 's Division I NCAA tournament ( edit ) During the first 12 years of the tournament ( 1939 - 50 , inclusive ) only eight teams competed , meaning every team that qualified in those years was an automatic `` Elite Eight '' team . Idaho State in 1977 , which defeated UCLA in the previous round to end the Bruins ' streak of consecutive Final Four appearances at 10 to end the John Wooden - era dynasty 11 - seed Loyola Marymount in 1990 . One of the team 's stars , Hank Gathers , collapsed and died on the court during the WCC Tournament , and teammates ( including Bo Kimble , who shot his first free throw of each tournament game left - handed ) honored Gathers during the tournament . 12 - seed Missouri and 10 - seed Kent State in 2002 10 - seed Providence College in 1997 10 - seed Gonzaga in 1999 11 - seed Temple finished the 2001 regular season on a remarkable run , won Atlantic - 10 tournament behind play of Lynn Greer before succumbing to Michigan State . 11 - seed George Mason in 2006 , which became the first 11 - seed to advance to the Final Four since 1986 , after defeating 1 - seed Connecticut in overtime in the Elite Eight 10 - seed Davidson College in 2008 11 - seed Virginia Commonwealth in 2011 ( the first `` First Four '' team to advance to the Elite Eight ) 11 - seed Dayton in 2014 10 - seed Syracuse in 2016 11 - seed Xavier in 2017 11 - seed Loyola -- Chicago in 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trademark record for serial no . 74687330 ( Elite Eight ) '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bruins were finally floored NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elite_Eight&oldid=839272367 '' Categories : Sports terminology NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 11 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when is the last time an 11 seed made it to the elite 8

In the men 's Division I , the lowest - seeded team ever to reach this round in the modern 64 team tournament era was # 12 Missouri in 2002 , who upset # 5 - seed Miami ( Florida ) , # 4 - seed Ohio State , and # 8 - seed UCLA before losing to # 2 - seed Oklahoma in the West regional that year . Eight # 11 seeds have advanced to the Elite Eight : LSU in 1986 , Loyola Marymount in 1990 , Temple in 2001 , George Mason in 2006 , Virginia Commonwealth in 2011 , Dayton in 2014 , Xavier in 2017 , and Loyola Chicago in 2018 .

Territorial evolution of Germany - wikipedia Territorial evolution of Germany Jump to : navigation , search Germany , 1871 - 1918 Territorial evolution of Germany in the 20th century Pre-World War II ( show ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Silesian Uprisings ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Polish Corridor Return of the Saar Basin ( 1935 ) Remilitarization of the Rhineland ( 1936 ) Anschluss with Austria ( 1938 ) Munich Agreement ( 1938 ) Seizure of Czechoslovakia ( 1939 ) Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany ( 1939 ) World War II ( show ) Großdeutschland Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany Tehran Conference ( 1943 ) Yalta Conference ( 1945 ) Post-World War II ( show ) Potsdam Conference ( 1945 ) Dutch annexations ( 1949 ) Belgian annexations ( 1949 ) Treaty of Zgorzelec ( 1950 ) Return of Heligoland ( 1952 ) Saar Treaty ( 1956 ) `` Little Reunification '' with Saarland ( 1957 ) Return of Selfkant ( 1963 ) Treaty of Warsaw ( 1970 ) Two Plus Four Treaty ( 1990 ) German - Polish Border Treaty ( 1990 ) Areas ( show ) Former eastern territories of Germany Adjacent countries ( show ) Territorial evolution of Poland Territorial changes of the Baltic states The territorial changes of Germany include all changes in the borders and territory of Germany from its formation in 1871 to the present . Modern Germany was formed in 1871 when Otto von Bismarck unified most of the German states , with the notable exception of Austria , into the German Empire . After the First World War Germany lost about 10 % of its territory to its neighbours and the Weimar Republic was formed . This republic included territories to the east of today 's German borders . The period of Nazi rule from the 1930s through the end of the Second World War brought significant territorial losses for the country . Nazi Germany initially expanded the country 's territory dramatically and conquered most of Europe , though not all areas were added to Germany proper . The Nazis ' fortunes changed after the failure of the invasion of Soviet Union . The Nazi regime eventually collapsed , and the Allies occupied Germany . Immediately after the war , all territorial gains were reversed and pre-war Germany was split into British , French and American occupation zones in the northwest , west and south and a Soviet occupation zone in the centre ; the capital Berlin was similarly divided into four sectors . The former eastern territories of Germany were ceded to Poland and the Soviet Union and the Oder and Neisse Rivers became Germany 's new eastern boundary . This territory became Poland 's so - called `` Recovered Territories '' , while approximately one - third of East Prussia became Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast ; virtually the entire German population in these areas was expelled or fled . In the west , the Saar area formed a French - controlled protectorate with limited autonomy , but its own citizenship laws . With the onset of the Cold War , the western part of Germany was unified as the Trizone , becoming the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949 ( `` West Germany '' ) . Western - occupied West Berlin declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 but was denied by the occupying powers . The Soviet zone , including the Soviet sector of Berlin , became the communist German Democratic Republic ( `` East Germany '' ) in October the same year . Effective 1 January 1957 the Saar Protectorate declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany , as provided by its Grundgesetz ( constitution ) art . 23 ( Little Reunification ) . Following the end of the Cold War , East Germany , including East Berlin , and West Berlin used the same West German constitutional clause and declared their accession to the Federal Republic of Germany effective 3 October 1990 -- an event referred to as German reunification . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe 1.2 The rise of European nationalism 2 Formation of the German Empire 2.1 Prussia 2.2 North German Confederation 2.3 Heligoland 3 World War I 3.1 Brest - Litovsk 4 Territorial changes after World War I 4.1 Treaty of Versailles 4.2 Sudetenland 4.3 Silesian uprisings 5 Interbellum 5.1 Territorial claims of German nationalists 5.2 Rhineland 5.3 Saar region 5.4 Anschluss 5.5 Czechoslovakia 5.5. 1 Sudetenland 5.5. 2 Invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia 5.6 Memel Territory 6 World War II 6.1 Poland 6.2 Alsace - Lorraine 6.3 Eupen and Malmedy 6.4 Luxembourg 6.5 Parts of Yugoslavia 6.6 South Tyrol 6.7 Recognition 7 Territorial changes after World War II 7.1 The Yalta Conference 7.2 The Potsdam Conference 7.2. 1 Finalization of the Polish - German border 7.3 Belgium 7.4 Netherlands 7.5 France 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) German settlement in Central and eastern Europe ( edit ) After the conquest of Prussia by the Teutonic Knights in the Middle Ages during the Prussian Crusade , German settlers were brought in to seize the land , displacing the indigenous Old Prussians , a tribe of the Baltic people . Main article : History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe Part of the motivation behind the territorial changes is based on historical events in Germany and Western Europe . Migrations that took place over more than a millennium led to pockets of Germans living throughout Central and Eastern Europe as far east as Russia . The existence of these enclaves was sometimes used by German nationalists , such as the Nazis , to justify territorial claims . The rise of European nationalism ( edit ) Main article : Nationalism The territorial changes of Germany after World War II can be interpreted in the context of the evolution of global nationalism and European nationalism . The latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century saw the rise of nationalism in Europe . Previously , a country consisted largely of whatever peoples lived on the land that was under the dominion of a particular ruler . As principalities and kingdoms grew through conquest and marriage , a ruler could wind up with many different ethnicities under his dominion . The concept of nationalism was based on the idea of a `` people '' who shared a common bond through race , religion , language and culture . Furthermore , nationalism asserted that each `` people '' had a right to its own state . Thus , much of European history in the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century can be understood as efforts to realign national boundaries with this concept of `` one people , one state '' . Many interior conflicts were a result of more or less pressurising citizens of alternative ethnicities and / or other native languages to assimilate to the ethnicity dominant in the state . Switzerland was the exception , lacking a common native language . Much conflict would arise when one nation asserted territorial rights to land outside its borders on the basis of an ethnic bond with the people living on the land . Another source of conflict arose when a group of people who constituted a minority in one nation would seek to secede from the nation either to form an independent nation or join another nation with whom they felt stronger ties . Yet another source of conflict was the desire of some nations to expel people from territory within its borders because people did not share a common bond with the majority of people of that nation . Formation of the German Empire ( edit ) Main article : Unification of Germany Growth of Brandenburg - Prussia . During the Partitions of Poland between 1772 and 1795 , Prussia annexed large swaths of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( marked in yellow ) States of the German Empire ( Prussia shown in blue ) Prussia ( edit ) Territorial expansion of the Kingdom of Prussia , which in the 19th century would lead the future German reunification efforts , started with the annexation of territories belonging to the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . Between 1772 and 1795 , Prussia took 141,400 km2 ( 54,600 sq mi ) of the Commonwealth 's western territory -- areas known as Greater Poland , Pomorze and Mazovia ( renaming them as South Prussia , West Prussia and New East Prussia ) -- and with it nearly 1 million Polish speaking inhabitants . Frederick the Great immediately sent 57,475 German families to the newly conquered lands in order to solidify his new acquisitions , and abolished the use of the Polish language . North German Confederation ( edit ) Following the Napoleonic wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the North German Confederation , led by Prussia , was combined with the southern states of Baden , Württemberg , Bavaria and Hesse and the formerly French newly annexed Alsace - Lorraine to form the German Empire in 1871 . In some areas of Prussia 's eastern provinces , such as the Province of Posen , the majority of the population was Polish . Many Lorrainians were by native language French . Most of the Alsatians and the Lorrainians of German native language rather clung to France ( see Député protestataire ( fr ) ) , despite all nationalistic claim that language and culture would and should determine one 's national affiliation . Heligoland ( edit ) Britain ceded Heligoland to Germany in 1890 in accordance with the terms of the Heligoland -- Zanzibar Treaty . The Heligolanders , then still prevailingly fluent in their Heligolandic dialect of North Frisian , adopted German citizenship , like many other Frisians of Germany along the North Sea coast . World War I ( edit ) World War I Allied propaganda poster showing German expansionist ambitions Brest - Litovsk ( edit ) As part of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , Russia 's new Bolshevik ( communist ) government renounced all claim to Finland , the future Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) , Poland , Belarus , Ukraine . Most of these territories were in effect ceded to the German Empire , intended to become economically dependent on and politically closely tied to that empire under different German kings and dukes . Regarding the ceded territories , the treaty stated that `` Germany and Austria - Hungary intend to determine the future fate of these territories in agreement with their population '' with few other effects than the appointment of German rulers to the new thrones of Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland . Territorial changes after World War I ( edit ) Treaty of Versailles ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Versailles Further information : Schleswig Plebiscite ; East Prussian plebiscite ; Upper Silesia plebiscite ; and Saar status referendum , 1935 Germany after Versailles Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I obliged Germany to cede some territory to other countries . Besides the loss of the German colonial empire the territories Germany lost were : Alsace - Lorraine , which were part of Germany for 48 years , in accordance with the Preliminaries of Peace signed at Versailles on 26 February 1871 , and the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 , returned under French sovereignty without a plebiscite as a precondition to armistice ( i.e. and therefore not as a clause of the Treaty of Versailles ) with effect from the date of the armistice ( 11 November 1918 ) , ( 14,522 km or 5,607 sq mi , 1,815,000 inhabitants ( 1905 ) ) . Northern Schleswig including the German - dominated towns of Tondern ( Tønder ) , Apenrade ( Aabenraa ) and Sonderburg ( Sønderborg ) in Schleswig - Holstein , after the Schleswig Plebiscite , to Denmark ( 3,984 km or 1,538 sq mi , 163,600 inhabitants ( 1920 ) ) . The Prussian provinces Posen and West Prussia , which Prussia had annexed in Partitions of Poland ( 1772 -- 1795 ) , were given to the new country of Poland . Most of this territory had already been liberated by local Polish population during the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918 - 1919 ( 53,800 km or 20,800 sq mi , 4,224,000 inhabitants ( 1931 ) , including 510 km or 200 sq mi and 26,000 inhabitants from Upper Silesia ) . Minor areas of both the provinces remained in Germany and were combined to become the new Prussian province of Grenzmark Posen - West Prussia . In these territories ceded to Poland , a sizeable German population remained . The Hlučín Region ( Hlučínsko around Hulczyn ) of Upper Silesia to Czechoslovakia ( area 316 or 333 km2 , 49,000 inhabitants ) . East Upper Silesia , to Poland ( area 3,214 km or 1,241 sq mi out of 10,950 km or 4,230 sq mi - around 30 % with 965,000 inhabitants ) , after Upper Silesia plebiscite in which 60 % had voted in favor of remaining German and 40 % wanted whole Upper Silesia to become Polish . The vote was designed to provide guidance on how to divide the area , and most of the areas voting for Poland were separated from Germany . The area of Eupen - Malmedy to Belgium , along with the Vennbahn railway trackbed ( which created six German enclaves within Belgian territory ) . The northern part of East Prussia as Memelland under control of France , Italy , Japan and the United Kingdom , later transferred to Lithuania without a vote . The area of Soldau in East Prussia ( a railway station on the Warsaw - Danzig route ) to Poland ( area 492 km or 190 sq mi ) . From the eastern part of West Prussia and the southern part of East Prussia Warmia and Masuria , an area to Poland ( see East Prussian plebiscite ) ; contrary what nationalists claim , that ethnicity should determine national identity , the majority of the Slavonic Masurians voted to remain part of Germany . The Saar area to be under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years , after that a vote between France and Germany , to decide to which country it would belong . During this time the coal was given to France . The port of Danzig ( now Gdańsk , Poland ) with the delta of Vistula river at the Baltic Sea was made the Free City of Danzig ( Freie Stadt Danzig ) under the League of Nations . ( area 1,893 km or 731 sq mi , 408,000 inhabitants ( 1929 ) ) , 90 % Germans . Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the independence of Austria . Sudetenland ( edit ) The Sudeten Germans had attempted to prevent the German language border areas of former Austria - Hungary from becoming part of Czechoslovakia in 1918 . Once part of Bohemia , they had proclaimed the German - Austrian province of Sudetenland in October 1918 , voting instead to join the newly declared Republic of German Austria in November 1918 . However , this had been forbidden by the victorious allied powers of the First World War ( the Treaty of Saint - Germain ) and by the Czechoslovak government , partly with force of arms in 1919 . Many Sudeten Germans rejected an affiliation to Czechoslovakia , since they had been refused the right to self - determination promised by US president Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points of January 1918 . Silesian uprisings ( edit ) Main article : Silesian uprisings The Silesian Uprisings ( Polish : Powstania śląskie ) were a series of three armed uprisings ( 1919 -- 1921 ) of Poles in the Upper Silesia region against Weimar Republic in order to separate the region ( where in some parts Poles constituted a majority ) from Germany and join it with the Second Polish Republic . Interbellum ( edit ) German territorial losses , 1919 -- 1945 Territorial claims of German nationalists ( edit ) By World War I , there were isolated groups of Germans or so - called Schwaben as far southeast as the Bosphorus ( Turkey ) , Georgia , and Azerbaijan . After the war , Germany 's and Austria - Hungary 's loss of territory and the rise of communism in the Soviet Union meant that more Germans than ever constituted sizable minorities in various countries . German nationalists used the existence of large German minorities in other countries as a basis for territorial claims . Many of the propaganda themes of the Nazi regime against Czechoslovakia and Poland claimed that the ethnic Germans ( Volksdeutsche ) in those territories were persecuted . The Nazis negotiated a number of population transfers with Joseph Stalin and others with Benito Mussolini so that both Germany and the other country would increase their ethnic homogeneity . However , these population transfers were not sufficient to appease the demands of the Nazis . The Heim ins Reich rhetoric of the Nazis over the continued disjoint status of enclaves such as Danzig and East Prussia was an agitating factor in the politics leading up to World War II , and is considered by many to be among the major causes of Nazi aggressiveness and thus the war . Adolf Hitler used these issues as a pretext for waging wars of aggression against Czechoslovakia and Poland . Rhineland ( edit ) Main article : Remilitarization of the Rhineland On 7 March 1936 , Hitler sent a small expeditionary force into the demilitarized Rhineland . This was a clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 , official end of World War I ) , and as such , France and Britain were within their rights , via the Treaty , to oust the German forces . British public opinion blocked any use of military force , thus preventing French action , as they were internally divided and would not act without British support . Saar region ( edit ) Main article : Saar ( League of Nations ) In 1933 , a considerable number of anti-Nazi Germans fled to the Saar , as it was the only part of Germany left outside the Third Reich 's control . As a result , anti-Nazi groups campaigned heavily for the Saarland to remain under control of League of Nations as long as Adolf Hitler ruled Germany . However , long - held sentiments against France remained entrenched , with very few sympathizing openly with France . When the 15 - year - term was over , a plebiscite was held in the territory on 13 January 1935 : 90.3 % of those voting wished to join Germany . On 17 January 1935 , the territory 's re-union with Germany was approved by the League Council . On 1 March , Nazi Germany took over the region and appointed Josef Bürckel as Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes , `` Imperial Commissioner for the re-union of Saarland '' . As the new Gau was extended to the Rhine , including the historic Palatinate , the region 's name was changed again on 8 April 1940 to Gau Saarpfalz ( Saar - Palatinate ) . After the Battle of France , the re-annexed French département of Moselle was incorporated in the Reichsgau . Anschluss ( edit ) Main article : Anschluss The Allies were , on paper , committed to upholding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , which specifically prohibited the union of Austria and Germany . This notwithstanding , the Anschluss was among the first major steps in the Austrian - born Adolf Hitler 's long - desired creation of an empire including German - speaking lands and territories Germany had lost after World War I . The events of 12 March 1938 , marked the culmination of historical cross-national pressures to unify the German populations of Austria and Germany under one nation . However , the 1938 Anschluss , regardless of its popularity , was enacted by Germany . Earlier , Hitler 's Germany had provided support for the Austrian National Socialist Party ( Austrian Nazi Party ) in its bid to seize power from Austria 's Austrofascist leadership . Fully devoted to remaining independent but amidst growing pressures , the chancellor of Austria , Kurt Schuschnigg , tried to hold a plebiscite . Although Schuschnigg expected Austria to vote in favour of maintaining autonomy , a well - planned coup d'état by the Austrian Nazi Party of Austria 's state institutions in Vienna took place on 11 March , prior to the vote . With power quickly transferred over to Germany , the Wehrmacht troops entered Austria to enforce the Anschluss . The Nazis held a plebiscite within the following month , where they received 99.73 % of the vote . No fighting ever took place and the strongest voices against the annexation , particularly Fascist Italy , France and the United Kingdom ( parties to the Stresa Front ) , were powerless or , in the case of Italy , appeased . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) The partition of Czechoslovakia from 1938 through 1939 . German gains in purple ( dark : Sudetenland , light : Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ) Main article : German occupation of Czechoslovakia Sudetenland ( edit ) Main article : Munich Agreement On 29 September 1938 , Adolf Hitler , Neville Chamberlain , Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement . The Czechoslovak government capitulated on September 30 and reluctantly agreed to abide by the agreement . The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting October 10 , and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further . Hitler and Chamberlain signed an additional resolution determining to resolve all future disputes between Germany and the United Kingdom through peaceful means . This is often confused with the Four - Power Munich Agreement itself , not least because most photographs of Chamberlain 's return show him waving the paper containing the resolution , not the Munich Agreement itself . Without fortification which was built in Sudetenland , Czechoslovakia was now defenseless . On 5 October , Edvard Beneš resigned as President of Czechoslovakia , realising that the fall of Czechoslovakia was fait accompli . Following the outbreak of World War II , he would form a Czechoslovak government - in - exile in London . Invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Main articles : Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Slovak Republic ( 1939 - 1945 ) Germany in 1939 before the start of World War II On 13 March 1939 , Nazi armies entered Prague and proceeded to occupy the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia , which was transformed into a protectorate of the Reich . The eastern half of the country , Slovakia , became a separate pro-Nazi state , the Slovak Republic . Prime Minister Chamberlain felt betrayed by the Nazi seizure of Czechoslovakia , realising his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed , and immediately began to mobilize the British Empire 's armed forces on a war footing . France did the same . Though no immediate action followed , Hitler 's move on Poland in September started World War II in Europe . Memel territory ( edit ) Main article : Klaipėda Region By late 1938 , Lithuania had lost control over the situation in the Memel Territory . In the early hours of 23 March 1939 , after a political ultimatum had made a Lithuanian delegation travel to Berlin , the Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Juozas Urbšys and his German counterpart Joachim von Ribbentrop signed the Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany in exchange for a Lithuanian Free Zone in the port of Memel , using the facilities erected in previous years . World War II ( edit ) The Third Reich at its greatest extent , 1942 Territorial expansion of Germany proper from 1933 to 1941 as explained to Wehrmacht soldiers , a Nazi era map in German . See also : Nazi Germany Main article : Areas annexed by Nazi Germany Poland ( edit ) Main article : Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany After invading Poland in 1939 , Germany annexed the lands it was forced to give to a reformed Poland in 1919 -- 1922 by the Treaty of Versailles , including the `` Polish Corridor '' , West Prussia , the Province of Posen , and East Upper Silesia . The Volkstag of the Free City of Danzig voted to become a part of Germany again , although Poles and Jews were deprived of their voting rights and all non-Nazi political parties were banned . Parts of Poland that had not been part of Wilhelmine Germany were also incorporated into the Reich . Map of NS administrative division in 1944 Two decrees by Adolf Hitler ( 8 October and 12 October 1939 ) provided for the division of the annexed areas of Poland into the following administrative units : Reichsgau Wartheland ( initially Reichsgau Posen ) , which included the entire Poznań Voivodeship , most of the Łódź Voivodeship , five counties of the Pomeranian Voivodeship , and the Działdowo / Soldau County of the Warsaw Voivodeship ; Reichsgau Danzig - West Prussia ( initially Reichsgau West Prussia ) , which consisted of the remaining area of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and the Free City of Danzig ; Ciechanów District ( Regierungsbezirk Zichenau ) , consisting of the five northern counties of Warsaw Voivodeship ( Płock , Płońsk , Sierpc , Ciechanów , and Mława ) , which became a part of East Prussia ; Katowice District ( Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz ) , or unofficially East Upper Silesia ( Ost - Oberschlesien ) , which included Sosnowiec , Będzin , Chrzanów , and Zawiercie Counties , and parts of Olkusz and Żywiec Counties . These territories had an area of 94,000 km ( 36,000 sq mi ) and a population of 10,000,000 people . The remainder of the Polish territory was annexed by the Soviet Union ( c. 52 % ; see Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact ) or made into the German - controlled General Government occupation zone . After the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 , the Białystok Voivodeship , which included the Białystok , Bielsk Podlaski , Grajewo , Łomża , Sokółka , Volkovysk , and Grodno Counties , was `` attached to '' ( not incorporated into ) East Prussia , while East Galicia was added to the General Government . Alsace - Lorraine ( edit ) After the invasion of France in 1940 , Germany annexed the départements of Bas - Rhin , Haut - Rhin and Moselle ( Alsace - Lorraine ) . The German government never negotiated or declared a formal annexation , however , in order to preserve the possibility of an agreement with the West . Eupen and Malmedy ( edit ) See Eupen - Malmedy Luxembourg ( edit ) Luxembourg was invaded and occupied by German Forces in June 1940 . It was formally annexed to Germany in August 1942 . Parts of Yugoslavia ( edit ) From : History of Slovenia `` After Yugoslavia fell , Germany , Italy , and Hungary each annexed parts of Slovenia , the largest part being Lower Styria which was annexed to the `` Ostmark '' ( Nazi German Austria ) . '' South Tyrol ( edit ) See Annexation of South Tyrol to Nazi Germany and Italian Social Republic . Recognition ( edit ) All areas that were incorporated into Nazi Germany between 1937 and 8 May 1945 were de facto repudiated at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences , and were therefore non-issues in the post-war division of Nazi Germany . One exception was Memelland , the incorporation of which at the end of March 1939 was recognised by the UK and France , but not by the USA . Territorial changes after World War II ( edit ) Main article : Former eastern territories of Germany Allied occupation zones in Germany , 1947 As it became evident that the Allies were going to defeat Nazi Germany decisively , the question arose as to how to redraw the borders of Central and Eastern European countries after the war . In the context of those decisions , the problem arose of what to do about ethnic minorities within the redrawn borders . The territorial changes at the end of World War II were part of negotiated agreements between the victorious Allies to redraw national borders and arrange for deportation of all Germans that were east of the Oder -- Neisse line . The Allies occupied Germany , but the Western allies and Soviet Union formed separate governments covering specific parts of Germany ( West Germany , as well as West Berlin , and East Germany ) . The Germanies and West Berlin reunified in 1990 . The Yalta Conference ( edit ) Main article : Yalta Conference The final decision to move Poland 's boundary westward was made by the US , Britain and the Soviets at the Yalta Conference , shortly before the end of the war . The precise location of the border was left open ; the western Allies also accepted in general the principle of the Oder River as the future western border of Poland and of population transfer as the way to prevent future border disputes . The open question was whether the border should follow the eastern or western Neisse rivers , and whether Stettin , the traditional seaport of Berlin , should remain German or be included in Poland . Originally , Germany was to retain Stettin while the Poles were to annex East Prussia with Königsberg. ( 1 ) . Eventually , however , Stalin decided that he wanted Königsberg as a year - round warm water port for the Soviet Navy and argued that the Poles should receive Stettin instead . The wartime Polish government in exile had little to say in these decisions. ( 2 ) Key points of the meeting that are relevant to the territorial changes of Germany are as follows : There was an agreement that the priority would be the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany . After the war , Germany would be split into four occupied zones , with a quadripartite occupation of Berlin as well , prior unification of Germany . Stalin agreed to let France have the fourth occupation zone in Germany and Austria , carved out from the British and American zones . France would also be granted a seat in the Allied Control Council . Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification . The status of Poland was discussed , but was complicated by the fact that Poland was at this time under the control of the Red Army . It was agreed to reorganize the Provisionary Polish Government that had been set up by the Red Army through the inclusion of other groups such as the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity and to have democratic elections . This effectively excluded the Polish government - in - exile that had evacuated in 1939 . The Polish eastern border would follow the Curzon Line , and Poland would receive substantial territorial compensation in the west from Germany , although the exact border was to be determined at a later time . A `` Committee on Dismemberment of Germany '' was to be set up . The purpose was to decide whether Germany was to be divided into several nations , and if so , what borders and inter-relationships the new German states were to have . The Potsdam Conference ( edit ) Main article : Potsdam Agreement Further information : Oder -- Neisse line , Former eastern territories of Germany , and Flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 -- 50 ) At the Potsdam Conference the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Soviet Union placed the German territories within the 1937 Nazi Germany borders east of the Oder -- Neisse line , and with the exception of parts of East Prussia , as formally under Polish administrative control ( These were referred to by the Polish communist government as the `` Western Territories '' or `` Regained Territories '' ) . It was anticipated that a final peace treaty would follow shortly and either confirm this border or determine whatever alterations might be agreed upon . Northern East Prussia and Memelland were placed under Soviet administrative control . The 1919 Versailles Treaty created Free City of Danzig was also placed under Polish administration . The German population east of the Oder -- Neisse line was expelled . At the end of the conference , the Three Heads of Government agreed on the following actions : The Oder -- Neisse line Issuance of a statement of aims of the occupation of Germany by the Allies : demilitarization , denazification , democratization and decartelization . ( see also : The industrial plans for Germany ) Division of Germany and Austria respectively into four occupation zones ( earlier agreed in principle at Yalta ) , and the similar division of each 's capital , Berlin and Vienna , into four and five sectors ( one quadripartite sector ) , respectively . Reversion of all German annexations in Europe after 1937 , among these were Sudetenland , Alsace - Lorraine , Austria , the westmost parts of Poland , and others . Germany 's eastern border was to be shifted westwards to the Oder -- Neisse line , effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25 % compared to its 1937 borders . The territories east of the new border comprised East Prussia , all of Silesia ( except for its westernmost part around the city of Görlitz ) , the eastern part of Brandenburg , and most of Pomerania ( including former Grenzmark Posen - West Prussia ) . These areas included large urban centres such as Stettin , Breslau , Landsberg an der Warthe and so on . Expulsion of the German populations remaining beyond the new eastern borders of Germany , and ethnically German denaturalised citizens of other states such Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Poland , Romania , and Yugoslavia . France , which had not participated in the Potsdam conference , took its liberties to dismiss this point and therefore refused to absorb any expellees in its zone of occupation . Finalization of the Polish - German border ( edit ) West Germany , East Germany , and the Saarland , 1949 . The problem with the status of these territories was that the concluding document of the Potsdam Conference in 1945 was not a legally binding treaty , but a memorandum between the USSR , the USA and the UK . It regulated the issue of the eastern German border , which was to be the Oder -- Neisse line , but the final article of the memorandum said that the final decisions concerning Germany were to be subject to a separate peace treaty . Based upon this interpretation of the Potsdam Agreement , the CDU controlled German government maintained that the Oder -- Neisse line was completely unacceptable and subject to negotiation . Also the Social Democrats of the SPD initially refused to accept the Oder -- Neisse line . Thus , the official German government position on the status of areas vacated by settled German communities east of the Oder -- Neisse rivers was that the areas were `` temporarily under Polish ( or ( Soviet ) ) administration . '' Between 1970 and 1990 , the West German political establishment gradually recognised the `` facts on the ground '' and accepted clauses in the Treaty on the Final Settlement , whereby Germany renounced all claims to territory east of the Oder -- Neisse line . In the Treaty of Warsaw ( 1970 ; ratified in 1972 ) West Germany recognized the Oder -- Neisse line as Poland 's western border and renounced any present and future territorial claims ; this was reaffirmed by both German states in the 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany as a pre-condition for re-union . The treaty was ratified in 1991 by the united Germany . United Germany and Poland then finally settled the issue of the Oder -- Neisse border by the German -- Polish Border Treaty in November 1990 . This ended the legal limbo which meant that for 45 years , people on both sides of the border could not be sure whether the status quo reached in 1945 might be changed at some future date . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgian annexation plans after the Second World War The `` Working Party on Provisional Adjustments to the Western Frontiers of Germany '' approved in 1949 the provisional transfer of 20 km ( 7.7 sq mi ) containing 500 inhabitants to Belgium : Bildchen ( returned in 1956 ) Lichtenbusch ( returned in 1956 ) Fringshaus -- roads between Roetgen and Fringshaus , Fringshaus and Lammersdorf , Fringshaus and Konzen ( first two returned in 1956 ) Leykoul ( eastern part returned in 1956 ) Elsenborn Losheim ( only the village returned in 1956 ) Hemmeres ( returned in 1956 ) As part of the 1956 treaty , in exchange for the territory ceded by Germany , Belgium ceded to Germany its territory north of the Fringshaus roads and bounded by the Vennbahn . The detached territory , in 1956 containing 704 inhabitants including refugees , was , prior to its 1956 dissolution and partition between West Germany and Belgium , ruled as an independent territory by Belgian Army Major General Paul Bolle , who enjoyed dictatorial powers . Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II Despite the more extensive annexation proposals of the Bakker - Schut Plan , only a few border modifications were implemented . On 23 April 1949 , Dutch troops occupied an area of 69 km ( 27 sq mi ) , the largest parts of which were Elten ( near Emmerich am Rhein ) and Selfkant . Many other small border changes were executed , mostly in the vicinity of Arnhem and Dinxperlo . At that time , these areas were inhabited by a total of almost 10,000 people . Starting in March 1957 , West Germany negotiated with the Netherlands for the return of these areas . The negotiations led to an agreement ( German : Vertrag vom 8 . April 1960 zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und dem Königreich der Niederlande zur Regelung von Grenzfragen und anderen zwischen beiden Ländern bestehenden Problemen ; short : Ausgleichsvertrag , i.e. treaty of settlement ) made in The Hague on 8 April 1960 , in which Germany agreed to pay DEM 280 million for the return of Elten , Selfkant , and Suderwick , as Wiedergutmachung . The territory was returned to Germany on 1 August 1963 , except for one small hill ( about 3 km , 1.2 sq mi ) near Wyler village , called Duivelsberg / Wylerberg which was annexed by the Netherlands . France ( edit ) Main article : Monnet plan Starting on 16 February 1946 France disentangled the Saar area and established the separate Saar Protectorate , further attaching parts of the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Palatinate ( Saarpfalz ) . Like the former eastern territories of Germany the Saar area was out of the jurisdiction of the Allied Control Council for Germany and thus no part of Allied - occupied Germany . However , unlike the eastern territories the domestic Saar population was not expelled by the controlling French . With effect of 1 January 1957 the Saar Protectorate declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany , as provided by its Grundgesetz ( constitution ) art . 23 ( Little Reunification ) , thus becoming the new federal state of Saarland . See also ( edit ) Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany Areas annexed by Nazi Germany References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Timeline : Germany - BBC News Jump up ^ Ritter , Gerhard ( 1974 ) . Frederick the Great : A Historical Profile . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 179 -- 180 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02775 - 2 . Jump up ^ Andrzej Chwalba , Historia Polski 1795 - 1918 , Wydawnictwo Literackie 2000 , Kraków , pages 175 - 184 , and 307 - 312 . ISBN 830804140X . Jump up ^ Cf . the report `` Vor 50 Jahren : Der 15 . April 1950 . Vertriebene finden eine neue Heimat in Rheinland - Pfalz '' of the Central Archive of the State of Rhineland - Palatinate on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 to be resettled from other German states . Jump up ^ International Boundary Study Office of the Geographer Bureau of Intelligence and Research Jump up ^ Autocrat 's Adieu Time Magazine , 8 October 1956 . Jump up ^ Cf . Bundesgesetzblatt ( Federal Law Gazette ) , part III , no . 181 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Territorial evolution of Germany at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Territorial evolution of the world By country Australia Canada France Germany Mexico Poland Russia Switzerland United Kingdom United States By former country British Empire Ottoman Empire By region Baltic states Caribbean North America ( Prior to 1763 Since 1763 ) By country , people , region or period Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries China in Tibet ( 1951 ) Crimea ( 1954 ) German in Central and Eastern Europe Hungarian in the Carpathian Russia ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Vietnam ( 11th -- 18th century ) By international organisation African Union European Union Geography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_evolution_of_Germany&oldid=819621344 '' Categories : Geographic history of Germany Aftermath of World War I in Germany Aftermath of World War II in Germany German diaspora in Europe Foreign relations of Germany Territorial evolution of Germany Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Polish - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 10 : 53 . 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what territory did germany lose in the treaty of versailles

Alsace - Lorraine , which were part of Germany for 48 years , in accordance with the Preliminaries of Peace signed at Versailles on 26 February 1871 , and the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 , returned under French sovereignty without a plebiscite as a precondition to armistice ( i.e. and therefore not as a clause of the Treaty of Versailles ) with effect from the date of the armistice ( 11 November 1918 ) , ( 14,522 km or 5,607 sq mi , 1,815,000 inhabitants ( 1905 ) ) . Northern Schleswig including the German - dominated towns of Tondern ( Tønder ) , Apenrade ( Aabenraa ) and Sonderburg ( Sønderborg ) in Schleswig - Holstein , after the Schleswig Plebiscite , to Denmark ( 3,984 km or 1,538 sq mi , 163,600 inhabitants ( 1920 ) ) . The Prussian provinces Posen and West Prussia , which Prussia had annexed in Partitions of Poland ( 1772 -- 1795 ) , were given to the new country of Poland . Most of this territory had already been liberated by local Polish population during the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918 - 1919 ( 53,800 km or 20,800 sq mi , 4,224,000 inhabitants ( 1931 ) , including 510 km or 200 sq mi and 26,000 inhabitants from Upper Silesia ) . Minor areas of both the provinces remained in Germany and were combined to become the new Prussian province of Grenzmark Posen - West Prussia . In these territories ceded to Poland , a sizeable German population remained . The Hlučín Region ( Hlučínsko around Hulczyn ) of Upper Silesia to Czechoslovakia ( area 316 or 333 km2 , 49,000 inhabitants ) . East Upper Silesia , to Poland ( area 3,214 km or 1,241 sq mi out of 10,950 km or 4,230 sq mi - around 30 % with 965,000 inhabitants ) , after Upper Silesia plebiscite in which 60 % had voted in favor of remaining German and 40 % wanted whole Upper Silesia to become Polish . The vote was designed to provide guidance on how to divide the area , and most of the areas voting for Poland were separated from Germany . The area of Eupen - Malmedy to Belgium , along with the Vennbahn railway trackbed ( which created six German enclaves within Belgian territory ) . The northern part of East Prussia as Memelland under control of France , Italy , Japan and the United Kingdom , later transferred to Lithuania without a vote . The area of Soldau in East Prussia ( a railway station on the Warsaw - Danzig route ) to Poland ( area 492 km or 190 sq mi ) . From the eastern part of West Prussia and the southern part of East Prussia Warmia and Masuria , an area to Poland ( see East Prussian plebiscite ) ; contrary what nationalists claim , that ethnicity should determine national identity , the majority of the Slavonic Masurians voted to remain part of Germany . The Saar area to be under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years , after that a vote between France and Germany , to decide to which country it would belong . During this time the coal was given to France . The port of Danzig ( now Gdańsk , Poland ) with the delta of Vistula river at the Baltic Sea was made the Free City of Danzig ( Freie Stadt Danzig ) under the League of Nations . ( area 1,893 km or 731 sq mi , 408,000 inhabitants ( 1929 ) ) , 90 % Germans . Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the independence of Austria .

Head Above Water ( Avril Lavigne song ) - Wikipedia Head Above Water ( Avril Lavigne song ) `` Head Above Water '' Single by Avril Lavigne from the album Head Above Water Released September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) Format Digital download streaming Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 40 Label BMG Songwriter ( s ) Avril Lavigne Stephan Moccio Travis Clark Producer ( s ) Stephan Moccio Avril Lavigne singles chronology `` Fly '' ( 2015 ) `` Head Above Water '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Head Above Water '' on YouTube `` Head Above Water '' is a song by Canadian singer - songwriter Avril Lavigne from her upcoming sixth studio album , Head Above Water ( 2018 ) . It was written by Lavigne , Stephan Moccio , and Travis Clark ; while being produced by Moccio . It was released as the lead single from the album on September 19 , 2018 , by BMG . It is Lavigne 's first single as a lead artist since `` Fly '' , released in April 2015 . Contents 1 Background and release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 8 Release history 9 References Background and release ( edit ) Those were the worst years of my life as I went through both physical and emotional battles . I was able to turn that fight into music I 'm really proud of . I wrote songs in my bed and on the couch and recorded there mostly as well . Words and lyrics that were so true to my experience came pouring out of me effortlessly -- Lavigne on releasing `` Head Above Water '' as lead single . After more than a year from the release of the last single from her fifth studio album , on December 25 , 2016 , Lavigne announced via her Instagram account that she was working on new music for her upcoming sixth studio album . On August 18 , 2018 , Lavigne posted on Instagram that new music is coming in September. ( 4 ) At the end of August , the song `` Head Above Water '' was registered ( 3 ) and Lavigne deleted almost all her pictures on Instagram. ( 5 ) On September 1 , Lavigne shared a picture of her underwater via her social media. ( 6 ) Several people reported that the image was related to the song `` Head Above Water '' . On September 6 , Lavigne posted a lengthy letter to her fans on her website detailing her struggle in the past few years and how she overcame it , this also included a release date for `` Head Above Water ''. ( 2 ) She wrote on the letter about the song `` I had accepted death and could feel my body shutting down . I felt like I was drowning . Like I was going under water and I just needed to come up for air . Like I was in a river being pulled in a current . Unable to breathe . Praying to God for Him to help me just keep my head above the water . To help me see through the stormy weather . '' ( 2 ) Lavigne shared a 30 - second - snippet of the song on September 13 , 2018. ( 7 ) The song was officially released on YouTube and worldwide streaming services on September 19 , 2018. ( 8 ) ( 9 ) Composition ( edit ) `` Head Above Water '' is backed by steady - building mix of piano , strings , synths and thunderous drums . Lavigne describes it as a `` spiritual experience . '' Musically the song is in the key of F major and shifts between 2 / 4 and 4 / 4 time signatures . Critical reception ( edit ) Marina Pedrosa of Billboard wrote that `` Head Above Water '' `` is a powerful , spiritual epiphany detailing the Canadian singer 's journey through her battle with Lyme disease . '' Robin Murray of Clash complimented the track 's production and deemed it `` ( a ) highly personal note '' . Murray described the song 's lyrics and production in detail : `` Now , we 've never been 100 % behind Avril Lavigne 's music , but we ca n't help but be touched by the way she 's approached what must be an enormously challenging situation . '' Writing for Spin , Anna Gaca described the track as `` dramatic piano ballad of resilience '' . Madeline Roth of MTV Canada named `` Head Above Water '' an `` emotionally charged comeback '' . Roth was impressed with the fact that song was n't `` just metaphorical '' , because `` it documents a culminating moment in Lavigne 's years - long struggle with Lyme disease '' . Katherine Gillespie from Paper wrote that `` Head Above Water '' is `` heavy piano ballad about just that : trying to stay alive . '' Lindsay Elizabeth of Faithwire gave the song a positive review , called the song a `` powerful worship ballad '' . Elizabeth further praised that `` Lavigne details her relationship with God , and how He saved her when she thought she was at the end of her life . '' Michael Foust of Christian Headlines described the song as `` God - centric song '' that even could be labeled `` praise and worship '' , while Jody Rosen of Jezebel considered the song 's nature as `` dramatic Christian rock vibes '' and comparing it to Rachel Platten 's 2015 single `` Fight Song ''. The song picked # 1 in 23 countries at iTunes Worldwide . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Head Above Water '' was filmed in Iceland ( Vík í Mýrdal ) and directed by Elliott Lester and it was released on September 27 , 2018 , on Lavigne 's 34th birthday . The music video ends with an important message to join Lavigne 's fight against Lyme disease by joining her namesake foundation , which supports Lyme disease prevention , treatment , and research . Live performances ( edit ) Lavigne gave the first televised performance of the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on September 26 , 2018 . On October 15 , Lavigne released a new live performance of the song on Honda Stage in her YouTube channel from a partnership between iHeart Radio and Honda . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from Tidal . Avril Lavigne -- main vocals Stephan Moccio -- producer , vocal production , piano , keyboards , background vocals Kylen Deporter -- record engineering assistance , background vocals Chad Kroeger -- vocal production Chris Baseford -- vocal production , record engineering , drum programming Jay Paul Bicknell -- additional production , record engineering , drum programming John Hanes -- record engineering Aaron Sterling -- drums , additional record engineering Serban Ghenea -- mixing engineering Jonathan Martin Berry -- guitar Paul Bushnell -- bass guitar Kevin Fox -- cello Vanessa Freebairn - Smith -- cello Will Quinnell -- mastering Chris Gehringer -- mastering engineering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 75 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 57 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 35 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 37 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 16 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 42 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 23 Croatia ( HRT ) 82 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 93 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 58 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 69 Greece Digital Songs ( IFPI Greece ) 95 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 93 Italy ( FIMI ) 97 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 42 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 16 Malaysia ( RIM ) 14 New Zealand Hot Singles ( RMNZ ) 21 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 21 Singapore ( RIAS ) 12 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 94 Spain Physical / Digital Songs ( PROMUSICAE ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 84 UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 64 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 US Christian Airplay ( Billboard ) 47 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Various September 19 , 2018 Digital download BMG Italy September 21 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio United States October 8 , 2018 Hot adult contemporary radio Christian radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Says the Night She ' Accepted ' She Was Dying Inspired Her New Album '' . Entertainment Tonight . September 20 , 2018 . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike . `` Avril Lavigne Returns With Powerful Pop / Rock Ballad `` Head Above Water '' `` . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avril Lavigne announces highly - anticipated new single ' Head Above Water ' in letter to fans '' . BMG . September 6 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moore , Sam . `` Listen to Avril Lavigne 's battling new single ' Head Above Water ' '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After 5 Years , Avril Lavigne Is Back '' . Vogue . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lavigne , Avril . `` Avril Lavigne `` Head Above Water '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina . `` Avril Lavigne Makes Powerful Comeback With Emotional Single ' Head Above Water ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robin . `` Listen : Avril Lavigne - ' Head Above Water ' '' . Clash Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaca , Anna . `` Avril Lavigne -- `` Head Above Water '' `` . Spin . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline . `` Avril lavigne makes an emotionally charged comeback with ' head above water ' '' . MTV Canada . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Katherine . `` Avril Lavigne Returns With an Angsty Piano Ballad '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth , Lindsay . `` Avril Lavigne Releases First Song in Five Years -- And It 's a Worship Song '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foust , Michael . `` Avril Lavigne Cries Out to God in Emotional , Chart - Topping Song '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody . `` Avril Lavigne Returns , and Lana Del Rey 's ' Venice Bitch ' Is the Soundtrack to a Sun - Soaked Drive '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade . `` Avril Lavigne goes to Iceland in ' Head Above Water ' music video '' . UPI.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rincón , Alessandra ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Shares Silly Behind - The - Scenes Clips From Set of New Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne on Twitter '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina . `` Avril Lavigne Performs Emotional ' Head Above Water ' for First Time on ' Kimmel ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Gives Intimate Performance Of ' Head Above Water ' For iHeartRadio Honda Stage Series '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Head Above Water / Avril Lavigne '' . Tidal . September 19 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 492 '' . auspOp . September 29 , 2018 . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 100 '' . HRT . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201842 into search . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singles Telecharges -- Classement 2018 de la semaine 39 '' . SNEP . October 2 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Singles Chart ( International ) Εβδομάδα : 42 / 2018 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . October 3 , 2018 . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Avril Lavigne '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RIM CHARTS Top 20 Most Streamed International '' ( PDF ) . ( RIM ) . October 12 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Hot Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 1 , 2018 . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RIAS Top 30 International Streaming Chart '' ( PDF ) . ( RIAS ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201842 into search . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain Digital & Physical Songs Sales '' . spanishcharts.com . September 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Christian Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AVRIL LAVIGNE `` Head Above Water '' ( Radio Date : 21 / 09 / 2018 ) `` . radiodate.it . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Head Above water - Daily Play MPE ® '' . Daily Play MPE ® . October 5 , 2018 . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Avril Lavigne songs Discography Let Go `` Losing Grip '' `` Complicated '' `` Sk8er Boi '' `` I 'm with You '' My World `` Basket Case '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Under My Skin `` Take Me Away '' `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` He Was n't '' `` My Happy Ending '' `` Nobody 's Home '' `` Fall to Pieces '' `` I Always Get What I Want '' The Best Damn Thing `` Girlfriend '' `` The Best Damn Thing '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Hot '' `` Keep Holding On '' Goodbye Lullaby `` What the Hell '' `` Push '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Smile '' `` Alice '' `` Bad Reputation '' Avril Lavigne `` Rock n Roll '' `` Here 's to Never Growing Up '' `` 17 '' `` Let Me Go '' `` Give You What You Like '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Hello Kitty '' `` How You Remind Me '' Head Above Water `` Head Above Water '' Collaborations `` Wavin ' Flag '' `` Get Over Me '' Other songs `` Fly '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_Above_Water_(Avril_Lavigne_song)&oldid=866504618 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2018 songs 2010s ballads Avril Lavigne songs Pop ballads Pop rock songs Songs written by Avril Lavigne Songs written by Stephan Moccio Hidden categories : CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use American English from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardchristianairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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where was avril lavigne's head above water video filmed

The music video for `` Head Above Water '' was filmed in Iceland ( Vík í Mýrdal ) and directed by Elliott Lester and it was released on September 27 , 2018 , on Lavigne 's 34th birthday . The music video ends with an important message to join Lavigne 's fight against Lyme disease by joining her namesake foundation , which supports Lyme disease prevention , treatment , and research .

Only the Brave ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Only the Brave ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 American film . For other uses , see Only the Brave . Only the Brave Theatrical release poster Directed by Joseph Kosinski Produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Thad Luckinbill Trent Luckinbill Michael Menchel Dawn Ostroff Molly Smith Jeremy Steckler Written by Ken Nolan Eric Warren Singer Based on GQ article No Exit by Sean Flynn Starring Josh Brolin Miles Teller Jeff Bridges James Badge Dale Taylor Kitsch Jennifer Connelly Music by Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Claudio Miranda Edited by Billy Fox Production company Black Label Media Di Bonaventura Pictures Condé Nast Entertainment Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) ( Los Angeles ) October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $38 million Box office $22.5 million Only the Brave is a 2017 American biographical action drama film directed by Joseph Kosinski and written by Ken Nolan and Eric Warren Singer , based on the GQ article `` No Exit '' by Sean Flynn . The film tells the true story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots , an elite crew of firefighters who fought the Yarnell Hill Fire in June 2013 , and is dedicated in their memory . It features an ensemble cast , including Josh Brolin , Miles Teller , Jeff Bridges , Taylor Kitsch , James Badge Dale , Jennifer Connelly , Alex Russell , and Ben Hardy . Principal photography began in June 2016 in New Mexico . Only the Brave was released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on October 20 , 2017 . It received positive reviews from critics , with praise aimed at the cast and the film 's touching tribute to its subjects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 The Granite Mountain Hotshots 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) A drama based on the elite crew of firefighters battling the Yarnell Hill Fire , a wildfire in Yarnell , Arizona in June 2013 . Cast ( edit ) The Granite Mountain Hotshots ( edit ) Josh Brolin as Eric `` Supe '' Marsh , Amanda 's husband Miles Teller as Brendan `` Donut '' McDonough James Badge Dale as Jesse Steed Alex Russell as Andrew Ashcraft Scott Foxx as Travis Carter Dylan Kenin as Robert Caldwell Ryan Busch as Dustin DeFord Sam Quinn as Grant McKee Taylor Kitsch as Chris MacKenzie Kenny Miller as Sean Misner Thad Luckinbill as Scott Norris Ben Hardy as Wade Parker Nicholas Jenks as John Percin , Jr . Jake Picking as Anthony `` Baby - G '' Rose Matthew Van Wettering as Joe Thurston Geoff Stults as Travis Turbyfill Ryan Jason Cook as William Warneke Scott Haze as Clayton Whitted Michael McNulty as Kevin Woyjeck Brandon Bunch as Garret Zuppiger Others ( edit ) Jennifer Connelly as Amanda Marsh , Eric 's wife Jeff Bridges as Duane Steinbrink , Marvel 's husband Andie MacDowell as Marvel Steinbrink , Duane 's wife Natalie Hall as Natalie Johnson Rachel Singer as Mrs. McDonough , Brendan 's mother Brytnee Ratledge as Juliann Ashcraft Pell James as Claire Caldwell Jenny Gabrielle as Desiree Steed Barbie Robertson as Marsena Thurston Jade Kammerman as Stephanie Turbyfill Production ( edit ) On March 1 , 2016 , Josh Brolin and Miles Teller joined the cast of the film . Jeff Bridges and Taylor Kitsch also joined the cast . Principal photography on the film began on June 13 , 2016 , in New Mexico at different locations in and around Santa Fe and Los Alamos . Music ( edit ) Joseph Trapanese composed the film 's score . Dierks Bentley released a single called `` Hold The Light '' , featuring S. Carey . The single and the music video was released on October 6 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Only the Brave , originally titled Granite Mountain , was originally scheduled to be released on October 20 , 2017 , by Sony Pictures . Before that the film was set a release date for September 22 , 2017 , but a disagreement between Lionsgate and production company Black Label Media saw the distribution rights change to Sony . Lionsgate will retain international rights in select countries for the film . The trailer came out on July 19 , and the film was retitled Only the Brave . Box Office ( edit ) As of December 17 , 2017 , Only the Brave has grossed $18 million in the United States and Canada , and $4.4 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $22.4 million , against a production budget of $38 million . In the United States and Canada , Only the Brave was released alongside Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween , The Snowman and Geostorm , and was expected to gross around $7 million from 2,575 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $305,000 from Thursday night previews and $2.1 million on its first day . It ended up debuting to $6 million , finishing 5th at the box office . In its second week the film dropped 42.5 % to $3.4 million , finishing 7th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 89 % based on 131 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Only the Brave 's impressive veteran cast and affecting fact - based story add up to a no - frills drama that 's just as stolidly powerful as the real - life heroes it honors . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Bilge Ebiri of Village Voice wrote , `` Only the Brave is a visually splendid , spellbinding , and surreal movie that also happens to be an emotionally shattering , over-the - top ugly - cry for the ages . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` an engaging account of a tragic real - life story . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , saying : `` The blending of practical effects and CGI is impressive , and we come to understand the risks these men are taking , but some of the techniques and approaches they take remain a mystery , up to and through the climactic fire . Not that we need a manual to understand these men were working - class , everyday heroes . '' Scott Menzel of We Live Entertainment , also praised the film , saying , `` Only the Brave is without question the best firefighter film since Backdraft and one that pays tribute to the brave men that sacrificed their own lives to protect thousands of others . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Charliedavid Page ( 18 November 2017 ) . `` SWITCH . Film review : Only The Brave - True story of tragedy handled with respect and authenticity '' . SWITCH . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sicario ' Sequel , ' Granite Mountain ' Move From Lionsgate to Sony '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only The Brave ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . ^ Jump up to : `` Only the Brave ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Only the Brave Is a Powerful Tribute '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Josh Brolin and Miles Teller to Star in Firefighter Action Movie ' No Exit ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jeff Bridges , Taylor Kitsch Join Josh Brolin - Miles Teller Firefighter Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Higdon , Marissa ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` '' Granite Mountain '' starring Josh Brolin tells the story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots - Albuquerque Business First `` . Albuquerque Business First . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Granite Mountain , ' movie version of fallen Yarnell firefighters ' story , to begin production '' . AZCentral . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Granite Mountain '' to Film in New Mexico `` . krwg.org . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley ft . S. Carey Hold The Light ( From `` Only The Brave '' Soundtrack ) ( Official Video ) `` . Vevo . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Dates ' Granite Mountain ' , ' Wonder ' & ' How To Be A Latin Lover ' For 2017 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Only the Brave ' : First Trailer Has Josh Brolin Leading an Elite Team of Firefighters '' . Collider . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Boo 2 ! ' To Shut Down Expensive ' Geostorm ' In Crowded Weekend -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween ' Reaps $21 M+ During October Dumping Ground At The B.O '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Horror Has Few Scares At B.O. As ' Jigsaw ' Dulls To $16 M+ , ' Suburbicon ' Condemned With D - CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only the Brave ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only the Brave reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Only the Brave '' Is One Big , Manly , Beautiful Ugly - Cry `` . Village Voice . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only the Brave ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Only the Brave ' lays out the humanity of its firefighting heroes '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only The Brave ' Review : Bravery Done Right '' . We Live Entertainment . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Only the Brave on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Joseph Kosinski Tron : Legacy ( 2010 ) Oblivion ( 2013 ) Only the Brave ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_the_Brave_(2017_film)&oldid=816077014 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s drama films American films American drama films Films set in 2013 Films set in Arizona Films about firefighting Films directed by Joseph Kosinski Films produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Films scored by Joseph Trapanese Columbia Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

is the movie brave based on a true story

Only the Brave is a 2017 American biographical action drama film directed by Joseph Kosinski and written by Ken Nolan and Eric Warren Singer , based on the GQ article `` No Exit '' by Sean Flynn . The film tells the true story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots , an elite crew of firefighters who fought the Yarnell Hill Fire in June 2013 , and is dedicated in their memory . It features an ensemble cast , including Josh Brolin , Miles Teller , Jeff Bridges , Taylor Kitsch , James Badge Dale , Jennifer Connelly , Alex Russell , and Ben Hardy .

Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States . The number of associate justices is determined by the United States Congress and is currently set at eight by the Judiciary Act of 1869 . Like the chief justice , associate justices are nominated by the President of the United States and are confirmed by the United States Senate by majority vote . This is provided for in Article II of the Constitution , which states that the president `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court . '' Although the Constitution refers to them as `` Judges of the Supreme Court '' , the title actually used is `` Associate Justice '' , introduced in the Judiciary Act of 1789 . Associate justices were traditionally styled `` Mr. Justice '' in court opinions , but the title was shortened to `` Justice '' in 1980 , a year before Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice . Article III of the Constitution specifies that associate justices , and all other United States federal judges `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior '' . This language means that the appointments are effectively for life , and that , once confirmed , a justice 's tenure of office ends only when they die , retire , resign , or are removed from office through the impeachment process . Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it ; the chief justice 's vote counts no more than that of any other justice . However , in drafting opinions , the chief justice enjoys additional influence in case disposition if in the majority through his power to assign who writes the opinion . Otherwise , the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision . Furthermore , the chief justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices . The chief justice has certain administrative responsibilities that the other justices do not and is paid slightly more ( $255,500 per year , as opposed to $244,400 per year for each associate justice ) . Associate justices have seniority by order of appointment , although the chief justice is always considered to be the most senior . If two justices are appointed on the same day , the older is designated the senior justice of the two . Currently , the senior associate justice is Anthony Kennedy . By tradition , when the justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court , the justices state their views in order of seniority . The senior associate justice is also tasked with carrying out the chief justices 's duties when he is unable to , or if that office is vacant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current associate justices 2 Retired associate justices 3 List of associate justices 3.1 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Current associate justices ( edit ) Currently , there are eight associate justices on the Court . The justices , ordered by seniority , are : Anthony Kennedy ( 1936 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1936 ( age 81 ) Clarence Thomas ( 1948 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( 1933 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Stephen Breyer ( 1938 - 08 - 15 ) August 15 , 1938 ( age 79 ) Samuel Alito ( 1950 - 04 - 01 ) April 1 , 1950 ( age 67 ) Sonia Sotomayor ( 1954 - 06 - 25 ) June 25 , 1954 ( age 63 ) Elena Kagan ( 1960 - 04 - 28 ) April 28 , 1960 ( age 57 ) Neil Gorsuch ( 1967 - 08 - 29 ) August 29 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Retired associate justices ( edit ) An associate justice who leaves the Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute ( 28 U.S.C. § 371 ) may retire in senior status rather than resign . After retirement , they keep their title , and by custom may also keep a set of chambers in the Supreme Court building , and employ law clerks . The names of retired associate justices continue to appear alongside those of the active justices in the bound volumes of Supreme Court decisions . Federal statute ( 28 U.S.C. § 294 ) provides that retired Supreme Court justices may serve -- if designated and assigned by the chief justice -- on panels of the U.S. courts of appeals , or on the U.S. district courts . Retired justices are not , however , authorized to take part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court ( unlike other retired federal judges who may be permitted do so in their former courts ) ; neither are they known or designated as a `` senior judge '' . When , after his retirement , William O. Douglas attempted to take a more active role than was customary , maintaining that it was his prerogative to do so because of his senior status , he was rebuffed by Chief Justice Warren Burger and admonished by the whole Court . Currently , there are three living retired associate justices : Sandra Day O'Connor , retired January 31 , 2006 ; David Souter , retired June 29 , 2009 ; and John Paul Stevens , retired June 29 , 2010 . Both O'Connor and Souter occasionally serve on panels of the Courts of Appeals of various circuits . Stevens has not performed any judicial duties . List of associate justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 101 persons have served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : Associate Justice Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Appointed by Prior position John Rutledge ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 001 ! September 26 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) George Washington 1st Governor of South Carolina ( 1779 -- 1782 ) William Cushing ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 002 ! September 27 , 1789 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court ( 1777 -- 1789 ) James Wilson ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 003 ! September 29 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) Delegate to the Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) John Blair ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 004 ! September 30 , 1789 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses ( 1766 -- 1770 ) 5 James Iredell ( new seat ) February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) 005 ! May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 2nd Attorney General of North Carolina ( 1779 -- 1782 ) 6 Thomas Johnson J. Rutledge November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) 006 ! August 5 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 1st Governor of Maryland ( 1777 -- 1779 ) 7 William Paterson T. Johnson March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) 007 ! March 4 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 2nd Governor of New Jersey ( 1790 -- 1793 ) 8 Samuel Chase Blair January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) 008 ! January 27 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) Chief Justice of the Maryland General Court ( 1791 -- 1796 ) 9 Bushrod Washington Wilson December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) 009 ! December 20 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) John Adams Delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention ( 1788 ) 10 Alfred Moore Iredell December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) 010 ! December 10 , 1799 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 3rd Attorney General of North Carolina ( 1782 -- 1791 ) 11 William Johnson Moore March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) 011 ! May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) Thomas Jefferson Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives ( 1798 -- 1800 ) 12 Henry Brockholst Livingston Paterson December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) 012 ! January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) Justice of the New York Supreme Court ( 1802 -- 1807 ) 13 Thomas Todd ( new seat ) March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) 013 ! March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals ( 1806 -- 1807 ) 14 Gabriel Duvall Chase November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 014 ! November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) James Madison U.S. Representative for Maryland 's 2nd district ( 1794 -- 1796 ) 15 Joseph Story Cushing November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 015 ! February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) U.S. Representative for Massachusetts 's 2nd district ( 1808 -- 1809 ) 16 Smith Thompson Livingston December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) 016 ! September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) James Monroe 6th United States Secretary of the Navy ( 1819 -- 1823 ) 17 Robert Trimble Todd May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) 017 ! May 9 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) John Quincy Adams Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kentucky ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 18 John McLean Trimble March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) 018 ! March 7 , 1829 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) Andrew Jackson 6th United States Postmaster General ( 1823 -- 1829 ) 19 Henry Baldwin Washington January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) 019 ! January 6 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania 's 14th district ( 1817 -- 1822 ) 20 James Moore Wayne W. Johnson January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) 020 ! January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) U.S. Representative for Georgia 's at - large district ( 1829 -- 1835 ) 21 Philip Pendleton Barbour Duvall March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) 021 ! March 15 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ( 1830 -- 1836 ) 22 John Catron ( new seat ) March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) 022 ! March 8 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) Judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals ( 1824 -- 1834 ) 23 John McKinley ( new seat ) September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) 023 ! April 22 , 1837 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) Martin Van Buren United States Senator from Alabama ( 1826 -- 1831 , 1837 ) 24 Peter Vivian Daniel Barbour March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) 024 ! March 3 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ( 1836 -- 1841 ) 25 Samuel Nelson Thompson February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) 025 ! February 14 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) John Tyler Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court ( 1831 -- 1845 ) 26 Levi Woodbury Story January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 026 ! September 20 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) James K. Polk 13th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1834 -- 1841 ) 27 Robert Cooper Grier Baldwin August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 027 ! August 4 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) Judge for the Pennsylvania state District Court for Allegheny County ( 1833 -- 1846 ) 28 Benjamin Robbins Curtis Woodbury December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) 028 ! September 22 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) Millard Fillmore Massachusetts State Representative 29 John Archibald Campbell McKinley March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) 029 ! March 23 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) Franklin Pierce Alabama State Representative 30 Nathan Clifford Curtis January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) 030 ! January 12 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) James Buchanan 19th United States Attorney General ( 1846 -- 1848 ) 31 Noah Haynes Swayne McLean January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) 031 ! January 24 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) Abraham Lincoln U.S. Attorney for the District of Ohio ( 1830 -- 1834 ) 32 Samuel Freeman Miller Daniel July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 032 ! July 16 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) Lawyer , Private practice 33 David Davis Campbell December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 033 ! October 17 , 1862 -- March 3 , 1877 ( Resigned ) Judge of the Illinois 3rd Circuit Court ( 1848 -- 1862 ) 34 Stephen Johnson Field ( new seat ) March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) 034 ! March 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 5th Chief Justice of California ( 1859 -- 1863 ) 35 William Strong Grier February 18 , 1870 035 ! February 18 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania 's 9th district ( 1847 -- 1851 ) 36 Joseph Philo Bradley ( new seat ) March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) 036 ! March 21 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) Lawyer , Private practice 37 Ward Hunt Nelson December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) 037 ! December 11 , 1872 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals ( 1868 -- 1872 ) 38 John Marshall Harlan Davis November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) 038 ! November 29 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) Rutherford B. Hayes 14th Attorney General of Kentucky ( 1863 -- 1867 ) 39 William Burnham Woods Strong December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) 039 ! December 21 , 1880 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ( 1869 -- 1880 ) 40 Stanley Matthews Swayne May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) 040 ! May 12 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) James Garfield United States Senator from Ohio ( 1877 -- 1879 ) 41 Horace Gray Clifford December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) 041 ! December 20 , 1881 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) Chester A. Arthur Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ( 1873 -- 1881 ) 42 Samuel Blatchford Hunt March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) 042 ! March 22 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1878 -- 1882 ) 43 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II Woods January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) 043 ! January 16 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) Grover Cleveland 16th United States Secretary of the Interior ( 1885 -- 1888 ) 44 David Josiah Brewer Matthews December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) 044 ! December 18 , 1889 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) Benjamin Harrison Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1884 -- 1889 ) 45 Henry Billings Brown Miller December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) 045 ! December 29 , 1890 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan ( 1875 -- 1890 ) 46 George Shiras Jr . Bradley July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) 046 ! July 26 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) Lawyer , Private practice 47 Howell Edmunds Jackson L. Lamar February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) 047 ! February 18 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1891 -- 1893 ) 48 Edward Douglass White Blatchford February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) 048 ! February 19 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) Grover Cleveland United States Senator from Louisiana ( 1891 -- 1894 ) 49 Rufus Wheeler Peckham H. Jackson December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) 049 ! December 9 , 1895 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals 50 Joseph McKenna Field January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) 050 ! January 21 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) William McKinley 42nd United States Attorney General ( 1897 -- 1898 ) 51 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . Gray December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) 051 ! December 4 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) Theodore Roosevelt Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 52 William R. Day Shiras February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) 052 ! February 23 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1899 -- 1903 ) 53 William Henry Moody Brown December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) 053 ! December 12 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 45th United States Attorney General ( 1904 -- 1906 ) 54 Horace Harmon Lurton Peckham December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) 054 ! December 20 , 1909 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) William Howard Taft Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1893 -- 1909 ) 55 Charles Evans Hughes Brewer May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 055 ! October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 36th Governor of New York ( 1907 -- 1910 ) 56 Willis Van Devanter E. White December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 056 ! December 16 , 1910 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1903 -- ` 1910 ) 57 Joseph Rucker Lamar Moody December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 057 ! December 17 , 1910 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia ( 1901 -- 1905 ) 58 Mahlon Pitney J. Harlan March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) 058 ! March 13 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) U.S. Representative for New Jersey 's 4th district ( 1895 -- 1899 ) 59 James Clark McReynolds Lurton August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) 059 ! August 29 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) Woodrow Wilson 48th United States Attorney General ( 1913 -- 1914 ) 60 Louis Brandeis J. Lamar June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) 060 ! June 1 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) Lawyer , Private practice : Brandeis Dunbar & Nutter 61 John Hessin Clarke Hughes July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) 061 ! July 24 , 1916 -- September 5 , 1922 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio ( 1914 -- 1916 ) 62 George Sutherland Clarke September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) 062 ! September 5 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) Warren G. Harding United States Senator from Utah ( 1905 -- 1917 ) 63 Pierce Butler Day December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) 063 ! December 21 , 1922 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) President of the Minnesota State Bar Association 64 Edward Terry Sanford Pitney January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) 064 ! January 29 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee ( 1908 -- 1923 ) 65 Harlan F. Stone McKenna February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) 065 ! February 5 , 1925 -- July 3 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) Calvin Coolidge 52nd United States Attorney General ( 1924 -- 1925 ) 66 Owen Josephus Roberts Sanford May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) 066 ! May 20 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) Herbert Hoover Assistant District Attorney for Philadelphia 67 Benjamin N. Cardozo Holmes February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) 067 ! March 2 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals ( 1927 -- 1932 ) 68 Hugo Black Van Devanter August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) 068 ! August 18 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) Franklin D. Roosevelt United States Senator from Alabama ( 1927 -- 1937 ) 69 Stanley Forman Reed Sutherland January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) 069 ! January 27 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 22nd United States Solicitor General ( 1935 -- 1938 ) 70 Felix Frankfurter Cardozo January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) 070 ! January 20 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) Chairman of Harvard Law School 71 William O. Douglas Brandeis April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) 071 ! April 15 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 3rd Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission ( 1937 -- 1939 ) 72 Frank Murphy Butler January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) 072 ! January 18 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 56th United States Attorney General ( 1939 -- 1940 ) 73 James F. Byrnes McReynolds June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 073 ! July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) United States Senator from South Carolina ( 1931 -- 1941 ) 74 Robert H. Jackson Stone July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 074 ! July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 57th United States Attorney General ( 1940 -- 1941 ) 75 Wiley Blount Rutledge Byrnes February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) 075 ! February 11 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1939 -- 1943 ) 76 Harold Hitz Burton Roberts September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) 076 ! September 22 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) Harry S. Truman United States Senator from Ohio ( 1944 -- 1945 ) 77 Tom C. Clark Murphy August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) 077 ! August 19 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 59th United States Attorney General ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 78 Sherman Minton W. Rutledge October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) 078 ! October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ( 1941 -- 1949 ) 79 John Marshall Harlan II R. Jackson March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) 079 ! March 17 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) Dwight D. Eisenhower Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1954 -- 1955 ) 80 William J. Brennan Minton March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 080 ! October 15 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey ( 1951 -- 1956 ) 81 Charles Evans Whittaker Reed March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 081 ! March 22 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1956 -- 1957 ) 82 Potter Stewart Burton May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) 082 ! October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1954 -- 1958 ) 83 Byron White Whittaker April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 083 ! April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) John F. Kennedy 4th United States Deputy Attorney General ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 84 Arthur Goldberg Frankfurter September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 084 ! September 28 , 1962 -- July 26 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 9th United States Secretary of Labor ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 85 Abe Fortas Goldberg August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) 085 ! October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) Lyndon B. Johnson United States Under Secretary of the Interior 86 Thurgood Marshall Clark August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) 086 ! October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 32nd United States Solicitor General ( 1965 -- 1967 ) 87 Harry Blackmun Fortas May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) 087 ! June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1959 -- 1970 ) 88 Lewis Franklin Powell Jr . Black December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) 088 ! January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) President of the American Bar Association ( 1964 -- 1965 ) 89 William Rehnquist J. Harlan II December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) 089 ! January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) United States Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 90 John Paul Stevens Douglas December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) 090 ! December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) Gerald Ford Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ( 1970 -- 1975 ) 91 Sandra Day O'Connor Stewart September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) 091 ! September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) Ronald Reagan Judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals ( 1979 -- 1981 ) 92 Antonin Scalia Rehnquist September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) 092 ! September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1982 -- 1986 ) 93 Anthony Kennedy Powell February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) 093 ! February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) 94 David Souter Brennan October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) 094 ! October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) George H.W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 ) 95 Clarence Thomas Marshall October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) 095 ! October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 96 Ruth Bader Ginsburg B. White August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) 096 ! August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent Bill Clinton Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) 97 Stephen Breyer Blackmun July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) 097 ! August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) 98 Samuel Alito O'Connor January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) 098 ! January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) 99 Sonia Sotomayor Souter August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) 099 ! August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent Barack Obama Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) 100 Elena Kagan Stevens August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) 100 ! August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 45th Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 101 Neil Gorsuch Scalia April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) 101 ! April 8 , 2017 -- Incumbent Donald Trump Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government , or with a private corporation -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court . Jump up ^ Later served as chief justice , June 30 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment . Jump up ^ Received recess appointment on August 5 , 1791 , but was not sworn in until August 6 , 1792 . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted ( remained in office ) . Jump up ^ Served as chief justice , December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Later served as chief justice , February 13 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Served as chief justice , July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 . Jump up ^ Served as chief justice , September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 . See also ( edit ) Associate Justice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Congress ( 1834 ) ( approved September 24 , 1789 ) . `` An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States '' . In Gales , Joseph , Sr . The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States ; With an Appendix , Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents and all the Laws of a Public Nature ; With a Copious Index . vol. 2 . Washington , DC : Gales and Seaton . p. 2239 ( 2239 -- 2255 ) -- via Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( 2005 ) . Sandra Day O'Connor : How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice . New York : HarperCollins . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court justices : They do OK financially '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 3 Jump up ^ Woodward , Robert ; Armstrong , Scott ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 480 -- 488 , 526 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . United States Senate . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of the Justices '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klebanow , Diana & Jonas , Franklin L. ( 2003 ) . People 's Lawyers : Crusaders for Justice in American History . M.E. Sharpe . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0765606730 -- via Google Books . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Christensen , George A. ( 1983 ) . `` Here Lies the Supreme Court : Gravesites of the Justices '' . Yearbook . Supreme Court Historical Society . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Christensen , George A. ( February 19 , 2008 ) . `` Here Lies the Supreme Court : Revisited '' . Journal of Supreme Court History . University of Alabama . 33 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 41 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon & Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. & Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 9679 - 4 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Historic collection of Supreme Court decisions and biographies indexed by judge name Members of the Supreme Court of the United States from the Court 's website . Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice Jay J. Rutledge Ellsworth J. Marshall Taney S.P. Chase Waite Fuller E. White Taft Hughes Stone Vinson Warren Burger Rehnquist J. Roberts Seat 1 J. Rutledge T. Johnson Paterson Livingston Thompson Nelson Hunt Blatchford E. White Van Devanter Black Powell Kennedy Seat 2 Cushing Story Woodbury Curtis Clifford Gray Holmes Cardozo Frankfurter Goldberg Fortas Blackmun Breyer Seat 3 Wilson Washington Baldwin Grier Strong Woods L. Lamar H. Jackson Peckham Lurton McReynolds Byrnes W. Rutledge Minton Brennan Souter Sotomayor Seat 4 Blair S. Chase Duvall Barbour Daniel Miller Brown Moody J. Lamar Brandeis Douglas Stevens Kagan Seat 5 Iredell Moore W. Johnson Wayne Seat 6 Todd Trimble McLean Swayne Matthews Brewer Hughes Clarke Sutherland Reed Whittaker White Ginsburg Seat 7 Catron Seat 8 McKinley Campbell Davis Harlan Pitney Sanford O. Roberts Burton Stewart O'Connor Alito Seat 9 Field McKenna Stone R. Jackson Harlan II Rehnquist Scalia Gorsuch Seat 10 Bradley Shiras Day Butler Murphy Clark T. Marshall Thomas Note : Seats 5 and 7 are defunct Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall , Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Order of precedence in the United States of America * The President The Vice President The Governor ( of the state in which the event is held ) The Speaker of the House The Chief Justice Former President Carter Former President GHW Bush Former President Clinton Former President GW Bush Former President Obama Ambassadors of the United States The Secretary of State The Associate Justices Retired Justice Stevens Retired Justice O'Connor Retired Justice Souter The President 's Cabinet The President Pro Tempore of the Senate The Senate The Governors of the States ( by order of statehood ) Former Vice President Mondale Former Vice President Quayle Former Vice President Gore Former Vice President Cheney Former Vice President Biden The House of Representatives * not including acting officeholders , visiting dignitaries , auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=816043051 '' Categories : Supreme Court of the United States people United States federal judges Legal professions Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Simple English ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 21 : 56 . 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who are the associate justices of the supreme court

Anthony Kennedy ( 1936 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1936 ( age 81 ) Clarence Thomas ( 1948 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( 1933 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Stephen Breyer ( 1938 - 08 - 15 ) August 15 , 1938 ( age 79 ) Samuel Alito ( 1950 - 04 - 01 ) April 1 , 1950 ( age 67 ) Sonia Sotomayor ( 1954 - 06 - 25 ) June 25 , 1954 ( age 63 ) Elena Kagan ( 1960 - 04 - 28 ) April 28 , 1960 ( age 57 ) Neil Gorsuch ( 1967 - 08 - 29 ) August 29 , 1967 ( age 50 )

Area codes 705 and 249 - wikipedia Area codes 705 and 249 Jump to : navigation , search Area codes 705 and 249 are telephone area codes that cover most of northeastern and central Ontario in Canada . 705 was initially created in 1957 by the North American Numbering Plan ( NANPA ) from portions of the area covered by area codes 613 and 519 , and covered nearly all of Ontario north and west of the Golden Horseshoe . Area code 807 , covering northwestern Ontario , was split from area code 705 in early 1962 . Although 705 was not close to exhaustion at the time , creating a new area code was thought necessary in order to improve routing of calls from Manitoba and western Canada to northwestern Ontario . Greater routing efficiency has since been achieved with the implementation of highly computerized digital exchanges that were not available in the early 1960s . On March 19 , 2011 , area code 249 was added as an overlay code . Since this date , all calls require ten - digit dialing . Previously , CNAC had considered `` erasing '' the 807 - 705 boundary and turning 807 into an overlay for all of northern Ontario -- in effect , undoing the 1962 split . However , this was not recommended due to potential confusion . The incumbent local exchange carriers in 705 / 249 are Bell Canada , Northern Telephone , Bell Aliant ( Ontera ) , Eastlink , Nexicom , and some municipally - owned carriers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Communities included 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Communities included ( edit ) These are among the areas that use this area code ( as of 2016 ) with their corresponding phone exchanges : Alliston ( 249 ) - 221 , 501 , 900 ( 705 ) - 250 , 391 , 415 , 434 , 435 , 440 , 502 , 530 , 890 Angus ( 249 ) - 227 , ( 705 ) - 230 , 423 , 424 , 516 Bala ( 705 ) - 762 Barrie ( 249 ) - 251 , 315 , 359 , 535 , 595 , 877 , 888 , ( 705 ) - 220 , 229 , 241 , 252 , 279 , 300 , 302 , 305 , 309 , 315 , 321 , 331 , 333 , 393 , 401 , 408 , 417 , 481 , 500 , 503 , 623 , 627 , 712 , 715 , 716 , 717 , 718 , 719 , 720 , 721 , 722 , 725 , 726 , 727 , 728 , 730 , 733 , 734 , 735 , 737 , 739 , 770 , 780 , 790 , 791 , 792 , 794 , 795 , 796 , 797 , 798 , 800 , 812 , 814 , 816 , 817 , 818 , 828 , 881 , 896 , 903 , 915 , 970 , 984 , 985 , 986 , 993 , 999 Baysville ( 705 ) - 767 Beaverton ( 705 ) - 217 , 426 , 504 Blind River ( 705 ) - 356 , 576 Bobcaygeon ( 249 ) - 490 , ( 705 ) - 213 , 392 , 731 , 738 Bonfield ( 705 ) - 776 Bracebridge ( 249 ) - 218 , 502 , ( 705 ) - 204 , 205 , 394 , 637 , 640 , 641 , 644 , 645 , 646 , 706 , 708 , 801 , 952 Brechin ( 705 ) - 484 , 505 , 714 Bruce Mines ( 705 ) - 785 Burk 's Falls ( 705 ) - 382 Buckhorn ( 705 ) - 657 , 659 Callander ( 705 ) - 712 , 713 , 752 Campbellford ( 249 ) - 503 , ( 705 ) - 202 , 395 , 409 , 632 , 653 , 661 , 947 Chapleau ( 705 ) - 600 , 864 , 902 , 904 Cobalt ( 705 ) - 679 Cochrane ( 705 ) - 271 , 272 , 913 Collingwood ( 249 ) - 225 , 499 , ( 705 ) - 293 , 351 , 416 , 441 , 442 , 443 , 444 , 445 , 446 , 467 , 532 , 539 , 606 , 607 , 888 , 994 Cookstown ( 705 ) - 458 , 916 Creemore ( 705 ) - 466 Desbarats ( 705 ) - 782 Dorset ( 705 ) - 766 Dunsford ( 705 ) - 793 Dwight ( 705 ) - 635 Echo Bay ( 705 ) - 248 Elliot Lake ( 705 ) - 261 , 461 , 578 , 827 , 847 , 848 , 849 Elmvale ( 705 ) - 322 Englehart ( 705 ) - 544 Espanola ( 249 ) - 200 , 217 , 999 , ( 705 ) - 480 , 501 , 583 , 601 , 862 , 863 , 869 , 936 Fenelon Falls ( 249 ) - 998 , ( 705 ) - 215 , 886 , 887 Goulais River ( 705 ) - 649 Gravenhurst ( 705 ) - 687 , 703 , 710 Greater Sudbury ( 249 ) - 266 , 269 , 350 , 360 , 377 , 431 , 805 , 878 , ( 705 ) - 207 , 222 , 244 , 280 , 379 , 396 , 397 , 404 , 419 , 421 , 442 , 449 , 451 , 453 , 459 , 470 , 479 , 483 , 485 , 507 , 512 , 521 , 522 , 523 , 524 , 525 , 546 , 547 , 550 , 551 , 552 , 553 , 554 , 556 , 560 , 561 , 562 , 564 , 566 , 585 , 586 , 587 , 588 , 589 , 590 , 591 , 592 , 593 , 595 , 596 , 597 , 598 , 599 , 618 , 621 , 626 , 662 , 664 , 665 , 669 , 670 , 671 , 673 , 674 , 675 , 677 , 682 , 688 , 690 , 691 , 692 , 693 , 694 , 695 , 698 , 699 , 805 , 806 , 815 , 820 , 822 , 823 , 824 , 825 , 829 , 830 , 831 , 832 , 836 , 853 , 855 , 858 , 866 , 867 , 885 , 897 , 898 , 899 , 918 , 919 , 920 , 921 , 923 , 929 , 966 , 967 , 969 , 983 , 988 Haliburton ( 249 ) - 993 , ( 705 ) - 286 , 306 , 447 , 448 , 488 , 489 , 455 , 457 , 754 , 809 , 854 , 935 Hearst ( 705 ) - 207 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 219 , 222 , 280 , 396 , 397 , 404 , 419 Hastings ( 705 ) - 609 , 696 , 697 , 922 Hearst ( 705 ) - 362 , 372 , 960 Honey Harbour ( 705 ) - 756 , 906 Huntsville ( 249 ) - 700 , 704 , 995 , ( 705 ) - 224 , 349 , 380 , 388 , 535 , 571 , 704 , 783 , 784 , 787 , 788 , 789 , 825 , 909 , 990 Innisfil ( 705 ) - 290 , 291 , 294 , 431 , 436 , 456 , 458 , 615 , ( 905 ) - 775 , 778 Iroquois Falls ( 705 ) - 232 , 258 Iron Bridge ( 705 ) - 509 , 843 Kapuskasing ( 249 ) - 994 , ( 705 ) - 319 , 332 , 335 , 337 , 347 , 371 , 557 , 577 Kirkfield ( 705 ) - 438 Kirkland Lake ( 249 ) - 992 , ( 705 ) - 462 , 469 , 567 , 568 , 642 , 962 Lakefield ( 705 ) - 651 , 652 Latchford ( 705 ) - 676 Lefroy ( 705 ) - 456 Lindsay ( 249 ) - 332 , ( 705 ) - 212 , 307 , 308 , 320 , 324 , 328 , 340 , 341 , 344 , 464 , 701 , 702 , 821 , 878 , 879 , 880 , 928 , 934 , 982 Little Britain ( 705 ) - 786 Little Current ( 249 ) - 997 , ( 705 ) - 368 , 370 , 398 , 603 , 968 Massey ( 705 ) - 602 , 865 Mattawa ( 249 ) - 996 , ( 705 ) - 200 , 218 , 744 McKellar ( 705 ) - 389 Midland ( 249 ) - 301 492 , ( 705 ) - 209 , 245 , 427 , 433 , 526 , 527 , 528 , 529 , 540 , 543 , 937 , 956 Millbrook ( 705 ) - 932 Moose Factory ( 705 ) - 658 Moosonee ( 705 ) - 336 , 912 North Bay ( 249 ) - 328 , 352 , 358 , 362 ( 705 ) - 223 , 303 , 316 , 358 , 402 , 471 , 472 , 473 , 474 , 475 , 476 , 477 , 478 , 482 , 490 , 491 , 492 , 493 , 494 , 495 , 496 , 497 , 498 , 499 , 667 , 707 , 758 , 825 , 839 , 840 , 845 , 978 , 980 , 995 Orillia ( 249 ) - 385 , ( 705 ) - 238 , 242 , 259 , 298 , 323 , 325 , 326 , 327 , 329 , 330 , 345 , 350 , 413 , 418 , 558 , 619 , 826 , 907 , 955 Oro - Medonte ( 705 ) - 487 , 835 Parry Sound ( 249 ) - 219 , 701 , 988 , ( 705 ) - 203 , 346 , 378 , 746 , 751 , 771 , 773 , 774 , 901 , 938 , 996 Pefferlaw ( 249 ) - 204 , ( 705 ) - 318 , 437 , 513 Penetanguishene ( 705 ) - 549 , 614 Peterborough ( 249 ) - 357 , 494 , ( 705 ) - 201 , 243 , 270 , 292 , 295 , 296 , 304 , 312 , 313 , 400 , 403 , 486 , 536 , 559 , 612 , 616 , 639 , 651 , 652 , 654 , 655 , 656 , 657 , 659 , 660 , 700 , 740 , 741 , 742 , 743 , 745 , 748 , 749 , 750 , 755 , 760 , 761 , 768 , 772 , 775 , 799 , 802 , 808 , 813 , 837 , 838 , 868 , 872 , 874 , 875 , 876 , 877 , 891 , 917 , 926 , 927 , 930 , 931 , 933 , 939 , 940 , 944 , 954 , 957 , 974 , 977 , 979 , 991 Port Carling ( 705 ) - 765 Port Loring / Loring ( 705 ) - 757 Port McNicoll / Victoria Harbour ( 705 ) - 534 Powassan ( 705 ) - 724 Restoule ( 705 ) - 729 Rosseau ( 249 ) - 222 , ( 705 ) - 732 Sables - Spanish Rivers ( Massey ) ( 705 ) - 865 Sault Ste . Marie ( 249 ) - 252 , 356 , 493 , 525 , 889 , ( 705 ) - 206 , 251 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 260 , 297 , 420 , 450 , 541 , 542 , 574 , 575 , 759 , 777 , 779 , 908 , 910 , 941 , 942 , 943 , 945 , 946 , 949 , 963 , 971 , 975 , 987 , 989 , 992 , 998 Searchmont ( 705 ) - 781 Sebright ( 705 ) - 833 Severn Bridge ( 705 ) - 689 Smooth Rock Falls ( 705 ) - 314 , 338 South River ( 705 ) - 386 Spanish ( 705 ) - 844 St. Joseph Island ( 705 ) - 246 Stayner ( 249 ) - 220 , ( 705 ) - 428 , 430 , 517 Stroud ( 705 ) - 431 , 436 , 615 Sturgeon Falls ( 705 ) - 452 , 753 Sudbury - see Greater Sudbury above Sundridge ( 705 ) - 384 Timmins ( 249 ) - 351 , 361 ( 705 ) - 221 , 225 , 235 , 240 , 262 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 274 , 288 , 360 , 363 , 365 , 399 , 406 , 412 , 465 , 531 , 579 , 620 , 625 , 709 , 951 Temagami ( 705 ) - 569 Temiskaming Shores ( 249 ) - 991 , ( 705 ) - 407 , 425 , 469 , 570 , 572 , 622 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 631 , 647 , 648 , 672 , 680 , 948 Trout Creek ( 705 ) - 723 Udora ( 249 ) - 205 , ( 705 ) - 228 , 317 Wasaga Beach ( 705 ) - 352 , 422 , 429 , 617 Wawa ( 249 ) - 268 , ( 705 ) - 414 , 804 , 856 , 914 Premium calls : 1 + ( 249 / 705 ) - 976 . See also ( edit ) List of North American area codes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Telecom Decision CRTC 2009 - 622 '' . Crtc.gc.ca. 2009 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ NPA 705 Relief Planning . Canadian Numbering Administration . 2009 - 07 - 28 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . External links ( edit ) CNA Exchange Codes list for 705 , 249 Area Code Map of Canada Ontario area codes : 226 / 519 / 548 , 249 / 705 , 289 / 365 / 905 , 343 / 613 , 416 / 437 / 647 , 807 North : 867 West : 807 , 906 Area codes 705 / 249 East : 613 / 343 , 819 / 873 South : 905 / 289 / 365 , 519 / 226 / 548 , 906 , 989 Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut area codes : 867 Quebec area codes : 418 / 581 , 438 / 514 , 450 / 579 , 819 Michigan area codes : 231 , 248 / 947 , 269 , 313 , 517 , 586 , 616 , 734 , 810 , 906 , 989 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_codes_705_and_249&oldid=803532705 '' Categories : Area codes in Canada Communications in Ontario Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 02 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where is area code 705 in ontario canada

Alliston ( 249 ) - 221 , 501 , 900 ( 705 ) - 250 , 391 , 415 , 434 , 435 , 440 , 502 , 530 , 890 Angus ( 249 ) - 227 , ( 705 ) - 230 , 423 , 424 , 516 Bala ( 705 ) - 762 Barrie ( 249 ) - 251 , 315 , 359 , 535 , 595 , 877 , 888 , ( 705 ) - 220 , 229 , 241 , 252 , 279 , 300 , 302 , 305 , 309 , 315 , 321 , 331 , 333 , 393 , 401 , 408 , 417 , 481 , 500 , 503 , 623 , 627 , 712 , 715 , 716 , 717 , 718 , 719 , 720 , 721 , 722 , 725 , 726 , 727 , 728 , 730 , 733 , 734 , 735 , 737 , 739 , 770 , 780 , 790 , 791 , 792 , 794 , 795 , 796 , 797 , 798 , 800 , 812 , 814 , 816 , 817 , 818 , 828 , 881 , 896 , 903 , 915 , 970 , 984 , 985 , 986 , 993 , 999 Baysville ( 705 ) - 767 Beaverton ( 705 ) - 217 , 426 , 504 Blind River ( 705 ) - 356 , 576 Bobcaygeon ( 249 ) - 490 , ( 705 ) - 213 , 392 , 731 , 738 Bonfield ( 705 ) - 776 Bracebridge ( 249 ) - 218 , 502 , ( 705 ) - 204 , 205 , 394 , 637 , 640 , 641 , 644 , 645 , 646 , 706 , 708 , 801 , 952 Brechin ( 705 ) - 484 , 505 , 714 Bruce Mines ( 705 ) - 785 Burk 's Falls ( 705 ) - 382 Buckhorn ( 705 ) - 657 , 659 Callander ( 705 ) - 712 , 713 , 752 Campbellford ( 249 ) - 503 , ( 705 ) - 202 , 395 , 409 , 632 , 653 , 661 , 947 Chapleau ( 705 ) - 600 , 864 , 902 , 904 Cobalt ( 705 ) - 679 Cochrane ( 705 ) - 271 , 272 , 913 Collingwood ( 249 ) - 225 , 499 , ( 705 ) - 293 , 351 , 416 , 441 , 442 , 443 , 444 , 445 , 446 , 467 , 532 , 539 , 606 , 607 , 888 , 994 Cookstown ( 705 ) - 458 , 916 Creemore ( 705 ) - 466 Desbarats ( 705 ) - 782 Dorset ( 705 ) - 766 Dunsford ( 705 ) - 793 Dwight ( 705 ) - 635 Echo Bay ( 705 ) - 248 Elliot Lake ( 705 ) - 261 , 461 , 578 , 827 , 847 , 848 , 849 Elmvale ( 705 ) - 322 Englehart ( 705 ) - 544 Espanola ( 249 ) - 200 , 217 , 999 , ( 705 ) - 480 , 501 , 583 , 601 , 862 , 863 , 869 , 936 Fenelon Falls ( 249 ) - 998 , ( 705 ) - 215 , 886 , 887 Goulais River ( 705 ) - 649 Gravenhurst ( 705 ) - 687 , 703 , 710 Greater Sudbury ( 249 ) - 266 , 269 , 350 , 360 , 377 , 431 , 805 , 878 , ( 705 ) - 207 , 222 , 244 , 280 , 379 , 396 , 397 , 404 , 419 , 421 , 442 , 449 , 451 , 453 , 459 , 470 , 479 , 483 , 485 , 507 , 512 , 521 , 522 , 523 , 524 , 525 , 546 , 547 , 550 , 551 , 552 , 553 , 554 , 556 , 560 , 561 , 562 , 564 , 566 , 585 , 586 , 587 , 588 , 589 , 590 , 591 , 592 , 593 , 595 , 596 , 597 , 598 , 599 , 618 , 621 , 626 , 662 , 664 , 665 , 669 , 670 , 671 , 673 , 674 , 675 , 677 , 682 , 688 , 690 , 691 , 692 , 693 , 694 , 695 , 698 , 699 , 805 , 806 , 815 , 820 , 822 , 823 , 824 , 825 , 829 , 830 , 831 , 832 , 836 , 853 , 855 , 858 , 866 , 867 , 885 , 897 , 898 , 899 , 918 , 919 , 920 , 921 , 923 , 929 , 966 , 967 , 969 , 983 , 988 Haliburton ( 249 ) - 993 , ( 705 ) - 286 , 306 , 447 , 448 , 488 , 489 , 455 , 457 , 754 , 809 , 854 , 935 Hearst ( 705 ) - 207 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 219 , 222 , 280 , 396 , 397 , 404 , 419 Hastings ( 705 ) - 609 , 696 , 697 , 922 Hearst ( 705 ) - 362 , 372 , 960 Honey Harbour ( 705 ) - 756 , 906 Huntsville ( 249 ) - 700 , 704 , 995 , ( 705 ) - 224 , 349 , 380 , 388 , 535 , 571 , 704 , 783 , 784 , 787 , 788 , 789 , 825 , 909 , 990 Innisfil ( 705 ) - 290 , 291 , 294 , 431 , 436 , 456 , 458 , 615 , ( 905 ) - 775 , 778 Iroquois Falls ( 705 ) - 232 , 258 Iron Bridge ( 705 ) - 509 , 843 Kapuskasing ( 249 ) - 994 , ( 705 ) - 319 , 332 , 335 , 337 , 347 , 371 , 557 , 577 Kirkfield ( 705 ) - 438 Kirkland Lake ( 249 ) - 992 , ( 705 ) - 462 , 469 , 567 , 568 , 642 , 962 Lakefield ( 705 ) - 651 , 652 Latchford ( 705 ) - 676 Lefroy ( 705 ) - 456 Lindsay ( 249 ) - 332 , ( 705 ) - 212 , 307 , 308 , 320 , 324 , 328 , 340 , 341 , 344 , 464 , 701 , 702 , 821 , 878 , 879 , 880 , 928 , 934 , 982 Little Britain ( 705 ) - 786 Little Current ( 249 ) - 997 , ( 705 ) - 368 , 370 , 398 , 603 , 968 Massey ( 705 ) - 602 , 865 Mattawa ( 249 ) - 996 , ( 705 ) - 200 , 218 , 744 McKellar ( 705 ) - 389 Midland ( 249 ) - 301 492 , ( 705 ) - 209 , 245 , 427 , 433 , 526 , 527 , 528 , 529 , 540 , 543 , 937 , 956 Millbrook ( 705 ) - 932 Moose Factory ( 705 ) - 658 Moosonee ( 705 ) - 336 , 912 North Bay ( 249 ) - 328 , 352 , 358 , 362 ( 705 ) - 223 , 303 , 316 , 358 , 402 , 471 , 472 , 473 , 474 , 475 , 476 , 477 , 478 , 482 , 490 , 491 , 492 , 493 , 494 , 495 , 496 , 497 , 498 , 499 , 667 , 707 , 758 , 825 , 839 , 840 , 845 , 978 , 980 , 995 Orillia ( 249 ) - 385 , ( 705 ) - 238 , 242 , 259 , 298 , 323 , 325 , 326 , 327 , 329 , 330 , 345 , 350 , 413 , 418 , 558 , 619 , 826 , 907 , 955 Oro - Medonte ( 705 ) - 487 , 835 Parry Sound ( 249 ) - 219 , 701 , 988 , ( 705 ) - 203 , 346 , 378 , 746 , 751 , 771 , 773 , 774 , 901 , 938 , 996 Pefferlaw ( 249 ) - 204 , ( 705 ) - 318 , 437 , 513 Penetanguishene ( 705 ) - 549 , 614 Peterborough ( 249 ) - 357 , 494 , ( 705 ) - 201 , 243 , 270 , 292 , 295 , 296 , 304 , 312 , 313 , 400 , 403 , 486 , 536 , 559 , 612 , 616 , 639 , 651 , 652 , 654 , 655 , 656 , 657 , 659 , 660 , 700 , 740 , 741 , 742 , 743 , 745 , 748 , 749 , 750 , 755 , 760 , 761 , 768 , 772 , 775 , 799 , 802 , 808 , 813 , 837 , 838 , 868 , 872 , 874 , 875 , 876 , 877 , 891 , 917 , 926 , 927 , 930 , 931 , 933 , 939 , 940 , 944 , 954 , 957 , 974 , 977 , 979 , 991 Port Carling ( 705 ) - 765 Port Loring / Loring ( 705 ) - 757 Port McNicoll / Victoria Harbour ( 705 ) - 534 Powassan ( 705 ) - 724 Restoule ( 705 ) - 729 Rosseau ( 249 ) - 222 , ( 705 ) - 732 Sables - Spanish Rivers ( Massey ) ( 705 ) - 865 Sault Ste . Marie ( 249 ) - 252 , 356 , 493 , 525 , 889 , ( 705 ) - 206 , 251 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , 257 , 260 , 297 , 420 , 450 , 541 , 542 , 574 , 575 , 759 , 777 , 779 , 908 , 910 , 941 , 942 , 943 , 945 , 946 , 949 , 963 , 971 , 975 , 987 , 989 , 992 , 998 Searchmont ( 705 ) - 781 Sebright ( 705 ) - 833 Severn Bridge ( 705 ) - 689 Smooth Rock Falls ( 705 ) - 314 , 338 South River ( 705 ) - 386 Spanish ( 705 ) - 844 St. Joseph Island ( 705 ) - 246 Stayner ( 249 ) - 220 , ( 705 ) - 428 , 430 , 517 Stroud ( 705 ) - 431 , 436 , 615 Sturgeon Falls ( 705 ) - 452 , 753 Sudbury - see Greater Sudbury above Sundridge ( 705 ) - 384 Timmins ( 249 ) - 351 , 361 ( 705 ) - 221 , 225 , 235 , 240 , 262 , 264 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 , 274 , 288 , 360 , 363 , 365 , 399 , 406 , 412 , 465 , 531 , 579 , 620 , 625 , 709 , 951 Temagami ( 705 ) - 569 Temiskaming Shores ( 249 ) - 991 , ( 705 ) - 407 , 425 , 469 , 570 , 572 , 622 , 628 , 629 , 630 , 631 , 647 , 648 , 672 , 680 , 948 Trout Creek ( 705 ) - 723 Udora ( 249 ) - 205 , ( 705 ) - 228 , 317 Wasaga Beach ( 705 ) - 352 , 422 , 429 , 617 Wawa ( 249 ) - 268 , ( 705 ) - 414 , 804 , 856 , 914 Premium calls : 1 + ( 249 / 705 ) - 976 .

Quarterback U - wikipedia Quarterback U Jump to : navigation , search Quarterback U is a nickname used by sportswriters to refer to colleges that have trained a series of notable football quarterbacks ( QBs ) . It is a literary device invoked in the individual discretion of sportswriters and does not represent any formal decision - making process or organized sportswriters ' poll . Generally speaking , the term implies that many of the school 's former quarterbacks later had successful careers in professional football , particularly in the National Football League ( NFL ) . A Wall Street Journal article on November 18 , 2012 , pointed out that ' Purdue may be the ultimate Quarterback U . Since the 1970 merger ( between the AFL and NFL ) , quarterbacks from Purdue have started 724 NFL games , easily the most of any major - conference program . ' After Purdue QBs ' 724 NFL games , the next best schools were the University of Washington ( 623 starts ) , Miami ( 573 ) , University of Southern California ( 547 ) and Notre Dame ( 543 ) . In August 2009 , an Altoona Mirror writer sought to name `` Quarterback U '' by player achievements , such as NFL starts , Pro Bowl appearances , and Heisman Trophies won . He noted that , in the Super Bowl era , USC ( 15 ) , Notre Dame ( 13 ) , Washington ( 12 ) , Miami ( 10 ) , Stanford ( 10 ) , and UCLA ( 10 ) produced at least ten starting NFL quarterbacks , while Purdue recorded the most combined NFL career starts ( 704 ) . The article concluded that no single program deserved the title significantly more than others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 1.1 Brigham Young University 1.2 Purdue University 1.3 Stanford University 1.4 Texas Tech University 1.5 University of Maryland 1.6 University of Miami 1.7 University of Michigan 1.8 University of Southern California 1.9 University of Washington 2 References Examples ( edit ) Brigham Young University ( edit ) Sports writers dubbed the BYU as a Quarterback U from the mid-1980s through the 1990s , during which time it produced Jim McMahon , Steve Young , Gifford Nielsen , Robbie Bosco and Ty Detmer . The Deseret News wrote that the last great BYU signal caller was 2001 Heisman Trophy runner - up Brandon Doman , who also later served as the Cougars ' offensive coordinator . It also asserted that , upon Doman 's graduation , head coach Gary Crowton rotated quarterbacks so frequently that it adversely affected their performance . Purdue University ( edit ) In the 1960s , Purdue became known as ' Quarterback U ' and ' Cradle of Quarterbacks ' by media and rivals such as Ohio State and Notre Dame due to its prominent QBs . Between 1967 and 1974 , Purdue QBs Len Dawson and Bob Griese started five Super Bowls , winning three ; Cecil Isbell led the Green Bay Packers to a NFL title in 1939 , Elmer Oliphant led the Buffalo All - Americans to a disputed NFL title in 1921 ; Purdue has produced NFL starting QBs in Mike Phipps , Gary Danielson , Jim Everett , Mark Hermann , and Kyle Orton ; Scott Campbell and Curtis Painter were well - known backup quarterbacks , Joey Elliott is a starting QB in the Canadian Football League . The tradition has continued through to this day with Drew Brees winning the Super Bowl XLIV , in which he was also named MVP. 15 Purdue QBs went on to the NFL ; Purdue is tied for first with Alabama in producing Super Bowl winning quarterbacks . According to ESPN.com , Purdue QBs have won ( and started ) more NFL games than any other school ; thrown for the most touchdowns and yards in the NFL . Purdue QBs have won more League TD titles ( 14 through the 2012 NFL season ) than any other school . Stanford University ( edit ) As early as 1975 , the term Quarterback U had been applied to Stanford University , which had produced such players as Frankie Albert , John Brodie , Jim Plunkett , Don Bunce , and Mike Boryla . This reputation was enhanced when Bill Walsh joined the Cardinal as head coach , and quarterbacks Guy Benjamin , Steve Dils , and Turk Schonert promptly led the NCAA in passing in 1977 , 1978 , and 1979 . They were followed by perhaps Stanford 's best - known quarterback , John Elway , who played at the university from 1979 to 1982 , finishing second in the Heisman voting his senior season . Elway would go on to have a Hall of Fame career with the Broncos and win the Super Bowl in 1997 and 1998 . By 1989 , the San Jose Mercury News surmised that Stanford 's `` once bright legacy '' as Quarterback U appeared `` to be flickering out '' . However , recently Stanford 's quarterback tradition has experienced something of a revival under Andrew Luck . Luck finished second in the voting for the Heisman trophy , the award given to college football 's most outstanding player , in both 2010 and 2011 . When drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the 2012 NFL Draft , he became the fourth Stanford quarterback taken with the first overall pick , following Elway , Plunkett and Bobby Garrett , but the first since Elway was taken by the Colts in 1983 . Stanford quarterbacks have started 7 Super Bowls , winning 4 , and garnering two Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Awards . Texas Tech University ( edit ) In 2005 , a Sporting News writer described Texas Tech as Quarterback U in an article that bestowed several positional `` U '' monikers with the criteria being college performance since 2000 . Its author cited head coach Mike Leach 's numerous 4,000 - yard - plus passers . University of Maryland ( edit ) During the 1980s , the term was also applied to Maryland , which produced several NFL - caliber quarterbacks during the tenures of head coach Bobby Ross and offensive coordinator and quarterbacks / receivers coach Joe Krivak . These Maryland quarterbacks included Boomer Esiason , Frank Reich , Neil O'Donnell , Scott Zolak , and Stan Gelbaugh . In 2005 , The Washington Post reapplied the label to the Terrapins under head coach Ralph Friedgen and offensive coordinator Charlie Taaffe , after Sam Hollenbach became the Atlantic Coast Conference 's leading passer . That coaching staff also groomed Shaun Hill and Scott McBrien . University of Miami ( edit ) In the 1980s , the term was often applied to the University of Miami . In 2003 , Tracy Gale , a sport publicist working for the University of Miami , named Fran Curci , who was Miami 's quarterback in 1959 , as the start of what he called `` Miami 's Quarterback U tradition . '' George Mira , Jim Kelly , Bernie Kosar , Vinny Testaverde , Steve Walsh , Ken Dorsey , Craig Erickson , and Gino Torretta are some Hurricanes quarterbacks that influenced his use of the term . The term is still often applied , although Miami currently has fewer quarterbacks starting in the NFL than it has in the past . In 2008 , all three Miami quarterbacks entered the season with no game experience , and pundits charged head coach Randy Shannon with rebuilding the program 's reputation of producing high - quality signalcallers . University of Michigan ( edit ) In recent years , sportswriters have mentioned several schools as being appropriate for the designation . A 2005 ESPN article cited that , since 1988 , Michigan sent as many starting quarterbacks to the NFL as the University of Miami . It argued that `` three yards and a cloud of dust '' is no longer the offensive philosophy at Michigan . A year later , Rivals.com proclaimed that Michigan was `` the new Quarterback U . '' Elvis Grbac , Todd Collins , Tom Brady , Jim Harbaugh , Brian Griese and Chad Henne are some of the Wolverine quarterbacks who have gone on to start in the NFL . University of Southern California ( edit ) After the 2008 season , The Los Angeles Times claimed that USC , more traditionally known as `` Tailback U '' , was the school most deserving of the designation . In 2009 , 4 former USC quarterbacks started in an NFL game : Matt Leinart , Matt Cassell , Carson Palmer , and Mark Sanchez . University of Washington ( edit ) Washington quarterbacks have consistently advanced to the NFL , with 16 of the previous 18 starting quarterbacks as of 2012 having started in the NFL . Washington 's Pro Football Hall of Fame member Warren Moon is fourth in all - time passing yardage , reflecting his CFL and NFL careers . Other notable alumni include Chris Chandler , Mark Brunell , Damon Huard and Jake Locker . ESPN points to the program 's history by the early 1980s . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nick Foles , Philadelphia Eagles : The Great Arizona Wildcats Quarterback Drought Ends - WSJ.com Jump up ^ `` Quarterback U : Which school deserves the title ? '' . Altoona Mirror . Aug 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Tulane 's King steals attention from the original Quarterback U , ; BYU preparing for record - setting QB , The Salt Lake Tribune , December 30 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Back to BYU 's future , Deseret News , March 24 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Brigham Young great gives inside look at Quarterback U , Albuquerque Tribune , October 11 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Star Indianapolis news , community , entertainment , yellow pages and classifieds . Serving Indianapolis , Ind . indystar.com '' . Indy.com. 2012 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Tim . `` Purdue Boilermakers - Big 12 Blog - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Drive - Thru : # 1 Ohio State v. # 10 Purdue , 1969 '' . Our Honor Defend . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame vs. Quarterback U '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue 's quarterback tradition continues to shine brightly '' . American Chronicle. 2010 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue is Quarterback U. - PURDUESPORTS.COM - Purdue Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cradle Of Quarterbacks ' : Revisited - PURDUESPORTS.COM - Purdue Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Cradle Continues To Rock - PURDUESPORTS.COM - Purdue Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to the 2013 NFL Draft '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Since 1950 , Purdue quarterbacks have compiled 865 NFL starts , more than any other school . Jump up ^ Stanford factory for QBs , The Chicago Tribune , September 17 , 1975 . Jump up ^ p. 35 , `` Annual Champions '' Archived 2012 - 07 - 30 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` John Elway '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ QUARTERBACK U. ONCE - BRIGHT LEGACY AT STANFORD APPEARS TO BE FLICKERING OUT , San Jose Mercury News , September 22 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Gemmell , Kevin . `` Luck second in Heisman voting , again '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom FitzGerald ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) . `` 2 Stanford players in NFL draft 's 1st round '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Success is worth waiting for at Quarterback U : forget about pro potential and draft prospects -- I 'm all about the U , The Sporting News , May 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Peter King , Quarterback U Archived August 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Sports Illustrated , November 25 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Ken Murray , Ex-Maryland Qbs Not A Passing Fancy , The Baltimore Sun , January 9 , 1993 . Jump up ^ Quarterback U ? Maryland grooms them , then NFL grabs them , The Washington Times , September 22 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Maryland Makes Its Mark as Quarterback U. , The Washington Post , October 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Jacory Harris has earned entry into elite club at Quarterback U '' . Sports Illustrated . Oct 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Coaching 101 : A Great Program Produces Great Coaches , University of Miami , December 23 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Berlin named Miami 's starting quarterback , USA Today , April 24 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Miami 's Dorsey continues record run , The Seattle Post-Intelligencer , November 3 , 2001 . Jump up ^ This Year , Quarterback U . Is Awaiting a Quarterback , The New York Times , July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Viv Bernstein , A.C.C. Notebook : Plenty of Competition at Quarterback U , The New York Times , November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miami 's Randy Shannon will have a tough task to rebuild Quarterback U , Orlando Sentinel , July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michigan joins the `` Quarterback U '' conversation , ESPN , August 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Path to NFL for QBs goes through Michigan Archived September 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Rivals.com , April 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Position U breakdown Archived May 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Rivals.com , May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ USC lays claim to another title : Quarterback - U , Los Angeles Times , March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Young , Bob ( Aug 25 , 2009 ) . `` Young : USC now ' Quarterback U ' '' . Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Michael ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Quarterback U : Top 25 Quarterback Schools in College Football '' . bleacherreport.com . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Larry ( December 15 , 1996 ) . `` Ex-Huskies ' Careers Are Part Of Legacy Unmatched At Any Other School '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huard , Brock ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Which school is QB U right now ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quarterback_U&oldid=821475985 '' Categories : College football in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 18 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

college that has produced the most nfl quarterbacks

A Wall Street Journal article on November 18 , 2012 , pointed out that ' Purdue may be the ultimate Quarterback U . Since the 1970 merger ( between the AFL and NFL ) , quarterbacks from Purdue have started 724 NFL games , easily the most of any major - conference program . ' After Purdue QBs ' 724 NFL games , the next best schools were the University of Washington ( 623 starts ) , Miami ( 573 ) , University of Southern California ( 547 ) and Notre Dame ( 543 ) .

List of heads of state of Nigeria - wikipedia List of heads of state of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution Human rights President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly Senate House of Representatives Supreme Court Subdivisions States State governors Local Government Areas Recent elections Presidential : 2011 2015 Parliamentary : 2011 2015 Political parties Foreign relations Nigeria portal Other countries Atlas This is a list of the heads of state of Nigeria , from independence in 1960 to the present day . From 1960 to 1963 the head of state under the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 was the Queen of Nigeria , Elizabeth II , who was also monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . The Queen was represented in Nigeria by a Governor - General . Nigeria became a federal republic under the Constitution of 1963 and the monarch and Governor - General were replaced by a ceremonial President . In 1979 , under the 1979 Constitution , the President gained executive powers , becoming head of both state and government . Since 1994 , under the 1993 Constitution and the current 1999 Constitution , the head of state and government has been called the President . Contents ( hide ) 1 Monarchs ( 1960 -- 1963 ) 1.1 Governors - General 2 First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) 3 Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) 4 Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) 5 Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) 6 Third Republic ( 1993 ) 7 Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) 8 Fourth Nigerian Republic 9 Living former heads of state 10 References 11 External links Monarchs ( 1960 -- 1963 ) ( edit ) The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne . Queen Reign Royal House Prime Minister No Portrait Name Start End Duration Elizabeth II ( 1926 -- ) 1 October 1960 1 October 1963 7003109500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 0 days Windsor Balewa Governors - General ( edit ) Standard of the Governor - General of Nigeria The Governor - General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch . The Governor - General was appointed for an indefinite term , serving at the pleasure of the monarch . Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 , rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , the Governor - General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government , with the sole of exception of James Robertson , the former colonial governor , who served as Governor - General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe . In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government . Governor - General Term of office Monarch Prime Minister No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Sir James Robertson ( 1899 -- 1983 ) 1 October 1960 16 November 1960 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 days Elizabeth II Balewa Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) 16 November 1960 1 October 1963 7003104900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 319 days Elizabeth II Balewa First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Under the 1963 Constitution , the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state . The President was elected by Parliament for a five - year term . In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President . President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) Prime Minister ( s ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Nnamdi Azikiwe ( 1904 -- 1996 ) 1 October 1963 16 January 1966 ( deposed . ) 7002838000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 107 days National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons Balewa Military rule ( 1966 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government . Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration Major - General Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi ( 1924 -- 1966 ) 16 January 1966 12 July 1966 ( assassinated . ) 7002177000000000000 ♠ 177 days Federal Military Government General Yakubu Gowon ( 1934 -- ) 1 August 1966 29 July 1975 ( deposed . ) 7003328400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 362 days Federal Military Government General Murtala Mohammed ( 1938 -- 1976 ) 29 July 1975 13 February 1976 ( assassinated . ) 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 days Federal Military Government 5 Major - General Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 13 February 1976 1 October 1979 ( resigned . ) 7003135400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 258 days Federal Military Government Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Under the 1979 Constitution , the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President was head of both state and government . The President was elected by for a four - year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President . President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 6 Shehu Shagari ( 1925 -- ) 1 October 1979 31 December 1983 ( deposed . ) 7003155200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 91 days National Party of Nigeria Military rule ( 1983 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Major - General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government . Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration 7 Major - General Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) 31 December 1983 27 August 1985 ( deposed . ) 1 year , 239 days Supreme Military Council 8 General Ibrahim Babangida ( 1941 -- ) 27 August 1985 26 August 1993 ( resigned . ) 7003292100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days Armed Forces Ruling Council Third Republic ( 1993 ) ( edit ) The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution . The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989 , when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida ( IBB ) , the military Head of State , promised to terminate military rule by 1990 -- a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993 . IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989 , and his government established two political parties : the center - right National Republican Convention ( NRC ) and the center - left Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991 , while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 -- due to political unrest . M.K.O. Abiola , a wealthy Yoruba businessman , won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm . President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 9 Ernest Shonekan ( 1936 -- ) 26 August 1993 17 November 1993 ( deposed . ) 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 days Independent Military rule ( 1993 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government . Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration 10 General Sani Abacha ( 1943 -- 1998 ) 17 November 1993 8 June 1998 ( died in office . ) 7003166400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 203 days Provisional Ruling Council 11 General Abdulsalami Abubakar ( 1942 -- ) 8 June 1998 29 May 1999 ( resigned . ) 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 days Provisional Ruling Council Fourth Nigerian Republic ( edit ) Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria , the President is head of both state and government . The President is elected by for a four - year term . In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President . Status Denotes Vice President acting as President President Term of office Political party ( at time of election ) No Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration 12 Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days People 's Democratic Party 13 Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ( 1951 -- 2010 ) 29 May 2007 5 May 2010 ( died in office . ) 7003107200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 341 days People 's Democratic Party 14 Goodluck Jonathan ( 1957 -- ) 5 May 2010 29 May 2015 7003185100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 25 days People 's Democratic Party 15 Muhammadu Buhari ( 1942 -- ) 29 May 2015 Incumbent 7002855000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 124 days All Progressives Congress Living former heads of state ( edit ) Name Term / Reign Office Date of birth Elizabeth II 1952 -- 1961 Queen of Nigeria ( 1926 - 04 - 21 ) April 21 , 1926 ( age 91 ) Yakubu Gowon 1966 -- 1975 Military ruler ( 1934 - 10 - 19 ) October 19 , 1934 ( age 82 ) Olusegun Obasanjo 1976 -- 1979 1999 -- 2007 Military ruler President of Nigeria ( 1937 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1937 ( age 80 ) Shehu Shagari 1979 -- 1983 President of Nigeria ( 1925 - 02 - 25 ) February 25 , 1925 ( age 92 ) Ibrahim Babangida 1985 -- 1993 Military ruler ( 1941 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Ernest Shonekan President of Nigeria ( 1936 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1936 ( age 81 ) Abdulsalami Abubakar 1998 -- 1999 Military ruler ( 1942 - 06 - 13 ) June 13 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Goodluck Jonathan 2010 -- 2015 President of Nigeria ( 1957 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1957 ( age 59 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Past Presidents & Heads of State '' . StateHouse , Federal Republic of Nigeria . Jump up ^ Goodluck Jonathan was Acting President from 9 February to 5 May 2010 External links ( edit ) State House of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Heads of State of Nigeria Queen ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Elizabeth II President of the First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) Azikiwe Military regime ( 1966 -- 1979 ) Aguiyi - Ironsi Gowon Mohammed Obasanjo President of the Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Shehu Shagari Military regime ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Buhari Babangida Shonekan ( interim ) * Abacha Abubakar President of the Fourth Republic ( from 1999 ) Obasanjo Yar'Adua Jonathan Buhari * civilian ; headed transition to abortive Third Republic Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nigeria&oldid=792304679 '' Categories : Government of Nigeria Lists of political office - holders in Nigeria Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Latviešu Norsk Occitan Suomi Svenska Türkçe Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 19 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Head of State Term of Office Military No Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Duration Major - General Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi ( 1924 -- 1966 ) 16 January 1966 12 July 1966 ( assassinated . ) 7002177000000000000 ♠ 177 days Federal Military Government General Yakubu Gowon ( 1934 -- ) 1 August 1966 29 July 1975 ( deposed . ) 7003328400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 362 days Federal Military Government General Murtala Mohammed ( 1938 -- 1976 ) 29 July 1975 13 February 1976 ( assassinated . ) 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 days Federal Military Government 5 Major - General Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1937 -- ) 13 February 1976 1 October 1979 ( resigned . ) 7003135400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 258 days Federal Military Government

Man of the Woods tour - wikipedia Man of the Woods tour 2018 Justin Timberlake tour Man of the Woods Tour Tour by Justin Timberlake Associated album Man of the Woods Start date March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) End date January 31 , 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 31 ) Legs No. of shows 85 in North America 27 in Europe 112 in total Justin Timberlake concert chronology The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) Man of the Woods Tour ( 2018 -- 19 ) The Man of the Woods Tour is the sixth and current headlining concert tour by American singer Justin Timberlake . It is in support of his fifth studio album Man of the Woods ( 2018 ) . The tour began on March 13 , 2018 , in Toronto , Canada and is scheduled to end January 31 , 2019 , in New York City . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Show 2 Commercial performance 3 Critical reception 4 Setlist 5 Tour dates 6 Notes 7 References Background ( edit ) The tour was first announced in January 2018 , and due to demand additional dates were released soon after . On February 5 , 2018 , the day following Timberlake 's Super Bowl LII halftime show , Timberlake announced European tour dates , as well as second and third North American tour dates . Timberlake will tour Europe after the first North American leg , then will tour North America again starting in the fall . The third North American leg will begin in January 2019 . Show ( edit ) During a portion of the concert , Timberlake and his band the `` Tennessee Kids '' sing around a campfire . The `` Stage Bar '' VIP Experience on the tour includes a bar near the center stage , and a drink ticket . A disco dance floor is near the stage , where Timberlake performs `` Rock Your Body '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In May 2018 , Billboard reported grosses totalling $36.6 million from the first five weeks , with 255,780 attendees at 16 shows , thus reaching number one on the magazine 's weekly ranking Hot Tours . The magazine expects the tour to reach a total of $275 million and 2 million attendees by the time it concludes . Timberlake 's sold - out Orlando concert on May 14 was the highest - grossing , single - day concert in Amway Center history with $2,387,112 and 17,839 attendees . As of August 2018 , The Man of the Woods Tour has grossed over $125 million . Timberlake 's September 20 night concert at Rupp Arena grossed $2 million , making it the highest - grossing one - night concert in the arena 's history , besting the previous record set by the Eagles , which grossed $1.8 million in June 2015 . Critical reception ( edit ) Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids performing in Miami . Toronto Star journalist Nick Krewen , who attended the opening date , gave it a score of four - out - of - four , writing `` ( the ) stellar tour kickoff delivers the hits and the spectacle ... Even with some of the most elaborate , sophisticated visual technology available at his disposal , pop superstar Justin Timberlake managed to have his campfire moment at the Air Canada Centre Tuesday night . With a literal campfire . '' Chicago Tribune 's Bob Gendron , who attended the show at the United Center , praised the spectacle and said `` Parade leader . Spurned lover . Assertive dancer . Down - on - his - knees relationship savior . Bartender who handed shots out to his large ensemble . Outdoors lover who gathered around a campfire to play familiar songs . Timberlake embraced an array of roles , blurring the lines between entertainer , singer and actor . '' Adam Graham of the Detroit News wrote it `` was an engrossing spectacle that turned the arena into his personal wooded playland ; no concert artist has come close to using Little Caesars Arena 's space this creatively , save for perhaps Lady Gaga . ( ... ) Timberlake was cool and commanding , taking the stage in a jean jacket and track pants and still looking like he owned the place . '' Graham also praised Timberlake 's band the Tennessee Kids , `` ( they ) became his own E Street Band -- there were times , especially when the band turned around and played to the fans at the back of the arena , that the show recalled a Bruce Springsteen concert . '' For GQ , Alim Kheraj , after attending the concert at London 's O2 Arena , deemed Timberlake `` one of the greatest live performers of all time . '' He considered `` Timberlake and the Man of the Woods Tour has as its secret weapon : captivation . With more than two decades of experience in the entertainment industry , he knows how to maintain an audience 's attention , how to mould them so they 're pumped at his signals and ( mostly ) when to take his foot off the accelerator . ( ... ) Similarly , unlike a legacy artist , his show is still exciting , carefully crafted to bring fans the best in audio - visual technology while ensuring that , musically , things line up too . '' Timberlake on stage in February 2018 . Franklin Soults of The Boston Globe described the first half of the show as `` ritzy glamour , '' with the `` undercut with casual outfits and attitudes that made the extravaganza feel almost relaxed , like a professional athlete 's seemingly effortless performance during a career - topping late season . '' Despite describing the sing - along around the campfire as `` clumsy , '' he did believe that Timberlake won the crowd back towards the end of the show . The Oakland Press ' Gary Graff said `` You 'd be hard - pressed to find a production that makes full use of an arena in as complete a way as Timberlake is doing '' and opined `` the whole affair was tightly choreographed to appear precision at times , loose and improvisational at others . Timberlake and company were best when they were at their funkiest . '' Peter Larsen in Daily Breeze said in his review that Timberlake delivered `` with swagger and style in a terrific night at the Forum , '' and noted the opening act The Shadowboxers `` surely won over many with their energetic performance . '' Jimmie Tramel of Tulsa World said Timberlake brought `` cool factor '' to BOK Center , and noted his `` appeal is such that among those spotted walking into the arena was state senator and former University of Tulsa football coach David Rader . '' Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic said `` there were plenty of breathtaking nature scenes projected on the scrims that dotted the arena , '' while `` it felt more like a night at the club in downtown Phoenix than a trip to Payson , '' about Timberlake he commented , `` he 's only gotten better , as he proved repeatedly in the course of a heavily choreographed performance . His sense of showmanship has also gotten stronger through the years . '' Setlist ( edit ) The following set list is from the show on March 13 , 2018 , in Toronto . It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour . `` Filthy '' `` Midnight Summer Jam '' `` LoveStoned '' `` SexyBack '' `` Man of the Woods '' `` Higher Higher '' `` Señorita '' `` Suit & Tie '' ( contains elements of `` Sho Nuff '' ) `` SoulMate '' ( European leg only ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Mirrors '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Flannel '' ( cut from the set after August 2 , 2018 ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` Dreams '' / `` Ex-Factor '' / `` Come Together '' / `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' ( each sung by a backup singer ) `` Morning Light '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Say Something '' `` Montana '' `` Summer Love '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Supplies '' `` Like I Love You '' ( added to the set on March 28 , 2018 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Notes On May 9 , 2018 , during the concert in Nashville , Chris Stapleton joined Timberlake on stage to perform `` Tennessee Whiskey '' Tour dates ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening act , tickets sold , amount of available tickets , and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue Leg 1 -- North America March 13 , 2018 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre Francesco Yates 32,142 / 32,142 $3,463,128 March 15 , 2018 March 18 , 2018 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena The Shadowboxers 16,274 / 16,274 $2,809,918 March 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden 17,288 / 17,288 $2,867,064 March 25 , 2018 Newark Prudential Center 15,645 / 15,645 $2,390,462 March 27 , 2018 Chicago United Center 33,006 / 33,006 $5,304,255 March 28 , 2018 March 31 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena 18,237 / 18,237 $2,504,220 April 2 , 2018 Detroit Little Caesars Arena 17,131 / 17,131 $2,246,777 April 4 , 2018 Boston TD Garden 30,976 / 30,976 $4,604,928 April 5 , 2018 April 8 , 2018 Montreal Canada Bell Centre Francesco Yates 29,726 / 29,726 $3,200,799 April 9 , 2018 April 12 , 2018 Salt Lake City United States Vivint Smart Home Arena The Shadowboxers 14,862 / 14,862 $2,098,916 April 14 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena 30,493 / 30,493 $5,113,319 April 15 , 2018 April 24 , 2018 San Jose SAP Center 31,221 / 31,221 $4,385,706 April 25 , 2018 April 28 , 2018 Inglewood The Forum 33,242 / 33,242 $4,901,470 April 29 , 2018 May 2 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena 16,288 / 16,288 $2,319,640 May 5 , 2018 Tulsa BOK Center 17,162 / 17,162 $2,464,710 May 7 , 2018 Columbus Nationwide Arena 17,687 / 17,687 $2,579,208 May 9 , 2018 Nashville Bridgestone Arena 16,055 / 16,055 $2,551,016 May 11 , 2018 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 12,149 / 12,149 $2,194,486 May 14 , 2018 Orlando Amway Center 16,208 / 16,208 $2,387,113 May 15 , 2018 Tampa Amalie Arena N / A N / A May 18 , 2018 Miami American Airlines Arena 15,126 / 15,126 $2,113,415 May 19 , 2018 Sunrise BB&T Center 16,369 / 16,369 $2,361,871 May 23 , 2018 Houston Toyota Center 29,926 / 29,926 $4,452,950 May 25 , 2018 May 27 , 2018 Dallas American Airlines Center 33,482 / 33,482 $4,898,488 May 28 , 2018 May 30 , 2018 Memphis FedExForum 14,594 / 14,594 $2,148,372 June 1 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 17,074 / 17,074 $2,340,659 June 2 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 17,303 / 17,303 $2,668,122 Leg 2 -- Europe July 3 , 2018 Paris France AccorHotels Arena The Shadowboxers 26,047 / 26,047 $2,110,303 July 4 , 2018 July 7 , 2018 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 7,686 / 10,232 $853,601 July 9 , 2018 London England The O Arena 32,312 / 35,322 $3,991,280 July 11 , 2018 July 13 , 2018 Mannheim Germany SAP Arena 10,476 / 10,476 $1,030,776 July 15 , 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome 15,064 / 15,064 $1,724,273 July 17 , 2018 Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis 34,819 / 34,819 $3,191,467 July 18 , 2018 July 21 , 2018 Cologne Germany Lanxess Arena 30,638 / 30,638 $3,333,404 July 22 , 2018 July 31 , 2018 Stockholm Sweden Friends Arena 23,303 / 23,303 $1,818,015 August 2 , 2018 Oslo Norway Telenor Arena 15,409 / 15,409 $1,235,128 August 4 , 2018 Copenhagen Denmark Royal Arena 26,234 / 26,234 $3,307,944 August 5 , 2018 August 8 , 2018 Hamburg Germany Barclaycard Arena 23,654 / 23,654 $2,424,597 August 9 , 2018 August 12 , 2018 Berlin Mercedes - Benz Arena Bazzi 27,022 / 27,022 $2,761,779 August 13 , 2018 August 16 , 2018 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 12,380 / 12,380 $1,622,406 August 18 , 2018 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle 13,363 / 13,363 $1,486,731 August 20 , 2018 Frankfurt Germany Festhalle 22,226 / 22,226 $2,407,113 August 21 , 2018 August 24 , 2018 Arnhem Netherlands GelreDome 34,497 / 34,497 $3,395,152 August 25 , 2018 Amsterdam Ziggo Dome 15,658 / 15,658 $1,711,716 August 27 , 2018 Birmingham England Arena Birmingham 11,383 / 11,383 $965,879 August 29 , 2018 Manchester Manchester Arena 13,859 / 13,859 $1,281,565 Leg 3 -- North America September 19 , 2018 Lexington United States Rupp Arena TBA 17,342 / 17,342 $2,017,287 September 21 , 2018 Milwaukee Fiserv Forum -- -- September 25 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena -- -- September 28 , 2018 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center -- -- September 29 , 2018 October 2 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena -- -- October 5 , 2018 Chicago United Center -- -- October 9 , 2018 Toronto Canada Scotiabank Arena -- -- October 11 , 2018 Ottawa Canadian Tire Centre -- -- October 13 , 2018 Quebec City Videotron Centre -- -- October 15 , 2018 University Park United States Bryce Jordan Center -- -- October 18 , 2018 Boston TD Garden -- -- October 20 , 2018 Albany Times Union Center -- -- October 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- November 4 , 2018 Edmonton Canada Rogers Place -- -- November 5 , 2018 November 8 , 2018 Vancouver Rogers Arena -- -- November 9 , 2018 November 12 , 2018 Tacoma United States Tacoma Dome -- -- November 13 , 2018 November 16 , 2018 Portland Moda Center -- -- November 18 , 2018 Sacramento Golden 1 Center -- -- November 20 , 2018 Anaheim Honda Center -- -- November 27 , 2018 Los Angeles Staples Center -- -- November 29 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena -- -- December 1 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena -- -- December 3 , 2018 Fresno Save Mart Center -- -- December 5 , 2018 Oakland Oracle Arena -- -- December 8 , 2018 Omaha CHI Health Center Omaha -- -- December 10 , 2018 Kansas City Sprint Center -- -- December 13 , 2018 St. Louis Enterprise Center -- -- December 14 , 2018 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse -- -- December 17 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center -- -- December 19 , 2018 Buffalo KeyBank Center -- -- December 21 , 2018 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena -- -- December 22 , 2018 Leg 4 -- North America January 4 , 2019 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena TBA -- -- January 6 , 2019 Raleigh PNC Arena -- -- January 8 , 2019 Charlotte Spectrum Center -- -- January 10 , 2019 Atlanta State Farm Arena -- -- January 12 , 2019 Memphis FedExForum -- -- January 15 , 2019 New Orleans Smoothie King Center -- -- January 17 , 2019 North Little Rock Verizon Arena -- -- January 19 , 2019 San Antonio AT&T Center -- -- January 22 , 2019 Houston Toyota Center -- -- January 24 , 2019 Dallas American Airlines Center -- -- January 26 , 2019 Oklahoma City Chesapeake Energy Arena -- -- January 28 , 2019 Denver Pepsi Center -- -- January 31 , 2019 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- Total -- -- Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The show on October 11 , 2018 at Canadian Tire Centre in Ottawa was originally scheduled to take place on October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The show on October 22 , 2018 at Madison Square Garden in New York City was originally scheduled to take place on March 21 , 2018 , but was postponed due to severe weather conditions . Jump up ^ The show on December 19 , 2018 at KeyBank Center in Buffalo was originally scheduled to take place on October 28 , 2018 , but was postponed due to Timberlake suffering from bruised vocal chords . Jump up ^ The show on January 28 , 2019 at Pepsi Centre in Denver was originally scheduled to take place on January 29 , 2019 . Jump up ^ The show on January 31 , 2019 at Madison Square Garden in New York City was originally scheduled to take place on October 24 , 2018 , but was postponed due to damaged vocal cords . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sands , Sarah Michaud . `` Bringing Sexy Back ! Justin Timberlake Announces The Man of the Woods Tour After Releasing New Single -- Get the Dates '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Due To Demand , Justin Timberlake Adds Ten New Dates To The Man Of The Woods Tour '' . Benzinga . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Harding , Laura ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake announces Scottish tour date after Super Bowl performance '' . dailyrecord . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Timberlake Extends was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Five Highlights From Justin Timberlake 's Opening Night of the Man of the Woods Tour '' . billboard . Jump up ^ Allen , Bob ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Man of the Woods Tour : $37 Million Earned , And Counting '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amway Center makes history with Justin Timberlake concert '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ http://www.venuesnow.com/news/detail/timberlake Jump up ^ Musgrave , Beth ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Rupp concert sets one - night record . But he 's about to be beat by a Beatle '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake 's stellar tour kickoff delivers the hits and the spectacle '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake embraces array of roles at United Center '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Review : Timberlake is the ' Man ' at Little Caesars Arena '' . Detroit News . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake is one of the greatest live performers of all time '' . GQ . Jump up ^ Soults , Franklin ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` JT steps in and out of the woods at the Garden '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake sets the Woods on fire at Little Caesars '' . The Oakland Press . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake delivers with swagger and style in a terrific night at the Forum '' . Daily Breeze . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake brings cool factor , fans to BOK Center for Man of the Woods tour stop '' . Tulsa World . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake ' Man of the Woods ' tour brings sexy back to downtown Phoenix '' . The Arizona Republic . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Five Highlights From Justin Timberlake 's Opening Night of the Man of the Woods TourT '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ McKenna , Brittney ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` See Justin Timberlake , Chris Stapleton 's Nashville Reunion for ' Tennessee Whiskey ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Boxscore : `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2018 . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Shadowboxers Will Open for Justin Timberlake on Select European Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` New Date Alert '' . Canadian Tire Centre . February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC MySpace Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Spin the Wheel Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_of_the_Woods_Tour&oldid=866320266 '' Categories : 2018 concert tours 2019 concert tours Justin Timberlake concert tours Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with broken reference names Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 17 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening act , tickets sold , amount of available tickets , and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue Leg 1 -- North America March 13 , 2018 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre Francesco Yates 32,142 / 32,142 $3,463,128 March 15 , 2018 March 18 , 2018 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena The Shadowboxers 16,274 / 16,274 $2,809,918 March 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden 17,288 / 17,288 $2,867,064 March 25 , 2018 Newark Prudential Center 15,645 / 15,645 $2,390,462 March 27 , 2018 Chicago United Center 33,006 / 33,006 $5,304,255 March 28 , 2018 March 31 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena 18,237 / 18,237 $2,504,220 April 2 , 2018 Detroit Little Caesars Arena 17,131 / 17,131 $2,246,777 April 4 , 2018 Boston TD Garden 30,976 / 30,976 $4,604,928 April 5 , 2018 April 8 , 2018 Montreal Canada Bell Centre Francesco Yates 29,726 / 29,726 $3,200,799 April 9 , 2018 April 12 , 2018 Salt Lake City United States Vivint Smart Home Arena The Shadowboxers 14,862 / 14,862 $2,098,916 April 14 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena 30,493 / 30,493 $5,113,319 April 15 , 2018 April 24 , 2018 San Jose SAP Center 31,221 / 31,221 $4,385,706 April 25 , 2018 April 28 , 2018 Inglewood The Forum 33,242 / 33,242 $4,901,470 April 29 , 2018 May 2 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena 16,288 / 16,288 $2,319,640 May 5 , 2018 Tulsa BOK Center 17,162 / 17,162 $2,464,710 May 7 , 2018 Columbus Nationwide Arena 17,687 / 17,687 $2,579,208 May 9 , 2018 Nashville Bridgestone Arena 16,055 / 16,055 $2,551,016 May 11 , 2018 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 12,149 / 12,149 $2,194,486 May 14 , 2018 Orlando Amway Center 16,208 / 16,208 $2,387,113 May 15 , 2018 Tampa Amalie Arena N / A N / A May 18 , 2018 Miami American Airlines Arena 15,126 / 15,126 $2,113,415 May 19 , 2018 Sunrise BB&T Center 16,369 / 16,369 $2,361,871 May 23 , 2018 Houston Toyota Center 29,926 / 29,926 $4,452,950 May 25 , 2018 May 27 , 2018 Dallas American Airlines Center 33,482 / 33,482 $4,898,488 May 28 , 2018 May 30 , 2018 Memphis FedExForum 14,594 / 14,594 $2,148,372 June 1 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 17,074 / 17,074 $2,340,659 June 2 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 17,303 / 17,303 $2,668,122 Leg 2 -- Europe July 3 , 2018 Paris France AccorHotels Arena The Shadowboxers 26,047 / 26,047 $2,110,303 July 4 , 2018 July 7 , 2018 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 7,686 / 10,232 $853,601 July 9 , 2018 London England The O Arena 32,312 / 35,322 $3,991,280 July 11 , 2018 July 13 , 2018 Mannheim Germany SAP Arena 10,476 / 10,476 $1,030,776 July 15 , 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome 15,064 / 15,064 $1,724,273 July 17 , 2018 Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis 34,819 / 34,819 $3,191,467 July 18 , 2018 July 21 , 2018 Cologne Germany Lanxess Arena 30,638 / 30,638 $3,333,404 July 22 , 2018 July 31 , 2018 Stockholm Sweden Friends Arena 23,303 / 23,303 $1,818,015 August 2 , 2018 Oslo Norway Telenor Arena 15,409 / 15,409 $1,235,128 August 4 , 2018 Copenhagen Denmark Royal Arena 26,234 / 26,234 $3,307,944 August 5 , 2018 August 8 , 2018 Hamburg Germany Barclaycard Arena 23,654 / 23,654 $2,424,597 August 9 , 2018 August 12 , 2018 Berlin Mercedes - Benz Arena Bazzi 27,022 / 27,022 $2,761,779 August 13 , 2018 August 16 , 2018 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 12,380 / 12,380 $1,622,406 August 18 , 2018 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle 13,363 / 13,363 $1,486,731 August 20 , 2018 Frankfurt Germany Festhalle 22,226 / 22,226 $2,407,113 August 21 , 2018 August 24 , 2018 Arnhem Netherlands GelreDome 34,497 / 34,497 $3,395,152 August 25 , 2018 Amsterdam Ziggo Dome 15,658 / 15,658 $1,711,716 August 27 , 2018 Birmingham England Arena Birmingham 11,383 / 11,383 $965,879 August 29 , 2018 Manchester Manchester Arena 13,859 / 13,859 $1,281,565 Leg 3 -- North America September 19 , 2018 Lexington United States Rupp Arena TBA 17,342 / 17,342 $2,017,287 September 21 , 2018 Milwaukee Fiserv Forum -- -- September 25 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena -- -- September 28 , 2018 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center -- -- September 29 , 2018 October 2 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena -- -- October 5 , 2018 Chicago United Center -- -- October 9 , 2018 Toronto Canada Scotiabank Arena -- -- October 11 , 2018 Ottawa Canadian Tire Centre -- -- October 13 , 2018 Quebec City Videotron Centre -- -- October 15 , 2018 University Park United States Bryce Jordan Center -- -- October 18 , 2018 Boston TD Garden -- -- October 20 , 2018 Albany Times Union Center -- -- October 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- November 4 , 2018 Edmonton Canada Rogers Place -- -- November 5 , 2018 November 8 , 2018 Vancouver Rogers Arena -- -- November 9 , 2018 November 12 , 2018 Tacoma United States Tacoma Dome -- -- November 13 , 2018 November 16 , 2018 Portland Moda Center -- -- November 18 , 2018 Sacramento Golden 1 Center -- -- November 20 , 2018 Anaheim Honda Center -- -- November 27 , 2018 Los Angeles Staples Center -- -- November 29 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena -- -- December 1 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena -- -- December 3 , 2018 Fresno Save Mart Center -- -- December 5 , 2018 Oakland Oracle Arena -- -- December 8 , 2018 Omaha CHI Health Center Omaha -- -- December 10 , 2018 Kansas City Sprint Center -- -- December 13 , 2018 St. Louis Enterprise Center -- -- December 14 , 2018 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse -- -- December 17 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center -- -- December 19 , 2018 Buffalo KeyBank Center -- -- December 21 , 2018 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena -- -- December 22 , 2018 Leg 4 -- North America January 4 , 2019 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena TBA -- -- January 6 , 2019 Raleigh PNC Arena -- -- January 8 , 2019 Charlotte Spectrum Center -- -- January 10 , 2019 Atlanta State Farm Arena -- -- January 12 , 2019 Memphis FedExForum -- -- January 15 , 2019 New Orleans Smoothie King Center -- -- January 17 , 2019 North Little Rock Verizon Arena -- -- January 19 , 2019 San Antonio AT&T Center -- -- January 22 , 2019 Houston Toyota Center -- -- January 24 , 2019 Dallas American Airlines Center -- -- January 26 , 2019 Oklahoma City Chesapeake Energy Arena -- -- January 28 , 2019 Denver Pepsi Center -- -- January 31 , 2019 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- Total -- --

2018 Little League World Series - wikipedia 2018 Little League World Series 2018 Little League World Series Dates August 16 -- August 26 Teams participating 16 Champion Honolulu Little League , Honolulu , Hawaii Runner - up South Seoul Little League , Seoul , South Korea ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Little League World Series was held from August 16 to August 26 at the Little League headquarters complex in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . Eight teams from the United States and eight teams from around the world competed in the 72nd edition of the tournament . Honolulu Little League of Honolulu , Hawaii defeated South Seoul Little League of Seoul , South Korea in the championship by a 3 -- 0 score . It was the third championship for a team from Hawaii , having won previously in 2005 and 2008 . Contents 1 Teams 2 Results 2.1 United States bracket 2.2 International bracket 2.3 Consolation games 2.4 Third place game 2.5 World Championship 3 Champions path 4 MLB Little League Classic 5 References Teams ( edit ) Further information : 2018 Little League World Series qualification Regional qualifying tournaments were held between June and August 2018 . United States International Grosse Pointe Woods , Michigan Great Lakes Region Grosse Pointe Woods - Shores Little League Seoul , South Korea Asia - Pacific and Middle East Region South Seoul Little League Staten Island , New York Mid-Atlantic Region Mid-Island Little League Gold Coast , Queensland Australia Region Gold Coast Little League Des Moines , Iowa Midwest Region Grandview Little League Surrey , British Columbia Canada Region Whalley Little League Coventry , Rhode Island New England Region Coventry Little League Guayama , Puerto Rico Caribbean Region Radames López Little League Coeur d'Alene , Idaho Northwest Region Coeur d'Alene Little League Barcelona , Spain Europe and Africa Region Catalunya Little League Peachtree City , Georgia Southeast Region Peachtree City American Little League Kawaguchi , Saitama Japan Region Kawaguchi Little League Houston , Texas Southwest Region Post Oak Little League Arraiján , Panama Latin America Region Vacamonte Little League Honolulu , Hawaii West Region Honolulu Little League Matamoros , Tamaulipas Mexico Region Matamoros A.C. Little League Results ( edit ) Further information : 2018 Little League World Series results The draw to determine the opening round pairings took place on June 14 , 2018 . United States bracket ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 2 New York 5 August 19 -- Game 14 Iowa New York August 16 -- Game 4 Texas Rhode Island August 22 -- Game 24 ( F / 5 ) Texas New York 0 August 17 -- Game 6 Hawaii 10 Michigan 5 August 19 -- Game 16 Idaho Michigan August 17 -- Game 8 ( F / 11 ) Hawaii 8 Georgia 0 Hawaii August 25 -- U.S. championship Hawaii August 18 -- Game 10 Georgia 0 Iowa 9 August 20 -- Game 18 Rhode Island 5 Michigan 5 Iowa August 22 -- Game 22 Michigan August 18 -- Game 12 Georgia Idaho 0 August 20 -- Game 20 ( F / 9 ) Georgia Texas 6 Georgia 7 August 23 -- Game 26 New York Georgia 7 International bracket ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 1 ( F / 9 ) Puerto Rico August 19 -- Game 13 South Korea South Korea 5 August 16 -- Game 3 Mexico Mexico August 22 -- Game 23 ( F / 4 ) Australia South Korea 10 August 17 -- Game 5 ( F / 5 ) Japan 0 Spain August 19 -- Game 15 Japan 11 Japan August 17 -- Game 7 Panama Panama 8 Canada August 25 -- International championship South Korea August 18 -- Game 9 Japan Puerto Rico 6 August 20 -- Game 17 Australia 0 Panama Puerto Rico August 22 -- Game 21 Puerto Rico 9 August 18 -- Game 11 ( F / 10 ) Canada Spain August 20 -- Game 19 Canada Mexico Canada 6 August 23 -- Game 25 Japan Puerto Rico 0 Consolation games ( edit ) Teams that lose their first two games get to play a consolation game against a team from the other side of the bracket that also lost its first two games . These games are labeled Game A and Game B . Game A August 20 -- Lamade Stadium ( F / 4 ) Rhode Island 15 Australia 0 Game B August 23 -- Lamade Stadium Idaho 5 Spain 0 Third place game ( edit ) This consolation game is played between the runner - up of the United States championship and the runner - up of the International championship . Third place game August 26 -- Lamade Stadium Georgia Japan 8 World Championship ( edit ) Little League World Championship August 26 -- Lamade Stadium South Korea 0 Hawaii 2018 Little League World Series Champions Honolulu Little League Honolulu , Hawai ʻi Champions path ( edit ) The Honolulu LL reached the LLWS with an undefeated record in seven games . In total , their record was 12 -- 0 . Round Opposition Result Hawai ʻi State Tournament Winner 's Bracket Semifinals Waipi ʻo LL 4 -- 2 ( F / 7 ) Winner 's Bracket Final Hilo LL 5 -- 4 Finals Waipi ʻo LL 11 -- 0 ( F / 4 ) West Regional Tournament Winner 's Bracket Opening Round Sunnyside LL 7 -- 3 Winner 's Bracket Semifinal Dixie LL 8 -- 2 Semifinal Silverado LL 5 -- 1 Finals Tri-City LL 11 -- 2 MLB Little League Classic ( edit ) Main article : 2018 MLB Little League Classic On September 29 , 2017 , Major League Baseball announced that the second MLB Little League Classic would be played on August 19 , 2018 , between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies . The game was again played at BB&T Ballpark at Historic Bowman Field , with the Mets winning , 8 -- 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dates Announced for the 2018 Little League World Series Tournaments '' . littleleague.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Honolulu wins 2018 Little League World Series Championship '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser. 2018 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Little League World Series Schedule Announced '' . littleleague.org . Little League International . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2018 LLBWS PDF Bracket Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Tournament Results '' . Unpage.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Phils , Mets to play in MLB Little League Classic '' . Major League Baseball . MLB.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mets vs. Phillies '' . ESPN . August 19 , 2018 . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Little League World Series Broadcasters World Series 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 2018 2019 Results 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Qualification 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Regions United States Great Lakes Mid-Atlantic Midwest New England Northwest Southeast Southwest West International Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Canada Caribbean Europe and Africa Japan Latin America Mexico Middle East - Africa ( defunct ) Venues Howard J. Lamade Stadium Little League Volunteer Stadium Related MLB Little League Classic ( 2017 , 2018 , 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Little_League_World_Series&oldid=856749158 '' Categories : 2018 Little League World Series Little League World Series 2018 in baseball 2018 in sports in Pennsylvania August 2018 sports events in the United States 2018 in sports in Texas 2018 in Japanese sport Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 08 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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United States International Grosse Pointe Woods , Michigan Great Lakes Region Grosse Pointe Woods - Shores Little League Seoul , South Korea Asia - Pacific and Middle East Region South Seoul Little League Staten Island , New York Mid-Atlantic Region Mid-Island Little League Gold Coast , Queensland Australia Region Gold Coast Little League Des Moines , Iowa Midwest Region Grandview Little League Surrey , British Columbia Canada Region Whalley Little League Coventry , Rhode Island New England Region Coventry Little League Guayama , Puerto Rico Caribbean Region Radames López Little League Coeur d'Alene , Idaho Northwest Region Coeur d'Alene Little League Barcelona , Spain Europe and Africa Region Catalunya Little League Peachtree City , Georgia Southeast Region Peachtree City American Little League Kawaguchi , Saitama Japan Region Kawaguchi Little League Houston , Texas Southwest Region Post Oak Little League Arraiján , Panama Latin America Region Vacamonte Little League Honolulu , Hawaii West Region Honolulu Little League Matamoros , Tamaulipas Mexico Region Matamoros A.C. Little League

Premier League - wikipedia Premier League This article is about the English association football league . For other uses , see Premier League ( disambiguation ) . Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 ; 26 years ago ( 1992 - 02 - 20 ) Country England ( 19 teams ) Other club ( s ) from Wales ( 1 team ) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup ( s ) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup ( s ) EFL Cup International cup ( s ) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City ( 3rd title ) ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most championships Manchester United ( 13 titles ) Most appearances Gareth Barry ( 653 ) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer ( 260 goals ) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport ( live matches ) Sky Sports and BBC ( highlights ) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League The Premier League is the top level of the English football league system . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League ( EFL ) . The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders . Seasons run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches ( playing each other home and away ) . Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons . It is often known outside England as the English Premier League ( EPL ) . The competition was formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League , founded in 1888 , and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal . The deal was worth £ 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively . The league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . In 2014 -- 15 , teams were apportioned revenues of £ 1.6 billion , rising sharply to £ 2.4 billion in 2016 -- 17 . The Premier League is the most - watched sports league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people . In the 2014 -- 15 season , the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000 , second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500 . Most stadium occupancies are near capacity . The Premier League ranks third in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons , as of 2016 . Forty - nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992 . Six of them have won the title : Manchester United ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 5 ) , Arsenal ( 3 ) , Manchester City ( 3 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1 ) , and Leicester City ( 1 ) . Following the 2003 -- 04 season , Arsenal acquired the nickname `` The Invincibles '' as they became , and still remain , the only club to complete a Premier League campaign without losing a single game . The record of most points in a season is 100 by Manchester City in 2017 -- 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Foundation 1.3 `` Top Four '' dominance ( 2000s ) 1.4 Emergence of the `` Big Six '' ( 2010s ) 1.5 Development 2 Corporate structure 3 Competition format 3.1 Competition 3.2 Qualification for European competitions 3.3 Premier League clubs in international competition 3.4 Promotion and relegation 4 Clubs 4.1 Champions 4.2 2018 -- 19 season 4.3 Non-English clubs 4.3. 1 Wales 4.3. 2 Scotland and Ireland 5 Sponsorship 6 Finances 7 Media coverage 7.1 United Kingdom and Ireland 7.2 Worldwide 8 Widening gap with lower leagues 9 Stadiums 10 Managers 11 Players 11.1 Appearances 11.2 Foreign players and transfer regulations 11.3 Player wages and transfer fees 11.4 Top scorers 12 Awards 12.1 Trophy 12.2 Player and manager awards 12.3 20 Seasons Awards 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s , the late ' 80s marked a low point for English football . Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 . The Football League First Division , the top level of English football since 1888 , was behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues , and several top English players had moved abroad . By the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse : at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , England reached the semi-finals ; UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five - year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 , resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 , and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all - seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year . The 1980s also saw the major English clubs , led by the likes of Martin Edwards of Manchester United , Irving Scholar of Tottenham Hotspur and David Dein of Arsenal , beginning to be transformed into business ventures that applied commercial principles to the running of the clubs , which led to the increasing power of the elite clubs . By threatening to break away , the top clubs from Division One managed to increase their voting power , and took 50 % share of all television and sponsorship income in 1986 . Revenue from television also became more important : the Football League received £ 6.3 million for a two - year agreement in 1986 , but by 1988 , in a deal agreed with ITV , the price rose to £ 44 million over four years with the leading clubs taking 75 % of the cash . The 1988 negotiations were conducted under the threat of ten clubs leaving to form a `` super league '' , but were eventually persuaded to stay with the top clubs taking the lion share of the deal . As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose , the country 's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the influx of money into the sport . Foundation ( edit ) See also : Foundation of the Premier League In 1990 , the managing director of London Weekend Television ( LWT ) , Greg Dyke , met with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs in England ( Manchester United , Liverpool , Tottenham , Everton and Arsenal ) over a dinner . The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League . Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money . The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it ; however , the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea . The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League 's position . At the close of the 1991 season , a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall . The Founder Members Agreement , signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top - flight clubs , established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League . The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League , giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe . Although Dyke played a significant role in the creation of the Premier League , Dyke and ITV would lose out in the bidding for broadcast rights as BSkyB won with a bid of £ 304 million over five years with the BBC awarded the highlights package broadcast on Match of the Day . In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate . This meant a break - up of the 104 - year - old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three . There was no change in competition format ; the same number of teams competed in the top flight , and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted . The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 . It was composed of 22 clubs for that season . The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United . The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal , Aston Villa , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Coventry City , Crystal Palace , Everton , Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Middlesbrough , Norwich City , Nottingham Forest , Oldham Athletic , Queens Park Rangers , Sheffield United , Sheffield Wednesday , Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , and Wimbledon . Luton Town , Notts County , and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991 -- 92 season , and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season . Results of the ' Big Four ' during the 2000s Season ARS CHE LIV MUN 2000 -- 01 6 2001 -- 02 6 2002 -- 03 5 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 5 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 7 Top four 10 8 7 10 out of 10 League champions Champions League group stage Champions League third qualifying round Champions League first qualifying round Europa League or UEFA Cup `` Top four '' dominance ( 2000s ) ( edit ) One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so - called `` Top Four '' clubs : Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United . During this decade , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top - four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive , while every season during the 2000s saw the `` Big Four '' always qualifying for European competition . Arsenal went as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League . During the 2000s , only four sides outside the `` Top Four '' managed to qualify for the Champions League : Leeds United ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Newcastle United ( 2001 -- 02 and 2002 -- 03 ) , Everton ( 2004 -- 05 ) and Tottenham Hotspur ( 2009 -- 10 ) -- each occupying the final Champions League spot , with the exception of Newcastle in the 2002 -- 03 season , who finished third . In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that `` Top Four '' dominance threatened the division , `` This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world . '' Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence : `` There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you 're at the top , in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting . '' Between 2005 and 2012 , there was a Premier League representative in seven of the eight Champions League finals , with only `` Top Four '' clubs reaching that stage . Liverpool ( 2005 ) , Manchester United ( 2008 ) and Chelsea ( 2012 ) won the competition during this period , with Arsenal ( 2006 ) , Liverpool ( 2007 ) , Chelsea ( 2008 ) and Manchester United ( 2009 and 2011 ) all losing Champions League finals . Leeds United were the only non - `` Top Four '' side to reach the semi-finals of the Champions League , in the 2000 -- 01 season . Additionally , between the 1999 -- 2000 and 2009 -- 10 seasons , four Premier League sides reached UEFA Cup or Europa League finals , with only Liverpool managing to win the competition in 2001 . Arsenal ( 2000 ) , Middlesbrough ( 2006 ) and Fulham ( 2010 ) all lost their finals . Emergence of the `` Big six '' ( 2010s ) ( edit ) The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the `` Top Four '' with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis , turning the `` Big Four '' into the `` Big Six '' . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton five years prior . Criticism of the gap between an elite group of `` super clubs '' and the majority of the Premier League has continued , nevertheless , due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs . Since the continued presence of Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur at the top end of the table , no side has won consecutive Premier League titles . Manchester City won the title in the 2011 -- 12 season , becoming the first club outside the `` Big Four '' to win since Blackburn Rovers in the 1994 -- 95 season . That season also saw two of the `` Big Four '' ( Chelsea and Liverpool ) finish outside the top four places for the first time since that season . Results of the ' Big Six ' during the 2010s Season ARS CHE LIV MCI MUN TOT 2010 -- 11 6 5 2011 -- 12 6 8 2012 -- 13 7 5 2013 -- 14 7 6 2014 -- 15 6 5 2015 -- 16 10 8 5 2016 -- 17 5 6 2017 -- 18 6 5 Top four 6 5 8 5 Top six 8 7 5 8 7 8 out of 8 League champions Champions League group stage Champions League play - off round Europa League With only four UEFA Champions League qualifying places available in the league , greater competition for qualification now exists , albeit from a narrow base of six clubs . In the following five seasons after the 2011 -- 12 campaign , Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015 -- 16 season . Arsenal finished 5th in 2016 -- 17 , ending their record of 20 consecutive top - four finishes . In the 2015 -- 16 season , the top four was breached by a non-Big Six side for the first time since Everton in 2005 . Leicester City were the surprise winners of the league , qualifying for the Champions League as a result . Off the pitch , the `` Big Six '' wield financial power and influence , with these clubs arguing that they should be entitled to a greater share of revenue due to the greater stature of their clubs globally and the attractive football they aim to play . Objectors argue that the egalitarian revenue structure in the Premier League helps to maintain a competitive league which is vital for its future success . The 2016 -- 17 Deloitte Football Money League report showed the financial disparity between the `` Big Six '' and the rest of the division . All of the `` Big Six '' had revenues greater than € 350 million , with Manchester United having the largest revenue in the league at € 676.3 million . Leicester City was the closest club to the `` Big Six '' in terms of revenue , recording a figure of € 271.1 million for that season -- helped by participation in the Champions League . The eighth largest revenue generator West Ham , who did n't play in European competition , had revenues of € 213.3 million , nearly half of the fifth largest club , Liverpool ( € 424.2 million ) . Development ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League seasons The number of clubs was reduced to 20 , down from 22 , in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted . The top flight had only been expanded to 22 teams at the start of the 1991 -- 92 season -- the year prior to the formation of the Premier League . On 8 June 2006 , FIFA requested that all major European leagues , including Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga , be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007 -- 08 season . The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction . Ultimately , the 2007 -- 08 season kicked off again with 20 teams . The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007 . Corporate structure ( edit ) The Football Association Premier League Ltd ( FAPL ) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs . Each club is a shareholder , with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts . The clubs elect a chairman , chief executive , and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league . The Football Association is not directly involved in the day - to - day operations of the Premier League , but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league . The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards , who was appointed in April 1999 , and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore , appointed in November 1999 . The former chairman and chief executive , John Quinton and Peter Leaver , were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance . Rick Parry was the league 's first chief executive . The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA 's European Club Association , the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients . For the 2012 -- 13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association : Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Everton , Fulham , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur . The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee , which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League . Competition format ( edit ) Competition ( edit ) There are 20 clubs in the Premier League . During the course of a season ( from August to May ) each club plays the others twice ( a double round - robin system ) , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents ' , for a total of 38 games . Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw . No points are awarded for a loss . Teams are ranked by total points , then goal difference , and then goals scored . If still equal , teams are deemed to occupy the same position . If there is a tie for the championship , for relegation , or for qualification to other competitions , a play - off match at a neutral venue decides rank . The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the EFL Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship , together with the winner of play - offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs , are promoted in their place . Qualification for European competitions ( edit ) Arsenal against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2011 As of the 2009 -- 10 season qualification for the UEFA Champions League changed , the top four teams in the Premier League qualify for the UEFA Champions League , with the top three teams directly entering the group stage . Previously only the top two teams qualified automatically . The fourth - placed team enters the Champions League at the play - off round for non-champions and must win a two - legged knockout tie in order to enter the group stage . The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League , and the sixth and seventh - placed teams can also qualify , depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the EFL Cup . Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament ; if the winner of either the FA Cup or EFL Cup qualifies for the Champions League , then that place will go to the next - best placed finisher in the Premier League . An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005 , after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before , but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season . UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League , giving England five qualifiers . UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing . However , for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League , this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league , it would qualify at the expense of the fourth - placed team in the league . At that time , no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League . This occurred in 2012 , when Chelsea -- who had won the Champions League that summer , but finished sixth in the league -- qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur , who went into the Europa League . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 season , the Europa League champion automatically qualifies for the following season 's Champions League , and the maximum number of Champions League places for any single association has increased to five . An association with four Champions League places , such as The FA , will only earn a fifth place if a club from that association that does not qualify for the Champions League through its league wins either the Champions League or Europa League . In 2007 , the Premier League became the highest ranking European League based on the performances of English teams in European competitions over a five - year period . This broke the eight - year dominance of the Spanish league , La Liga . Premier League clubs in international competition ( edit ) Main article : Premier League clubs in international performance Between the 1992 -- 93 and the 2017 -- 18 seasons , Premier League clubs won the UEFA Champions League four times ( and had six runners - up ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with eleven wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins ; ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins . The FIFA Club World Cup ( originally called the FIFA Club World Championship ) has been won once by a Premier League club ( Manchester United in 2008 ) , with two runners - up ( Liverpool in 2005 , Chelsea in 2012 ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with six wins , Brazil 's Brasileirão with four wins , and Italy 's Serie A with two wins . Promotion and relegation ( edit ) A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and the EFL Championship . The three lowest placed teams in the Premier League are relegated to the Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship promoted to the Premier League , with an additional team promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third , fourth , fifth and sixth placed clubs . The Premier League had 22 teams when it began in 1992 , but this was reduced to the present 20 - team format in 1995 . Clubs ( edit ) Main article : List of Premier League clubs See also : All - time FA Premier League table A total of 49 clubs have played in the Premier League from its inception in 1992 , up to and including the 2018 -- 19 season . Champions ( edit ) See also : List of English football champions No . Season Champion 1992 -- 93 Manchester United 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 5 1996 -- 97 Manchester United 6 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 7 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 8 1999 -- 2000 Manchester United 9 2000 -- 01 Manchester United 10 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 11 2002 -- 03 Manchester United 12 2003 -- 04 Arsenal 13 2004 -- 05 Chelsea No . Season Champion 14 2005 -- 06 Chelsea 15 2006 -- 07 Manchester United 16 2007 -- 08 Manchester United 17 2008 -- 09 Manchester United 18 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 19 2010 -- 11 Manchester United 20 2011 -- 12 Manchester City 21 2012 -- 13 Manchester United 22 2013 -- 14 Manchester City 23 2014 -- 15 Chelsea 24 2015 -- 16 Leicester City 25 2016 -- 17 Chelsea 26 2017 -- 18 Manchester City Wins by club Club Wins Winning years Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Chelsea 5 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Manchester City 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 2018 -- 19 season ( edit ) The following 20 clubs will compete in the Premier League during the 2018 -- 19 season . Club Position in 2017 -- 18 First season in top division Seasons in top division Seasons in Premier League First season of current spell in top division Top division titles Last top division title Arsenal 6th 1904 -- 05 102 27 1919 -- 20 13 2003 -- 04 AFC Bournemouth 12th 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 0 n / a Brighton and Hove Albion 15th 1979 -- 80 6 2017 -- 18 0 n / a Burnley 7th 1888 -- 89 56 5 2016 -- 17 1959 -- 60 Cardiff City 2nd in the Championship 1921 -- 22 17 2018 -- 19 0 n / a Chelsea 5th 1907 -- 08 84 27 1989 -- 90 6 2016 -- 17 Crystal Palace 11th 1969 -- 70 19 10 2013 -- 14 0 n / a Everton 8th 1888 -- 89 116 27 1954 -- 55 9 1986 -- 87 Fulham 3rd in the Championship 1949 -- 50 26 14 2018 -- 19 0 n / a Huddersfield Town 16th 1920 -- 21 33 2017 -- 18 1923 -- 24 Leicester City 9th 1908 -- 09 50 13 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 Liverpool 4th 1894 -- 95 104 27 1962 -- 63 18 1989 -- 90 Manchester City 1st 1899 -- 1900 90 22 2002 -- 03 5 2017 -- 18 Manchester United 2nd 1892 -- 93 94 27 1975 -- 76 20 2012 -- 13 Newcastle United 10th 1898 -- 99 87 24 2017 -- 18 1926 -- 27 Southampton 17th 1966 -- 67 42 20 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Tottenham Hotspur 3rd 1909 -- 10 84 27 1978 -- 79 1960 -- 61 Watford 14th 1982 -- 83 12 6 2015 -- 16 0 n / a West Ham United 13th 1923 -- 24 61 23 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Wolverhampton Wanderers 1st in the Championship 1888 -- 89 64 5 2018 -- 19 1958 -- 59 Swansea City , Stoke City , and West Bromwich Albion were relegated to the Championship for the 2018 -- 19 season , while Wolverhampton Wanderers , Cardiff City and Fulham , as winners , runners - up and play - off final winners respectively , were promoted from the 2017 -- 18 Championship season . AFC Bournemouth , Brighton and Hove Albion , and Huddersfield Town are the only clubs to have remained in the Premier League since their first promotion , having played 4 , 2 and 2 seasons ( out of 27 ) respectively . : Founding member of the Premier League : Never been relegated from Premier League : One of the original 12 Football League teams : Club based in Wales London Bournemouth Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Cardiff City Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Wolverhampton Wanderers London teams Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Location of clubs for the 2018 -- 19 Premier League season Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Watford Greater London Premier League football clubs Non-English clubs ( edit ) See also : List of association football clubs playing in the league of another country Wales ( edit ) In 2011 , a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion . The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 . In 2012 -- 13 , Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup . The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013 -- 14 , as Cardiff City gained promotion , but they were relegated after their maiden season . Cardiff were promoted again in 2017 - 18 but the number of Welsh clubs will remain the same as Swansea City were relegated from the Premier League in the same season . Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales ( FAW ) , the question of whether clubs like Swansea should represent England or Wales in European competitions has caused long - running discussions in UEFA . Swansea took one of England 's three available places in the Europa League in 2013 -- 14 by winning the League Cup in 2012 -- 13 . The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012 , allowing them to participate . Scotland and Ireland ( edit ) Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed , but without result . The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland . Additionally , the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland 's two biggest teams , Celtic and Rangers , should or will take part in the Premier League , but nothing has come of these discussions . Sponsorship ( edit ) See also : English football sponsorship From 1993 to 2016 , the Premier League had title sponsorship rights sold to two companies , which were Carling Brewery and Barclays Bank PLC ; Barclays was the most recent title sponsor , having sponsored the Premier League from 2001 through 2016 ( until 2004 , the title sponsorship was held through its Barclaycard brand before shifting to its main banking brand in 2004 ) . Period Sponsor Name 1992 -- 1993 No sponsor FA Premier League 1993 -- 2001 Carling FA Carling Premiership 2001 -- 2004 Barclaycard FA Barclaycard Premiership 2004 -- 2007 Barclays FA Barclays Premiership 2007 -- 2016 Barclays Premier League 2016 -- No Sponsor Premier League Barclays ' deal with the Premier League expired at the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . The FA announced on 4 June 2015 that it would not pursue any further title sponsorship deals for the Premier League , arguing that they wanted to build a `` clean '' brand for the competition more in line with those of major U.S. sports leagues . As well as sponsorship for the league itself , the Premier League has a number of official partners and suppliers . The official ball supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2000 -- 01 season when they took over from Mitre . Finances ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League football club owners The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world , with total club revenues of € 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10 . In 2013 -- 14 , due to improved television revenues and cost controls , the Premier League had net profits in excess of £ 78 million , exceeding all other football leagues . In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry . The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world . Deloitte 's `` Football Money League '' listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009 -- 10 season , and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013 -- 14 season , largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue . From 2013 , the league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012 , to radical new cost controls . The two proposals consist of a break - even rule and a cap on the amount clubs can increase their wage bill by each season . With the new television deals on the horizon , momentum has been growing to find ways of preventing the majority of the cash going straight to players and agents . Central payments for the 2016 -- 17 season amounted to £ 2,398,515,773 across the 20 clubs , with each team receiving a flat participation fee of £ 35,301,989 and additional payments for TV broadcasts ( £ 1,016,690 for general UK rights to match highlights , £ 1,136,083 for each live UK broadcast of their games and £ 39,090,596 for all overseas rights ) , commercial rights ( a flat fee of £ 4,759,404 ) and a notional measure of `` merit '' which was based upon final league position . The merit component was a nominal sum of £ 1,941,609 multiplied by each finishing place , counted from the foot of the table ( e.g. , Burnley finished 16th in May 2017 , five places counting upwards , and received 5 × £ 1,941,609 = £ 9,708,045 merit payment ) . Media coverage ( edit ) See also : English football on television , List of Premier League broadcasters , and Broadcasting and the foundation of the Premier League United Kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) Matches broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland Seasons Sky Others Total 1992 -- 1997 60 -- 60 1997 -- 2001 60 60 2001 -- 2004 110 110 2004 -- 2007 138 138 2007 -- 2009 96 Setanta 42 -- 138 2009 -- 2010 96 ESPN 42 138 2010 -- 2013 115 ESPN 23 138 2013 -- 2016 116 BT 38 154 2016 -- 2019 126 42 168 2019 -- 2022 128 52 Amazon 20 200 A 2012 match between Chelsea and Norwich City . Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League . The League 's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision , but one that has paid off . At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market , as was charging fans to watch live televised football . However , a combination of Sky 's strategy , the quality of Premier League football and the public 's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League 's TV rights soar . The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis . This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs . The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this . The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs . The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £ 304 million over five seasons . The next contract , negotiated to start from the 1997 -- 98 season , rose to £ 670 million over four seasons . The third contract was a £ 1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001 -- 02 to 2003 -- 04 . The league brought in £ 320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three - year period from 2004 -- 05 to 2006 -- 07 . It sold the rights itself on a territory - by - territory basis . Sky 's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available . This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company . Sky and Setanta paid a total of £ 1.7 billion , a two - thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth . Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers . The BBC has retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons ( on Match of the Day ) for £ 171.6 million , a 63 per cent increase on the £ 105 million it paid for the previous three - year period . Sky and BT have agreed to jointly pay £ 84.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games ( that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet ) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 pm on matchday . Overseas television rights fetched £ 625 million , nearly double the previous contract . The total raised from these deals is more than £ 2.7 billion , giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £ 40 million - a-year from 2007 to 2010 . Cristiano Ronaldo preparing to take a free kick in a 2009 match between Manchester United and Liverpool . The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel , and a number of court cases have arisen as a result . An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market , but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position . In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court , who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest . The BBC 's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights , as well as other evenings when fixtures justify , will run until 2016 . Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £ 1.782 billion . On 22 June 2009 , due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £ 30 million payment to the Premier League , ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009 -- 10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 . On 13 June 2012 , the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013 -- 14 through 2015 -- 16 seasons at £ 246 million - a-year . The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £ 760 million - a-year . The total domestic rights have raised £ 3.018 billion , an increase of 70.2 % over the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 rights . The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2 % in 2015 , when Sky and BT paid a total of £ 5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018 -- 19 season . UK highlights Highlights programme Duration Channel Match of the Day 1992 -- 2001 , 2004 -- present BBC The Premiership 2001 -- 2004 ITV Between the 1998 -- 99 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , RTÉ broadcast highlights on Premier Soccer Saturday and occasionally Premier Soccer Sunday . During then between the 2004 -- 05 season and the 2006 -- 07 season , RTÉ broadcast 15 live matches on a Saturday afternoon with each match being called Premiership Live . In August 2016 , it was announced that the BBC would be creating a new magazine - style show for the Premier League entitled The Premier League Show . Worldwide ( edit ) The Premier League is the most - watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people , . The Premier League 's production arm , Premier League Productions , is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners . The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia , where it is the most widely distributed sports programme . In Australia , Optus telecommunications holds exclusive rights to the Premier League , providing live broadcasts and online access ( Fox Sports formerly held rights ) . In India , the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports . In China , the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six - year agreement that began in the 2013 -- 14 season . As of the 2013 -- 14 season , Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN , with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season . The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports . Premier League viewership has increased rapidly , with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season , up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN / ESPN2 ( 220,000 viewers ) , and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage . NBC Sports reached a six - year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $1 billion ( £ 640 million ) . Widening gap with lower leagues ( edit ) See also : Premier League -- Football League gulf There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League . Since its split with the Football League , many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues . Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues , many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League . In every season except 2001 -- 02 , 2011 -- 12 and 2017 - 18 , at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League . In 1997 -- 98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season . The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of `` parachute payments '' . Starting with the 2013 -- 14 season , these payments are in excess of £ 60 million over four seasons . Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues ( the average Premier League team receives £ 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives £ 2 million ) , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation . For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League , financial problems , including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed . Further relegations down the footballing ladder have ensued for several clubs unable to cope with the gap . Stadiums ( edit ) Main article : List of Premier League stadiums As of the 2017 -- 18 season , Premier League football has been played in 58 stadiums since the formation of the division . The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished ; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all - seater . Since the formation of the Premier League , football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities , with some clubs moving to new - build stadiums . Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished . The stadiums for the 2017 -- 18 season show a large disparity in capacity : Wembley Stadium , the temporary home of Tottenham Hotspur , has a capacity of 90,000 with Dean Court , the home of Bournemouth , having a capacity of 11,360 . The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2017 -- 18 season is 806,033 with an average capacity of 40,302 . Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs . For the 2016 -- 17 season , average attendances across the league clubs were 35,838 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,618,596 . This represents an increase of 14,712 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league 's first season ( 1992 -- 93 ) . However , during the 1992 -- 93 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report 's 1994 -- 95 deadline for all - seater stadiums . The Premier League 's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007 -- 08 season . This record was then beaten in the 2013 -- 14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million , the highest average in England 's top flight since 1950 . Managers ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League managers Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day - to - day running of the team , including the training , team selection , and player acquisition . Their influence varies from club - to - club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans . Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available , and follows the completion of the UEFA ' B ' and ' A ' Licences . The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis ( i.e. more than 12 weeks -- the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control ) . Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment . Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker ; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur . The league 's longest - serving manager was Alex Ferguson , who was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season , meaning that he was manager for all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League . Arsène Wenger is the league 's longest - serving current manager , having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996 . In the 2017 -- 18 season , 11 managers were sacked , the most recent being Alan Pardew of West Bromwich Albion . There have been several studies into the reasoning behind , and effects of , managerial sackings . Most famously , Professor Sue Bridgewater of the University of Liverpool and Dr. Bas ter Weel of the University of Amsterdam , performed two separate studies which helped to explain the statistics behind managerial sackings . Bridgewater 's study found that clubs generally sack their managers upon dropping below an average of 1 point - per - game . Winning managers Manager Club ( s ) Wins Winning years Alex Ferguson Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Arsène Wenger Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 José Mourinho Chelsea 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2014 -- 15 Kenny Dalglish Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Carlo Ancelotti Chelsea 2009 -- 10 Roberto Mancini Manchester City 2011 -- 12 Manuel Pellegrini Manchester City 2013 -- 14 Claudio Ranieri Leicester City 2015 -- 16 Antonio Conte Chelsea 2016 -- 17 Pep Guardiola Manchester City 2017 -- 18 Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson was the longest serving and most successful manager in the history of the Premier League . Current managers Nat . Name Club Appointed Time as manager Eddie Howe Bournemouth 12 October 2012 7003210300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 277 days Sean Dyche Burnley 30 October 2012 7003208500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 259 days Mauricio Pochettino Tottenham Hotspur 27 May 2014 7003151100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 50 days Chris Hughton Brighton & Hove Albion 31 December 2014 7003129300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 197 days Jürgen Klopp Liverpool 8 October 2015 7003101200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 281 days David Wagner Huddersfield Town 5 November 2015 7002984000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 253 days Slaviša Jokanović Fulham 27 December 2015 7002932000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 201 days Rafael Benítez Newcastle United 11 March 2016 7002857000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 127 days José Mourinho Manchester United 27 May 2016 7002780000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 50 days Pep Guardiola Manchester City 1 July 2016 7002745000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 15 days Neil Warnock Cardiff City 5 October 2016 7002649000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 284 days Nuno Espirito Santo Wolverhampton Wanderers 31 May 2017 7002411000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 46 days Roy Hodgson Crystal Palace 12 September 2017 7002307000000000000 ♠ 307 days Claude Puel Leicester City 25 October 2017 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 days Javi Gracia Watford 21 January 2018 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 days Mark Hughes Southampton 14 March 2018 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 days Manuel Pellegrini West Ham United 22 May 2018 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 days Unai Emery Arsenal 23 May 2018 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 days Marco Silva Everton 31 May 2018 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 days Maurizio Sarri Chelsea 14 July 2018 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 days Players ( edit ) See also : Premier League records and statistics § Player records , and List of Premier League winning players Appearances ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Most appearances Rank Player Apps Gareth Barry 653 Ryan Giggs 632 Frank Lampard 609 David James 572 5 Gary Speed 535 6 Emile Heskey 516 7 Mark Schwarzer 514 8 Jamie Carragher 508 9 Phil Neville 505 10 Steven Gerrard 504 Rio Ferdinand As of 9 May 2018 . Italicised players still playing professional football . Bolded players still playing in Premier League . Foreign players and transfer Regulations ( edit ) See also : List of foreign Premier League players and List of foreign Premier League goalscorers At the inception of the Premier League in 1992 -- 93 , just eleven players named in the starting line - ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland . By 2000 -- 01 , the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total . In the 2004 -- 05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent . On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line - up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16 - man squad for a match . By 2009 , under 40 % of the players in the Premier League were English . In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players , in 1999 , the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union . A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ' A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years . If a player does not meet those criteria , the club wishing to sign him may appeal . Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association . The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January . Player registrations can not be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA , usually on an emergency basis . As of the 2010 -- 11 season , the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25 - man squad of players aged over 21 , with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances . This was to enable the ' home grown ' rule to be enacted , whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of ' home - grown players ' . Player wages and transfer fees ( edit ) See also : Progression of British football transfer fee record There is no team or individual salary cap in the Premier League . As a result of the increasingly lucrative television deals , player wages rose sharply following the formation of the Premier League when the average player wage was £ 75,000 per year . The average salary stands at £ 1.1 million as of the 2008 -- 09 season . As of 2015 , average salaries in the Premier League are higher than for any other football league in the world . The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition . Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £ 3 million . The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking £ 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 . All three of the most expensive transfers in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling or buying end , with Juventus selling Paul Pogba to Manchester United in August 2016 for a fee of £ 89 million , Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £ 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £ 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £ 75 million in 2014 . Top scorers ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals , Top Premier League goal scorers by season , and Premier League Golden Boot Alan Shearer is the top scorer in Premier League history . As of 13 May 2018 . Rank Name Years Goals Apps Ratio Alan Shearer 1992 -- 2006 260 441 0.59 Wayne Rooney 2002 -- 2018 208 491 0.42 Andrew Cole 1992 -- 2008 187 414 0.45 Frank Lampard 1995 -- 2015 177 609 0.29 5 Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 , 2012 175 258 0.68 6 Robbie Fowler 1993 -- 2009 163 379 0.43 7 Jermain Defoe 2001 -- 2003 , 2004 -- 2014 , 2015 -- 162 492 0.33 8 Michael Owen 1996 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 13 150 326 0.46 9 Les Ferdinand 1992 -- 2005 149 351 0.42 10 Teddy Sheringham 1992 -- 2007 146 418 0.35 Italics denotes players still playing professional football , Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League . The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season . Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260 . Twenty - five players have reached the 100 - goal mark . Since the first Premier League season in 1992 -- 93 , 14 players from 10 clubs have won or shared the top scorers title . Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005 -- 06 season . Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season ( 34 ) -- for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively . Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons , having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league . Awards ( edit ) Trophy ( edit ) The Premier League trophy The gold Premier League trophy awarded to Arsenal for winning the 2003 -- 04 title without defeat The Premier League maintains two trophies -- the genuine trophy ( held by the reigning champions ) and a spare replica . Two trophies are held in the event that two clubs could win the League on the final day of the season . In the rare event that more than two clubs are vying for the title on the final day of the season -- then a replica won by a previous club is used . The current Premier League trophy was created by Royal Jewellers Asprey of London . It consists of a trophy with a golden crown and a malachite plinth base . The plinth weighs 33 pounds ( 15 kg ) and the trophy weighs 22 pounds ( 10.0 kg ) . The trophy and plinth are 76 cm ( 30 in ) tall , 43 cm ( 17 in ) wide and 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) deep . Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt , while its plinth is made of malachite , a semi-precious stone . The plinth has a silver band around its circumference , upon which the names of the title - winning clubs are listed . Malachite 's green colour is also representative of the green field of play . The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football . Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title - winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season . The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year . In 2004 , a special gold version of the trophy was commissioned to commemorate Arsenal winning the title without a single defeat . Player and manager awards ( edit ) In addition to the winner 's trophy and the individual winner 's medals awarded to players who win the title , the Premier League also issues other awards throughout the season . A man of the match award is awarded to the player who has the greatest impact in an individual match . Monthly awards are also given for the Manager of the Month , Player of the Month and Goal of the Month . These are also issued annually for Manager of the Season , Player of the Season. and Goal of the Season . The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season , The Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who make the most assists of every season and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season . From the 2017 -- 18 season , players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof . Each player to reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement . 20 seasons awards ( edit ) Further information : Premier League 20 Seasons Awards and Premier League 10 Seasons Awards In 2012 , the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards : Fantasy Team of the 20 Seasons Panel Choice : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Rio Ferdinand , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Roy Keane , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Public Vote : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Nemanja Vidić , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Steven Gerrard , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Best Manager : Sir Alex Ferguson Best Player : Ryan Giggs Most Appearances : Gareth Barry ( 652 ) Top Goalscorer : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Most Clean Sheets : David James ( 173 ) 500 Club : Steven Gerrard , Jamie Carragher , Gareth Barry , Ryan Giggs , David James , Gary Speed , Frank Lampard , Emile Heskey , and Sol Campbell . Best Goal : Wayne Rooney , 12 February 2011 , Man . United vs Man . City Best Save : Craig Gordon , 18 December 2010 , Sunderland vs Bolton Best Team : 2003 -- 04 Arsenal See also ( edit ) English football portal List of English football champions List of English Football League managers Football records in England References ( edit ) Jump up ^ When will goal - line technology be introduced ? Archived 9 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . The total number of matches can be calculated using the formula n * ( n - 1 ) where n is the total number of teams . Jump up ^ `` United ( versus Liverpool ) Nations '' . The Observer. 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` Premier League lands £ 3bn deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Soccer Leagues Get 25 % Rise in TV Rights Sales , Report Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 4 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` Premier League Payments to Clubs '' . Premier League . 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the fa premier league is owned by 20 shareholders who are

The Football Association Premier League Ltd ( FAPL ) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs . Each club is a shareholder , with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts . The clubs elect a chairman , chief executive , and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league . The Football Association is not directly involved in the day - to - day operations of the Premier League , but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league .

Greg Finley - Wikipedia Greg Finley This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Greg Finley Gregory Finley ( 1984 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Portland , Maine , United States Occupation Actor Years active 2007 - present Gregory P. Finley II ( born December 22 , 1984 ) in Portland , Maine , is an American actor , best known for his role as Jack Pappas in the teenage drama series The Secret Life of the American Teenager as well as Drake in the series Star Crossed , iZombie and Girder in The Flash . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Finley is best known for his role as Jack Pappas , on The Secret Life Of The American Teenager . In February 2010 , Finley was cast in the Dark Sky Films thriller Hypothermia , directed by James Felix McKenney . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Graduation Day Ben Chase Short film 2012 Hypothermia Stevie Cote , Jr . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Office assistant 1 episode : `` Snakes '' Cold Case Grant Hall 1 episode : `` Shuffle , Ball Change '' 2008 -- 13 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Jack Pappas Series regular 2012 House Bobby Hatcher 1 episode : `` Gut Check '' 2013 Emily Owens , M.D. Dan 1 episode : `` Emily and ... the Perfect Storm '' Necessary Roughness Joe Crabchek 1 episode : `` The Game 's Afoot '' 2014 Star - Crossed Drake Series regular Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Eddie Thorpe 1 episode : `` Gridiron Soldier '' The Flash Tony Woodward / Girder 2 episodes 2015 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Scott Hunt / Male superhero 1 episode : `` Hero to Zero '' 2015 iZombie Drake Holloway 6 Episodes 2016 The Flash Tony Woodward / Girder 1 episode : `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ABC Family : Greg Finley , who plays Jack Pappas on The Secret Life of the American Teenager Jump up ^ Full ' Hypothermia ' Cast , Start of Principal Photography External links ( edit ) Official MySpace Greg Finley on IMDb BNF : cb16675691g ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0004 0327 3418 LCCN : n2013054513 VIAF : 299935549 This article about an American actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Finley&oldid=843102212 '' Categories : Male actors from Portland , Maine American male television actors Living people People from Scarborough , Maine 1984 births American actor stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from December 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Lumbaart Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 22 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who plays jack on secret life of the american teenager

Gregory P. Finley II ( born December 22 , 1984 ) in Portland , Maine , is an American actor , best known for his role as Jack Pappas in the teenage drama series The Secret Life of the American Teenager as well as Drake in the series Star Crossed , iZombie and Girder in The Flash .

Grammy Award records - wikipedia Grammy Award records Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Throughout the history of the Grammy Awards , many significant records have been set . This page only includes the competitive awards which have been won by various artists . This does not include the various special awards that are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences such as Lifetime Achievement Awards , Trustees Awards , Technical Awards or Legend Awards . The page however does include other non-performance related Grammys ( known as the Craft & Production Fields ) that may have been presented to the artist ( s ) . All the records are as of the 2017 Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 1.1 Most Grammys won 1.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist 1.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist 1.4 Most Grammys won by a group 1.5 Most Grammys won by a producer 1.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer 1.7 Youngest winners 1.8 Youngest artists to win Album of the Year 1.9 Eldest winners 1.10 Most honoured albums 1.11 Most Album of the Year wins 1.12 Most Record of the Year wins 1.13 Most Grammys won for consecutive albums 1.14 Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category 1.15 Artists who have won all four General Field awards 2 Single ceremony 2.1 Most Grammys won in one night 2.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night 2.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night 2.4 Most Grammys won by a group in one night 2.5 Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night 2.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night 2.7 Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony 2.8 Artists who have won Record , Album and Song of the Year in one night 2.9 Most Grammys won by an album in one night 2.10 Most posthumous Grammys won in one night 3 Nominations 3.1 Most Grammy nominations 3.2 Most nominations in one night 3.3 Most nominations without winning 3.4 Most nominations in one night without winning 3.5 Grammy nominations in the most categories 3.6 Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night 3.7 Youngest nominees 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) Most Grammys won ( edit ) The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti , a Hungarian - British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty - two years . He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996 . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Alison Krauss Pierre Boulez 26 5 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 7 John Williams 23 8 U2 22 Chick Corea Beyoncé 11 Jay - Z 21 Kanye West Vince Gill Paul McCartney 15 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Bruce Springsteen Al Schmitt Most Grammys won by a Male artist ( edit ) Georg Solti has won a total of 31 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Pierre Boulez 26 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 6 John Williams 23 7 Chick Corea 22 8 Kanye West 21 Vince Gill Jay Z 11 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Bruce Springsteen Al Schmitt 15 Jimmy Sturr 18 Tony Bennett Yo - Yo Ma Paul McCartney Most Grammys won by a female artist ( edit ) Alison Krauss has , as a solo artist , collaborator and producer , won 27 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Alison Krauss 27 Beyoncé 22 Aretha Franklin 18 Adele 15 Alicia Keys 6 Ella Fitzgerald 13 Leontyne Price Emmylou Harris 9 Shirley Caesar 11 10 Chaka Khan 10 Bonnie Raitt Linda Ronstadt Taylor Swift CeCe Winans 15 Mary J. Blige 9 Natalie Cole Sheryl Crow Norah Jones Hillary Scott Most Grammys won by a Group ( edit ) U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group . They have won 22 awards . Rank Artists Awards U2 22 Alison Krauss and Union Station 14 Dixie Chicks 13 Foo Fighters 11 5 Pat Metheny Group 10 6 The Manhattan Transfer 9 The Beatles Emerson String Quartet Asleep At The Wheel 10 Blackwood Brothers 8 Metallica Santana Take 6 14 Coldplay 7 Kentucky Thunder Lady Antebellum Simon & Garfunkel Los Tigres del Norte Most Grammys won by a producer ( edit ) Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer ( and eleven of those were awarded for production duties . Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist ) . Some producers have also won awards as engineers , mixers and / or mastering engineers . Rank Producer Awards Quincy Jones 27 Kanye West 21 David Foster 16 James Mallinson Steven Epstein 15 David Frost 7 Phil Ramone 14 8 T Bone Burnett 13 Robert Woods Jay David Saks 11 Arif Mardin 11 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer ( edit ) Al Schmitt , with 20 awards , has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer . Youngest winners ( edit ) The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners , when they were credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? soundtrack , which won Album of the Year in 2002 . LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner . She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997 . She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 9 years Hannah Peasall 13 years Sarah Peasall 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 5 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 6 17 years , 81 days Lorde 7 18 years , 105 days Daya 8 18 years , 123 days Monica 9 19 years , 67 days Christina Aguilera 10 19 years , 112 days LaTavia Roberson Youngest artists to win Album of the Year ( edit ) Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year . She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless . Rank Age Artist 20 years , 49 days Taylor Swift 21 years , 242 days Alanis Morissette 22 years , 18 days Barbra Streisand 23 years , 274 days Lauryn Hill 5 23 years , 283 days Adele 6 23 years , 293 days Stevie Wonder 7 23 years , 330 days Norah Jones Eldest winners ( edit ) Pinetop Perkins is the eldest person to win a Grammy . In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age . Rank Age Artist 97 years , 221 days Pinetop Perkins 95 years , 31 days George Burns 91 years , 137 days Jimmy Carter 90 years , 52 days Elizabeth Cotten 5 90 years , 26 days Betty White Note : Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten , with some stating it as 1893 , while others say 1895 . The above information credits it as 1895 . With either year , Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner . Most honoured albums ( edit ) Santana 's Supernatural and U2 's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards . Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards . Rank Albums and artists Awards How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 9 Supernatural -- Santana Come Away With Me -- Norah Jones 8 Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles Thriller -- Michael Jackson 6 All That You Ca n't Leave Behind -- U2 7 Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones 8 21 -- Adele 6 Back To Black -- Amy Winehouse The Blueprint 3 -- Jay Z Bridge Over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss The Return of Roger Miller -- Roger Miller Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks To Pimp a Butterfly -- Kendrick Lamar Toto IV -- Toto Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole Unplugged -- Eric Clapton Most Album of the Year wins ( edit ) The record for most Album of the Year wins is three . Three recording artists , four record producers , two mastering engineers and one engineer / mixer have won the award three times . Frank Sinatra , artist -- Come Dance with Me ! ( 1960 ) , September of My Years ( 1966 ) , A Man and His Music ( 1967 ) Stevie Wonder , artist -- Innervisions ( 1974 ) , Fulfillingness ' First Finale ( 1975 ) , Songs in the Key of Life ( 1977 ) Paul Simon , artist -- Bridge over Troubled Water ( 1971 ) , Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , Graceland ( 1987 ) David Foster , producer -- Unforgettable ... with Love ( 1992 ) , The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album ( 1994 ) , Falling into You ( 1997 ) Phil Ramone , producer -- Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , 52nd Street ( 1980 ) , Genius Loves Company ( 2005 ) Daniel Lanois , producer -- The Joshua Tree ( 1988 ) , Time Out of Mind ( 1998 ) , How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb ( 2006 ) Bob Ludwig , mastering engineer -- Babel ( 2013 ) , Random Access Memories ( 2014 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) Tom Coyne , mastering engineer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Tom Elmhirst , engineer / mixer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Ryan Tedder , producer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Most record of the Year wins ( edit ) The record for most wins , three each , is shared by : Paul Simon , artist Tom Elmhirst , engineer / mixer Tom Coyne , mastering engineer Most Grammys won for consecutive albums ( edit ) Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total , including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums . Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards : Best Jazz Fusion Performance ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1990 ) Best Instrumental Composition ( 1991 ) Best Contemporary Jazz Performance / Album ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Individual or Group ( 1998 , 2000 , 2013 ) Best Rock Instrumental Performance ( 1999 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Solo ( 2001 ) Best New Age Album ( 2004 , 2012 ) Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category ( edit ) Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category . She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975 , for an eight - year winning streak . She also won in this category in 1982 , 1986 , and 1988 , giving her 11 wins in the category . After Franklin , Jimmy Sturr , Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category : Sturr won six years in a row between 1987 and 1992 for Best Polka Album . He also won for three runs of four consecutive years ( 1996 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2004 , and 2006 -- 2009 . ) He won 18 out of the 24 Best Polka Album Grammys that were awarded since that category was added in 1985 . The award was discontinued in 2009 . Cosby won six years in a row between 1965 and 1970 for Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . Williams won six years in a row between 1978 and 1983 for Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . Lenny Kravitz won the Best Male Rock Vocal Performance award four years in a row ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) . Artists who have won all four general field awards ( edit ) There have been only two artists who have won all four General Field awards . In 1981 , Christopher Cross won Record , Album and Song of the Year as well as Best New Artist . Adele is the second artist to win all four , and the first female to do so . In 2009 , she won Best New Artist and in 2012 and 2017 , she won Record , Album and Song of the Year . Single ceremony ( edit ) Most Grammys won in one night ( edit ) The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight . Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson 's record in 2000 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Santana ( 2000 ) Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Toto ( 1983 ) Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Beyoncé ( 2010 ) Adele ( 2012 ) Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson won eight awards in 1984 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night ( edit ) The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six . Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012 , respectively . Rank Artist Awards Beyoncé ( 2010 ) 6 Adele ( 2012 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) 5 Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Beyoncé ( 2004 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Adele ( 2017 ) Most Grammys won by a Group in one night ( edit ) In 2000 , Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards . They won the awards for Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Rank Artists Awards Santana ( 2000 ) 8 Toto ( 1983 ) 6 Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) 5 U2 ( 2006 ) Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) Lady Antebellum ( 2011 ) Foo Fighters ( 2012 ) Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night ( edit ) The record for most awards won by a producer in one night is five . Rick Rubin won five awards in 2007 including Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Best Country Album for the Dixie Chicks , Best Rock Album for the Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as Producer of the Year , Non Classical . Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night ( edit ) The most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night is six . At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017 , Tom Elmhirst won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Vocal Album , Best Engineered Album Non Classical , Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Album for his work on Adele 's ' 25 ' , David Bowie 's ' Blackstar ' and Cage The Elephant 's ' Tell Me I 'm Pretty ' . Artist who has won all four general field awards at a single ceremony ( edit ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) received all four General Field awards in one night . Cross won the Record of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , Album of the Year ( `` Christopher Cross '' ) , Song of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , and Best New Artist Grammys in a single ceremony . Artists who have won record , Album and Song of the Year in one night ( edit ) The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Song of the Year . Six artists have won all three in one night . Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice . Year Artist 1971 Paul Simon 1972 Carole King 1981 Christopher Cross 1993 Eric Clapton 2007 Dixie Chicks 2012 Adele 2017 Most Grammys won by an Album in one night ( edit ) The most awards awarded to an album in one night is nine . In 2000 Santana 's Supernatural was awarded nine awards . It won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or group with Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Most posthumous Grammys won in one night ( edit ) Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night . He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year . Nominations ( edit ) Most Grammy nominations ( edit ) Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79 . Rank Artist Nominations Quincy Jones 79 Paul McCartney 78 Georg Solti 74 Stevie Wonder Jay Z 6 Henry Mancini 72 7 Kanye West 68 8 Pierre Boulez 67 John Williams 10 Chick Corea 64 11 Leonard Bernstein 63 Beyoncé 13 Jay David Saks 53 14 Thomas Z . Shepard 50 Bruce Springsteen 16 Willie Nelson 49 James Mallinson Babyface Most nominations in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations . Rank Artist Nominations Year Michael Jackson 12 1984 Kendrick Lamar 11 2016 Lauryn Hill 10 1999 Kanye West 2005 Beyoncé Eminem 2011 7 Roger Miller 9 1966 Paul McCartney 1966 The Manhattan Transfer 1986 Jay Z 2014 Beyoncé 2017 Most nominations without winning ( edit ) The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 20 , held by Morten Lindberg . Rank Artist Nominations Morten Lindberg 20 Snoop Dogg 17 Brian McKnight Joe Satriani 15 5 Toshiko Akiyoshi 14 Martina McBride Dierks Bentley Björk 9 Katy Perry 13 Nas Spyro Gyra 12 Diana Ross 12 Busta Rhymes Lenny Gomulka Peter Kater 16 Musiq Soulchild 11 Connie Smith Vanessa L. Williams Jazmine Sullivan R. Carlos Nakai Alan Parsons Elly Ameling Most nominations in one night without winning ( edit ) Rank Artist Nominations Paul McCartney ( 1966 ) 9 Kanye West ( 2017 ) 8 Rihanna ( 2017 ) Stevie Wonder ( 1983 ) 7 India. Arie ( 2002 ) Kendrick Lamar ( 2014 ) 7 Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) 6 Mariah Carey ( 1996 ) 50 Cent ( 2006 ) Bruno Mars ( 2012 ) 11 Robert M. Jones ( 1961 ) 5 Elvis Presley ( 1961 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1961 ) James Taylor ( 1971 ) Eugene Ormandy ( 1971 ) Sting ( 1986 ) Joan Osborne ( 1996 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2003 ) 50 Cent ( 2004 ) Alicia Keys ( 2006 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2006 ) Prince ( 2007 ) James Blunt ( 2007 ) Jazmine Sullivan ( 2009 ) B.o.B ( 2011 ) Lil Wayne ( 2012 ) Drake ( 2014 , 2016 ) Grammy nominations in the most categories ( edit ) Bob Dylan has been nominated in more categories than any other musician . He has been nominated in 12 different categories . These were in folk , spoken word , country , general , gospel , historical , rock , music video , visual media , pop , american roots , and traditional . He is followed by Sir Paul McCartney who has received nominations in the general field , pop , arrangement , rock , visual media , music video , spoken word , historical , alternative music and rap . Béla Fleck is the artist with the third most nominations among categories . He has been nominated in the country , pop , jazz , bluegrass , world music , classical , folk , and spoken word , as well as composition and arranging categories . Jack White is the artist with the fourth most nominations among categories . He has been nominated in the rock , general field , alternative , country , pop , package , music video , american roots and production , non-classical categories . Mark Knopfler is the artist with the fifth most nominations among categories . Knopfler has been nominated in the rock , general field , country , music video , music for visual media , surround sound , american roots and production , non-classical categories . Artists who had been nominated for all four general field awards in one night ( edit ) Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night . Year Artist 1968 Bobbie Gentry 1980 Christopher Cross 1985 Cyndi Lauper 1989 Tracy Chapman 1991 Mariah Carey 1998 Paula Cole 2002 India. Arie 2008 Amy Winehouse 2013 Fun . 2015 Sam Smith Youngest nominees ( edit ) Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee ( and winner ) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) in 2002 . Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination , for Best Soul / Gospel performance . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 8 years , 161 days Deleon Richards 9 years Hannah Peasall 12 years , 126 days Zac Hanson 5 12 years , 155 days Joey Alexander 6 12 years , 199 days Michael Jackson 7 12 years , 273 days Billy Gilman 8 13 years Sarah Peasall 9 14 years , 45 days Chris `` Daddy Mac '' Smith 10 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 11 14 years , 197 days Chris `` Mac Daddy '' Kelly 12 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 13 14 years , 348 days Taylor Hanson See also ( edit ) Latin Grammy Award records List of Academy Award records List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes 14 awards as part of Union Station Jump up ^ Includes 3 awards as part of Destiny 's Child Jump up ^ Includes 7 awards as part of Lady Antebellum Jump up ^ Includes 41 nominations as part of The Beatles Jump up ^ Includes 13 nominations as part of Destiny 's Child References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Georg Solti - Biography '' . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO ARE THE TOP GRAMMY WINNERS OF ALL TIME ? '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U2 dominates Grammy night '' , CBC News , February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past winners search 2001 '' . Grammy.Com . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jazz Legends Pat Metheny Group Improvise on Austin City Limits : : eJazzNews.com : The Number One Jazz News Resource On The Net : : Jazz News Daily Jump up ^ 2003 Grammy Awards Jump up ^ `` A Virtual College of Grammy Knowledge '' , by Wook Kim , Entertainment Weekly , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NEA Jazz Master : Quincy Jones '' , National Endowment for the Arts , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Artist With The Most Grammy Nominations for 2017 '' . Billboard . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grammy Awards . Official Grammy Awards website ( hide ) Grammy Award Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 Related Grammy Museum Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist The Recording Academy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammy_Award_records&oldid=815406975 '' Categories : Grammy Awards Records Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 17 : 17 . 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who has the most grammys of all time

The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti , a Hungarian - British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty - two years . He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996 .

Rectifier - wikipedia Rectifier Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rectifier ( disambiguation ) . A rectifier diode ( silicon controlled rectifier ) and associated mounting hardware . The heavy threaded stud attaches the device to a heatsink to dissipate heat . A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current ( AC ) , which periodically reverses direction , to direct current ( DC ) , which flows in only one direction . The process is known as rectification , since it `` straightens '' the direction of current . Physically , rectifiers take a number of forms , including vacuum tube diodes , mercury - arc valves , stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates , semiconductor diodes , silicon - controlled rectifiers and other silicon - based semiconductor switches . Historically , even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been used . Early radio receivers , called crystal radios , used a `` cat 's whisker '' of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena ( lead sulfide ) to serve as a point - contact rectifier or `` crystal detector '' . Rectifiers have many uses , but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high - voltage direct current power transmission systems . Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power . As noted , detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers . In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a flame . Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave , the process of rectification alone produces a DC current that , though unidirectional , consists of pulses of current . Many applications of rectifiers , such as power supplies for radio , television and computer equipment , require a steady constant DC current ( as would be produced by a battery ) . In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter , which may be a capacitor , choke , or set of capacitors , chokes and resistors , possibly followed by a voltage regulator to produce a steady current . More complex circuitry that performs the opposite function , converting DC to AC , is called an inverter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rectifier devices 2 Rectifier circuits 2.1 Single - phase rectifiers 2.1. 1 Half - wave rectification 2.1. 2 Full - wave rectification 2.2 Three - phase rectifiers 2.2. 1 Three - phase , half - wave circuit 2.2. 2 Three - phase , full - wave circuit using center - tapped transformer 2.2. 3 Three - phase bridge rectifier uncontrolled 2.2. 4 Three - phase bridge rectifier controlled 2.2. 5 Twelve - pulse bridge 2.3 Voltage - multiplying rectifiers 3 Quantification of rectifiers 4 Rectifier voltage drop 5 Harmonic distortion 6 Rectifier output smoothing 6.1 Performance with low impedance source 6.2 Capacitor input filter 6.3 Choke input filter 6.4 Resistor as input filter 6.5 Higher order and cascade filters 6.6 Voltage regulators 7 Applications 8 Rectification technologies 8.1 Electromechanical 8.1. 1 Synchronous rectifier 8.1. 2 Vibrating rectifier 8.1. 3 Motor - generator set 8.2 Electrolytic 8.3 Plasma type 8.3. 1 Mercury - arc 8.3. 2 Argon gas electron tube 8.4 Diode vacuum tube ( valve ) 8.5 Solid state 8.5. 1 Crystal detector 8.5. 2 Selenium and copper oxide rectifiers 8.5. 3 Silicon and germanium diodes 8.5. 4 High power : thyristors ( SCRs ) and newer silicon - based voltage sourced converters 9 Current research 10 See also 11 References Rectifier devices ( Edit ) Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers , vacuum tube thermionic diodes and copper oxide - or selenium - based metal rectifier stacks were used . With the introduction of semiconductor electronics , vacuum tube rectifiers became obsolete , except for some enthusiasts of vacuum tube audio equipment . For power rectification from very low to very high current , semiconductor diodes of various types ( junction diodes , Schottky diodes , etc . ) are widely used . Other devices that have control electrodes as well as acting as unidirectional current valves are used where more than simple rectification is required -- e.g. , where variable output voltage is needed . High - power rectifiers , such as those used in high - voltage direct current power transmission , employ silicon semiconductor devices of various types . These are thyristors or other controlled switching solid - state switches , which effectively function as diodes to pass current in only one direction . Rectifier circuits ( Edit ) Rectifier circuits may be single - phase or multi-phase ( three phase being the most common number of phases ) . Most low power rectifiers for domestic equipment are single - phase , but three - phase rectification is very important for industrial applications and for the transmission of energy as DC ( HVDC ) . Single - phase rectifiers ( Edit ) Half - wave rectification ( Edit ) In half - wave rectification of a single - phase supply , also called uncontrolled one - pulse midpoint circuit , either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed , while the other half is blocked . Mathematically , it is a ramp function ( for positive pass , negative block ) : passing positive corresponds to the ramp function being the identity on positive inputs , blocking negative corresponds to being zero on negative inputs . Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output , mean voltage is lower . Half - wave rectification requires a single diode in a single - phase supply , or three in a three - phase supply . Rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current ; half - wave rectifiers produce far more ripple than full - wave rectifiers , and much more filtering is needed to eliminate harmonics of the AC frequency from the output . Half - wave rectifier The no - load output DC voltage of an ideal half - wave rectifier for a sinusoidal input voltage is : V r m s = V p e a k 2 V d c = V p e a k π ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( rms ) ) & = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ ( 8pt ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) & = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where : V , V -- the DC or average output voltage , V , the peak value of the phase input voltages , V , the root mean square ( RMS ) value of output voltage . Full - wave rectification ( Edit ) Full - wave rectifier , with vacuum tube having two anodes . A full - wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity ( positive or negative ) at its output . Mathematically , this corresponds to the absolute value function . Full - wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC ( direct current ) , and yields a higher average output voltage . Two diodes and a center tapped transformer , or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source ( including a transformer without center tap ) , are needed . Single semiconductor diodes , double diodes with common cathode or common anode , and four - diode bridges , are manufactured as single components . Graetz bridge rectifier : a full - wave rectifier using four diodes . For single - phase AC , if the transformer is center - tapped , then two diodes back - to - back ( cathode - to - cathode or anode - to - anode , depending upon output polarity required ) can form a full - wave rectifier . Twice as many turns are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage than for a bridge rectifier , but the power rating is unchanged . Full - wave rectifier using a center tap transformer and 2 diodes . The average and RMS no - load output voltages of an ideal single - phase full - wave rectifier are : V d c = V a v = 2 ⋅ V p e a k π V r m s = V p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) & = ( \ frac ( 2 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ \ ( 8pt ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( rms ) ) & = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Very common double - diode rectifier vacuum tubes contained a single common cathode and two anodes inside a single envelope , achieving full - wave rectification with positive output . The 5U4 and the 80 / 5Y3 ( 4 pin ) / ( octal ) were popular examples of this configuration . Three - phase rectifiers ( Edit ) Single - phase rectifiers are commonly used for power supplies for domestic equipment . However , for most industrial and high - power applications , three - phase rectifier circuits are the norm . As with single - phase rectifiers , three - phase rectifiers can take the form of a half - wave circuit , a full - wave circuit using a center - tapped transformer , or a full - wave bridge circuit . Thyristors are commonly used in place of diodes to create a circuit that can regulate the output voltage . Many devices that provide direct current actually generate three - phase AC . For example , an automobile alternator contains six diodes , which function as a full - wave rectifier for battery charging . Three - phase , half - wave circuit ( Edit ) Controlled three - phase half - wave rectifier circuit using thyristors as the switching elements , ignoring supply inductance An uncontrolled three - phase , half - wave midpoint circuit requires three diodes , one connected to each phase . This is the simplest type of three - phase rectifier but suffers from relatively high harmonic distortion on both the AC and DC connections . This type of rectifier is said to have a pulse - number of three , since the output voltage on the DC side contains three distinct pulses per cycle of the grid frequency : The peak values V p e a k ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) of this three - pulse DC voltage are calculated from the RMS value V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) of the input phase voltage ( line to neutral voltage , 120 V in North America , 230 V within Europe at mains operation ) : V p e a k = 2 ⋅ V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) . The average no - load output voltage V a v ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) ) results from the integral under the graph of a positive half - wave with the period duration of 2 3 π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi ) ( from 30 ° to 150 ° ) : V d c = V a v = 1 2 3 π ∫ 30 ∘ 150 ∘ V p e a k ⋅ sin ⁡ φ ⋅ d φ = 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 π ⋅ ( − cos ⁡ 150 ∘ + cos ⁡ 30 ∘ ) = 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 π ⋅ ( − ( − 3 2 ) + 3 2 ) = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi ) ) \ int _ ( 30 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ^ ( 150 ^ ( \ circ ) ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ cdot \ sin \ varphi \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) \ varphi = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ left ( - \ cos 150 ^ ( \ circ ) + \ cos 30 ^ ( \ circ ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ Biggl ( ) - \ left ( - ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ Biggl ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ⇒ V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ V L N 2 π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ⇒ V a v = 3 ⋅ 6 ⋅ V L N 2 π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 6 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ≈ 1 , 17 ⋅ V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) Three - phase , full - wave circuit using center - tapped transformer ( Edit ) Controlled three - phase full - wave rectifier circuit using thyristors as the switching elements , with a center - tapped transformer , ignoring supply inductance If the AC supply is fed via a transformer with a center tap , a rectifier circuit with improved harmonic performance can be obtained . This rectifier now requires six diodes , one connected to each end of each transformer secondary winding . This circuit has a pulse - number of six , and in effect , can be thought of as a six - phase , half - wave circuit . Before solid state devices became available , the half - wave circuit , and the full - wave circuit using a center - tapped transformer , were very commonly used in industrial rectifiers using mercury - arc valves . This was because the three or six AC supply inputs could be fed to a corresponding number of anode electrodes on a single tank , sharing a common cathode . With the advent of diodes and thyristors , these circuits have become less popular and the three - phase bridge circuit has become the most common circuit . Three - phase bridge rectifier uncontrolled ( Edit ) Disassembled automobile alternator , showing the six diodes that comprise a full - wave three - phase bridge rectifier . For an uncontrolled three - phase bridge rectifier , six diodes are used , and the circuit again has a pulse number of six . For this reason , it is also commonly referred to as a six - pulse bridge . The B6 circuit can be seen simplified as a series connection of two three - pulse center circuits . For low - power applications , double diodes in series , with the anode of the first diode connected to the cathode of the second , are manufactured as a single component for this purpose . Some commercially available double diodes have all four terminals available so the user can configure them for single - phase split supply use , half a bridge , or three - phase rectifier . For higher - power applications , a single discrete device is usually used for each of the six arms of the bridge . For the very highest powers , each arm of the bridge may consist of tens or hundreds of separate devices in parallel ( where very high current is needed , for example in aluminium smelting ) or in series ( where very high voltages are needed , for example in high - voltage direct current power transmission ) . Controlled three - phase full - wave bridge rectifier circuit ( B6C ) using thyristors as the switching elements , ignoring supply inductance The pulsating DC voltage results from the differences of the instantaneous positive and negative phase voltages V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) , phase - shifted by 30 ° : The ideal , no - load average output voltage V a v ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) ) of the B6 circuit results from the integral under the graph of a DC voltage pulse with the period duration of 1 3 π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi ) ( from 60 ° to 120 ° ) with the peak value v ^ D C = 3 ⋅ V p e a k ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( v ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) : V d c = V a v = 1 1 3 π ∫ 60 ∘ 120 ∘ 3 ⋅ V p e a k ⋅ sin ⁡ φ ⋅ d φ = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ ( − cos ⁡ 120 ∘ + cos ⁡ 60 ∘ ) = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ ( − ( − 1 2 ) + 1 2 ) = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi ) ) \ int _ ( 60 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ^ ( 120 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ cdot \ sin \ varphi \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) \ varphi = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ left ( - \ cos 120 ^ ( \ circ ) + \ cos 60 ^ ( \ circ ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ Biggl ( ) - \ left ( - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ Biggl ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) ⇒ V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ V L N π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) ⇒ V a v = 3 ⋅ 6 ⋅ V L N π ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 6 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) ≈ 2 , 34 ⋅ V L N ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( LN ) ) ) 3 - phase AC input , half - wave and full - wave rectified DC output waveforms If the three - phase bridge rectifier is operated symmetrically ( as positive and negative supply voltage ) , the center point of the rectifier on the output side ( or the so - called isolated reference potential ) opposite the center point of the transformer ( or the neutral conductor ) has a potential difference in form of a triangular common - mode voltage . For this reason , the two centers must never be connected to each other , otherwise short - circuit currents would flow . The ground of the three - phase bridge rectifier in symmetrical operation is thus decoupled from the neutral conductor or the earth of the mains voltage . Powered by a transformer , earthing of the center point of the bridge is possible , provided that the secondary winding of the transformer is electrically isolated from the mains voltage and the star point of the secondary winding is not on earth . In this case , however , ( negligible ) leakage currents are flowing over the transformer windings . The common - mode voltage is formed out of the respective average values of the differences between the positive and negative phase voltages , which form the pulsating DC voltage . The peak value of the delta voltage v ^ c o m m o n − m o d e ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( v ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( common - mode ) ) ) amounts 1⁄4 of the peak value of the phase input voltage V p e a k ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) and is calculated with V p e a k ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) minus half of the DC voltage at 60 ° of the period : v ^ c o m m o n − m o d e = V p e a k − 3 ⋅ V p e a k ⋅ sin ⁡ 60 ∘ 2 = V p e a k ⋅ ( 1 − 3 ⋅ sin ⁡ 60 ∘ 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( v ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( common - mode ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) - ( \ frac ( ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ cdot \ sin 60 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ( 2 ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ cdot ( \ Biggl ( ) 1 - ( \ frac ( ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot \ sin 60 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ Biggl ) ) ) = V p e a k ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) 0 , 25 The RMS value of the common - mode voltage is calculated from the form factor for triangular oscillations : V c o m m o n − m o d e = v ^ c o m m o n − m o d e 3 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( common - mode ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ hat ( v ) ) _ ( \ mathrm ( common - mode ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) If the circuit is operated asymmetrically ( as a simple supply voltage with just one positive pole ) , both the positive and negative poles ( or the isolated reference potential ) are pulsating opposite the center ( or the ground ) of the input voltage analogously to the positive and negative waveforms of the phase voltages . However , the differences in the phase voltages result in the six - pulse DC voltage ( over the duration of a period ) . The strict separation of the transformer center from the negative pole ( otherwise short - circuit currents will flow ) or a possible grounding of the negative pole when powered by an isolating transformer apply correspondingly to the symmetrical operation . Three - phase bridge rectifier controlled ( Edit ) The controlled three - phase bridge rectifier uses thyristors in place of diodes . The output voltage is reduced by the factor cos ( α ) : V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ cos ⁡ α ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ cos \ alpha ) Or , expressed in terms of the line to line input voltage : V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ V L L p e a k π ⋅ cos ⁡ α ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LLpeak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ cos \ alpha ) Where : V , the peak value of the line to line input voltages , V , the peak value of the phase ( line to neutral ) input voltages , α , firing angle of the thyristor ( 0 if diodes are used to perform rectification ) The above equations are only valid when no current is drawn from the AC supply or in the theoretical case when the AC supply connections have no inductance . In practice , the supply inductance causes a reduction of DC output voltage with increasing load , typically in the range 10 -- 20 % at full load . The effect of supply inductance is to slow down the transfer process ( called commutation ) from one phase to the next . As result of this is that at each transition between a pair of devices , there is a period of overlap during which three ( rather than two ) devices in the bridge are conducting simultaneously . The overlap angle is usually referred to by the symbol μ ( or u ) , and may be 20 30 ° at full load . With supply inductance taken into account , the output voltage of the rectifier is reduced to : V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ V L L p e a k π ⋅ cos ⁡ ( α + μ ) ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LLpeak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ cos ( \ alpha + \ mu ) ) The overlap angle μ is directly related to the DC current , and the above equation may be re-expressed as : V d c = V a v = 3 ⋅ V L L p e a k π ⋅ cos ⁡ ( α ) − 6 f L c I d ( \ displaystyle ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( dc ) ) = V_ ( \ mathrm ( av ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( LLpeak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot \ cos ( \ alpha ) ) - ( 6fL_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) I_ ( \ mathrm ( d ) ) ) ) Where : L , the commutating inductance per phase I , the direct current Three - phase Graetz bridge rectifier at alpha = 0 ° without overlap Three - phase Graetz bridge rectifier at alpha = 0 ° with overlap angle of 20 ° Three - phase controlled Graetz bridge rectifier at alpha = 20 ° with overlap angle of 20 ° Three - phase controlled Graetz bridge rectifier at alpha = 40 ° with overlap angle of 20 ° Twelve - pulse bridge ( Edit ) Twelve pulse bridge rectifier using thyristors as the switching elements Although better than single - phase rectifiers or three - phase half - wave rectifiers , six - pulse rectifier circuits still produce considerable harmonic distortion on both the AC and DC connections . For very high - power rectifiers the twelve - pulse bridge connection is usually used . A twelve - pulse bridge consists of two six - pulse bridge circuits connected in series , with their AC connections fed from a supply transformer that produces a 30 ° phase shift between the two bridges . This cancels many of the characteristic harmonics the six - pulse bridges produce . The 30 degree phase shift is usually achieved by using a transformer with two sets of secondary windings , one in star ( wye ) connection and one in delta connection . Voltage - multiplying rectifiers ( Edit ) Main article : Voltage multiplier See also : Voltage doubler Switchable full bridge / voltage doubler . The simple half - wave rectifier can be built in two electrical configurations with the diodes pointing in opposite directions , one version connects the negative terminal of the output direct to the AC supply and the other connects the positive terminal of the output direct to the AC supply . By combining both of these with separate output smoothing it is possible to get an output voltage of nearly double the peak AC input voltage . This also provides a tap in the middle , which allows use of such a circuit as a split rail power supply . A variant of this is to use two capacitors in series for the output smoothing on a bridge rectifier then place a switch between the midpoint of those capacitors and one of the AC input terminals . With the switch open , this circuit acts like a normal bridge rectifier . With the switch closed , it act like a voltage doubling rectifier . In other words , this makes it easy to derive a voltage of roughly 320 V ( ± 15 % , approx . ) DC from any 120 V or 230 V mains supply in the world , this can then be fed into a relatively simple switched - mode power supply . However , for a given desired ripple , the value of both capacitors must be twice the value of the single one required for a normal bridge rectifier ; when the switch is closed each one must filter the output of a half - wave rectifier , and when the switch is open the two capacitors are connected in series with an equivalent value of half one of them . Cockcroft Walton voltage multiplier Cascaded diode and capacitor stages can be added to make a voltage multiplier ( Cockroft - Walton circuit ) . These circuits are capable of producing a DC output voltage potential up to about ten times the peak AC input voltage , in practice limited by current capacity and voltage regulation issues . Diode voltage multipliers , frequently used as a trailing boost stage or primary high voltage ( HV ) source , are used in HV laser power supplies , powering devices such as cathode ray tubes ( CRT ) ( like those used in CRT based television , radar and sonar displays ) , photon amplifying devices found in image intensifying and photo multiplier tubes ( PMT ) , and magnetron based radio frequency ( RF ) devices used in radar transmitters and microwave ovens . Before the introduction of semiconductor electronics , transformerless vacuum tube receivers powered directly from AC power sometimes used voltage doublers to generate roughly 300 VDC from a 100 -- 120 V power line . Quantification of rectifiers ( Edit ) It has been suggested that Transformer utilization factor be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . This section is missing information about conversion ratios for at least three - phase half - wave and full - wave rectification , since these rectifiers have their own sections in this article ... Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( October 2017 ) Several ratios are used to quantify the function and performance of rectifiers or their output , including transformer utilization factor ( TUF ) , conversion ratio ( η ) , ripple factor , form factor , and peak factor . The two primary measures are DC voltage ( or offset ) and peak - peak ripple voltage , which are constituent components of the output . Conversion ratio ( also called `` rectification ratio '' , and confusingly , `` efficiency '' ) η is defined as the ratio of DC output power to the input power from the AC supply . Even with ideal rectifiers , the ratio is less than 100 % because some of the output power is AC power rather than DC which manifests as ripple superimposed on the DC waveform . The ratio can be improved with the use of smoothing circuits which reduce the ripple and hence reduce the AC content of the output . Conversion ratio is reduced by losses in transformer windings and power dissipation in the rectifier element itself . This ratio is of little practical significance because a rectifier is almost always followed by a filter to increase DC voltage and reduce ripple . In some three - phase and multi-phase applications the conversion ratio is high enough that smoothing circuitry is unnecessary . In other circuits , like filament heater circuits in vacuum tube electronics where the load is almost entirely resistive , smoothing circuitry may be omitted because resistors dissipate both AC and DC power , so no power is lost . For a half - wave rectifier the ratio is very modest . P A C = V p e a k 2 ⋅ I p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) = ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over 2 ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over 2 ) ) ( the divisors are 2 rather than √ 2 because no power is delivered on the negative half - cycle ) P D C = V p e a k π ⋅ I p e a k π ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over \ pi ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over \ pi ) ) Thus maximum conversion ratio for a half - wave rectifier is , η = P D C P A C ≈ 40.5 % ( \ displaystyle \ eta = ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) \ over P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) ) \ approx 40.5 \ % ) Similarly , for a full - wave rectifier , P A C = V p e a k 2 ⋅ I p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) = ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) P D C = 2 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ 2 ⋅ I p e a k π ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( 2 \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over \ pi ) \ cdot ( 2 \ cdot I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over \ pi ) ) η = P D C P A C ≈ 81.0 % ( \ displaystyle \ eta = ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) \ over P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) ) \ approx 81.0 \ % ) Three - phase rectifiers , especially three - phase full - wave rectifiers , have much greater conversion ratios because the ripple is intrinsically smaller . For a three - phase half - wave rectifier , P A C = 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 ⋅ I p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) = 3 \ cdot ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over 2 ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over 2 ) ) P D C = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 π ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ I p e a k 2 π ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) For a three - phase full - wave rectifier , P A C = 3 ⋅ V p e a k 2 ⋅ I p e a k 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( AC ) ) = 3 \ cdot ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ cdot ( I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) \ over ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) P D C = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ V p e a k π ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ I p e a k π ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( DC ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot V_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 3 \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) \ cdot I_ ( \ mathrm ( peak ) ) ) ( \ pi ) ) ) Rectifier voltage drop ( Edit ) A real rectifier characteristically drops part of the input voltage ( a voltage drop , for silicon devices , of typically 0.7 volts plus an equivalent resistance , in general non-linear ) -- and at high frequencies , distorts waveforms in other ways . Unlike an ideal rectifier , it dissipates some power . An aspect of most rectification is a loss from the peak input voltage to the peak output voltage , caused by the built - in voltage drop across the diodes ( around 0.7 V for ordinary silicon p -- n junction diodes and 0.3 V for Schottky diodes ) . Half - wave rectification and full - wave rectification using a center - tapped secondary produces a peak voltage loss of one diode drop . Bridge rectification has a loss of two diode drops . This reduces output voltage , and limits the available output voltage if a very low alternating voltage must be rectified . As the diodes do not conduct below this voltage , the circuit only passes current through for a portion of each half - cycle , causing short segments of zero voltage ( where instantaneous input voltage is below one or two diode drops ) to appear between each `` hump '' . Peak loss is very important for low voltage rectifiers ( for example , 12 V or less ) but is insignificant in high - voltage applications such as HVDC power transmission systems . Harmonic distortion ( Edit ) Non-linear loads like rectifiers produce current harmonics of the source frequency on the AC side and voltage harmonics of the source frequency on the DC side , due to switching behavior . Rectifier output smoothing ( Edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that Ripple ( electrical ) # Ripple voltage be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . The AC input ( yellow ) and DC output ( green ) of a half - wave rectifier with a smoothing capacitor . Note the ripple in the DC signal . While half - wave and full - wave rectification deliver unidirectional current , neither produces a constant voltage . There is a large AC ripple voltage component at the source frequency for a half - wave rectifier , and twice the source frequency for a full - wave rectifier . Ripple voltage is usually specified peak - to - peak . Producing steady DC from a rectified AC supply requires a smoothing circuit or filter . In its simplest form this can be just a capacitor ( also called a filter , reservoir , or smoothing capacitor ) , choke , resistor , Zener diode and resistor , or voltage regulator placed at the output of the rectifier . In practice , most smoothing filters utilize multiple components to efficiently reduce ripple voltage to a level tolerable by the circuit . Full - wave diode - bridge rectifier with parallel RC shunt filter The filter capacitor releases its stored energy during the part of the AC cycle when the AC source does not supply any power , that is , when the AC source changes its direction of flow of current . Performance with low impedance source ( Edit ) The above diagram shows reservoir performance from a near zero impedance source , such as a mains supply . As the rectifier voltage increases , it charges the capacitor and also supplies current to the load . At the end of the quarter cycle , the capacitor is charged to its peak value Vp of the rectifier voltage . Following this , the rectifier voltage starts to decrease to its minimum value Vmin as it enters the next quarter cycle . This initiates the discharge of the capacitor through the load . The size of the capacitor C is determined by the amount of ripple r that can be tolerated , where r = ( Vp - Vmin ) / Vp . These circuits are very frequently fed from transformers , and have significant resistance . Transformer resistance modifies the reservoir capacitor waveform , changes the peak voltage , and introduces regulation issues . Capacitor input filter ( Edit ) It has been suggested that Filter capacitor be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . It has been suggested that Capacitor - input filter be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . For a given load , sizing of a smoothing capacitor is a tradeoff between reducing ripple voltage and increasing ripple current . The peak current is set by the rate of rise of the supply voltage on the rising edge of the incoming sine - wave , reduced by the resistance of the transformer windings . High ripple currents increase I R losses ( in the form of heat ) in the capacitor , rectifier and transformer windings , and may exceed the ampacity of the components or VA rating of the transformer . Vacuum tube rectifiers specify the maximum capacitance of the input capacitor , and SS diode rectifiers also have current limitations . Capacitors for this application need low ESR , or ripple current may overheat them . To limit ripple voltage to a specified value the required capacitor size is proportional to the load current and inversely proportional to the supply frequency and the number of output peaks of the rectifier per input cycle . Full - wave rectified output requires a smaller capacitor because it is double the frequency of half - wave rectified output . To reduce ripple to a satisfactory limit with just a single capacitor would often require a capacitor that 's infeasibly large . Choke input filter ( Edit ) It is also possible to put the rectified waveform into a choke - input filter . The advantage of this circuit is that the current waveform is smoother : current is drawn over the entire cycle , instead of being drawn in pulses at the peaks of AC voltage each half - cycle as in a capacitor input filter . The disadvantage is that the voltage output is much lower -- the average of an AC half - cycle rather than the peak ; this is about 90 % of the RMS voltage versus 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) times the RMS voltage ( unloaded ) for a capacitor input filter . Offsetting this is superior voltage regulation and higher available current , which reduce peak voltage and ripple current demands on power supply components . Inductors require cores of iron or other magnetic materials , and add weight and size . Their use in power supplies for electronic equipment has therefore dwindled in favour of semiconductor circuits such as voltage regulators . Resistor as input filter ( Edit ) In cases where ripple voltage is insignificant , like battery chargers , the input filter may be a single series resistor to adjust the output voltage to that required by the circuit . A resistor reduces both output voltage and ripple voltage proportionately . A disadvantage of a resistor input filter is that it consumes power in the form of waste heat that is not available to the load , so it is employed only in low current circuits . Higher order and cascade filters ( Edit ) To further reduce ripple , the initial filter element may be followed by additional alternating series and shunt filter components , or by a voltage regulator . Series filter components may be resistors or chokes ; shunt elements may be resistors or capacitors . The filter may raise DC voltage as well as reduce ripple . Filters are often constructed from pairs of series / shunt components called RC ( series resistor , shunt capacitor ) or LC ( series choke , shunt capacitor ) sections . Two common filter geometries are known as Pi ( capacitor , choke , capacitor ) and T ( choke , capacitor , choke ) filters . Sometimes the series elements are resistors - because resistors are smaller and cheaper - when a lower DC output is desirable or permissible . Another kind of special filter geometry is a series resonant choke or tuned choke filter . Unlike the other filter geometries which are low - pass filters , a resonant choke filter is a band - stop filter : it is a parallel combination of choke and capacitor which resonates at the frequency of the ripple voltage , presenting a very high impedance to the ripple . It may be followed by a shunt capacitor to complete the filter . Voltage regulators ( Edit ) A more usual alternative to additional filter components , if the DC load requires very low ripple voltage , is to follow the input filter with a voltage regulator . A voltage regulator operates on a different principle than a filter , which is essentially a voltage divider that shunts voltage at the ripple frequency away from the load . Rather , a regulator increases or decreases current supplied to the load in order to maintain a constant output voltage . A simple passive shunt voltage regulator may consist of a series resistor to drop source voltage to the required level and a Zener diode shunt with reverse voltage equal to the set voltage . When input voltage rises , the diode dumps current to maintain the set output voltage . This kind of regulator is usually employed only in low voltage , low current circuits because SS diodes have both voltage and current limitations . It is also very inefficient , because it dumps excess current , which is not available to the load . A more efficient alternative to a shunt voltage regulator is an active voltage regulator circuit . An active regulator employs reactive components to store and discharge energy , so that most or all current supplied by the rectifier is passed to the load . It may also use negative and positive feedback in conjunction with at least one voltage amplifying component like a transistor to maintain output voltage when source voltage drops . The input filter must prevent the troughs of the ripple dropping below the minimum voltage required by the regulator to produce the required output voltage . The regulator serves both to significantly reduce the ripple and to deal with variations in supply and load characteristics . Applications ( Edit ) See also : Capacitive power supply The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply ( AC to DC converter ) . Rectifiers are used inside the power supplies of virtually all electronic equipment . AC / DC power supplies may be broadly divided into linear power supplies and switched - mode power supplies . In such power supplies , the rectifier will be in series following the transformer , and be followed by a smoothing filter and possibly a voltage regulator . Converting DC power from one voltage to another is much more complicated . One method of DC - to - DC conversion first converts power to AC ( using a device called an inverter ) , then uses a transformer to change the voltage , and finally rectifies power back to DC . A frequency of typically several tens of kilohertz is used , as this requires much smaller inductance than at lower frequencies and obviates the use of heavy , bulky , and expensive iron - cored units . Another method of converting DC voltages uses a charge pump , using rapid switching to change the connections of capacitors ; this technique is generally limited to supplies up to a couple of watts , owing to the size of capacitors required . Output voltage of a full - wave rectifier with controlled thyristors Rectifiers are also used for detection of amplitude modulated radio signals . The signal may be amplified before detection . If not , a very low voltage drop diode or a diode biased with a fixed voltage must be used . When using a rectifier for demodulation the capacitor and load resistance must be carefully matched : too low a capacitance makes the high frequency carrier pass to the output , and too high makes the capacitor just charge and stay charged . Rectifiers supply polarised voltage for welding . In such circuits control of the output current is required ; this is sometimes achieved by replacing some of the diodes in a bridge rectifier with thyristors , effectively diodes whose voltage output can be regulated by switching on and off with phase fired controllers . Thyristors are used in various classes of railway rolling stock systems so that fine control of the traction motors can be achieved . Gate turn - off thyristors are used to produce alternating current from a DC supply , for example on the Eurostar Trains to power the three - phase traction motors . Rectification technologies ( Edit ) Electromechanical ( Edit ) Before about 1905 when tube type rectifiers were developed , power conversion devices were purely electro - mechanical in design . Mechanical rectification systems used some form of rotation or resonant vibration ( e.g. vibrators ) driven by electromagnets , which operated a switch or commutator to reverse the current . These mechanical rectifiers were noisy and had high maintenance requirements . The moving parts had friction , which required lubrication and replacement due to wear . Opening mechanical contacts under load resulted in electrical arcs and sparks that heated and eroded the contacts . They also were not able to handle AC frequencies above several thousand cycles per second . Synchronous rectifier ( Edit ) Main article : Synchronous rectification To convert alternating into direct current in electric locomotives , a synchronous rectifier may be used . It consists of a synchronous motor driving a set of heavy - duty electrical contacts . The motor spins in time with the AC frequency and periodically reverses the connections to the load at an instant when the sinusoidal current goes through a zero - crossing . The contacts do not have to switch a large current , but they must be able to carry a large current to supply the locomotive 's DC traction motors . Vibrating rectifier ( Edit ) Main article : Mechanical rectifier A vibrator battery charger from 1922 . It produced 6A DC at 6V to charge automobile batteries . These consisted of a resonant reed , vibrated by an alternating magnetic field created by an AC electromagnet , with contacts that reversed the direction of the current on the negative half cycles . They were used in low power devices , such as battery chargers , to rectify the low voltage produced by a step - down transformer . Another use was in battery power supplies for portable vacuum tube radios , to provide the high DC voltage for the tubes . These operated as a mechanical version of modern solid state switching inverters , with a transformer to step the battery voltage up , and a set of vibrator contacts on the transformer core , operated by its magnetic field , to repeatedly break the DC battery current to create a pulsing AC to power the transformer . Then a second set of rectifier contacts on the vibrator rectified the high AC voltage from the transformer secondary to DC . Motor - generator set ( Edit ) Main articles : Motor - generator and Rotary converter A small motor - generator set A motor - generator set , or the similar rotary converter , is not strictly a rectifier as it does not actually rectify current , but rather generates DC from an AC source . In an `` M-G set '' , the shaft of an AC motor is mechanically coupled to that of a DC generator . The DC generator produces multiphase alternating currents in its armature windings , which a commutator on the armature shaft converts into a direct current output ; or a homopolar generator produces a direct current without the need for a commutator . M-G sets are useful for producing DC for railway traction motors , industrial motors and other high - current applications , and were common in many high - power D.C. uses ( for example , carbon - arc lamp projectors for outdoor theaters ) before high - power semiconductors became widely available . Electrolytic ( Edit ) The electrolytic rectifier was a device from the early twentieth century that is no longer used . A home - made version is illustrated in the 1913 book The Boy Mechanic but it would only be suitable for use at very low voltages because of the low breakdown voltage and the risk of electric shock . A more complex device of this kind was patented by G.W. Carpenter in 1928 ( US Patent 1671970 ) . When two different metals are suspended in an electrolyte solution , direct current flowing one way through the solution sees less resistance than in the other direction . Electrolytic rectifiers most commonly used an aluminum anode and a lead or steel cathode , suspended in a solution of tri-ammonium ortho - phosphate . The rectification action is due to a thin coating of aluminum hydroxide on the aluminum electrode , formed by first applying a strong current to the cell to build up the coating . The rectification process is temperature - sensitive , and for best efficiency should not operate above 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . There is also a breakdown voltage where the coating is penetrated and the cell is short - circuited . Electrochemical methods are often more fragile than mechanical methods , and can be sensitive to usage variations , which can drastically change or completely disrupt the rectification processes . Similar electrolytic devices were used as lightning arresters around the same era by suspending many aluminium cones in a tank of tri-ammonium ortho - phosphate solution . Unlike the rectifier above , only aluminium electrodes were used , and used on A.C. , there was no polarization and thus no rectifier action , but the chemistry was similar . The modern electrolytic capacitor , an essential component of most rectifier circuit configurations was also developed from the electrolytic rectifier . Plasma type ( Edit ) The development of vacuum tube technology in the early 20th century resulted in the invention of various tube - type rectifiers , which largely replaced the noisy , inefficient mechanical rectifiers . Mercury - arc ( Edit ) Main article : Mercury - arc valve Early 3 - phase industrial mercury vapor rectifier tube 150 kV mercury - arc valve at Manitoba Hydro power station , Radisson , Canada converted AC hydropower to DC for transmission to distant cities . A rectifier used in high - voltage direct current ( HVDC ) power transmission systems and industrial processing between about 1909 to 1975 is a mercury - arc rectifier or mercury - arc valve . The device is enclosed in a bulbous glass vessel or large metal tub . One electrode , the cathode , is submerged in a pool of liquid mercury at the bottom of the vessel and one or more high purity graphite electrodes , called anodes , are suspended above the pool . There may be several auxiliary electrodes to aid in starting and maintaining the arc . When an electric arc is established between the cathode pool and suspended anodes , a stream of electrons flows from the cathode to the anodes through the ionized mercury , but not the other way ( in principle , this is a higher - power counterpart to flame rectification , which uses the same one - way current transmission properties of the plasma naturally present in a flame ) . These devices can be used at power levels of hundreds of kilowatts , and may be built to handle one to six phases of AC current . Mercury - arc rectifiers have been replaced by silicon semiconductor rectifiers and high - power thyristor circuits in the mid 1970s . The most powerful mercury - arc rectifiers ever built were installed in the Manitoba Hydro Nelson River Bipole HVDC project , with a combined rating of more than 1 GW and 450 kV . Argon gas electron tube ( Edit ) Tungar bulbs from 1917 , 2 ampere ( left ) and 6 ampere The General Electric Tungar rectifier was a mercury vapor ( ex. : 5B24 ) or argon ( ex. : 328 ) gas - filled electron tube device with a tungsten filament cathode and a carbon button anode . It operated similarly to the thermionic vacuum tube diode , but the gas in the tube ionized during forward conduction , giving it a much lower forward voltage drop so it could rectify lower voltages . It was used for battery chargers and similar applications from the 1920s until lower - cost metal rectifiers , and later semiconductor diodes , supplanted it . These were made up to a few hundred volts and a few amperes rating , and in some sizes strongly resembled an incandescent lamp with an additional electrode . The 0Z4 was a gas - filled rectifier tube commonly used in vacuum tube car radios in the 1940s and 1950s . It was a conventional full - wave rectifier tube with two anodes and one cathode , but was unique in that it had no filament ( thus the `` 0 '' in its type number ) . The electrodes were shaped such that the reverse breakdown voltage was much higher than the forward breakdown voltage . Once the breakdown voltage was exceeded , the 0Z4 switched to a low - resistance state with a forward voltage drop of about 24 V . Diode vacuum tube ( valve ) ( Edit ) See also : List of vacuum tubes Vacuum tube diodes The thermionic vacuum tube diode , originally called the Fleming valve , was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 as a detector for radio waves in radio receivers , and evolved into a general rectifier . It consisted of an evacuated glass bulb with a filament heated by a separate current , and a metal plate anode . The filament emitted electrons by thermionic emission ( the Edison effect ) , discovered by Thomas Edison in 1884 , and a positive voltage on the plate caused a current of electrons through the tube from filament to plate . Since only the filament produced electrons , the tube would only conduct current in one direction , allowing the tube to rectify an alternating current . Thermionic diode rectifiers were widely used in power supplies in vacuum tube consumer electronic products , such as phonographs , radios , and televisions , for example the All American Five radio receiver , to provide the high DC plate voltage needed by other vacuum tubes . `` Full - wave '' versions with two separate plates were popular because they could be used with a center - tapped transformer to make a full - wave rectifier . Vacuum tube rectifiers were made for very high voltages , such as the high voltage power supply for the cathode ray tube of television receivers , and the kenotron used for power supply in X-ray equipment . However , compared to modern semiconductor diodes , vacuum tube rectifiers have high internal resistance due to space charge and therefore high voltage drops , causing high power dissipation and low efficiency . They are rarely able to handle currents exceeding 250 mA owing to the limits of plate power dissipation , and can not be used for low voltage applications , such as battery chargers . Another limitation of the vacuum tube rectifier is that the heater power supply often requires special arrangements to insulate it from the high voltages of the rectifier circuit . In musical instrument amplification ( especially for electric guitars ) , the slight delay or `` sag '' between a signal increase ( for instance , when a guitar chord is struck hard and fast ) and the corresponding increase in output voltage is a notable effect of tube rectification , and results in compression . The choice between tube rectification and diode rectification is a matter of taste ; some amplifiers have both and allow the player to choose . Solid state ( Edit ) Crystal detector ( Edit ) Main article : cat 's - whisker detector Galena cat 's whisker detector The cat 's - whisker detector was the earliest type of semiconductor diode . It consisted of a crystal of some semiconducting mineral , usually galena ( lead sulfide ) , with a light springy wire touching its surface . Invented by Jagadish Chandra Bose and developed by G.W. Pickard around 1906 , it served as the radio wave rectifier in the first widely used radio receivers , called crystal radios . Its fragility and limited current capability made it unsuitable for power supply applications . It became obsolete around 1920 , but later versions served as microwave detectors and mixers in radar receivers during World War 2 . Selenium and copper oxide rectifiers ( Edit ) Main article : Metal rectifier Selenium rectifier Once common until replaced by more compact and less costly silicon solid - state rectifiers in the 1970s , these units used stacks of oxide - coated metal plates and took advantage of the semiconductor properties of selenium or copper oxide . While selenium rectifiers were lighter in weight and used less power than comparable vacuum tube rectifiers , they had the disadvantage of finite life expectancy , increasing resistance with age , and were only suitable to use at low frequencies . Both selenium and copper oxide rectifiers have somewhat better tolerance of momentary voltage transients than silicon rectifiers . Typically these rectifiers were made up of stacks of metal plates or washers , held together by a central bolt , with the number of stacks determined by voltage ; each cell was rated for about 20 V. An automotive battery charger rectifier might have only one cell : the high - voltage power supply for a vacuum tube might have dozens of stacked plates . Current density in an air - cooled selenium stack was about 600 mA per square inch of active area ( about 90 mA per square centimeter ) . Silicon and germanium diodes ( Edit ) Main article : Diode Due to their substantially lower forward voltage ( 0.3 V versus 0.7 V for silicon diodes ) germanium diodes have an inherent advantage over silicon diodes , especially in circuits like full - wave bridge rectifiers which result in 2X voltage drop because the current must pass through two diodes . In the modern world , silicon diodes are the most widely used rectifiers for lower voltages and powers , and have largely replaced earlier germanium diodes . For very high voltages and powers , the added need for controllability has in practice led to replacing simple silicon diodes with high - power thyristors ( see below ) and their newer actively gate - controlled cousins . High power : thyristors ( scrs ) and newer silicon - based voltage sourced converters ( Edit ) Main article : Silicon controlled rectifier Two of three high - power thyristor valve stacks used for long distance transmission of power from Manitoba Hydro dams . Compare with mercury - arc system from the same dam - site , above . In high - power applications , from 1975 to 2000 , most mercury valve arc - rectifiers were replaced by stacks of very high power thyristors , silicon devices with two extra layers of semiconductor , in comparison to a simple diode . In medium - power transmission applications , even more complex and sophisticated voltage sourced converter ( VSC ) silicon semiconductor rectifier systems , such as insulated gate bipolar transistors ( IGBT ) and gate turn - off thyristors ( GTO ) , have made smaller high voltage DC power transmission systems economical . All of these devices function as rectifiers . As of 2009 it was expected that these high - power silicon `` self - commutating switches '' , in particular IGBTs and a variant thyristor ( related to the GTO ) called the integrated gate - commutated thyristor ( IGCT ) , would be scaled - up in power rating to the point that they would eventually replace simple thyristor - based AC rectification systems for the highest power - transmission DC applications . Current research ( Edit ) A major area of research is to develop higher frequency rectifiers , that can rectify into terahertz and light frequencies . These devices are used in optical heterodyne detection , which has myriad applications in optical fiber communication and atomic clocks . Another prospective application for such devices is to directly rectify light waves picked up by tiny antennas , called nantennas , to produce DC electric power . It is thought that arrays of nantennas could be a more efficient means of producing solar power than solar cells . A related area of research is to develop smaller rectifiers , because a smaller device has a higher cutoff frequency . Research projects are attempting to develop a unimolecular rectifier , a single organic molecule that would function as a rectifier . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to rectifiers . AC adapter Active rectification Vienna rectifier References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Morris , Peter Robin ( 1990 ) . A History of the World Semiconductor Industry . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86341 - 227 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lander , Cyril W. ( 1993 ) . `` 2 . Rectifying Circuits '' . Power electronics ( 3rd ed . ) . London : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 707714 - 3 . Jump up ^ Williams , B.W. ( 1992 ) . `` Chapter 11 '' . Power electronics : devices , drivers and applications ( 2nd ed . ) . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 57351 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hendrik Rissik ( 1941 ) . Mercury - arc current convertors ( sic ) : an introduction to the theory and practice of vapour - arc discharge devices and to the study of rectification phenomena . Sir I. Pitman & sons , ltd . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kimbark , Edward Wilson ( 1971 ) . Direct current transmission ( 4 . printing . ed . ) . New York : Wiley - Interscience . p. 508 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 47580 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wendy Middleton , Mac E. Van Valkenburg ( eds ) , Reference Data for Engineers : Radio , Electronics , Computer , and Communications , p. 14 . 13 , Newnes , 2002 ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7291 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Kenneth ; Kaminsky , Edit ( 2017 ) . `` New equations for capacitance vs ripple in power supplies '' ( PDF ) . Latin American Journal of Physics Education . 11 ( 1 ) : 1301 - 01 1301 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mansell , A.D. ; Shen , J. ( 1 January 1994 ) . `` Pulse converters in traction applications '' . Power Engineering Journal . 8 ( 4 ) : 183 . doi : 10.1049 / pe : 19940407 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Nehemiah ( 1914 ) . `` 54 . Rectifiers '' . Hawkins Electrical Guide : Principles of electricity , magnetism , induction , experiments , dynamo . New York : T. Audel . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How To Make An Electrolytic Rectifier '' . Chestofbooks.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ US patent 1671970 , Glenn W. Carpenter , `` Liquid Rectifier '' , issued 1928 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ American Technical Society ( 1920 ) . Cyclopedia of applied electricity . 2 . American technical society . p. 487 . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Pictures of a mercury - arc rectifier in operation can be seen here : Belsize Park deep shelter rectifier 1 , Belsize Park deep shelter rectifier 2 Jump up ^ Sood , Vijay K. HVDC and FACTS Controllers : Applications Of Static Converters In Power Systems . Springer - Verlag . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 7890 - 3 . The first 25 years of HVDC transmission were sustained by converters having mercury arc valves till the mid-1970s . The next 25 years till the year 2000 were sustained by line - commutated converters using thyristor valves . It is predicted that the next 25 years will be dominated by force - commutated converters ( 4 ) . Initially , this new force - commutated era has commenced with Capacitor Commutated Converters ( CCC ) eventually to be replaced by self - commutated converters due to the economic availability of high - power switching devices with their superior characteristics . Jump up ^ Hunter , Dave ( September 2013 ) . `` What 's The Big Deal About Tube Rectification ? '' . Guitar Player . p. 136 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ H.P. Westman et al. , ( ed ) , Reference Data for Radio Engineers , Fifth Edition , 1968 , Howard W. Sams and Co. , no ISBN , Library of Congress Card No. 43 - 14665 chapter 13 Jump up ^ Arrillaga , Jos ; Liu , Yonghe H ; Watson , Neville R ; Murray , Nicholas J. Self - Commutating Converters for High Power Applications . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 68212 - 8 . Jump up ^ Idaho National Laboratory ( 2007 ) . `` Harvesting the sun 's energy with antennas '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . ( hide ) Electronic components Semiconductor devices Avalanche diode Transistor Tetrode transistor Pentode transistor Memistor Memristor Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) FinFET CMOS MOSFET JFET Field - effect transistor ( FET ) Quantum circuit Constant - current diode ( CLD , CRD ) Darlington transistor DIAC Diode Heterostructure barrier varactor Insulated-gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) Integrated circuit ( IC ) Light - emitting diode ( LED ) Photodetector Photodiode PIN diode Schottky diode Silicon controlled rectifier ( SCR ) Thyristor TRIAC Unijunction transistor ( UJT ) Varicap Zener diode Voltage regulators Linear regulator Low - dropout regulator Switching regulator Buck Boost Buck -- boost Split - pi Ćuk SEPIC Charge pump Switched capacitor Vacuum tubes Acorn tube Audion Beam tetrode Barretter Compactron Diode Fleming valve Nonode Nuvistor Pentagrid ( Hexode , Heptode , Octode ) Pentode Photomultiplier Phototube Tetrode Triode Vacuum tubes ( RF ) Backward - wave oscillator ( BWO ) Cavity magnetron Crossed - field amplifier ( CFA ) Gyrotron Inductive output tube ( IOT ) Klystron Maser Sutton tube Traveling - wave tube ( TWT ) Cathode ray tubes Beam deflection tube Charactron Iconoscope Magic eye tube Monoscope Selectron tube Storage tube Trochotron Video camera tube Williams tube Gas - filled tubes Cold cathode Crossatron Dekatron Ignitron Krytron Mercury - arc valve Neon lamp Nixie tube Thyratron Trigatron Voltage - regulator tube Adjustable Potentiometer digital Variable capacitor Varicap Passive Connector audio and video electrical power RF Electrolytic detector Ferrite Fuse resettable Resistor Switch Thermistor Transformer Varistor Wire Wollaston wire Reactive Capacitor types Ceramic resonator Crystal oscillator Inductor Parametron Relay reed relay mercury switch LCCN : sh85041638 GND : 4021239 - 7 BNF : cb11966722s ( data ) NDL : 00570368 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rectifier&oldid=833401479 '' Categories : Electric power systems components Electric power conversion Rectifiers Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles to be merged from November 2017 All articles to be merged Articles to be expanded from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 09 : 26 . 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the process of converting ac to dc is called

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current ( AC ) , which periodically reverses direction , to direct current ( DC ) , which flows in only one direction . The process is known as rectification , since it `` straightens '' the direction of current . Physically , rectifiers take a number of forms , including vacuum tube diodes , mercury - arc valves , stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates , semiconductor diodes , silicon - controlled rectifiers and other silicon - based semiconductor switches . Historically , even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been used . Early radio receivers , called crystal radios , used a `` cat 's whisker '' of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena ( lead sulfide ) to serve as a point - contact rectifier or `` crystal detector '' .

Forgot About Dre - wikipedia Forgot About Dre Jump to : navigation , search `` Forgot About Dre '' Single by Dr. Dre featuring Eminem from the album 2001 B - side `` Still D.R.E '' Released January 29 , 2000 Format CD Recorded 1999 Genre Hardcore hip hop gangsta rap Length 3 : 42 Label Aftermath Interscope Songwriter ( s ) André Young Melvin Bradford Marshall Mathers Producer ( s ) Dr. Dre Mel - Man Dr. Dre singles chronology `` Still D.R.E. '' ( 1999 ) `` Forgot About Dre '' ( 2000 ) `` The Next Episode '' ( 2000 ) `` Still D.R.E. '' ( 1999 ) `` Forgot About Dre '' ( 2000 ) `` The Next Episode '' ( 2000 ) Eminem singles chronology `` Dead Wrong '' ( 1999 ) Dead Wrong 1999 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( 2000 ) Forgot About Dre2000 `` The Real Slim Shady '' ( 2000 ) The Real Slim Shady 2000 Audio sample file help `` Forgot About Dre '' is a Grammy Award - winning single from rapper Dr. Dre 's 2001 , featuring vocals from rapper Eminem . The track reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No. 14 on the U.S. R&B chart , No. 32 on the U.S. Pop chart , and No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart . Released as the album 's second single on January 29 , 2000 , like `` Still D.R.E. '' , the song addresses Dre 's critics in a defiant manner , as Dre announces his return to the hip - hop scene and reminds listeners of his significant influence on the genre . `` Forgot About Dre '' won Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2001 Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Peak positions 5.2 End of year charts 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is considered to be a response to diss tracks made by Death Row artists on Suge Knight Represents : Chronic 2000 , a compilation released by Suge Knight which takes its title from Dre 's 1992 album The Chronic . The line `` Who you think brought you the oldies , Eazy - E 's , Ice Cube 's , and D.O.C. 's , the Snoop D.O. Double G 's , and the group that said ' Motherfuck the police ' ? '' outlines Dre 's importance in the rap world , the theme of the song . Eminem 's verse features the bizarre violence and aggression typical of his `` Slim Shady '' alter ego . Music video ( edit ) In the music video , a few explicit lines in Eminem 's verse are replaced with a skit in which Eminem is answering reporter Jane Yamamoto 's questions about a fire he and Dre had started . It also features Hittman , who was not in the song . This video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video in 2000 . Critical reception ( edit ) Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic marked it as a stand - out track praising Eminem 's unpredictability . NME described this song : `` In case folks been smoking too much heavy ' chronic ' lately , West Coast rap founder and scary legend Andre Young , aka Dr Dre , jogs their memories on ' Forgot About Dre ' . `` Who you think brought you the OGs , Eazy Es , Ice Cubes and DOCs , the Snoop - D-O-G - Gs and the group that said motherfuck the police ? '' yammers the one - time NWA lynchpin , ex Death Row playa , inventor of - G - Funk and occasional breaker of rival producers ' jaws . Yo , indeed , big bad Dre 's back and , despite a four - year gap since his last hardcore missive , the Doc 's recent collaboration with Eminem on ' The Slim Shady LP ' has kept his legend simmering . '' Chris Massey of PopMatters praised : `` ( ... ) it 's the frantic rap of Eminem that truly stands out , perhaps only because he 's the freshest voice on board . '' Greg Tate of SPIN magazine noted that Dr. Dre uses this song to make sure all recognize his `` majesty '' with Eminem standing by him like a cartoon pitbull . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single # 1 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Video Version ) - 3 : 42 `` Still D.R.E. '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) - 4 : 34 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 42 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Explicit Music Video ) - 3 : 45 UK CD single # 2 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Clean Version ) - 3 : 42 `` Still D.R.E. '' ( Clean Version ) ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) - 4 : 34 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 42 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Clean Music Video ) - 3 : 45 12 '' vinyl `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Director 's Cut Video Version ) - 4 : 28 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( A cappella version ) - 3 : 36 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 42 `` The Next Episode '' ( Instrumental ) - 2 : 41 Charts ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 19 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 26 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Rhythmic Top 40 ( Billboard ) End of year charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 2000 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 73 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Forgot About Dre : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy awards winners list 2001 '' . Grammy.com . Jump up ^ `` Forgot About Dre lyrics '' . All Music . Jump up ^ DrDreVEVO ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) , Eminem , Dr. Dre - Forgot About Dre ( Explicit ) ft . Hittman , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) . `` 2001 - Dr. Dre Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NME Album Reviews - 2001 '' . Nme.Com. 1999 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Massey , Chris . `` Dr. Dre : 2001 '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ SPIN - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Forgot About Dre : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forgot About Dre ( CD 2 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dr. Dre - Forgot About Dre ( Vinyl ) at Discogs Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem , Forgot About Dre '' ( in German ) . charts.de . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Eminem '' . irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 21 , 2000 '' . top40.nl . Dutch Top 40 . Archived from the original ( in Dutch ) on 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem - Forgot About Dre '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem - Forgot About Dre '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem - Forgot About Dre '' ( in German ) . hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Dre '' ( select `` View Singles '' tab ) . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : Rhythmic Top 40 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` Forgot About Dre ( explicit version ) '' Official music video on YouTube `` Forgot About Dre ( edited version ) '' Official music video on YouTube Awards and achievements Preceded by You Got Me Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group 2001 Succeeded by Ms. Jackson Dr. Dre songs Discography Production discography The Chronic `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' `` Bitches Ai n't Shit '' 2001 `` The Watcher '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Xxplosive '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Next Episode '' Compton `` Talk About It '' `` Medicine Man '' `` Talking to My Diary '' Collaborations `` We Want Eazy '' `` U Better Recognize '' `` California Love '' `` No Diggity '' `` Ghetto Fabulous '' `` Guilty Conscience '' `` Hello '' `` Just Be a Man About It '' `` The Knoc '' `` Symphony in X Major '' `` Encore '' `` Crack a Bottle '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` The Recipe '' `` New Day '' `` Stronger '' Other singles `` We 're All in the Same Gang '' `` Deep Cover '' `` Natural Born Killaz '' `` Keep Their Heads Ringin ' '' `` Been There , Done That '' `` Zoom '' `` Bad Intentions '' `` The Wash '' `` Kush '' `` I Need a Doctor '' Other songs `` Put It on Me '' `` Just Dippin ' '' `` Imagine '' `` Under Pressure '' `` 3 Kings '' Eminem songs Discography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 discography Bad Meets Evil Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' Shady XV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Revival `` Walk on Water '' `` Untouchable '' `` River '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgot_About_Dre&oldid=821415282 '' Categories : 2000 singles Aftermath Entertainment singles Dr. Dre songs Eminem songs Hardcore hip hop songs Horrorcore songs Interscope Records singles Song recordings produced by Dr. Dre Songs written by Dr. Dre Songs written by Eminem Gangsta rap songs 1999 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 09 : 44 . 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who wrote dr dre verse on forgot about dre

The song is considered to be a response to diss tracks made by Death Row artists on Suge Knight Represents : Chronic 2000 , a compilation released by Suge Knight which takes its title from Dre 's 1992 album The Chronic . The line `` Who you think brought you the oldies , Eazy - E 's , Ice Cube 's , and D.O.C. 's , the Snoop D.O. Double G 's , and the group that said ' Motherfuck the police ' ? '' outlines Dre 's importance in the rap world , the theme of the song . Eminem 's verse features the bizarre violence and aggression typical of his `` Slim Shady '' alter ego .